University of Ibadan

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    <title>University of Ibadan</title>
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      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Pastor_Kumuyi(cropped).jpg|Pastor_Kumuyi(cropped).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Captain-tucker|Captain-tucker]] because: [[:c:COM:L|Copyright violation]]: https://www.facebook.com/ransom.john.3/posts/this-picture-</comment>
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De '''University of Ibadan''' ('''UI''') be public research varsity insyd Ibadan, Nigeria. Na de varsity once be college of de University of London. Na dem establish de college insyd 1948 as University College Ibadan, one of chaw colleges within de University of London.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.london.ac.uk/ &quot;Study with the University of London, anywhere in the world&quot;]. ''www.london.ac.uk''. Retrieved 8 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; E cam turn independent varsity insyd 1962 wey ebe de oldest degree-awarding institution insyd [[Nigeria]]. Thru ein graduate network, de University of Ibadan contribute to de political, industrial, economic den cultural development of [[Nigeria]].

== History ==
[[File:ASC_Leiden_-_NSAG_-_van_Dis_4_-_202_-_Prime_minister_of_Northern_Nigeria_Ahmadu_Bello_opens_Sultan_Bello_Hall_-_Ibadan,_Oyo_State,_South_West_Nigeria_-_1-13_February_1962.tif|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_NSAG_-_van_Dis_4_-_202_-_Prime_minister_of_Northern_Nigeria_Ahmadu_Bello_opens_Sultan_Bello_Hall_-_Ibadan,_Oyo_State,_South_West_Nigeria_-_1-13_February_1962.tif|thumb|De opening of Sultan Bello Hall by Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, University College Ibadan, for 2 February 1962 (Kenneth Dike to de left, Ahmadu Bello to de right)]]
Dem tie de history of de varsity to de University of London. Na dem establish am insyd 1948 as de University College Ibadan (college of de University of London), wich supervise ein academic programmes den award degrees til 1967.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20061009145219/http://www.ui.edu.ng/deptmedicine.htm &quot;History: Department of Medicine&quot;]. ''UI Archive''. University of Ibadan. Archived from [http://www.ui.edu.ng/deptmedicine.htm the original] on 9 October 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220814185018/http://www.ui.edu.ng/History &quot;History: University of Ibadan&quot;]. 27 February 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://litcaf.com/university-of-ibadan/ &quot;University of Ibadan&quot;]. ''LitCaf''. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; De establishment cam as result of recommendation from de Asquith den de Elliot Commissions on Higher Education insyd de then British colonies, dat make dem set up two University Colleges of de University of London be for [[Ghana]] insyd&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghana.gov.gh/ &quot;Ghana.GOV : The Ghana Government Official Web Portal | Ghana.GOV&quot;]. ''www.ghana.gov.gh''. Retrieved 9 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; den Nigeria insyd.
&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192554/https://www.ug.edu.gh/content/establishment-university &quot;Establishment of the University&quot;]. 27 February 2018. Archived from [https://www.ug.edu.gh/content/establishment-university the original] on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Before 1948, na dem found Yaba College insyd 1932 for Yaba, Lagos insyd, as de first tertiary educational institute insyd Nigeria, wey focus primarily make dem dey provide post-secondary vocational education den teacher training to Africans.

However, de limited aims of Yaba College&lt;ref&gt;Yabatech (2 March 2019). [https://facebook.com/yabatech &quot;Yaba College of Technology Lagos Nigeria&quot;]. ''facebook.com''. Retrieved 9 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; den clamour by Nigerian nationalists for self-improvement den uninhibited education lead to de establishment of University College Ibadan as de first degree-awarding institution insyd Nigeria for 1948 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Ajayi, J. F. Ade (1975). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/721685 &quot;Higher Education in Nigeria&quot;]. ''African Affairs''. '''74''' (297): 420–426. doi:[[doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096639|10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096639]]. ISSN&amp;nbsp;[[issn:0001-9909|0001-9909]]. JSTOR&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/721685 721685].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem transfer staff den students from Yaba Higher College go Ibadan make dem form de fresh University College Ibadan.&lt;ref&gt;Nkulu, Kiluba L. (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ms9Bs9fUmpcC&amp;pg=PA52 Serving the Common Good: an African perspective on higher education]''. Peter Lang. p.&amp;nbsp;54. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8204-7626-9|0-8204-7626-9]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem model am after de British university system, na dem appoint Kenneth Mellanby insyd 1947 as ein first principal, wey he start de university college for 18 January 1948.&lt;ref&gt;Ejiogu, Aloy; Sheidu, Sule (2012). [https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED567099.pdf &quot;SIXTY-FIVE YEARS OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: SOME KEY CROSS CUTTING ISSUES&quot;] (PDF). ''Higher Education, Lifelong Learning and Social Inclusion'' (4): 257 &amp;#x2013; via ERIC.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem cut de sod of ein permanent site for 17 November 1948, wey dem now know de date as Founders' Day. Dem design de varsity ein first buildings by eminent modernist architects Maxwell Fry den Jane Drew.&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, Iain (2016). ''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/948604978 The architecture of Edwin Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew : twentieth century architecture, pioneer modernism and the tropics]''. Jessica Holland. London: Routledge. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-61249-2|978-1-315-61249-2]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. OCLC&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/948604978 948604978].&lt;/ref&gt; Dey follow de tropical modernist style, de 1950s construction comprise administrative blocks, residential colleges den academic facilities.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Recent Work by Fry, Drew &amp; Partners and Fry, Drew, Drake &amp; Lasdun in West Africa&quot;. ''Architectural Design''. '''25'''. May 1955.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dey follow Nigeria ein independence insyd 1960 den de subsequent drive make dem domesticate several institutions, UCI cam turn established full-fledged independent varsity insyd early 1962 den thus, dem change de name go University of Ibadan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190910143436/http://www.ui.edu.ng/uihistory &quot;History of UI | UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN&quot;]. ''ui.edu.ng''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

For late 1963 insyd, for de varsity playing fields top, plus celebration mark by talking drums, de Rt. Hon. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, de first Prime Minister of independent Nigeria, cam turn de first Chancellor of dis independent varsity. Na de first Nigerian vice-chancellor of de varsity be Kenneth Dike, after whom dem name de university library.&lt;ref&gt;Livsey, Tim (2017), Livsey, Tim (ed.), [[doi:10.1057/978-1-137-56505-1_1|&quot;Introduction: Nigeria's University Age&quot;]], ''Nigeria’s University Age: Reframing Decolonisation and Development'', Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp.&amp;nbsp;1–18, doi:[[doi:10.1057/978-1-137-56505-1_1|10.1057/978-1-137-56505-1_1]], ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56505-1|978-1-137-56505-1]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rankings den reputation ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |University rankings
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Global – Overall
|-
!''ARWU'' World&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2022 &quot;A2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities&quot;]. ''shanghairanking.com''. Retrieved 11 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|801-900 (2022)
|-
!''CWUR'' World&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://cwur.org/2022-23.php &quot;Center for World University Rankings 2022-2023&quot;]. ''cwur.org''. Retrieved 11 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|1172 (2022-2023)
|-
!''THE'' World&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/w%C3%B2rld-university-rankings/2022 &quot;World University Rankings 2022&quot;]. ''timeshighereducation.com/''. Retrieved 11 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|401–500 (2022)
|-
!''USNWR'' Global&lt;ref&gt;U.S. News. [https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings &quot;2022 Best Global Universities Rankings&quot;]. Retrieved 11 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|=425 (2022)
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Regional – Overall
|-
!''THE'' Africa&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-nigeria &quot;Best universities in Nigeria 2022&quot;]. ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings''. 1 October 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|=6 (2022)
|-
!''USNWR'' Africa&lt;ref&gt;U.S. News. [https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/africa &quot;2022 Best Global Universities in Africa&quot;]. Retrieved 11 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|7 (2022)
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National – Overall
|-
!''ARWU'' National&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|1 (2022)
|-
!''CWUR'' National&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|1 (2022-23)
|-
!''THE'' National&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-nigeria &quot;Best universities in Nigeria 2022&quot;]. ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings''. Retrieved 11 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|1 (2022)
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National – Life sciences den medicine
|-
!''USNWR'' Medical&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-ibadan-529052 &quot;U.S. News Education: Best Global Universities 2022 – University of Ibadan&quot;]. ''U.S. News &amp; World Report''. Retrieved 11 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|158 (2022)
|}
De varsity dey consistently rank as de best insyd Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ui.edu.ng/content/university-ibadan-principal-officers-1 &quot;University of Ibadan Principal Officers | UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN(UI)&quot;]. Ui.edu.ng. Retrieved 5 July 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Administration ==
De current principal members of de varsity administration be:&lt;ref&gt;[http://ui.edu.ng/content/university-ibadan-principal-officers-1 &quot;University of Ibadan Principal Officers | UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN(UI)&quot;]. Ui.edu.ng. Retrieved 5 July 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+People
!Office
!Holder
|-
|Visitor
|Bola Tinubu
|-
|Chancellor
|Sultan Sa'adu Abubakar, 20th Sultan of Sokoto&lt;ref&gt;[https://rfp.org/leadership_member/h-m-sultan-muhammad-saad-abubakar-iii/ &quot;H.M. Sultan Muhammad Sa'ad Abubakar III – Religions for Peace&quot;]. Retrieved 12 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Pro-Chancellor &amp; Chairmo
|Chief John Odigie Oyegun
|-
|Vice-Chancellor
|Professor Kayode Oyebode Adebowale
|-
|Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Administration)
|Professor E.O. Ayoola
|-
|Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic)
|Professor Aderonke M. Baiyeroju
|-
|Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research, Innovation den Strategic Partnerships)
|Professor Oluyemisi A. Bamgbose
|}
De varsity dey make up of 92 academic departments dem organize go 17 faculties, namely; Arts, Science, Basic Medical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Agriculture, de Social Sciences, Education, Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacy, Technology, Law, Public Health, Dentistry, Economics den Management Sciences, all Renewable Natural Resources, Environmental Design den Management, den Multidisciplinary Studies. Dem organize de Faculties of de Basic Medical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Public Health den Dentistry as College of Medicine. De varsity get oda academic units, among wich be: Institute of Child Health, Institute of Education, Institute of African Studies, Centre for Child Adolescent den Mental Health, Centre for Entrepreneurship den Innovation (CEI), Institute for Advanced Medical Research den Training (IAMRAT), Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Centre for Drug Discovery, Development &amp; Production (CDDDP) den Centre for Control &amp; Prevention of Zoonosis (CCPZ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230612182546/https://www.ui.edu.ng/news/appointment-vice-chancellor &quot;APPOINTMENT OF VICE CHANCELLOR | UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN&quot;]. ''www.ui.edu.ng''. Retrieved 12 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; De recently established Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI), School of Business (UISB) den National Institute for Maternal, Child &amp; Neonatal Health (NIMCNH) commence operation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

De University of Ibadan get 15 halls of residence wey dey provide accommodation give about 30% of de population of students insyd de regular studies mode. Sam of de popular halls insyd de varsity dey include Lord Tedder Hall, Kenneth Mellanby Hall, Sultan Bello Hall, Nnamdi Azikiwe Hall, Independence Hall, Tafawa Balewa Hall, Kuti Hall, Queen Idia Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall den de Obafemi Awolowo Hall – wich be de largest female hall insyd West Africa. De varsity get total staff strength of 5,339 plus 1,212 housing units give both senior den junior staff.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230411063518/https://www.ui.edu.ng/hallsofresidence &quot;Halls of Residence | UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN&quot;]. ''www.ui.edu.ng''. Retrieved 12 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; De varsity get residential den sports facilities give staff den students for campus top, as well as separate botanical den zoological gardens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Faculties ==

* Agriculture den Forestry
* Arts
* Basic Medical Sciences
* Clinical Sciences
* Dentistry
* Education
* Law
* Pharmacy
* Public Health
* Science
* Technology
* De Social Sciences
* Veterinary Medicine
* Renewable Natural Resources
* Environmental Design den Management
* Economics den Management Sciences&lt;ref&gt;Expert, School (7 February 2024). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240223163303/https://schoolexpert.ng/how-to-gain-admission-in-ui/ &quot;How to Gain Admission in UI in One Minute&quot;]. ''SchoolExpert''. Retrieved 7 February 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== List of available academic programmes/courses ==
'''AGRICULTURE'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://agric.ui.edu.ng/ &quot;Welcome : Faculty of Agriculture | FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE&quot;]. ''agric.ui.edu.ng''. Retrieved 4 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

1 Crop den Horticultural Science

2. Animal Science

3. Crop Protection den Environmental Biology

4. Agricultural Economics

5. Agricultural Extension den Rural Development

6. Soil Resources Management

'''RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES'''

1 Aquaculture den Fisheries Management

2. Ecotourism den Wildlife Management

3. Forest Resources Management

4. Social den Environmental Forestry

'''COLLEGE OF MEDICINE'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230805081443/https://ui.edu.ng/availablecourses &quot;List of Available Courses in University of Ibadan | UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN&quot;]. ''www.ui.edu.ng''. Retrieved 12 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

1 Medicine den Surgery

2 Dentistry

3 Physiotherapy

4 Biochemistry

5 Physiology

6 Human Nutrition den Dietetics

7 Nursing Science

8 Medical Laboratory Science

'''PHARMACY'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://pharm.ui.edu.ng/ &quot;Home | Pharmacy&quot;]. ''pharm.ui.edu.ng''. Retrieved 4 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

1 Pharmacy

'''LAW'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://law.ui.edu.ng/ &quot;Law&quot;]. ''law.ui.edu.ng''. Retrieved 4 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Law

'''ARTS'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facultyofartsui.org/ &quot;Faculty of Arts&quot;]. ''www.facultyofartsui.org''. Ibadan: University of Ibadan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230512002040/https://facultyofartsui.org/ Archived] from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

1 Arabic Language &amp; Literature

2 Islamic Studies

3 Archaeology

4 Archaeology dem combine:

[a] Archaeology plus History

[b] Archaeology plus Classics

[c] Archaeology plus Religious Studies

5 Anthropology

6 Classics

7 Religious Studies

8 Communication &amp; Language Arts

9 Linguistics den African Languages:

[a] Linguistics

[b] Yoruba

[c] Igbo

10 History

11 English Language &amp; Literature

12 Philosophy

13 European Studies:&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

[a] French

[b] Russian

[c] German

14 Theatre Arts

15 Music

'''ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN MANAGEMENT'''

1 Architecture

2. Estate Management

3. Urban den Regional Planning

4. Quantity Surveying

ECONOMICS DEN MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

1 Economics

2. Accounting

'''VETERINARY MEDICINE'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

1 Veterinary Medicine

'''TECHNOLOGY'''

1 Agricultural &amp; Environmental Engineering

2 Civil Engineering

3 Industrial Production Engineering

4 Petroleum Engineering

5 Electrical &amp; Electronics Engineering

6 Mechanical Engineering

7 Food Technology

8 Wood Products Engineering

'''DE SOCIAL SCIENCES'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://socsc.ui.edu.ng/ &quot;Home | The Social Sciences&quot;]. ''socsc.ui.edu.ng''. Retrieved 4 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

1 Geography

2. Political Science

3. Psychology

4. Sociology

'''EDUCATION'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://educ.ui.edu.ng/ &quot;Welcome to The Faculty of Education | Faculty of Education&quot;]. ''educ.ui.edu.ng''. Retrieved 4 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

1 Adult Education

2 Educational Management

3 Teacher Education:

[a] Arts

[b] Social Sciences

[c] Science

[d] Pre-Primary Education

4 Special Education

5 Human Kinetics

6 Health Education

7 Guidance &amp; Counselling

8 Library Studies

'''FACULTY OF SCIENCE'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

1 [a] Archaeology Single Honours

[b] Archaeology dem combine:

• Plus Geology

• Plus Geography

• Plus Zoology

• Plus Botany

2 Anthropology

3 Pure &amp; Applied den Industrial Chemistry

4 Geography

5 Computer Science

6 Geology

7 Mathematics

8 Physics

9 Statistics

10 Zoology

11 Botany

12 Microbiology

== Institutes ==

* Institutes of African Studies
* IFRA-Nigeria (''Institut français de recherche en Afrique'') – institute fund by de French government make e promote research insyd de social sciences den de humanities den improve collaborative work between academics insyd France den [[West Africa]].
* Institute of Child Health
* Institute of Education
* Advanced Medical Research den Training
* Institute for Peace den Strategic Studies
* LES Institute of PAU
* School of Economics

=== Academic Centres ===

* Centre for General Studies
* Centre for Educational media resource studies 
* Centre for Entrepreneurship den Innovation
* Centre for Petroleum, Energy Economics den Law Multidisciplinary Central Research Laboratory (MCRL)
* Yoruba Language Centre

=== Centres of excellence ===

* Centre For Excellence in Teaching &amp; Learning
* Centre for Child &amp; Adolescent Mental Health
* Centre for Control &amp; Prevention of Zoonoses
* Center for Drug Discovery, Development den Production (CDDDP)

== Affiliate institutions ==
Below be list of affiliate institutions of de University of Ibadan, approve by de National Universities Commission.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nuc.edu.ng/approved-affiliations/ &quot;Approved Affiliations&quot;]. ''nuc.edu.ng''. National Universities Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622030930/https://www.nigeriaschool.com.ng/ui-affiliated-institutions-post-utme/ &quot;UI Affiliated Institutions Post UTME &amp; DE Form, 2018/2019&quot;]. ''Latest Nigerian University and Polytechnic News''. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Bigard Seminary, Enugu, Enugu, State
* Archbishop Vining College of Theology, Akure
* St Augustine's College of Education Akoka, Lagos
* Osun State College of Education, Ilesa
* Federal College of Education, Osiele, Abeokuta, Ogun State.
* Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, Oyo State.
* SS Peter And Paul Seminary, Bodija, Ibadan
* Immanuel College of Theology and Christian Education, Samonda, Ibadan
* Dominican Institute, Samonda, Ibadan
* ECWA Theological Seminary, Igbaja
* Nigeria Baptist Theological Seminary, Ogbomoso
* Life Seminary, Ikorodu
* Redeemed Bible College
* UMCA Seminary, Ilorin, Kwara
* Michael Otedola College of Primary Education, Epe Lagos State

== Vice Chancellors ==
De vice chancellors since 1947 dey include:&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220619083947/https://www.ui.edu.ng/vicechancellors &quot;Vice Chancellors | UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN&quot;]. ''ui.edu.ng''. Retrieved 19 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kenneth Mellanby (Principal): 1947 – 1953
* J. T. Saunders (Principal): 1953 – 1956
* J. H. Parry (Principal): 1956 – 1960
* Kenneth Dike (Principal/Vice Chancellor): 1960 – 1967
* Thomas Adeoye Lambo: 1968 – 1971
* Orishejolomi Thomas: December 1972 – November 1975
* Tekena Tamuno: December 1975 – November 1979
* Samson Olajuwon Kokumo Olayide: December 1979 – November 1983
* Ladipo Ayodeji Banjo (acting): November 1983 – November 1984
* Ladipo Ayodeji Banjo: December 1984 – November 1991
* Allen B. O. O. Oyediran: December 1991 – November 1995
* Oladosu A. Ojengbede (acting): December 1995 – March 1996
* Omoniyi O. Adewoye: March 1996 – September 2000
* Olufunso O. Olorunsogo (acting): March 2000 – September 2000
* Ayodele O. Falase: September 2000 – March 2004
* Olufemi Bamiro (acting): March 2004 – November 2005
* Olufemi Bamiro: December 2005 – November 2010
* Isaac Folorunso Adewole: December 2010 – November 2015
* Abel Idowu Olayinka: December 2015 – November 2020
* Adebola Babatunde Ekanola (acting): December 2020 – October 2021
* Kayode Adebowale: October 2021 until date

== Notable alumni ==
De varsity has educate chaw notable alumni, wey dey include Nobel Laureate insyd Literature, eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, business icons, philosophers, writers, monarchs, countless technocrats, recipients of de Nigerian National Order of Merit den fellows of de various learned academies.&lt;ref&gt;[https://utmeofficial.com.ng/jamb/university-of-ibadan-postgraduate-school-registration-2023-2023-update/ &quot;University Of Ibadan Postgraduate School Registration 2023/2024 Update - UTMEOfficial&quot;]. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery perrow=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;Center&quot; caption=&quot;Notable UI alumni dey include:&quot;&gt;
File:Chinua_Achebe_-_vertical_rectangle_crop.jpg|Author den literary critic Chinua Achebe (BA, 1953)
File:Akin_Mabogunje-Conférence-FIG_2017.jpg|Geographer, Akin Mabogunje (BA, 1953)
File:Wole_Soyinka_in_2018.jpg|Nobel laureate, Wole Soyinka (BA, 1954)
File:Tam_David-West.png|Academic, Tam David-West (BSc 1958)
File:James_Meredith_Portrait.png|Civil rights activist James Meredith
File:Jer_for_FRONT_COVER.jpg|British Scholar, Jeremy Joyner White (PhD 1970)
File:FemiOsofisan.jpg|Writer, theatre director, novelist, critic, Femi Osofisan (BA, 1969)
File:Babatunde_Osotimehin_at_the_London_Summit_on_Family_Planning.jpg|Physician &amp; former Nigerian Minister of Health, Babatunde Osotimehin (MB.BS, 1972)
File:Prof._Isaac_F._Adewole_(cropped).jpg|Gynaecologist &amp; Nigerian former minister of health, Isaac Adewole (MB.BS 1978)
File:Obaseki.jpg|Edo state governor, Godwin Obaseki (BA, 1979)
File:Sola_David-Borha_-_2020_(cropped).jpg|CEO of Standard Bank Group Sola David-Borha (BSc, 1981)
File:Ifenanyi_Okowa.png|Former governor of Delta State, Ifeanyi Okowa (MB.BS, 1981)
File:Allen-Onyema-234.jpg|Founder of Air Peace, Allen Onyema (LL.B. 1987)
File:Ben-ayade-1.jpg|Former governor of Cross River state, Ben Ayade (B.Sc 1988)
File:Abdullahi_Umar_Ganduje_2023.jpg|National chairmo of de APC, Abdullahi Ganduje (PhD, 1993)
File:Ibinabo_Fiberesima.png|Actress Ibinabo Fiberesima (BA, 1994)
&lt;/gallery&gt;
* Abdulganiyu Abdulrasaq, lawyer, former Presido of de Nigerian Stock Exchange
* Mufutau Oloyede Abdul-Rahmon, Professor of Arabic den Islamic Studies.
* John Omoniyi Abiri, Nigerian academic
* Sadique Abubakar, former Nigeria Chief of Air Staff
* Chinua Achebe, novelist, author of ''Things Fall Apart''
* J. K. Acquaye, Professor of Haematology, presido of de West African College of Physicians (2003–2004)
* Dapo Lam Adesina, Member of House of Representative for Ibadan North East/South Federal Constituency
* Zulu Adigwe, Nollywood actor
* Adiele Afigbo, historian
* Ayandiji Daniel Aina, former Vice-Chancellor of Caleb University
* J. F. Ade Ajayi, Nigerian historian
* Wahab Adekola Akande, diplomat
* Claude Ake, Professor of Political Economy, international scholar den social crusader
* Stephen Adebanji Akintoye
* Lola Akande, author den academic
* Grace Alele-Williams
* Elechi Amadi
* Seth Amoama, Ghanaian Chief of de Defence Staff
* Alexander Animalu, Emeritus Professor, former Director National Mathematical Centre, Abuja
* Emeka Anyaoku, former Commonwealth Secretary-General
* Kayode Are, former National Security Adviser den former Director General of de State Security Service
* Ladipo Ayodeji Banjo, former Vice-Chancellor of de University of Ibadan
* Mosun Belo-Olusoga, financial expert
* Senator Robert Ajayi Boroffice
* Vivian E. Browne, visual artist

* J. P. Clark
* Sola David-Borha, Chief Executive (Africa Region) of Standard Bank
* Segun Toyin Dawodu, physician, attorney, academic, den entrepreneur wey establish de first website for socio-political issues of Nigeria.
* Adebayo Faleti(late), journalist, poet, actor den writer
* Kayode Fayemi, former Governor of Ekiti State, former Min of Solid Minerals
* Ronke Giwa-Onafuwa, radio presenter den broadcaster
* Chukwuemeka Ike, writer
* Amadi Ikwechegh
* Abiola Irele
* Funmi Iyanda, talk show host, broadcaster, journalist
* William Kumuyi, founder den General Superintendent of Deeper Christian Life Ministry
* Yahaya Kuta, author
* Eyitayo Lambo, Nigerian former Federal Minister of Health
* Mary Lazarus, Nigerian actress.
* Eddie Mbadiwe, Member of de House of Representative
* James Meredith, Civil Rights Movement figure
* Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah
* Aniebiet Inyang Ntui, EU Ambassador, University Librarian of University of Calabar den Professor of Library den Information Science.
* Jerome Nriagu, Environmental chemist, academic den researcher
* Mark Nwagwu, academics den poet
* James Chike Nwankwo, disc jockey den singer
* Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani
* Christopher Okigbo
* Ifeanyi Okowa, Governor of Delta State
* Isidore Okpewho

* Nduka Otiono, journalist den author
* Tunji Olaopa, founder den Executive Vice-chairmo, ISGPP
* Olufunmilayo Olopade
* Sophie Oluwole, philosopher
* Miriam Olusanya, first female managing director of GTB
* Akinyinka Omigbodun
* Michael Omolewa, former Presido of UNESCO General Conference den Ambassador of Nigeria to UNESCO
* Kole Omotosho
* Gamaliel Onosode
* Zakariyau Oseni
* Femi Osofisan, lecturer den playwright dem know for ''Women of Owu''
* Niyi Osundare
* Jude Rabo, Vice-Chancellor of Federal University, Wukari
* Ken Saro-Wiwa
* Kashim Shettima, Vice Pee-elect of Nigeria

* Fisayo Soyombo, investigative journalist
* Wole Soyinka, winner of de 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature
* Martin I. Uhomoibhi
* Farida Waziri
* Folashade Yemi-Esan, head of de civil service of de federation

== Notable faculty ==
&lt;gallery perrow=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;Center&quot; caption=&quot;'''Notable present den past UI faculty dey include:'''&quot;&gt;
File:Kenneth Onwuka Dike formal portrait.jpg|Kenneth Dike
File:Thurstan shaw 1967.jpg|Charles Thurstan Shaw
File:Wole Soyinka in 2018.jpg|Wole Soyinka
File:Prof Mark Nwagwu.jpg|Mark Nwagwu
File:Michael Omolewa.jpg|Michael Omolewa
File:Grace Oladunni Taylor.jpg|Grace Oladunni Taylor
File:Prof. Isaac F. Adewole (cropped).jpg|Isaac Adewole
File:Prof Olanike Adeyemo portrait .jpeg|Olanike Adeyemo
File:Professor Babalola Chinedum Peace.jpg|Chinedum Peace Babalola
File:Tam David-West.png|Tam David-West
File:Akin Mabogunje-Conférence-FIG 2017.jpg|Akin Mabogunje
File:Detail of plaque to John Pitcairn MacKintosh, Gifford, East Lothian.jpg|John Mackintosh (Scottish politician)
File:Portrait of S.L.A. Manuwa Wellcome L0011642.jpg|Samuel Manuwa
File:Fr L J Munoz.jpg|Louis Joachim Munoz
File:Dr. Eni Njoku (cropped).png|Eni Njoku
File:Onwumechili wiki pix.jpg|Cyril Agodi Onwumechili
File:FemiOsofisan.jpg|Femi Osofisan
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* Beatrice Aboyade, librarian
* Isaac Folorunso Adewole
* Rashid Adewumi Aderinoye
* Ladipo Ayodeji Banjo, Professor of English
* Ayo Bamgbose, Professor of Linguistics
* Jacob Ade Ajayi, Professor of History
* F. V. Atkinson, mathematician
* Olumbe Bassir, founding member of Biochemistry den Microbiology departments
* Grace Gbotosho, senior lecturer at the Department of Pharmacology den Therapeutics
* Christine Hamill, mathematician
* Rosemary Hutton, geophysicist den pioneer of magnetotellurics
* Molly Mahood, literary scholar
* Mark Nwagwu, Professor of Biology, den Fellow Nigerian Academy of Science
* Olakunbi Olasope, Professor of Classics
* Abel Idowu Olayinka
* Michael Omolewa, Professor of History den Adult Education
* Folake Onayemi, Professor of Classics den Head of de Department of Classics
* Ebun Oni, geophysicist
* Niyi Osundare
* H. F. C. Smith
* Wole Soyinka
* Grace Oladunni Taylor, biochemist, first African make she win L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science den second female dem induct into de Nigerian Academy of Science
* Fabian Udekwu, Professor of Surgery, first Nigerian cardiothoracic surgeon
* Duncan White

[[File:UIAA_meeting.jpg|thumb|UIAA meeting]]

== Gallery of campus ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Campus of UI&quot;&gt;
File:Faculty_of_Arts,University_of_Ibadan.jpg|Faculty of Arts, University of Ibadan
File:CBT_Centre,_University_of_Ibadan.jpg|CBT Centre, University of Ibadan
File:Second_gate_of_the_prestigious_University_of_Ibadan_2.jpg|Second gate of de prestigious University of Ibadan 2
File:Faculty_of_Pharmacy,_university_of_Ibadan.jpg|Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan
File:Post-graduate_administrative_building,_University_of_Ibadan.jpg|Post-graduate administrative building, University of Ibadan
File:Tekena_Tamuno_BUilding,_UI.jpg|Tekena Tamuno Building, UI
File:University_of_Ibadan(VC's_office).jpg|University of Ibadan (VC ein office)
File:University_Of_Ibadan_College_Of_Medicine_Ibadan.jpg|University of Ibadan College of Medicine
File:Love_Garden,_University_of_Ibadan.jpg|Love Garden, University of Ibadan
File:Univerisiity_Of_Ibadan.jpg|University of Ibadan
File:Senator_Abiola_Ajimobi_Foundation_(SAAF)_Resource_Center,_UNIVERSITY_of_Ibadan.jpg|alt=Senator Abiola Ajimobi Foundation Resource Center|Senator Abiola Ajimobi Foundation Resource center
File:International_Conference_Center_(ICC),_UNIVERSITY_OF_IBADAN.jpg|International Conference Center University of Ibadan
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Sources ==

* van den Berghe, Pierre L. (1973). ''Power and privilege at an African university''. With the assistance of Paul Alabi [and others]. London: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0710075855|0710075855]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.
* Teferra, Damtew; Altbach, Philip G., eds. (2003). ''African higher education: An international reference handbook''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34186-0|978-0-253-34186-0]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.

== Read further ==

* Tamuno, Tekena N., ed. (1981). ''Ibadan Voices: Ibadan University in Transition''. Ibadan University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-978-121-109-6|978-978-121-109-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.

== External links ==
Wikimedia Commons get media wey dey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:University_of_Ibadan|University of Ibadan]]'''''.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210309110743/https://www.ui.edu.ng./ Official website] 

[[Category:University of Ibadan]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1948]]
[[Category:Public universities insyd Nigeria]]
[[Category:1948 establishments insyd Nigeria]]
[[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Ibadan]]
[[Category:Medical schools insyd Nigeria]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Ibadan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1948]]
[[Category:Education insyd Ibadan]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</title>
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      <text bytes="16249" sha1="qzvgdog40aw7o25ov1528bh7ctxbi9g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
| synonym       = Attention-deficit disorder, hyperkinetic disorder (ICD-10)
| image         = Primary Laos2.jpg
| image_size    = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| alt           = An image of kiddies
| caption       = People plus ADHD fi find am more difficult dan odas make dem focus on den plete tasks such as schoolwork.
| pronounce     = 
| field         = Psychiatry, pediatrics
| symptoms      = Difficulty paying attention, excessive activity, difficulty controlling behavior
| complications = 
| onset         = Before age 6–12
| duration      = &gt;6 months
| types         = 
| causes        = Both genetic den environmental factors
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = Based for symptoms top after oda possible causes dem rule out
| differential  = Normally active young kiddie, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, learning disorder, bipolar disorder, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ferri |first=Fred F. |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr |date=2010 |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=978-0323076999 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=Chapter A  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zubler, MD, FAAP |first1=Jennifer |last2=Weitzman, MD, FAAP |first2=Carol |last3=Sloane, DO |first3=Mark |last4=Singh, MPA |first4=Natasha |last5=Senturias, MD, FAAP |first5=Yasmin N. |last6=Kosofsky, MD, PhD |first6=Barry |last7=Kable, PhD |first7=Julie |last8=Fernandez-Baca, MA |first8=Daniel |last9=Dang, MPH |first9=Elizabeth |last10=Chasnoff, MD, FAAP |first10=Ira |last11=Bertrand PhD |first11=Jacquelyn |last12=Balachova PhD |first12=Tatiana |last13=Hagan Jr. MD, FAAP |first13=Joseph F. |title=Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/4/e20151553.full.pdf |journal=Pediatrics |year=2016 |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=e20151553 |publisher=American Journal of Pediatrics |doi=10.1542/peds.2015-1553 |pmid=27677572 |pmc=5477054 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320042016/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/4/e20151553.full.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = Counseling, lifestyle changes, medications
| medication    = Stimulants, atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coghill DR, Banaschewski T, Soutullo C, Cottingham MG, Zuddas A |date=November 2017 |title=Systematic review of quality of life and functional outcomes in randomized placebo-controlled studies of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1283–1307 |doi=10.1007/s00787-017-0986-y |pmc=5656703 |pmid=28429134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jain R, Katic A |s2cid=3807877 |date=August 2016 |title=Current and Investigational Medication Delivery Systems for Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders |volume=18 |issue=4 |doi=10.4088/PCC.16r01979 |pmid=27828696}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 51.1 million (2015)
| deaths        = 
| video1        = [[File:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder video.webm|frameless|upright=1.36|Video explanation]]
| named after   = 
}}

'''Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder''' ('''ADHD''')&lt;ref&gt;Faraone SV, Bellgrove MA, Brikell I, Cortese S, Hartman CA, Hollis C, et al. (22 February 2024). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-024-00495-0 &quot;Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder&quot;]. ''Nature Reviews Disease Primers''. '''10''' (1): 11. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41572-024-00495-0|10.1038/s41572-024-00495-0]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-676X 2056-676X]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38388701 38388701].&lt;/ref&gt; be a neurodevelopmental disorder wey be characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, den emotional dysregulation wey be excessive den pervasive, wey dey impair insyd multiple contexts, den developmentally inappropriate.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/58/mode/2up?q=attention+deficit|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=5th|location=Arlington|pages=59–65}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5TR&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|title-link=|date=February 2022|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|isbn=978-0-89042-575-6|edition=Fifth, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR)|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=1288423302}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Faraone_2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zheng Y, Biederman J, Bellgrove MA, Newcorn JH, Gignac M, Al Saud NM, Manor I, Rohde LA, Yang L, Cortese S, Almagor D, Stein MA, Albatti TH, Aljoudi HF, Alqahtani MM, Asherson P, Atwoli L, Bölte S, Buitelaar JK, Crunelle CL, Daley D, Dalsgaard S, Döpfner M, Espinet S, Fitzgerald M, Franke B, Gerlach M, Haavik J, Hartman CA, Hartung CM, Hinshaw SP, Hoekstra PJ, Hollis C, Kollins SH, Sandra Kooij JJ, Kuntsi J, Larsson H, Li T, Liu J, Merzon E, Mattingly G, Mattos P, McCarthy S, Mikami AY, Molina BS, Nigg JT, Purper-Ouakil D, Omigbodun OO, Polanczyk GV, Pollak Y, Poulton AS, Rajkumar RP, Reding A, Reif A, Rubia K, Rucklidge J, Romanos M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Schellekens A, Scheres A, Schoeman R, Schweitzer JB, Shah H, Solanto MV, Sonuga-Barke E, Soutullo C, Steinhausen HC, Swanson JM, Thapar A, Tripp G, van de Glind G, van den Brink W, Van der Oord S, Venter A, Vitiello B, Walitza S, Wang Y |date=September 2021 |title=The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder |journal=Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=128 |pages=789–818 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022 |issn=0149-7634 |pmc=8328933 |pmid=33549739 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ADHD symptoms dey arise from executive dysfunction.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Pievsky MA, McGrath RE |date=March 2018 |title=The Neurocognitive Profile of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Meta-Analyses |journal=Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=143–157 |doi=10.1093/arclin/acx055 |pmid=29106438 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Schoechlin C, Engel RR |date=August 2005 |title=Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of empirical data |journal=Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=727–744 |doi=10.1016/j.acn.2005.04.005 |pmid=15953706}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Joao P 2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoogman M, Muetzel R, Guimaraes JP, Shumskaya E, Mennes M, Zwiers MP, Jahanshad N, Sudre G, Wolfers T, Earl EA, Soliva Vila JC, Vives-Gilabert Y, Khadka S, Novotny SE, Hartman CA, Heslenfeld DJ, Schweren LJ, Ambrosino S, Oranje B, de Zeeuw P, Chaim-Avancini TM, Rosa PG, Zanetti MV, Malpas CB, Kohls G, von Polier GG, Seitz J, Biederman J, Doyle AE, Dale AM, van Erp TG, Epstein JN, Jernigan TL, Baur-Streubel R, Ziegler GC, Zierhut KC, Schrantee A, Høvik MF, Lundervold AJ, Kelly C, McCarthy H, Skokauskas N, O'Gorman Tuura RL, Calvo A, Lera-Miguel S, Nicolau R, Chantiluke KC, Christakou A, Vance A, Cercignani M, Gabel MC, Asherson P, Baumeister S, Brandeis D, Hohmann S, Bramati IE, Tovar-Moll F, Fallgatter AJ, Kardatzki B, Schwarz L, Anikin A, Baranov A, Gogberashvili T, Kapilushniy D, Solovieva A, El Marroun H, White T, Karkashadze G, Namazova-Baranova L, Ethofer T, Mattos P, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Plessen KJ, Kuntsi J, Mehta MA, Paloyelis Y, Harrison NA, Bellgrove MA, Silk TJ, Cubillo AI, Rubia K, Lazaro L, Brem S, Walitza S, Frodl T, Zentis M, Castellanos FX, Yoncheva YN, Haavik J, Reneman L, Conzelmann A, Lesch KP, Pauli P, Reif A, Tamm L, Konrad K, Oberwelland Weiss E, Busatto GF, Louza MR, Durston S, Hoekstra PJ, Oosterlaan J, Stevens MC, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Vilarroya O, Fair DA, Nigg JT, Thompson PM, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV, Shaw P, Tiemeier H, Bralten J, Franke B |date=July 2019 |title=Brain Imaging of the Cortex in ADHD: A Coordinated Analysis of Large-Scale Clinical and Population-Based Samples |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=176 |issue=7 |pages=531–542 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18091033 |pmc=6879185 |pmid=31014101}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown_2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown TE |date=October 2008 |title=ADD/ADHD and Impaired Executive Function in Clinical Practice |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=407–411 |doi=10.1007/s11920-008-0065-7 |pmid=18803914 |s2cid=146463279}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Executive functions&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Diamond A |year=2013 |title=Executive functions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_2013_64/page/n168 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=64 |pages=135–168 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 |pmc=4084861 |pmid=23020641 |quote=EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten &amp; Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker &amp; Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo &amp; Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Antshel_2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Handbook of Executive Functioning|vauthors=Antshel KM, Hier BO, Barkley RA|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4614-8106-5|veditors=Goldstein S, Naglieri JA|place=New York, NY|pages=107–120|chapter=Executive Functioning Theory and ADHD|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Impairments wey dey result from deficits insyd self-regulation such as time management, inhibition, task initiation, den sustained attention&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barkley |first=Russell A. |date=December 2002 |title=International Consensus Statement on ADHD |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-american-academy-child-adolescent-psychiatry_2002-12_41_12/page/1389 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=12 |page=1389 |doi=10.1097/00004583-200212000-00001 |issn=0890-8567 |pmid=12447019}}&lt;/ref&gt; fi include poor professional performance, relationship difficulties, den chaw health risks,&lt;ref name=&quot;Barkley_2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barkley RA, Murphy KR |date=1 June 2011 |title=The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests |journal=Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=137–158 |doi=10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x |issn=1573-3505}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fleming_et_al_2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Fleming M, Fitton CA, Steiner MF, McLay JS, Clark D, King A, Mackay DF, Pell JP |date=July 2017 |title=Educational and Health Outcomes of Children Treated for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |volume=171 |issue=7 |pages=e170691 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0691 |pmc=6583483 |pmid=28459927}}&lt;/ref&gt; collectively wey dey predispose to a diminished quality of life den a reduction in life expectancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adverse_2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cattoi B, Alpern I, Katz JS, Keepnews D, Solanto MV |date=April 2022 |title=The Adverse Health Outcomes, Economic Burden, and Public Health Implications of Unmanaged Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Call to Action Resulting from CHADD Summit, Washington, DC, October 17, 2019 |journal=Journal of Attention Disorders |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=807–808 |doi=10.1177/10870547211036754 |pmid=34585995 |s2cid=238218526}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be associated plus oda mental disorders as well as non-psychiatric disorders, wich fi cause additional impairment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zheng Y, Biederman J, Bellgrove MA, et al. (September 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8328933 &quot;The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder&quot;]. ''Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews''. '''128'''. Elsevier BV: 789–818. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022|10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-7634 0149-7634]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8328933 8328933]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33549739 33549739].&lt;/ref&gt; De disorder dey cost society hundreds of billions of US dollars each year, worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|title=Taking charge of adult ADHD: proven strategies to succeed at work, at home, and in relationships|url=https://archive.org/details/takingchargeofad0000russ|vauthors=Barkley RA, Benton CM|publisher=Guilford Press|year=2022|isbn=978-1-4625-4752-4|edition=2nd|oclc=1251741330}}
* {{cite book|title=Driven to distraction: recognizing and coping with attention deficit disorder from childhood through adulthood|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307743152|vauthors=Hallowell EM, Ratey JJ|publisher=Anchor Books|year=2011|isbn=978-0-307-74315-2|edition=1|oclc=1200786886}}
* {{cite book|title=The ADHD Explosion: Myths, Medication, Money, and Today's Push for Performance|url=https://archive.org/details/adhdexplosionmyt0000hins|vauthors=Hinshaw SP, Scheffler RM|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-979055-5}}
* {{cite book|title=Scattered minds: a new look at the origins and healing of attention deficit disorder|vauthors=Mate G|publisher=Vintage Books|year=1999|isbn=978-0-676-97259-7|location=Canada|oclc=48795973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/adhdnationchildr0000schw_d3y4|title=ADHD Nation: Children, Doctors, Big Pharma, and the Making of an American Epidemic|vauthors=Schwarz A|publisher=Scribner|year=2016|isbn=978-1-5011-0591-3|oclc=951612166}}
* {{cite book|title=ADHD Grown Up: A Guide to Adolescent and Adult ADHD|vauthors=Young JL|date=9 January 2007|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Pliszka S |date=July 2007 |title=Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-american-academy-child-adolescent-psychiatry_2007-07_46_7/page/894 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=894–921 |doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724 |pmid=17581453 |s2cid=602465 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Reaser A, Prevatt F, Petscher Y, Proctor B |year=2007 |title=The learning and study strategies of college students with ADHD |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychology-in-the-schools_2007-07_44_6/page/627 |journal=Psychology in the Schools |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=627–638 |doi=10.1002/pits.20252 |issn=0033-3085 |eissn=1520-6807 |lccn=64009353 |oclc=1763062}}

== External links ==
* National Institute of Mental Health. [https://www.nimh.nih.gov/topics/topic-page-adhd NIMH Pages About Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).] National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

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[[Category:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder| ]]
[[Category:1987 neologisms]]
[[Category:Ailments of unknown cause]]
[[Category:Amphetamine]]
[[Category:Attention disorders]]
[[Category:Learning disabilities]]
[[Category:Methylphenidate]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Parkinson's disease</title>
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      <text bytes="59192" sha1="2dq9z438m9c6kdhtedkl2od0isppczs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Parkinson's disease
| synonym       = Parkinson disease, idiopathic anaa primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome, paralysis agitans, shaking palsy
| image         = Paralysis agitans (1907, after St. Leger).png
| image_size    = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| alt           = Two sketches (one from de front den one from de right side) of a man, plus an expressionless face. He be stooped forward wey he presumably get difficulty wey he dey walk.
| caption       = Illustration of Parkinson's disease by William Richard Gowers, dem first publish insyd ''A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System'' (1886)
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = Neurology
| symptoms      = Shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, difficulty walking
| onset         = Age over 60
| duration      = 
| causes        = Unknown
| risks         = Pesticide exposure, head injuries
| diagnosis     = Based for symptoms top
| differential  = Dementia plus Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy, essential tremor, antipsychotic use&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|vauthors= Ferri FF|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|url= https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter P|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = Exercise, medications, surgery
| medication    = L-DOPA, dopamine agonist
| prognosis     = Life expectancy ~ 15 years&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Golbe LI, Leyton CE |title=Life expectancy in Parkinson disease |journal=Neurology |volume=91 |issue=22 |pages=991–992 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30381371 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000006560 |type= Editorial}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| frequency     = 6.2 million (2015)
| deaths        = 117,400 (2015)
}}
'''Parkinson's disease''' ('''PD'''), anaa simply '''Parkinson's''', be a neurodegenerative disease primarily of de central nervous system, wey dey affect both motor den non-motor systems. Symptoms typically dey develop gradually, plus non-motor issues wey cam turn more prevalent as de disease dey progress. De motor symptoms be collectively called parkinsonism den dey include tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity as well as postural instability (i.e., difficulty maintaining balance). Non-motor symptoms dey develop later insyd de disease den dey include behavioral changes anaa neuropsychiatric problems such as sleep abnormalities, psychosis, den mood swings.

Chaw Parkinson's disease cases be sporadic, though dem identify factors wey dey contribute. Pathophysiology dey involve progressive degeneration of nerve cells insyd de substantia nigra, a midbrain region wey dey provide dopamine to de basal ganglia, a system wey involve insyd voluntary motor control. De cause of dis cell death be poorly understood buh e dey involve de aggregation of alpha-synuclein into Lewy bodies within neurons. Oda potential factors dey involve genetic den environmental influences, medications, lifestyle, den prior health conditions.

Diagnosis primarily dey base for [[signs and symptoms]] top, typically motor-related, identified thru neurological examination. Medical imaging techniques like positron emission tomography fi support de diagnosis. Parkinson's typically dey manifest insyd individuals over 60, plus about one percent wey be affect. Insyd those younger dan 50, e be termed &quot;early-onset PD&quot;.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q11085|c=Category:Parkinson's disease|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
=== Works dem cite ===

==== Books ====

* {{Cite book|title=Parkinson's Disease|vauthors=Bhattacharyya KB|date=2017|publisher=International Review of Neurobiology|veditors=Bhatia KP, Chaudhuri KR, Stamelou M|pages=1–23|chapter=Chapter One – Hallmarks of Clinical Aspects of Parkinson's Disease Through Centuries}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bernat|first1=James L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTY3AAAAQBAJ|title=Ethical and Legal Issues in Neurology|last2=Beresford|first2=Richard|date=2013|publisher=Newnes|isbn=978-0-444-53504-7|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis: a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr|vauthors=Ferri FF|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|isbn=978-0-3230-7699-9|edition=2nd|chapter=Chapter P}}
* {{Cite book|title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|vauthors=Lanska DJ|date=2010|publisher=History of Neurology|isbn=978-0-444-52009-8|series=3|volume=95|pages=501–546|chapter=Chapter 33: The history of movement disorders|doi=10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02133-7|pmid=19892136}}
* {{Cite book|title=Physical Rehabilitation|url=https://archive.org/details/physicalrehabili0000unse_f7s7|vauthors=O'Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ|publisher=F.A. Davis|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8036-1247-1|edition=5th|chapter=Parkinson's Disease}}
* {{Cite book|title=Lange Clinical Neurology|vauthors=Simon RP, Greenberg D, Aminoff MJ|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2017|isbn=978-1-2598-6172-7|edition=10th}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://exonpublications.com/index.php/exon/issue/view/9|title=Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects|date=December 2018|publisher=Codon Publications|isbn=978-0-9944-3816-4|veditors=Stoker TB, Greenland JC|ref=none}}
** {{Cite book|title=Parkinson's disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects|vauthors=Greenland JC, Barker RA|date=2018|publisher=Codon Publications|isbn=978-0-9944-3816-4|veditors=Stoker TB, Greenland JC|pages=109–128|chapter=Chapter 6: The Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease|doi=10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch6|pmid=30702839|chapter-url=https://exonpublications.com/index.php/exon/article/view/191/348|s2cid=80908095}}
* {{Cite book|title=Parkinson's Disease|publisher=Royal College of Physicians|year=2006|isbn=978-1-8601-6283-1|editor-last=The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions|location=London|pages=113–133|chapter=Non-motor features of Parkinson's disease|ref={{Harvid|The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions}}|chapter-url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG35/Guidance/pdf/English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924153546/http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG35/Guidance/pdf/English|archive-date=24 September 2010|url-status=live}}

==== Journal articles ====

* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Aarslanda D, Krambergera MG |date=2015 |title=Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease |journal=Journal of Personalized Medicine |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=659–667 |doi=10.3233/JPD-150604 |pmid=26406147}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Abusrair AH, Elsekaily W, Bohlega S |date=13 September 2022 |title=Tremor in Parkinson's Disease: From Pathophysiology to Advanced Therapies |journal=Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=29 |doi=10.5334/tohm.712 |pmc=9504742 |pmid=36211804 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Ahlskog JE |date=July 2011 |title=Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2011-07-19_77_3/page/288 |journal=Neurology |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=288–294 |doi=10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab66 |pmc=3136051 |pmid=21768599}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Alfaidi M, Barker RA, Kuan W |date=2024 |title=An update on immune-based alpha-synuclein trials in Parkinson's disease |journal=Journal of Neurology |volume=272 |issue=1 |page=21 |doi=10.1007/s00415-024-12770-x |pmc=11638298 |pmid=39666171}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Almikhlafi MA |date=January 2024 |title=A review of the gastrointestinal, olfactory, and skin abnormalities in patients with Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurosciences |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.17712/nsj.2024.1.20230062 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |pmc=10827020 |pmid=38195133}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Armstrong MJ, Okun MS |date=February 2020 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review |journal=JAMA |volume=323 |issue=6 |pages=548–560 |doi=10.1001/jama.2019.22360 |pmid=32044947 |s2cid=211079287}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA |date=2016 |title=The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: risk factors and prevention |journal=Lancet Neurology |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=1257–1272 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30230-7 |pmid=27751556}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Atalar MS, Oguz O, Genc G |date=2023 |title=Hypokinetic Dysarthria in Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review |journal=The Medical Bulletin of Sisle Etfal Hospital |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=163–170 |doi=10.14744/SEMB.2023.29560 |pmc=10600629 |pmid=37899809}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Bandres-Ciga S, Diez-Fairen M, Kim JJ, Singleton AB |date=April 2020 |title=Genetics of Parkinson's disease: An introspection of its journey towards precision medicine |journal=Neurobiology of Disease |volume=137 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104782 |pmc=7064061 |pmid=31991247}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Barichella M, Cereda E, Pezzoli G |date=October 2009 |title=Major nutritional issues in the management of Parkinson's disease |journal=Movement Disorders |volume=24 |issue=13 |pages=1881–1892 |doi=10.1002/mds.22705 |pmid=19691125 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2434/67795}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Ben-Shlomo Y, Darweesh S, Llibre-Guerra J, Marras C, Luciano MS, Tanner C |date=2024 |title=The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease |journal=The Lancet |volume=403 |issue=10423 |pages=283–292 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01419-8 |pmc=11123577 |pmid=38245248}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Bereczki D |date=2010 |title=The description of all four cardinal signs of Parkinson's disease in a Hungarian medical text published in 1690 |journal=Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=290–293 |doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.11.006 |pmid=19948422}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Bidesi NS, Andersen IV, Windhorst AD, Shalgunov V, Herth MM |date=November 2021 |title=The role of neuroimaging in Parkinson's disease |journal=Journal of Neurochemistry |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=660–689 |doi=10.1111/jnc.15516 |pmc=9291628 |pmid=34532856}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Biundo R, Weis L, Antonini A |date=September 2016 |title=Cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease: the complex picture |journal=npj Parkinson's Disease |volume=2 |page=16018 |doi=10.1038/npjparkd.2016.18 |pmc=5516581 |pmid=28725699 |number=16018}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Bloem BR, Boonstra TA |date=December 2023 |title=The inadequacy of current pesticide regulations for protecting brain health: the case of glyphosate and Parkinson's disease |journal=The Lancet. Planetary Health |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=e948–e949 |doi=10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00255-3 |pmid=37949088}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Blonder LX |date=2018 |title=Historical and cross-cultural perspectives on Parkinson's disease |journal=Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1515/jcim-2016-0065 |pmid=29738310}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Boettcher L, Bonney P, Smitherman A, Sughrue M |date=2015 |title=Hitler's parkinsonism |journal=Neurosurgical Focus |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=E8 |doi=10.3171/2015.4.FOCUS1563 |pmid=26126407}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Bollu PC, Sahota P |date=2017 |title=Sleep and Parkinson Disease |journal=Missouri Medicine |volume=114 |issue=5 |pages=381–386 |pmc=6140184 |pmid=30228640}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Bologna M, Paparella G, Fasano A, Hallett M, Berardelli A |date=December 2019 |title=Evolving concepts on bradykinesia |journal=Brain |volume=143 |issue=3 |pages=727–750 |doi=10.1093/brain/awz344 |pmc=8205506 |pmid=31834375}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Bologna M, Truong D, Jankovic J |date=2022 |title=The etiopathogenetic and pathophysiological spectrum of parkinsonism |journal=Journal of the Neurological Sciences |volume=433 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.jns.2021.120012 |pmid=34642022}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Boonstra |first1=Jackson Tyler |last2=Michielse |first2=Stijn |last3=Temel |first3=Yasin |last4=Hoogland |first4=Govert |last5=Jahanshahi |first5=Ali |date=2020 |title=Neuroimaging Detectable Differences between Parkinson's Disease Motor Subtypes |journal=Movement Disorders Clinical Practice |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=175–192 |doi=10.1002/mdc3.13107 |pmc=7853198 |pmid=33553487}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Borghammer P |date=January 2018 |title=How does parkinson's disease begin? Perspectives on neuroanatomical pathways, prions, and histology |journal=Movement Disorders |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=48–57 |doi=10.1002/mds.27138 |pmid=28843014}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Borsche M, Pereira SL, Klein C, Grünewald A |date=February 2021 |title=Mitochondria and Parkinson's Disease: Clinical, Molecular, and Translational Aspects |journal=Journal of Parkinson's Disease |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=45–60 |doi=10.3233/JPD-201981 |pmc=7990451 |pmid=33074190}}
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*{{cite news|last1=Burleson|first1=Nate|last2=Breen|first2=Kerry|date=9 November 2023|title=Michael J. Fox talks funding breakthrough research for Parkinson's disease|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/michael-j-fox-parkinsons-research-funded-by-his-foundation/|work=CBS News|access-date=23 November 2023}}
*{{cite news| url= http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1615754_1615882,00.html| title=Michael J. Fox| date=3 May 2007| vauthors = Davis P| work=The Time 100| publisher=Time |location=New York |access-date=2 April 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110425013526/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1615754_1615882,00.html| archive-date=25 April 2011 }}
*{{Cite magazine |date=18 January 1960 |title=Education: Joy in Giving |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828597,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220012106/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828597,00.html |archive-date=20 February 2011 |access-date=2 April 2011 |magazine=Time|ref={{Harvid|Time 1960}}}}
[[Category:Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's disease]]
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
[[Category:Ailments of unknown cause]]
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]
[[Category:Cytoskeletal defects]]
[[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]]
[[Category:Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Neurodegenerative disorders]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Crohn's disease</title>
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      <text bytes="17652" sha1="jezw7ejtjzy8bmr16mqz6zn7yhy3m6f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Crohn's disease
| image = Macro Iléon terminal, caecum et côlon ascendant - Maladie de Crohn 55-o.apatho-1691p-ilcaco.jpg
| caption = A preserved section of de terminal ileum, de cecum, den de ascending colon, all of wich dey display signs of severe Crohn's disease
| image2 = Crohn's Disease vs Colitis ulcerosa.svg
| caption2 = De three most common sites of intestinal involvement insyd Crohn's disease (left) dem compare to de areas wey be affected by ''ulcerative colitis'' (''colitis ulcerosa'', right)
| field = Gastroenterology
| synonyms = Crohn disease, Crohn syndrome, granulomatous enteritis, regional enteritis, Leśniowski-Crohn disease
| symptoms = Abdominal pain, diarrhea (fi be bloody), fever, weight loss, fatigue, mouth sores, reduced appetite&lt;ref name&gt;{{cite web |title=Crohn's disease |url=https://www.autoimmuneregistry.org/crohns-disease |access-date=June 15, 2022 |website=Autoimmune Registry Inc. |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615184526/https://www.autoimmuneregistry.org/crohns-disease |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| complications = Anemia, skin rashes, arthritis, bowel cancer
| onset = 20–29 years
| duration = Long term
| causes = Uncertain
| risks = Genetic predisposition, wey dey live insyd a developed country,&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baumgart DC, Carding SR | title = Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-12-18-2007_369_9573/page/1627 | journal = Lancet | volume = 369 | issue = 9573 | pages = 1627–1640 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17499605 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60750-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;stress,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mawdsley JE, Rampton DS | title = Psychological stress in IBD: new insights into pathogenic and therapeutic implications | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_gut_2005-10_54_10/page/1481 | journal = Gut | volume = 54 | issue = 10 | pages = 1481–1491 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16162953 | pmc = 1774724 | doi = 10.1136/gut.2005.064261 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tobacco smoking,&lt;br/&gt;dem undergo an appendectomy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Koutroubakis IE, Vlachonikolis IG, Kapsoritakis A, Spanoudakis S, Roussomoustakaki M, Mouzas IA, Kouroumalis EA, Manousos ON | title = Appendectomy, tonsillectomy, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: case-controlled study in Crete | journal = Diseases of the Colon and Rectum | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 225–230 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 10211500 | doi = 10.1007/BF02237133 | url = https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02237133 | url-status = live | s2cid = 31528819 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190613235036/https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02237133 | archive-date = June 13, 2019 | url-access = subscription }}&lt;!-- auto-translated from Dutch by Module:CS1 translator --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Frisch M, Gridley G | title = Appendectomy in adulthood and the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_scandinavian-journal-of-gastroenterology_2002-10_37_10/page/n66 | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 37 | issue = 10 | pages = 1175–1177 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12408522 | doi = 10.1080/003655202760373380 }}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa tonsillectomy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sun W, Han X, Wu S, Yang C | title = Tonsillectomy and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 1085–1094 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 26678358 | doi = 10.1111/jgh.13273 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgh.13273/abstract | access-date = February 9, 2024 | url-status = live | s2cid = 2625962 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192410/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgh.13273/abstract | archive-date = August 16, 2017 | url-access = subscription }}&lt;!-- auto-translated from Dutch by Module:CS1 translator --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
| diagnosis = Biopsy, medical imaging
| differential = [[Irritable bowel syndrome]], celiac disease, Behçet's disease, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy, intestinal [[tuberculosis]]
| prevention = 
| treatment = 
| medication = Corticosteroids, biological therapy, immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, methotrexate
| prognosis = Slightly increased risk of death
| frequency = 3.2 per 1,000 (developed world)
| deaths = 
| alt = 
| named after = Burrill Bernard Crohn
}}
'''Crohn's disease''' be a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) wey fi affect any segment of de gastrointestinal tract.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDDK2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Crohn's Disease|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/crohns-disease/all-content|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208230827/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/crohns-disease/all-content|archive-date=December 8, 2019|access-date=December 8, 2019|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms often dey include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, abdominal distension, den weight loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDDK2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ | title = Crohn's disease | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9853 | pages = 1590–1605 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22914295 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60026-9 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}&lt;/ref&gt; Complications outsyd of de gastrointestinal tract fi include anemia, skin rashes, arthritis, inflammation of de eye, den fatigue.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt; De skin rashes fi be secof infections, as well as pyoderma gangrenosum anaa erythema nodosum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt; Bowel obstruction fi occur as a complication of chronic inflammation, den those plus de disease be at greater risk of colon cancer den small bowel cancer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt;

Although de precise causes of Crohn's disease (CD) be unknown, dem dey believe e be caused by a combination of environmental, immune, den bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDDK2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cho JH, Brant SR |date=May 2011 |title=Recent insights into the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2011-05_140_6/page/1704 |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=140 |issue=6 |pages=1704–1712 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.046 |pmc=4947143 |pmid=21530736}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bact08&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Dessein R, Chamaillard M, Danese S |date=September 2008 |title=Innate immunity in Crohn's disease: the reverse side of the medal |journal=Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology |volume=42 |issue=Suppl 3 Pt 1 |pages=S144–S147 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181662c90 |pmid=18806708}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Stefanelli T, Malesci A, Repici A, Vetrano S, Danese S |date=May 2008 |title=New insights into inflammatory bowel disease pathophysiology: paving the way for novel therapeutic targets |journal=Current Drug Targets |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=413–418 |doi=10.2174/138945008784221170 |pmid=18473770}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey result insyd a chronic inflammatory disorder, insyd wich de body ein immune system dey defend de gastrointestinal tract, possibly dey target microbial antigens.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bact08&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19437144&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Marks DJ, Rahman FZ, Sewell GW, Segal AW |date=February 2010 |title=Crohn's disease: an immune deficiency state |journal=Clinical Reviews in Allergy &amp; Immunology |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=20–31 |doi=10.1007/s12016-009-8133-2 |pmc=4568313 |pmid=19437144}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Crohn's be an immune-related disease, e no dey seem to be an autoimmune disease (de immune system no be triggered by de body einself).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Casanova JL, Abel L |date=August 2009 |title=Revisiting Crohn's disease as a primary immunodeficiency of macrophages |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-medicine_2009-08-31_206_9/page/1839 |journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=206 |issue=9 |pages=1839–1843 |doi=10.1084/jem.20091683 |pmc=2737171 |pmid=19687225}}&lt;/ref&gt; De exact underlying immune problem no be clear; however, e fi be an immunodeficiency state.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19437144&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lalande JD, Behr MA |date=July 2010 |title=Mycobacteria in Crohn's disease: how innate immune deficiency may result in chronic inflammation |journal=Expert Review of Clinical Immunology |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=633–641 |doi=10.1586/eci.10.29 |pmid=20594136 |s2cid=25402952}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Korzenik JR |date=November 2006 |title=Crohn's disease: innate immunodeficiency? |journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=12 |issue=42 |pages=6751–6755 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v12.i42.6751 |pmc=4087427 |pmid=17106921 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

About half of de overall risk be related to genetics, plus more dan 70 genes be involved.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;genetic_link&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Barrett JC, Hansoul S, Nicolae DL, Cho JH, Duerr RH, Rioux JD, Brant SR, Silverberg MS, Taylor KD, Barmada MM, Bitton A, Dassopoulos T, Datta LW, Green T, Griffiths AM, Kistner EO, Murtha MT, Regueiro MD, Rotter JI, Schumm LP, Steinhart AH, Targan SR, Xavier RJ, Libioulle C, Sandor C, Lathrop M, Belaiche J, Dewit O, Gut I, Heath S, Laukens D, Mni M, Rutgeerts P, Van Gossum A, Zelenika D, Franchimont D, Hugot JP, de Vos M, Vermeire S, Louis E, Cardon LR, Anderson CA, Drummond H, Nimmo E, Ahmad T, Prescott NJ, Onnie CM, Fisher SA, Marchini J, Ghori J, Bumpstead S, Gwilliam R, Tremelling M, Deloukas P, Mansfield J, Jewell D, Satsangi J, Mathew CG, Parkes M, Georges M, Daly MJ |date=August 2008 |title=Genome-wide association defines more than 30 distinct susceptibility loci for Crohn's disease |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=955–962 |doi=10.1038/ng.175 |pmc=2574810 |pmid=18587394}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tobacco smokers be three times as likely make dem develop Crohn's disease as non-smokers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cosnes2004&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cosnes J |date=June 2004 |title=Tobacco and IBD: relevance in the understanding of disease mechanisms and clinical practice |journal=Best Practice &amp; Research. Clinical Gastroenterology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=481–496 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2003.12.003 |pmid=15157822}}&lt;/ref&gt; Crohn's disease be often be triggered after a gastroenteritis episode.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt; Oda conditions plus similar symptoms dey include [[irritable bowel syndrome]] den Behçet's disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt;

Crohn's disease dey affect about 3.2 per 1,000 people insyd Europe den [[North America]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Mol2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, Benchimol EI, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Barkema HW, Kaplan GG |date=January 2012 |title=Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review |url=http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016508511013783/pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=46–54.e42; quiz e30 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001 |pmid=22001864 |s2cid=206223870 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007193457/https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(11)01378-3/pdf |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=October 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; e be less common insyd Asia den [[Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Prideaux L, Kamm MA, De Cruz PP, Chan FK, Ng SC |date=August 2012 |title=Inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1266–1280 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07150.x |pmid=22497584 |s2cid=205468282 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hov2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hovde Ø, Moum BA |date=April 2012 |title=Epidemiology and clinical course of Crohn's disease: results from observational studies |journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=18 |issue=15 |pages=1723–1731 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v18.i15.1723 |pmc=3332285 |pmid=22553396 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt; E historically be more common insyd de developed world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bur2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Burisch J, Munkholm P |date=July 2013 |title=Inflammatory bowel disease epidemiology |journal=Current Opinion in Gastroenterology |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=357–362 |doi=10.1097/MOG.0b013e32836229fb |pmid=23695429 |s2cid=9538639}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rates, however, dey increase, particularly insyd de developing world, since de 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hov2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bur2013&quot; /&gt; Inflammatory bowel disease wey result insyd 47,400 deaths insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281 |collaboration=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt; den those plus Crohn's disease get a slightly reduced life expectancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt; Onset of Crohn's disease tend e dey start insyd adolescence den young adulthood, though e fi occur for any age.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDDK2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shih IL, Lee TC, Tu CH, Chang CC, Wang YF, Tseng YH, Chiu HM, Wu MS, Wang HP, Shih TT, Liu KL |date=December 2016 |title=Intraobserver and interobserver agreement for identifying extraluminal manifestations of Crohn's disease with magnetic resonance enterography |journal=Advances in Digestive Medicine |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=174–180 |doi=10.1016/j.aidm.2015.05.004 |s2cid=70796090 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eMedicineHealth2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Crohn's Disease: Get Facts on Symptoms and Diet|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/crohn_disease/article_em.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020184248/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/crohn_disease/article_em.htm|archive-date=October 20, 2007|website=eMedicineHealth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Males den females be affected roughly equally.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDDK2017&quot; /&gt;

== Name controversy ==
Na dem name de disease after gastroenterologist Burrill Bernard Crohn, wey insyd 1932, togeda plus Leon Ginzburg (1898–1988) den Gordon D. Oppenheimer (1900–1974) for Mount Sinai Hospital insyd New York, describe a series of people plus inflammation of de terminal ileum of de small intestine, de area wey be most commonly affected by de illness.&lt;ref name=&quot;CrohnBB&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Crohn BB, Ginzburg L, Oppenheimer GD |date=May 2000 |title=Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity. 1932 |journal=The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=263–268 |pmid=10828911}}&lt;/ref&gt; De decision make dem name de disease after Crohn remain controversial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Van Hootegem P, Travis S |date=July 2020 |title=Is Crohn's Disease a Rightly Used Eponym? |url=https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/article/14/6/867/5614546 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Crohn's &amp; Colitis |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=867–871 |doi=10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz183 |pmid=31701137 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708104800/https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/article/14/6/867/5614546 |archive-date=July 8, 2023 |access-date=July 8, 2023 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mulder DJ, Noble AJ, Justinich CJ, Duffin JM |date=May 2014 |title=A tale of two diseases: the history of inflammatory bowel disease |journal=Journal of Crohn's &amp; Colitis |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=341–348 |doi=10.1016/j.crohns.2013.09.009 |pmid=24094598 |s2cid=13714394 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Crohn, insyd ein memoir, dey describe ein original investigation of de disease, Ginzburg provide strong evidence of how na he den Oppenheimer be de first make dem study de disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginzburg L |date=May 1986 |title=Regional enteritis: historical perspective (B. Crohn and L. Ginzburg) |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=90 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=1310–1311 |doi=10.1016/0016-5085(86)90419-1 |pmid=3514360 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lichtenstein GR, Loftus EV, Isaacs KL, Regueiro MD, Gerson LB, Sands BE | title = ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Crohn's Disease in Adults | journal = The American Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 113 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–517 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29610508 | doi = 10.1038/ajg.2018.27 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}
* {{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/crohnsdisease.html |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |work=MedlinePlus |title=Crohn's disease}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Crohn's Disease}}
[[Category:Abdominal pain]]
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]
[[Category:Crohn's disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Membrane transport protein disorders]]
[[Category:Noninfective enteritis den colitis]]
[[Category:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions]]
[[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Rwandan genocide</title>
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      <text bytes="31779" sha1="obm22ig7x4aapyid8qfudjd0337eu44" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Rwandan genocide''', dem sanso know as de '''genocide against the Tutsi''', occur from 7 April to 19 July 1994 during de Rwandan Civil War.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Barnett |first=Michael |title=Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda |url=https://archive.org/details/eyewitnesstogeno00barn_0 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-8014-3883-7 |edition=Afterword |pages=[https://archive.org/details/eyewitnesstogeno00barn_0/page/2 1], 15, 131–132 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over a span of around 100 days, na Hutu militias systematically kill members of de Tutsi ethnic group, as well as sam moderate Hutu den Twa. While na de Rwandan Constitution dey state say na dem kill over 1 million people, chaw scholarly estimates dey suggest na between 500,000 den 662,000 Tutsi die, mostly men.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reydams&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reydams |first1=Luc |date=2020 |title='More than a million': the politics of accounting for the dead of the Rwandan genocide |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=48 |issue=168 |pages=235–256 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2020.1796320 |s2cid=225356374 |quote=The government eventually settled on 'more than a million', a claim which few outside Rwanda have taken seriously. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guichaoua |first=André |date=2 January 2020 |title=Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=125–141 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329 |issn=1462-3528 |s2cid=213471539 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217170428/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |access-date=27 May 2021|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=29 March 2004 |title='It's so difficult to live with what we know' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/mar/29/rwanda.chrismcgreal |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=1756-3224}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de genocide be marked by extreme violence, plus victims often murdered by neighbors, den widespread sexual violence, plus na dem rape between 250,000 den 500,000 women.

Na de genocide be rooted insyd long-standing ethnic tensions, wey be exacerbated by de Rwandan Civil War, wich na e begin insyd 1990 wen de Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a predominantly Tutsi rebel group, invade Rwanda from Uganda. Na de war reach a tentative peace plus de Arusha Accords insyd 1993. However, na de assassination of Presido Juvénal Habyarimana on 6 April 1994 ignite de genocide, as na Hutu extremists use de power vacuum to target Tutsi den moderate Hutu leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Ronald|date=7 April 1994|title=Juvenal Habyarimana, 57, Ruled Rwanda for 21 Years|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/07/obituaries/juvenal-habyarimana-57-ruled-rwanda-for-21-years.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613184943/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/07/obituaries/juvenal-habyarimana-57-ruled-rwanda-for-21-years.html|archive-date=13 June 2023|access-date=19 February 2020|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Despite de scale of de atrocities, na de international community fail make e intervene to stop de killings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ignoring Genocide (HRW Report – Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno15-8-01.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028003802/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno15-8-01.htm|archive-date=28 October 2023|access-date=16 June 2019|website=www.hrw.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de RPF resume military operations in response to de genocide, eventually defeating de government forces den ending de genocide by capturing all government-controlled territory. Na dis lead to de flight of de génocidaires den chaw Hutu refugees into Zaire (now de Democratic Republic of the Congo), contributing to regional instability wey e trigger de First Congo War insyd 1996.

De legacy of de genocide remain significant insyd Rwanda. De country institute public holidays make dem commemorate de event wey dem pass laws wey dey criminalize &quot;genocide ideology&quot; den &quot;divisionism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Sullo|first1=Pietro|title=The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945|date=2018|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-95306-6|pages=69–85|language=en|chapter=Writing History Through Criminal Law: State-Sponsored Memory in Rwanda}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yakaré-Oulé |first=Jansen |date=11 April 2014 |title=Denying Genocide or Denying Free Speech? A Case Study of the Application of Rwanda's Genocide Denial Laws |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol12/iss2/3/ |url-status=live |journal=Northwestern Journal of Human Rights |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=192 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616173200/https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol12/iss2/3/ |archive-date=16 June 2019 |access-date=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Maps of Rwanda==
&lt;!-- Peer review: Does this need to be here? --&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
File:Percentage of Tutsi population in Rwandan communes in 1983.svg|Ethnic distribution of Tutsis insyd 1983. 
File:Political allegiance of burgomasters in Rwanda at the beginning of April 1994.svg|Map wey dey show de geographical strongholds of de Rwandan political parties at de beginning of April 1994.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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* {{cite book|last=Prunier|first=Gérard|title=The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide|publisher=C. Hurst &amp; Co. Publishers|year=1998|isbn=978-1-85065-372-1|edition=2nd|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Prunier|first=Gérard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJ|title=The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide|publisher=Fountain Publishers Limited|year=1999|isbn=978-9970-02-089-8|edition=2nd|location=Kampala|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210201/https://books.google.com/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJ|archive-date=11 January 2023|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=Prunier|first=Gérard|title=Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe|url=https://archive.org/details/africasworldwarc0000prun|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-970583-2|location=Oxford}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20140410-twenty-years-after-genocide-france-and-rwanda-give-different-versions-history|title=Twenty years after genocide France and Rwanda give different versions of history|date=10 April 2014|ref={{sfnref|RFI|2014}}|author=Radio France International (RFI)|access-date=13 July 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081248/http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20140410-twenty-years-after-genocide-france-and-rwanda-give-different-versions-history|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rettig |first=Max |year=2008 |title=Gacaca: Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Post-conflict in Rwanda? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-studies-review_2008-12_51_3/page/25 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=51 |pages=25–50 |doi=10.1353/arw.0.0091 |jstor=27667378 |s2cid=144438458 |number=3}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-france-rwanda-relations-idAFJOE5AS09920091129|title=France and Rwanda agree to restore relations|date=29 November 2009|work=Reuters|access-date=9 February 2013|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107171801/http://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-france-rwanda-relations-idAFJOE5AS09920091129|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=Reyntjens|first=Filip|title=Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-67879-8|location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last=Rittner|first=Carol|title=''In Steven Leonard Jacobs, ed.'', Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;291–305)''|url=https://archive.org/details/confrontinggenoc0000unse_k9d6|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7391-3588-4|location=Lanham, MD|chapter=Rape, Religion, and Genocide: An Unholy Silence}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sarkin |first=Jeremy |year=2001 |title=The Tension between Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda: Politics, Human Rights, Due Process, and the Role of the Gacaca Courts in Dealing with the Genocide |journal=Journal of African Law |volume=45 |pages=143–72 |doi=10.1017/s0221855301001675 |jstor=3558953 |s2cid=145601527 |number=2}}
* {{cite web|last=Shyaka|first=Anastase|title=The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies|url=http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4746/3833.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503190158/https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4746/3833.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=3 May 2019|access-date=16 February 2012|publisher=National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, Republic of Rwanda}}
* {{cite journal |last=Silva-Leander |first=Sebastian |year=2008 |title=On the Danger and Necessity of Democratisation: trade-offs between short-term stability and long-term peace in post-genocide Rwanda |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2008_29_8/page/1601 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=29 |pages=1601–20 |doi=10.1080/01436590802528754 |s2cid=153736296 |number=8}}

* {{Cite book|last=Straus|first=Scott|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyIdXtnTe7EC|title=The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda|date=2013|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-6714-1|language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tiemessen |first=Alana Erin |year=2004 |title=After Arusha: Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda |url=http://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v8/v8i1a4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=African Studies Quarterly |volume=8 |pages=57–76 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216203838/https://web.archive.org/web/20121216203838/http://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v8/v8i1a4.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2012 |number=1 |access-date=22 June 2025}}
* {{cite book|last1=Totten|first1=Samuel|title=Dictionary of Genocide, Volume 2: M–Z|last2=Bartrop|first2=Paul Robert|last3=Jacobs|first3=Steven L.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-0-313-34644-6|location=Westport, CT}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tully |first=L. Danielle |year=2003 |title=Human Rights Compliance and the Gacaca Jurisdictions in Rwanda |url=http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol26/iss2/10 |url-status=live |journal=Boston College International and Comparative Law Review |volume=26 |pages=385–411 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923204814/http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol26/iss2/10/ |archive-date=23 September 2016 |access-date=15 August 2013 |number=2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Twagilimana|first=Aimable|title=Historical dictionary of Rwanda|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000twag|date=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5313-3|oclc=141852090}}

* {{cite web|author=United Nations|title=Rwanda-UNAMIR Background|url=http://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/unamir_b.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023091614/http://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/unamir_b.htm|archive-date=23 October 2018|access-date=3 October 2018}}
* {{cite book|author=United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations|url=http://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/Library/Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf|title=United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines|publisher=[[United Nations]] Secretariat|year=2008|location=New York|ref={{Harvid|UN|2008}}|author-link=United Nations|access-date=23 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214105/https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214105/http://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/Library/Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2008|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/20/world/panel-finds-french-errors-in-judgment-on-rwanda.html|title=Panel Finds French Errors in Judgment on Rwanda|last=Whitney|first=Craig R.|date=20 December 1998|work=The New York Times|location=New York|access-date=9 February 2013|archive-date=16 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716161358/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/20/world/panel-finds-french-errors-in-judgment-on-rwanda.html|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=Powell|first=Christopher|title=Barbaric Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/barbaricciviliza0000powe|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7735-3856-6|location=Montreal &amp; Kingston, London, Ithaca}}
* {{cite book|last1=Totten|first1=Samuel|title=Century of Genocide|url=https://archive.org/details/centuryofgenocid0000unse_l7f1|last2=Parsons|first2=William S|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=978-0-203-89043-1|location=New York and Londo}}

== Read further ==
* {{Cite book |last=Fujii |first=Lee Ann |date=2011 |title=Killing Neighbors: Webs of Violence in Rwanda |location=Ithaca, NY |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-5737-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gourevitch |first=Philip |year=1999 |title=We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda |location=New York |publisher=Picador/Farrar, Straus, and Giroux: Distributed by Holtzbrinck Publishers |isbn=978-0-312-24335-7}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kamusella |first=Tomasz |date=July 2022 |title=Ethnicity and Estate: The Galician Jacquerie and the Rwandan Genocide Compared |journal=Nationalities Papers |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=684–703 |doi=10.1017/nps.2021.12 |doi-access=free |issn=0090-5992 |language=en }}
* {{Cite book |last=McDoom |first=Omar Shahabudin |date=2020 |title=The Path to Genocide in Rwanda: Security, Opportunity, and Authority in an Ethnocratic State |series=African Studies Series 152 |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-86883-9 |oclc=1154947401 |language=en}}
== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q131297|c=Category:Rwandan genocide|n=Category:Rwandan Genocide|b=no|q=no|v=Rwandan Genocide|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [https://unictr.irmct.org/ United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rwandan genocide| ]]
[[Category:1994 insyd Rwanda]]
[[Category:1994 murders insyd Africa]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murder insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Genocides insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Mass murder insyd 1994]]
[[Category:Massacres insyd Rwanda]]
[[Category:Massacres insyd 1994]]
[[Category:Massacres of ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Military scandals]]
[[Category:Peacekeeping operations]]
[[Category:Responsibility to protect]]
[[Category:United Nations operations insyd Rwanda]]
[[Category:April 1994 crimes]]
[[Category:April 1994 insyd Africa]]
[[Category:May 1994 crimes]]
[[Category:1994 disasters insyd Rwanda]]
[[Category:May 1994 insyd Africa]]
[[Category:June 1994 crimes]]
[[Category:June 1994 insyd Africa]]
[[Category:July 1994 crimes]]
[[Category:July 1994 insyd Africa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paracetamol</title>
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'''Paracetamol''', anaa '''acetaminophen''', be a non-opioid analgesic den antipyretic agent dem use to treat fever den mild to moderate pain.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid190584732&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Warwick C |date=November 2008 |title=Paracetamol and fever management |journal=J R Soc Promot Health |volume=128 |issue=6 |pages=320–323 |doi=10.1177/1466424008092794 |pmid=19058473 |s2cid=25702228}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid318925112&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Saragiotto BT, Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG |date=December 2019 |title=Paracetamol for pain in adults |journal=BMJ |volume=367 |doi=10.1136/bmj.l6693 |pmid=31892511 |s2cid=209524643 |article-number=l6693}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be a widely available over-the-counter drug dem sell under chaw brand names, wey dey include Tylenol den '''Panadol'''.

Paracetamol dey relief pain insyd both acute mild migraine den episodic tension headache.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid256007182&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Marmura MJ, Silberstein SD, Schwedt TJ |date=January 2015 |title=The acute treatment of migraine in adults: the american headache society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies |journal=Headache |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=3–20 |doi=10.1111/head.12499 |pmid=25600718 |s2cid=25576700}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid273066532&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Stephens G, Derry S, Moore RA |date=June 2016 |title=Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute treatment of episodic tension-type headache in adults |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2019 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011889.pub2 |pmc=6457822 |pmid=27306653 |article-number=CD011889}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a standard dose, paracetamol slightly dey reduce fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid190584732&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid279928522&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiumello D, Gotti M, Vergani G |date=April 2017 |title=Paracetamol in fever in critically ill patients-an update |journal=J Crit Care |volume=38 |pages=245–252 |doi=10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.10.021 |pmid=27992852 |s2cid=5815020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid265186912&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=de Martino M, Chiarugi A |date=December 2015 |title=Recent Advances in Pediatric Use of Oral Paracetamol in Fever and Pain Management |journal=Pain Ther |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=149–68 |doi=10.1007/s40122-015-0040-z |pmc=4676765 |pmid=26518691}}&lt;/ref&gt; though e be inferior to ibuprofen in dat respect&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid201505072&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Pierce CA, Voss B |date=March 2010 |title=Efficacy and safety of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in children and adults: a meta-analysis and qualitative review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2010-03_44_3/page/489 |journal=Ann Pharmacother |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=489–506 |doi=10.1345/aph.1M332 |pmid=20150507 |s2cid=44669940}}&lt;/ref&gt; den de benefits of ein use give fever be unclear, particularly insyd de context of fever of viral origins.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid311165982&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ludwig J, McWhinnie H |date=May 2019 |title=Antipyretic drugs in patients with fever and infection: literature review |journal=Br J Nurs |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=610–618 |doi=10.12968/bjon.2019.28.10.610 |pmid=31116598 |s2cid=162182092}}&lt;/ref&gt; De aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine combination sanso dey help plus both conditions wen de pain be mild wey na e be recommended as a first-line treatment give dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid296715212&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mayans L, Walling A |date=February 2018 |title=Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies |url=https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p243.html |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=243–251 |pmid=29671521}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paracetamol be effective for pain after wisdom tooth extraction, buh e be less effective dan ibuprofen.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid243388302&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailey E, Worthington HV, van Wijk A, Yates JM, Coulthard P, Afzal Z |date=December 2013 |title=Ibuprofen and/or paracetamol (acetaminophen) for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004624.pub2 |pmc=11561150 |pmid=24338830 |article-number=CD004624}}&lt;/ref&gt; De combination of paracetamol den ibuprofen dey provide greater analgesic efficacy dan either drug alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid243388302&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid239045762&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Moore PA, Hersh EV |date=August 2013 |title=Combining ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute pain management after third-molar extractions: translating clinical research to dental practice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-dental-association-the-journal_2013-08_144_8/page/898 |journal=J Am Dent Assoc |volume=144 |issue=8 |pages=898–908 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0207 |pmid=23904576}}&lt;/ref&gt; De pain relief paracetamol dey provide insyd osteoarthritis be small den clinically insignificant.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid318925112&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid319081492&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, Oatis C, Guyatt G, Block J, Callahan L, Copenhaver C, Dodge C, Felson D, Gellar K, Harvey WF, Hawker G, Herzig E, Kwoh CK, Nelson AE, Samuels J, Scanzello C, White D, Wise B, Altman RD, DiRenzo D, Fontanarosa J, Giradi G, Ishimori M, Misra D, Shah AA, Shmagel AK, Thoma LM, Turgunbaev M, Turner AS, Reston J |date=February 2020 |title=2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee |journal=Arthritis Care &amp; Research |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=149–162 |doi=10.1002/acr.24131 |hdl=2027.42/153772 |pmc=11488261 |pmid=31908149 |s2cid=210043648 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence wey dey support ein use insyd low back pain, cancer pain, den neuropathic pain be insufficient.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid318925112&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, Pinheiro MB, Lin CW, Day RO, McLachlan AJ, Ferreira ML |date=March 2015 |title=Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. |journal=BMJ |volume=350 |doi=10.1136/bmj.h1225 |pmc=4381278 |pmid=25828856 |article-number=h1225}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid28192789&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA |date=April 2017 |title=Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=166 |issue=7 |pages=514–530 |doi=10.7326/M16-2367 |pmid=28192789 |s2cid=207538763 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Saragiotto2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Saragiotto BT, Machado GC, Ferreira ML, Pinheiro MB, Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG |date=June 2016 |title=Paracetamol for low back pain |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=6 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012230 |pmc=6353046 |pmid=27271789 |article-number=CD012230}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid28700092&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, McNicol ED, Bell RF, Carr DB, McIntyre M, Wee B |date=July 2017 |title=Oral paracetamol (acetaminophen) for cancer pain |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=7 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012637.pub2 |pmc=6369932 |pmid=28700092 |article-number=CD012637}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid28027389&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wiffen PJ, Knaggs R, Derry S, Cole P, Phillips T, Moore RA |date=December 2016 |title=Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without codeine or dihydrocodeine for neuropathic pain in adults |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012227.pub2 |pmc=6463878 |pmid=28027389 |article-number=CD012227}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paracetamol be de first-line treatment give pain den fever insyd pregnancy; na dem no establish causal association plus neurodevelopmental disorders, while untreated pain den fever fi harm de mommie den fetus.&lt;ref name=&quot;hc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=23 September 2025 |title=Public advisory: Acetaminophen is a recommended treatment for fever and pain during pregnancy |url=https://recalls-rappels.canada.ca/en/alert-recall/acetaminophen-recommended-treatment-fever-and-pain-during-pregnancy |access-date=24 September 2025 |publisher=Health Canada, Government of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sogc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2025 |title=SOGC Position Statement on the use of Acetaminophen for Analgesia and Fever in Pregnancy |url=https://sogc.org/common/Uploaded%20files/Position%20Statements/SOGC%20Position%20Statement%20Acetamenophin_EN_20250911.pdf |access-date=24 September 2025 |publisher=Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO statement on autism-related issues |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-09-2025-who-statement-on-autism-related-issues |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In de short term, paracetamol be safe den effective wen na dem use as directed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 October 2012 |title=Acetaminophen |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medical-devices/acetaminophen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103234259/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medical-devices/acetaminophen.html |archive-date=3 November 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[Health Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Short term adverse effects be uncommon den similar to ibuprofen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Southey ER, Soares-Weiser K, Kleijnen J |date=September 2009 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical safety and tolerability of ibuprofen compared with paracetamol in paediatric pain and fever |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/11815293 |url-status=live |journal=Current Medical Research and Opinion |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=2207–2222 |doi=10.1185/03007990903116255 |pmid=19606950 |s2cid=31653539 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103023230/https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Systematic_review_and_meta-analysis_of_the_clinical_safety_and_tolerability_of_ibuprofen_compared_with_paracetamol_in_paediatric_pain_and_fever/11815293 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=2 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paracetamol be typically safer dan nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for long-term use.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Acetaminophen vs Ibuprofen: Which is better? |url=https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/difference-between-ibuprofen-acetaminophen-3016163/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219010941/https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/difference-between-ibuprofen-acetaminophen-3016163/ |archive-date=19 February 2023 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=Drugs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem sanso often dey use paracetamol insyd patients wey no fi tolerate NSAIDs like ibuprofen.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid311568452&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Moore RA, Moore N |date=July 2016 |title=Paracetamol and pain: the kiloton problem |journal=European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=187–188 |doi=10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-000952 |pmc=6451482 |pmid=31156845 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid31073920&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Conaghan PG, Arden N, Avouac B, Migliore A, Rizzoli R |date=April 2019 |title=Safety of Paracetamol in Osteoarthritis: What Does the Literature Say? |journal=Drugs Aging |volume=36 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=7–14 |doi=10.1007/s40266-019-00658-9 |pmc=6509082 |pmid=31073920}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chronic consumption of paracetamol fi result insyd a drop in hemoglobin level, wey dey indicate possible gastrointestinal bleeding,&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid25732175&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Roberts E, Delgado Nunes V, Buckner S, Latchem S, Constanti M, Miller P, Doherty M, Zhang W, Birrell F, Porcheret M, Dziedzic K, Bernstein I, Wise E, Conaghan PG |date=March 2016 |title=Paracetamol: not as safe as we thought? A systematic literature review of observational studies |url=https://archive.org/details/annals-of-the-rheumatic-diseases_2016-03_75_3/page/552 |journal=Ann Rheum Dis |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=552–9 |doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206914 |pmc=4789700 |pmid=25732175}}&lt;/ref&gt; den abnormal liver function tests. De recommended maximum daily dose give an adult be three to four grams.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UK2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Paracetamol for adults: painkiller to treat aches, pains and fever |url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174155/https://beta.nhs.uk/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=22 August 2017 |website=[[National Health Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Higher doses fi lead to toxicity, wey dey include liver failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Acetaminophen |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605063136/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=16 September 2016 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paracetamol poisoning be de foremost cause of acute liver failure insyd de Western world, den dey account for most drug overdoses insyd de [[United States]], de [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], den New Zealand.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Daly FF, Fountain JS, Murray L, Graudins A, Buckley NA |date=March 2008 |title=Guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand—explanation and elaboration. A consensus statement from clinical toxicologists consulting to the Australasian poisons information centres |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-journal-of-australia_2008-03-03_188_5/page/296 |journal=[[The Medical Journal of Australia]] |volume=188 |issue=5 |pages=296–301 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01625.x |pmid=18312195 |s2cid=9505802}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawkins2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawkins LC, Edwards JN, Dargan PI |year=2007 |title=Impact of restricting paracetamol pack sizes on paracetamol poisoning in the United Kingdom: a review of the literature |journal=Drug Saf |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=465–79 |doi=10.2165/00002018-200730060-00002 |pmid=17536874 |s2cid=36435353}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Larson2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ, Davern TJ, Lalani E, Hynan LS, Reisch JS, Schiødt FV, Ostapowicz G, Shakil AO, Lee WM, ((Acute Liver Failure Study Group)) |year=2005 |title=Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study |journal=Hepatology |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1364–72 |doi=10.1002/hep.20948 |pmid=16317692 |s2cid=24758491 |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem first make paracetamol insyd 1878 by Harmon Northrop Morse anaa possibly insyd 1852 by Charles Frédéric Gerhardt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tV72AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA39 |title=Pharmacology application in athletic training |vauthors=Mangus BC, Miller MG |date=2005 |publisher=F.A. Davis |isbn=9780803620278 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=39 |access-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185108/https://books.google.com/books?id=tV72AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA39 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ourarchive.otago.ac.nz&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |title=The effect of regular paracetamol on bronchial responsiveness and asthma control in mild to moderate asthma |date=April 2012 |access-date=24 August 2021 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Otago). |url=https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/2454 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824161722/https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/2454 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |vauthors=Eyers SJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roy_2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=An introduction to pharmaceutical sciences: production, chemistry, techniques and technology |vauthors=Roy J |date=2011 |publisher=Biohealthcare |isbn=978-1-908818-04-1 |location=Oxford |page=270 |chapter=Paracetamol – the best selling antipyretic analgesic in the world |access-date=24 August 2021 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IdmAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA270 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824194752/https://books.google.com/books?id=0IdmAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA270 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de most commonly used medication for pain den fever insyd both de United States den Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnbKaRQAXOIC&amp;pg=PA814 |title=Essentials of emergency medicine |vauthors=Aghababian RV |date=22 October 2010 |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-1846-9 |page=814 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817202827/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnbKaRQAXOIC&amp;pg=PA814 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO24th&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author-link=World Health Organization |title=The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list |vauthors=((World Health Organization)) |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2025 |location=Geneva |doi=10.2471/B09474 |hdl=10665/382243 |id=License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paracetamol be available as a generic medication, plus brand names wey dey include Tylenol den Panadol among odas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwueJ4IAl4oC&amp;pg=PA12 |title=Tarascon pocket pharmacopeia: 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition |vauthors=Hamilton RJ |date=2013 |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |isbn=9781449665869 |edition=27th |location=Burlington, Massachusetts |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185107/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwueJ4IAl4oC&amp;pg=PA12 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 112th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 5{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top300Drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 300 of 2023 |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |archive-date=12 August 2025 |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=ClinCalc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Acetaminophen Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Acetaminophen |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=ClinCalc}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Acetanilides]]
[[Category:Analgesics]]
[[Category:Antipyretics]]
[[Category:Dermatoxins]]
[[Category:Drugs plus unknown mechanisms of action]]
[[Category:Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitors]]
[[Category:Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Haleon]]
[[Category:Hepatotoxins]]
[[Category:Drugs wey Novartis develop]]
[[Category:Pesticides]]
[[Category:4-Hydroxyphenyl compounds]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Over-the-counter drugs insyd de United States]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Dissociative identity disorder</title>
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'''Dissociative identity disorder''' ('''DID'''), dem previously know as '''multiple personality disorder''' ('''MPD'''), be characterized by de presence of at least two personality states anaa &quot;alters&quot;. De diagnosis be controversial wey remain disputed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Peters |first1=Matthew E. |last2=Treisman |first2=Glenn |date=2017 |title=Dissociative Identity Disorder |url=https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_Psychiatry_Guide/787069/all/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder?refer=true |access-date= |website=Johns Hopkins Psychiatry Guide |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid155037302&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Piper A, Merskey H |year=2004 |title=The persistence of folly: A critical examination of dissociative identity disorder. Part I. The excesses of an improbable concept |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-psychiatry_2004-09_49_9/page/592 |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=9 |pages=592–600 |doi=10.1177/070674370404900904 |pmid=15503730 |s2cid=16714465 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid155603142&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Piper A, Merskey H |year=2004 |title=The persistence of folly: Critical examination of dissociative identity disorder. Part II. The defence and decline of multiple personality or dissociative identity disorder |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-psychiatry_2004-10_49_10/page/678 |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=678–683 |doi=10.1177/070674370404901005 |pmid=15560314 |s2cid=8304723 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Proponents of DID dey support de ''trauma model'', wey dey view de disorder as an organic response to severe kiddie time trauma. Critics of de trauma model dey support de ''sociogenic'' (fantasy) ''model'' of DID as a societal construct den learned behavior dem use to express distress; dem develop thru iatrogenesis insyd therapy, cultural beliefs, den exposure to de behavior insyd media anaa online.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters-2017&quot; /&gt;

Na public perceptions of de disorder be popularized by alleged true stories insyd de 20th century; na ''Sybil'' influence chaw elements of de diagnosis, buh na dem later find to be fraudulent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters-2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacNally-20113&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=MacNally |first=Richard J. |author-link=Richard McNally |title=What is Mental Illness? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatismentalilln0000mcna_q9q1 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] (Belknap Press) |isbn=978-0-674-06620-5 |location= |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatismentalilln0000mcna_q9q1/page/139 139]–143}}&lt;/ref&gt; After na dem recognize multiple personality disorder (MPD) as a diagnosis insyd DSM-III insyd 1975, an epidemic of de disorder spread across North America, dem closely tie to de satanic panic. Therapists begin dey use hypnosis on patients, na dem dey believe dem dey discover alters den dey recover forgotten memories of satanic ritual abuse. Psychologists familiar plus de malleability of memory argue na dem dey construct false memories.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacNally-20113&quot; /&gt; Na diagnoses reach 50,000 by de 1990s, buh na de FBI fail to validate allegations dem make against caregivers. Na skepticism increase wen na MPD patients recover from de behavior, dem retract dema false memories, wey dem bring successful lawsuits against therapists.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacNally-20113&quot; /&gt; Na a sharp decline insyd cases wey follow, wey na dem reclassify de disorder as &quot;dissociative identity disorder&quot; (DID) insyd DSM-IV.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacNally-20113&quot; /&gt; Insyd de 2020s, an uptick insyd DID cases follow de spread of viral videos about de disorder on TikTok den YouTube.

According to de DSM, de disorder be accompanied by memory gaps more severe dan dem fi be explained by ordinary forgetfulness, wey dey include gaps insyd consciousness, basic bodily functions, den perception.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |author-link=American Psychiatric Association |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/291 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8 |edition=5th |location=Arlington |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/291 291–298]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na research challenge dis premise; na McNally find say although na patients report amnesia between alters, na objective tests find dema memory function be intact.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuell-20122&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reuell |first=Peter |date=2012-08-19 |title=A story that doesn't hold up |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/08/a-story-that-doesnt-hold-up/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sam clinicians view am as a form of hysteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters-2017&quot; /&gt; After a sharp decline insyd publications insyd de early 2000s from de peak insyd de 90s, na Pope et al. (2006) describe de disorder as an academic fad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pope2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Pope HG, Barry S, Bodkin A, Hudson JI |year=2006 |title=Tracking scientific interest in the dissociative disorders: A study of scientific publication output 1984–2003 |journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |doi=10.1159/000089223 |pmid=16361871 |s2cid=9351660}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boysen et al. (2012) describe research as steady, buh dey lack in convincing evidence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters-2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;boysen20242&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Boysen |first=Guy A. |year=2024 |title=Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Review of Research From 2011 to 2021 |journal=Nervous and Mental Disease |volume=212 |pages=174–186 |doi=10.1097/NMD.0000000000001764 |pmid=38412243 |quote=Despite previous assertions about declining interest in DID (Pope et al., 2005), research output increased in the second decade of the 2000s.[...] It appears that the heat of past DID controversies has diminished somewhat with the rise of multidimensional models of psychopathology, and research on the disorder, although limited in several ways, has steadily emerged in the second decade of the century |number=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de DSM-5-TR, early childhood trauma, typically dey start before 5–6 years of age, dey place someone at risk of developing dissociative identity disorder.&lt;ref name=&quot;American-Psychiatric-Association-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=DSM-5-TR classification |date=2022 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |isbn=978-0-89042-583-1 |location=Washington, DC |oclc=1268112689}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dissociative Identity Disorder: What Is It, Symptoms &amp; Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9792-dissociative-identity-disorder-multiple-personality-disorder |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Across diverse geographic regions, 90% of people dem diagnose plus dissociative identity disorder report dem dey experience multiple forms of childhood abuse, such as rape, violence, neglect, anaa severe bullying.&lt;ref name=&quot;American-Psychiatric-Association-2022&quot; /&gt; Oda traumatic childhood experiences wey na dem report dey include painful medical den surgical procedures,&lt;ref name=&quot;American-Psychiatric-Association-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dissociative-Identity-Disorder&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dissociative Identity Disorder - Psychiatric Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder}}&lt;/ref&gt; war,&lt;ref name=&quot;American-Psychiatric-Association-2022&quot; /&gt; terrorism,&lt;ref name=&quot;American-Psychiatric-Association-2022&quot; /&gt; attachment disturbance,&lt;ref name=&quot;American-Psychiatric-Association-2022&quot; /&gt; natural disaster, cult den occult abuse, loss of a loved one anaa loved ones,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dissociative-Identity-Disorder&quot; /&gt; human trafficking,&lt;ref name=&quot;American-Psychiatric-Association-2022&quot; /&gt; den dysfunctional family dynamics.&lt;ref name=&quot;American-Psychiatric-Association-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vedat&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Şar V, Dorahy MJ, Krüger C |date=2017 |title=Revisiting the etiological aspects of dissociative identity disorder: a biopsychosocial perspective |journal=[[Psychology Research and Behavior Management]] |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.2147/PRBM.S113743 |pmc=5422461 |pmid=28496375 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Treatment generally dey involve supportive care den psychotherapy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer2019Pro2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=March 2019 |title=Dissociative identity disorder |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528111029/https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder |archive-date=28 May 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020 |website=MSD Manuals |series=Psychiatric disorders |edition=Professional}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem fi use medications for comorbid disorders anaa targeted symptom relief.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guidelines20112&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=International Society for the Study of Trauma Dissociation |year=2011 |title=Guidelines for treating dissociative identity disorder in adults, third revision |journal=Journal of Trauma &amp; Dissociation |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=188–212 |doi=10.1080/15299732.2011.537248 |pmid=21391104 |s2cid=44952969}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonald3&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=MacDonald |first1=Kai |date=1 May 2008 |title=Dissociative disorders unclear? Think 'rainbows from pain blows' |url=https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/Document/September-2017/0705CP_Article3.pdf |journal=Current Psychiatry |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=73–85 |id=Gale A179269544}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lifetime prevalence, according to two epidemiological studies insyd de US den Turkey, be between 1.1–1.5% of de general population den 3.9% of those dem admit to psychiatric hospitals insyd Europe den North America,&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;American-Psychiatric-Association-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guidelines20112&quot; /&gt; though na dem argue dese figures to be both overestimates den underestimates. Comorbidity plus oda psychiatric conditions be high.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorahy20144&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Dorahy MJ, Brand BL, Sar V, Krüger C, Stavropoulos P, Martínez-Taboas A, Lewis-Fernández R, Middleton W |date=2014 |title=Dissociative identity disorder: An empirical overview |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=402–417 |doi=10.1177/0004867414527523 |hdl=2263/43470 |pmid=24788904 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lynn20222&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lynn |first1=Steven Jay |last2=Polizzi |first2=Craig |last3=Merckelbach |first3=Harald |last4=Chiu |first4=Chui-De |last5=Maxwell |first5=Reed |last6=van Heugten |first6=Delena |last7=Lilenfeld |first7=Scott O. |year=2022 |title=Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders Reconsidered: Beyond Sociocognitive and Trauma Models Toward a Transtheoretical Framework |url=https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/d9ed143a-05cf-45c6-8089-0ae4820073f3 |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=9 |pages=259–289 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-102424 |pmid=35226824 |number=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey diagnose DID 6–9 times more often insyd women dan insyd men.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen20142&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Beidel |first1=Deborah C. |author1-link=Deborah Beidel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh0nCgAAQBAJ |title=Adult psychopathology and diagnosis |last2=Frueh |first2=B. Christopher |last3=Hersen |first3=Michel |publisher=Wiley |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-118-65708-9 |edition=7th |location=Hoboken, N.J. |pages=414–422}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De number of recorded cases increase significantly insyd de latter half of de 20th century, along plus de number of identities dem report by those affected, buh e be unclear whether increased rates of diagnosis be secof better recognition anaa to sociocultural factors such as mass media portrayals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen20142&quot; /&gt; De typical presenting symptoms insyd different regions of de world sanso fi vary depending on culture, such as alter identities wey dey take de form of possessing spirits, deities, ghosts, anaa mythical creatures insyd cultures where possession states be normative.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;American-Psychiatric-Association-2022&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=dissociative identity disorder |commons=Dissociative identity disorder |commonscat=yes |n=no |q=no |s=yes |b=no |v=no |d=}}
* {{cite web |title=International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation |url=http://www.isst-d.org/}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dissociative disorders]]
[[Category:Memory disorders]]
[[Category:Dissociative identity disorder| ]]</text>
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'''Cholera''' be an infection of de small intestine by sam strains of de bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fink2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Richard A. |title=Medical Microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalmicrobiol0000unse_d4e1 |date=1996 |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2 |editor1-last=Baron |editor1-first=Samuel |edition=4th |chapter=Cholera, ''Vibrio cholerae'' O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios |pmid=21413330 |id=NCBIBook2 NBK8407}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=6 January 2015 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health &amp; Medical Professionals |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html |archive-date=20 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms fi range from none, to mild, to severe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt; De classic symptom be large amounts of watery diarrhea wey dey last a few days.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |date=March 2010 |title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf |journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record |volume=85 |issue=13 |pages=117–28 |pmid=20349546 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vomiting den muscle cramps sanso fi occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt; Diarrhea fi be so severe wey e dey lead within hours to severe dehydration den electrolyte imbalance.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Dis fi in turn result in sunken eyes, cold anaa cyanotic&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Diane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7 |title=Cholera |date=2011 |publisher=Rosen Pub. |isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2 |edition=1st |location=New York |page=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; skin, decreased skin elasticity, wrinkling of de hands den feet, den, in severe cases, death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB |date=June 2012 |title=Cholera |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-30-july-6-2012_379_9835/page/2466 |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=379 |issue=9835 |pages=2466–2476 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x |pmc=3761070 |pmid=22748592}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms dey start two hours to five days after exposure.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt;

Cholera be caused by a number of types of ''Vibrio cholerae'', plus sam types wey dey produce more severe disease dan odas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; E be spread mostly by unsafe water den unsafe chow wey be contaminated plus human feces wey dey contain de bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Undercooked shellfish be a common source.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2014 |title=Sources of Infection &amp; Risk Factors |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html |archive-date=12 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Humans be de only known host give fe bacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Risk factors for de disease dey include poor sanitation, insufficient clean drinking water, den poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Cholera fi be diagnosed by a stool test,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; anaa a rapid dipstick test, although de dipstick test be less accurate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 February 2015 |title=Diagnosis and Detection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041832/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prevention methods against cholera dey include improved sanitation den access to clean water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; Cholera vaccines wey dem dey give by mouth dey provide reasonable protection for about six months, den confer de added benefit of protecting against anoda type of diarrhea wey ''E.&amp;nbsp;coli'' cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Clemens |first1=John D. |last2=Sack |first2=David A. |last3=Harris |first3=Jeffrey R. |last4=Chakraborty |first4=J. |last5=Neogy |first5=P. K. |last6=Stanton |first6=B. |last7=Huda |first7=N. |last8=Khan |first8=M. U. |last9=Kay |first9=Bradford A. |last10=Khan |first10=M. R. |last11=Ansaruzzaman |first11=M. |last12=Yunus |first12=M. |last13=Raghava Rao |first13=M. |last14=Svennerholm |first14=Ann-Mari |last15=Holmgren |first15=Jan |date=1 August 1988 |title=Cross-Protection by B Subunit-Whole Cell Cholera Vaccine Against Diarrhea Associated with Heat-Labile Toxin-Producing Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Results of a Large-Scale Field Trial |url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/158/2/372/810193 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=372–377 |doi=10.1093/infdis/158.2.372 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=3042876 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Xian |first1=Tew Hui |last2=Parasuraman |first2=Subramani |last3=Ravichandran |first3=Manickam |last4=Prabhakaran |first4=Guruswamy |date=16 December 2022 |title=Dual-Use Vaccine for Diarrhoeal Diseases: Cross-Protective Immunogenicity of a Cold-Chain-Free, Live-Attenuated, Oral Cholera Vaccine against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Challenge in BALB/c Mice |journal=Vaccines |language=en |volume=10 |issue=12 |page=2161 |doi=10.3390/vaccines10122161 |pmc=9787504 |pmid=36560571 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2017, na de US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve a single-dose, live, oral cholera vaccine dem call Vaxchora give adults aged 18–64 wey dey travel to an area of active cholera transmission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Cholera Fact Sheet |url=https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/cholera/fact_sheet.htm |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.health.ny.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey offer limited protection to young kiddies. People wey survive an episode of cholera get long-lasting immunity for at least three years (de period dem test).&lt;ref name=&quot;immunity&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Harris |first=Jason B |date=15 November 2018 |title=Cholera: Immunity and Prospects in Vaccine Development |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=218 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S141–S146 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy414 |pmc=6188552 |pmid=30184117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De primary treatment give affected individuals be oral rehydration salts (ORS), de replacement of fluids den electrolytes by using slightly sweet den salty solutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Rice-based solutions be preferred.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Insyd kiddies, na dem sanso find zinc supplementation to improve outcomes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Zinc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2014 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html |archive-date=11 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd severe cases, intravenous fluids, such as Ringer's lactate, fi be required, den antibiotics fi be beneficial.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; De choice of antibiotic be aided by antibiotic sensitivity testing.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro5&quot; /&gt;

Cholera dey continue to affect an estimated 3–5&amp;nbsp;million people worldwide den dey cause 28,800–130,000&amp;nbsp;deaths a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Haidong |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Allen |first3=Christine |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Carter |first6=Austin |last7=Casey |first7=Daniel C. |last8=Charlson |first8=Fiona J. |last9=Chen |first9=Alan Zian |last10=Coates |first10=Matthew M. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Dandona |first12=Lalit |last13=Dicker |first13=Daniel J. |last14=Erskine |first14=Holly E. |last15=Ferrari |first15=Alize J. |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281 |last16=Fitzmaurice |first16=Christina |last17=Foreman |first17=Kyle |last18=Forouzanfar |first18=Mohammad H. |last19=Fraser |first19=Maya S. |last20=Fullman |first20=Nancy |last21=Gething |first21=Peter W. |last22=Goldberg |first22=Ellen M. |last23=Graetz |first23=Nicholas |last24=Haagsma |first24=Juanita A. |last25=Hay |first25=Simon I. |last26=Huynh |first26=Chantal |last27=Johnson |first27=Catherine O. |last28=Kassebaum |first28=Nicholas J. |last29=Kinfu |first29=Yohannes |last30=Kulikoff |first30=Xie Rachel}}&lt;/ref&gt; To date, seven cholera pandemics occur, plus de most recent dey begin insyd 1961, den dey continue today.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cholera's seven pandemics|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|access-date=15 July 2018|work=CBC|date=9 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; De illness be rare insyd high-income countries, wey e dey affect kiddies most severely.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 October 2014 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html |archive-date=17 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cholera dey occur as both outbreaks den chronically insyd certain areas. Areas plus an ongoing risk of disease dey include [[Africa]] den Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; De risk of death among those wey be affected usually be less dan 5%, dem give improved treatment, buh fi be as high as 50% widout such access to treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20102&quot; /&gt; Na dem find descriptions of cholera as early as de 5th century BCE insyd Sanskrit literature.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; Insyd Europe, na dem initially use cholera as a term to describe any kind of gastroenteritis, wey na dem no use am give dis disease til de early 19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;rosenberg&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Charles E. Rosenberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2pL9c00rl4C&amp;pg=PA74 |title=The Cholera Years the United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. |date=2009 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-72676-2 |location=Chicago |page=74 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109080652/https://books.google.com/books?id=k2pL9c00rl4C&amp;pg=PA74 |archive-date=9 November 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de study of cholera insyd England by John Snow between 1849 den 1854 lead to significant advances insyd de field of epidemiology secof ein insights about transmission via contaminated water, wey na a map of de same be de first recorded incidence of epidemiological tracking.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Timmreck |first1=Thomas C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77 |title=An introduction to epidemiology |date=2002 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-0060-7 |edition=3. |location=Sudbury, MA |page=77 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Di main symptoms of cholera na serious [[diarrhea]] and [[vomiting]] of clear water-like fluid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK | title = Cholera | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2004-01-17_363_9404/page/223 | journal = Lancet | volume = 363 | issue = 9404 | pages = 223–33 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14738797 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7 | s2cid = 208793200 }}&lt;/ref&gt; These symptoms dey usually start suddenly, like half day go reach five days after person chop (ingest) the bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Azman AS, Rudolph KE, Cummings DA, Lessler J | title = The incubation period of cholera: a systematic review | journal = The Journal of Infection | volume = 66 | issue = 5 | pages = 432–8 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23201968 | pmc = 3677557 | doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.11.013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The diarrhea dey often describe am as “rice water” type, and e fit even get fishy smell.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; Person wey no receive treatment for cholera fit dey pass about {{convert|10|to|20|litre|USgal|sigfig=1}} of diarrhea every day.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

Serious cholera, if no treatment, fit kill about half of di people wey e affect.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; If di heavy diarrhea no get treatment, e fit cause life-threatening [[dehydration]] and imbalance of [[electrolyte]] for body.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

Estimates of people wey get infection but no show symptoms (asymptomatic) compare to those wey dey sick (symptomatic) don range from 3 to 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = King AA, Ionides EL, Pascual M, Bouma MJ | title = Inapparent infections and cholera dynamics | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-08-14_454_7206/page/877 | journal = Nature | volume = 454 | issue = 7206 | pages = 877–80 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18704085 | doi = 10.1038/nature07084 | s2cid = 4408759 | bibcode = 2008Natur.454..877K | hdl = 2027.42/62519  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera dem dey also call am “blue death”&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenough&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Greenough|first1=William B. |title=The blue death Disease, disaster, and the water we drink|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-investigation_2008-01_118_1/page/4|pmc=2171164|journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=118|issue=1|page=4|doi=10.1172/JCI34394|date=2 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; because person skin fit turn [[Cyanosis|bluish-gray]] as body dey lose plenty fluid too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;McE2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=McElroy, Ann |author2=Townsend, Patricia K. |title=Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718 |url-access=limited |location=Boulder, CO|publisher= Westview|year= 2009|page=375 |isbn=978-0-8133-4384-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Fever no dey common, and if e show, e fit mean say secondary infection don join. Patients fit become very weak or sleepy (lethargic), and dem fit get sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold and sweaty skin, or wrinkled hands and legs.

[[Kussmaul breathing]], wey be deep and heavy breathing style, fit happen because of [[acidosis]] from loss of [[Human feces|stool]] [[bicarbonate]] and [[lactic acidosis]] wey come from poor blood flow ([[perfusion]]).

[[Blood pressure]] dey drop because of dehydration, while pulse for body dey fast but weak (thready). Urine wey person dey pass go reduce as time dey go on.

Muscle cramps and weakness, confusion or changed awareness, [[seizures]], and even [[coma]] fit happen because of [[electrolyte imbalance]]—this one dey happen plenty especially for children.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;
## Cause

{{Main|Vibrio cholerae}}
[[File:Cholera bacteria SEM.jpg|thumb|[[Scanning electron microscope]] image of ''Vibrio cholerae'']]
[[File:Vibrio cholerae.jpg|thumb|''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'', di bacteria wey dey cause cholera]]

### Transmission

[[Transmission (medicine)|Transmission]] of cholera dey happen usually through [[fecal-oral route]], meaning say contaminated food or water wey come from poor [[sanitation]] dey carry am pass enter person body.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2010&quot; /&gt;

For [[Developed country|developed countries]], most cholera cases dey come from contaminated food, while for [[Developing country|developing countries]] e dey mostly come from water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt;

Cholera bacteria fit dey inside [[shellfish]] and [[plankton]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt; Food transmission fit happen when people harvest seafood like [[oyster]]s from water wey sewage don contaminate, because ''Vibrio cholerae'' dey gather inside small water organisms like [[planktonic]] [[copepod|crustaceans]], and oysters dey chop those organisms.&lt;ref name=&quot;bakerinstitute.org&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media|url=http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|title=Oceans, Climate, and Health: Cholera as a Model of Infectious Diseases in a Changing Environment|publisher=James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy|people=[[Rita Colwell]]|access-date=23 October 2013|location=Rice University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026030733/http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|archive-date=26 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera outbreaks dey increase in frequency, spread, and intensity because of [[Climate change and infectious diseases#Cholera and other vibrio infections|climate change]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:162&quot;&gt;Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022: [[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf) Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities]. In: [[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/) Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1041–1170, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;(Walker, 2018)22&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker JT |date=September 2018 |title=The influence of climate change on waterborne disease and Legionella: a review |journal=Perspectives in Public Health |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=282–286 |doi=10.1177/1757913918791198 |pmid=30156484 |s2cid=52115812}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bekele |first1=Bezawit Kassahun |last2=Uwishema |first2=Olivier |last3=Bisetegn |first3=Lydia Daniel |last4=Moubarak |first4=Antonia |last5=Charline |first5=Mugeniwayesu |last6=Sibomana |first6=Pacifique |last7=Onyeaka |first7=Chinyere Vivian Patrick |date=2025-04-30 |title=Cholera in Africa: A Climate Change Crisis |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s44197-025-00386-x |issn=2210-6014 |pmc=12043531 |pmid=40304931 |article-number=68}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey get cholera dey pass watery diarrhea, and this stool (wey people dey call “rice-water”) fit contaminate water wey other people dey use.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0|edition=4th|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/376 376]–7|editor1=Ryan KJ |editor2=Ray CG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One single diarrhea event fit increase the number of ''V. cholerae'' for environment by one million times.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/cholera-biology-and-genetics|title=Cholera Biology and Genetics {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|website=[www.niaid.nih.gov|date=7 February 2011 |language=en|access-date=5 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The contamination source usually be people wey get cholera, especially when dem no treat their diarrhea and e enter water bodies, [[groundwater]], or [[drinking water]] systems. Drinking contaminated water or eating food wey dem wash with that water, or eating shellfish from infected water, fit cause infection.

Cholera rarely dey spread directly from person to person.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=General Information – Cholera |website=CDC | date=5 August 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html#three |access-date=11 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''V. cholerae'' also fit survive outside human body for natural water sources, either alone or together with [[phytoplankton]], [[zooplankton]], or dead organic and inorganic matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJOct2009review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson EJ, Harris JB, Morris JG, Calderwood SB, Camilli A | title = Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 693–702 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19756008 | pmc = 3842031 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2204 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drinking such water fit still cause infection even without human fecal contamination. However, environmental conditions fit reduce how strong the bacteria be.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJOct2009review&quot; /&gt;

Both toxic and non-toxic strains dey exist. Non-toxic strains fit later become toxic through [[bacteriophage]] infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archivist_1997&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Cholera phage discovery |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-disease-in-childhood_1997-03_76_3/page/274 |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |date=1 March 1997 |volume=76 |issue=3 |page=274 |doi=10.1136/adc.76.3.274 |pmc=1717096 |last1=Archivist }}&lt;/ref&gt;

### Susceptibility

Normally, about 100 million bacteria must enter body before cholera fit start for healthy adult.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; But this amount reduce for people wey get low [[gastric acid]], like those wey dey use [[proton pump inhibitors]].&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

Children dey more vulnerable, especially ages two to four.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt; Blood group also dey affect risk—people with [[type O blood]] dey more likely to get infection.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

People with weak immune system, like those with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] or malnourished children, fit suffer severe cholera if dem get infected.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOpreventionandcontrolofoutbreaks&quot;&gt;[[http://www.emro.who.int/csr/Media/PDF/cholera_whopolicy.pdf](http://www.emro.who.int/csr/Media/PDF/cholera_whopolicy.pdf) Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations]&lt;/ref&gt;

Even healthy adults still fit get severe case, so each case must be monitored based on fluid loss with help from health professionals.

The genetic mutation linked to [[cystic fibrosis]] (delta-F508) fit actually give some protection. People wey carry one copy of the gene (heterozygous carriers) dey more resistant to ''V. cholerae'' infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bertranpetit_1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470514887.ch6 |chapter=Genetic and Geographical Variability in Cystic Fibrosis: Evolutionary Considerations |title=Ciba Foundation Symposium 197 – Variation in the Human Genome |series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |year=2007 |last1=Bertranpetit |first1=Jaume |last2=Calafell |first2=Francesc |volume=197 |pages=97–118 |pmid=8827370 |isbn=978-0-470-51488-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For this model, the defect for ion channel protein (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) dey interfere with how bacteria dey attach to intestine lining, so e reduce infection effect.

== Mechanism ==
[[File:Cholera role of biofilm in intestinal colonization.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The role of biofilm in the intestinal colonization of Vibrio cholerae]]

When person drink or swallow cholera bacteria, most of the bacteria no survive the strong acidic condition inside human stomach.&lt;ref name=&quot;BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Almagro-Moreno S, Pruss K, Taylor RK |title=Intestinal Colonization Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=11 |issue=5 |article-number=e1004787 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25996593 |pmc=4440752 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004787 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The few wey survive go conserve energy and stored nutrients by shutting down protein production as dem dey pass through the stomach. When dem reach the small intestine, dem must pass through thick mucus layer before dem fit reach the intestinal wall where dem go attach and grow.&lt;ref name=&quot;BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015&quot; /&gt;

Once Vibrio cholerae reach the intestinal wall, dem no need flagella again for movement. So dem stop producing flagellin protein in order to conserve energy and nutrients by adjusting the proteins dem dey express based on new environment.

On reaching the intestinal wall, Vibrio cholerae start produce toxic proteins wey cause watery diarrhea in infected person. This watery stool carry new generations of bacteria go outside body into drinking water if sanitation no dey proper.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Marlene |last2=Kaur |first2=Mehar |last3=Yates |first3=Travis |last4=Woodin |first4=Mark |last5=Lantagne |first5=Daniele |title=A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Exposures and Cholera in Case–Control Studies |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=2 August 2018 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=534–545 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0897 |pmid=29968551 |pmc=6090371}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The cholera toxin (CTX or CT) na protein complex made of six subunits: one A subunit and five B subunits connected by disulfide bond. The B subunits form ring shape wey fit bind GM1 ganglioside receptors on intestinal epithelial cells. The A1 part of A subunit na enzyme wey dey ADP-ribosylate G proteins, while A2 chain fit into B-ring structure.

After binding, the toxin enter cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Inside cell, disulfide bond break, and A1 subunit release to interact with ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6).&lt;ref name=&quot;O&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Neal CJ, Jobling MG, Holmes RK, Hol WG |title=Structural basis for the activation of cholera toxin by human ARF6-GTP |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-08-12_309_5737/page/1093 |journal=Science |volume=309 |issue=5737 |pages=1093–1096 |date=August 2005 |doi=10.1126/science.1113398}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This activation make permanent modification of Gs alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G protein, leading to continuous production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This cause secretion of water, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate into intestinal lumen, resulting in severe dehydration.

The gene for cholera toxin enter Vibrio cholerae through horizontal gene transfer, usually carried by CTXφ bacteriophage.

Scientists study how gene expression change as bacteria pass through stomach, mucus layer, and intestinal wall.&lt;ref name=&quot;DiRita&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=DiRita VJ, Parsot C, Jander G, Mekalanos JJ |title=Regulatory cascade controls virulence in Vibrio cholerae |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1991-06-15_88_12/page/5403 |journal=PNAS |volume=88 |issue=12 |pages=5403–5407 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2052618 |pmc=51881 |doi=10.1073/pnas.88.12.5403}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inside intestine, regulatory proteins TcpP/TcpH and ToxR/ToxS activate ToxT, which turn on virulence genes responsible for toxin production and colonization.&lt;ref name=&quot;DiRita&quot; /&gt;

== Genetic structure ==
Vibrio cholerae strains from pandemics show genetic variation. Two main clusters exist: Cluster I and Cluster II. Cluster I include older strains from 1960s and 1970s, while Cluster II contain strains from 1980s and 1990s, especially from Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lan R, Reeves PR |title=Pandemic spread of cholera: genetic diversity and relationships within the seventh pandemic clone of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2002-01_40_1/page/172 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=172–181 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11773113 |pmc=120103 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.1.172-181.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Antibiotic resistance ==
In many parts of the world, cholera bacteria don develop resistance to antibiotics. For example, in Bangladesh, many cases resist tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and erythromycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot; /&gt;

Scientists have developed diagnostic methods to detect multi-drug resistant strains quickly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mackay&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Real-Time PCR in microbiology: From diagnosis to characterization|publisher=Caister Academic Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-904455-18-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

New antibiotics have also shown effectiveness against Vibrio cholerae in laboratory studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramamurthy&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and molecular biology |url=https://archive.org/details/vibriocholeraege0000unse |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-904455-33-2 |chapter=Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae |last=Ramamurthy |first=T. |page=[https://archive.org/details/vibriocholeraege0000unse/page/195 195]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diagnosis ==

[[File:Rapid diagnostic test strip.jpg|thumb|A rapid dipstick test fit show whether Vibrio cholerae dey present]]

There be rapid dipstick test wey doctors fit use check if Vibrio cholerae bacteria dey inside sample.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot; /&gt; If the test come back positive, doctors go do further testing to check whether the bacteria don develop resistance to antibiotics.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot; /&gt;

For epidemic situation, doctor fit diagnose cholera just by asking patient history and doing quick physical examination. Treatment like rehydration therapy and oral hydration solutions fit start even before laboratory confirmation, especially for places where cholera dey common.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cholera - Diagnosis and treatment |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355293 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stool samples and swab samples wey collect early during sickness (before antibiotics start) na the best samples for laboratory diagnosis. If cholera outbreak dey suspected, the most common bacteria wey cause am na Vibrio cholerae O1.

If Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 no show, laboratory go check for Vibrio cholerae O139. But if neither O1 nor O139 show, then stool sample must go reference laboratory for further investigation.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Any infection with Vibrio cholerae O139 must be reported and treated same way like O1 cholera cases. Any diarrheal disease from this bacteria dey classified as cholera and must be reported, especially for places like United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_Diag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/Laboratory-Methods-for-the-Diagnosis-of-Epidemic-Dysentery-and-Cholera.pdf|title=Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Epidemic Dysentery and Cholera|year=1999|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623024004/https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/laboratory-methods-for-the-diagnosis-of-epidemic-dysentery-and-cholera.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prevention ==
[[File:It doesn't hurt, but it tickles. A U.S. Navy hospital corpsman, member of a USAID military health team, inoculates a flo - NARA - 541855.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Preventive inoculation against cholera in 1966]]

World Health Organization (WHO) dey advise say make people focus on prevention, preparedness, and response to control how cholera dey spread.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Dem still emphasize say strong surveillance system dey very important.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Governments get role for all these areas.

=== Water, sanitation and hygiene ===

Although cholera fit kill person, preventing am dey usually easy if proper sanitation practices dey followed well. For developed countries, because dem get better water treatment and sanitation systems, cholera no dey common. For example, the last big cholera outbreak for United States happen for 1910–1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;moltke1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=CHOLERA KILLS BOY; EIGHTH DEATH HERE; All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 July 1911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;moltke2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=More Cholera in Port |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google |quote=A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner [[SMS Moltke (1877)|Moltke]], which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at [[Swinburne Island]]. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=10 October 1910 |access-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=OCT+10%2C+1910&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&amp;pqatl=google |archive-date=16 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cholera mainly be risk for developing countries, especially areas where access to WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) infrastructure no dey good enough.

If sanitation practices dey properly introduced and followed quick, e fit stop outbreak. There be different points for cholera transmission chain where dem fit block the spread:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|access-date=20 August 2020|website=who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sterilization: Proper disposal and treatment of all things wey fit contact stool of cholera patient (like cloth, bedsheet, etc.) dey very important. Dem suppose wash am for hot water and if possible use chlorine bleach. Anybody hand wey touch patient or their things must wash am well and disinfect am with chlorinated water or other strong antimicrobial agents.

* Sewage and fecal sludge management: For areas wey cholera dey, sewage and fecal waste need proper treatment so e no spread disease through human waste. Good sanitation and hygiene dey very important.&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot; /&gt; Open defecation, release of untreated sewage, or dumping of fecal sludge from pit latrine or septic tank into environment must stop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&amp;pg=PA5 |title=Urban Water Security: Managing Risks: UNESCO-IHP |last1=Cisneros |first1=Blanca Jimenez |last2=Rose |first2=Joan B. |date=24 March 2009 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-203-88162-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For many cholera areas, sewage treatment no dey enough.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA24 |title=Cholera and the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae |vauthors=Drasar BS, Forrest DB |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-1515-2 |page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA219 |title=A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health |last=Singer |first=Merrill |date=31 May 2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-78699-4 |page=219}}&lt;/ref&gt; So dry toilet wey no need water and no dey cause water pollution fit be better option than flush toilet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gili |first1=Enrique |date=9 June 2015 |title=Starting a poop to compost movement |url=https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sources: Make people put warning for water sources wey fit be contaminated, plus instruction on how to clean water (like boiling or adding chlorine) before dem use am.

* Water purification: Any water wey people go drink, cook or wash with suppose be treated well. Dem fit boil am, use chlorine, ozone treatment, ultraviolet light, or filter am well. Boiling and chlorination be cheap and effective way to stop spread. Cloth filter or sari filter too fit reduce cholera well for poor communities like for Bangladesh. Better modern filters dey even more effective. Health education and proper hygiene practice dey very important.

WHO Africa still recommend say people suppose wash hand with soap or ash after toilet and before dem chop food or handle food to prevent cholera.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cholera and food safety |url=http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;225px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Unsafe disposal of faecal sludge or sewage in Haiti (6458176073).jpg|Dumping of sewage or fecal sludge from UN camp into lake near Port-au-Prince dey believed say e help spread cholera after Haiti earthquake for 2010, wey kill many people.
File:A SOIL EkoLakay toilet customer. (15921409131).jpg|Example of urine-diverting dry toilet for cholera-affected area for Haiti. This type of toilet stop disease spread through fecal-oral route because e no dey pollute water.
File:Cholera hospital in Dhaka.jpg|Cholera hospital for Dhaka, showing normal cholera treatment beds.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Surveillance ===

[[File:Using Precipitation Data to Assess Risk of Cholera Outbreaks.webm|thumb|upright=1.3|A modelling approach using satellite data can help improve how we fit predict cholera risk areas for different parts of the world.]]

Surveillance and quick reporting dey very important to control cholera outbreaks fast. Cholera dey behave like seasonal disease for many countries wey get am, especially during rainy season. Surveillance system fit give early warning about outbreak, so authorities fit respond quick and prepare well. Good surveillance also help to know where risk dey high so prevention fit target the right places.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html |title=Cholera: prevention and control |publisher=[[WHO]] |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html |archive-date=14 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; For prevention to work well, cases must dey reported to national health authorities.&lt;ref name=Lancet2004 /&gt;

=== Vaccination ===

[[File:Euvichol-plus.jpg|thumb|Euvichol-plus oral vaccine for cholera]]

Spanish doctor Jaume Ferran i Clua develop the first successful cholera vaccine for 1885, the first wey immunize people against bacterial disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|url-status=deviated|title=Others — Timelines — History of Vaccines|archive-date=11 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E vaccine work but e cause controversy and some people no accept am at that time. But later e prove say e dey effective: from 30,000 people wey e vaccinate, only 54 die.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Waldemar Haffkine's Cholera Vaccines and the Ferran-Haffkine Priority Dispute |journal=[[Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences]] |date=1982 |volume=XXXVII |issue=4 |pages=399–422 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/xxxvii.4.399 |pmid=6759570}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Jaime Ferran and Preventive Inoculation Against Cholera |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_winter-1981_55_4/page/516 |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=1981 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=516–532 |jstor=44441415 |pmid=7039738 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hawgood |first1=Barbara J |title=Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India |journal=[[Journal of Medical Biography]] |date=February 2007 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59 |pmid=17356724 |s2cid=42075270}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Anna Lena |last2=Gonzales |first2=Maria Liza Antoinette |last3=Aldaba |first3=Josephine G. |last4=Nair |first4=G. Balakrish |date=September 2014 |title=Killed oral cholera vaccines: history, development and implementation challenges |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=123–136 |doi=10.1177/2051013614537819 |issn=2051-0136 |pmc=4144262 |pmid=25177492}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russian-French scientist Waldemar Haffkine too develop cholera vaccine for 1892.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024552/http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm|date=24 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E run big vaccination program for British India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 December 2020 |title=Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012 |access-date=20 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey survive cholera fit get immunity for at least 3 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;immunity&quot;/&gt; Some safe oral vaccines dey available for cholera prevention.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21412922&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM |title=Oral vaccines for preventing cholera |journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=3 |article-number=CD008603 |date=March 2011 |volume=2011 |pmid=21412922 |pmc=6532691 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2 |editor=Sinclair D}}&lt;/ref&gt; WHO get three approved oral cholera vaccines: Dukoral, Sanchol, and Euvichol. Dukoral be inactivated oral vaccine wey get about 52% protection for first year and 62% for second year, with few side effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21412922&quot; /&gt; E dey available for more than 60 countries. But CDC no still recommend am for most travelers from United States go endemic countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_Vacc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Is a vaccine available to prevent cholera? |work=[[Centers for Disease Control]] |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine |date=22 October 2010 |access-date=24 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine |archive-date=26 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; US FDA vaccine called Vaxchora be oral live vaccine wey fit protect adults 18–64 years after single dose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.immunize.org/fda/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/ |title=FDA Product Approval: View All |archive-date=15 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Injectable vaccine dey too, e fit protect person for 2–3 years, but e work less for children under five years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T |title=Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected) |journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |issue=8 |article-number=CD000974 |date=August 2010 |volume=2019 |pmid=20687062 |pmc=6532721 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000974.pub2 |editor=Graves PM}}&lt;/ref&gt; But as of 2010, availability still limited.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; Work still dey go on to study mass vaccination role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html |title=Cholera vaccines |publisher=[[WHO]] |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=1 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html |archive-date=16 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; WHO recommend say high-risk people like children and HIV patients for endemic countries suppose receive vaccine.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; If vaccination cover many people, herd immunity fit reduce cholera spread for environment.&lt;ref name=NEJM2006 /&gt;

WHO still talk say oral cholera vaccine fit be used for endemic areas, outbreak response, or humanitarian crisis where risk high.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=News from the World Health Organization: Epidemiological Methods for Environmental Health Initiatives in WHO |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-epidemiology_1993-10_22_5/page/961 |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |date=1993 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=961–962 |doi=10.1093/ije/22.5.961 }}&lt;/ref&gt; OCV dey useful for different situations but no full agreement still dey on how to use am everywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Deen J, von Seidlein L, Luquero FJ, Troeger C, Reyburn R, Lopez AL, Debes A, Sack DA |date=January 2016 |title=The scenario approach for countries considering the addition of oral cholera vaccination in cholera preparedness and control plans |journal=[[The Lancet. Infectious Diseases]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=125–129 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00298-4 |pmid=26494426 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sari filtration ===

{{Main|Cloth filter}}

[[Image:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|240px|Women for village pond for Matlab, Bangladesh, dey wash utensils and vegetables. Woman for right dey put sari filter for water container to filter water for drinking.]]

For Bangladesh, people develop simple method called sari filter to reduce contamination of drinking water. Dem dey use old sari cloth (best one) or other cloth. Used cloth dey work better than new one because washing am many times reduce space between fibers. Water wey dem filter like this get fewer germs, so e safer pass before.&lt;ref name=Ram2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Ramamurthy T |title=Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects on Cholera |year=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-60327-265-0 |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&amp;pg=PA330 |archive-date=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Bangladesh, this method reduce cholera cases by almost half.&lt;ref name=Merr2010&gt;{{cite book |author=Merrill RM |title=Introduction to epidemiology. |year=2010 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, MA |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43 |edition=5th |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&amp;pg=PA43 |archive-date=6 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey fold sari 4 to 8 times.&lt;ref name=Ram2010 /&gt; After use, dem suppose rinse am and dry am under sun to kill bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Starr C |title=Biology: Today and Tomorrow with Physiology |url=https://archive.org/details/biologytodaytomo0000star_h5w5 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/biologytodaytomo0000star_h5w5/page/563 563] |edition=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA563 |archive-date=7 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nylon cloth fit also work but e cost more and no easy to get.&lt;ref name=Merr2010 /&gt;

== Epidemiology ==

Cholera dey affect about 2.8 million people worldwide, and e dey cause around 95,000 deaths every year (uncertainty range: 21,000–143,000) as of 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Mohammad |last2=Nelson |first2=Allyson R. |last3=Lopez |first3=Anna Lena |last4=Sack |first4=David A. |title=Updated Global Burden of Cholera in Endemic Countries |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=4 June 2015 |volume=9 |issue=6 |article-number=e0003832 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003832 |pmid=26043000 |pmc=4455997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Loz2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lozano |first1=Rafael |display-authors=etal |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=The Lancet |date=December 2012 |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–2128 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |pmid=23245604 |pmc=10790329 |s2cid=1541253 |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30050819 |url=https://repozitorij.upr.si/Dokument.php?id=7123&amp;dn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This thing dey happen mainly for developing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reidl |first1=Joachim |last2=Klose |first2=Karl E. |title=Vibrio cholerae and cholera: out of the water and into the host |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |date=June 2002 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00605.x |pmid=12069878  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For early 1980s, dem believe say death rate still dey pass three million people every year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt; E dey hard to calculate exact number of cases because many no dey report am, especially when outbreak fit affect tourism for a country.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sack DA, Sack RB, Chaignat CL | title = Getting serious about cholera | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2006-08-17_355_7/page/649 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 355 | issue = 7 | pages = 649–51 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16914700 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp068144 | s2cid = 23145226 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2004, cholera still dey both epidemic and endemic for many parts of the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt;

Recent big outbreaks include the 2010s Haiti cholera outbreak and the 2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak. For October 2016, cholera outbreak start for war-torn Yemen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-40369804 |title=The horrors of Yemen's spiralling cholera crisis |publisher=BBC |author=Johannes Bruwer |date=25 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; World Health Organization (WHO) call am “the worst cholera outbreak in the world”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Colin |title=Yemen Now Faces 'The Worst Cholera Outbreak In The World,' U.N. Says|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/24/534236954/yemen-now-faces-the-worst-cholera-outbreak-in-the-world-u-n-says|access-date=25 June 2017|work=National Public Radio}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2019, 93% of all reported 923,037 cholera cases come from Yemen (with 1911 deaths reported).&lt;ref name=&quot;who_report2020&quot; /&gt; Between September 2019 reach September 2020, global total case pass 450,000 and deaths pass 900; but numbers no dey fully accurate because some countries dey report suspected cases instead of confirmed ones, while others no dey report at all like Bangladesh, India and Philippines.&lt;ref name=&quot;who_report2020&quot; /&gt;

Even though we sabi plenty things about how cholera dey spread, scientists still no fully understand why outbreak dey happen for some places and no dey happen for others. Poor sanitation and lack of safe drinking water dey make am spread well-well. Rivers and water bodies fit carry the bacteria as reservoir, and seafood wey travel far fit also spread am.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} Cholera cases dey increase during both flood and drought times pass normal periods.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Exploring Droughts and Floods and Their Association with Cholera Outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Register-Based Ecological Study from 1990 to 2010 |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=5 March 2018 |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=1269–1274 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0778 |pmid=29512484|pmc=5953376 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera don disappear from Americas for most part of 20th century, but e come back near the end, start from Peru outbreak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Blake PA | title = Epidemiology of cholera in the Americas | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology-clinics-of-north-america_1993-09_22_3/page/639 | journal = Gastroenterology Clinics of North America | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 639–60 | date = September 1993 | doi = 10.1016/S0889-8553(21)00094-7 | pmid = 7691740 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later e continue with 2010s Haiti cholera outbreak&lt;ref name=&quot;ecdc_cholera&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/cholera/surveillance-and-disease-data/cholera-monthly|title=Cholera worldwide overview|date=30 May 2023|website=ecdc.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; and another outbreak during 2018–2023 Haitian crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cholera - Haiti |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON427 |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of August 2021, disease still dey endemic for Africa and some parts of East and West Asia (like Bangladesh, India and Yemen).&lt;ref name=&quot;ecdc_cholera&quot; /&gt; For Europe, cholera no dey endemic; all cases dem report am come from people wey travel go endemic areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;ecdc_cholera&quot; /&gt;

=== History of outbreaks ===

{{Main|History of cholera}}

File:Il cholera di Palermo del 1835.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Body disposal of people wey die during cholera epidemic for Palermo in 1835
File:Africa cholera2008b.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Map of 2008–2009 cholera outbreak for sub-Saharan Africa showing statistics as of 12 February 2009

The word cholera come from Greek word χολέρα (kholera), from χολή (kholē) wey mean “bile”. Cholera likely start for Indian subcontinent, because e don dey there for many centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt;

References to cholera appear for European writings as far back as 1642, from Dutch doctor Jakob de Bondt description in his book De Medicina Indorum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofmedicine.com/author/d/jacob-de-jacobus-bontius-bondt|title=All Entries by BONDT, Jacob de, Jacobus Bontius: HistoryofMedicine.com|website=historyofmedicine.com|language=en-us|access-date=23 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; At that time, Europeans dey use word “cholera” for any serious diarrhea wey dey yellow. So de Bondt use the same word describe new disease. Later, around 1830s, people begin differentiate am from “cholera morbus” and “Asiatic cholera” (wey come from India).{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

Early outbreaks for Indian subcontinent happen because of overcrowding, poor living conditions, and stagnant water wey make bacteria grow well.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenberg&quot; /&gt; Disease begin spread through trade routes go Russia in 1817, then Europe, North America, and other parts of world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt; Because of that, people start call am “Asiatic cholera”. Seven cholera pandemics don happen since 19th century; first one no reach Americas. Seventh pandemic start from Indonesia in 1961.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cholera's seven pandemics&quot;. CBC News. 22 October 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

First cholera pandemic start for Bengal region near Calcutta between 1817 and 1824. E spread go Southeast Asia, Middle East, Europe, and Eastern Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History| vauthors = Hays JN |publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|page=193}}&lt;/ref&gt; Movement of British army and navy ships help spread am across Indian Ocean, Africa, Indonesia, China and Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=McNeill|first=William H |title=Plagues and People|page=268}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Second pandemic run from 1826 to 1837, affect North America and Europe. Better transport and trade plus migration make disease spread fast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Something New Under The Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century World (The Global Century Series).|year=2017|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9787508672526|author=McNeil J}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Third pandemic start in 1846 and end in 1860, reach North Africa and both North and South America. Irish immigrants bring am enter Canada during Great Famine.

Fourth pandemic run from 1863 to 1875, start from India go Naples and Spain, then reach USA via New Orleans in 1873. E spread through Mississippi River system.

Fifth pandemic (1881–1896) start for India go Europe, Asia, and South America. Sixth (1899–1923) reduce deaths because medicine don improve. Countries like Egypt, Arabia, Persia, India and Philippines suffer badly. Germany and Naples also get serious outbreaks.

Seventh pandemic start in 1961 for Indonesia, and new strain called El Tor appear and still dey persist as of 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection |date=16 May 2017|website=cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; E reduce around 1975 but never fully disappear, cases rise again for 1990s till today.

Cholera become big global disease in 19th century and don kill millions of people.&lt;ref&gt;[[Kelley Lee]] (2003) Health impacts of globalization: towards global governance. Palgrave Macmillan. p.131.&lt;/ref&gt; For Russia alone, between 1847 and 1851, more than 1 million people die.&lt;ref&gt;Geoffrey A. Hosking (2001). Russia and the Russians: a history. Harvard University Press. p.9.&lt;/ref&gt; It kill about 150,000 Americans during second pandemic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | author = Byrne JP | title = Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A–M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRAInwEACAAJ |publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 2008 | page = 99 | isbn = 978-0-313-34102-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 1900 and 1920, about 8 million people die for India.&lt;ref&gt;J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. p.347.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera become first reportable disease for United States. John Snow for England in 1854 first show say contaminated water be the source of transmission.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2004&quot; /&gt; Today cholera no be big threat for Europe and North America again because of clean water systems like filtration and chlorination, but e still affect developing countries.

Before, ships dey fly yellow quarantine flag if cholera dey onboard. Anybody for ship no go land until about 30–40 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sehdev PS | title = The origin of quarantine | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2002-11-01_35_9/page/1071 | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 35 | issue = 9 | pages = 1071–2 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12398064 | doi = 10.1086/344062  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

People for old times believe plenty traditional cures. Some think say bad air (miasma theory) dey cause am. Some also believe cold body fit make person more vulnerable, so dem use flannel and cholera belts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Renbourn ET | title = The history of the flannel binder and cholera belt | journal = Medical History | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 211–25 | date = July 1957 | pmid = 13440256 | pmc = 1034286 | doi = 10.1017/S0025727300021281 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For Naples outbreak (1854–1855), people use homeopathic camphor.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.legatum.sk/en:ahr:bayes-cholera-as-treated-by-dr-rubini-158-10355 legatum]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mother's Remedies book talk say tomato syrup dey help. Elecampane also dey used for UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;oldtimeremedies&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cholera Infantum, Tomatoes Will Relieve |url=http://www.oldtimeremedies.co.uk/labels/cholera.html |date=13 October 2008 |access-date=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; First vaccine come in 1885, and first antibiotic come in 1948.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

Cholera cases reduce for developed countries because of better sanitation and treatment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cholera&quot;, World Health Organization.&lt;/ref&gt; But in 19th century America, cholera still serious problem. E spread through rivers like Erie Canal and Mississippi system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Pyle GF | title = The diffusion of cholera in the United States in the nineteenth century | journal = Geographical Analysis | volume = 1 | pages = 59–75 | year = 2010 | pmid = 11614509 | doi = 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1969.tb00605.x  }}&lt;/ref&gt; New York City also suffer because water system no strong enough then.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid7620035&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lacey SW | title = Cholera: calamitous past, ominous future | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1995-05_20_5/page/1409 | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 20 | issue = 5 | pages = 1409–19 | date = May 1995 | pmid = 7620035 | doi = 10.1093/clinids/20.5.1409 | s2cid = 45016958 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholera morbus be old term wey people use for gastroenteritis, not actual cholera disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;rosenberg&quot;/&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Cholera.jpg|Drawing of Death bringing cholera, Le Petit Journal (1912)
File:Pedro II of Brazil and ministers of state.JPG|Emperor Pedro II of Brazil visiting cholera patients in 1855
File:Cholera 395.1.jpg|New York City Board of Health hand bill, 1832 — old advice show say people no understand disease well
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Research ===

One big breakthrough for cholera fight come from doctor John Snow (1813–1858), wey in 1854 link cholera to contaminated water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenberg&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Rosenberg, Charles E. |title=The cholera years: the United States in 1832, 1849 and 1866 |url=https://archive.org/details/cholerayearsunit0000rose |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-226-72677-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also propose microbial cause in 1849 and prove say sewage contamination be main source for outbreaks in London in 1854.&lt;ref&gt;John Snow, ''The mode of communication of cholera'', 1855.&lt;/ref&gt; Today people call am Father of Epidemiology.

Bacterium wey cause cholera isolate in 1854 by Filippo Pacini,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Fillipo |last1=Pacini |year=1854 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdtQAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA397 |title=Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiatico |journal=Gazzetta Medica Italiana |volume=4 |issue=50 |pages=397–401; 405–412 }}&lt;/ref&gt; but people no really recognize am that time. Others like Joaquim Balcells i Pascual also report am same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Real Academia de la Historia 2018&quot; /&gt;

Between 1850s and 1900s, developed countries invest heavily for clean water and sewage systems, and that reduce cholera outbreaks. In 1883, Robert Koch identify Vibrio cholerae as bacteria cause of cholera.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Aberth |first1=John |title=Plagues in World History |url=https://archive.org/details/plaguesinworldhi0000aber |date=2011 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-0796-7 |page=101 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hemendra Nath Chatterjee, Bengali scientist, first show oral rehydration therapy (ORS) work for cholera diarrhea. In 1953, he publish paper for The Lancet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruxin JN | title = Magic bullet: the history of oral rehydration therapy | journal = Medical History | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 363–97 | date = October 1994 | pmid = 7808099 | pmc = 1036912 | doi = 10.1017/s0025727300036905 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Chatterjee HN | title = Control of vomiting in cholera and oral replacement of fluid | journal = Lancet | volume = 265 | issue = 6795 | page = 1063 | date = November 1953 | pmid = 13110052 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(53)90668-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Indian scientist Sambhu Nath De discover cholera toxin and prove how bacteria dey transmit disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://inmemoryglobal.com/remembrance/sambhu-nath-de/|title=Sambhu Nath De|access-date=2026-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205035801/https://inmemoryglobal.com/remembrance/sambhu-nath-de/|archive-date=2019-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Robert Allan Phillips also develop rehydration protocol during research in Southeast Asia and win Lasker award in 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/treatment-of-cholera/ |title=Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award |publisher= Lasker Foundation }}&lt;/ref&gt;

More recent research for 2002 show say Vibrio cholerae change inside human body and become more infectious before e comot through stool, helping am survive for environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Merrell2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Merrell DS, Butler SM, Qadri F, Dolganov NA, Alam A, Cohen MB, Calderwood SB, Schoolnik GK, Camilli A | title = Host-induced epidemic spread of the cholera bacterium | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-06-06_417_6889/page/642 | journal = Nature | volume = 417 | issue = 6889 | pages = 642–5 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12050664 | pmc = 2776822 | doi = 10.1038/nature00778 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Global Strategy ===

For 2017, WHO start global plan called “Ending Cholera: a global roadmap to 2030” wey aim reduce cholera deaths by 90% by 2030.&lt;ref name=&quot;who_fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|title = Cholera}}&lt;/ref&gt; Global Task Force on Cholera Control dey lead am and dey support countries with plans and monitoring.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gtfcc.org/|title=Global Task Force on Cholera Control}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The plan get 3 main goals: early detection and response, stopping transmission through sanitation and vaccines, and global coordination through GTFCC.&lt;ref name=&quot;who_fact&quot; /&gt;

WHO no believe say cholera fit totally disappear worldwide because bacteria fit survive for environment even without human.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |title=Ending Cholera a Global Roadmap to 2030|publisher=Global Task Force on Cholera Control |date=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; But human-to-human transmission fit still be eliminated in some places.

Haiti example show say local elimination fit work, even though outbreak happen there before. Some countries still dey target full elimination certification.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=National Plan for the Elimination of Cholera in Haiti 2013-2022 |date=February 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

GTFCC dey focus on 47 countries, and 13 of them don already start vaccination campaigns.&lt;ref name=&quot;who_report2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=International Coordinating Group (ICG) on Vaccine Provision for Cholera, Meningitis, and Yellow Fever |date=September 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-002916-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q12090|c=Category:Cholera|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Category:Cholera|wikt=Cholera|species=no}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130622144054/http://www.who.int/cholera/technical/prevention/control/en/ Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060324155246/http://www.who.int/cholera/ Cholera]{{snd}}World Health Organization
* [https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html Cholera – ''Vibrio cholerae'' infection]{{snd}}Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cholera| ]]
[[Category:Diarrhea]]
[[Category:Foodborne illnesses]]
[[Category:Gastrointestinal tract disorders]]
[[Category:Intestinal infectious diseases]]
[[Category:Tropical diseases]]
[[Category:Epidemics]]
[[Category:Pandemics]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:Waterborne diseases]]
[[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]]
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'''Typhoid fever''', dem sanso know as '''typhoid''', be a disease wey ''Salmonella enterica'' serotype Typhi bacteria dey cause, dem sanso call '''''Salmonella typhi'''''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20153&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL |date=March 2015 |title=Typhoid fever |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_march-21-27-2015_385_9973/page/1136 |journal=Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9973 |pages=1136–45 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7 |pmc=11567078 |pmid=25458731 |s2cid=2409150}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mathur |first1=Ramkumar |last2=Oh |first2=Hyunju |last3=Zhang |first3=Dekai |last4=Park |first4=Sung-Gyoo |last5=Seo |first5=Jin |last6=Koblansky |first6=Alicia |last7=Hayden |first7=Matthew S. |last8=Ghosh |first8=Sankar |date=October 2012 |title=A Mouse Model of Salmonella typhi Infection |url=|journal=Cell |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=590–602 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.042 |issn=0092-8674 |pmc=3500584 |pmid=23101627}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms dey vary from mild to severe, wey e usually dey begin six to 30 days after exposure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow20143&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=CDC health information for international travel 2014: the yellow book |vauthors=Newton AE |date=2014 |publisher=Oup USA |isbn=978-0-19-994849-9 |chapter=3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel |chapter-url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125517/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever |archive-date=2015-07-02 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20134&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=May 14, 2013 |title=Typhoid Fever |url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606190251/http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html |archive-date=6 June 2016 |access-date=28 March 2015 |website=cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Often der be a gradual onset of a high fever over several days.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow20143&quot; /&gt; Dis be commonly accompanied by weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, den mild vomiting.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20134&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Typhoid |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/typhoid |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20132&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=May 14, 2013 |title=Typhoid Fever |url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606190251/http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html |archive-date=6 June 2016 |access-date=28 March 2015 |website=cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sam people dey develop a skin rash plus rose colored spots.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20134&quot; /&gt; Insyd severe cases, people fi experience confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20132&quot; /&gt; Widout treatment, symptoms fi last weeks anaa months.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20134&quot; /&gt; Diarrhea fi be severe, buh e be uncommon.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20132&quot; /&gt; Oda people fi carry am widout dem be affected, buh still be contagious.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |date=February 2008 |title=Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2008/wer8306.pdf?ua=1 |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=49–59 |pmid=18260212 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103504/http://www.who.int/wer/2008/wer8306.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Typhoid fever be a type of enteric fever, along plus paratyphoid fever.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20153&quot; /&gt; Dem dey believe ''Salmonella enterica'' Typhi to infect den replicate within humans per.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pitzer S395–S401&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Pitzer VE, Meiring J, Martineau FP, Watson CH, Kang G, Basnyat B, Baker S |date=October 2019 |title=The Invisible Burden: Diagnosing and Combatting Typhoid Fever in Asia and Africa |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=69 |issue=Suppl 5 |pages=S395–S401 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciz611 |pmc=6792124 |pmid=31612938}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Typhoid be caused by de bacterium ''Salmonella enterica'' subsp. ''enterica'' serovar Typhi wey dey grow insyd de intestines, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver, gallbladder, bone marrow den blood.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20134&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20132&quot; /&gt; Typhoid be spread by eating anaa drinking chow anaa water contaminated plus de feces of an infected person.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Risk factors dey include limited access to clean drinking water den poor sanitation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20153&quot; /&gt; Those wey dem no yet been exposed to am wey dem ingest contaminated drinking water anaa chow be most at risk for developing symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20132&quot; /&gt; Humans per wey fi be infected; der be no known animal reservoirs.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Salmonella typhi wich dey cause typhoid fever be different from de oda ''Salmonella'' bacteria wey usually dey cause salmonellosis, a common type of food poisoning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Typhoid Fever: Causes, Symptoms &amp; Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17730-typhoid-fever}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem dey perform diagnosis by culturing den dey identify ''S. typhi'' from patient samples anaa detecting an immune response to de pathogen from blood samples.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20153&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20134&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crump2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Crump JA, Mintz ED |date=January 2010 |title=Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2010-01-15_50_2/page/241 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=241–6 |doi=10.1086/649541 |pmc=2798017 |pmid=20014951}}&lt;/ref&gt; Recently, na new advances insyd large-scale data collection den analysis allow researchers to develop better diagnostics, such as detecting changing abundances of small molecules insyd de blood wey fi specifically indicate typhoid fever.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Reproducible diagnostic metabolites in plasma from typhoid fever patients in Asia and Africa |vauthors=Näsström E, Parry CM, Thieu NT, Maude RR, de Jong HK, Fukushima M, Rzhepishevska O, Marks F, Panzner U, Im J, Jeon H |date=2017 |publisher=Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen |oclc=1234663430}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnostic tools insyd regions wer na typhoid be most prevalent be quite limited insyd dema accuracy den specificity, den de time dem require for a proper diagnosis, de increasing spread of antibiotic resistance, den de cost of testing sanso be hardships for under-resourced healthcare systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pitzer S395–S401&quot; /&gt;

A typhoid vaccine fi prevent about 40–90% of cases during de first two years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A |date=May 2018 |title=Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4 |pmc=6494485 |pmid=29851031 |article-number=CD001261}}&lt;/ref&gt; De vaccine fi get sam effect for up to seven years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20153&quot; /&gt; For those at high risk anaa people wey dey travel to areas wer e be common, dem dey recommend vaccination.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Oda efforts to prevent am dey include providing clean drinking water, good sanitation, den handwashing.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20134&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Til an infection dem confirm as cleared, de infected person for no prepare chow give odas.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20134&quot; /&gt; Dem dey treat typhoid plus antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, anaa third-generation cephalosporins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20153&quot; /&gt; Resistance to dese antibiotics dey develop, wich dem make treatment more difficult.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20153&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chatham-Stephens K, Medalla F, Hughes M, Appiah GD, Aubert RD, Caidi H, Angelo KM, Walker AT, Hatley N, Masani S, Nash J, Belko J, Ryan ET, Mintz E, Friedman CR |date=January 2019 |title=Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan – United States, 2016–2018 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=11–13 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3 |pmc=6342547 |pmid=30629573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kuehn |first1=Rebecca |last2=Stoesser |first2=Nicole |last3=Eyre |first3=David |last4=Darton |first4=Thomas C |last5=Basnyat |first5=Buddha |last6=Parry |first6=Christopher Martin |date=24 November 2022 |title=Treatment of enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) with cephalosporins |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010452.pub2 |pmc=9686137 |pmid=36420914 |article-number=CD010452}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2015, na dem report 12.5 million new typhoid cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1545–1602 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |pmc=5055577 |pmid=27733282 |collaboration=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt; De disease be most common insyd [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20153&quot; /&gt; Kiddies be most commonly affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20153&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Na typhoid decrease insyd de developed world insyd de 1940s as a result of improved sanitation den de use of antibiotics.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Every year na dem report about 400 cases insyd de U.S. den an estimated 6,000 people get typhoid.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20132&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B |date=March 2015 |title=Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine—Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=64 |issue=11 |pages=305–8 |pmc=4584884 |pmid=25811680}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2015, na e result in about 149,000 deaths worldwide – down from 181,000 insyd 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281 |collaboration=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD204&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Abubakar II, Tillmann T, Banerjee A, etal |date=January 2015 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_january-10-16-2015_385_9963/page/117 |journal=Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442 |collaboration=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt; Widout treatment, de risk of death fi be as high as 20%.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Plus treatment, e be between 1% den 4%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20153&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt;

Typhus be a different disease, wey unrelated species of bacteria dey cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cunha BA |date=March 2004 |title=Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2004-03_18_1/page/111 |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=111–25 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1 |pmid=15081508}}&lt;/ref&gt; Owing to dema similar symptoms, na dem no recognize dem as distinct diseases til de 1800s. &quot;Typhoid&quot; dey mean &quot;resembling typhus&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Alfred S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPDdBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA839 |title=Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control |last2=Brachman |first2=Philip S. |publisher=Springer |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4615-5327-4 |page=839 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Society den culture==
===Notable people===
* Emperor Augustus of Rome – dem suspect am based on historical record buh dem no confirm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Typhoid fever: a history |url=https://archive.org/details/typhoidfeverhist0000adle |vauthors=Adler R, Mara E |date=2016 |publisher=McFarland &amp; Company |isbn=978-0-7864-9781-2 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |oclc=934938999}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Albert, Prince Consort, husby of Queen Victoria of de United Kingdom, died 24 days after de first record of &quot;feeling horribly ill&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;

* Edward VII of de UK, son of Queen Victoria, while still Prince of Wales, get a near-fatal case of typhoid fever.
* Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, he survive, na illness be circa 1900–1901.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nicholas II - At the Court of the Last Tsar - Chapter 1, Part 2, The Empress Alexandra |url=https://www.alexanderpalace.org/mossolov/one2.html |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=www.alexanderpalace.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands fi get an abortion insyd 1902 secof a typhoid infection na she survive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=Hoogleraar heeft aanwijzingen voor abortus bij Wilhelmina: 'Monarchie hing aan zijden draadje' (''Professor has indication for abortion Wilhelmina: Monarchy was hanging by a thread'') |url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/nederland/artikel/5379059/wilhelmina-abortus-juliana-tyfus-infectie-bevalling |website=RTL Nieuws |language=Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Trudy Dehue |title=Egg Foetus Baby, A New History of Pregnancy |url=https://www.letterenfonds.nl/en/book/1603/egg-foetus-baby |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317003500/https://www.letterenfonds.nl/en/book/1603/egg-foetus-baby |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Dutch foundation for literature}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* William Henry Harrison, de ninth President of de [[United States|United States of America]], he die 32 days into ein term, insyd 1841. Dis be de shortest term wey a United States Presido serve.
* Wilbur Wright, co-inventor of de airplane plus brother Orville, die from typhoid insyd 1912 at de age of 45.
* Stephen A. Douglas, a political opponent of Abraham Lincoln insyd 1858 den 1860, he die of typhoid on June 3, 1861.
* Ignacio Zaragoza, a Mexican general den politician, die at de age of 33 of typhoid fever on September 8, 1862.

* Franz Schubert, songwriter den composer die of typhoid at age 31 on November 19, 1828.
* William Wallace Lincoln, de son of US presido [[Abraham Lincoln|Abraham]] den Mary Todd Lincoln, die at de age of 11 years of typhoid insyd 1862.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|vauthors=Dennis B|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/willie-lincolns-death-a-private-agony-for-a-president-facing-a-nation-of-pain/2011/0929/gIQAv7Z7SL_story.html|title=Willie Lincoln's death: A private agony for a president facing a nation of pain|date=2011-09-29|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-03-12|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401111805/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/willie-lincolns-death-a-private-agony-for-a-president-facing-a-nation-of-pain/2011/09/29/gIQAv7Z7SL_story.html|archive-date=2017-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Princess Leopoldina of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro II, die of typhoid insyd 1871.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=June 7, 2020 |title=Maldiçãp, febre e alucinações: a melancólica morte de Leopoldina de Bragança |url=https://aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br/noticias/almanaque/maldicao-febre-e-alucinacoes-melancolica-morte-de-leopoldina-de-braganca.phtml |access-date=February 3, 2022 |website=aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810050301/https://aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br/noticias/almanaque/maldicao-febre-e-alucinacoes-melancolica-morte-de-leopoldina-de-braganca.phtml |archive-date=August 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, mommie of presido Theodore Roosevelt den paternal grandmommie of Eleanor Roosevelt, die of typhoid fever insyd 1884.
* Mary Mallon, &quot;Typhoid Mary&quot;

* Leland Stanford Jr., son of American tycoon den politician A. Leland Stanford den eponym of Leland Stanford Junior University, die of typhoid fever insyd 1884 at de age of 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A History of Stanford |url=https://www.stanford.edu/about/history/ |access-date=4 July 2018 |website=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Three of Louis Pasteur ein five kiddie die of typhoid fever.
* Gerard Manley Hopkins, an English poet, die of typhoid fever insyd 1889.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/gerardmanleyhopk0000unse_e4k5 |title=Gerard Manley Hopkins: A Life |vauthors=Ruggles E |date=1944 |publisher=Norton |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lizzie van Zyl, South African child inmate of de Bloemfontein concentration camp during de Second Boer War, die of typhoid fever insyd 1901.
* Dr HJH 'Tup' Scott, captain of de 1886 Australian cricket team wey tour England, die of typhoid insyd 1910.
* Arnold Bennett, English novelist, die insyd 1932 of typhoid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|year=1959|title=Straw for Silence|magazine=[[The Spectator]]|volume=203|issn=0038-6952|publisher=F.C. Westley|oclc=1766325}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hakaru Hashimoto, a Japanese medical scientist, die of typhoid fever insyd 1934.
* John Buford, Union cavalry officer during the Civil War, die of typhoid fever on December 16, 1863.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q83319|c=Category:Typhoid fever|n=Category:Typhoid|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* {{Cite book|last=Adler R|first=Mara E|title=Typhoid Fever: a history|publisher=McFarland &amp; Company Inc.|year=2016|isbn=978-0-7864-9781-2|location=Jefferson, North Carolina}}
* {{Cite web|last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=March 30, 2021|title=Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever: Information for Health Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/health-professional.html|access-date=June 27, 2021}}
* {{cite journal |author=((GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators)) |title=The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=April 2019 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=369–381 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30685-6 |pmid=30792131 |pmc=6437314 }}
* {{Cite web|last=National Health Service|date=June 18, 2018|title=Typhoid Fever: Overview|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/typhoid-fever/|access-date=June 27, 2021}}
* {{Cite web|last=Public Health Agency of Canada|date=2010|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Salmonella enterica spp.|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/salmonella-enterica.html|access-date=June 28, 2021}}
* {{Cite web|date=January 31, 2018|title=Typhoid: Fact Sheet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/typhoid |access-date=June 27, 2021}}
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[[Category:Typhoid fever| ]]
[[Category:Conditions dem diagnose by stool test]]
[[Category:Intestinal infectious diseases]]
[[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]]
[[Category:Waterborne diseases]]
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'''Diabetes mellitus''', dem commonly know as '''diabetes''', be a group of common endocrine diseases wey be characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Health Organization&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129101252/https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;msd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |website=MSD Manual Consumer Version |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001070047/https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diabetes be secof either de pancreas no dey produce enough of de hormone insulin anaa de cells of de body cam be unresponsive to insulin ein effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Green2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Greenspan's basic &amp; clinical endocrinology |url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-162243-1 |veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D |edition=9th |location=New York |chapter=Chapter 17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Classic symptoms dey include de three Ps: polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (excessive hunger), weight loss, den blurred vision. If dem lef am untreated, de disease fi lead to various health complications, wey dey include disorders of de cardiovascular system, eye, kidney, den nerves.&lt;ref name=&quot;ADA2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN |date=July 2009 |title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full |url-status=live |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=1335–1343 |doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 |pmc=2699725 |pmid=19564476 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625075136/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full |archive-date=2016-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diabetes dey account for approximately 4.2 million deaths every year,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019 |url=https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501123853/https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2020 |access-date=7 December 2025 |website=www.diabetesatlas.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus an estimated 1.5 million wey be caused by either untreated anaa poorly treated diabetes.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Health Organization&quot; /&gt;

De major types of diabetes be type 1 den type 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;niddk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Symptoms and Causes of Diabetes |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes |access-date=16 May 2024 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most common treatment give type 1 be insulin replacement therapy (insulin injections), while anti-diabetic medications (such as metformin den [[semaglutide]] anaa tirzepatide) den lifestyle modifications fi be used to manage type 2. Gestational diabetes, a form wey sam times dey arise during pregnancy, normally dey resolve shortly after delivery. Type 1 diabetes be an autoimmune condition wer de body ein immune system dey attack de beta cells (β-cell) insyd de pancreas, wey dey prevent de production of insulin. Dis condition typically be present from birth anaa dey develop early in life. Type 2 diabetes dey occur wen de body cam be resistant to insulin, wey dey mean de cells no dey respond effectively to am, den thus, glucose remain insyd de bloodstream instead of make e be absorbed by de cells.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes {{!}} UVA Health |url=https://uvahealth.com/services/diabetes-care/types |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=uvahealth.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, diabetes sanso fi result from oda specific causes, such as genetic conditions (monogenic diabetes syndromes like neonatal diabetes den maturity-onset diabetes of de young), diseases wey dey affect de pancreas (such as pancreatitis), anaa de use of certain medications den chemicals (such as glucocorticoids, oda specific drugs den after organ transplantation).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes {{!}} UVA Health |url=https://uvahealth.com/services/diabetes-care/types |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=uvahealth.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de number of people dem diagnose as living plus diabetes increase sharply insyd recent decades, from 200 million insyd 1990 to 830 million by 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The top 10 causes of death |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey affect one insyd seven of de adult population, plus type 2 diabetes dey account for more dan 95% of cases. Na dese numbers already rise beyond earlier projections of 783 million adults by 2045.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De prevalence of de disease continue dey increase, most dramatically insyd low- den middle-income nations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=De Silva |first=Ambepitiyawaduge Pubudu |last2=De Silva |first2=Sudirikku Hennadige Padmal |last3=Haniffa |first3=Rashan |last4=Liyanage |first4=Isurujith Kongala |last5=Jayasinghe |first5=Saroj |last6=Katulanda |first6=Prasad |last7=Wijeratne |first7=Chandrika Neelakanthi |last8=Wijeratne |first8=Sumedha |last9=Rajapaksa |first9=Lalini Chandika |date=17 April 2018 |title=Inequalities in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Sri Lanka: a lower middle income country |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29665834 |journal=International Journal for Equity in Health |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=45 |doi=10.1186/s12939-018-0759-3 |issn=1475-9276 |pmc=5905173 |pmid=29665834}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rates be similar insyd women den men, wey diabetes be de seventh leading cause of death globally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vos |first=Theo |last2=Flaxman |first2=Abraham D. |last3=Naghavi |first3=Mohsen |last4=Lozano |first4=Rafael |last5=Michaud |first5=Catherine |last6=Ezzati |first6=Majid |last7=Shibuya |first7=Kenji |last8=Salomon |first8=Joshua A. |last9=Abdalla |first9=Safa |last10=Aboyans |first10=Victor |last11=Abraham |first11=Jerry |last12=Ackerman |first12=Ilana |last13=Aggarwal |first13=Rakesh |last14=Ahn |first14=Stephanie Y. |last15=Ali |first15=Mohammed K. |date=2012-12-15 |title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23245607 |journal=Lancet (London, England) |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2163–2196 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 |issn=1474-547X |pmc=6350784 |pmid=23245607}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The top 10 causes of death |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem estimate de global expenditure on diabetes-related healthcare US$760 billion a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bommer |first=Christian |last2=Sagalova |first2=Vera |last3=Heesemann |first3=Esther |last4=Manne-Goehler |first4=Jennifer |last5=Atun |first5=Rifat |last6=Bärnighausen |first6=Till |last7=Davies |first7=Justine |last8=Vollmer |first8=Sebastian |date=May 2018 |title=Global Economic Burden of Diabetes in Adults: Projections From 2015 to 2030 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29475843 |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.2337/dc17-1962 |issn=1935-5548 |pmid=29475843}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|display=Diabetes mellitus}}
&lt;!-- BEFORE inserting new links here you should first post it to the talk page, otherwise your edit is likely to be reverted; this section is reserved for official or authoritative resources --&gt;
* [https://www.diabetes.org American Diabetes Association]
* [https://diabetesatlas.org/ IDF Diabetes Atlas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200108214308/https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/resources-for-health-educators/national-eye-health-education-program/nehep-partnership-directory/national-diabetes-education-program National Diabetes Education Program]
* [https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/42/Supplement_1 ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2019]
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Polonsky KS |title=The past 200 years in diabetes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-10-04_367_14/page/1332 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=367 |issue=14 |pages=1332–1340 |date=October 2012 |pmid=23034021 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1110560 |s2cid=9456681 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/diabetes.html |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |work=MedlinePlus |title=Diabetes}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diabetes Mellitus}}
[[Category:Diabetes| ]]
[[Category:Causes of amputation]]
[[Category:Endocrine diseases]]
[[Category:Metabolic disorders]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Conduct disorder</title>
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'''Conduct disorder''' ('''CD''') be a [[mental disorder]] dem diagnose insyd kiddie time anaa adolescence wey dey present einself thru a repetitive den persistent pattern of behavior wey dey include theft, lies, physical violence wey fi lead to destruction, den reckless breaking of rules,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Barzman |first=D |date=2017 |title=Conduct disorder and Its Clinical Management |url=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/conduct-disorder/ |access-date=June 24, 2021 |website=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library |publisher=DeckerMed Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt; insyd wich de basic rights of odas anaa major age-appropriate norms be violated. Dem often dey refer dese behaviors to as &quot;antisocial behaviors&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinshaw&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hinshaw |first1=S. P. |title=Conduct and oppositional defiant disorders: Child psychopathology |last2=Lee |first2=S. S. |date=2003 |publisher=Guilford Press |edition=E. J. Mash &amp; R. A. Barkley |location=New York |pages=144–198}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem often be seen as de precursor to [[antisocial personality disorder]]; however, de latter, by definition, dem no fi be diagnosed til de individual be 18 years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/659 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |date=2013 |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8 |edition=5th |location=Arlington, VA |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/659 659]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conduct disorder fi result from parental rejection den neglect den insyd such cases fi be treated plus family therapy, as well as behavioral modifications den pharmacotherapy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mohan |first1=L |last2=Yilanli |first2=M |last3=Ray |first3=S |date=2020 |title=Conduct disorder |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470238/ |publisher=StatPearls Publishing LLC |pmid=29261891 |access-date=June 24, 2021 |website=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fi be caused by environmental lead exposure.&lt;ref&gt;Michael J. McFarland, Aaron Reuben, Matt Hauer. Contribution of Childhood Lead Exposure to Psychopathology in the U.S. Population over the Past 75 Years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2024 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.14072&lt;/ref&gt; Dem estimate conduct disorder to affect 51.1 million people globally {{As of|2013|lc=on|post=.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=((Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators)) |date=5 June 2015 |title=Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 301 Acute and Chronic Diseases and Injuries in 188 Countries, 1990-2013: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_august-22-28-2015_386_9995/page/743 |journal=Lancet |volume=386 |issue=9995 |pages=743–800 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4 |pmc=4561509 |pmid=26063472}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110303093600/http://www.abct.org/SCCAP/?m=sPublic&amp;fa=pub_Conduct#ConductTable Conduct Disorder Symptoms and Treatment] Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7714072.stm Bullying tendency wired in brain] from the BBC News.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240919005211/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=112582&amp;from=news&amp;org=NSF Bullies may enjoy seeing others in pain] National Science Foundation
* [https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0415/p1579.html Diagnosing Conduct Disorder in Primary Care]
[[Category:Mental disorders dem diagnose insyd kiddie time]]
[[Category:Disruptive behaviour anaa dissocial disorders]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Adenomyosis</title>
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'''Adenomyosis''' be a medical condition wey be characterized by de growth of cells wey proliferate on de insyd of de uterus (endometrium) atypically locate among de cells of de uterine wall (myometrium),&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=R|first1=Gunther|last2=C|first2=Walker|date=2020|title=Adenomyosis |journal=StatPearls [Internet] |language=en|pmid=30969690}}&lt;/ref&gt; as a result, thickening of de uterus occur. As well as e be misplaced insyd patients plus dis condition, endometrial tissue be completely functional. De tissue dey thicken, shed den dey bleed during every menstrual cycle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Dem typically find de condition insyd women between de ages of 35 den 50, buh e sanso dey affect younger women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Brosens I, Gordts S, Habiba M, Benagiano G |date=December 2015 |title=Uterine Cystic Adenomyosis: A Disease of Younger Women |journal=J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=420–6 |doi=10.1016/j.jpag.2014.05.008 |pmid=26049940}}&lt;/ref&gt; Patients plus adenomyosis often dey present plus painful menses (dysmenorrhea), profuse menses (menorrhagia), anaa both. Oda possible symptoms be pain during sexual intercourse, chronic pelvic pain den irritation of de urinary bladder.

Insyd adenomyosis, ''basal'' endometrium dey penetrate into hyperplastic myometrial fibers. Unlike de functional layer, de basal layer no dey undergo typical cyclic changes plus de menstrual cycle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Katz VL 20072&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Katz VL |title=Comprehensive gynecology |publisher=Mosby Elsevier |year=2007 |edition=5th |location=Philadelphia PA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Leyendecker, G. |author2=Herbertz, M. |author3=Kunz, G. |author4=Mall, G. |year=2002 |title=Endometriosis results from the dislocation of basal endometrium |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-reproduction_human-reproduction_2002-10_17_10/page/2725 |journal=Hum. Reprod. |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=2725–2736 |doi=10.1093/humrep/17.10.2725 |pmid=12351554 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adenomyosis fi involve de uterus focally, wey dey create an adenomyoma. Plus diffuse involvement, de uterus cam be bulky den heavier.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Struble |first1=Jennifer |last2=Reid |first2=Shannon |last3=Bedaiwy |first3=Mohamed A. |year=2016 |title=Adenomyosis: A Clinical Review of a Challenging Gynecologic Condition |journal=[[Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology]] |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=164–185 |doi=10.1016/j.jmig.2015.09.018 |pmid=26427702}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem fi find adenomyosis togeda plus [[endometriosis]]; e dey differ insyd dat patients plus endometriosis dey present endometrial-like tissue wey locate entirely outsyd de uterus. Insyd endometriosis, de tissue be similar to, buh no be de same as, de endometrium. Dem dey find de two conditions togeda insyd chaw cases yet often dey occur separately.&lt;ref name=&quot;Katz VL 20072&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24532217&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lazzeri L, Di Giovanni A, Exacoustos C, Tosti C, Pinzauti S, Malzoni M, Petraglia F, Zupi E |date=August 2014 |title=Preoperative and Postoperative Clinical and Transvaginal Ultrasound Findings of Adenomyosis in Patients With Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis |journal=Reprod Sci |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=1027–1033 |doi=10.1177/1933719114522520 |pmid=24532217 |s2cid=24041889}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before e be recognized as a distinct condition, na dem call adenomyosis ''endometriosis interna''. De less-commonly-used term ''adenomyometritis'' be a more specific name give de condition, wey dey specify involvement of de uterus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Matalliotakis |first1=I. |last2=Kourtis |first2=A. |last3=Panidis |first3=D. |year=2003 |title=Adenomyosis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology-clinics-of-north-america_2003-03_30_1/page/63 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=63–82, viii |doi=10.1016/S0889-8545(02)00053-0 |pmid=12699258}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:Gynaecologic disorders]]</text>
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'''Shingles''', dem sanso know as '''herpes zoster''' anaa '''zona''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Herpes zoster {{!}} Shingles, Varicella-Zoster, Pain Relief {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/herpes-zoster |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a viral disease wey be characterized by a painful skin rash plus blisters insyd a localized area.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Sym4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Signs &amp; Symptoms |url=https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/symptoms.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526151203/http://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/symptoms.html |archive-date=26 May 2015 |access-date=26 May 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Sivapathasundharam B, Gururaj N, Ranganathan K | chapter = Viral Infections of the Oral Cavity | veditors = Rajendran A, Sivapathasundharam B |title=Shafer's textbook of oral pathology|date=2014|isbn=978-8131238004|page=351|edition=Seventh| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WnhtAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA351|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences ]|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217060733/https://books.google.com/books?id=WnhtAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA351|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Typically de rash dey occur insyd a single, wide mark either on de left anaa right side of de body anaa face.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html |title=Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases |vauthors=Lopez A, Harrington T, Marin M |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |year=2015 |isbn=978-0990449119 |veditors=Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S |edition=13th |location=Washington D.C. |chapter=Chapter 22: Varicella |access-date=9 January 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/varicella.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001534/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html |archive-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two to four days before de rash occur, der fi be tingling anaa local pain insyd de area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=de Oliveira Gomes |first1=Juliana |last2=Gagliardi |first2=Anna Mz |last3=Andriolo |first3=Brenda Ng |last4=Torloni |first4=Maria Regina |last5=Andriolo |first5=Regis B. |last6=Puga |first6=Maria Eduarda Dos Santos |last7=Canteiro Cruz |first7=Eduardo |date=2 October 2023 |title=Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=10 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008858.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=10542961 |pmid=37781954 |article-number=CD008858}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda common symptoms be fever, headache, den tiredness.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dwo20072&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J, Gnann JW, Levin MJ, Backonja M, Betts RF, Gershon AA, Haanpaa ML, McKendrick MW, Nurmikko TJ, Oaklander AL, Oxman MN, Pavan-Langston D, Petersen KL, Rowbotham MC, Schmader KE, Stacey BR, Tyring SK, van Wijck AJ, Wallace MS, Wassilew SW, Whitley RJ |year=2007 |title=Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster |journal=[[Clin. Infect. Dis.]] |volume=44 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S1–26 |doi=10.1086/510206 |pmid=17143845 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; De rash usually dey heal within two to four weeks,&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Sym4&quot; /&gt; buh sam people dey develop ongoing nerve pain wich fi last for months anaa years, a condition dem call postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot; /&gt; Insyd those plus poor immune function de [[Shingles#Disseminated shingles|rash fi occur widely]]. If de rash involve de eye, vision loss fi occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Sym4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID26478818&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Johnson RW, Alvarez-Pasquin MJ, Bijl M, Franco E, Gaillat J, Clara JG, Labetoulle M, Michel JP, Naldi L, Sanmarti LS, Weinke T |date=July 2015 |title=Herpes zoster epidemiology, management, and disease and economic burden in Europe: a multidisciplinary perspective |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=109–120 |doi=10.1177/2051013615599151 |pmc=4591524 |pmid=26478818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shingles be caused by de varicella zoster virus (VZV) wey sanso dey cause chickenpox. Insyd de case of chickenpox, dem sanso call varicella, de initial infection plus de virus typically dey occur during kiddie time anaa adolescence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot; /&gt; Once na de chickenpox resolve, de virus fi remain dormant (inactive) insyd human nerve cells (dorsal root ganglia anaa cranial nerves)&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid35340552&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Pan CX, Lee MS, Nambudiri VE |year=2022 |title=Global herpes zoster incidence, burden of disease, and vaccine availability: a narrative review |journal=[[SAGE Publishing|Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy]] |volume=10 |doi=10.1177/25151355221084535 |pmc=8941701 |pmid=35340552 |article-number=25151355221084535}}&lt;/ref&gt; for years anaa decades, after wich e fi reactivate den travel along nerve bodies to nerve endings insyd de skin, wey dey produce blisters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; During an outbreak of shingles, exposure to de varicella virus dem find insyd shingles blisters fi cause chickenpox insyd sam one wey no yet get chickenpox, although dat person no go suffer from shingles, at least on de first infection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 September 2014 |title=Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Transmission |url=https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/transmission.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506112409/http://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/transmission.html |archive-date=6 May 2015 |access-date=26 May 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem no well understand how de virus dey remain dormant insyd nerve cells anaa subsequently dey re-activate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 April 2018 |title=Researchers discover how chickenpox and shingles virus remains dormant |url=https://www.uclhospitals.brc.nihr.ac.uk/news/researchers-discover-how-chickenpox-and-shingles-virus-remains-dormant |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=UCLH Biomedical Research Centre |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de disease be recognized since ancient times.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot; /&gt; Risk factors for reactivation of de dormant virus dey include old age, poor immune function, den having contracted chickenpox before 18 months of age.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot; /&gt; Diagnosis typically dey base on de signs den symptoms present.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |name-list-style=vanc |vauthors=Cohen JI |date=July 2013 |title=Clinical practice: Herpes zoster |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2013-07-18_369_3/page/255 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=369 |issue=3 |pages=255–263 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1302674 |pmc=4789101 |pmid=23863052}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Varicella zoster virus'' no be de same as ''herpes simplex virus'', although dem both belong to de alpha subfamily of herpesviruses.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Over2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=17 September 2014 |title=Overview |url=https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/overview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516220957/http://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/overview.html |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=26 May 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shingles vaccines dey reduce de risk of shingles by 50 to 90%, wey dey depend on de vaccine dem use.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cun2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |name-list-style=vanc |vauthors=Cunningham AL |date=2016 |title=The herpes zoster subunit vaccine |journal=Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=265–271 |doi=10.1517/14712598.2016.1134481 |pmid=26865048 |s2cid=46480440}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vaccination sanso dey decrease rates of postherpetic neuralgia, den, if shingles occur, ein severity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot; /&gt; If shingles develop, antiviral medications such as aciclovir fi reduce de severity den duration of disease if e start within 72 hours of de appearance of de rash.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM20132&quot; /&gt; Evidence no dey show a significant effect of antivirals anaa steroids on rates of postherpetic neuralgia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen N, Li Q, Yang J, Zhou M, Zhou D, He L |date=February 2014 |title=Antiviral treatment for preventing postherpetic neuralgia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006866.pub3 |pmc=10583132 |pmid=24500927 |article-number=CD006866}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jiang X, Li Y, Chen N, Zhou M, He L |date=December 2023 |title=Corticosteroids for preventing postherpetic neuralgia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005582.pub5 |pmc=10696631 |pmid=38050854 |article-number=CD005582}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paracetamol]], NSAIDs, anaa opioids fi be used to help plus acute pain.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM20132&quot; /&gt;

Dem estimate say about a third of people develop shingles at sam point insyd dema lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot; /&gt; While shingles be more common among older people, kiddies sanso fi get de disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Over2&quot; /&gt; According to de US National Institutes of Health, de number of new cases per year dey range from 1.2 to 3.4 per 1,000 person-years among healthy individuals to 3.9 to 11.8 per 1,000 person-years among those older dan 65 years of age.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dwo20072&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nair&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=StatPearls |vauthors=Nair PA, Patel BC |date=2 November 2021 |chapter=''Herpes zoster'' |pmid=28722854 |access-date=10 June 2022 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441824/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610043425/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441824/ |archive-date=10 June 2022 |url-status=live |via=NCBI Bookshelf}}&lt;/ref&gt; About half of those wey dey live to age 85 go get at least one attack, den fewer dan 5% go get more dan one attack.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink20155&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Essentials of Pain Medicine |vauthors=Schmader KE, Dworkin RH |date=2011 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1437735932 |veditors=Benzon HT |edition=3rd |location=London |page=358 |chapter=Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia |access-date=11 September 2017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UuAWD2FTFsC&amp;pg=PA358 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217053808/https://books.google.com/books?id=9UuAWD2FTFsC&amp;pg=PA358 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although symptoms fi be severe, risk of death be very low: 0.28 to 0.69 deaths per million.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid35340552&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==
* {{Cite journal |author=Saguil A |title=Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia: Prevention and Management |url=https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1115/p656.html |journal=American Family Physician |volume=96 |issue=10 |date=November 2017 |pages=656–663 |pmid=29431387 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170104201428/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Shingles-Information-Page NINDS Shingles Information Page] – National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Betaherpesvirinae]]
[[Category:Chickenpox]]
[[Category:Oral mucosal pathology]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Varicella zoster virus-associated diseases]]
[[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]]
[[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Pancreatitis</title>
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'''Pancreatitis''' be a condition wey be characterized by inflammation of de pancreas.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; De pancreas be a large organ behind de stomach wey dey produce digestive enzymes den a number of hormones.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Der be two main types, acute pancreatitis den chronic pancreatitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Signs den symptoms of pancreatitis dey include pain insyd de upper abdomen, nausea, den vomiting.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; De pain often dey go into de back wey e be usually severe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Insyd acute pancreatitis, a fever fi occur; symptoms typically dey resolve insyd a few days.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Insyd chronic pancreatitis, weight loss, fatty stool, den diarrhea fi occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gastroenterology2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Witt H, Apte MV, Keim V, Wilson JS |date=April 2007 |title=Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2007-04_132_4/page/1557 |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=132 |issue=4 |pages=1557–1573 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.001 |pmid=17466744 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Complications fi include infection, bleeding, diabetes mellitus, anaa problems plus oda organs.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=August 16, 2012 |title=Pancreatitis |url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/pancreatitis/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307095945/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/pancreatitis/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=7 March 2015 |access-date=1 March 2015 |website=The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |publisher=National Institutes of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De two most common causes of acute pancreatitis be a gallstone wey dey block de common bile duct after na de pancreatic duct join; den heavy alcohol use.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Oda causes dey include direct trauma, certain medications, infections such as mumps, den tumors.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Chronic pancreatitis fi develop as a result of acute pancreatitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; E be most commonly secof chaw years of heavy alcohol use.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Oda causes dey include high levels of blood fats, high blood calcium, sam medications, den certain genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, among odas.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Smoking dey increase de risk of both acute den chronic pancreatitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lankisch PG, Apte M, Banks PA |date=July 2015 |title=Acute pancreatitis |url=https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/b0928ca3-6d41-48b9-ac8e-24c08d9ee61b/download |journal=Lancet |volume=386 |issue=9988 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60649-8 |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_49570 |pmid=25616312 |s2cid=25600369 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yad2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Yadav D, Lowenfels AB |date=June 2013 |title=The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2013-05_144_6/page/1252 |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=144 |issue=6 |pages=1252–1261 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068 |pmc=3662544 |pmid=23622135}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis dey base on a threefold increase insyd de blood of either amylase anaa lipase.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Insyd chronic pancreatitis, dese tests fi be normal.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Medical imaging such as ultrasound den CT scan sanso fi be useful.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt;

Dem usually dey treat acute pancreatitis plus intravenous fluids, pain medication, den sam times antibiotics.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; For patients plus severe pancreatitis wey no fi tolerate normal oral food consumption, dem dey place a nasogastric tube insyd de stomach.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tenner S, Vege SS, Sheth SG, Sauer B, Yang A, Conwell DL, Yadlapati RH, Gardner TB |date=March 2024 |title=American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines: Management of Acute Pancreatitis |journal=The American Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=119 |issue=3 |pages=419–437 |doi=10.14309/ajg.0000000000002645 |pmid=38857482}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem fi do a procedure dem know as an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to examine de distal common bile duct den remove a gallstone if e be present.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Insyd those plus gallstones dem often sanso dey remove de gallbladder.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Insyd chronic pancreatitis, in addition to de above, dem fi use temporary feeding thru a nasogastric tube to provide adequate nutrition.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Long-term dietary changes den pancreatic enzyme replacement fi be required.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Occasionally, dem dey do surgery to remove parts of de pancreas.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt;

Globally, insyd 2015 na about 8.9 million cases of pancreatitis occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coggeshall M, Cornaby L, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Dilegge T, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Johnson CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kawashima T, Kemmer L |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1545–1602 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |pmc=5055577 |pmid=27733282}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis result in 132,700 deaths, up from 83,000 deaths insyd 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coates MM, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Foreman K, Forouzanfar MH, Fraser MS, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Huynh C, Johnson CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kinfu Y, Kulikoff XR |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=((GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators)) |date=January 2015 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_january-10-16-2015_385_9963/page/117 |journal=Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–171 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442}}&lt;/ref&gt; Acute pancreatitis dey occur insyd about 30 per 100,000 people a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; New cases of chronic pancreatitis dey develop insyd about 8 per 100,000 people a year den currently dey affect about 50 per 100,000 people insyd de United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Muniraj T, Aslanian HR, Farrell J, Jamidar PA |date=December 2014 |title=Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features |journal=Disease-a-Month |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=530–550 |doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.11.002 |pmid=25510320}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be more common insyd men dan women.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Often chronic pancreatitis dey start between de ages of 30 den 40 wey e be rare insyd kiddies.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID20124&quot; /&gt; Na dem first describe acute pancreatitis on autopsy insyd 1882 while na dem first describe chronic pancreatitis insyd 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK84399/ GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on PRSS1-Related Hereditary Pancreatitis]
* {{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/pancreatitis.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Pancreatitis }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Abdominal pain]]
[[Category:Herpes simplex virus–associated diseases]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Metabolic disorders]]
[[Category:Pancreas disorders]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Scabies''' (/ˈskeɪb(i)iːz/, ''SKAY-b(ee-)eez''; dem sanso sam times know am as de '''seven-year itch''')&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga2003&quot; /&gt; be a contagious human skin infestation by de tiny (0.2–0.45&amp;nbsp;mm) mite ''Sarcoptes scabiei'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Gates RH |title=Infectious disease secrets|year=2003|publisher=Elsevier, Hanley Belfus|location= Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-56053-543-0|page=355|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYdw4vnanR0C&amp;pg=PA355|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Parasites - Scabies: Epidemiology &amp; Risk Factors|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/epi.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=1 January 2024|date=November 2, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429174735/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/epi.html|archive-date=29 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; variety ''hominis''. De word be from Latin: ''scabere'', &lt;small&gt;lit. &lt;/small&gt;'to scratch'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Mosby's Medical, Nursing &amp; Allied Health Dictionary|date=1994|publisher=Mosby-Year Book Inc|isbn=978-0-8016-7225-5|page=1395|edition=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be a particular public health problem insyd crowded settings such as care homes, schools, refugee camps, prisons, den hospitals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Middleton |first=Jo |title=Scabies Management in Institutions |date=2023 |work=Scabies |pages=433–458 |editor-last=Fischer |editor-first=Katja |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-26070-4_29 |isbn=978-3-031-26070-4 |last2=Cassell |first2=Jackie A. |last3=Walker |first3=Stephen L. |editor2-last=Chosidow |editor2-first=Olivier}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Richardson |first=Naomi A |last2=Cassell |first2=Jackie A |last3=Head |first3=Michael G |last4=Lanza |first4=Stefania |last5=Schaefer |first5=Corinna |last6=Walker |first6=Stephen L |last7=Middleton |first7=Jo |date=November 2023 |title=Scabies outbreak management in refugee/migrant camps in Europe 2014–2017: a retrospective qualitative interview study of healthcare staff experiences and perspectives |url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075103 |journal=BMJ Open |language=en |volume=13 |issue=11 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075103 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=10632829 |pmid=37940153 |article-number=e075103}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most common symptoms be severe itchiness den a pimple-like rash.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=November 2, 2010 |title=Parasites – Scabies Disease |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/disease.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502183303/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/disease.html |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015 |website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Occasionally, tiny burrows fi appear on de skin from eggs wey na be about to hatch.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym3&quot; /&gt; Insyd a first-ever infection, de infected person usually dey develop symptoms within two to six weeks.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym3&quot; /&gt; During a second infection, symptoms fi begin within 24 hours.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym3&quot; /&gt; Dese symptoms fi be present across most of de body anaa just insyd certain areas such as de wrists, between fingers, anaa along de waistline.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym3&quot; /&gt; De head fi be affected, buh dis be typically insyd young kiddies per.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym3&quot; /&gt; De itch often be worse at night.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym3&quot; /&gt; Scratching fi cause skin breakdown den an additional bacterial infection insyd de skin.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym3&quot; /&gt;

Na dem give chaw names to dis condition den de name 'seven year itch' na dem record am insyd chaw documents from de 1800s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Seven-year itch |url=https://worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-sev1.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although na de 1952 play ''The Seven Year Itch'' den modern treatment methods generally change dis name to refer to human relationships, na de condition historically be very difficult to treat.

Scabies be caused by infection plus de female mite ''Sarcoptes scabiei ''var. ''hominis'', an ectoparasite.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; De mites burrow into de skin to live den deposit eggs.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; De symptoms of scabies be secof an allergic reaction to de mites.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym3&quot; /&gt; Often, between 10 den 15 mites per be involved insyd an infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Sym3&quot; /&gt; Scabies more times dey spread during a relatively long period of direct skin contact plus an infected person (at least 10 minutes) such as dat wich fi occur during sexual activity anaa living togeda.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Dressler C, Rosumeck S, Sunderkötter C, Werner RN, Nast A |date=November 2016 |title=The Treatment of Scabies |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=113 |issue=45 |pages=757–762 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2016.0757 |pmc=5165060 |pmid=27974144}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spread of de disease fi occur even if na de person no develop symptoms yet.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=November 2, 2010 |title=Parasites - Scabies Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/treatment.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428090806/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/treatment.html |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015 |website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Crowded living conditions, such as those dem find insyd child-care facilities, group homes, den prisons, increase de risk of spread.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; Areas plus a lack of access to water sanso get higher disease rates.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WHO -Water-related Disease |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/scabies/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022044958/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/scabies/en/ |archive-date=2010-10-22 |access-date=2010-10-10 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Crusted scabies be a more severe form of de disease, no be essentially different buh an infestation by huge numbers of mites&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; wey typically dey affect those plus a poor immune system per; de number of mites sanso dey make dem much more contagious.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; Insyd dese cases, de spread of infection fi occur during brief contact anaa by contaminated objects.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; De mite be tiny den at de limit of detection plus de human eye. E no be readily obvious; factors wey aid insyd detection be good lighting, magnification, den knowing wat to look for. Diagnosis be based either on detecting de mite (confirmed scabies), detecting typical lesions insyd a typical distribution plus typical histological features (clinical scabies), anaa detecting atypical lesions anaa atypical distribution of lesions plus sam histological features per be present (suspected scabies).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Dressler C, Rosumeck S, Sunderkötter C, Werner RN, Nast A |date=November 2016 |title=The Treatment of Scabies |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=113 |issue=45 |pages=757–762 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2016.0757 |pmc=5165060 |pmid=27974144}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chaw medications be available to treat those infected, wey dey include oral den topical ivermectin, permethrin, crotamiton, den lindane creams.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2, 2019 |title=Parasites – Scabies Medications |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/health_professionals/meds.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430075605/http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/health_professionals/meds.html |archive-date=30 April 2015 |website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sexual contacts within de last month den people wey dey live insyd de same house sanso for be treated at de same time.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx&quot; /&gt; Bedding den clothing dem use insyd de last three days for be washed insyd hot water den dried insyd a hot dryer.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx&quot; /&gt; As de mite no dey live for more dan three days away from human skin, more washing no dey hia.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx&quot; /&gt; Symptoms fi continue for two to four weeks dey follow treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx&quot; /&gt; If after dis time symptoms dey continue, retreatment fi be needed.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Tx&quot; /&gt;

Scabies be one of de three most common skin disorders insyd kiddies, along plus ringworm den bacterial skin infections.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clinic2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Andrews RM, McCarthy J, Carapetis JR, Currie BJ |date=December 2009 |title=Skin disorders, including pyoderma, scabies, and tinea infections |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2009-12_56_6/page/1421 |journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=1421–1440 |doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2009.09.002 |pmid=19962029}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2015, e dey affect about 204&amp;nbsp;million people (2.8% of de world population).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1545–1602 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |pmc=5055577 |pmid=27733282 |collaboration=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be equally common insyd both sexes.&lt;ref name=&quot;LancetEpi2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, etal |date=December 2012 |title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2163 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2163–2196 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 |pmc=6350784 |pmid=23245607 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; De young den de old be more commonly affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Scabies |url=https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/scabies/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518131204/http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/scabies/en/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso dey occur more commonly insyd de developing world den tropical climates.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Oda animals no dey spread human scabies;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2010Epi&quot; /&gt; similar infection insyd oda animals be known as sarcoptic mange, wey e be typically caused by slightly different buh related mites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CFLBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68 |title=Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1-4557-3988-2 |edition=10 |page=68}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==
* {{Cite book |vauthors=Lokuge B, Burke T |year=2014 |title=A Doctor's Dream: A Story of Hope from the Top End |url=https://archive.org/details/doctorsdreamstor0000loku/mode/2up |url-access=registration |location=Sydney |publisher=Allen &amp; Unwin |isbn=978-1-76011-098-7 |oclc=1348975937}}
* {{Cite book |editor=Craig E |year=2022 |title=The Itch: Scabies |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-284840-6 |oclc=1317800330}}
* {{Cite book |vauthors=Friedman R |year=1947 |title=The Story of Scabies |publisher=Froben Press |asin=B0007FK79C |oclc=9127739}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.aad.org/skin-conditions/dermatology-a-to-z/scabies American Academy of Dermatology pamphlet on Scabies]
* [http://www.headlice.org/faq/scabies.htm Scabies FAQ from the National Pediculosis Association]
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[[Category:Arthropod infestations]]
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]
[[Category:Mammal diseases]]
[[Category:Parasitic infestations, stings, den bites of de skin]]
[[Category:Tropical diseases]]
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'''Caesarean section''', dem sanso know as '''C-section''', '''cesarean''', anaa '''caesarean delivery''', be de surgical procedure by wich one anaa more babies be delivered thru an incision insyd de mommie ein abdomen. Dem often dey perform am secof vaginal delivery go put de mommie anaa kiddie at risk (of paralysis anaa even death).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=1 February 2017 |title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-and-beyond/labor-and-birth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728021055/https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-and-beyond/labor-and-birth |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |publisher=Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reasons for de operation dey include, buh no be limited to, obstructed labor, twin pregnancy, high blood pressure insyd de mommie, breech birth, shoulder presentation, den problems plus de placenta anaa umbilical cord.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ACOG2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=March 2014 |title=Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery |url=https://www.ajog.org/article/s0002-9378(14)00055-6/fulltext |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt; A caesarean delivery fi be performed based upon de shape of de mommie ein pelvis anaa history of a previous C-section.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ACOG2014&quot; /&gt; A trial of vaginal birth after C-section fi be possible.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; De [[World Health Organization]] dey recommend say caesarean section be performed only wen e be medically necessary.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACOG2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2015 |title=WHO Statement on Caesarean Section Rates |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/161442/1/WHO_RHR_15.02_eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501002853/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/161442/1/WHO_RHR_15.02_eng.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=6 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A C-section typically dey take between 45 minutes to an hour to complete.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; E fi be done plus a spinal block, wer de woman be awake, anaa under general anesthesia.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; Dem dey use a urinary catheter to drain de bladder, den de skin of de abdomen be then cleaned plus an antiseptic.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; An incision of about {{Convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} be then typically made thru de mommie ein lower abdomen.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; De uterus be then opened plus a second incision den de baby delivered.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; De incisions be then stitched closed.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; A woman fi typically begin dey breastfeed as soon as she be out of de operating room den awake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Counseling the Nursing Mother: A Lactation Consultant's Guide |vauthors=Lauwers J, Swisher A |date=2010 |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-1948-0 |page=274 |language=en |chapter=Hospital Practices that Support Breast Feeding |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2X0_Takcr_wC&amp;pg=PA274 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003217/https://books.google.com/books?id=2X0_Takcr_wC&amp;pg=PA274 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Often, several days be required insyd de hospital to recover sufficiently to return home.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt;

C-sections dey result in a small overall increase insyd poor outcomes insyd low-risk pregnancies.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACOG2014&quot; /&gt; Dem sanso typically dey take about six weeks to heal from, longer dan vaginal birth.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; De increased risks dey include breathing problems insyd de baby den amniotic fluid embolism den postpartum bleeding insyd de mommie.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACOG2014&quot; /&gt; Established guidelines dey recommend say make dem no use caesarean sections before 39 weeks of pregnancy widout a medical reason.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACOGfive&quot;&gt;{{Citation |author1=American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists |title=Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |work=Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url=http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-obstetricians-and-gynecologists/ |access-date=1 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901094916/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-obstetricians-and-gynecologists/ |archive-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=live |publisher=[[American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] |author1-link=American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists}}&lt;/ref&gt; De method of delivery no dey appear to affect subsequent sexual function.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Yeniel AO, Petri E |date=January 2014 |title=Pregnancy, childbirth, and sexual function: perceptions and facts |journal=International Urogynecology Journal |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=5–14 |doi=10.1007/s00192-013-2118-7 |pmid=23812577 |s2cid=2638969}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2012, na dem do about 23 million C-sections globally.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mol20154&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Molina G, Weiser TG, Lipsitz SR, Esquivel MM, Uribe-Leitz T, Azad T, Shah N, Semrau K, Berry WR, Gawande AA, Haynes AB |date=December 2015 |title=Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2015-12-01_314_21/page/2263 |journal=JAMA |volume=314 |issue=21 |pages=2263–2270 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15553 |pmid=26624825 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de international healthcare community previously consider de rate of 10% den 15% ideal for caesarean sections.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Sam evidence dey find a higher rate of 19% fi result in better outcomes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mol20154&quot; /&gt; More dan 45 countries globally get C-section rates less dan 7.5%, while more dan 50 get rates greater dan 27%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mol20154&quot; /&gt; Dem dey make efforts to both improve access to den reduce de use of C-section.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mol20154&quot; /&gt; Insyd de United States as of 2017, about 32% of deliveries be by C-section.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=May 2018 |title=Births: Provisional Data for 2017 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/report004.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517190023/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/report004.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-17 |access-date=18 May 2018 |website=CDC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem perform de surgery at least as far back as 715 BC dey follow de death of de mommie, plus de baby occasionally dey survive.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mor20044&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Cesarean Section: Understanding and Celebrating Your Baby's Birth |vauthors=Moore MC, de Costa C |date=2004 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8133-6 |page=31 |language=en |chapter=A Brief History of Cesarean Section |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Slf7Rp1zG6YC&amp;pg=PT31}}&lt;/ref&gt; A popular idea be dat na de Roman statesman Julius Caesar be born via caesarean section wey e be de namesake of de procedure, buh if dis be de true etymology, e be based on a misconception: til de modern era, C-sections seem to be e be invariably fatal to de mommie, den Caesar ein mommie Aurelia no survive ein son ein birth per buh she live for nearly 50 years afterward.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meehan |first=F. P. |date=January 1988 |title=Caesarean section-past, present and what of the future? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynaecology_1988-01_8_3/page/201 |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=201–205 |doi=10.3109/01443618809012284 |issn=0144-3615}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cesarean Section - A Brief History preface |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/cesarean/preface.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=www.nlm.nih.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der be chaw ancient den medieval legends, oral histories, den historical records of laws about C-sections around de world, especially insyd Europe, de Middle East den Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dhakal-Rai e1–e10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dhakal-Rai |first1=Sulochana |last2=van Teijlingen |first2=Edwin |last3=Regmi |first3=P. |last4=Wood |first4=Juliet |last5=Dangal |first5=G. |last6=Dhakal |first6=K. B. |date=2021-10-10 |title=A brief history and indications for cesarean section |url=https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/36095/ |journal=Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e10 |doi=10.3126/jpahs.v8i3.27657 |issn=2091-2749 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hillan |first=E M |date=October 1991 |title=Caesarean Section: Historical Background |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003693309103600511 |journal=Scottish Medical Journal |language=en |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=150–154 |doi=10.1177/003693309103600511 |issn=0036-9330 |pmid=1788548 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de first recorded successful C-section (wer na both de mommie den de infant survive) be allegedly performed on a woman insyd Switzerland insyd 1500 by ein husbie, Jacob Nufer, though na dem no record dis til 8 decades later.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dhakal-Rai e1–e10&quot; /&gt; Plus de introduction of antiseptics den anesthetics insyd de 19th century, de survival of both de mommie den baby, den thus de procedure, cam be significantly more common.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mor20044&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=The Truth About Julius Caesar and &quot;Caesarean&quot; Sections |url=http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/10/caesarean-sections-named-emperor-julius-caesar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|d=Q228036|s=no|n=no|wikt=Caesarean section|b=no|species=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|q=no|v=no}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Caesarean Section}}
[[Category:Obstetric surgery]]
[[Category:Childbirth]]
[[Category:Caesarean sections|list]]
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'''Sildenafil''', dem sell under de brand name '''Viagra''' among odas, be a [[medication]] dem use to treat erectile dysfunction den pulmonary arterial hypertension.&lt;ref name=&quot;Viagra FDA label2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Viagra- sildenafil citrate tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0b0be196-0c62-461c-94f4-9a35339b4501 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813210523/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0b0be196-0c62-461c-94f4-9a35339b4501 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=DailyMed}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AHFS2014&gt;{{cite web|title=Sildenafil Citrate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/sildenafil-citrate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=1 December 2014|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423210530/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/sildenafil-citrate.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso sam times be used off-label for de treatment of certain symptoms insyd secondary Raynaud's phenomenon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raynaud's treatment - sildenafil + other PDE5 inhibitors2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Roustit M, Blaise S, Allanore Y, Carpentier PH, Caglayan E, Cracowski JL |date=October 2013 |title=Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for the treatment of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials |url=https://archive.org/details/annals-of-the-rheumatic-diseases_2013-10_72_10/page/1696 |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=1696–9 |doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202836 |pmid=23426043 |s2cid=33666968 |quote=PDE-5 inhibitors appear to have significant but moderate efficacy in secondary [Raynaud's phenomenon].}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be unclear if e be effective for treating sexual dysfunction insyd females.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Dem fi take am orally (dem swallow by mouth), intravenously (injection into a vein), anaa thru de sublingual route (dem dissolve under de tongue).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sublingual&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Deveci S, Peşkircioğlu L, Aygün C, Tekin MI, Dirim A, Ozkardeş H |date=November 2004 |title=Sublingual sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: faster onset of action with less dose |journal=International Journal of Urology |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=989–92 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00933.x |pmid=15509203 |s2cid=28302024 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onset wen dem take am orally be typically within twenty minutes den dey last for about two hours.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt;

Common side effects dey include headaches, heartburn, den flushed skin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Caution be advised insyd those plus cardiovascular disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2014&quot; /&gt; Rare buh serious side effects dey include vision problems, hearing loss, den prolonged erection (priapism) wey fi lead to damage to de penis.&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt; Sildenafil for no be taken by people on nitric oxide donors such as nitroglycerin, as dis fi result in a serious drop in blood pressure.&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

Sildenafil dey act by blocking phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), an enzyme wey dey promote breakdown of cGMP, wich dey regulate blood flow insyd de penis.&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt; E dey require sexual arousal to work, den no dey by einself cause anaa increase sexual arousal.&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt; E sanso dey result in dilation of de blood vessels insyd de lungs.&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;

Na Pfizer originally discover de medication insyd 1989 while dem dey look for a treatment give angina.&lt;ref name=Gold2018&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldstein I, Burnett AL, Rosen RC, Park PW, Stecher VJ | title = The Serendipitous Story of Sildenafil: An Unexpected Oral Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction | journal = Sexual Medicine Reviews | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 115–128 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30301707 | doi = 10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.06.005 | s2cid = 52945888 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem approve am for medical use insyd de [[United States]] den insyd de European Union insyd 1998.&lt;ref name=AHFS2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Gold2018/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Drug Approval Package: Viagra (sildenafil citrate) NDA #020895 | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=27 March 1998 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/NDA/98/viagra/viagra_toc.cfm | access-date=15 February 2021 | archive-date=31 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145847/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/NDA/98/viagra/viagra_toc.cfm }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 151st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 3{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top 300&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 300 of 2023 |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |archive-date=12 August 2025 |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=ClinCalc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sildenafil Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Sildenafil |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=ClinCalc}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be available as a generic medication.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|vauthors=Gordon S|title=Generic Viagra: Two versions of sildenafil hit the market today|website=CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/generic-viagra-two-versions-of-sildenafil-hit-the-market-today/|date=11 December 2017|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125073951/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/generic-viagra-two-versions-of-sildenafil-hit-the-market-today/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=3 March 2023 |title=Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212032835/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de [[United Kingdom]], e be available as a pharmacy medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|vauthors=LaMattina J|title=With Viagra Now Available Over-The-Counter In The U.K., Will The U.S. Follow Suit?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnlamattina/2018/05/01/with-viagra-now-available-over-the-counter-in-the-uk-will-the-us-follow-suit/|access-date=24 November 2018|work=Forbes|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125074100/https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnlamattina/2018/05/01/with-viagra-now-available-over-the-counter-in-the-uk-will-the-us-follow-suit/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Sildenafil}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Erectile dysfunction drugs]]
[[Category:Lactams]]
[[Category:HERG blocker]]
[[Category:PDE5 inhibitors]]
[[Category:Drugs wey Pfizer develop]]
[[Category:Phenol ethers]]
[[Category:4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl compounds]]
[[Category:Products dem introduce insyd 1998]]
[[Category:Pyrazolopyrimidines]]
[[Category:Ethoxy compounds]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cyclobenzaprine</title>
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'''Cyclobenzaprine''', dem sell under chaw brand names wey dey include, historically, '''Flexeril''', be a muscle relaxer dem use give muscle spasms from musculoskeletal conditions of sudden onset.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt; E no be useful insyd [[cerebral palsy]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt; Dem dey take am by mouth.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018&gt;{{cite web |title=Cyclobenzaprine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/cyclobenzaprine.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS |access-date=22 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include headache, tiredness, dizziness, den dry mouth.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt; Serious side effects fi include an irregular heartbeat.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt; Der be no evidence of harm insyd pregnancy, buh na e no be well studied insyd dis population.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt; E for no be used togeda plus MAOIs.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt; How e dey work be unclear.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt; Insyd any case, e be known to inhibit serotonin den norepinephrine reuptake den to block serotonin, adrenergic, histamine, den muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.&lt;ref name=&quot;MestresSeifertOprea2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mestres J, Seifert SA, Oprea TI |date=November 2011 |title=Linking pharmacology to clinical reports: cyclobenzaprine and its possible association with serotonin syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_2011-11_90_5/page/662|journal=Clin Pharmacol Ther |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=662–665 |doi=10.1038/clpt.2011.177 |pmc=3809033 |pmid=21975349}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DaughertyGershellLederman2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Daugherty B, Gershell L, Lederman S |date=October 2012 |title=Cyclobenzaprine (CBP) and Its Major Metabolite Norcyclobenzaprine (nCBP) Are Potent Antagonists of Human Serotonin Receptor 2a (5HT2a), Histamine Receptor H-1 and α-Adrenergic Receptors: Mechanistic and Safety Implications for Treating Fibromyalgia Syndrome by Improving Sleep Quality |url=https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/cyclobenzaprine-cbp-and-its-major-metabolite-norcyclobenzaprine-ncbp-are-potent-antagonists-of-human-serotonin-receptor-2a-5ht2a-histamine-receptor-h-1-and-a-adrenergic-receptors-mechanistic-a/ |journal=Arthritis and Rheumatism |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=S416 |quote=In vitro, CBP and nCBP exhibited high affinity binding (Ki) to receptors: 5HT2a (5.2 and 13 nM, respectively) and 5HT2c (5.2 and 43 nM), adrenergic α-1A (5.6 and 34 nM), α-2B (Ki = 21 and 150 nM) and α-2C (Ki = 21 and 48 nM,); H1 (1.3 and 5.6 nM); and M1 (7.9 and 30 nM). Like CBP, nCBP is a functional antagonist at 5HT2a (IC50 = 92 nM) by Ca+ mobilization.  CBP is also an antagonist on 5HT2b (IC50 = 100 nM). CBP and nCBP are functional antagonists on 5HT2c (IC50 = 0.44 and 1.22 μM) and on α-2A (IC50 = 4.3 and 6.4 μM). In contrast, both CBP and nCBP are functional agonists on 5HT1a (EC50= 5.3 and 3.2 μM). [...] CPB and nCBP are potent antagonists of 5HT2a, 5HT2b, H-1, adrenergic α-1A, α-2B and α-2C receptors.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chemically, e be very similar to tricyclic antidepressants like [[amitriptyline]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MestresSeifertOprea2011&quot; /&gt;

Na dem approve cyclobenzaprine for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1977.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt; E be available by prescription as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=AHFS2018/&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 47th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 13{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top300Drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Cyclobenzaprine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Cyclobenzaprine | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na e no be available insyd de [[United Kingdom]] as of 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Fibromyalgia, psychiatric comorbidity, and the somatosensory cortex |website=British Journal of Medical Practitioners |date=2012 |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=a522 |url=http://www.bjmp.org/content/fibromyalgia-psychiatric-comorbidity-and-somatosensory-cortex}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

[[Category:5-HT2A antagonists]]
[[Category:5-HT2B antagonists]]
[[Category:5-HT2C antagonists]]
[[Category:5-HT6 antagonists]]
[[Category:5-HT7 antagonists]]
[[Category:Alpha-1 blockers]]
[[Category:Alpha-2 blockers]]
[[Category:Dibenzocycloheptenes]]
[[Category:Dimethylamino compounds]]
[[Category:Drugs wey Johnson &amp; Johnson develop]]
[[Category:Drugs plus unknown mechanisms of action]]
[[Category:H1 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:M1 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:M2 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:M3 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:Muscle relaxants]]
[[Category:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lung cancer</title>
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'''Lung cancer''', dem sanso call '''lung carcinoma''', be a malignant tumor wey dey originate insyd de tissues of de lungs. Lung cancer be caused by genetic damage to de DNA of cells insyd de airways, often be caused by cigarette smoking anaa inhaling damaging chemicals. Damaged airway cells dey gain de ability to multiply unchecked, wey dey cause de growth of a tumor. Widout treatment, tumors dey spread thru out de lung, wey dey damage lung function. Eventually lung tumors metastasize, wey dey spread to oda parts of de body.

Early lung cancer often get no symptoms wey dem only fi detect am by medical imaging. As de cancer dey progress, chaw people dey experience nonspecific respiratory problems: coughing, shortness of breath, anaa chest pain. Oda symptoms dey depend on de location den size of de tumor. Those wey dem suspect dem get lung cancer typically dey undergo a series of imaging tests to determine de location den extent of any tumors. Definitive diagnosis of lung cancer dey require a biopsy of de suspected tumor wey be examined by a pathologist under a microscope. In addition to recognizing cancerous cells, a pathologist fi classify de tumor according to de type of cells e dey originate from. Around 15% of cases be small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), den de remaining 85% (de non-small-cell lung cancers anaa NSCLC) be adenocarcinomas, squamous-cell carcinomas, den large-cell carcinomas. After diagnosis, dem fi do further imaging and biopsies to determine de cancer ein stage based on how far na e spread.

Treatment for early stage lung cancer dey include surgery to remove de tumor, sam times be followed by radiation therapy den chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Later stage cancer be treated plus radiation therapy den chemotherapy alongsyd drug treatments wey dey target specific cancer subtypes. Even plus treatment, around 20% of people per survive five years on from dema diagnosis.{{sfn|Rivera|Mody|Weiner|2022|loc=&quot;Introduction&quot;}} Survival rates be higher insyd those dem diagnose at an earlier stage, dem diagnose at a younger age, den insyd women compared to men.

Chaw lung cancer cases be caused by tobacco smoking. De remainder be caused by exposure to hazardous substances like asbestos den radon gas, anaa by genetic mutations wey arise by chance. Consequently, lung cancer prevention efforts dey encourage people make dem avoid hazardous chemicals den quit smoking. Quitting smoking both dey reduce one ein chance of developing lung cancer den dey improve treatment outcomes insyd those dem already diagnose plus lung cancer.

Lung cancer be de most diagnosed den deadliest cancer worldwide, plus 2.2 million cases insyd 2020 wey dey result in 1.8 million deaths.{{sfn|Sung|Ferlay|Siegel|Laversanne|2021|loc=&quot;Lung cancer&quot;}} Lung cancer be rare insyd those younger dan 40; de average age at diagnosis be 70 years, den de average age at death 72.{{sfn|Bade|Dela Cruz|2020|loc=&quot;Age&quot;}} Incidence den outcomes dey vary widely across de world, wey dey depend on patterns of tobacco use. Prior to de advent of cigarette smoking insyd de 20th century, na lung cancer be a rare disease. Insyd de 1950s den 1960s, na increasing evidence link lung cancer den tobacco use, wey dey culminate in declarations by chaw large national health bodies wey dem discourage tobacco use.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

===Dem cite===
'''Books'''
* {{Cite book | vauthors = Adler I | year=1912 | title=Primary Malignant Growths of the Lungs and Bronchi | place= New York | publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company | oclc=14783544 | ol=24396062M }}
* {{cite book |title= Murray &amp; Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine|edition=7th |date=2022 |publisher=Elsevier |veditors= Broaddus C, Ernst JD, King TE, ''et al''|isbn=978-0323655873|ref=none}}
**{{cite book|vauthors=Balmes JR, Holm SM |chapter=Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution |title=Murray &amp; Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine |edition=7th |date=2022 |publisher=Elsevier |pages=1423–1434 |veditors= Broaddus C, Ernst JD, King TE, ''et al''}}
** {{cite book |vauthors=Christiani DC, Amos CI |chapter=Lung Cancer: Epidemiology |title=Murray &amp; Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine |edition=7th |date=2022 |publisher=Elsevier |pages=1018–1028 |veditors= Broaddus C, Ernst JD, King TE, ''et al''}}
** {{cite book|vauthors=Massion PP, Lehman JM |chapter=Lung Cancer: Molecular Biology and Targets |title=Murray &amp; Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine |edition=7th |date=2022 |publisher=Elsevier |pages=1005–1017 |veditors= Broaddus C, Ernst JD, King TE, ''et al''}}
** {{cite book|vauthors=Pastis NJ, Gonzalez AV, Silvestri GA |chapter=Lung Cancer: Diagnosis and Staging |title=Murray &amp; Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine |edition=7th |date=2022 |publisher=Elsevier |pages=1039–1051 |veditors= Broaddus C, Ernst JD, King TE, ''et al''}}
** {{cite book|vauthors=Rivera P, Mody GN, Weiner AA |chapter=Lung Cancer: Treatment |title=Murray &amp; Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine |edition=7 |date=2022 |publisher=Elsevier |pages=1052–1065 |veditors= Broaddus C, Ernst JD, King TE, ''et al''}}
** {{cite book|vauthors=Tanoue L, Mazzone PJ, Tanner NT |chapter=Lung Cancer: Screening |title=Murray &amp; Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine |edition=7th |date=2022 |publisher=Elsevier |pages=1029–1038 |veditors= Broaddus C, Ernst JD, King TE, ''et al''}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/867180 |title=Cancer screening in the European Union |date=2022 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-45603-2 |doi=10.2777/867180 |ref={{harvid|Cancer screening in the European Union|2022}} |author1=European Commission. Directorate General for Research and Innovation. |author2=European Commission Group of Chief Scientific Advisors. }}
* {{cite book|vauthors=Horn L, Iams WT |chapter=78: Neoplasms of the Lung |title=[[Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine]] |edition=21st |publisher=McGraw Hill |date=2022|veditors= Loscalzo J, Fauci A, Kasper D, ''et al'' |isbn= 978-1264268504}}
* {{cite book|veditors=Bast RC, Byrd JC, Croce CM, ''et al'' |title=Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine |edition=10th |isbn=978-1-119-75068-0 |date=April 2023 |publisher=Wiley |chapter=80: Cancer of the Lung |vauthors=Morgensztern D, Boffa D, Chen A, Dhanasopon A, Goldberg SB, Decker RH, Devarakonda S, Ko JP, Solis Soto LM, Waqar SN, Wistuba II, Herbst RS}}
* {{cite book|vauthors=Salahuddin M, Ost DE |chapter=110: Approach to the Patient with Pulmonary Nodules |publisher=McGraw Hill |title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders |edition=6th |veditors=Grippi MA, Antin-Ozerkis DE, Dela Cruz CS, ''et al''|isbn=978-1260473988 |year=2023}}
'''Journal articles'''
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Alexander M, Kim SY, Cheng H |title=Update 2020: Management of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer |journal=Lung |volume=198 |issue=6 |pages=897–907 |date=December 2020 |pmid=33175991 |pmc=7656891 |doi=10.1007/s00408-020-00407-5 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Allemani C, Matsuda T, Di Carlo V, Harewood R, Matz M, Nikšić M, Bonaventure A, Valkov M, Johnson CJ, Estève J, Ogunbiyi OJ, ((Azevedo e Silva G)), Chen WQ, Eser S, Engholm G, Stiller CA, Monnereau A, Woods RR, Visser O, Lim GH, Aitken J, Weir HK, Coleman MP |display-authors=6|title=Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37,513,025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries |journal=Lancet |volume=391 |issue=10125 |pages=1023–1075 |date=March 2018 |pmid=29395269 |pmc=5879496 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33326-3 |url=}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Aragon KN |title=Palliative Care in Lung Cancer |journal=Clin Chest Med |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=281–293 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32402363 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2020.02.005 |s2cid=218633948 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Arnott D, Lindorff K, Goddard A |title=Tobacco control: the FCTC provides the route to the finish line |journal=Lancet |volume=400 |issue=10350 |pages=427 |date=August 2022 |pmid=35878621 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01334-4 |s2cid=250960604 |url=|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Bade BC, Dela Cruz CS |title=Lung Cancer 2020: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention |journal=Clin Chest Med |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |date=March 2020 |pmid=32008623 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2019.10.001|s2cid=211015015 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors=Batra H, Pawar S, Bahl D | title=Current clinical trials and patent update on lung cancer: a retrospective review | journal=Lung Cancer Management | volume=10 | issue=5 | article-number=LMT45 | date=February 2021 | pmid=34084211 | pmc=8162165 | doi=10.2217/lmt-2020-0029 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Blum A |title=Alton ochsner, MD, 1896–1981 anti-smoking pioneer |journal=Ochsner J |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=102–105 |date=July 1999 |pmid=21845126 |pmc=3145444 |doi= |url=}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bracken-Clarke D, Kapoor D, Baird AM, Buchanan PJ, Gately K, Cuffe S, Finn SP | title = Vaping and lung cancer – A review of current data and recommendations | journal = Lung Cancer | volume = 153 | pages = 11–20 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33429159 | doi = 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.12.030 | s2cid = 231586192 | doi-access =  }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Brandt AM |title=Inventing conflicts of interest: a history of tobacco industry tactics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2012-01_102_1/page/63 |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22095331 |pmc=3490543 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2011.300292 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care |date=April 2016 |title=Recommendations on screening for lung cancer |journal=CMAJ |volume=188 |issue=6 |pages=425–432 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.151421 |issn=0820-3946 |pmc=4818132 |pmid=26952527 |ref={{harvid|Canadian Task Force|2016}} }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Goldstraw P, Chansky K, Crowley J, Rami-Porta R, Asamura H, Eberhardt WE, Nicholson AG, Groome P, Mitchell A, Bolejack V |display-authors=6|title=The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: Proposals for Revision of the TNM Stage Groupings in the Forthcoming (8th) ed. of the TNM Classification for Lung Cancer |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=39–51 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26762738 |doi=10.1016/j.jtho.2015.09.009 |s2cid=5368645 |hdl=10044/1/31538 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Hall W |title=The 1964 US Surgeon General's report on smoking and health |journal=Addiction |volume=117 |issue=12 |pages=3170–3175 |date=December 2022 |pmid=35852022 |doi=10.1111/add.16007 |s2cid=250642397 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Horn L, Johnson DH | title = Evarts A. Graham and the first pneumonectomy for lung cancer | journal = Journal of Clinical Oncology | volume = 26 | issue = 19 | pages = 3268–3275 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18591561 | doi = 10.1200/JCO.2008.16.8260 | url = https://ascopubs.org/cgi/pdf_extract/26/19/3268 | access-date = 20 March 2009 | archive-date = 17 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200317080747/https://ascopubs.org/cgi/pdf_extract/26/19/3268 | url-status = dead | url-access = subscription }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Jassem J |title=Tobacco smoking after diagnosis of cancer: clinical aspects |journal=Translational Lung Cancer Research |volume=8 |date=May 2019 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S50–S58 |doi=10.21037/tlcr.2019.04.01|pmid=31211105 |pmc=6546630 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Jonas DE, Reuland DS, Reddy SM, Nagle M, Clark SD, Weber RP, Enyioha C, Malo TL, Brenner AT, Armstrong C, Coker-Schwimmer M, Middleton JC, Voisin C, Harris RP |title=Screening for Lung Cancer With Low-Dose Computed Tomography: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force |journal=JAMA |volume=325 |issue=10 |pages=971–987 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33687468 |doi=10.1001/jama.2021.0377 |s2cid=232159404 |url=|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Jones KD |title=Whence lepidic?: the history of a Canadian neologism |journal=Arch Pathol Lab Med |volume=137 |issue=12 |pages=1822–1824 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23937575 |doi=10.5858/arpa.2013-0144-HP }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Kamath SD, Kircher SM, Benson AB |title=Comparison of Cancer Burden and Nonprofit Organization Funding Reveals Disparities in Funding Across Cancer Types |journal=J Natl Compr Canc Netw |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=849–854 |date=July 2019 |pmid=31319386 |doi=10.6004/jnccn.2018.7280 |s2cid=197666475 |url=|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Lim RB |title=End-of-life care in patients with advanced lung cancer |journal=Ther Adv Respir Dis |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=455–467 |date=October 2016 |pmid=27585597 |pmc=5933619 |doi=10.1177/1753465816660925}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q47912|c=Category:Cancers of bronchus and lung|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lung cancer}}
[[Category:Lung cancer| ]]
[[Category:Health effects of tobacco]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Prion disease</title>
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'''Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies''' ('''TSEs'''), dem sanso know as '''prion diseases''',&lt;ref name=&quot;ninds&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathies |website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |access-date=23 April 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a group of progressive, incurable, den invariably fatal conditions wey be associated plus de degeneration of de nervous system insyd chaw animals, wey dey include humans, cattle, den sheep. Strong evidence dey support de once unorthodox hypothesis wey prion diseases be transmitted by abnormally shaped protein molecules dem know as prions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prusiner Prions&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Prusiner |first1=S. B. |title=Prions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1998-11-10_95_23/page/13363 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=10 November 1998 |volume=95 |issue=23 |pages=13363–13383 |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.23.13363 |doi-access=free |pmid=9811807 |pmc=33918 |bibcode=1998PNAS...9513363P }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Wadsworth 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wadsworth JD, Collinge J |title= Molecular pathology of human prion disease |journal=Acta Neuropathologica |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=69–77 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20694796 |pmc=3015177 |doi=10.1007/s00401-010-0735-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prions dey consist of a protein dem call de prion protein (PrP).&lt;ref name=&quot;Prusiner Prions&quot;/&gt; Misshapen PrP (dem often refer to as PrP&lt;sup&gt;Sc&lt;/sup&gt;) dey conveys ein abnormal structure to native PrP molecules by a crystallization-like seeding process. Because de abnormal proteins stick to each oda, den secof PrP be continuously produced by cells, PrP&lt;sup&gt;Sc&lt;/sup&gt; wey accumulate insyd de brain, dey harm neurons den eventually dey cause clinical disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prusiner Prions&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Wadsworth 2010&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aguzzi 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Aguzzi A, Calella AM |date=2009 |title=Prions: protein aggregation and infectious diseases |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physiological-reviews_2009-10_89_4/page/1105 |journal=Physiology Reviews |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=1105–1152 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00006.2009 |pmid=19789378}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prion diseases be marked by [[Mental disorder|mental]] den physical deterioration wey dey worsen over time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chesebro |first1=Bruce |date=June 2003 |title=Introduction to the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases |journal=British Medical Bulletin |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1093/bmb/66.1.1 |pmid=14522845}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wadsworth 2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wadsworth JD, Collinge J |date=2007 |title=Update on human prion disease |url=https://hal.science/hal-00501538 |journal=Biochim Biophys Acta |volume=1772 |issue=6 |pages=598–609 |doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.02.010 |pmid=17408929}}&lt;/ref&gt; A defining pathologic characteristic of prion diseases be de appearance of small vacuoles insyd various parts of de central nervous system wey dey create a sponge-like appearance wen na brain tissue obtain at autopsy be examined under a microscope.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prusiner Prions&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Wadsworth 2010&quot;/&gt; Oda changes insyd affected regions dey include de buildup of PrP&lt;sup&gt;Sc&lt;/sup&gt;, gliosis, den de loss of neurons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ritchie 2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ritchie DL, Smith C | date = 2025 | title = Pathological spectrum of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease | journal = Pathology | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 196–206 | doi = 10.1016/j.pathol.2024.09.005 | pmid =39665904| doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd non-human mammals, de prion diseases dey include scrapie insyd sheep, [[bovine spongiform encephalopathy]] (BSE) insyd cattle (dem popularly know as &quot;mad cow disease&quot;) [[chronic wasting disease]] (CWD) insyd deer den elk, den odas.&lt;ref name= &quot;Imran 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Imran M, Mahmood S|title= An overview of animal prion diseases |journal=Virology Journal |volume=8 |article-number=493|date=November 2011 |pmid=22044871 | pmc=3228711 |doi=10.1186/1743-422X-8-493 |doi-access= free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prion diseases of humans dey include [[Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]], Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, [[Kuru (disease)|kuru]], den variably protease-sensitive prionopathy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wadsworth 2007&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ironside 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Ironside JW, Ritchie DL, Barria MA | title = Neuropathology | date = 2017 | chapter = Prion diseases | series = Handbook of Clinical Neurology | volume = 145 | pages = 393–403 | doi = 10.1016/B978-0-12-802395-2.00028-6 | pmid = 28987186 | isbn = 978-0-12-802395-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem divide Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease into four subtypes: sporadic (idiopathic) (sCJD), hereditary/familial (fCJD), iatrogenic (iCJD) den variant (vCJD). Dese diseases dey form a spectrum of related conditions plus overlapping signs den symptoms.

Prion diseases be unusual insyd dat dema etiology fi be genetic, infectious, anaa idiopathic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prusiner Prions&quot;/&gt; Genetic (inherited) prion diseases dey result from rare mutations insyd PRNP, de gene wey dey codes for PrP (spy Genetics, below). Unlike conventional infectious diseases, wich be spread by agents plus a DNA anaa RNA genome (such as viruses anaa bacteria), prion diseases be transmitted by prions, de active material of wich be solely abnormal PrP. Infection fi occur wen de organism be exposed to prions thru ingestion of infected foodstuffs anaa via iatrogenic means (such as treatment plus biologic material wey na e be inadvertently contaminated plus prions).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Brown P, Preece M, Brandel JP, Sato T, McShane L, Zerr I, Fletcher A, Will RG, Pocchiari M, Cashman NR, d'Aignaux JH, Cervenakova L, Fradkin J, Schonberger LB, Collins SJ | title=Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease at the millennium | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2000-10-24_55_8/page/1075 | journal=Neurology | year=2000 | pages=1075–81 | volume=55 | issue=8  | pmid=11071481 | doi=10.1212/WNL.55.8.1075 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De variant form of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease insyd humans be caused by exposure to BSE prions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs180/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021220134814/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs180/en/|archive-date=December 20, 2002|date=February 2012|title=Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease|website=[[World Health Organization]]. Retrieved 2017-04-25.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/variant-creutzfeldt-jakob/about/index.html |website=CDC |date=12 November 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Collinge |first1=John |last2=Sidle |first2=Katie C. L. |last3=Meads |first3=Julie |last4=Ironside |first4=James |last5=Hill |first5=Andrew F. |title=Molecular analysis of prion strain variation and the aetiology of 'new variant' CJD |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1996-10-24_383_6602/page/685 |journal=Nature |date=October 1996 |volume=383 |issue=6602 |pages=685–690 |doi=10.1038/383685a0 |pmid=8878476 |bibcode=1996Natur.383..685C }}&lt;/ref&gt; Whereas de naturally occurring transmission of prion diseases among nonhuman species be relatively common, prion transmission to humans be very rare; rather, de majority of human prion diseases be idiopathic insyd nature&lt;ref name=&quot;Ritchie 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ritchie DL, Barria MA | date = 2021 | title = Prion Diseases: A Unique Transmissible Agent or a Model for Neurodegenerative Diseases? | journal = Biomolecules | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | page = 207 | doi = 10.3390/biom11020207 | doi-access = free | pmc = 7912988 | pmid = 33540845}}&lt;/ref&gt; (spy Infectivity, below). Sporadic prion diseases dey occur insyd de absence of a mutation insyd de gene for PrP anaa a source of infection.

Although na research show say de infectious capacity of prions be encoded insyd de conformation of PrP&lt;sup&gt;Sc&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Prusiner Prions&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aguzzi 2009&quot;/&gt; e be likely say auxiliary substances contribute to dema formation den/anaa infectivity. Purified PrP&lt;sup&gt;C&lt;/sup&gt; dey appear to be unable to convert to de infectious PrP&lt;sup&gt;Sc&lt;/sup&gt; form insyd a protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assay unless dem add oda components, such as a polyanion (usually RNA) den lipids. Dese oda components, dem term cofactors, fi form part of de infectious prion, anaa dem fi serve as catalysts give de replication of a protein-only prion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee KS 2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee KS, Caughey B | date = 2007 | title = A simplified recipe for prions | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2007-06-05_104_23/page/9551 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA | volume = 104 | issue = 23 | pages=9551–9552 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0703910104 | doi-access = free | pmc=1887566 | pmid = 17535888 | bibcode = 2007PNAS..104.9551L }}&lt;/ref&gt; Considering say na de cofactors fi be produced by chemical synthesis instead of dem be sourced solely from infected cases (anaa any animal at all), e be fair to say dat dem no dey form de infectious part of de prion. However, dese catalysts (especially de polyanion) get a tendency to be included insyd de prion aggregate, wich dey make seeding new aggregates easier ''in vitro''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Geoghegan |first1=James C. |last2=Valdes |first2=Pablo A. |last3=Orem |first3=Nicholas R. |last4=Deleault |first4=Nathan R. |last5=Williamson |first5=R. Anthony |last6=Harris |first6=Brent T. |last7=Supattapone |first7=Surachai |title=Selective Incorporation of Polyanionic Molecules into Hamster Prions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_2007-12-14_282_50/page/36341 |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |date=December 2007 |volume=282 |issue=50 |pages=36341–36353 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M704447200|doi-access=free |pmid=17940287 |pmc=3091164 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shaked |first1=GM |last2=Meiner |first2=Z |last3=Avraham |first3=I |last4=Taraboulos |first4=A |last5=Gabizon |first5=R |title=Reconstitution of prion infectivity from solubilized protease-resistant PrP and nonprotein components of prion rods. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_2001-04-27_276_17/page/14324 |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |date=27 April 2001 |volume=276 |issue=17 |pages=14324–8 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M007815200 |doi-access=free |pmid=11152454}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies| ]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Dupuytren's contracture</title>
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'''Dupuytren's contracture''' (dem sanso call '''Dupuytren's disease''', '''Morbus Dupuytren''', '''Palmar fibromatosis''' den historically as '''Viking disease''' anaa '''Celtic hand''') be a condition insyd wich one anaa more fingers cam permanently be bent insyd a flexed position.&lt;ref name=GHR2016&gt;{{cite web| title= Dupuytren contracture|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/dupuytren-contracture/|website=Genetics Home Reference | publisher= [[United States National Library of Medicine]], [[National Institutes of Health]]| place= US |date= 1 April 2019| language= en| url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170513062102/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/dupuytren-contracture| archive-date=13 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem name am after Guillaume Dupuytren, wey na first describe de underlying mechanism of action, wey be followed by de first successful operation insyd 1831 den publication of de results insyd ''The Lancet'' insyd 1834.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hart20052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hart |first1=M. G. |last2=Hooper |first2=G. |year=2005 |title=Clinical associations of Dupuytren's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_postgraduate-medical-journal_2005-07_81_957/page/425 |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |volume=81 |issue=957 |pages=425–28 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2004.027425 |pmc=1743313 |pmid=15998816}}&lt;/ref&gt; E usually dey begin as small, hard nodules just under de skin of de palm,&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2016&quot; /&gt; then dey worsen over time til de fingers no longer fi be fully straightened. While typically no be painful, sam aching anaa itching, anaa pain,&lt;ref name=&quot;voncampe&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=von Campe |first1=A. |last2=Mende |first2=K. |last3=Omaren |first3=H. |last4=Meuli-Simmen |first4=C. |date=2012 |title=Painful Nodules and Cords in Dupuytren Disease |journal=The Journal of Hand Surgery |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=1313–1318 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.03.014 |pmid=22560560}}&lt;/ref&gt; fi be present.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2016&quot; /&gt; De ring finger follow by de little and middle fingers be most commonly affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2016&quot; /&gt; E fi affect one anaa both hands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The American Society for Surgery of the Hand |date=2021 |title=Dupuytren's Contracture |url=https://www.assh.org/handcare/condition/dupuytrens-contracture |access-date=July 28, 2022 |website=HandCare: The Upper Extremity Expert}}&lt;/ref&gt; De condition fi interfere plus activities such as preparing chow, writing, putting de hand insyd a tight pocket, putting on gloves, anaa shaking hands.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2016&quot; /&gt;

Der be no single cause for Dupuytren's contracture, buh der be chaw risk factors wey be associated plus an increased risk of developing am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dupuytrens Symptoms |url=https://dupuytrensuk.com/symptoms-and-causes-of-dupuytrens-disease/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Dupuytren's |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; De cause be unknown buh fi get a genetic component.&lt;ref name=NORD2005&gt;{{cite web|title= Dupuytren's Contracture|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dupuytrens-contracture/|website= National Organization for Rare Disorders |access-date=3 June 2017|date=2005| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170910170738/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dupuytrens-contracture/|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Risk factor]]s dey include family history, [[alcoholism]], smoking, thyroid problems, liver disease, [[diabetes]], previous hand trauma, den [[epilepsy]].&lt;ref name=GHR2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=NORD2005/&gt; De underlying mechanism dey involve de formation of abnormal connective tissue within de palmar fascia.&lt;ref name=GHR2016/&gt; Diagnosis usually dey base on physical examination.&lt;ref name=NORD2005/&gt; Insyd sam cases imaging fi be indicated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Insyd 2020, na de World Health Organization reclassify Dupuytren's (dem term palmar-type fibromatosis) as a specific type of tumor insyd de category of intermediate (locally aggressive) fibroblastic den myofibroblastic tumors.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid33179614&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sbaraglia M, Bellan E, Dei Tos AP |date=April 2021 |title=The 2020 WHO Classification of Soft Tissue Tumours: news and perspectives |journal=Pathologica |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=70–84 |doi=10.32074/1591-951X-213 |pmc=8167394 |pmid=33179614}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Initial treatment be typically plus cortisone dem inject into de affected area, occupational therapy, den physical therapy.&lt;ref name= NORD2005/&gt; Among those wey worsen, clostridial collagenase injections anaa surgery fi be tried.&lt;ref name=NORD2005/&gt;&lt;ref name= Braz2015&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Brazzelli |first1= M| last2= Cruickshank| first2= M| last3= Tassie |first3= E |last4= McNamee| first4= P |last5= Robertson| first5= C| last6= Elders|first6= A|last7= Fraser|first7= C|last8= Hernandez|first8= R|last9= Lawrie|first9= D|last10= Ramsay|first10= C| title= Collagenase clostridium histolyticum for the treatment of Dupuytren's contracture: systematic review and economic evaluation|journal=Health Technology Assessment |date=October 2015|volume=19|issue=90|pages=1–202| pmid= 26524616| doi= 10.3310/hta19900|pmc=4781188}}&lt;/ref&gt; Radiation therapy fi be used to treat dis condition.&lt;ref name=Kad2017&gt;{{cite journal| last1= Kadhum| first1= M| last2= Smock| first2= E| last3= Khan| first3= A| last4= Fleming| first4= A| title= Radiotherapy in Dupuytren's disease: a systematic review of the evidence.| journal= The Journal of Hand Surgery, European Volume | date= 1 March 2017| pages= 689–92| pmid= 28490266| quote= On balance, radiotherapy should be considered an unproven treatment for early Dupuytren's disease due to a scarce evidence base and unknown long-term adverse effects. |doi= 10.1177/1753193417695996|volume=42|issue=7|s2cid=206785758}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de Royal College of Radiologists (RCR) Faculty of Clinical Oncology conclude say radiotherapy be effective insyd early stage disease wich na progress within de last 6 to 12 months. De condition fi recur at sam time after treatment;&lt;ref name=NORD2005/&gt; e then sanso fi be treated. E be easier to treat wen de amount of finger bending be more mild.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Na dem once believe say Dupuytren's most often occur insyd white males over de age of 50&lt;ref name=GHR2016/&gt; wey na dem think to be rare among Asians den Africans.&lt;ref name=Hart2005/&gt; E sam times be called &quot;Viking disease,&quot; since na e often be recorded among those of Nordic descent.&lt;ref name=Hart2005/&gt; Insyd Norway, na about 30% of men over 60 years old get de condition, while insyd de [[United States]] about 5% of people be affected at sam point insyd time.&lt;ref name=GHR2016/&gt; Insyd de [[United Kingdom]], na about 20% of people over 65 get sam form of de disease.&lt;ref name=Hart2005&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2004.027425 |pmid=15998816 |pmc=1743313 |title=Clinical associations of Dupuytren's disease |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |volume=81 |issue=957 |pages=425–28 |year=2005 |last1=Hart |first1=M. G. |last2=Hooper |first2=G. }}&lt;/ref&gt;

More recent den wider studies dey show de highest prevalence insyd [[Africa]] (17 percent) den Asia (15 percent).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ruettermann M, Hermann RM, Khatib-Chahidi K, Werker PM |title=Dupuytren's Disease-Etiology and Treatment |journal=Dtsch Ärztebl Int |volume=118 |issue=46 |pages=781–788 |date=November 2021 |pmid=34702442 |pmc=8864671 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0325 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notable cases==
* Chelsea Handler (born 1975), American comedian, actress den writer&lt;ref name=&quot;sun-sentinel-2014&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dana Leigh Smith: [https://www.womenshealthmag.com/health/a19948887/hand-trouble-it-might-be-this/ ''Hand Trouble? It Might Be THIS''], womenshealthmag.com,  May 8, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tim Herron (born 1970), American golfer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pgatour.com/beyond-the-ropes/2018/11/06/tim-herron-dupuytrens-contracture.html|title=Herron dealing with early stages of Dupuytren's contracture| author= Helen Ross|website=PGATour| date= November 6, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Prince Joachim of Denmark (born 1969)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.herognu.com/nyheder/nyheder/Joachim-opereret-for-krumme-fingre/ | work=HER&amp;NU | title=Joachim opereret for krumme fingre | date=March 17, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191647/http://www.herognu.com/nyheder/nyheder/Joachim-opereret-for-krumme-fingre/ | archive-date=October 29, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Joanne Harris (born 1964), British author&lt;ref name=&quot;springgroup&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220814122700/http://www.springgroup.org/medical-professionals/articles/new-treatment-straightens-bent-fingers-without-surgery ''New Treatment Straightens Bent Fingers without Surgery''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814122700/http://www.springgroup.org/medical-professionals/articles/new-treatment-straightens-bent-fingers-without-surgery |date=2022-08-14 }}, springgroup.org&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tommy Lee (born 1962), American drummer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/tommy-lee-twirls-drumsticks-again-after-hand-surgery-have-my-life-back-8584641|title=Tommy Lee Reveals He Can Twirl Drumsticks Again in Update After Hand Surgery: 'I Have My Life Back'|website=Peoplemag}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ally McCoist (born 1962), Scottish footballer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn42rpy4n1zo|title=Ally McCoist reveals incurable hand condition|website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jonathan Agnew (born 1960), English cricketer&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;&gt;Jonathan Agnew: [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/viking-ancestry-nearly-cost-hands/ ''How my Viking ancestry nearly cost me my hands''], telegraph.co.uk, 27 July 2017&lt;/ref&gt;
* John Elway (born 1960), American football player&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nfl/news/broncos-john-elway-opens-up-about-15-year-battle-with-debilitating-hand-condition/d3e1vlhsfn7m1gs3kxzuef8yq|title=Broncos' John Elway opens up about 15-year battle with debilitating hand condition|work=Sporting News|date=August 22, 2019|author=Chelsea Howard|access-date=August 23, 2019|archive-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823000120/https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nfl/news/broncos-john-elway-opens-up-about-15-year-battle-with-debilitating-hand-condition/d3e1vlhsfn7m1gs3kxzuef8yq}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nanci Griffith (1953–2021),  American singer, guitarist, den songwriter&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/01/arts/01iht-griffith01.html| work=The New York Times | title=Politics Sung With a Texas Kick | first=David | last=Belcher | date=February 29, 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815203433/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/01/arts/01iht-griffith01.html | archive-date=August 15, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/aug/15/nanci-griffith-obituary| work=The Guardian | title=Nanci Griffith obituary | first=Adam | last=Sweeting | date=August 15, 2021 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816005614/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/aug/15/nanci-griffith-obituary | archive-date=August 16, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bill Murray (born 1950), American actor den comedian&lt;ref name=&quot;dupuytrens-2022&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220619205143/https://dupuytrens.org/homepage/ '' Dupuytren Disease and the Dupuytren Research Group''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619205143/https://dupuytrens.org/homepage/ |date=2022-06-19 }}, dupuytrens.org&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bill Nighy (born 1949), British actor&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/08/bill-nighy-interview-second-best-exotic-marigold-hotel | work=The Guardian | title=Bill Nighy: 'I'm greedy for beauty' | first=Nigel | last=Farndale | date=February 8, 2015 | access-date=March 23, 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323083844/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/08/bill-nighy-interview-second-best-exotic-marigold-hotel | archive-date=March 23, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mitt Romney (born 1947), American politician&lt;ref name=&quot;sun-sentinel-2014&quot;/&gt;
* Misha Dichter (born 1945), American pianist&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/business/16hand.html | work=The New York Times | title=Triumph for Drug to Straighten Clenched Fingers | first=Andrew | last=Pollack | date=March 15, 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318044902/http://www.nytimes.com//2010//03//16//business//16hand.html | archive-date=March 18, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* José Feliciano (born 1945), Puerto Rican musician, singer den composer&lt;ref name=&quot;guitarplayer&quot;&gt;Joe Bosso: [https://www.guitarplayer.com/players/jose-feliciano-on-the-enduring-ecstasies-of-guitar-playing ''José Feliciano on the Enduring Ecstasies of Guitar Playing''], guitarplayer.com, May 8, 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bill Frindall (1939–2009), English cricket player den statistician, wey na dem amputate a finger&lt;ref name=&quot;ashes&quot;&gt;Jonathan Agnew, Aggers' Ashes (London, 2011), page 103&lt;/ref&gt;
* David McCallum (1933–2023), Scottish/British actor den musician&lt;ref name=&quot;imdb-dmc&quot;&gt;[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0564724/bio David McCallum], imdb.com&lt;/ref&gt;
* Paul Newman (1925–2008), American actor den film director&lt;ref name=&quot;sun-sentinel-2014&quot;&gt;[https://www.sun-sentinel.com/sfl-mtblog-2014-07-local_md_will_speak_on_crippli-story.html &quot;Local MD Will Speak on Crippling Hand Disease Which Affects Many Seniors,&quot;] ''Sun-Sentinel'', July 15, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
* Margaret Thatcher (1925–2013), Prime Minister of de United Kingdom&lt;ref name=&quot;drugapproved&quot;/&gt;
* Ronald Reagan (1911–2004), American President den actor&lt;ref name=&quot;drugapproved&quot;&gt;[https://www.chicagotribune.com/2010/03/17/drug-approved-to-treat-hand-crippling-syndrome/ ''Drug Approved to Treat Hand-Crippling Syndrome''], Delthia Ricks, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', March 17, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Andrew Wyeth (1917–2009), American visual artist&lt;ref name=&quot;sun-sentinel-2014&quot;/&gt;
* Frank Sinatra (1915–1998), American singer, actor, den producer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBm6CgAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22Frank+Sinatra%22+%22Dupuytren%27s%22&amp;pg=PT414 |title=Frank Sinatra: An Extraordinary Life |last=Leigh |first=Spencer |publisher=McNidder and Grace Limited |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-85716-088-1 |access-date=2020-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Samuel Beckett (1906–1989), Irish novelist, poet and playwright&lt;ref name=&quot;sun-sentinel-2014&quot;/&gt;
* Max Planck (1858–1947), German theoretical physicist den Nobel Prize laureate&lt;ref name=&quot;sun-sentinel-2014&quot;/&gt;
* Dave Mustaine (born 1961), American guitarist&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blabbermouth.net/news/megadeths-dave-mustaine-opens-up-about-his-battle-with-hand-condition-known-as-dupuytrens-contracture|title=MEGADETH's DAVE MUSTAINE Opens Up About His Battle With Hand Condition Known As Dupuytren's Contracture|date=December 24, 2025|website=BLABBERMOUTH.NET}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Disorders of fascia]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Soft tissue disorders]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Anemia''' (dem sanso spell '''anaemia''' insyd British English) be a blood disorder insyd wich de blood get a reduced ability to carry oxygen. Dis fi be secof a lower dan normal number of red blood cells, a reduction insyd de amount of hemoglobin available for oxygen transport, anaa abnormalities insyd hemoglobin wey dey impair ein function.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMed&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Anemia: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198475-overview |access-date=8 February 2022 |date=9 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nhlbi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Anemia {{!}} NHLBI, NIH |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/anemia |website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov |access-date=8 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem derive de name Ancient Greek ἀν''- (an-)'' 'not' den αἷμα ''(haima)'' 'blood'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=anaemia|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/anaemia|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=7 July 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714223241/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/anaemia|archive-date=14 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wen anemia dey cam on slowly, de symptoms often be vague, such as tiredness, weakness, shortness of breath, headaches, den a reduced ability to exercise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janz |first=Timothy G. |last2=Johnson |first2=Roy L. |last3=Rubenstein |first3=Scott D. |date=November 2013 |title=Anemia in the emergency department: evaluation and treatment |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24716235 |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=1–15; quiz 15–16 |issn=1524-1971 |pmid=24716235}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wen anemia be acute, symptoms fi include confusion, feeling like one dey go pass out, loss of consciousness, den increased thirst.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Anemia for be significant before a person cam be noticeably pale.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Additional symptoms fi occur dey depend on de underlying cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Anemia fi be temporary anaa long-term den fi range from mild to severe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Anemia – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351360 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anemia fi be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, den increased red blood cell breakdown.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Causes of blood loss dey include [[menstruation]], bleeding secof inflammation of de stomach anaa intestines, bleeding from surgery, serious injury, anaa blood donation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Causes of decreased production dey include iron deficiency, folate deficiency, vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; deficiency, thalassemia den a number of bone marrow tumors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Causes of increased breakdown dey include genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia, infections such as [[malaria]], den certain [[autoimmune disease]]s like autoimmune hemolytic anemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Anemia sanso fi be classified based on de size of de red blood cells den amount of hemoglobin insyd each cell.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; If de cells be small, dem dey call am microcytic anemia; if dem be large, dem dey call am macrocytic anemia; wey if dem be normal sized, dem dey call am normocytic anemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; De diagnosis of anemia insyd men be based on a hemoglobin of less dan 130&amp;nbsp;g/L; insyd non-pregnant women, e be less dan 120&amp;nbsp;g/L, while insyd pregnant women e be less dan 105–110.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Guideline on haemoglobin cutoffs to define anaemia in individuals and populations |url=https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/f9f74397-1440-478d-a63c-26f29a01552f/content |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101164910/https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/f9f74397-1440-478d-a63c-26f29a01552f/content |archive-date=2026-01-01 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=National Institute for Care and Health Excellence (NICE) |date=October 2025 |title=Anaemia - iron deficiency |url=https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/anaemia-iron-deficiency/ |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=Clinical Knowledge Summaries}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further testing be then required to determine de cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rhodes |first1=Carl E. |last2=Denault |first2=Deanna |last3=Varacallo |first3=Matthew |title=StatPearls |date=2024 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538336/ |chapter=Physiology, Oxygen Transport |pmid=30855920 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Treatment dey depend on de specific cause. Certain groups of individuals, such as pregnant women, fi benefit from de use of iron pills for prevention.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Rizvi A, Gaffey MF, Walker N, Horton S, Webb P, Lartey A, Black RE | s2cid = 11748341 | title = Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-3-9-2013_382_9890/page/452 | journal = Lancet | volume = 382 | issue = 9890 | pages = 452–477 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23746776 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60996-4 | bibcode = 2013Lanc..382..452B }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dietary supplementation, widout determining de specific cause, no be recommended.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; De use of blood transfusions typically be based on a person ein signs den symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Insyd those widout symptoms, dem no be recommended unless hemoglobin levels be less dan 60 to 80&amp;nbsp;g/L (6 to 8&amp;nbsp;g/dL).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amir2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Fitterman N, Starkey M, Shekelle P |date=December 2013 |title=Treatment of anemia in patients with heart disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2013-12-03_159_11/page/n71 |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=159 |issue=11 |pages=770–779 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-159-11-201312030-00009 |pmid=24297193 |s2cid=4712203 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; These recommendations may also apply to some people with acute bleeding.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents be only recommended insyd those plus severe anemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amir2013&quot; /&gt;

Anemia be de most common blood disorder, wey dey affect about a fifth to a third of de global population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1545–1602 |date=October 2016 |pmid=27733282 |pmc=5055577 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |url=|last1=Vos |first1=Theo |last2=Allen |first2=Christine |last3=Arora |first3=Megha |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Brown |first6=Alexandria |last7=Carter |first7=Austin |last8=Casey |first8=Daniel C. |last9=Charlson |first9=Fiona J. |last10=Chen |first10=Alan Z. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Cornaby |first12=Leslie |last13=Dandona |first13=Lalit |last14=Dicker |first14=Daniel J. |last15=Dilegge |first15=Tina |last16=Erskine |first16=Holly E. |last17=Ferrari |first17=Alize J. |last18=Fitzmaurice |first18=Christina |last19=Fleming |first19=Tom |last20=Forouzanfar |first20=Mohammad H. |last21=Fullman |first21=Nancy |last22=Gething |first22=Peter W. |last23=Goldberg |first23=Ellen M. |last24=Graetz |first24=Nicholas |last25=Haagsma |first25=Juanita A. |last26=Hay |first26=Simon I. |last27=Johnson |first27=Catherine O. |last28=Kassebaum |first28=Nicholas J. |last29=Kawashima |first29=Toana |last30=Kemmer |first30=Laura |display-authors=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Peyrin-Biroulet |first1=Laurent |last2=Williet |first2=Nicolas |last3=Cacoub |first3=Patrice |title=Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency across indications: a systematic review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_2015-12_102_6/page/1585 |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |date=1 December 2015 |volume=102 |issue=6 |pages=1585–1594 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.114.103366 |pmid=26561626 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iron-deficiency anemia be de most common cause of anemia worldwide, wey dey affect nearly one billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;LancetEpi2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T |display-authors=etal | title = Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2163 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2163–2196 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23245607 |pmc=6350784 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2013, na anemia secof iron deficiency result in about 183,000 deaths – down from 213,000 deaths insyd 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25530442 |pmc=4340604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_january-10-16-2015_385_9963/page/117|author1=((GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators))}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis condition most be prevalent insyd kiddies&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=WHO Global Anaemia estimates, 2021 Edition |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/anaemia_in_women_and_children|work=World Health Organization|access-date=27 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Islam |first1=Md Azmir Ibne |title=Modeling the impact of campaign program on the prevalence of anemia in children under five: Anemia model |journal=Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Modeling |date=6 December 2021 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=29–40 |doi=10.48185/jmam.v2i3.362 |url=https://www.sabapub.com/index.php/jmam/article/view/362 |language=en |issn=2709-5924|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; plus also an above average prevalence insyd elderly&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; den women of reproductive age (especially during [[pregnancy]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;LancetEpi2012&quot; /&gt; Anemia be one of de six WHO global nutrition targets for 2025 den for diet-related global targets wey be endorsed by World Health Assembly insyd 2012 den 2013. Na efforts to reach global targets contribute to reaching Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Interventions by global target|url=https://www.who.int/elena/global-targets/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814083405/http://www.who.int/elena/global-targets/en/ |archive-date=August 14, 2016 |website=www.who.int |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey anemia as one of de targets insyd SDG 2 for achieving zero world hunger.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=14 June 2016|publisher=Devex|title=The case for action on anemia|url=https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/the-case-for-action-on-anemia-leave-no-one-behind-88283}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q5445|c=Category:Anemia|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=anemia|species=no}}

* [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia WHO fact sheet on anaemia]
* [https://medlineplus.gov/anemia.html Anemia, U.S. National Library of Medicine]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anemias]]
[[Category:Hematopathology]]
[[Category:Transfusion medicine]]
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'''Mass psychogenic illness''' ('''MPI'''), dem sanso call '''mass sociogenic illness''', '''mass psychogenic disorder''', '''epidemic hysteria''' anaa '''mass hysteria''', wey dey involve de spread of illness symptoms thru a population wer der be no infectious agent responsible for contagion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Gang |last2=Cheng |first2=Qinglin |last3=Dong |first3=Xianming |last4=Xie |first4=Li |date=2021-12-01 |title=Mass hysteria attack rates in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis |journal=Journal of International Medical Research |language=en |volume=49 |issue=12 |doi=10.1177/03000605211039812 |issn=0300-0605 |pmc=8829737 |pmid=34898296 |article-number=03000605211039812}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kelly et al.&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=J.R. |title=Collective Emotions |last2=Iannone |first2=R.E. |last3=McCarty |first3=M.K. |date=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-965918-0 |editor-last=von Scheve, Christian |chapter=The function of shared affect in groups |access-date=2020-09-03 |editor-last2=Salmella, Mikko |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yHq9AgAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22mass+psychogenic+illness%22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029084251/https://books.google.com/books?id=yHq9AgAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22mass+psychogenic+illness%22 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de rapid spread of illness signs den symptoms wey dey affect members of a cohesive group, wey dey originate from a nervous system disturbance wey dey involve excitation, loss, anaa alteration of function, whereby physical complaints wey be exhibited unconsciously get no corresponding organic causes wey be known.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tarafder |first=Binoy Krishna |last2=Khan |first2=Mohammad Ashik Imran |last3=Islam |first3=Md. Tanvir |last4=Mahmud |first4=Sheikh Abdullah Al |last5=Sarker |first5=Md. Humayun Kabir |last6=Faruq |first6=Imtiaz |last7=Miah |first7=Md. Titu |last8=Arafat |first8=S. M. Yasir |date=2016 |title=Mass Psychogenic Illness: Demography and Symptom Profile of an Episode |journal=Psychiatry Journal |language=en |volume=2016 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/2016/2810143 |issn=2314-4335 |pmc=4884863 |pmid=27294104 |doi-access=free |article-number=2810143}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Protean&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bartholomew |first=Robert |last2=Wessely |first2=Simon |date=2002 |title=Protean nature of mass sociogenic illness |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2BDC2262E104B8A33F3DD49773DA0D8B/S0007125000268578a.pdf/protean_nature_of_mass_sociogenic_illness.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=180 |issue=4 |pages=300–306 |doi=10.1192/bjp.180.4.300 |pmid=11925351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130211908/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2BDC2262E104B8A33F3DD49773DA0D8B/S0007125000268578a.pdf/protean_nature_of_mass_sociogenic_illness.pdf |archive-date=2019-01-30 |access-date=2018-10-10 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

'''Bibliography'''
*Ali-Gombe, A. et al. &quot;Mass hysteria: one syndrome or two?&quot; ''British Journal of Psychiatry'' 1997; 170  387–78. Web. 17 Dec. 2009.
*Balaratnasingam, Sivasankaran and Aleksandar Janca. &quot;Mass hysteria revisited.&quot; ''Current Opinion in Psychiatry'' 19(2) (2006): 171–74. ''Research Gate.'' Web. 28 Nov. 2009.
*Bartholomew, Robert. ''Little Green Men, Meowing Nuns and Head-Hunting Panics.'' Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland &amp; Company, Inc. Publishers. 2001. Print.
*Bartholomew, Robert and Simon Wessely. &quot;Protean nature of mass sociogenic illness.&quot; ''The British Journal of Psychiatry'' 2002; 180: 300–06. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. [http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/180/4/300#REF59]
*Jones, Timothy. &quot;Mass Psychogenic Illness: Role of the Individual Physician.&quot; ''American Family Physician.'' American Family of Family Physicians: 15 Dec. 2000. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606055745/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20001215/2649.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606055745/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20001215/2649.html |date=2011-06-06 }}
*Kerchoff, Alan C. &quot;Analyzing a Case of Mass Psychogenic Illness.&quot; ''Mass Psychogenic Illness: A Social Psychological Analysis.'' Ed. Colligan et al. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1982. 5–19. Print.
*Mass, Weir E. &quot;Mass sociogenic illness.&quot; ''CMAJ'' 2005; 172: 36. Web. 14 Dec. 2009. [http://www.cmaj.ca/content/172/1/36.full]
*Moss, P. D. and C. P. McEvedy. &quot;An epidemic of overbreathing among schoolgirls.&quot; ''British Medical Journal'' 2(5525) (1966):1295–1300. Web. 17 Dec. 2009.
*Phoon, W. H. &quot;Outbreaks of Mass Hysteria at Workplaces in Singapore: Some Patterns and Modes of Presentation.&quot; ''Mass Psychogenic Illness: A Social Psychological Analysis.'' Ed. Colligan et al. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1982. 21–31. Print.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Radovanovic | first1 = Z | year = 1996 | title = On the Origin of Mass Casualty Incidents in Kosovo, Yugoslavia, in 1990 | url = https://archive.org/details/european-journal-of-epidemiology_1996-02_12_1/page/101 | journal = European Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 12 | issue = 1| pages = 101–13 | doi=10.1007/bf00144437| pmid = 8817187 | s2cid = 7676802 }}
*Singer, Jerome. &quot;Yes Virginia, There Really Is a Mass Psychogenic Illness.&quot; ''Mass Psychogenic Illness: A Social Psychological Analysis.'' Ed. Colligan et al. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1982. 21–31. Print.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Stahl | first1 = Sydney | last2 = Lebedun | first2 = Morty | year = 1974 | title = Mystery Gas: An Analysis of Mass Hysteria | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-health-and-social-behavior_1974-03_15_1/page/44 | journal = Journal of Health and Social Behavior | volume = 15 | issue = 1| pages = 44–50 | doi=10.2307/2136925| jstor = 2136925 | pmid = 4464323 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Waller | first1 = John | year = 2009 | title = Looking Back: Dancing plagues and mass hysteria | url = http://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm?volumeID=22&amp;editionID=177&amp;ArticleID=1541 | journal = The Psychologist | volume = 22 | issue = 7| pages = 644–47 }}
*{{cite journal|title=Coca-Cola health scare may be mass sociogenic illness|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1999-07-17_319_7203/page/146|journal=British Medical Journal|date=1999-07-17|first=Rory|last=Watson|volume=319|issue=7203|page=146|pmid=10406745|pmc=1174603|doi=10.1136/bmj.319.7203.146a}}
*{{cite journal|title=Mass sociogenic illness|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-medical-association-journal_2005-01-04_172_1/page/n37|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|date=2005-01-04|first=Erica|last=Weir|volume=172|issue=1|page=36|pmid=15632400|doi=10.1503/cmaj.045027|pmc=543940 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Wessely | first1 = Simon | year = 1987 | title = Mass hysteria: two syndromes? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-medicine_1987-02_17_1/page/109 | journal = Psychological Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 1| pages = 109–20 | doi=10.1017/s0033291700013027| pmid = 3575566 | s2cid = 32597423 }}

== External links ==
{{Mental and behavioural disorders|selected = neurotic}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mass psychogenic illness}}
[[Category:Behavioral addiction]]
[[Category:Crowd psychology]]
[[Category:Group processes]]
[[Category:Mass psychogenic illness| ]]
[[Category:Social phenomena]]
[[Category:Somatic symptom disorders]]</text>
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    <title>Nitroglycerin</title>
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'''Nitroglycerin''' ('''NG''') (alternative spelling nitroglycerine), dem sanso know as '''trinitroglycerol''' ('''TNG'''), '''nitro''', '''glyceryl trinitrate''' ('''GTN'''), anaa '''1,2,3-trinitroxypropane''', be a dense, colorless anaa pale yellow, oily, explosive liquid wey most commonly nitrating glycerol produce plus white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to de formation of de nitric acid ester. Chemically, de substance be a nitrate ester rather dan a nitro compound, buh de traditional name be retained. Discovered insyd 1846 by Ascanio Sobrero,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ascanio Sobrero |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100514852 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; nitroglycerin be used as an active ingredient insyd de manufacture of explosives, namely dynamite, den as such e be employed insyd de construction, demolition, den mining industries. E be combined plus nitrocellulose to form double-based smokeless powder, dem use as a propellant insyd artillery den firearms since de 1880s. 

As be de case give chaw oda explosives, nitroglycerin cam be more den more prone to exploding (i.e., spontaneous decomposition) as de temperature be increased. Upon exposure to heat above 218 °C at sea-level atmospheric pressure, nitroglycerin cam be extremely unstable den dey tend to explode. Wen dem place insyd vacuum, e get an autoignition temperature of 270 °C instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-05-16 |title=Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Nitroglycerin |url=http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/nitroglycerin/recognition.html |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516192244/http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/nitroglycerin/recognition.html |archive-date=16 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus a melting point of 12.8 °C, de chemical almost be always encountered as a thick den viscous fluid, wey dey change to a crystalline solid wen frozen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Haynes |first=W. M. |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |publisher=CRC Press |edition=97th |pages=3–540}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although de pure compound einself be colorless, in practice de presence of nitric oxide impurities left over during production dey tend to give am a slight yellowish tint. 

Secof ein high boiling point den consequently low vapor pressure (0.00026 mmHg at 20 °C),&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; pure nitroglycerin practically get no odor at room temperature, plus a sweet den burning taste wen dem ingest. Unintentional detonation fi ensue wen dem drop am, shake am, lit for fire top, dem rapidly heat, dem expose to sunlight den ozone, dem subject to sparks den electrical discharges, anaa dem roughly handle am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nitroglycerin, desensitized, liquid |url=https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/12100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826040417/https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/12100 |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |access-date=July 9, 2024 |website=CAMEO Chemicals {{!}} NOAA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein sensitivity to exploding be responsible for numerous devastating industrial accidents thru out ein history. De chemical ein characteristic reactivity fi be reduced thru de addition of desensitizing agents, wich dey make am less likely to explode. Clay (diatomaceous earth) be an example of such an agent, dey form dynamite, a much more easily handled composition. De addition of oda desensitizing agents dey give birth to de various formulations of dynamite.

Nitroglycerin as a medication be used since 1878 as a potent vasodilator (wey dey cause dilation of de vascular system) to treat [[heart]] conditions, such as angina pectoris den chronic heart failure. Though e be previously known say dese beneficial effects be secof nitroglycerin be converted to nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, de enzyme for dis conversion na e only be discovered to be mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) insyd 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chen et al. 2005 12159–12164&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | year = 2005 | volume = 102 | pages = 12159–12164 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0503723102 | pmid = 16103363 | last2 = Foster | first2 = M. W. | last3 = Zhang | first3 = J. | last4 = Mao | first4 = L. | last5 = Rockman | first5 = H. A. | last6 = Kawamoto | first6 = T. | last7 = Kitagawa | first7 = K. | last8 = Nakayama | first8 = K. I. | last9 = Hess | first9 = D. T. | last10 = Stamler | first10 = J. S. | title = An essential role for mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in nitroglycerin bioactivation | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2005-08-23_102_34/page/12159 | issue = 34 | pmc = 1189320 | last1 = Chen |first1=Z.| bibcode = 2005PNAS..10212159C | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitroglycerin be available insyd sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, den patches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://web.ebscohost.com/src/detail?vid=17&amp;hid=7&amp;sid=7e55c0c3-4b92-4b24-ac2d-b2091791a502@sessionmgr14&amp;bdata=JnNpdGU9c3JjLWxpdmU= |title=Unknown, behind paywall, archived |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510141029/http://web.ebscohost.com/src/detail?vid=17&amp;hid=7&amp;sid=7e55c0c3-4b92-4b24-ac2d-b2091791a502%40sessionmgr14&amp;bdata=JnNpdGU9c3JjLWxpdmU%3d#db=hxh&amp;AN=9703191987 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{cite web|url=http://CPRR.org/Museum/Newspapers/Nitroglycerine.html | work=Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum | title=Nitroglycerine! Terrible Explosion and Loss of Lives in San Francisco | access-date=2005-03-23 }} – 1866 Newspaper article
*[http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C55630 WebBook page for C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;]
*[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0456.html CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120719041722/http://www.logwell.com/tales/menu/index.html The Tallini Tales of Destruction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719041722/http://www.logwell.com/tales/menu/index.html |date=19 July 2012 }} Detailed and horrific stories of the historical use of nitroglycerin-filled torpedoes to restart petroleum wells.
*[http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_dynamite.htm Dynamite and TNT] at ''The Periodic Table of Videos'' (University of Nottingham)
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Disulfiram-like drugs]]
[[Category:Nitrate esters]]
[[Category:Explosive chemicals]]
[[Category:Liquid explosives]]
[[Category:Sugar alcohol explosives]]
[[Category:Italian inventions]]
[[Category:Glycerol esters]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Angina</title>
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'''Angina''', in full '''angina pectoris''', be chest pain anaa pressure, wey usually insufficient blood flow cause to de heart muscle (myocardium).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Coronary Heart Disease, Myocardial Infarction, and Stroke — A Public Health Issue {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/aging/publications/coronary-heart-disease-brief.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=16 January 2022 |language=en-us |date=31 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be most commonly a symptom of coronary artery disease.&lt;ref name=CDC1/&gt;

Angina typically be de result of partial obstruction anaa spasm of de arteries wey dey supply blood to de heart muscle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary |date=2003 |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=0-7216-0146-4 |page=82 |url=https://archive.org/details/dorlandsillustra0000unse_q9t6 |access-date=24 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; De main mechanism of coronary artery obstruction be [[atherosclerosis]] as part of coronary artery disease. Oda causes of angina dey include abnormal heart rhythms, [[heart failure]] den, less commonly, [[anemia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Perera, Chanaka Aravinda |author2=Biggers, Richard Peters |author3=Robertson, Alan |title=Deceitful red-flag: angina secondary to iron deficiency anaemia as a presenting complaint for underlying malignancy |journal=BMJ Case Reports |date=1 August 2019 |volume=12 |issue=7 |article-number=e229942 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2019-229942 |pmid=31371333 |pmc=6677945}}&lt;/ref&gt; De term dey derive from Latin ''angere'' 'to strangle' and ''pectus'' 'chest', wey therefore fi be translated as &quot;a strangling feeling insyd de chest&quot;.

An urgent medical assessment be suggested to rule out serious medical conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angina |url=https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/angina |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der be a relationship between severity of angina den degree of oxygen deprivation insyd de heart muscle. However, de severity of angina always no dey match de degree of oxygen deprivation to de heart anaa de risk of a heart attack (myocardial infarction). Sam people fi experience severe pain even though der be little risk of a heart attack whilst odas fi get a heart attack den experience little anaa no pain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Björck, Lena |author2=Nielsen, Susanne |author3=Jernberg, Tomas |author4=Zverkova-Sandström, Tatiana |author5=Giang, Kok Wai |author6=Rosengren, Annika |date=26 November 2018 |title=Absence of chest pain and long-term mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction |journal=Open Heart |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.1136/openhrt-2018-000909 |pmc=6269644 |pmid=30564376 |article-number=e000909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Canto, John G. |author2=Goldberg, Robert J. |author3=Hand, Mary M. |date=10 December 2007 |title=Symptom Presentation of Women With Acute Coronary Syndromes: Myth vs Reality |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=167 |issue=22 |pages=2405–2413 |doi=10.1001/archinte.167.22.2405 |pmid=18071161 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd sam cases, angina fi be quite severe. Worsening angina attacks, sudden-onset angina at rest, den angina wey dey last more dan 15 minutes be symptoms of [[:en:Unstable_angina|unstable angina]] (dem usually group plus similar conditions as de acute coronary syndrome). As dese fi precede a heart attack, dem require urgent medical attention wey be, in general, dem treat similarly to heart attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHA-Angina&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=American Heart Association |date=8 November 2021 |title=Angina (Chest Pain) |url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/angina-chest-pain |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827013807/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/angina-chest-pain |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=American Heart Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd de early 20th century, na dem see severe angina as a sign of impending death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = White PD |title=Heart Disease| url = https://archive.org/details/bwb_Y0-AWY-390 |date=1931|publisher=Macmillan|edition=1st}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, modern medical therapies improve de outlook substantially. Middle-age patients wey experience moderate to severe angina (grading by classes II, III, den IV) get a five-year survival rate of approximately 92%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, Hartigan PM, Maron DJ, Kostuk WJ, Knudtson M, Dada M, Casperson P, Harris CL, Chaitman BR, Shaw L, Gosselin G, Nawaz S, Title LM, Gau G, Blaustein AS, Booth DC, Bates ER, Spertus JA, Berman DS, Mancini GB, Weintraub WS | title = Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-04-12_356_15/page/1503 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 356 | issue = 15 | pages = 1503–16 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17387127 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa070829 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921104228/http://www.optiongrid.org/resources/angina_grid.pdf Treatment of stable angina recommendations for patients] in layman's terms
* [https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/conditions/angina British Heart Foundation - Angina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052357/https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/conditions/angina |date=2017-12-22 }}
* [http://www.hipsknees.info/flash31/ypo.swf Angina Pectoris Animation Video 3D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221011444/http://www.hipsknees.info/flash31/ypo.swf |date=2011-02-21 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114065012/http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/11/1341.full.pdf+html Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris - European Society of Cardiology]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100413012434/http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4591 Heart Attack and Angina Statistics] by American Heart Association: Final 2006 statistics for the United States
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[[Category:Acute pain]]
[[Category:Ischemic heart diseases]]
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'''Hodgkin lymphoma''' ('''HL''') be a [[cancer]] wer multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cells (RS cells) be present insyd de lymph nodes. As e dey affect a subgroup of white blood cells dem call lymphocytes, e be a [[lymphoma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2016AdPt&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bower |first1=Mark |last2=Waxman |first2=Jonathan |title=Lecture Notes: Oncology |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-29300-3 |page=195 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1lkXZrfAowC&amp;pg=PA195 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910182834/https://books.google.com/books?id=I1lkXZrfAowC&amp;pg=PA195 |archive-date=10 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem name de condition after de English physician Thomas Hodgkin, wey first describe am insyd 1832.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arm20102&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Armitage JO |date=August 2010 |title=Early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-08-12_363_7/page/653 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=363 |issue=7 |pages=653–662 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1003733 |pmid=20818856}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodgkin1832&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=On some morbid experiences of the absorbent glands and spleen |author= Hodgkin T |journal= Med Chir Trans |volume=17 |pages= 69–97 |year=1832}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms fi include fever, night sweats, den weight loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2016AdPt&quot; /&gt; Often, non-painful enlarged lymph nodes dey occur insyd de neck, under de arm, anaa insyd de groin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2016AdPt&quot; /&gt; People e affect fi feel tired anaa be itchy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2016AdPt&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title= Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment |url= https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-hodgkin-treatment-pdq |website= [[National Cancer Institute]] |access-date= 12 August 2016 |date= 3 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000455/https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-hodgkin-treatment-pdq |archive-date= 28 July 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

De two major types of Hodgkin lymphoma be classical Hodgkin lymphoma den nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEER2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2025 |title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Hodgkin Lymphoma |url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/hodg.html |access-date=8 January 2026 |website=[[National Cancer Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; About half of cases of Hodgkin lymphoma be secof Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) den dese be generally de classic form.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014Cp2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title= World Cancer Report 2014 |url= https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5 |date=2014 |publisher= World Health Organization |isbn= 978-92-832-0429-9 |at=Chapter 2.4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gre2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Grewal R, Irimie A, Naidoo N, Mohamed N, Petrushev B, Chetty M, Tomuleasa C, Abayomi EA | title = Hodgkin's lymphoma and its association with EBV and HIV infection | journal = Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = 102–114 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29316828 | doi = 10.1080/10408363.2017.1422692 | s2cid = 46790198 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda risk factors dey include a family history of de condition den having [[HIV/AIDS]].&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt;&lt;ref name=WCR2014Cp2/&gt; Diagnosis be conducted by confirming de presence of cancer den identifying Reed–Sternberg cells insyd lymph node biopsies.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt; De virus-positive cases be classified as a form of de Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases.&lt;ref name=Rez2018&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Rezk SA, Zhao X, Weiss LM | title = Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoid proliferations, a 2018 update | journal = Human Pathology | volume = 79 | pages = 18–41 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 29885408 | doi = 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.05.020 | s2cid = 47010934 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hodgkin lymphoma fi be treated plus chemotherapy, radiation therapy, den stem-cell transplantation.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt; De choice of treatment often dey depend on how advance de cancer cam be den whether anaa not e get favorable features.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt; If dem detect de disease early, a cure often be possible.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arm20102&quot; /&gt; Insyd de [[United States]], 89% of people dem diagnose plus Hodgkin lymphoma survive for five years anaa longer.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEER2&quot; /&gt; For those under the age of 20, rates of survival are 97%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ward E, DeSantis C, Robbins A, Kohler B, Jemal A | title = Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_ca-a-cancer-journal-for-clinicians_march-april-2014_64_2/page/83 | journal = CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians | volume = 64 | issue = 2 | pages = 83–103 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24488779 | doi = 10.3322/caac.21219 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Radiation den sam chemotherapy drugs, however, dey increase de risk of oda cancers, heart disease, anaa lung disease over de subsequent decades.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arm20102&quot; /&gt;

Insyd 2015, about 574,000 people globally get Hodgkin lymphoma, wey 23,900 (4.2%) die.&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre&gt;{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 | last1 = Vos | first1 = Theo | last2 = Allen | first2 = Christine | last3 = Arora | first3 = Megha | last4 = Barber | first4 = Ryan M. | last5 = Bhutta | first5 = Zulfiqar A. | last6 = Brown | first6 = Alexandria | last7 = Carter | first7 = Austin | last8 = Casey | first8 = Daniel C. | last9 = Charlson | first9 = Fiona J. | last10 = Chen | first10 = Alan Z. | last11 = Coggeshall | first11 = Megan | last12 = Cornaby | first12 = Leslie | last13 = Dandona | first13 = Lalit | last14 = Dicker | first14 = Daniel J. | last15 = Dilegge | first15 = Tina | last16 = Erskine | first16 = Holly E. | last17 = Ferrari | first17 = Alize J. | last18 = Fitzmaurice | first18 = Christina | last19 = Fleming | first19 = Tom | last20 = Forouzanfar | first20 = Mohammad H. | last21 = Fullman | first21 = Nancy | last22 = Gething | first22 = Peter W. | last23 = Goldberg | first23 = Ellen M. | last24 = Graetz | first24 = Nicholas | last25 = Haagsma | first25 = Juanita A. | last26 = Hay | first26 = Simon I. | last27 = Johnson | first27 = Catherine O. | last28 = Kassebaum | first28 = Nicholas J. | last29 = Kawashima | first29 = Toana | last30 = Kemmer | first30 = Laura }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015De&gt;{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 | last1 = Wang | first1 = Haidong | last2 = Naghavi | first2 = Mohsen | last3 = Allen | first3 = Christine | last4 = Barber | first4 = Ryan M. | last5 = Bhutta | first5 = Zulfiqar A. | last6 = Carter | first6 = Austin | last7 = Casey | first7 = Daniel C. | last8 = Charlson | first8 = Fiona J. | last9 = Chen | first9 = Alan Zian | last10 = Coates | first10 = Matthew M. | last11 = Coggeshall | first11 = Megan | last12 = Dandona | first12 = Lalit | last13 = Dicker | first13 = Daniel J. | last14 = Erskine | first14 = Holly E. | last15 = Ferrari | first15 = Alize J. | last16 = Fitzmaurice | first16 = Christina | last17 = Foreman | first17 = Kyle | last18 = Forouzanfar | first18 = Mohammad H. | last19 = Fraser | first19 = Maya S. | last20 = Fullman | first20 = Nancy | last21 = Gething | first21 = Peter W. | last22 = Goldberg | first22 = Ellen M. | last23 = Graetz | first23 = Nicholas | last24 = Haagsma | first24 = Juanita A. | last25 = Hay | first25 = Simon I. | last26 = Huynh | first26 = Chantal | last27 = Johnson | first27 = Catherine O. | last28 = Kassebaum | first28 = Nicholas J. | last29 = Kinfu | first29 = Yohannes | last30 = Kulikoff | first30 = Xie Rachel }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de United States, 0.2% of people be affected at sam point insyd dema life.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEER2&quot; /&gt; Chaw people be diagnosed plus de disease between de ages of 20 den 34.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEER2&quot; /&gt;

==Notable cases==
&lt;!-- Please note:
We need RELIABLE SOURCES for names listed here. If you add a name without a source (such as a newspaper or magazine article) that says this person had Hodgkin lymphoma, then other editors will have to assume that the person's medical history is not public information and consequently remove the name.
--&gt;
* Paul Allen, co-founder of Microsoft.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen diagnosed with cancer|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/11/16/paul.allen.cancer/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=23 December 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223160729/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/11/16/paul.allen.cancer/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Lerman | first=Rachel | title=Paul Allen, Microsoft co-founder and Seahawks owner, dies at 65 | website=[[The Seattle Times]] | date=15 October 2018 | url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/obituaries/microsoft-co-founder-paul-allen-dies-at-65/ | access-date=26 April 2025 | archive-date=17 April 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417213356/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/obituaries/microsoft-co-founder-paul-allen-dies-at-65/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eric Berry, All-Pro strong safety for de Kansas City Chiefs of de National Football League.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Eric Berry has Hodgkin's lymphoma|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/12000374/eric-berry-kansas-city-chiefs-diagnosed-hodgkin-lymphoma|publisher=ESPN |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308122206/http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/12000374/eric-berry-kansas-city-chiefs-diagnosed-hodgkin-lymphoma|archive-date=8 March 2015|date=8 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* David Brooks, Welsh professional footballer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12433083/bournemouth-midfielder-david-brooks-diagnosed-with-cancer/ |title=Bournemouth midfielder David Brooks diagnosed with cancer |publisher=Sky Sports |date=13 October 2021 |access-date=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dale Carnegie, public speaker den author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/dale-carnegie |title=Dale Carnagie at Biography.com |date=6 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202092512/https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/dale-carnegie |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://strategiesforinfluence.com/dale-carnegie-how-to-win-friends-and-influence-people|title=Dale Carnagie page: strategies for influence|date=6 February 2024|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603134830/https://strategiesforinfluence.com/dale-carnegie-how-to-win-friends-and-influence-people/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkpuEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=dale+carnegie+hodgkin%27s+lymphoma&amp;pg=PT72 |title=Book: Words that Shaped our World, ref to Dale Carnagie+death |date=6 February 2024|isbn=978-1-64095-416-8 |access-date=8 February 2024 |publisher=Sound Wisdom | vauthors = Stovall J, Johnson K }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Howard Carter, Egyptologist den discoverer of de Tomb of Tutankhamun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | vauthors = James TG |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyK0_weGa20C&amp;pg=PA454 |isbn=978-1-84511-258-5 |orig-date=2001 |pages=454–5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910182834/https://books.google.com/books?id=AyK0_weGa20C&amp;pg=PA454 |archive-date=10 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Starchild Abraham Cherrix&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title = Teen, court reach agreement over cancer care| url = http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14371567| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140303081202/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14371567| archive-date = 3 March 2014| agency = Associated Press| publisher = NBC News| date = 5 September 2006| access-date = 18 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* James Conner, running back den 2014 ACC Player of de Year give de Arizona Cardinals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=James Conner Announces Cancer Diagnosis|url=http://www.pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/120415aaa.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912041835/http://www.pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/120415aaa.html|archive-date=12 September 2016|access-date=29 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Michael Cuccione, Canadian child actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.childhoodcancerresearch.org/site/michael_story.php|title=Childhood Cancer Research Program—Michael Cuccione Foundation|publisher=www.childhoodcancerresearch.org|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818231543/http://www.childhoodcancerresearch.org/site/michael_story.php|archive-date=18 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Victoria Duval, American tennis player.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/11175930/victoria-duval-diagnosed-hodgkin-lymphoma |title=Victoria Duval battling cancer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112113917/http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/11175930/victoria-duval-diagnosed-hodgkin-lymphoma |archive-date=12 January 2016 |date=4 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gerald Finzi, British composer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.geraldfinzi.com/biography/|title=Gerald Finzi biography|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110023001/http://www.geraldfinzi.com/biography/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mist Edvardsdóttir, Icelandic football player den member of de Icelandic women's national team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Ásta Sigrún Magnúsdóttir |title=Vá, hvað get ég gert meira? |url=https://timarit.is/page/6798599 |access-date=23 April 2021 |work=[[Dagblaðið Vísir]] |date=16 October 2015 |pages=30–31 |language=Icelandic |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423225327/https://timarit.is/page/6798599 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Gunnar Birgisson |title=Ótrúleg endurkoma eftir röð áfalla |url=https://www.ruv.is/frett/2020/10/11/otruleg-endurkoma-eftir-rod-afalla |access-date=23 April 2021 |work=[[RÚV]] |date=11 October 2020 |language=Icelandic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Delta Goodrem, Australian singer, songwriter, den actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|title=Delta Goodrem Hospitalized With Cancer|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/69996/delta-goodrem-hospitalized-with-cancer|date=14 July 2003|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819224618/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/69996/delta-goodrem-hospitalized-with-cancer|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Hank Green, one of de cofounders of de Vlogbrothers, VidCon den production company Complexly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6a4hMyiwBo|title=So, I've got cancer|author=vlogbrothers|date=19 May 2023|access-date=19 May 2023|website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=vlogbrothers |title=Remission |date=25 August 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MK0fYYeuNfY |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825225606/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MK0fYYeuNfY |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jiří Grossmann, Czechoslovak theatre actor, poet, den composer&lt;ref&gt;Skálová, Johana. ''Nevyjasněná úmrtí V''. 1st Ed. Praha: The World Circle Foundation, 2000. {{ISBN|80-902731-7-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Michael C. Hall (born 1 February 1971), American actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Huver |first=Scott |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20404733,00.html |title=Cancer-Free Michael C. Hall Back to Work on Dexter—Health, Dexter, Michael C. Hall |work=People |date=23 July 2010 |access-date=4 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208003948/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20404733,00.html |archive-date=8 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Richard Harris, Irish actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20138440,00.html |title=Lionhearted—Death, Richard Harris |work=People |access-date=4 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204043234/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20138440,00.html |archive-date=4 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Daniel Hauser&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title = Minnesota: Evaluation Ordered for a 13-Year-Old With Cancer| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/16/us/16brfs-EVALUATIONOR_BRF.html| agency = Associated Press| work = The New York Times| date = 16 May 2009| access-date = 18 June 2009| url-status=live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150531082440/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/16/us/16brfs-EVALUATIONOR_BRF.html| archive-date = 31 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tessa James, Australian actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Tessa James reveals she is in remission|date = 6 December 2015 |url = https://au.news.yahoo.com/sunday-night/features/a/30291334/tessa-james-reveals-she-is-in-remission/ |publisher = Yahoo! News Australia |access-date = 16 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124801/https://au.news.yahoo.com/sunday-night/features/a/30291334/tessa-james-reveals-she-is-in-remission/|archive-date = 22 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sean Kent, American stand up comedian den actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Comedian Sean Kent laughs off hecklers, cancer to stay on road |url=https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/lifestyle/food/2009/03/19/comedian-sean-kent-laughs-off/21539939007/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |work=Columbia Daily Tribune |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519192236/https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/lifestyle/food/2009/03/19/comedian-sean-kent-laughs-off/21539939007/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tahoedailytribune Sean Kent hodgkin lymphoma&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chandler |first1=Rick |title=Funnyman Sean Kent winning fight vs. cancer |url=https://www.tahoedailytribune.com/news/funnyman-sean-kent-winning-fight-vs-cancer/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |work=www.tahoedailytribune.com |date=28 November 2007 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519192237/https://www.tahoedailytribune.com/news/funnyman-sean-kent-winning-fight-vs-cancer/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mario Lemieux, Hall of Fame NHL player, co-owner of de Pittsburgh Penguins den founder of de Mario Lemieux Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mariolemieux.org|title=Mario Lemieux Foundation|access-date=11 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403064957/http://www.mariolemieux.org/|archive-date=3 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dinu Lipatti (1917–1950), Romanian classical pianist den composer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.markainley.com/music/classical/lipatti/prince_of_pianists.html |title=Dinu Lipatti: Prince of Pianists |date=2002 |author=Mark Ainley |publisher=markainley.com |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022165810/http://www.markainley.com/music/classical/lipatti/prince_of_pianists.html |archive-date=22 October 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jack Lisowski, English snooker player.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/snooker/10006703/Betfair-World-Snooker-Championship-2013-Jack-Lisowskis-cancer-fight-gives-him-a-new-angle-on-life.html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430210520/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/snooker/10006703/Betfair-World-Snooker-Championship-2013-Jack-Lisowskis-cancer-fight-gives-him-a-new-angle-on-life.html|archive-date=30 April 2013|title=Cancer fight gives Lisowski new angle on life|work=Daily Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mamta Mohandas, Indian film actress den producer.
* Nanni Moretti, Italian actor den director.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/movies/film-an-italian-satirist-takes-a-very-serious-turn.html |title=FILM; An Italian Satirist Takes a Very Serious Turn |date=2002 |author=Laura Winters |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008151838/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/movies/film-an-italian-satirist-takes-a-very-serious-turn.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Laura Packard, health care activist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2020/08/18/democratic-national-convention-laura-packard/|title=Denver health care activist speaking at Democratic convention|date=18 August 2020|publisher=Denver Post|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114052332/https://www.denverpost.com/2020/08/18/democratic-national-convention-laura-packard/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nikola Pokrivač, Croatian soccer midfielder.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/showbiz/nikola-pokrivac-hodgkinov-limfom-kemoterapija-nogometas-maticne-stanice-1175154|title=Nikola Pokrivač: Nema predaje, sve ću podnijeti za ženu i kćer|language=hr|date=8 June 2017|access-date=21 January 2025|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172714/https://www.vecernji.hr/showbiz/nikola-pokrivac-hodgkinov-limfom-kemoterapija-nogometas-maticne-stanice-1175154|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Anthony Rizzo, MLB All-Star first baseman give de New York Yankees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Emma: Anthony Rizzo's Indelible Impact |url=http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/05/08/emma-anthony-rizzos-indelible-impact/ |publisher=CBS Chicago |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=30 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914165231/http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/05/08/emma-anthony-rizzos-indelible-impact/ |archive-date=14 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dave Roberts, MLB outfielder den manager of de Los Angeles Dodgers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=3 May 2010|title='04 Red Sox hero Roberts treated for lymphoma|url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=5159307|access-date=28 October 2020|website=ESPN.com|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329221306/https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=5159307|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chip Roy, Texas congressman.&lt;ref name=express&gt;{{cite news |last=Chasnoff |first=Brian |url=https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/politics/article/Chip-Roy-s-plan-to-get-Washington-out-of-the-12911492.php |title=Chip Roy's plan to get Washington out of the way includes going there himself |newspaper=San Antonio Express-News |publisher=ExpressNews.com |date=13 May 2018 |access-date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103231627/https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/politics/article/Chip-Roy-s-plan-to-get-Washington-out-of-the-12911492.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Flip Saunders, head coach of de NBA team Minnesota Timberwolves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/minnesota-timberwolves-head-coach-flip-saunders-died-34719976 |title=Minnesota Timberwolves Say Head Coach Flip Saunders Has Died |publisher=abc.go.com |access-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026170126/https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/minnesota-timberwolves-head-coach-flip-saunders-died-34719976 |archive-date=26 October 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Arlen Specter, United States Senator from Pennsylvania (1981–2011).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/02/16/specter.cancer/ |title=Specter diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease |publisher=CNN |date=16 February 2005 |access-date=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Brandon Tartikoff, American television executive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/28/arts/brandon-tartikoff-former-nbc-executive-who-transformed-tv-in-the-80-s-dies-at-48.html| title=Brandon Tartikoff, Former NBC Executive Who Transformed TV in the 80's, Dies at 48| newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| date=28 August 1997| last1=Carter| first1=Bill| archive-date=7 September 2020| access-date=30 January 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907195850/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/28/arts/brandon-tartikoff-former-nbc-executive-who-transformed-tv-in-the-80-s-dies-at-48.html| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bernardo Tengarrinha, Portuguese professional footballer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2021-10-30/liga-arrepiante-homenagem-a-tengarrinha-no-dragao-video/911205 |title=Portuguese midfielder Bernardo Tengarrinha diagnosed with linfoma de Hodgkin |work=Abola |date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030222251/https://www.abola.pt/nnh/2021-10-30/liga-arrepiante-homenagem-a-tengarrinha-no-dragao-video/911205 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ethan Zohn, American professional soccer player den a winner of de ''Survivor'' reality television series.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-06-18/health/sc-health-0611-zohn-lymphoma-20140617-18_1_grassroot-soccer-life-threatening-diagnosis-hodgkin-lymphoma|title=Ethan Zohn is a survivor in more ways than one|work=Chicago Tribune|date=18 June 2014 |access-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317172336/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-06-18/health/sc-health-0611-zohn-lymphoma-20140617-18_1_grassroot-soccer-life-threatening-diagnosis-hodgkin-lymphoma|archive-date=17 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Richard Holliday, American professional wrestler&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Andrew |title=Richard Holliday completes cancer treatment |url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2023/02/18/richard-holliday-completes-cancer-treatment/ |access-date=23 May 2023 |work=Post Wrestling |date=17 February 2023 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523224804/https://www.postwrestling.com/2023/02/18/richard-holliday-completes-cancer-treatment/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Read further ==
*{{cite book |first=Charlotte DeCroes |last=Jacobs |title=Henry Kaplan and the Story of Hodgkin's Disease |url=https://archive.org/details/henrykaplanstor00jaco |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-8047-7448-2 |oclc=648759629 |postscript=;}} combines a biography of the American radiation oncologist (1918–84) with a history of the lymphatic cancer whose treatment he helped to transform.

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.cancer.org/cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma.html Hodgkin Lymphoma] at American Cancer Society
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070307115346/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/hodgkinslymphoma Hodgkin Lymphoma] at the American National Cancer Institute
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hodgkin Lymphoma}}
[[Category:Hodgkin lymphoma| ]]
[[Category:Infectious causes of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare cancers]]
[[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Classic autism</title>
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'''Classic autism'''—dem sanso know as '''childhood autism''', '''autistic disorder''', anaa '''Kanner's syndrome'''—be a formerly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder dem first describe by Leo Kanner insyd 1943. E be characterized by atypical den impaired development insyd social interaction den communication as well as restricted den repetitive behaviors, activities, den interests. Dese symptoms first appear insyd early childhood den persist thru out life.

Classic autism be last recognized as a diagnosis insyd de DSM-IV den ICD-10, wey e be superseded by autism-spectrum disorder insyd de DSM-5 (2013) den ICD-11 (2022). Globally, classic autism be estimated to affect 24.8 million people {{as of|2015|lc=y}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Vos |first1=Theo |last2=Allen |first2=Christine |last3=Arora |first3=Megha |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Brown |first6=Alexandria |last7=Carter |first7=Austin |last8=Casey |first8=Daniel C. |last9=Charlson |first9=Fiona J. |last10=Chen |first10=Alan Z. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Cornaby |first12=Leslie |last13=Dandona |first13=Lalit |last14=Dicker |first14=Daniel J. |last15=Dilegge |first15=Tina |display-authors=1 |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1545–1602 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |pmc=5055577 |pmid=27733282 |collaboration=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators |last16=Erskine |first16=Holly E. |last17=Ferrari |first17=Alize J. |last18=Fitzmaurice |first18=Christina |last19=Fleming |first19=Tom |last20=Forouzanfar |first20=Mohammad H. |last21=Fullman |first21=Nancy |last22=Gething |first22=Peter W. |last23=Goldberg |first23=Ellen M. |last24=Graetz |first24=Nicholas |last25=Haagsma |first25=Juanita A. |last26=Hay |first26=Simon I. |last27=Johnson |first27=Catherine O. |last28=Kassebaum |first28=Nicholas J. |last29=Kawashima |first29=Toana |last30=Kemmer |first30=Laura}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Autism likely be caused by a combination of [[Heritability of autism|genetic]] den environmental factors,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ch2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M |title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=281–292 |date=September 2012 |pmid=23226953 |pmc=3513682 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.3/pchaste }}&lt;/ref&gt; plus genetic factors dem think to heavily predominate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tick B, Bolton P, Happé F, Rutter M, Rijsdijk F |title = Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of twin studies |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=585–595 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26709141 |pmc=4996332 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.12499 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Certain environmental [[causes of autism]] dem propose dem meet plus controversy, such as de fraudulent vaccine hypothesis wey, although dem disprove, negatively impact vaccination rates among kiddies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD |title=Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies |journal=Vaccine |volume=32 |issue=29 |pages=3623–3629 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24814559 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors= Rutter M |title=Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2005-01_94_1/page/n3 |journal=Acta Paediatrica |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=2–15 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15858952 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x |s2cid = 79259285 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vaccines2&quot;&gt;Vaccines and autism:

* {{cite journal |vauthors=Doja A, Roberts W |date=November 2006 |title=Immunizations and autism: a review of the literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-neurological-sciences_2006-11_33_4/page/341 |journal=The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=341–346 |doi=10.1017/s031716710000528x |pmid=17168158 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Gerber JS, Offit PA |date=February 2009 |title=Vaccines and autism: a tale of shifting hypotheses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2009-02-15_48_4/page/456 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=456–461 |doi=10.1086/596476 |pmc=2908388 |pmid=19128068}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Gross L |date=May 2009 |title=A broken trust: lessons from the vaccine--autism wars |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=7 |issue=5 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000114 |pmc=2682483 |pmid=19478850 |doi-access=free |article-number=e1000114}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Paul R |date=June 2009 |title=Parents ask: Am I risking autism if I vaccinate my children? |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=962–963 |doi=10.1007/s10803-009-0739-y |pmid=19363650 |s2cid=34467853}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Poland GA, Jacobson RM |date=January 2011 |title=The age-old struggle against the antivaccinationists |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2011-01-13_364_2/page/97 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=364 |issue=2 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp1010594 |pmid=21226573 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since de DSM-5/ICD-11, de term &quot;autism&quot; more commonly dey refer to de broader autism spectrum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Keating |first=Connor Tom |last2=Hickman |first2=Lydia |last3=Leung |first3=Joan |last4=Monk |first4=Ruth |last5=Montgomery |first5=Alicia |last6=Heath |first6=Hannah |last7=Sowden |first7=Sophie |date=2022-12-06 |title=Autism-related language preferences of English-speaking individuals across the globe: A mixed methods investigation |journal=Autism Research |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=406–428 |doi=10.1002/aur.2864 |hdl=2292/68400 |issn=1939-3792 |pmc=10946540 |pmid=36474364 |s2cid=254429317 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Autism |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/conditions-and-diseases/mental-health-and-behavioural-conditions/autism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330012429/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/conditions-and-diseases/mental-health-and-behavioural-conditions/autism |archive-date=2023-03-30 |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=[[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] |place=UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Autism: a new introduction to psychological theory and current debates |vauthors=Fletcher-Watson S |date=2019 |others=Francesca Happé |isbn=978-1-315-10169-9 |edition=[New edition; Updated edition] |location=Abingdon, Oxon |oclc=1073035060}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=yes lcheading=Autism}}{{Subject bar|c=y|b=y|q=y|d=Q38404|n=Category:Autism|wikt=autism}}
{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}
{{Autism resources}}
{{Nonverbal communication}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Autism|*]]
[[Category:1910s neologisms]]
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]
[[Category:Communication disorders]]
[[Category:Pervasive developmental disorders]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gastroesophageal reflux disease</title>
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'''Gastroesophageal reflux disease''' ('''GERD''') anaa '''gastro-oesophageal reflux disease''' ('''GORD''') be a chronic upper gastrointestinal disease insyd wich stomach content persistently den regularly flow up into de esophagus, wey dey result in symptoms den/anaa complications.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH20142&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Acid Reflux (GER &amp; GERD) in Adults |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022538/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kah2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF |date=October 2008 |title=American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2008-10_135_4/page/1392 |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=1392–1413, 1413.e1–5 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.044 |pmid=18801365 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Melinda |date=June 2010 |title=Book Review: Krause's Food and Nutrition TherapyMahanLKEscott-StumpS. Krause's Food and Nutrition Therapy. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; (2007). 1376 pp, $149.95. ISBN: 978-1-4160-3401-8. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-in-clinical-practice_2010-06_25_3/page/314 |journal=Nutrition in Clinical Practice |volume=25 |issue=3 |page=314 |doi=10.1177/0884533610362901 |issn=0884-5336}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms dey include dental corrosion, dysphagia, heartburn, odynophagia, regurgitation, non-cardiac chest pain, extraesophageal symptoms such as chronic cough, hoarseness, reflux-induced laryngitis, anaa [[asthma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Insyd de long term, den wen no be treated, complications such as esophagitis, esophageal stricture, den Barrett's esophagus fi arise.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH20142&quot; /&gt;

Risk factors dey include [[obesity]], [[pregnancy]], smoking, hiatal hernia, den dey take certain medications. Medications wey fi cause anaa worsen de disease dey include benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, NSAIDs, den certain asthma medicines. Acid reflux be secof poor closure of de lower esophageal sphincter, wich be at de junction between de stomach den de esophagus. Diagnosis among those wey no dey improve plus simpler measures fi involve gastroscopy, upper GI series, esophageal pH monitoring, anaa esophageal manometry.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Acid Reflux (GER &amp; GERD) in Adults |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022538/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Treatment options dey include lifestyle changes, medications, den sam times surgery give those wey no dey improve plus de first two measures. Lifestyle changes dey include no dey lie down for three hours after eating, lying down on de left side, raising de pillow anaa bedhead height, losing weight, den stop dey blaze.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 April 2019 |title=Best Sleeping Position For Acid Reflux: The Gerd Sleeping Position |url=https://www.sleepscore.com/the-one-sleeping-position-to-avoid-for-acid-reflux/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426142440/https://www.sleepscore.com/the-one-sleeping-position-to-avoid-for-acid-reflux/ |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=SleepScore |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Foods wey fi precipitate GERD symptoms dey include coffee, alcohol, chocolate, fatty foods, acidic foods, den spicy foods.&lt;ref name=&quot;AGA20082&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF, Hiltz SW, Black E, Modlin IM, Johnson SP, Allen J, Brill JV |date=October 2008 |title=American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=1383–91, 1391.e1–5 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.045 |pmid=18789939 |doi-access=free}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Medications dey include antacids, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, den prokinetics.&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Her2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hershcovici T, Fass R |date=April 2011 |title=Pharmacological management of GERD: where does it stand now? |journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=258–64 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.007 |pmid=21429600}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd de Western world, between 10 den 20% of de population be affected by GERD.&lt;ref name=Her2011/&gt; E be highly prevalent insyd [[North America]], plus 18% to 28% of de population dey suffer from de condition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=El-Serag |first1=Hashem B |last2=Sweet |first2=Stephen |last3=Winchester |first3=Christopher C |last4=Dent |first4=John |date=June 2014 |title=Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review |journal=Gut |language=en |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=871–880 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304269 |issn=0017-5749 |pmc=4046948 |pmid=23853213}}&lt;/ref&gt; Occasional gastroesophageal reflux widout troublesome symptoms anaa complications even be more common.&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt; De classic symptoms of GERD be first described insyd 1925, wen Friedenwald den Feldman comment on heartburn den ein possible relationship to a hiatal hernia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Granderath |first1=Frank Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbV09gYB6DkC&amp;pg=PA161 |title=Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Principles of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment |last2=Kamolz |first2=Thomas |last3=Pointner |first3=Rudolph |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-211-32317-5 |page=161 |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101062858/https://books.google.com/books?id=wbV09gYB6DkC&amp;pg=PA161 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1934, gastroenterologist Asher Winkelstein describe reflux den attribute de symptoms to stomach acid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Arcangelo |first1=Virginia Poole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaP1yJz4fkEC&amp;pg=PA372 |title=Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach |last2=Peterson |first2=Andrew M. |date=2006 |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-5784-3 |page=372 |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105150606/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaP1yJz4fkEC&amp;pg=PA372 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Lichtenstein DR, Cash BD, Davila R, Baron TH, Adler DG, Anderson MA, Dominitz JA, Gan SI, Harrison ME, Ikenberry SO, Qureshi WA, Rajan E, Shen B, Zuckerman MJ, Fanelli RD, VanGuilder T |date=August 2007 |title=Role of endoscopy in the management of GERD |url=https://www.asge.org/docs/default-source/education/practice_guidelines/doc-endoscopy_in_the_managment_of_gerd.pdf |journal=[[Gastrointestinal Endoscopy]] |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=219–24 |doi=10.1016/j.gie.2007.05.027 |pmid=17643692 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308114724/https://www.asge.org/docs/default-source/education/practice_guidelines/doc-endoscopy_in_the_managment_of_gerd.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-08 |access-date=2026-09-25}}
** {{cite web |title=Role of endoscopy in the management of GERD |website=National Guideline Clearinghouse |url=https://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=12023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928094032/https://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=12023 |archive-date=28 September 2010 |access-date=2 May 2026}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Hirano I, Richter JE |date=March 2007 |title=ACG practice guidelines: esophageal reflux testing |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-gastroenterology_2007-03_102_3/page/668 |journal=American Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=668–85 |citeseerx=10.1.1.619.3818 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00936.x |pmid=17335450 |s2cid=10854440}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF |date=March 2013 |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease |journal=American Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=308–28 |doi=10.1038/ajg.2012.444 |pmid=23419381 |doi-access=free}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical conditions wey relate to obesity]]
[[Category:Stomach disorders]]
[[Category:Gastrointestinal motility disorders]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Celecoxib</title>
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'''Celecoxib''', dem sell under de brand name '''Celebrex''' among odas, be a COX-2 inhibitor den nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).&lt;ref name=AHFS2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Celecoxib Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |date=11 November 2019 |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=20 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520124313/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be used to treat de pain den inflammation insyd [[osteoarthritis]], acute pain insyd adults, [[rheumatoid arthritis]], psoriatic arthritis, [[ankylosing spondylitis]], painful menstruation, den juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; E sanso fi be used to decrease de risk of colorectal adenomas insyd people plus familial adenomatous polyposis.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Dem dey take am by mouth.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Benefits typically be seen within an hour.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;

Common side effects dey include abdominal pain, nausea, den [[diarrhea]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Serious side effects fi include [[myocardial infarction|heart attacks]], [[stroke]]s, gastrointestinal perforation, gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney failure, den anaphylaxis.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coxib20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, FitzGerald GA, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland LE, Kearney PM, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer TJ, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C |date=August 2013 |title=Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-31-september-6-2013_382_9894/page/769 |journal=Lancet |volume=382 |issue=9894 |pages=769–79 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9 |pmc=3778977 |pmid=23726390}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein use no be recommended insyd people at high risk for heart disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHA2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Furberg C, Roberts H, Taubert KA | title = Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an update for clinicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2007-03-27_115_12/page/1634 | journal = Circulation | volume = 115 | issue = 12 | pages = 1634–42 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17325246 | doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.106.181424 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Consumer2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/05/should-you-still-take-celebrex/index.htm | title=Should you still take Celebrex? | work=[[Consumer Reports]] | date=August 2009 | access-date=27 December 2015 | archive-date=18 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218111927/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/05/should-you-still-take-celebrex/index.htm | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; De risks be similar to oda NSAIDs, such as [[ibuprofen]] den [[naproxen]].&lt;ref name=NPR2018&gt;{{cite news| vauthors = Stein R |title=FDA Panel Affirms Safety Of Painkiller Celebrex|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/25/605226604/fda-panel-affirms-safety-of-painkiller-celebrex|access-date=19 May 2018|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=25 April 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520123906/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/25/605226604/fda-panel-affirms-safety-of-painkiller-celebrex|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein use insyd de later part of [[pregnancy]] anaa during [[breastfeeding]] no be recommended.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;

Celecoxib demonstrate adjunctive benefits insyd [[Major depressive disorder|major depression]] den efficacy in reducing polyp recurrence insyd familial adenomatous polyposis, while dem sanso dey investigate am for broader psychiatric, anticancer, den chemopreventive applications.

Dem patent celecoxib insyd 1993 wey e cam into medical use insyd 1999.&lt;ref name=Fis2006&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=522 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA522 |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427093939/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA522 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=BNF76&gt;{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=1097–1098|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2023, e be de 111th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 6{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top300Drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Celecoxib Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Celecoxib | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==
* {{cite book | title=Medical Genetics Summaries | chapter=Celecoxib Therapy and CYP2C9 Genotype | chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK379478/ | veditors=Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, Scott SA, Dean LC, Kattman BL, Malheiro AJ | display-editors=3 | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) | year=2016 | pmid=28520369 | id=Bookshelf ID: NBK379478 | vauthors=Dean L | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK61999/ }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Ding EL, Song Y |title=Adverse effects of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors on renal and arrhythmia events: meta-analysis of randomized trials |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-10-04_296_13/page/1619 |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=13 |pages=1619–32 |date=October 2006 |pmid=16968832 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.13.jrv60015 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite web | title=COX-2 Selective (includes Bextra, Celebrex, and Vioxx) and Non-Selective Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=15 July 2005 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/cox-2-selective-includes-bextra-celebrex-and-vioxx-and-non-selective-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928144031/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/cox-2-selective-includes-bextra-celebrex-and-vioxx-and-non-selective-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory | archive-date=28 September 2019 }}
* {{cite web | title=FDA Approves Labeling Supplement for Celebrex (celecoxib) | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=28 June 2018 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/cder-statement-fda-approves-labeling-supplement-celebrex-celecoxib }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Antineoplastic drugs]]
[[Category:Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors]]
[[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]]
[[Category:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]
[[Category:Drugs wey Pfizer develop]]
[[Category:Pyrazoles]]
[[Category:Sulfonamides]]
[[Category:Trifluoromethyl compounds]]
[[Category:4-Tolyl compounds]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Type 2 diabetes</title>
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'''Type 2 diabetes''' ('''T2D'''), dem formerly know as '''adult-onset diabetes''', be a form of diabetes mellitus wey be characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, den relative lack of insulin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cause&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title= Causes of Diabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes?dkrd=hispt0015|website= niddk.nih.gov | publisher= National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt; Common symptoms dey include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue den unexplained weight loss.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Diag2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 2014 |title=Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes |url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306174631/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016 |website=niddk.nih.gov |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda symptoms dey include increased hunger, having a sensation of pins den needles, den sores (wounds) wey dey heal slowly.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Diag2&quot; /&gt; Symptoms often dey develop slowly.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cause&quot; /&gt; Long-term complications from high blood sugar dey include heart disease[[stroke|; stroke]]; diabetic retinopathy, wich fi result in blindness; kidney failure; den poor blood flow insyd de lower limbs, wich fi lead to amputations.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20242&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state fi occur; however, ketoacidosis be uncommon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pas2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE | title = Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2014-11_37_11/page/3124 | journal = [[Diabetes Care]] | volume = 37 | issue = 11 | pages = 3124–31 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25342831 | pmc = 4207202 | doi = 10.2337/dc14-0984 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fas2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Fasanmade OA, Odeniyi IA, Ogbera AO | title = Diabetic ketoacidosis: diagnosis and management | journal = African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–105 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18939392 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Type&amp;nbsp;2 diabetes primarily dey occur as a result of [[obesity]] den lack of exercise.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20242&quot; /&gt; Sam people be genetically more at risk dan odas.&lt;ref name= NIH2014Cause/&gt; Type&amp;nbsp;2 diabetes dey make up about 90% of cases of diabetes, plus de oda 10% secof primarily to type 1 diabetes den gestational diabetes.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20242&quot; /&gt; 

Diagnosis of diabetes be by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, anaa glycated hemoglobin (A1c).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Diag2&quot; /&gt;

Type&amp;nbsp;2 diabetes be largely preventable by staying at a normal weight, exercising regularly, den eating a healthy diet (a popular example be a diet high insyd fruits den vegetables den low insyd sugar den saturated fat).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20242&quot; /&gt;

Treatment dey involve exercise den dietary changes.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20242&quot; /&gt; If blood sugar levels no be adequately lowered, de medication [[metformin]] be typically recommended.&lt;ref name= Ann2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S | title = Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 164 | issue = 11 | pages = 740–51 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27088241 | doi = 10.7326/M15-2650 | s2cid = 32016657}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Metformin2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Gnesin F, Thuesen AC, Kähler LK, Madsbad S, Hemmingsen B | title = Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | article-number = CD012906 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32501595 | pmc = 7386876 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012906.pub2 | doi-access = free | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw people sanso fi eventually require insulin injections.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kre2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ | title = Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Drugs | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 385–411 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15669880 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005 | s2cid = 29670619 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels (such as thru a continuous glucose monitor) be advised; however, dis no fi be needed insyd those wey no be on insulin therapy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Malanda UL, Welschen LM, Riphagen II, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Bot SD | title = Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | article-number = CD005060 | date = January 2012 | issue = 5 | pmid = 22258959 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005060.pub3 | pmc = 11984800 | hdl = 1871/48558 | s2cid = 205176936 | url = https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/733717bc-2021-43dc-ad10-540cdca45380 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bariatric surgery often dey improve diabetes insyd those wey be obese.&lt;ref name= &quot;Cet2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Cetinkunar S, Erdem H, Aktimur R, Sozen S | title = Effect of bariatric surgery on humoral control of metabolic derangements in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: How it works | journal = World Journal of Clinical Cases | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 504–9 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26090370 | pmc = 4468896 | doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i6.504 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ganguly S, Tan HC, Lee PC, Tham KW | title = Metabolic bariatric surgery and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an endocrinologist's perspective | journal = [[Journal of Biomedical Research]] | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–11 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25859264 | pmc = 4389109 | doi = 10.7555/JBR.29.20140127 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rates of type&amp;nbsp;2 diabetes increase markedly since 1960 insyd parallel plus obesity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Moscou S |chapter= Getting the word out: advocacy, social marketing, and policy development and enforcement | veditors = Truglio-Londrigan M, Lewenson SB |title=Public health nursing: practicing population-based care|date=2013|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, Massachusetts |isbn= 978-1-4496-4660-8 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=kgA8xfbxIRwC&amp;pg=PA317 317] |edition=2nd |oclc= 758391750}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2015,der be approximately 392&amp;nbsp;million people dem diagnose plus de disease compared to around 30&amp;nbsp;million insyd 1985.&lt;ref name= GBD2015Pre&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = [[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]] | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Epi2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Smyth S, Heron A | title = Diabetes and obesity: the twin epidemics | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 75–80 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16397575 | doi = 10.1038/nm0106-75 | s2cid = 1042625 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Typically, e dey begin insyd middle anaa older age,&lt;ref name=NIH2014Cause/&gt; although rates of type&amp;nbsp;2 diabetes dey increase insyd young people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tfayli H, Arslanian S | title = Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth: the evolving chameleon | journal = Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–74 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19466209 | pmc = 2846552 | doi = 10.1590/s0004-27302009000200008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Imperatore G, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Case D, Dabelea D, Hamman RF, Lawrence JM, Liese AD, Liu LL, Mayer-Davis EJ, Rodriguez BL, Standiford D | author-link5=Dana Dabelea|title = Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. population aged &lt;20 years through 2050: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and population growth | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2012-12_35_12/page/2515 | journal = Diabetes Care| volume = 35 | issue = 12 | pages = 2515–20 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23173134 | pmc = 3507562 | doi = 10.2337/dc12-0669 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Type&amp;nbsp;2 diabetes be associated plus a ten-year-shorter life expectancy.&lt;ref name= Will2011&gt;{{cite book | veditors = Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM |title=Williams textbook of endocrinology|publisher= Elsevier/Saunders |pages=1371–1435| edition=12th|year=2011 | location= Philadelphia| isbn= 978-1-4377-0324-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diabetes be one of de first diseases dem ever describe, wey dey date back to an Egyptian manuscript from {{circa|1500}}&amp;nbsp;BCE.&lt;ref name=Rip2011&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Diabetes | vauthors = Leutholtz BC, Ripoll I |title=Exercise and disease management|publisher= CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-1-4398-2759-8|page = 25 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&amp;pg=PA25 |edition=2nd|date=2011 |oclc=725919496 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Type&amp;nbsp;1 den type&amp;nbsp;2 diabetes be identified as separate conditions insyd 400–500&amp;nbsp;CE plus type&amp;nbsp;1 associated plus youth den type&amp;nbsp;2 plus being overweight.&lt;ref name=&quot;History20102&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Principles of diabetes mellitus |vauthors=Zajac J, Shrestha A, Patel P, Poretsky L |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-387-09840-1 |veditors=Poretsky L |edition=2nd |location=New York |pages=3–16 |chapter=The Main Events in the History of Diabetes Mellitus |oclc=663097550 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&amp;pg=PA3}}&lt;/ref&gt; De importance of insulin insyd de disease be determined insyd de 1920s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Zaccardi F, Webb DR, Yates T, Davies MJ | title = Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-year perspective | journal = Postgraduate Medical Journal | volume = 92 | issue = 1084 | pages = 63–9 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26621825 | doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133281 | s2cid = 28169759 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|display=Diabetes mellitus}}
* [https://diabetesatlas.org/ IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021]
* [https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]
* [https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/48/Supplement_1 ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2025]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diabetes Mellitus Type 2}}
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
[[Category:Types of diabetes]]
[[Category:Medical conditions wey relate to obesity]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Atlantic Ocean</title>
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[[File:Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv|thumb|Dem take dis video by de crew of Expedition 29 on board de ISS. De pass dey start from just northeast of de island of Newfoundland over de North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa, over [[South Sudan]].]]
De '''Atlantic Ocean''' be de second largest of de world ein five oceanic divisions, plus an area of about 85,133,000 square kilometers (32,870,000 sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlantic Ocean – Britannica2&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Atlantic Ocean|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Atlantic-Ocean|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072935/https://www.britannica.com/place/Atlantic-Ocean|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey cover approximately 17% of [[Earth|Earth ein surface]] den about 24% of ein water surface area. During de Age of Discovery, na e be known for separating de New World of de Americas ([[North America]] den South America) from de Old World of Afro-Eurasia ([[Africa]], Asia, den Europe).

Thru ein separation of Afro-Eurasia from de Americas, de Atlantic Ocean play a central role insyd de development of human society, globalization, den de histories of chaw nations. While de Norse be de first known humans to cross de Atlantic, na e be de expedition of Christopher Columbus insyd 1492 wey prove to be de most consequential. Columbus ein expedition usher insyd an age of exploration den colonization of de Americas by European powers, most notably Portugal, Spain, [[French colonial empire|France]], den de United Kingdom. From de 16th to 19th centuries, na de Atlantic Ocean be de center of both [[Atlantic slave trade|an eponymous slave trade]] den de Columbian exchange while occasionally dey host naval battles. Such naval battles, as well as growing trade from regional American powers like de United States den [[Brazil]], both increased in degree during de early 20th century. After World War II, major military operations cam be rarer, though notable postwar conflicts dey include de Cuban Missile Crisis den de Falklands War. De ocean remain a core component of trade around de world.

De Atlantic Ocean ein temperatures vary by location. For example, de South Atlantic dey maintain warm temperatures year-round, as ein basin countries be tropical. De North Atlantic maintain a temperate climate, as ein basin countries be temperate wey e get seasons of extremely low temperatures den high temperatures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SAS |first=Des Clics Nomades |title=Water temperature of the Atlantic Ocean - real time map and monthly temperatures |url=https://www.seatemperatu.re/seas-and-oceans/atlantic-ocean/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=SeaTemperatu.re |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Atlantic Ocean dey occupy an elongated, S-shaped basin wey dey extend longitudinally between Europe den Africa to de east, den de Americas to de west. As one component of de interconnected World Ocean, e be connected insyd de north to de Arctic Ocean, to de [[Pacific Ocean]] insyd de southwest, de Indian Ocean insyd de southeast, den de Southern Ocean insyd de south. Oda definitions describe de Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica. Dem divide de Atlantic Ocean insyd two parts, de northern den southern Atlantic, by de Equator.&lt;ref&gt;[[International Hydrographic Organization]], [https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf ''Limits of Oceans and Seas'', 3rd ed. (1953)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|date=8 October 2011}}, pages 4 and 13.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Names ==
[[File:1710_De_La_Feuille_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-lafeuille-1710.jpg|thumb|De Aethiopian Ocean dem depict insyd a 1710 French map of [[Africa]]]]
De oldest known dey mention of an &quot;Atlantic&quot; sea cam from Stesichorus around mid-sixth century BC (Sch. A. R. 1. 211):&lt;ref name=&quot;MangasPlácido1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mangas |first=Julio |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=pZBSML97Ya0C|page=283}} |title=La Península Ibérica en los autores griegos: de Homero a Platón – SLG / (Sch. A. R. 1. 211) |last2=Plácido |first2=Domingo |last3=Elícegui |first3=Elvira Gangutia |last4=Rodríguez Somolinos |first4=Helena |publisher=Editorial Complutense |year=1998 |page=283}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atlantikôi pelágei (Ancient Greek: Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει, 'the Atlantic sea', etym. 'Sea of Atlas') den insyd ''The Histories'' of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): Atlantis thalassa (Ancient Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα, 'Sea of Atlas' anaa 'de Atlantic sea'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ἀτλαντίς, DGE Diccionario Griego-Español |url=http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge/%E1%BC%88%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101191304/http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge/%E1%BC%88%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%82 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |website=dge.cchs.csic.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;), wer de name dey refer to &quot;de sea beyond de pillars of Hercules&quot; (de Strait of Gibraltar), beyond de Atlas Mountains insyd Morocco den off de West African coast.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford-Dict&quot; /&gt; Insyd dese uses, de name dey refer to Atlas, de Titan insyd Greek mythology, wey support de heavens den wey later appear as a frontispiece insyd medieval maps den atlases.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford-Dict&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Oxford Dictionaries|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Water masses ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.9em; text-align: center;&quot;
|+Temperature-salinity characteristics for Atlantic water masses&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Emery|Meincke|1986}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 !Water mass
!Temperature
!Salinity
|-
 ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Upper waters (0–500 m or 0–1,600 ft)
|-
 | align=&quot;left&quot; |Atlantic Subarctic&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Upper Water (ASUW)
|0.0–4.0&amp;nbsp;°C
|34.0–35.0
|-
 | align=&quot;left&quot; |Western North Atlantic&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Central Water (WNACW)
|7.0–20&amp;nbsp;°C
|35.0–36.7
|-
 | align=&quot;left&quot; |Eastern North Atlantic&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Central Water (ENACW)
|8.0–18.0&amp;nbsp;°C
|35.2–36.7
|-
 | align=&quot;left&quot; |South Atlantic&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Central Water (SACW)
|5.0–18.0&amp;nbsp;°C
|34.3–35.8
|-
 ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intermediate waters (500–1,500 m anaa 1,600–4,900 ft)
|-
 | align=&quot;left&quot; |Western Atlantic Subarctic&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Intermediate Water (WASIW)
|3.0–9.0&amp;nbsp;°C
|34.0–35.1
|-
 | align=&quot;left&quot; |Eastern Atlantic Subarctic&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Intermediate Water (EASIW)
|3.0–9.0&amp;nbsp;°C
|34.4–35.3
|-
 | align=&quot;left&quot; |Mediterranean Water (MW)
|2.6–11.0&amp;nbsp;°C
|35.0–36.2
|-
 | align=&quot;left&quot; |Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW)
|−1.5–3.0&amp;nbsp;°C
|34.7–34.9
|-
 ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Deep den abyssal waters (1,500&amp;nbsp;m–bottom anaa 4,900&amp;nbsp;ft–bottom)
|-
 | align=&quot;left&quot; |North Atlantic&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deep Water (NADW)
|1.5–4.0&amp;nbsp;°C
|34.8–35.0
|-
 | align=&quot;left&quot; |Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)
|−0.9–1.7&amp;nbsp;°C
|34.6–34.7
|-
 | align=&quot;left&quot; |Arctic Bottom Water (ABW)
|−1.8 to −0.5&amp;nbsp;°C
|34.9–34.9
|}
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[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]

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== Read further ==
* Dickson, Henry Newton (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Atlantic_Ocean|&quot;Atlantic Ocean&quot;]] . ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). pp. 855–857.
* {{Cite book|title=Atlantic: A Vast Ocean of a Million Stories|url=https://archive.org/details/atlanticvastocea0000winc|last=Winchester|first=Simon|publisher=HarperCollins UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0-00-734137-5|author-link=Simon Winchester}}
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Atlantic Ocean|wikt=Atlantic Ocean|commons=Atlantic Ocean|q=Atlantic Ocean|v=no|n=no|s=CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Atlantic Ocean|b=no}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090829012101/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/geoghist/histories/history/hiscountries/A/atlanticocean.html Atlantic Ocean]. Cartage.org.lb (archived)
* [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3320.lh000817/ &quot;Map of Atlantic Coast of North America from the Chesapeake Bay to Florida&quot;] from 1639 via the Library of Congress

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Atlantic Ocean| ]]
[[Category:Oceans]]
[[Category:History of de Atlantic Ocean| ]]
[[Category:Landforms of de Atlantic Ocean| ]]
[[Category:Oceans wey dey surround Antarctica]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Water scarcity in Africa</title>
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[[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyd Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often dey cam from open holes dug insyd de sand of dry riverbeds, den e be invariably contaminated.]]
De main causes of '''water scarcity insyd Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.&lt;ref&gt;FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be secof an increasing number of river basins reach conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis be de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyd Africa get several impacts. Dem range from health, particularly wey dey affect women den kiddies, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E sanso fi lead to more water conflicts.

To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyd Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] dey emphasize de need to invest insyd de development of Africa ein potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den [[desertification]].&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Scale ==
[[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from Babile (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at de area ein main water source.]]
Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any oda place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people wey dey live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;IaC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa go live insyd areas of high water stress.&lt;ref name=&quot;IaC&quot;/&gt; Dis go likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.&lt;ref name=&quot;IaC&quot;/&gt;

Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still dey suffer from water shortages thru out de year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese shortages be attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sam times der be smaller numbers of people wey dey reside wer der be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent ein water dey lie insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa ein population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. Der sanso be high evaporation rates insyd sam parts of de region wey dey result insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt;

However, der be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while sam regions get sufficient water,&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.&lt;/ref&gt; Sub-Saharan Africa dey face numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of ein people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt; African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt; De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt;
=== Regional variance ===
Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa dey progress towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot;/&gt; While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remain at a low 60% of coverage—wey dey leave 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region widout access to clean drinking water.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot;/&gt;

Sam of dese differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa ein extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa get a plentiful supply of rainwater, e be seasonal den unevenly distributed, wey dey lead to frequent floods den droughts.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt; Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, dem compound plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world ein poorest den least developed region.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt; Thus, dis poverty constrain dey deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address dese water issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt; Additionally, de rapid population growth dey lead to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFL&quot; /&gt;

De latest report of de SDG goal 6 mention various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa wey dey include de lack of hygiene den ein impact on de nutritional status especially among kiddies secof increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population dey insyd danger of hunger secof lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa dey lack access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America no be covered.&lt;ref name=&quot;SDG&quot;&gt;United Nations. [https://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/publications/SDG6_SR2018.pdf Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All.] Sustainable Development Goals&lt;/ref&gt;
== Causes ==

=== Physical and Economic Scarcity ===

Water scarcity be both natural and human-made problem. People fit divide am into two main categories: economic scarcity and physical scarcity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=18 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Economic scarcity mean say getting reliable and safe water source fit take plenty time and cost plenty money. Physical scarcity mean say the amount of water available for a particular area no dey enough to meet the current needs of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;/&gt;

The 2006 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa estimate say out of the 800 million people wey live for Africa, about 300 million of them dey live for places wey water scarce.&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;/&gt;

Especially for the northern and southern parts of Africa, increasing global temperatures because of climate change don intensify the hydrological cycle. This dey lead to drier dry seasons and increase the risk of more frequent and severe droughts. This situation seriously affect water availability, quality and quantity because river flows reduce, reservoir storage drop, water tables go down, and aquifers for northern and southern Africa dry up.

[[File:Severity of African Drought.jpg|thumb|326x326px|Explanation of the severity of drought across different geographical areas in Africa]]

Inside the physical scarcity category too, there be the problem of overexploitation. This dey contribute to the shrinking of many of Africa's major lakes, including Nakivale, Nakuru and Lake Chad. Lake Chad, for example, don shrink reach only 10% of its former size.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Scarcity, Risk, and Vulnerability |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2006_Chapter_4.pdf |access-date=18 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For policy side, incentives wey encourage overuse of water resources be among the most damaging factors, especially concerning groundwater extraction. Once people install pumps, many countries only control water extraction based on electricity costs. In many cases, governments even subsidize electricity for agriculture, making people less motivated to conserve groundwater resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

In addition, many African countries set water prices below the actual cost of providing the service. This discourages efficient use of water and threatens long-term sustainability.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

=== Population Growth ===

For the past century, the world's population don more than double.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=un.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Africa get the fastest-growing population for the world. Experts expect say the continent's population go increase by around 50% within the next 18 years, growing from 1.2 billion people today to more than 1.8 billion by 2035. In fact, Africa alone go account for almost half of the world's population growth over the next two decades.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2017-05-15|title=Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?|url=https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS Africa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The relationship be simple: as population increase, demand for water too increase. At the same time, water resources for many African regions dey reduce because people don settle in areas wey previously serve as water sources.

As population dey grow rapidly, there be urgent demand for better health services, improved quality of life, food security and support for industrial growth. All these things place additional pressure on the available water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Falkenmark|first=Malin|date=1990|title=Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population and Development Review|volume=16|pages=81–94|doi=10.2307/2808065|jstor=2808065|issn=0098-7921|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The growing population go only make the water scarcity crisis worse as more pressure dey put on available water resources. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, about 41% of the world's population currently live inside river basins wey already dey experience water stress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This dey create serious concern because many regions dey approach the limits where water services fit no longer be delivered sustainably.&lt;ref name=&quot;unfct&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/water-scarcity |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=UN-Water |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Globally, about 55% of people now live in urban areas, and by 2030 this figure fit increase by another 5%. Africa dey experience the same trend. Large cities like Lagos, Kinshasa and Nairobi don double their populations within just fifteen years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chitonge|first=Horman|date=2020-04-02|title=Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|s2cid=221361042|issn=0002-0184|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though more people dey move into these cities, the amount of fresh water available remain the same or even reduce. This population increase create a growing imbalance between water supply and water demand in urban areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Apart from contributing to the imbalance between water demand and supply, urbanization also increase water pollution. As more people move into cities, more sewage and waste dey enter rivers, lakes and other water bodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yuan-Xu|date=2020-08-27|title=Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system|journal=Water Supply|volume=20 | issue=8|  doi=10.2166/ws.2020.183|pages=3676–3686|bibcode=2020WatSu..20.3676W |issn=1606-9749|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For many developing countries, more than 90% of sewage generated ends up in water bodies without treatment. Also, sewage systems are often poorly maintained, so leaks from sewage pipes enter the soil and eventually pollute underground water sources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

=== Climate Change ===

{{Further|Effects of climate change|Water security#Climate change}}

According to the Africa Partnership Forum, &quot;Although Africa be the continent wey contribute least to climate change, e be one of the most vulnerable to its effects.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;cca&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Climate Change and Africa|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/7/38897900.pdf|access-date=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The long-term effects include changing rainfall patterns wey affect agriculture and reduce food security, worsening water security, declining fish resources in major lakes because of rising temperatures, sea-level rise affecting low-lying coastal areas, and increasing water stress.&lt;ref name=&quot;cca&quot;/&gt;

These impacts fit seriously affect both the quantity and quality of water children need to survive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know |url=https://www.unicef.org/stories/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies predict say by 2050, rainfall in Sub-Saharan Africa fit reduce by 10%, leading to major water shortages. This 10% reduction in rainfall go reduce drainage by 17%, while areas wey currently receive 500–600 mm of rainfall per year fit experience reductions of 50% and 30% respectively in surface drainage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stocker|first=Thomas|title=Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|url=https://archive.org/details/climatechange2010000unse|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05799-9|language=en|oclc=879855060}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition, the Human Development Report predict say rising temperatures combined with 10% less rainfall for the interior regions of Africa go worsen water shortages because evaporation and water loss go increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

Droughts and floods are considered the most dangerous threats to physical water scarcity.&lt;ref name=&quot;borg&quot;&gt;Reinacher, L. (2013 Oct 3). The Water Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Borgen Project.&lt;/ref&gt;

This warming effect go be strongest for the semi-arid regions around the Sahara, the Sahel, and inland parts of southern Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports say climate change for Africa don show itself through more intense and longer droughts for the subtropics and tropics. At the same time, arid and semi-arid areas for northern, western, eastern, and some parts of southern Africa dey become drier and more vulnerable to changes in rainfall patterns and storms.&lt;ref name=&quot;cca&quot;/&gt;

Climate change don contribute plenty to the already worsening water crisis for Africa and the whole world, making the World Health Organization declare climate change as the biggest threat to global health for the 21st century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumaresan|first1=Jacob|last2=Sathiakumar|first2=Nalini|date=2010-03-01|title=Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-health-organization-bulletin_2010-03_88_3/page/n8|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=88|issue=3|pages=163|doi=10.2471/blt.10.076034|issn=0042-9686|pmc=2828801|pmid=20428377}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Human Development Report further explain say because Africa depend heavily on rain-fed agriculture, widespread poverty, and weak institutional capacity, the water-related problems caused by climate change dey affect the continent more seriously than developed countries wey get enough resources and economic diversity to manage such global changes. This increased risk of drought and falling crop yields fit lead to more poverty, lower incomes, less secure livelihoods, and a greater threat of chronic hunger among the poorest people for sub-Saharan Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

Overall, this mean say water stress wey dey result from changing rainfall patterns dey affect Africa badly. Because of this, climate change remain one of the biggest challenges wey the continent must overcome if e want secure reliable and clean water sources for its people.
== Impacts ==
{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa}}

=== Health ===
{{main|WASH#Health aspects}}
People wey dey live for areas where water dey scarce dey often depend on unsafe water sources, and this dey increase the spread of waterborne diseases like typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, and diarrhea.&lt;ref name=WHO&gt;{{cite web|title=10 Facts About Water Scarcity|url=https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116002842/http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2008|access-date=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Water scarcity too dey force many households to store water inside house, and this dey increase risk of contamination and also increase mosquito-related diseases like malaria and dengue fever.&lt;ref name=WHO/&gt; These diseases normally no dey common for developed countries because dem get better water treatment systems wey dey filter and chlorinate water. But for places wey water infrastructure no strong, people dey rely on untreated natural water sources wey fit contain harmful bacteria and parasites.&lt;ref name=WS&gt;{{cite web|title=Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water &amp; Access|url=https://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.asp|access-date=18 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though many of these diseases fit be treated or prevented, dem still be among the leading causes of sickness and death worldwide. Every year, about 2.2 million people die from diarrhea-related diseases, and at any time, about half of hospital beds globally dey occupied by patients with water-related illnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2010 |title=The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis |url=http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053406/http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Small children and infants dey more affected because their immune system no strong yet,&lt;ref name=WS/&gt; which dey lead to high infant mortality rates especially for many African regions.

When people fall sick from these waterborne diseases, dem no fit work well or contribute to community development because of weakness. Also, money wey families, communities, and governments fit use for development dey go into medical treatment instead of education or food supply.&lt;ref name=WS/&gt; Some farmers too dey use contaminated water to irrigate crops, and this fit introduce diseases like intestinal worm infections, hepatitis A and E, and dysentery through food consumption.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Qadir | first1=M. | last2=Wichelns | first2=D. | last3=Raschid-Sally | first3=L. | last4=McCornick | first4=P.G. | last5=Drechsel | first5=P. | last6=Bahri | first6=A. | last7=Minhas | first7=P.S. | title=The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_agricultural-water-management_2010-04_97_4/page/561 | journal=Agricultural Water Management | date=2010 | volume=97 | issue=4 | pages=561–568 | doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.004 | bibcode=2010AgWM...97..561Q | hdl=10161/5966 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Women and Girls ===
{{Main|WASH#Gender}}
For Africa, women and men no dey share water responsibilities equally. Because of social structure, women dey carry most of the burden of finding, managing, and storing water, especially for household activities like cooking, washing, cleaning, and child care.&lt;ref name=&quot;GRAW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Crow |first1=Ben |last2=Roy |first2=Jessica |date=2004-03-26 |title=Gender Relations and Access to Water: What We Want to Know About Social Relations and Women's Time Allocation |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m5033gv#page-1 |publisher=UC Santa Cruz: Center for Global, International and Regional Studies  |access-date=18 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of these roles, many women dey spend up to 60% of their daily time just to fetch water. Globally, this represent about 200 million work hours per day, and e also reduce time wey dem fit use for education or income activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;wac&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Women Affected by the Crisis |url=http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205050519/http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women |archive-date=5 December 2011 |access-date=18 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another serious issue be lack of menstrual hygiene support for girls. When schools no provide clean toilets or proper hygiene materials, many girls dey miss school or drop out completely after puberty.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/education | title=The Water Crisis: Education in Africa }}&lt;/ref&gt; Water scarcity dey make this problem worse because decrease in water access dey strongly affect female school enrollment across all education levels.&lt;ref name=&quot;GRAW&quot;/&gt;

For many African women, fetching water mean say dem go carry heavy jerrycan wey fit weigh over {{Convert|40|lb}} when full&lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;/&gt; and walk around {{Convert|6|km|sp=us|spell=in}} every day.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpn&quot;/&gt; This dey cause serious health problems like long-term bone and spine damage.&lt;ref name=&quot;WWD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Coping With Water Scarcity: Challenge of the 21st Century|url=https://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf|access-date=18 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; E also dey affect mental and physical wellbeing, reduce school attendance, and affect learning ability because stress fit affect memory and decision-making. Access to clean water, however, dey help improve health and school attendance for students.&lt;ref name=&quot;GRAW&quot;/&gt;

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Crop limit, Nile Valley-2.jpg|thumb|Ethiopia plan to fill the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam reservoir fit reduce Nile River flow by up to 25% and affect Egyptian farmland badly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363 |work=[[NPR]] |date=27 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Most African people still depend on farming, and about 80% to 90% of rural households depend on farming for food.&lt;ref name=WWD/&gt; Because of this, water scarcity directly affect food security. More than 70% of farming for Sub-Saharan Africa be rain-fed agriculture, so crops dey very vulnerable to droughts and floods caused by changing weather patterns.

According to the UN Economic Commission for Africa and the New Partnership for Africa's Development, irrigation be key to improving agricultural production, economic growth, and food security.&lt;ref name=&quot;WWD&quot;/&gt; But many rural communities still no dey fully use irrigation systems. Globally, irrigation farming account for about 20% of agriculture, but Sub-Saharan Africa still lag behind in this area.&lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;Kauffman, J., Mantel, S., Ringersma, J., Dijkshoorn, J., Van Lynden, G., Dent, D. Making Better Use of Green Water in Sub-Saharan Africa.&lt;/ref&gt;

From the 1960s, international donors like the World Bank support irrigation development in Africa, but many projects no give expected crop yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;gdn&quot;&gt;Kadigi, R., Tesfay, G., Bizoza, A., Zinabou, G. (2013). Global Development Network GDN Working Paper Series Irrigation and Water Use Efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa Working Paper No. 63.&lt;/ref&gt; Still, the World Bank estimate say agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa fit nearly triple by 2050.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bjornlund |first1=Vibeke |last2=Bjornlund |first2=Henning |last3=Van Rooyen |first3=Andre F. |date=2020-10-01 |title=Why agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa remains low compared to the rest of the world – a historical perspective |journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development |volume=36 |issue=sup1 |pages=S20–S53 |doi=10.1080/07900627.2020.1739512 |s2cid=218928549 |issn=0790-0627|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020IJWRD..36S..20B }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sustainable Development Goal 2 dey focus on ending hunger and improving sustainable agriculture.&lt;ref name=&quot;SDG&quot;&gt;United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals&lt;/ref&gt; To achieve this, agriculture system must shift from only high-yield crops to more diverse and nutritious crops wey fit improve diet quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFNHN&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mabhaudhi |first1=Tafadzwanashe |last2=Chibarabada |first2=Tendai |last3=Modi |first3=Albert |year=2016 |title=Water-Food-Nutrition-Health Nexus: Linking Water to Improving Food, Nutrition and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=107 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13010107 |pmc=4730498 |pmid=26751464 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016IJERP..13..107M }}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, lack of money, skills, and infrastructure dey make irrigation and modern farming difficult in many areas. Because of this, droughts, floods, and desertification dey cause serious economic loss and food shortage. Malnutrition too dey reduce lifetime earnings by about 10%, and countries fit lose 2–3% of GDP because of undernutrition.&lt;ref name=&quot;mal&quot;&gt;Bain, L., Et al. (2013). Malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Burden, Causes and Prospects. Pan African Medical Journal.&lt;/ref&gt;

In many places, people dey also use untreated wastewater for farming, which fit introduce harmful chemicals and disease organisms into food.&lt;ref name=WHO/&gt; Methods like greywater wetlands and sand filtration dey proposed to treat such water before reuse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.015| title=Greywater reuse: A strategy for water demand management in Harare?| journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C| volume=32| issue=15–18| pages=1231–1236| year=2007| last1=Madungwe| first1=Emaculate| last2=Sakuringwa| first2=Saniso| bibcode=2007PCE....32.1231M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Overall, to deal with water scarcity in Africa, there must be better investment in clean water access, irrigation development, and climate change adaptation strategies so say food security and public health go improve.&lt;ref name=uneca/&gt;
== Productivity and development ==

Poverty get direct link with how people dey get access to clean drinking water—if no clean water, chance say person go fit come out of the poverty trap dey very small. This idea of “water poverty trap” na economists wey study sub-Saharan Africa first talk am, and e mean say people dey stuck inside one cycle of money poverty, low farm output, and environmental damage wey dey increase pass.&lt;ref name=GRAW/&gt; Inside this negative cycle, lack of water resources dey connect with lack of financial resources, and e dey affect everybody—individuals, households, and whole communities.&lt;ref name=GRAW/&gt;

Inside this poverty trap, people dey face low income, high cost wey dem need pay for water facilities, and dem no get credit or support to invest for water projects. This make investment in water and land very low, and people no fit invest in businesses wey fit bring money. In the end, resources dey spoil, and people remain inside chronic poverty.&lt;ref name=GRAW/&gt;

On top this matter, for slums inside developing countries, poor people dey often pay five to ten times more for water per unit than people wey get pipe-borne water. This one dey happen because of problems like lack of infrastructure and government corruption, wey even fit make water services cost increase by 10% to 30%.&lt;ref name=WWD/&gt;&lt;ref name=21st/&gt;

The social and economic effects of lack of clean water dey reach many areas like education, job opportunities, physical strength and health, agriculture and industrial development, and overall productive power of people, communities, and whole country. Because of this, UN estimate say Sub-Saharan Africa alone dey lose about 40 billion potential working hours every year just because people dey go fetch water instead of doing productive work.&lt;ref name=WS/&gt;
== Conflict ==

{{Further|Water conflict}}

Population growth across the world and climate change na two big factors wey together fit cause water conflicts for many parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=[https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|title=The](https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|title=The) Coming Wars for Water|date=October 12, 2019|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt; Already, population explosion for developing countries inside Africa, combined with climate change, dey put serious pressure inside countries and between different nations. Before-before, countries dey solve water problems through negotiation, but now people dey predict say aggression over water access fit increase.

Africa water vulnerability wey fit cause conflict fit be grouped into four main river basin areas: the [[Nile]], [[Niger river|Niger]], [[Zambezi]] and [[Volta river|Volta]] basins.&lt;ref name=&quot;21st&quot;/&gt; For the Nile wey dey pass through [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]] and [[Sudan]], the water matter fit cause serious tension and disagreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;21st&quot;/&gt;

For Niger basin, the river dey go from [[Guinea]] pass through [[Mali]] reach [[Nigeria]]. Especially for Mali—wey be one of the poorest countries—the river dey very important for food, water and transport, but overuse dey make the water dey dirty and harder to use.&lt;ref name=&quot;21st&quot;/&gt;

For southern Africa, the Zambezi river basin na one of the most heavily used river systems. Because of that, [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]] dey compete for am. In 2000, Zimbabwe open the [[Kariba Dam]] gates, which cause serious flooding wey affect the whole region badly.&lt;ref name=21st/&gt;

For Volta basin, Ghana depend heavily on hydroelectric power from the river, but drought dey disturb the water level wey Akosombo Dam need to generate electricity. This dey affect Ghana economy and energy supply and fit also cause regional instability if e continue.&lt;ref name=21st/&gt;

At this point, intelligence agencies don talk say within the next ten years, water issue no likely go start full war by itself. But if current consumption and climate stress continue, UNECA predict say water scarcity for Africa fit reach dangerous level by 2025. This mean say water matter fit become more serious security issue going forward.&lt;ref name=usi/&gt;

Based on classified National Intelligence Estimate on water security wey US State Department request under Hillary Clinton in 2011, after 2022 water go more likely be used as weapon of war or even for terrorism, especially for North Africa.&lt;ref name=usi/&gt; Because of this, the World Economic Forum 2011 Global Risk Report include water scarcity as one of the top five global risks for the first time.
== Approaches for managing scarcity ==

=== Water permit systems ===

Some regions in African countries like Tanzania don try use water permit systems to manage water scarcity. For this system, local rules dey control how people go get access to certain amount of water for specific places. But this kind system sometimes dey create more conflict, because big commercial irrigators fit take most of the water, leave smallholder farmers wey dey depend on am for survival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Komakech|first1=Hc|last2=Condon|first2=M|last3=Van der Zaag|first3=P|date=2012|title=The role of statutory and local rules in allocating water between large- and small-scale irrigators in an African river catchment|url=[http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|journal=Water](http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|journal=Water) SA|volume=38|issue=1|pages=115–126|doi=10.4314/wsa.v38i1.14|issn=0378-4738|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160812090006/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|archive-date=12](https://web.archive.org/web/20160812090006/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|archive-date=12) August 2016|doi-access=free}}

=== Desalination ===

{{Main article|Desalination}}

Desalination na process wey dey turn salty sea water into fresh water by removing the salt inside am. Many African countries like Algeria, Morocco, and South Africa dey use this technology to fight water scarcity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dhakal |first1=Nirajan |last2=Salinas-Rodriguez |first2=Sergio G. |last3=Hamdani |first3=Jamal |last4=Abushaban |first4=Almotasembellah |last5=Sawalha |first5=Hassan |last6=Schippers |first6=Jan C. |last7=Kennedy |first7=Maria D. |date=April 2022 |title=Is Desalination a Solution to Freshwater Scarcity in Developing Countries? |journal=Membranes |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=381 |doi=10.3390/membranes12040381 |pmid=35448351 |pmc=9029386 |issn=2077-0375}}&lt;/ref&gt;

But desalination plants get serious challenges too. E dey need plenty electricity, chemicals, and strong infrastructure, which make am hard for many developing countries to build and maintain.
== Approaches for managing scarcity ==

=== Water permit systems ===

Some regions in African countries like Tanzania don try use water permit systems to manage water scarcity. For this system, local rules dey control how people go get access to certain amount of water for specific places. But this kind system sometimes dey create more conflict, because big commercial irrigators fit take most of the water, leave smallholder farmers wey dey depend on am for survival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Komakech|first1=Hc|last2=Condon|first2=M|last3=Van der Zaag|first3=P|date=2012|title=The role of statutory and local rules in allocating water between large- and small-scale irrigators in an African river catchment|url=[http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|journal=Water](http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|journal=Water) SA|volume=38|issue=1|pages=115–126|doi=10.4314/wsa.v38i1.14|issn=0378-4738|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160812090006/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|archive-date=12](https://web.archive.org/web/20160812090006/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73317|archive-date=12) August 2016|doi-access=free}}

=== Desalination ===

{{Main article|Desalination}}

Desalination na process wey dey turn salty sea water into fresh water by removing the salt inside am. Many African countries like Algeria, Morocco, and South Africa dey use this technology to fight water scarcity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dhakal |first1=Nirajan |last2=Salinas-Rodriguez |first2=Sergio G. |last3=Hamdani |first3=Jamal |last4=Abushaban |first4=Almotasembellah |last5=Sawalha |first5=Hassan |last6=Schippers |first6=Jan C. |last7=Kennedy |first7=Maria D. |date=April 2022 |title=Is Desalination a Solution to Freshwater Scarcity in Developing Countries? |journal=Membranes |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=381 |doi=10.3390/membranes12040381 |pmid=35448351 |pmc=9029386 |issn=2077-0375}}&lt;/ref&gt;

But desalination plants get serious challenges too. E dey need plenty electricity, chemicals, and strong infrastructure, which make am hard for many developing countries to build and maintain.
== International and non-governmental organizations' efforts ==

{{See also|List of water-related charities}}

To properly deal with water scarcity for Africa, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa talk say there is need to invest in developing Africa water resources so that unnecessary suffering go reduce, food security go improve, and economic gains go protect through proper management of droughts, floods, and desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;/&gt; Some of the solutions wey dem suggest and dey already happen include building and improving wells, rainwater collection systems, and clean water storage tanks.

The United Nations itself also try tackle water scarcity through the Millennium Development Goals. The goals include eight international development targets, and seven of them directly connect to water issues. Water access dey affect poverty, food shortage, education level, women social and economic power, livelihood security, disease control, and overall human and environmental health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action Water for Life 2005-2015: Water Scarcity|url=[https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml|access-date=1](https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml|access-date=1) April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because water is very important to achieving the MDGs, one target be to reduce by half the number of people worldwide without safe drinking water by 2015. In March 2012, UN announce say this target almost achieved four years before deadline, showing say global efforts dey make progress.&lt;ref name=&quot;remarks&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Remarks in Honor of World Water Day|url=[https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/03/186640.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327141902/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/186640.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27](https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/03/186640.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327141902/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/186640.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27) March 2012|access-date=1 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As one of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, United States also dey play big role in supporting clean water solutions. One of their efforts include USAID WASH programme—Water, Sanitation and Hygiene partnership with Gates Foundation—weh dey support access to clean water and sanitation for poor communities. The aim na to test and scale up solutions wey fit work well for disadvantaged areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;remarks&quot;/&gt; In March 2012, Hillary Clinton announce US Water Partnership, wey bring together private sector, NGOs, experts, academics and government to find better system-wide solutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;remarks&quot;/&gt; The idea be say the technology and solutions already dey, but many people no fit access them, so the partnership go help make them available at community level.

Apart from governments and UN, many non-governmental and charitable organizations also dey work to provide clean water for Africa and other parts of the world. These groups depend on donations from individuals and organizations, and they use the funds to build water infrastructure and support clean water projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Water Charities:A Comprehensive List|url=[http://www.filtersfast.com/articles/Water-Charities-A-Comprehensive-List.php|access-date=11](http://www.filtersfast.com/articles/Water-Charities-A-Comprehensive-List.php|access-date=11) April 2012|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703060935/http://www.filtersfast.com/articles/Water-Charities-A-Comprehensive-List.php|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20170703060935/http://www.filtersfast.com/articles/Water-Charities-A-Comprehensive-List.php|url-status=dead}})&lt;/ref&gt; For example, Water to Thrive na non-profit wey dey provide clean water for East Africa. Since 2008, dem don build over 2,000 wells for Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home - Nonprofit |url=[https://www.watertothrive.org/](https://www.watertothrive.org/) |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Water To Thrive |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By 2015, about 90% of people for the world don get access to safe drinking water and sanitation because of these global efforts. The Sustainable Development Goals continue from there, with Goal 6 focused on “Clean Water and Sanitation for All.” The target be say by 2030, everybody go get access to clean water, sanitation go improve especially for vulnerable people, waste treatment go increase, and water pollution go reduce. The goal also encourage more cooperation between international and local actors to improve how water resources dey managed.&lt;ref name=&quot;SDG&quot;/&gt;
== Limitations ==

Africa dey host both the highest number of water-scarce countries for any region, and also some of the hardest places to reach when e come to water aid work. Many rural villages dey trap these areas inside wetin the UN Economic Commission for Africa call the “Harvesting Stage,”&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;/&gt; meaning say the level of development and infrastructure no strong enough to support long-term, sustainable water solutions. Because of this, even when help come, e dey hard to maintain am.

Aside geography and development challenges, political and economic issues too dey affect water aid delivery. For political side, tensions between local governments and foreign NGOs sometimes make it difficult for money, equipment, and aid workers to operate well on ground. For economic side, big inequality between rich and poor people for cities mean say poor people dey often pay four to ten times more for safe water than wealthy people, which makes it harder for them to benefit from clean water systems and interventions.&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;/&gt;

Because of all these combined problems, many water projects no dey succeed long-term. E be estimated say about 50% of water projects fail, less than 5% ever get proper visits after implementation, and less than 1% receive any form of long-term monitoring or maintenance support.&lt;ref name=&quot;wac&quot;/&gt;
== Rainwater harvesting ==

[[Rainwater harvesting]] (RWH) na the process of collecting and storing rainwater instead of letting am flow away. Rain dey fall on surfaces like roofs, and then dem dey channel am go storage systems like tanks, cisterns, deep pits (like wells, shafts, or boreholes), aquifers, or reservoirs through percolation. The water wey dem collect later dey use for productive purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=managing urban stormwater; harvest and reuse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of the need to improve access to safe drinking water for developing countries, rainwater harvesting become part of the efforts under the Millennium Development Goals, especially the target to reduce by half the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water by 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=united nations millennium declaration |url=[https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_55_2.pdf}}](https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_55_2.pdf}})&lt;/ref&gt;

This make rainwater harvesting become more popular as one solution to increase availability of potable water. In many cases, RWH dey used especially for places where normal water supply systems no fit meet people needs or no dey reliable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mapping the Potential of Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in Africa: A GIS Overview on Development Domains for the Continent and Nine selected Countries |url=[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265842568}}](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265842568}})&lt;/ref&gt;
## == Causes ==

### === Physical and economic scarcity ===

Water scarcity be both natural and human-made thing, and e fit be divided into two main types: economic scarcity and physical scarcity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=[https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml](https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml) |access-date=18 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Economic scarcity mean say e dey hard, take time, and cost plenty money before person fit find reliable source of clean water. Physical scarcity mean say the water wey dey inside the area no reach to meet the people wey dey live there based on their current needs.&lt;ref name=&quot;WS&quot;/&gt;

The 2006 [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] estimate say about 300 million out of 800 million people for Africa dey live inside water-scarce environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;uneca&quot;/&gt; Especially for far north, far south, and some parts of Africa, rising global temperature from climate change don make the water cycle more extreme—dry seasons dey dry pass before, and drought dey happen more often.

This thing dey affect availability, quality, and quantity of water because rivers dey reduce, reservoirs dey empty, underground water (aquifers) dey go down, and many water sources dey dry up.

[[File:Severity of African Drought.jpg|thumb|326x326px|The severity of African drought explained in different geographical areas]]

One of the physical scarcity issues be overuse of water resources. This one dey contribute to shrinkage of big African lakes like Nakivale, Nakuru, and [[Lake Chad]], wey don reduce reach about 10% of its original size.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

For policy side, overuse dey happen because of wrong incentives, especially for underground water. Once person install pump, many times the only restriction be electricity cost, and some governments even subsidize electricity for farming, which make people overuse water. &lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

Also, many African countries set water price very low, below the real cost of maintenance, and this one dey discourage careful use and threaten long-term sustainability.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

### === Population growth ===

Over the past century, world population don more than double.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=[https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml](https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml) |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=un.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Africa population dey grow fast pass any continent. E fit increase by about 50% within the next 18 years—from about 1.2 billion people today to over 1.8 billion by 2035. Africa alone go contribute almost half of global population growth for the next two decades.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2017-05-15|title=Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?|url=[https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS](https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS) Africa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As population increase, water demand also dey increase. But at the same time, some water sources dey reduce because people dey settle inside places wey before be natural water catchment areas.

This situation dey create pressure for better health care, food security, better living standard, and industrial growth—all of which need water to function.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Falkenmark|first=Malin|date=1990|title=Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa|url=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population) and Development Review|volume=16|pages=81–94|doi=10.2307/2808065|jstor=2808065|issn=0098-7921|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of this, water stress go continue to increase unless management improve. According to [[World Wide Fund for Nature]], about 41% of world population already dey live inside river basins wey dey under water stress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=[https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity](https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity) |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urban areas for Africa also dey grow fast. Cities like Lagos, Kinshasa, and Nairobi don double their population within about 15 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chitonge|first=Horman|date=2020-04-02|title=Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity|url=[https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African](https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African) Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|s2cid=221361042|issn=0002-0184|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though people dey move go city, water supply no dey increase at the same rate. This dey create imbalance between water demand and water supply.

Urbanization also dey increase water pollution because more sewage and waste dey enter rivers and water bodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yuan-Xu|date=2020-08-27|title=Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system|journal=Water Supply|volume=20 | issue=8|doi=10.2166/ws.2020.183|pages=3676–3686|bibcode=2020WatSu..20.3676W |issn=1606-9749|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For many developing countries, over 90% of sewage dey go water bodies without treatment, which dey worsen contamination problem.

== Climate change ==
The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] report say climate change for Africa dey show itself through more intense and longer droughts for subtropical and tropical areas. Northern, western, eastern, and some southern parts of Africa dey become drier and rainfall pattern dey change plenty.&lt;ref name=&quot;cca&quot;/&gt;

Climate change don worsen already existing water crisis for Africa and the world. Because of this, the [[World Health Organization]] describe climate change as one of the biggest threats to global health in the 21st century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumaresan|first1=Jacob|last2=Sathiakumar|first2=Nalini|date=2010-03-01|title=Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-health-organization-bulletin_2010-03_88_3/page/n8|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=88|issue=3|pages=163|doi=10.2471/blt.10.076034|issn=0042-9686|pmc=2828801|pmid=20428377}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Human Development Report explain say Africa depend heavily on rain-fed farming, and many people dey poor with weak systems to adapt. Because of this, climate change dey affect Africa more harshly than developed countries wey get stronger economy and better technology to cope.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

This situation fit cause lower crop yields, more poverty, lower income, hunger, and less stable livelihoods especially for people for Sub-Saharan Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDR&quot;/&gt;

Overall, climate change make water stress more serious for Africa, and e remain one of the biggest obstacles to reliable and safe water access.
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
* [https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml International Decade for Action &quot;Water for Life&quot; 2005-2015]

[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Water conservation]]
[[Category:Water scarcity]]
[[Category:Climate change insyd Africa]]</text>
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'''Planetary Health''' na de way human health an environment health dey depend on each oda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mago |first1=Arpit |last2=Dhali |first2=Arkadeep |last3=Kumar |first3=Harendra |last4=Maity |first4=Rick |last5=Kumar |first5=Bharat |date=2024 |title=Planetary health and its relevance in the modern era: A topical review |journal=SAGE Open Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |article-number=20503121241254231 |doi=10.1177/20503121241254231 |issn=2050-3121 |pmc=11107315 |pmid=38774741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebi research field wey bring plenty different subjects together plus worldwide movement wey dey study how changes for environment dey affect human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Middleton |first1=Jo |last2=Cassell |first2=Jackie A. |last3=Colthart |first3=Gavin |last4=Dem |first4=Francesca |last5=Fairhead |first5=James |last6=Head |first6=Michael G. |last7=Inacio |first7=Joao |last8=Jimbudo |first8=Mavis |last9=Laman |first9=Moses |last10=Novotny |first10=Vojtech |last11=Peck |first11=Mika |last12=Philip |first12=Jonah |last13=Pomat |first13=William |last14=Sui |first14=Shen |last15=West-Oram |first15=Peter |date=2020-11-01 |title=Rationale, experience and ethical considerations underpinning integrated actions to further global goals for health and land biodiversity in Papua New Guinea |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |journal=Sustainability Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1653–1664 |doi=10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |bibcode=2020SuSc...15.1653M |issn=1862-4057|hdl=10072/413428 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Planetary health mean &quot;di health of human civilization plus de condition of de natural systems wey human beings dey depend on.&quot; For 2015, de Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health introduce dis concept,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health |journal=The Lancet |date=2015-11-14 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1 |volume=386 |pages=1973–2028  | last1 = Whitmee | first1 = Sarah|issue=10007 |pmid=26188744 |s2cid=21925353 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015Lanc..386.1973W }}&lt;/ref&gt; an dem still dey develop am insyd new health science wey now get more than 25 different areas of expertise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Myers |first1=Samuel |title=Planetary health: protecting nature to protect ourselves |last2=Frumkin |first2=Howard |date=2020 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-966-1 |location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Background and milestones==

Plenty ideas an concepts come before de Planetary Health concept. According to Susan Prescott, de term &quot;planetary health&quot; come out from de environmental an holistic health movements wey happen for de 1970s an 1980s. For 1980, Friends of de Earth expand de World Health Organization definition of health by saying, &quot;health na state of complete physical, mental, social an ecological well-being, no be only absence of disease. Personal health include planetary health too.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prescott |first1=Susan L. |last2=Logan |first2=Alan C. |date=March 2019 |title=Planetary Health: From the Wellspring of Holistic Medicine to Personal and Public Health Imperative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550830718301824 |journal=Explore |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1016/j.explore.2018.09.002 |pmid=30316687 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

James Lovelock create de term '''&quot;Planetary Medicine&quot;''' for 1986.&lt;ref&gt;Lovelock, J. E. (1986). Geophysiology: A new look at earth science. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 67(4), 392-397.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1993, Norwegian doctor Per Fugelli write say:

&quot;The patient Earth dey sick. Global environmental problems fit cause serious effects for human health. E don reach time make doctors check de whole world, diagnose am, an recommend treatment.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;lancet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Casassus |first=Barbara |date=November 2017 |title=Per Fugelli |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361732737X |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=390 |issue=10107 |pages=2032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32737-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de 1990s, dem develop model curriculum wey dem call Terra Medicine (Planetary Medicine) for Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt as part of de Altmühltal Agenda 21 project.&lt;ref&gt;Stappen, R.: Terramedizin und Master for Sustainable Development – Zwei Konzepte für innovative. Modellstudiengänge. In: Stadt-Umland-Perspektiven – Zukunftsfähige Regionen in Europa. 2000, ISBN 3-00-007218-7, S. 284–285.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2000, James Lovelock publish im book ''Gaia: de Practical Science of Planetary Medicine''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lovelock |first1=James E. |title=Gaia, the practical science of planetary medicine |last2=Lovelock |first2=James E. |date=1991 |publisher=Gaia Books |isbn=978-1-85675-040-0 |edition=1. publ |series=Gaia Original |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Milestones===

For March 2014, one issue of de medical journal de ''Lancet'' call for new planetary health movement wey go change de public health field. Before dis, public health mostly focus on human population health without paying enough attention to de natural ecosystems wey surround people.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=From public to planetary health: a manifesto |journal=The Lancet |date=2014-03-06 |last1=Horton |first1=Richard |last2=Beaglehole |first2=Robert |last3=Bonita |first3=Ruth |last4=Raeburn |first4=John |last5=McKee |first5=Martin |volume=383 |issue=9920 |page=847 |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60409-8/fulltext |access-date=2016-10-05 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60409-8|pmid=24607088 |bibcode=2014Lanc..383..847H |s2cid=29341866 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; de proposal also recognize new threats wey dey affect both natural systems an human-made systems wey support human life.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;/&gt;

For 2015, de Rockefeller Foundation an de ''Lancet'' launch de Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt; de Planetary Health Alliance start for '''December 2015''' by Harvard University together with de Wildlife Conservation Society plus oda partner organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://planetaryhealthalliance.org/|title=Planetary Health Alliance|website=planetaryhealthalliance.org|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/planetary-health-alliance-launched-to-address-public-health-threats/|title=Harvard University, Wildlife Conservation Society launch new 'Planetary Health Alliance' with support from The Rockefeller Foundation|date=2015-12-11|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rockefeller Foundation Economic Council on Planetary Health for Oxford Martin School start work on 1 June 2017 to help define dis new field of planetary health. de open-access journal ''Lancet Planetary Health'' publish ein first issue for April 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Lancet Planetary Health {{!}} All Journal Issues {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424044618/https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=www.sciencedirect.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health na action call wey different stakeholders create together during de 2021 Planetary Health Annual Meeting for São Paulo, Brazil. de declaration dey encourage governments, private sector organizations, civil society, an ordinary people make dem commit to de Great Transition so dem go protect healthy an fair future for humanity plus safeguard all life for Earth.

For 2022, as dem celebrate 50 years since de first UN environmental conference, &quot;United Nations Conference on de Human Environment&quot; wey happen for Stockholm for 1972, de United Nations publish de report ''UN Conference Stockholm+50: A Healthy Planet for de Prosperity of All – Our Responsibility, Our Opportunity''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/K22/117/97/PDF/K2211797.pdf?OpenElement Report UN-Conference Stockholm+50: a healthy planet for the prosperity of all – our responsibility, our opportunity][[United Nations]]'&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2023, de Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada publish de '''Academic Health Institutions' Declaration on Planetary Health'''. de declaration call on all academic health institutions around de world make dem take immediate action to reduce de harmful effects of dia activities on de planet's natural systems an introduce adaptive plus regenerative measures, including advocacy. More than 40 academic health institutions sign de declaration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration on Planetary Health |url=https://www.afmc.ca/initiatives/planetaryhealthdeclaration/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=AFMC |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem include medical schools, faculties of medicine, schools of nursing, schools of public health, plus oda health-related institutions from countries like Canada, India, Finland, Dominican Republic, South Africa, Germany, Portugal, Indonesia, an plenty more.

The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences publish one detailed report for June 2023 about de current state of planetary health research an de future research agenda. de report no be only useful for Netherlands but e get international importance too ([https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]).

For April 2024, more than 100 members from worldwide Planetary Health community create de Global Planetary Health Roadmap and Action Plan. Dis roadmap build on de principles an action call from de 2021 São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health. de roadmap cover important areas like governance, education, business an communication, giving strategic direction to strengthen dis growing movement an protect de health an well-being of all life for Earth. de [https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/roadmap roadmap]
==Research paradigms and agenda==

Based on de definition of health—&quot;a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely de absence of disease or infirmity&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419175759/http://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |title=Constitution of WHO: principles |access-date=2016-10-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;—plus de principles wey dey inside de preamble of de World Health Organization constitution, de ''Lancet'' Commission report explain say planetary health mean &quot;the achievement of de highest attainable standard of health, wellbeing, and equity worldwide through wise attention to de human systems—political, economic, and social—weh dey shape humanity future, plus de Earth's natural systems wey set de safe environmental limits inside which humanity fit survive and prosper.&quot;&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;

The report also set de main principles wey dey guide de planetary health idea. One important principle be say human health depend on &quot;healthy natural systems plus proper care and management of those natural systems.&quot; Human activities like energy production and food production don cause major changes to de Earth's systems. Because of this, scientists now dey call this present period de Anthropocene.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;

The Planetary Health Education Framework, wey de Planetary Health Alliance develop for '''2021''', dey help guide de education of global citizens, health practitioners, and professionals wey get de knowledge and willingness to solve complex planetary health challenges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |date=2021 |editor-last=Faerron Guzman |editor-first=Carlos A. |editor2-last=Potter |editor2-first=Teddie |title=Planetary Health Education Framework |url=https://planetaryhealthalliance.org/resources/education-framework/ |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Planetary Health Alliance |language=en-US |doi=10.5822/phef2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The framework also want inspire everybody around de world make dem create, restore, protect and conserve healthy ecosystems so human civilization go continue to flourish. According to de framework, '''five foundational domains''' form de core of Planetary Health knowledge, values and practice:

# Connection with nature.
# The Anthropocene and health.
# Equity and social justice.
# Movement building and systems change.
# Systems thinking and complexity.

One group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from de Stockholm Resilience Centre propose de concept of nine planetary boundaries. These boundaries show de environmental limits inside which humanity fit continue develop and live well for many generations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=A safe operating space for humanity |journal=Nature |date=2009-09-04 |volume=461 |issue=7263 |doi=10.1038/461472a |pmid=19779433 |pages=472–475 | last1 = Rockström | first1 = Johan|bibcode=2009Natur.461..472R |s2cid=205049746 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to one 2024 update, humanity don already cross six of de planetary boundaries: climate change, biosphere integrity, biogeochemical flows, land-system change, freshwater use, and novel entities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet |journal=Science |date=2015-02-13 |doi=10.1126/science.1259855 |pmid=25592418 |volume=347 |issue=6223 |article-number=1259855 | last1 = Steffen | first1 = W.|hdl=1885/13126 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; de seventh boundary, ocean acidification, too dey move close to its limit.

The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health report conclude say urgent and transformational actions dey necessary to protect both present and future generations. One important area wey need immediate attention be de way human knowledge dey organized and governed. According to de report, de current system no fit properly address de threats wey dey face planetary health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

The report make several broad recommendations. One recommendation be to improve governance so social, economic and environmental policies fit work together better. de report also recommend de creation, sharing and application of interdisciplinary knowledge. de authors further call for new ways of defining prosperity, making quality of life and better health for everybody de main priority while still respecting de integrity of natural systems.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
===International research agenda for planetary health===

For June 2023, de Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences present dia planetary health report,&lt;ref&gt;KNAW (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health. An emerging field to be developed], Amsterdam&lt;/ref&gt; ''Planetary Health, An emerging field to be developed'', after dem spend two years consulting experts and different stakeholders. de report identify plenty knowledge gaps for de planetary health field. After dem review existing research plus consult experts, dem produce one long list of more than 100 specific knowledge gaps.&lt;ref&gt;KNAW:[https://storage.knaw.nl/2023-05/Longlist-of-knowledge-gaps-in-Planetary-Health.pdf Longlist ofknowledge gaps in Planetary Health]&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de report, people still no fully understand how global environmental change dey affect human health. Plenty pathways still no clear, scientists never know well how effective mitigation and adaptation measures be, and e still dey difficult to know how governments and societies fit quickly change policy and human behaviour. de Academy conclude say filling all these knowledge gaps go need strong international collaboration plus more investment insyd research funding. Dem also announce say dem go work together with international partners and umbrella academies like EASAC, FEAM and ALLEA to move dis research agenda forward.&lt;ref&gt;KNAW (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health. An emerging field to be developed], p. 70 Amsterdam&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2025, de United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report ''GEO-7'' report say investing insyd planetary health fit bring trillions of dollars extra to global GDP, prevent millions of deaths, and reduce poverty plus hunger worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/49014 |title=Global Environment Outlook 7: A future we choose – Why investing in Earth now can lead to a trillion-dollar benefit for all |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-807-4246-6 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-12-09 |title=UN Report: Investing in planetary health would deliver higher GDP, fewer deaths, less poverty |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/un-report-investing-planetary-health-would-deliver-higher-gdp-fewer |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.unep.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nutrition and healthy diets be very important part of planetary health. Food we dey chop, agriculture and technology all need to improve so dem fit support world population wey fit pass 9 billion people while reducing environmental harm through food waste and carbon-intensive diets. One major focus of planetary health research be to find sustainable nutrition solutions wey go benefit both human beings and de environment, plus produce scientific evidence and political support to make these solutions happen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Demaio|first1=Alessandro R|last2=Rockström|first2=Johan|title=Human and planetary health: towards a common language|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=10007|pages=e36–e37|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61044-3|pmid=26188745|year=2015|s2cid=40022076|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2019, one international commission develop de planetary health diet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=2019-01-16|title=New plant-focused diet would 'transform' planet's future, say scientists|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/16/new-plant-focused-diet-would-transform-planets-future-say-scientists|access-date=2020-12-12|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Planetary health dey try find more solutions to global human and environmental sustainability through collaboration and research across different sectors like economy, energy, agriculture, water and health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Biodiversity loss, pollution, climate change and fuel consumption all be major problems wey dey threaten both human health and de environment, so dem be key areas of planetary health research. Some researchers believe say humanity's destruction of biodiversity plus invasion insyd wild ecosystems dey create better conditions for diseases like malaria&lt;ref&gt;Chaves, L.S.M., Fry, J., Malik, A. et al. Global consumption and international trade in deforestation-associated commodities could influence malaria risk. Nat Commun 11, 1258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14954-1&lt;/ref&gt; and new diseases like COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Vidal|first=John|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/18/tip-of-the-iceberg-is-our-destruction-of-nature-responsible-for-covid-19-aoe|title='Tip of the iceberg': is our destruction of nature responsible for Covid-19?|date=2020-03-18|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Robbins|first=Jim|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/sunday-review/the-ecology-of-disease.html|title=The Ecology of Disease|date=2012-07-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some researchers too suggest say planetary health should include de effects of digital technology on human and environmental health. Dis one include de impact of generative AI on climate, biodiversity and pollution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lupton |first=Deborah |date=2025-09-03 |title=Towards a digital planetary health perspective: generative AI and the digital determinants of health |journal=Health Promotion International |language=en |volume=40 |issue=5 |article-number=daaf153 |doi=10.1093/heapro/daaf153 |issn=0957-4824 |pmc=12464675 |pmid=41001915}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Planetary Health Alliance==

Di Planetary Health Alliance (PHA) na informal global network wey bring together more than 580 universities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), government institutions, and research institutes. de alliance too get more than 24,000 people wey subscribe to dia newsletter.

Several PHA Regional Hubs dey operate as local communities wey bring PHA members together based on dia geographical locations. Dem dey work together to advance planetary health research, education, policy development, and public outreach wey fit dia local context.&lt;ref&gt;Planetary Health Alliance:[https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/pha-regional-hubs Hubs Terms of Reference]. October 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

Di mission of de alliance be &quot;to promote, mobilize, and lead an inclusive, transdisciplinary field of Planetary Health and its diverse science, stories, solutions, and communities to achieve a comprehensive shift insyd how human beings interact with each other and Nature, insyd order to secure a livable future for humanity and de rest of life on Earth.&quot;

Since November 2023, de PHA Secretariat dey based for Johns Hopkins University alongside de [https://planetaryhealth.jhu.edu/ Johns Hopkins Institute for Planetary Health].

===Regional Hubs===

Eight Planetary Health Regional Hubs don already establish. Dem dey serve as local communities wey gather PHA members inside different geographical regions to work together on planetary health research, education, policy and outreach wey match local needs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Planetary health |date=2024-11-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_health#cite_note-26 |access-date=2024-11-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although more hubs still dey under development, de eight established Planetary Health Regional Hubs be:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHA Regional Hubs |url=https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/pha-regional-hubs |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Planetary Health Alliance |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Caribbean
* East Africa
* Europe
* Japan
* Latin America
* Oceania
* South &amp; Southeast Asia
* West Africa

For 2022, de first Planetary Health Europe Regional Hub meeting happen for Amsterdam, where 72 institutions participate.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230526193826/https://eeac.eu/2022/09/27/planetary-health-european-hub-convening-amsterdam-26-27-september-2022/ The Planetary Health European Hub convening]. 26–27 September 2022&lt;/ref&gt; de Planetary Health Alliance, European Environment and Sustainable Development Advisory Councils Network (EEAC Network), plus Natura Artis Magistra (ARTIS) organize de meeting together. de PHA Europe Secretariat dey located for Netherlands and Maastricht University together with University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht) jointly coordinate am.

===Next Generation Network===

Di Planetary Health Next Generation Network bring students and young leaders from around de world together. Dem all dey committed to advancing de growing field of Planetary Health through community activities, educational events and research projects.

Dis open-access network include Planetary Health Campus Ambassadors (PHCAs), leaders and members of Planetary Health student clubs, former and current Travel Scholars to Planetary Health Annual Meetings, plus any young person wey want join de Planetary Health community.

Di Planetary Health Alliance staff together with Impact Fellows dey support these activities by providing introductory resources, workshop materials, mentorship opportunities and platforms wey help members connect with each other.

===Campus Ambassador program===

Di Planetary Health Campus Ambassador Program officially recognize young leaders wey dey promote Planetary Health for universities and other academic institutions around de world.

During de program, ambassadors expand dia Planetary Health network and develop leadership plus organizational skills through support from dia cohort, staff members, fellows and alliance members.

Ambassadors dey encouraged to lead activities for dia campuses and beyond, educate dia communities, and help different academic disciplines and initiatives work together on issues related to human health and environmental change.

Dem also become part of de wider Next Generation Network, wey include people from different academic backgrounds, cultures, career stages and interests. Besides dat, dem get opportunities to take leadership roles insyd other Planetary Health initiatives like de Planetary Health Annual Meeting, Regional Hubs, Clinicians for Planetary Health and different education projects.

===Annual meeting===

Di Planetary Health Annual Meeting, wey de Planetary Health Alliance organize, be international conference series wey start for 2017. E serve as global platform for advancing de Planetary Health field.

Di first meeting happen for Harvard University. Since den, de meetings don grow insyd major international gatherings wey bring together scientists, policymakers, healthcare professionals, educators, students and community leaders from more than 130 countries.

Di meetings dey rotate among different countries around de world. Previous hosts include United States (Harvard University 2017 and 2022; Stanford University 2019), Scotland (University of Edinburgh 2018), Brazil (University of São Paulo 2021, virtual), and Malaysia (Sunway University 2024). Dis approach show de alliance's commitment to geographical and cultural diversity as dem tackle planetary health challenges. Another meeting dey planned for October 2025 for Netherlands (Erasmus University).

Every annual meeting dey focus on important Planetary Health topics like climate change, biodiversity loss, food systems transformation, health equity and education.

Each meeting don produce important outcomes wey shape de Planetary Health field—from establishing foundational frameworks during de early meetings to de São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health (2021) and de Kuala Lumpur Call to Action (2024), together with de launch of de Global Planetary Health Roadmap and Action Plan.

Through plenary sessions, research presentations, workshops and community engagement activities, these meetings don play major role insyd building capacity, strengthening collaboration and promoting practical solutions to planetary health challenges.
==Comparison with other fields==

Planetary health get close relationship with plenty other fields and ways of thinking, including public health, environmental health, ecohealth, One Health, conservation medicine and international health. E too dey draw inspiration from both traditional and modern Indigenous knowledge systems from different parts of de world.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Although different people dey define global health insyd different ways,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Koplan|first1=Jeffrey P|last2=Bond|first2=T Christopher|last3=Merson|first3=Michael H|last4=Reddy|first4=K Srinath| last5=Rodriguez|first5=Mario Henry|last6=Sewankambo|first6=Nelson K|last7=Wasserheit|first7=Judith N|title=Towards a common definition of global health|journal=The Lancet| volume=373| issue=9679| pages=1993–1995| doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60332-9|pmid=19493564| year=2009|pmc=9905260 |bibcode=2009Lanc..373.1993K |citeseerx=10.1.1.610.7968|s2cid=6919716}}&lt;/ref&gt; people generally see am as de health of populations for de global level. E focus on health problems and risks wey dey cross national borders, and e improve on de older idea of international health by putting more attention on achieving health equity for everybody.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Theodore M. |last2=Cueto| first2=Marcos| last3=Fee|first3=Elizabeth|date=2006-01-01|title=The World Health Organization and the Transition From &quot;International&quot; to &quot;Global&quot; Public Health|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2006-01_96_1/page/62|journal=American Journal of Public Health| volume=96| issue=1| pages=62–72|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831|pmid=16322464 |issn=0090-0036|pmc=1470434}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some researchers believe say de idea of planetary health make de meaning of health too broad by trying to include almost everything under health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13578 | doi=10.1111/1467-9566.13578 | title=Health beyond medicine. A planetary theory extension | date=2023 | last1=Roth | first1=Steffen | last2=Valentinov | first2=Vladislav | journal=Sociology of Health &amp; Illness | volume=45 | issue=2 | pages=331–345 | pmid=36349423 | url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one special issue of de ''Economist'' wey come out for 2014, Richard Horton, Editor-in-Chief of de ''Lancet'', write say global health no dey enough again to solve many of de challenges wey societies dey face because de field still too narrow. According to am, &quot;Global health no fully consider de natural foundation wey human beings dey live on—the planet itself. E too no take insyd account de strength and weakness of human civilizations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 June 2014 |title=Planetary Health - Economist Intelligence Unit |url=https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20150625163005/Planetary-Health-Special-Report_06.25.14.pdf/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903123031/https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20150625163005/Planetary-Health-Special-Report_06.25.14.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2019 |newspaper=The Economist |page=28 |access-date=2016-10-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2015, Judith Rodin, wey be president of de Rockefeller Foundation, declare planetary health as one new discipline under global health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Rodin|first=Judith|title=Planetary Health: A New Discipline in Global Health|work=The Rockefeller Foundation|url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/planetary-health-a-new-discipline-in-global-health/|access-date=2016-10-06|date=2015-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419111111/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/planetary-health-a-new-discipline-in-global-health/|archive-date=2023-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2024, de Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) introduce one set of learning objectives for planetary health. Dem explain say future global health professionals need knowledge of planetary health science, interventions and communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=CUGH |date=2024-09-05 |title=Planetary Health Learning Objectives (September 2024 Issue) |url=https://www.cugh.org/blog/planetary-health-learning-objectives-september-2024-issue/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Consortium of Universities for Global Health |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; CUGH also include planetary health for de updated edition of dia [https://web.archive.org/web/20260412230534/https://www.cugh.org/online-tools/competencies-toolkit/ Global Health Competencies Toolkit].

For 2023, de US Bureau of Labor Statistics update de definition of environmental engineering by stating say environmental engineers use engineering disciplines to develop solutions to planetary health problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Oerther|first1=Daniel B. |last2=Oerther| first2=Sarah| last3=Peters|first3=Catherine A.| date=2024-01-18|title=Environmental Engineers Solve Problems of Planetary Health| journal=Environmental Engineering Science| volume=41| issue=1| pages=3–6|doi=10.1089/ees.2023.0301 |bibcode=2024EEngS..41....3O }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2026, Daniel Oerther propose say de engineering profession should change its paramountcy clause to: &quot;hold paramount de health, safety, and welfare of de public and de planet,&quot; to recognize say all forms of life dey interconnected.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Oerther|first1=Daniel B. |date=2026-01-01|title=Hold Paramount the Health, Safety, and Welfare of the Public and the Planet| journal=Journal of Environmental Engineering| volume=152| issue=2|article-number=01825002 |doi=10.1061/JOEEDU.EEENG-8532}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==

* Planetary diet
* Planetary integrity
* Planetary management
* Gaia hypothesis

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/ Planetary Health Alliance]
* [https://www.planetaryhealth.eu/ Planetary Health Alliance - European Hub]
* [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/issue/current The Lancet Planetary Health]
* Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (KNAW) (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]

==Further reading==

* Whitmee, S., Haines, A, &amp; Beyrer, C, et al. 2015. ''Safeguarding human health insyd de Anthropocene epoch: report of de Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health.'' 386:10007, p1973-2028. de Lancet Commissions. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1
* Myers, S. and Frumkin, H., 2020. ''Planetary health: protecting nature to protect ourselves.'' Island Press.
* Haines, A. and Frumkin, H., 2021. ''Planetary health: Safeguarding human health and de environment insyd de Anthropocene.'' Cambridge University Press.
* Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]
* Martens, P. (2023). [https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/136713009/Inaugural%20Speech%20Pim%20Martens.pdf Planetary Health: de Recipe for a Sustainable Future]. Maastricht University.
* Coghlan et al.: [https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1186/s42522-021-00053-8 A bolder One Health: expanding de moral circle to optimize health for all] ''One Health Outlook'', 2021.
* Richard Horton [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32843-X/fulltext?elsca1=etoc Offline: Planetary health's next frontier—biodiversity] de ''Lancet'', Volume 390, No. 10108, p2132, 11 November 2017.

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'''Dyshidrosis''' be a type of dermatitis wey be characterized by itchy blisters on de palms of de hands den bottoms of de feet.&lt;ref name=Goldman2020&gt;{{cite book |last=Lim |first=Henry W. |editor1-last=Goldman |editor1-first=Lee |editor2-last=Schafer |editor2-first=Andrew I. |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-53266-2 |page=2612 |edition=26th |volume=2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2612 |language=en |chapter=409. Eczemas, photodermatoses, papulomatoses, papulosquamous (including fungal) diseases, and figurate erythema: Eczema, dyshidrosis |access-date=2023-04-28 |archive-date=2023-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428130743/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2612 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2014What&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is Atopic Dermatitis? Fast Facts|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/atopic_dermatitis/atopic_dermatitis_ff.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=11 August 2016|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727232838/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/atopic_dermatitis_ff.asp|archive-date=27 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Blisters generally be one to two millimeters in size den heal over three weeks.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; However, dem often recur.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; Redness no be usually present.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; Repeated attacks fi result in fissures den skin thickening.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;
De cause be unknown.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; Triggers fi include allergens, physical anaa mental [[Stress (biology)|stress]], frequent hand washing, anaa metals.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; Diagnosis typically be based on wat e dey look like den de symptoms.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; Allergy testing den culture fi be done to rule out oda problems.&lt;ref name=Ja2011&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Colomb-Lippa|first1=D|last2=Klingler|first2=AM|title=Dyshidrosis |journal= Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants|date=July 2011|volume=24|issue=7|pages=54|pmid=21748961}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda conditions wey produce similar symptoms include pustular psoriasis den [[scabies]].&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;

Avoiding triggers fi be useful as fi a barrier cream.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; Treatment generally be plus steroid cream.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; High strength steroid creams fi be required for de first week anaa two.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; Antihistamines fi be used to help plus de itch.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; If dis no be effective steroid pills, tacrolimus, anaa psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) fi be tried.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt;

About 1 insyd 2,000 people be affected insyd [[Sweden]].&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; Males den females appear to be affected equally.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; E dey explain about one insyd five cases of hand dermatitis.&lt;ref name=Fits2016/&gt; De first description be insyd 1873.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; De name dey cam from de word &quot;dyshidrotic&quot;, wey dey mean &quot;difficult sweating&quot;, as problems plus sweating once be believed to be de cause.&lt;ref name=Lof2006&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lofgren|first1=SM|last2=Warshaw|first2=EM|title=Dyshidrosis: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and therapy.|journal=Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug|date=December 2006|volume=17|issue=4|pages=165–81|pmid=17150166|doi=10.2310/6620.2006.05021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;250px&quot; heights=&quot;250px&quot;&gt; 
File:DyshidroticDermatitisOnHandsLateStage.jpg|Advanced stage of dyshidrosis on the fingers
File:Dyshidrosis.JPG|Palmar dyshidrosis
File:Palmar dyshidrosis peeling stage.JPG|Advanced stage of palmar dyshidrosis on the palm showing cracked and peeling skin
File:Dyshidrosis late stage.jpg|Advanced stage of dyshidrosis on the foot.
File:Rim of scale on plantar surface of thumb.jpg|Rim of scale on the palmar surface of the thumb from a resolving dyshidrotic flare
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Treatment ==
Der be chaw treatments available give dyshidrosis. However, few of dem be developed anaa tested specifically on de condition.
* Barriers to moisture den irritants, wey dey include barrier creams den gloves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Perry|first=Adam D.|last2=Trafeli|first2=John P.|date=2009-05-01|title=Hand Dermatitis: Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=325–330|doi=10.3122/jabfm.2009.03.080118|issn=1557-2625|pmid=19429739|df=|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Topical steroids&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1867.htm |title=eMedicine – Dyshidrotic Eczema : Article by Camila K Janniger |access-date=2007-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707015519/http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1867.htm |archive-date=2007-07-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Potassium permanganate dilute solution soaks&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14127384&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=BIRT AR |title=Drugs for Eczema of Children |journal=Can Med Assoc J |volume=90 |issue=11 |pages=693–4 |date=March 1964 |pmid=14127384 |pmc=1922428 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-medical-association-journal_1964-03-14_90_11/page/693}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid1476027&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Stalder JF |title=Comparative effects of two topical antiseptics (chlorhexidine vs KMn04) on bacterial skin flora in atopic dermatitis |journal=Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) |volume=176 |issue= |pages=132–4 |year=1992 |pmid=1476027 |doi= |url=  |author2=Fleury M |author3=Sourisse M |display-authors=3 |last4=Allavoine |first4=T |last5=Chalamet |first5=C |last6=Brosset |first6=P |last7=Litoux |first7=P}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12538301&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Baron S, Moss C |title=Caustic burn caused by potassium permanganate |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-disease-in-childhood_2003-02_88_2/page/96 |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=96 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12538301 |doi= 10.1136/adc.88.2.96|pmc=1719457}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dapsone (diamino-diphenyl sulfone)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dermnet.org.nz/dermatitis/pompholyx.html |title=Vesicular hand dermatitis |access-date=2010-04-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330150735/http://www.dermnet.org.nz/dermatitis/pompholyx.html |archive-date=2010-03-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Antihistamines: [[Fexofenadine]] up to 180&amp;nbsp;mg per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Diepgen|first=Thomas L.|last2=Agner|first2=Tove|last3=Aberer|first3=Werner|last4=Berth-Jones|first4=John|last5=Cambazard|first5=Frédéric|last6=Elsner|first6=Peter|last7=McFadden|first7=John|last8=Coenraads|first8=Pieter Jan|date=2007-10-01|title=Management of chronic hand eczema|journal=Contact Dermatitis|language=en|volume=57|issue=4|pages=203–210|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01179.x|pmid=17868211|issn=1600-0536|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid)&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzicka-alitretinoin&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruzicka T, Lynde CW, Jemec GB, Diepgen T, Berth-Jones J, Coenraads PJ, Kaszuba A, Bissonnette R, Varjonen E, Holló P, Cambazard F, Lahfa M, Elsner P, Nyberg F, Svensson A, Brown TC, Harsch M, Maares J | display-authors = 6 | title = Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9-cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial | journal = Br. J. Dermatol. | volume = 158 | issue = 4 | pages = 808–17 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18294310 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08487.x | url = https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6715954/Ruzicka_2008_Br_J_Dermatol.pdf | access-date = 2019-02-05 | archive-date = 2019-02-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190218111529/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6715954/Ruzicka_2008_Br_J_Dermatol.pdf | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10640839&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bollag W, Ott F | title = Successful treatment of chronic hand eczema with oral 9-cis-retinoic acid | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_dermatology_1999_199_4/page/308 | journal = Dermatology (Basel) | volume = 199 | issue = 4 | pages = 308–12 | date = 1999 | pmid = 10640839 | doi = 10.1159/000018280 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15611422&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruzicka T, Larsen FG, Galewicz D, Horváth A, Coenraads PJ, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Ortonne JP, Zouboulis CC, Harsch M, Brown TC, Zultak M | title = Oral alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) therapy for chronic hand dermatitis in patients refractory to standard therapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial | journal = Arch Dermatol | volume = 140 | issue = 12 | pages = 1453–9 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15611422 | doi = 10.1001/archderm.140.12.1453 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Systemic steroids&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Epidemiology ==
About 1 insyd 2,000 people be affected insyd Sweden. Males den females appear to be affected equally.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;

==Synonyms==
Dyshidrosis sanso be known as pompholyx, a term wey dey originate from de Greek word give &quot;bubble&quot;.&lt;ref name=Fits2016&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dermatology Secrets Plus|last=Fitzpatrick|first=James|publisher=Elsevier|year=2016|isbn=978-0-323-31029-1|location=|pages=70–81|chapter=8|chapter-url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ReqeCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR76|access-date=2017-11-27|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035635/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ReqeCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR76|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161117095045/http://www.skinsight.com/adult/dyshidroticDermatitis.htm Images of dyshidrotic eczema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117095045/http://www.skinsight.com/adult/dyshidroticDermatitis.htm |date=2016-11-17 }} at Skinsight
*[http://www.dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/pompholyx.html Pompholyx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731104848/http://www.dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/pompholyx.html |date=2016-07-31 }} at DermNet NZ (New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated)
[[Category:Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions]]
[[Category:Eczema]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Scrapie</title>
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'''Scrapie''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|r|eɪ|p|i}}) be a fatal, degenerative disease wey dey affect de nervous systems of sheep den goats.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid1617202&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Detwiler LA |year=1992 |title=Scrapie |url=https://archive.org/details/oie-revue-scientifique-et-technique_1992-06_11_2/page/491 |journal=Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=491–537 |doi=10.20506/rst.11.2.607 |pmid=1617202 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be one of several transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), den as such e be thought to be caused by a prion.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17560089&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hunter N |year=2007 |title=Scrapie: uncertainties, biology and molecular approaches |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/13259315/Scrapie.pdf |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1772 |issue=6 |pages=619–28 |doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.04.007 |hdl=20.500.11820/70731351-7cc2-4746-908f-1dfaa331ad7f |pmid=17560089 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=Safety &amp; Availability (Biologics) - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Questions and Answers |url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/safety-availability-biologics/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse-questions-and-answers |website=FDA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scrapie be known since at least 1732 wey no dey appear to be transmissible to humans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |website=National Scrapie Education Initiative |title=Scrapie Fact Sheet |url=http://www.eradicatescrapie.org/About%20Scrapie/Fact%20Sheet.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212100521/http://www.eradicatescrapie.org/About%20Scrapie/Fact%20Sheet.html |archive-date=12 December 2020 |access-date=4 December 2011 |publisher=National Institute for Animal Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Rolf |first=George |title=From Sheep to Humans: Scrapie and Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease |url=http://www.ecclectica.ca/issues/2002/2/george.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827011951/http://www.ecclectica.ca/issues/2002/2/george.asp |archive-date=27 August 2011 |access-date=4 December 2011 |publisher=Ecclectica}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, e be found to be experimentally transmissible to humanised transgenic mice&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cassard |first1=Hervé |last2=Torres |first2=Juan-Maria |last3=Lacroux |first3=Caroline |last4=Douet |first4=Jean-Yves |last5=Benestad |first5=Sylvie L. |last6=Lantier |first6=Frédéric |last7=Lugan |first7=Séverine |last8=Lantier |first8=Isabelle |last9=Costes |first9=Pierrette |last10=Aron |first10=Naima |last11=Reine |first11=Fabienne |last12=Herzog |first12=Laetitia |last13=Espinosa |first13=Juan-Carlos |last14=Beringue |first14=Vincent |last15=Andréoletti |first15=Olivier |date=2014-12-16 |title=Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions |journal=Nature Communications |volume=5 |article-number=5821 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5821C |doi=10.1038/ncomms6821 |hdl=20.500.12792/5784 |issn=2041-1723 |pmid=25510416 |s2cid=205333618 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; den non-human primates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Comoy |first1=E. |last2=Mikol |first2=J. |last3=Luccantoni-Freire |first3=S. |year=2015 |title=Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period. |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |bibcode=2015NatSR...511573C |doi=10.1038/srep11573 |pmc=4485159 |pmid=26123044 |article-number=11573}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De name scrapie de derived from one of de clinical signs of de condition, wherein affected animals go compulsively scrape off dema fleeces against rocks, trees anaa fences. De disease apparently dey cause an itching sensation insyd de animals. Oda clinical signs dey include excessive lip smacking, altered gaits den convulsive collapse.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11258721&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Foster JD, Parnham D, Chong A, Goldmann W, Hunter N |year=2001 |title=Clinical signs, histopathology and genetics of experimental transmission of BSE and natural scrapie to sheep and goats |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_veterinary-record_2001-02-10_148_6/page/165 |journal=Vet. Rec. |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=165–71 |doi=10.1136/vr.148.6.165 |pmid=11258721 |s2cid=43497666 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scrapie be infectious den transmissible among conspecifics, so one of de most common ways to contain am (since e be incurable) be to quarantine den kill those affected. However, scrapie dey tend to persist insyd flocks den sanso fi arise spontaneously insyd flocks wey no previously get cases of de disease. De mechanism of transmission between animals den oda aspects of de biology of de disease be only poorly understood, wey be active areas of research. Recent studies dey suggest prions fi be spread thru urine den persist insyd de environment for decades.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12793776&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Detwiler LA, Baylis M |year=2003 |title=The epidemiology of scrapie |url=http://web.oie.int/boutique/extrait/8detwiler.pdf |journal=Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=121–43 |doi=10.20506/rst.22.1.1386 |pmid=12793776 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508230244/http://web.oie.int/boutique/extrait/8detwiler.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-08 |access-date=2016-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scrapie usually dey affect sheep around three to five years of age.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |department=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service |date=June 2, 2020 |title=Scrapie Disease Information |url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/sheep-goat/scrapie |website=U.S. Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt; De potential for transmission at birth den from contact plus placental tissues be apparent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |department=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service |date=June 2, 2020 |title=Scrapie |url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/nvap/reference-guide/control-eradication/scrapie |website=U.S. Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040623065539/http://www.wsu.edu/NIS/Universe/SheepSt.html Article about scrapie and the aforementioned diagnostic test]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803131647/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-science/level-4-scrapie.html UK government scrapie information]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040828043251/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/othertses/scrapie/nsp/index.html UK government National Scrapie Plan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041011202911/http://www.iah.bbsrc.ac.uk/primary_index/current_research/groups/bruce_mabbott.htm Scrapie research at the Institute for Animal Health (UK)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041011203600/http://www.iah.bbsrc.ac.uk/primary_index/current_research/groups/hunter.htm Sheep genetics research at the Institute for Animal Health] (includes photo of a sheep with scrapie)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606070123/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/ Scrapie in the United States]
* US Department of Agriculture [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917121902/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/videos/hopping.mpg video] of infected sheep demonstrating Hopping Gait
* [http://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/generalneurology/47042?xid=nl_mpt_DHE_2014-08-04&amp;eun=g252698d0r&amp;userid=252698&amp;email=sharon.yeager%40chp.edu&amp;mu_id=5247761 Striking a Nerve: Prions Not the Last Word in TSEs] – opinion article by [[Frank Bastian]] that proposes a different causation for scrapie and other prion diseases
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sheep den goat diseases]]
[[Category:Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies]]
[[Category:Foodborne illnesses]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Schistosomiasis''', dem sanso know as '''snail fever''', '''bilharzia''', den '''Katayama fever'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2011 |title=Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315131919/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx |archive-date=15 March 2014 |access-date=15 March 2014 |website=NHS Choices}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Schistosomiasis |url=https://patient.info/doctor/infectious-disease/schistosomiasis-pro |access-date=2026-08-18 |website=patient.info |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH | title = Human schistosomiasis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_june-28-july-4-2014_383_9936/page/2253 | journal = Lancet | volume = 383 | issue = 9936 | pages = 2253–64 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24698483 | pmc = 4672382 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61949-2 | bibcode = 2014Lanc..383.2253C }}&lt;/ref&gt; be a tropical disease, specifically a helminthiasis wey de parasitic flatworm of de genus ''Schistosoma'' cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;  Schistosomiasis dey affect humans as well as oda animals. E dey affect de urinary tract anaa de intestines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Symptoms dey include abdominal pain, [[diarrhea]], bloody stool, anaa blood insyd de urine.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Those wey get a schistosomiasis infection for a long time fi experience liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, anaa bladder cancer.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Insyd kiddies, schistosomiasis fi cause failure to thrive, poor growth, den learning difficulties.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115 | url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en | publisher=World Health Organization | access-date=15 March 2014 | date=3 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312203924/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en/ | archive-date=12 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Schistosomiasis be classified as a helminth infection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 August 2013 |title=Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/schistosomiasis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402165447/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/schistosomiasis |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=30 November 2014 |publisher=cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Schistosomiasis be spread by contact plus fresh water contaminate plus parasites dem release from infected freshwater snails.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2024-10-29 |title=Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview |journal=Schistosomiasis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-06-17 |title=About Schistosomiasis |url=https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/about/index.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Schistosomiasis |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; [[Medical diagnosis]] be made by finding de parasite ein eggs insyd a person ein urine anaa stool.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Diagnosis sanso fi be confirmed by finding antibodies against de disease insyd de blood.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

Methods of preventing de disease dey include improving access to clean water den reducing de number of snails.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Insyd areas wer de disease be common, de medication praziquantel fi be given once a year to de entire at-risk group.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Dis be done to decrease de number of people dem infect, den consequently, de spread of de disease.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Praziquantel sanso be de treatment wey de [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recommend for those wey be known to be infected.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;

De disease be especially common among kiddies insyd developing countries, as kiddies der be more likely to play insyd contaminated water.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Schistosomiasis sanso be common among women, as dem generally get greater exposure thru daily chores wey involve water, such as washing clothes den fetching water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Trienekens |first1=Suzan C. M. |last2=Faust |first2=Christina L. |last3=Meginnis |first3=Keila |last4=Pickering |first4=Lucy |last5=Ericsson |first5=Olivia |last6=Nankasi |first6=Andrina |last7=Moses |first7=Arinaitwe |last8=Tukahebwa |first8=Edridah M. |last9=Lamberton |first9=Poppy H. L. |date=2020-05-13 |title=Impacts of host gender on Schistosoma mansoni risk in rural Uganda—A mixed-methods approach |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |language=en |volume=14 |issue=5 |article-number=e0008266 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008266 |issn=1935-2735 |pmc=7219705 |pmid=32401770 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda high-risk groups dey include farmers, fishermen, den people wey dey use unclean water during daily living.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

Insyd 2019, schistosomiasis impact approximately 236.6 million individuals across de globe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2021-05-18|title=Schistosomiasis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis|access-date=2021-06-05|website=www.who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each year, e be estimated say between 4,400 den 200,000 individuals succumb to am.&lt;ref name=&quot;The2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Thétiot-Laurent SA, Boissier J, Robert A, Meunier B | title = Schistosomiasis chemotherapy | journal = Angewandte Chemie | volume = 52 | issue = 31 | pages = 7936–56 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23813602 | doi = 10.1002/anie.201208390 | bibcode = 2013ACIE...52.7936T }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De illness predominantly dey occur insyd regions of Africa, Asia, den South America,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; wer approximately 700 million individuals insyd over 70 nations reside insyd regions wer de disease be prevalent.&lt;ref name=&quot;The2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis A major public health problem | url=https://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en | publisher=World Health Organization | access-date=15 March 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405213018/http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en/ | archive-date=5 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd tropical regions, schistosomiasis dey rank as de second most economically significant parasitic disease, second only to [[malaria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SCP&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author=The Carter Center | title=Schistosomiasis Control Program | url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | access-date=17 July 2008 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720091015/http://cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | archive-date=20 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Schistosomiasis be classified as a neglected tropical disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Neglected Tropical Diseases | url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html | publisher=cdc.gov | access-date=28 November 2014 | date=6 June 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204084219/http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html | archive-date=4 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Schistosomiasis}}
{{offline|med}}
* [http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/lifelines/2014/04/river-hope-201442313163529194.html ''River of Hope''] — documentary about the rise of schistosomiasis along the Senegal river (video, 47 mins)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160312140930/https://www.iamat.org/risks/schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis information for travellers from IAMAT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312140930/https://www.iamat.org/risks/schistosomiasis |date=2016-03-12 }} ([[International Association for Medical Assistance to Travellers]])
* {{YouTube|Vsp7c2ul4jc|Why Snails Are Deadly? Explained}} by [[Facts in Motion (YouTuber)|Facts in Motion]]

[[Category:Waterborne diseases]]
[[Category:Helminthiases]]
[[Category:Zoonotic parasitic diseases]]
[[Category:Tropical diseases]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Infectious causes of cancer]]
[[Category:Conditions wey stool test diagnose]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Pheochromocytoma</title>
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'''Pheochromocytoma''' (British English: '''phaeochromocytoma''') be a rare tumor of de adrenal medulla dem compose of chromaffin cells wey e be a pharmacologically volatile, potentially lethal catecholamine-containing tumor of chromaffin tissue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kinney |first1=Michelle A. O. |last2=Narr |first2=Bradly J. |last3=Warner |first3=Mark A. |date=2002-06-01 |title=Perioperative management of pheochromocytoma |url=https://www.jcvaonline.com/article/S1053-0770(02)00019-8/abstract |journal=Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia |language=English |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=359–369 |doi=10.1053/jcan.2002.124150 |issn=1053-0770 |pmid=12073213}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be part of de paraganglioma (PGL).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lenders_2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Mannelli M, Pacak K | s2cid = 208788653 | title = Phaeochromocytoma | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-20-26-2005_366_9486/page/665 | journal = Lancet | volume = 366 | issue = 9486 | pages = 665–75 | date = 20–26 August 2005 | pmid = 16112304 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67139-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=What is the difference between pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma? What are the familial syndromes that have pheochromocytoma as a component? What are the pathologic features of pheochromocytoma indicating malignancy?|date=2008 |pages=280–4| veditors = Oyasu R, Yang XJ, Yoshida O |place=Tokyo |publisher=Springer Japan |doi=10.1007/978-4-431-72819-1_49|isbn=978-4-431-72819-1|title=Questions in Daily Urologic Practice: Updates for Urologists and Diagnostic Pathologists }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese neuroendocrine tumors fi be sympathetic, wer dem release catecholamines into de bloodstream wich cause de most common symptoms, wey dey include [[hypertension]] (high blood pressure), [[tachycardia]] (fast heart rate), sweating, den headaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lenders 1427–1434&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Lenders JW, Pacak K, Walther MM, Linehan WM, Mannelli M, Friberg P, Keiser HR, Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G |date=March 2002 |title=Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: which test is best? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2002-03-20_287_11/page/1427 |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=11 |pages=1427–34 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.11.1427 |pmid=11903030 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2001-08-22 |title=Internal Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_august-22-29-2001_286_8/page/n100 |journal=JAMA |volume=286 |issue=8 |page=971 |doi=10.1001/jama.286.8.971-jbk0822-2-1 |issn=0098-7484}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sam PGLs fi secrete little to no catecholamines, anaa only secrete paroxysmally (episodically), den oda dan secretions, PGLs still fi cam be clinically relevant thru oda secretions anaa mass effect (chaw common plus head den neck PGL).&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Williams MD |date=September 2017 |title=Paragangliomas of the Head and Neck: An Overview from Diagnosis to Genetics |journal=Head Neck Pathol |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=278–287 |doi=10.1007/s12105-017-0803-4 |pmc=5550402 |pmid=28321772}}&lt;/ref&gt; PGLs of de head den neck be typically parasympathetic den dema sympathetic counterparts be predominantly located insyd de abdomen den pelvis, particularly concentrated at de organ of Zuckerkandl at de bifurcation of de aorta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kellerman_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Conn's Current Therapy |vauthors=Kellerman RD, Rakel D |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier–Health Science |isbn=978-0-323-79006-2 |oclc=1145315791}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* &quot;[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/pheochromocytoma/healthprofessional General Information About Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma]&quot; from the [[National Cancer Institute]]
* [https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/pheochromocytoma-and-paraganglioma Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma] from the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]]
* [https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pheochromocytoma/ Pheochromocytoma]; Rare Disease Database from the [[National Organization for Rare Disorders]]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318203 What's to Know about Pheochromocytoma] from [[Medical News Today]]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Adrenal gland disorders]]
[[Category:Endocrine neoplasia]]
[[Category:Rare cancers]]</text>
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    <title>Inguinal hernia</title>
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An '''inguinal hernia''' anaa '''groin hernia''' be a [[hernia]] (protrusion) of abdominal cavity contents thru de inguinal canal. Symptoms, wich fi include pain anaa discomfort, especially plus anaa following coughing, exercise, anaa bowel movements, be absent insyd about a third of patients. Symptoms often get worse thru out de day den improve wen lying down. A bulging area fi occur wey cam be larger wen bearing down. Inguinal hernias occur more often on de right dan de left side. De main concern be strangulation, wer de blood supply to part of de intestine be blocked. Dis usually dey produce severe pain den tenderness insyd de area.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fitzgibbons RJ |first1=Jr |last2=Forse |first2=RA |date=19 February 2015 |title=Clinical practice. Groin hernias in adults |url=https://mfprac.com/web2021/07literature/literature/Surgery/Hernias_Fitzgibbons.pdf |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=372 |issue=8 |pages=756–63 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1404068 |pmid=25693015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118010837/https://mfprac.com/web2021/07literature/literature/Surgery/Hernias_Fitzgibbons.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=18 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Risk factors give de development of a hernia dey include: smoking, [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[obesity]], [[pregnancy]], peritoneal dialysis, collagen vascular disease, den previous open appendectomy, among odas.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM152&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Dom2014&gt;{{cite book|last1=Domino|first1=Frank J.|title=The 5-minute clinical consult 2014|date=2014|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9|page=562|edition=22nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA562}}&lt;/ref&gt; Predisposition to hernias be genetic&lt;ref name=&quot;urlEtiology of Inguinal Hernias: A Comprehensive Review&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Etiology of Inguinal Hernias: A Comprehensive Review |year=2017 |pmc=5614933 |last1=Öberg |first1=S. |last2=Andresen |first2=K. |last3=Rosenberg |first3=J. |journal=Frontiers in Surgery |volume=4 |article-number=52 |doi=10.3389/fsurg.2017.00052 |pmid=29018803 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem occur more often insyd certain families.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM152&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;urlWhole-exome Sequencing Identifies a Potential TTN Mutation in a Multiplex Family With Inguinal Hernia - PubMed&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Whole-exome Sequencing Identifies a Potential TTN Mutation in a Multiplex Family With Inguinal Hernia - PubMed |year=2017 |pmid=27115767 |last1=Mihailov |first1=E. |last2=Nikopensius |first2=T. |last3=Reigo |first3=A. |last4=Nikkolo |first4=C. |last5=Kals |first5=M. |last6=Aruaas |first6=K. |last7=Milani |first7=L. |last8=Seepter |first8=H. |last9=Metspalu |first9=A. |journal=Hernia: The Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=95–100 |doi=10.1007/s10029-016-1491-9 |pmc=5281683 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;urlAssociation of Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Gene Polymorphism With Inguinal Hernia - PubMed&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Association of Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Gene Polymorphism With Inguinal Hernia - PubMed |year=2014 |pmid=23925543 |last1=Sezer |first1=S. |last2=Şimşek |first2=N. |last3=Celik |first3=H. T. |last4=Erden |first4=G. |last5=Ozturk |first5=G. |last6=Düzgün |first6=A. P. |last7=Çoşkun |first7=F. |last8=Demircan |first8=K. |journal=Hernia: The Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=507–12 |doi=10.1007/s10029-013-1147-y |s2cid=22999363 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;urlGenetic Study of Indirect Inguinal Hernia - PubMed&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Genetic Study of Indirect Inguinal Hernia - PubMed |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medical-genetics_1994-03_31_3/page/187 |year=1994 |pmid=8014965 |last1=Gong |first1=Y. |last2=Shao |first2=C. |last3=Sun |first3=Q. |last4=Chen |first4=B. |last5=Jiang |first5=Y. |last6=Guo |first6=C. |last7=Wei |first7=J. |last8=Guo |first8=Y. |journal=Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=187–92 |doi=10.1136/jmg.31.3.187 |pmc=1049739 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Deleterious mutations wey dey cause predisposition to hernias seem e get dominant inheritance (especially for men). E be unclear if inguinal hernias be associated plus heavy lifting. Hernias often fi be diagnosed based on signs den symptoms. Occasionally, medical imaging be used to confirm de diagnosis anaa rule out oda possible causes.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM152&quot; /&gt;

Groin hernias wey no dey cause symptoms insyd males no dey need repair. Repair, however, be generally recommended insyd females secof de higher rate of femoral hernias (sanso a type of groin hernia), wich get more complications. If strangulation occur, immediate surgery be required. Repair fi be done by open surgery anaa by laparoscopic surgery. Open surgery get de benefit of possibly be done under local anesthesia rather dan general anesthesia. Laparoscopic surgery generally get less pain following de procedure.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM152&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M |title=European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients |journal=Hernia |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=343–403 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19636493 |pmc=2719730 |doi=10.1007/s10029-009-0529-7  |display-authors=etal  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2015, inguinal, femoral, den abdominal hernias affect about 18.5 million people.&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre&gt;{{cite journal|author1=((GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)) |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 27% of males den 3% of females develop a groin hernia at sam time insyd dema life.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM152&quot; /&gt; Groin hernias occur most often before de age of one den after de age of fifty.&lt;ref name=Dom2014/&gt; Globally, inguinal, femoral, den abdominal hernias result in 60,000 deaths insyd 2015 den 55,000 insyd 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last= |date=2016-10-08 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5388903/ |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 |issn=1474-547X |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GDB2013&gt;{{cite journal|author1=((GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|pmc=4340604|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171021063033/http://fitsweb.uchc.edu/student/selectives/Luzietti/hernia_inguinal_indirect.htm Indirect Inguinal Hernia - University of Connecticut Health Center]&lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; - Rich Luzietti, MS 2005 - University of Connecticut Health Center - Lyman Maynard Stowe Library's Computer Education Center]&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inguinal Hernia}}
[[Category:Inguinal hernias]]
[[Category:Scrotum]]
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'''Type 1 diabetes''' ('''T1D'''), anaa '''type 1 diabetes mellitus''', be an [[autoimmune disease]] wey dey occur wen de body ein [[immune system]] destroys [[beta cell]]s insyd de [[pancreas]] wey produce de hormone [[insulin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20162&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=November 2016 |title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/ |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=29 May 2017 |work=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insulin be used by de body to store den convert [[blood sugar]] into energy.&lt;ref name=NIH2014Type/&gt; T1D dey result in [[hyperglycemia|high blood sugar]] levels insyd de body prior to treatment secof de lack of insulin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cau2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=August 2014 |title=Causes of Diabetes |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes?dkrd=hiscr0005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810063435/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/causes |archive-date=10 August 2016 |access-date=31 July 2016 |website=NIDDK}}&lt;/ref&gt; Common symptoms dey include [[polyuria|frequent urination]] (polyuria), [[polydipsia|increased thirst]] (polydipsia), [[polyphagia|increased hunger]] (polyphagia), weight loss, den oda changes.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20162&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Torpy JM, Lynm C, Glass RM |title=JAMA patient page. Type 1 diabetes |url=https://archive.org/details/jama_2007-09-26_298_12/page/1472 |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=12 |page=1472 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17895465 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.12.1472}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additional symptoms fi include [[blurry vision]], [[fatigue|tiredness]], den slow wound healing (owing to impaired blood flow).&lt;ref name=NIH2014Type&gt;{{cite web |title=Types of Diabetes |date=February 2014 |website=NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes?dkrd=hiscr0001 |access-date=31 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816162556/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/types |archive-date=16 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; While sam cases take longer, symptoms usually dey appear within weeks to a few months.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cau2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=NIDDK Central Repository - Diabetes Prevention Trial of Type 1 Diabetes (DPT-1) |url=https://repository.niddk.nih.gov/studies/dpt-1/#:~:text=The%20Diabetes%20Prevention%20Trial%E2%80%94Type,relatives%20of%20patients%20with%20diabetes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604213427/https://repository.niddk.nih.gov/studies/dpt-1/#:~:text=The%20Diabetes%20Prevention%20Trial%E2%80%94Type,relatives%20of%20patients%20with%20diabetes |archive-date=4 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De cause of type 1 diabetes no be completely understood,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20162&quot; /&gt; buh e be believed to involve an autoimmune attack wey a combination of genetic den environmental factors cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cau2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=2008 |author14=Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium |title=HLA DR-DQ haplotypes and genotypes and type 1 diabetes risk: Analysis of the type 1 diabetes genetics consortium families |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes_2008-04_57_4/page/1084 |journal=Diabetes |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=1084–1092 |vauthors=Erlich H, Valdes AM, Noble J, Carlson JA, Varney M, Concannon P, Mychaleckyj JC, Todd JA, Bonella P, Fear AL, Lavant E, Louey A, Moonsamy P |pmid=18252895 |doi=10.2337/db07-1331 |pmc=4103420}}&lt;/ref&gt; De underlying mechanism dey involve an [[autoimmune]] destruction of de insulin-producing beta cells insyd de pancreas.&lt;ref name=NIH2014Type/&gt; [[Diabetes]] be diagnosed by testing de level of sugar anaa [[glycated hemoglobin]] (HbA1C) insyd de blood.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change20142&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL |date=July 2014 |title=Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2014-07_37_7/page/2034 |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=2034–2054 |doi=10.2337/dc14-1140 |pmc=5865481 |pmid=24935775}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2015Diag&gt;{{cite web |title=Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes |date=May 2015 |website=NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816185123/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes |archive-date=16 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Type 1 diabetes fi be distinguished from [[type 2 diabetes|type 2]] by testing for de presence of [[autoantibody|autoantibodies]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Change20142&quot; /&gt; den/anaa declining levels/absence of [[C-peptide]]. C-peptide be a product cleaved from proinsulin insyd de production of insulin. Insyd type 1 diabetes ein levels be low anaa absent. Insyd type 2 diabetes de blood levels be high, as insulin production be high secof insulin resistance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Understanding C-Peptide in Type 1 Diabetes |url=https://www.rainier-research.com/blog/understanding-c-peptide-in-type-1-diabetes |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Rainier Clinical Research Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der currently no be known way to prevent type 1 diabetes.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20162&quot; /&gt; Treatment plus [[Insulin (medication)|insulin]] be required for survival.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cau2&quot; /&gt; [[Insulin therapy]] fi be injection under de skin multiple times a day, anaa fi be delivered continuously as a basal amount plus boluses for high blood sugar anaa before meals using an [[insulin pump]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Alternative Devices for Taking Insulin |date=July 2016 |website=NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/manage-monitoring-diabetes/alternative-devices-taking-insulin |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816170132/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/manage-monitoring-diabetes/alternative-devices-taking-insulin |archive-date=16 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[diabetic diet]], exercise, den lifestyle modifications be considered cornerstones of management.&lt;ref name=NIH2014Type/&gt; If dem lef am untreated, type 1 diabetes dey result in death. Type 1 diabetes fi cause chaw complications if blood sugar control no be very well controlled.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20162&quot; /&gt; Complications of relatively rapid onset dey include [[diabetic ketoacidosis]] den [[nonketotic hyperosmolar coma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Change20142&quot; /&gt; Long-term complications dey include [[cardiovascular disease|heart disease]], stroke, [[chronic renal failure|kidney failure]] (Diabetic Nephropathy), [[diabetic foot ulcer|foot ulcers]], den [[diabetic retinopathy|damage to de eyes (diabetic retinopathy)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20162&quot; /&gt; As insulin dey lower blood sugar levels, complications fi arise from [[hypoglycemia|low blood sugar]] if dem take more insulin dan necessary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change20142&quot; /&gt;

Type&amp;nbsp;1 diabetes dey make up an estimated 5–10% of all diabetes cases.&lt;ref name=Lancet06&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Daneman D |title=Type 1 diabetes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-11-17-2006_367_9513/page/847 |journal=Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9513 |pages=847–858 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16530579 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68341-4 |s2cid=21485081}}&lt;/ref&gt; De number of people affected globally be unknown, although e be estimated say about 80,000 kiddies develop de disease each year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change20142&quot; /&gt; Within de United States de number of people affected be estimated to be one to three million.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change20142&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fast Facts Data and Statistics about Diabetes |publisher=American Diabetes Association |url=http://professional.diabetes.org/ResourcesForProfessionals.aspx?cid=91777 |access-date=25 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216001425/http://professional.diabetes.org/ResourcesForProfessionals.aspx?cid=91777 |archive-date=16 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rates of disease dey vary widely, plus approximately one new case per 100,000 per year insyd East Asia den Latin America den around 30 new cases per 100,000 per year insyd [[Scandinavia]] den [[Kuwait]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Global report on diabetes |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-156525-7 |pages=26–27 |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204871/1/9789241565257_eng.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=31 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007002653/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204871/1/9789241565257_eng.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=7 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Skyler J |title=Atlas of diabetes |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4614-1028-7 |pages=67–68 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5n-RhyGrrpcC&amp;pg=PA68 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908155611/https://books.google.com/books?id=5n-RhyGrrpcC&amp;pg=PA68 |archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; E typically dey begin insyd kiddies den young adults buh fi begin at any age.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cau2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fang |first1=Michael |last2=Wang |first2=Dan |last3=Echouffo-Tcheugui |first3=Justin B |last4=Selvin |first4=Elizabeth |date=2023 |title=Age at Diagnosis in U.S. Adults With Type 1 Diabetes |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=176 |issue=11 |pages=1567–1568 |doi=10.7326/M23-1707 |pmc=10841362 |pmid=37748184}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q124407|c=Category:Diabetes mellitus type 1 
|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/strategic-plans-reports/diabetes-in-america-2nd-edition Diabetes in America, 2nd Edition] (textbook) (PDFs) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425052512/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/america/contents.htm |date=25 April 2011}} – National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
* [https://diabetesatlas.org/ IDF Diabetes Atlas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091030082136/https://www.diabetes.org/type-1-diabetes.jsp Type&amp;nbsp;1 Diabetes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030082136/https://www.diabetes.org/type-1-diabetes.jsp |date=30 October 2009}} at the [[American Diabetes Association]]
* [https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/42/Supplement_1 ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2019]
{{Hypersensitivity disease by cause}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diabetes Mellitus Type 1}}
[[Category:Type 1 diabetes| ]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Hidradenitis suppurativa</title>
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'''Hidradenitis suppurativa''' ('''HS'''), dem sam times know as '''acne inversa''' anaa '''Verneuil's disease''', be a long-term [[dermatological]] condition wey be characterized by de occurrence of inflamed den swollen [[lesions|lumps]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jemec GB | title = Clinical practice. Hidradenitis suppurativa | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-01-12_366_2/page/158 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 366 | issue = 2 | pages = 158–64 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22236226 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp1014163 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=27 October 2017|language=en|date=December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905190522/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa|archive-date=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese be typically painful den break open, wey dey release fluid anaa [[pus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2013&quot; /&gt; De areas most commonly affected be de [[axilla|underarms]], [[inframammary fold|under de breasts]], [[perineum]], [[buttocks]], den de [[groin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis Suppurativa|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=26 October 2017|date=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219163032/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Scar]] tissue dey remain after healing.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot; /&gt; HS significantly fi limit chaw everyday activities, for instance, walking, hugging, moving, den sitting down. [[Sitting disability]] fi occur insyd patients plus lesions insyd de sacral, gluteal, perineal, femoral, groin anaa genital regions. Prolonged periods of sitting down sanso fi worsen de condition of de skin of dese patients.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2019/00000099/f0020001/art00024?crawler=true&amp;mimetype=application/pdf|title=Intergluteal contour deformity in hidradenitis suppurativa |access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Color Doppler as a tool for correlating vascularization and pain in hidradenitis suppurativa lesions|year=2019|doi=10.1111/srt.12729|last1=Nazzaro|first1=Gianluca|last2=Passoni|first2=Emanuela|last3=Calzari|first3=Paolo|last4=Barbareschi|first4=Mauro|last5=Muratori|first5=Simona|last6=Veraldi|first6=Stefano|last7=Marzano|first7=Angelo Valerio|journal=Skin Research and Technology|volume=25|issue=6|pages=830–834|doi-access=free |pmid=31140660|s2cid=169036038}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/501611|title=Undergarment and fabric selection in the management of hidradenitis suppurativa|year=2021|doi=10.1159/000501611|access-date=18 May 2021|last1=Loh|first1=Tiffany Y.|last2=Hendricks|first2=Aleksi J.|last3=Hsiao|first3=Jennifer L.|last4=Shi|first4=Vivian Yan|journal=Dermatology|volume=237|issue=1|pages=119–124|pmid=31466052|s2cid=201672889|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa-characteristics and consequences|year=1996|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x|access-date=18 May 2021|last1=Jemec|first1=G.B.E.|last2=Heidenheim|first2=M.|last3=Nielsen|first3=N.H.|journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology|volume=21|issue=6|pages=419–423|pmid=9167336|s2cid=25491238|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Psychosocial impact of hidradenitis suppurativa: a qualitative study |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2011/00000091/00000003/art00014?crawler=true&amp;mimetype=application/pdf |access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De exact cause usually be unclear buh dem believe e dey involve a combination of [[Genetics|genetic]] den environmental factors.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2013&quot; /&gt; About a third of people plus de disease get an affected family member.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2013&quot; /&gt; Oda risk factors dey include [[obesity]] den [[smoking]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2013&quot; /&gt; De condition no be caused by an [[infection]], poor [[hygiene]], anaa de use of [[deodorant]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GARD2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6658/hidradenitis-suppurativa|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|access-date=27 October 2017|language=en|date=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728010703/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6658/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|archive-date=28 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, e be believed to be caused by [[hair follicles]] wey be obstructed,{{refn|See section &quot;Genetic Changes&quot;&lt;ref name=GHR2013 /&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot; /&gt; plus de nearby [[apocrine sweat glands]] be strongly implicated insyd dis obstruction.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2017-NCBI-SeminalSummary&quot;&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28538743/ Pathophysiology of hidradenitis suppurativa] (Seminal paper, SCMS Journal); ''NIH, National Library of Medicine, NCBI''; 2017 Jun, 36(2):47–54.&lt;/ref&gt; De sweat glands fi anaa no fi be inflamed.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot; /&gt; Diagnosis be based on de symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2012&quot; /&gt;

No cure be known,&lt;ref name=&quot;GARD2017&quot; /&gt; though surgical excision plus wet-to-dry dressings, proper wound care, den warm baths anaa showering plus a pulse-jet shower fi be used insyd those plus mild disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;GARD2017&quot; /&gt; Cutting open de lesions to allow dem to drain no dey result in significant benefit.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2012&quot; /&gt; While [[antibiotics]] be commonly used, evidence give dema efficacy be poor.&lt;ref name=&quot;GARD2017&quot; /&gt; [[Immunosuppressive medication]] sanso fi be tried.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2012&quot; /&gt; Insyd those plus more severe disease, [[laser therapy]] anaa surgery to remove de affected skin fi be viable.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2012&quot; /&gt; Rarely, a skin lesion fi develop into [[skin cancer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2013&quot; /&gt;

If mild cases of HS be included, then de estimate of ein frequency be from 1–4% of de population.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2013&quot; /&gt; Women be three times more likely to be diagnosed plus am dan men.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2012&quot; /&gt; Onset be typically insyd young adulthood den fi cam be less common after 50 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2012&quot; /&gt; Na e be first described between 1833 den 1839 by French anatomist [[Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau|Alfred Velpeau]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Jemec|first1=Gregor|last2=Revuz|first2=Jean|last3=Leyden|first3=James J. |title=Hidradenitis Suppurativa|date=2006|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-33101-8|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpKFsXwcKlgC&amp;pg=PA5|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028043436/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hpKFsXwcKlgC&amp;pg=PA5|archive-date=28 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hidradenitis-suppurativa-overview Hidradenitis suppurativa] at American Academy of Dermatology Association
* [https://www.bad.org.uk/pils/hidradenitis-suppurativa/ Hidradenitis suppurativa] at British Association of Dermatologists
* [https://www.hs-foundation.org/ Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation]
[[Category:Acneiform eruptions]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Scarring]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
[[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]]</text>
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    <title>Isotretinoin</title>
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'''Isotretinoin''', dem sanso know as '''13-''cis''-retinoic acid''' wey dem sell under de brand name '''Accutane''' among odas, be a medication dem use to treat skin diseases like [[harlequin-type ichthyosis]], [[lamellar ichthyosis]], den severe cystic [[acne]] anaa moderate acne wey be unresponsive to antibiotics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | vauthors = Mohiuddin AK |date=2019 |title=A Comprehensive Review of Acne Vulgaris |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacy |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–45}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isotretinoin be used off-label to treat [[Basal-cell carcinoma|basal cell carcinoma]] den [[Squamous-cell carcinoma|squamous cell carcinoma]], although clinical evidence dey suggest e no be effective insyd dis setting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Clouser MC, Roe DJ, Foote JA, Harris RB, Alberts DS | title = Dose response of retinol and isotretinoin in the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer recurrence | journal = Nutrition and Cancer | volume = 62 | issue = 8 | pages = 1058–1066 | date = 2010-11-05 | pmid = 21058193 | pmc = 4104190 | doi = 10.1080/01635581.2010.492089 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be a [[retinoid]], wey dey mean e dey relate to [[vitamin A]], wey e be found insyd small quantities naturally insyd de body.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tang GW, Russell RM | title = 13-cis-retinoic acid is an endogenous compound in human serum | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-lipid-research_1990-02_31_2/page/175 | journal = Journal of Lipid Research | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–182 | date = February 1990 | pmid = 2324641 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)43203-1 | publisher = Elsevier | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein [[isomer]], [[tretinoin]], sanso be an acne drug. Insyd ein pure form, isotretinoin be an orange powder.

De most common adverse effects be dry lips ([[cheilitis]]), dry den fragile skin ([[xeroderma]]), [[Dry eye syndrome|dry eyes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Moy A, McNamara NA, Lin MC | title = Effects of Isotretinoin on Meibomian Glands | language = en-US | journal = Optometry and Vision Science | volume = 92 | issue = 9 | pages = 925–930 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26154692 | doi = 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000656 | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/41k4v4h1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and an [[Phototoxicity|increased susceptibility to sunburn]]. Uncommon den rare side effects dey include muscle aches den pains ([[myalgia]]s), headaches, den depression insyd sam users. Sam of those side effects fi persist long after de discontinuation of de use of de drug.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Isotretinoin fi cause [[liver failure]], therefore de patient ein [[Reference ranges for blood tests|blood levels]] for be regularly tested.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | vauthors = Erşan M |date=2017-09-05 |title=Sivilce ilacı karaciğerini mahvetti |trans-title=Acne drug destroyed her life |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/sivilce-ilaci-karacigerini-mahvetti-40569183 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.hurriyet.com.tr |language=tr |trans-quote=Prof. Dr.  K. Yalçın Polat, President of the Department of General Surgery at the Memorial Ataşehir Hospital: Our patient's blood values were very high when she was hospitalized. It was not easy for us to decide to have a liver transplant. During our three-week treatment, her liver values continued to rise and she entered liver failure, which made us take this decision. In the liver biopsy, we saw necrosis (non-living tissue) in the liver. If we had waited a little longer, she would have fallen into a coma and we would have then lost the patient. The cause of her liver failure is the medication she takes for acne. Unfortunately, this drug is very widely used. Liver enzymes should be closely monitored while taking isotretinoin. Every kind of drug reaches the liver, and each of them has side effects as well as positive effects. Even if the liver tolerates these and cleans the toxins, it can still be affected as in the case of Mrs. Çilingir.}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be known to cause [[teratogen|birth defects]] secof in-utero exposure secof de molecule ein close resemblance to [[retinoic acid]], a natural vitamin A derivative wey dey control normal embryonic development. E be associated plus psychiatric side effects, most commonly depression, den more rarely, [[psychosis]] den unusual behaviors. Oda rare side effects dey include [[hyperostosis]] den premature [[epiphyseal closure]], wich be reported to be persistent.

Isotretinoin be patented insyd 1969 den approved for medical use insyd 1982.&lt;ref name=Fis2006&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=476 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA476 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2021, na e be de 264th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2021 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=14 January 2024 | archive-date=15 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115223848/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Isotretinoin - Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Isotretinoin | access-date = 14 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Adverse effects ==
Increasingly higher dosages go result in higher toxicity, resembling [[vitamin A toxicity]]. Adverse effects dey include:&lt;ref name=UKlabel&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/15655|title=Isotretinoin 20mg capsules - - (eMC)|website=www.medicines.org.uk|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054206/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/15655}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |According to information leaflets&lt;ref name=&quot;UKlabel&quot; /&gt;
!According to studies 
|-
!
Type of disorders
!
Very common  (≥ 1/10) 
!
Common (≥ 1/100, &lt; 1/10) 
!
Rare (≥ 1/10 000,&lt; 1/1000) 
!
Very rare (≤ 1/10 000)
!Unknown Frequency
!Frequency
|-
| '''Infections'''
|
|
|
|
* Gram-positive (mucocutaneous) bacterial infection
|
|
|-
| '''Blood den [[lymphatic system]]'''
|
* [[Anemia]]
* Increased [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|red blood cell sedimentation rate]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
* [[Thrombocytosis]]
|
* [[Neutropenia]]
|
|
* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
|
|
|-
| '''[[Immune system]]'''
|
|
|
* Allergic skin reaction
* [[Anaphylactic]] reactions
* Hypersensitivity
|
|
|
|-
| '''[[Metabolism]]'''
|
|
|
|
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
* [[Hyperuricaemia]]
|
|
|-
| '''[[Psychiatric]]'''
|
|
|
* [[Depression (mood)|Depression]]
* Aggravated depression
* Aggressive tendencies
* [[Anxiety]]
* Mood alterations
|
* Abnormal behaviour
* Psychotic disorder
* Suicidal ideation
* Suicide attempt
* [[Suicide]]
|
|Psychiatric: 25.15%&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|-
| '''[[Nervous system]]'''
|
|
* Headache
|
|
* [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension]]
* [[Convulsions]]
* [[Drowsiness]]
* [[Dizziness]]
|
|
|-
| '''Eye'''
|
* [[Blepharitis]]
* [[Conjunctivitis]]
* [[Keratoconjunctivitis sicca|Dry eyes]]
* Eye irritation
|
|
|
* Blurred vision
* [[Cataract]]
* [[Colour blindness]]
* Contact lens intolerance
* [[Corneal opacity]]
* Decreased night vision
* [[Keratitis]]
* [[Papilloedema]]
* [[Photophobia]]
* Visual disturbances
|
|
|-
| '''Ear'''
|
|
|
|
* Impaired hearing
|
|
|-
| '''[[Blood vessel|Vascular]]'''
|
|
|
|
* [[Vasculitis]] (i.e. [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]], allergic vasculitis)
|
|
|-
| '''Respiratory, [[thoracic]]''' &lt;br /&gt;
'''den [[mediastinal]]'''
|
|
* [[Epistaxis]]
* Nasal dryness
* [[Nasopharyngitis]]
|
|
* [[Bronchospasm]] (particularly insyd people plus asthma)
* [[Hoarseness]]
|
|
|-
| '''[[Gastrointestinal]]'''
|
|
|
|
* [[Colitis]]
* [[Ileitis]]
* Dry throat
* [[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage]]
* Haemorrhagic diarrhoea
* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
* [[Nausea]]
* [[Pancreatitis]]
|
|
|-
| '''[[Hepatobiliary]]'''
|
* Increased [[transaminase]]
|
|
|
* [[Hepatitis]]
|
|
|-
| '''Skin den'''&lt;br /&gt; 
'''[[subcutaneous tissues]]'''
|
* [[Cheilitis]]
* [[Dermatitis]]
* [[Xeroderma|Dry skin]]
* Localised exfoliation
* [[Pruritus]]
* Rash erythematous
* Skin fragility (plus a risk of frictional trauma)
* Paronychia
|
|
* [[Alopecia|Alopecia- hair shedding from telogen effluvium]]
|
* [[Acne fulminans]]
* Aggravated acne (acne flare)
* [[Erythema]] (facial)
* [[Exanthema]]
* Hair disorders
* [[Hirsutism]]
* [[Nail dystrophy]]
* [[Paronychia]]
* [[Photosensitivity reaction]]
* [[Pili torti]]
* [[Pyogenic granuloma]]
* Skin [[hyperpigmentation]]
* Increased sweating
|
* [[Erythema multiforme]]
* [[Stevens–Johnson syndrome|Stevens-Johnson Syndrome]]
* [[Toxic epidermal necrolysis]].
|100%&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Brzezinski P, Borowska K, Chiriac A, Smigielski J | title = Adverse effects of isotretinoin: A large, retrospective review | journal = Dermatologic Therapy | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | article-number = e12483 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28295859 | doi = 10.1111/dth.12483 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''[[Musculo-skeletal]] den'''&lt;br /&gt; 
'''[[connective tissue]]'''
|
* [[Arthralgia]]
* [[Myalgia]]
* Back pain
|
|
|
* [[Arthritis]]
* [[Calcinosis]] (calcification of ligaments den tendons)

* Premature epiphyseal fusion
* [[Exostosis]]
* [[Hyperostosis]]
* [[Osteopenia]]
* [[Tendonitis]]
|
* [[Rhabdomyolysis]]
|
|-
| '''[[Kidney]] den [[urinary]]'''
|
|
|
|
* [[Glomerulonephritis]]
|
* Dark anaa cola-coloured urine&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=August 2017|title=Isotretinoin (oral formulations): CMDH scientific conclusions – Scientific conclusions and grounds for the variation to the terms of the Marketing Authorisation(s)|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/psusa/isotretinoin-oral-formulations-cmdh-scientific-conclusions-grounds-variation-amendments-product/00010488/201611_en.pdf|access-date=17 May 2019|publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|'''[[Reproductive system]] den breast disorders'''
|
|
|
|
|
* Sexual dysfunction, wey dey include [[erectile dysfunction]] den [[Libido|decreased libido]]
|
|-
| '''General'''
|
|
|
|
* Increased formation of [[granulation tissue]]
* [[Malaise]]
|
|
|-
| '''Investigation'''
|
* Increased [[triglycerides]]
* Decreased [[High-density lipoprotein|HDL]]
|
* Increased blood cholesterol
* Increased blood glucose
* [[Haematuria]]
* [[Proteinuria]]
|
|
*  Increased [[creatine phosphokinase]]
|
|
|-
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:Cyclohexenes]]
[[Category:Dermatoxins]]
[[Category:Enones]]
[[Category:Drugs wey Hoffmann-La Roche develop]]
[[Category:Isotretinoin]]
[[Category:Polyenes]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Refeeding syndrome</title>
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'''Refeeding syndrome''' be a condition wey fi occur following reintroduction of [[nutrition]] after a prolonged period of [[starvation]].&lt;ref name=Stat2021&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Persaud-Sharma |first1=D |last2=Saha |first2=S |last3=Trippensee |first3=AW |title=Refeeding Syndrome |date=January 2021 |pmid=33232094|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fi occur plus nutrition insyd de form of [[total parenteral nutrition]].&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt; E fi result in [[low phosphate]], [[low magnesium]], [[low potassium]], den [[low thiamine]].&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt; Dis fi result in weakness, decreased breathing, [[ataxia|poor coordination]], confusion, [[seizures]], den [[heart arrythmia]]s.&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt;

Treatment be by de gradual reintroduction of calories.&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt; Insyd de first 24 hours, 10 to 20 kcal/kg anaa no more dan half de person energy requirement, be recommended.&lt;ref name=Meh2008&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehanna HM, Moledina J, Travis J |title=Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it |journal=BMJ |volume=336 |issue=7659 |pages=1495–8 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18583681 |pmc=2440847 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a301 |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=18583681 |access-date=2009-02-24 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829031106/https://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1495.long |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829031106/https://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1495.long |date=2021-08-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt; [[Thiamine supplements]] for be given early.&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt; Potassium, phosphate, calcium, den magnesium supplements sanso fi often be recommended.&lt;ref name=Meh2008/&gt; Electrolytes for be measured every 12 hours initially.&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt;

Refeeding syndrome ein frequency be unclear.&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt; Na one study find rates of 0.5% to 18% among people wey be hospitalized.&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt; Modern descriptions of de condition dey date from [[World War II]].&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt; Though, a number of prior descriptions of people wey dey die following eating after a [[famine]] occur thru out history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Refeeding Syndrome in Historical Perspective: Its First Description by Rodulfus Glaber (1033) |journal=AJBSR |date=7 January 2021 |doi=10.34297/AJBSR.2021.11.001644 |url=https://biomedgrid.com/pdf/AJBSR.MS.ID.001643.pdf |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116060949/https://biomedgrid.com/pdf/AJBSR.MS.ID.001643.pdf |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116060949/https://biomedgrid.com/pdf/AJBSR.MS.ID.001643.pdf |date=16 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=De Santo |first1=Natale G |last2=Bisaccia |first2=Carmela |last3=Phillips |first3=Malcolm E |last4=De Santo |first4=Luca S |title=Refeeding syndrome as described in 1507 by Antonio Benivieni in Florence |journal=Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation |date=11 December 2020 |doi=10.1093/ndt/gfaa295 |pmid=33313827}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliography==
* Shils, M.E., Shike, M., Ross, A.C., Caballero, B. &amp; Cousins, R.J.  (2006). Modern nutrition in health and disease, 10th ed. Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins. Baltimore, Maryland.
* Mahan, L.K. &amp; Escott-Stump, S.E. (2004) Krause's Food, Nutrition, &amp; Diet Therapy, 11th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
* {{cite journal | author = Hearing S | title = Refeeding syndrome: Is underdiagnosed and undertreated, but treatable | journal = BMJ | volume = 328 | issue = 7445 | pages = 908–9 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15087326 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.328.7445.908 | pmc = 390152}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Crook M, Hally V, Panteli J | title = The importance of the refeeding syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition_july-august-2001_17_7-8/page/632 | journal = Nutrition | volume = 17 | issue = 7–8 | pages = 632–7 | year = 2001| pmid = 11448586 | doi = 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00542-1}}
* {{cite journal | author = Lauts N | title = Management of the patient with refeeding syndrome | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infusion-nursing_september-october-2005_28_5/page/337 | journal = J Infus Nurs | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 337–42 | year = 2005| pmid = 16205500 | doi = 10.1097/00129804-200509000-00007| s2cid = 39877542 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Kraft M, Btaiche I, Sacks G | title = Review of the refeeding syndrome | journal = Nutr Clin Pract | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 625–33 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16306300 | doi = 10.1177/0115426505020006625| url = https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142310/1/ncp0625.pdf | hdl = 2027.42/142310 | hdl-access = free }}
* {{cite web | title=Evidence — Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition — Guidance | publisher=[[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE) |orig-date=Updated 4 August 2017|date=22 February 2006 | url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg32/evidence}} Web page with link to full guideline CG32.
* Mehanna, H. M., Moledina, J., &amp; Travis, J. (2008). Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 336(7659), 1495–1498. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a301

{{DEFAULTSORT:Refeeding Syndrome}}
[[Category:Metabolic disorders]]
[[Category:Nutrition]]
[[Category:Syndromes]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fatty liver disease</title>
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'''Fatty liver disease''' ('''FLD'''), dem sanso know as '''hepatic steatosis''' den '''steatotic liver disease''' ('''SLD'''), be a condition wer excess [[fat]] dey build up insyd de [[liver]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2016 |title=Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease &amp; NASH |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/nafld-nash/all-content |access-date=7 November 2018 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Often der be no anaa few symptoms.&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sin20172&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=S |last2=Osna |first2=NA |last3=Kharbanda |first3=KK |date=28 September 2017 |title=Treatment options for alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review. |journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=23 |issue=36 |pages=6549–6570 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v23.i36.6549 |pmc=5643281 |pmid=29085205 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Occasionally der fi be tiredness anaa pain insyd de upper right side of de [[abdomen]].&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt; Complications fi include [[cirrhosis]], [[liver cancer]], den [[esophageal varices]].&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ant2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Antunes |first1=Catiele |last2=Azadfard |first2=Mohammadreza |last3=Hoilat |first3=Gilles J. |last4=Gupta |first4=Mohit |date=2022 |title=Fatty Liver |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=28723021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De main subtypes of fatty liver disease be [[metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease]] (MASLD) den [[alcoholic liver disease]] (ALD), plus de category &quot;metabolic and alcohol associated liver disease&quot; (metALD) wey dey describe an overlap of de two.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rinella |first1=Mary E. |last2=Lazarus |first2=Jeffrey V. |last3=Ratziu |first3=Vlad |last4=Francque |first4=Sven M. |last5=Sanyal |first5=Arun J. |last6=Kanwal |first6=Fasiha |last7=Romero |first7=Diana |last8=Abdelmalek |first8=Manal F. |last9=Anstee |first9=Quentin M. |last10=Arab |first10=Juan Pablo |last11=Arrese |first11=Marco |last12=Bataller |first12=Ramon |last13=Beuers |first13=Ulrich |last14=Boursier |first14=Jerome |last15=Bugianesi |first15=Elisabetta |date=2023 |title=A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=1966–1986 |doi=10.1097/HEP.0000000000000520 |issn=0270-9139 |pmc=10653297 |pmid=37363821 |s2cid=259260747 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10807/245116}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Til June 2023, na MASLD den ein more advanced form, metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH), be referred to as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) den non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=DHANJAL |first1=Adonia |title=Multinational liver societies announce new &quot;Fatty&quot; liver disease nomenclature that is affirmative and non-stigmatising |url=https://easl.eu/news/new_fatty_liver_disease_nomenclature-2/ |website=EASL-The Home of Hepatology. |access-date=14 December 2025 |date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212053521/https://easl.eu/news/new_fatty_liver_disease_nomenclature-2/ |archive-date=12 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de change insyd terminology be decided insyd a modified [[Delphi method|Delphi process]] wey three large pan-national liver associations lead (de [[American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases]], de [[European Association for the Study of the Liver]] den de Latin American Association for the Study of the Liver).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De primary risks dey include [[ethanol|alcohol]], [[type 2 diabetes]], den [[obesity]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ant2019&quot; /&gt; Oda risk factors dey include certain medications such as [[glucocorticoid]]s, den [[hepatitis C]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; E be unclear why sam people plus MASLD develop simple fatty liver den odas develop metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH), wich be associated plus poorer outcomes.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Diagnosis be based on de [[medical history]] wey blood tests support, [[medical imaging]], den occasionally [[liver biopsy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Treatment of MASLD generally be by dietary changes den exercise to bring about [[weight loss]].&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt; Insyd those wey severely be affected, [[liver transplantation]] fi be an option.&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt; More dan 90% of heavy drinkers dey develop fatty liver while about 25% develop de more severe [[alcoholic hepatitis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bas2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Basra |first=Sarpreet |date=2011 |title=Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis |journal=World Journal of Hepatology |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=108–113 |doi=10.4254/wjh.v3.i5.108 |pmc=3124876 |pmid=21731902 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; MASLD dey affect about 30% of people insyd Western countries den 10% of people insyd Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sin2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=S |last2=Osna |first2=NA |last3=Kharbanda |first3=KK |date=28 September 2017 |title=Treatment options for alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review. |journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=23 |issue=36 |pages=6549–6570 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v23.i36.6549 |pmc=5643281 |pmid=29085205 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; MASLD dey affect about 10% of kiddies insyd de United States.&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt; E dey occur more often insyd older people den males.&lt;ref name=Ant2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iser |first1=D |last2=Ryan |first2=M |date=July 2013 |title=Fatty liver disease—a practical guide for GPs. |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=444–7 |pmid=23826593}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Diagnosis==
[[File:Liversteatosis.png|thumb|Liver [[steatosis]] (fatty liver disease) as seen on CT]]
[[File:Steatosis hepatis - Sonographie 001.jpg|thumb|Ultrasound wey dey show diffuse increased echogenicity of de liver]]
{|align=&quot;centre&quot;
|-Elevated liver enzyme
!align=&quot;center&quot;|Flow chart for diagnosis&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayard_2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bayard M, Holt J, Boroughs E |date=June 2006 |title=Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2006-06-01_73_11/page/1961 |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=1961–8 |pmid=16770927}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | A01| | | |A01=Elevated liver enzyme}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | B01| | | |B01=Serology to exclude viral hepatitis}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | C01| | | |C01=Imaging study showing&lt;br /&gt;fatty infiltrate}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | D01| | | |D01=Alcohol intake}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | |,|-|^|-|.| | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | |E01| |E02| | |E01=Less than two drinks per day‡|E02=More than two drinks per day‡}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | |F01| |F02| | |F01=Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease likely|F02=Alcoholic liver disease likely}}
{{tree chart/end}}
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|‡ &lt;small&gt;Criteria for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:&lt;br /&gt; consumption of ethanol less than 20&amp;nbsp;g/day for women and 30&amp;nbsp;g/day for men&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams _2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=L. A. |last2=Angulo |first2=P |last3=Lindor |first3=KD |date=29 March 2005 |title=Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=172 |issue=7 |pages=899–905 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.045232 |pmc=554876 |pmid=15795412}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* Photo at [http://www.pathologyatlas.ro/fatty-change-liver-steatosis-pathology.php Atlas of Pathology]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatty Liver}}
[[Category:Diseases of liver]]
[[Category:Medical conditions wey relate to obesity]]
[[Category:Histopathology]]
[[no:Steatose]]
[[pl:Alkoholowe stłuszczenie wątroby]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Allergy</title>
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An '''allergy''' be an exaggerated [[immune response]] wer de body mistakenly dey identify an ordinarily harmless [[allergen]] as a threat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Con2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = McConnell TH |title=The Nature of Disease: Pathology for the Health Professions|date=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=978-0-7817-5317-3|page=159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chs_lilPFLwC&amp;pg=PA159}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allergy Defined {{!}} AAAAI |url=https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/allergy,-asthma-immunology-glossary/allergy-defined |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.aaaai.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allergy {{!}} British Society for Immunology |url=https://www.immunology.org/policy-and-public-affairs/briefings-and-position-statements/allergy |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.immunology.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Resch |first1=Klaus |title=Allergy |date=2008 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology |pages=58–64 |url=https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-540-38918-7_231 |access-date=2025-07-04 |publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-38918-7_231 |isbn=978-3-540-38918-7 |last2=Martin |first2=Michael U.|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Allergic reactions dey give rise to '''allergic diseases''' such as [[Allergic rhinitis|hay fever]], [[allergic conjunctivitis]], [[allergic asthma]], [[atopic dermatitis]], [[Food allergy|food allergies]], den [[anaphylaxis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015Types&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Types of Allergic Diseases |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergic-diseases-types.aspx |website=NIAID |access-date=17 June 2015 |date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123632/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergic-diseases-types.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms of allergic diseases fi include red eyes, an itchy [[rash]], [[sneeze|sneezing]], [[coughing]], a [[rhinorrhea|runny nose]], [[shortness of breath]], anaa swelling.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015Sym&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Environmental Allergies: Symptoms |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/environmental-allergies/Pages/symptoms.aspx |website=NIAID |access-date=19 June 2015 |date=22 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618023408/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/environmental-allergies/Pages/symptoms.aspx |archive-date=18 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012pdf&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |date=July 2012 |title=Food Allergy An Overview |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodAllergy/Documents/foodallergy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145206/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodallergy/documents/foodallergy.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bah2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bahna SL | title = Cow's milk allergy versus cow milk intolerance | journal = Annals of Allergy, Asthma &amp; Immunology | volume = 89 | issue = 6 Suppl 1 | pages = 56–60 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12487206 | doi = 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62124-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common [[allergen]]s dey include [[pollen]], certain foods, metals, insect stings, medications, den materials, such as [[Latex allergy|latex]].&lt;ref name=Con2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kay2000/&gt; De development of allergies be secof genetic den environmental factors.&lt;ref name=Kay2000&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kay AB | title = Overview of 'allergy and allergic diseases: with a view to the future' | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-bulletin_2000_56_4/page/n6 | journal = British Medical Bulletin | volume = 56 | issue = 4 | pages = 843–64 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11359624 | doi = 10.1258/0007142001903481 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De mechanism of allergic reactions dey involve [[immunoglobulin E antibodies]] (IgE) wey dey bind to an allergen den then to [[FcεRI|a receptor]] on [[mast cell]]s anaa [[basophil]]s, wer dem trigger de release of inflammatory chemicals such as [[histamine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=How Does an Allergic Response Work? |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergic-Response.aspx |website=NIAID |access-date=20 June 2015 |date=21 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618023413/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergic-Response.aspx |archive-date=18 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis typically be based on a person ein [[medical history]].&lt;ref name=NIH2012pdf/&gt; Further testing of de [[skin prick test|skin]] anaa blood fi be useful insyd certain cases.&lt;ref name=NIH2012pdf/&gt; Positive tests, however, no necessarily fi mean der be a significant allergy to de substance in question.&lt;ref name=Cox2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Cox L, Williams B, Sicherer S, Oppenheimer J, Sher L, Hamilton R, Golden D | title = Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-allergy-asthma-and-immunology_2008-12_101_6/page/580 | journal = Annals of Allergy, Asthma &amp; Immunology | volume = 101 | issue = 6 | pages = 580–92 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19119701 | doi = 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60220-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Early exposure of kiddies to potential allergens fi be protective.&lt;ref name=Sic2014&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sicherer SH, Sampson HA | title = Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2014-02_133_2/page/291 | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 133 | issue = 2 | pages = 291–307; quiz 308 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24388012 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020 | bibcode = 2014JACI..133..291S }}&lt;/ref&gt; Treatments for allergies dey include avoidance of known allergens den de use of medications such as [[Corticosteroid|steroids]] den [[Histamine antagonist|antihistamines]].&lt;ref name=NIH2015Imm/&gt; Insyd severe reactions, injectable [[adrenaline]] (epinephrine) be recommended.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review092&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Simons FE |date=October 2009 |title=Anaphylaxis: Recent advances in assessment and treatment |url=https://secure.muhealth.org/~ed/students/articles/JAClinImmun_124_p0625.pdf |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=625–36; quiz 637–38 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025 |pmid=19815109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627084618/https://secure.muhealth.org/~ed/students/articles/JAClinImmun_124_p0625.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Allergen immunotherapy]], wich gradually dey expose people to larger den larger amounts of allergen, be useful give sam types of allergies such as hay fever den reactions to insect bites.&lt;ref name=NIH2015Imm/&gt; Ein use insyd food allergies be unclear.&lt;ref name=NIH2015Imm&gt;{{cite web|title=Allergen Immunotherapy |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergen-immunotherapy.aspx |access-date=15 June 2015 |date=22 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617122922/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergen-immunotherapy.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Allergies be common.&lt;ref name=NIH2015Epi&gt;{{cite web|title=Allergic Diseases |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/default.aspx |website=NIAID |access-date=20 June 2015 |date=21 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618023404/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=18 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the developed world, about 20% of people are affected by allergic rhinitis,&lt;ref name=NEJM2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wheatley LM, Togias A | title = Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 372 | issue = 5 | pages = 456–63 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25629743 | pmc = 4324099 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 }}&lt;/ref&gt; food allergy affects 10% of adults and 8% of children,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bartha |first1=Irene |last2=Almulhem |first2=Noorah |last3=Santos |first3=Alexandra F. |date=2024-03-01 |title=Feast for thought: A comprehensive review of food allergy 2021-2023 |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=153 |issue=3 |pages=576–594 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.918 |pmid=38101757 |issn=0091-6749|pmc=11096837 }}&lt;/ref&gt; den about 20% get anaa na dem get atopic dermatitis at sam point in time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomsen SF | title = Atopic dermatitis: natural history, diagnosis, and treatment | journal = ISRN Allergy | volume = 2014 | article-number = 354250 | date = 2014 | pmid = 25006501 | pmc = 4004110 | doi = 10.1155/2014/354250 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Depending on de country, about 1–18% of people get asthma.&lt;ref name=GINA2015p2&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ginasthma.org/local/uploads/files/GINA_Report_2015_Aug11.pdf |title=Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention: Updated 2015 |publisher=Global Initiative for Asthma |year=2015 |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017163339/http://www.ginasthma.org/local/uploads/files/GINA_Report_2015_Aug11.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GINA2011p2&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ginasthma.org/uploads/users/files/GINA_Report2011_May4.pdf |title=Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention |publisher=Global Initiative for Asthma |year=2011|pages=2–5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120205023/http://www.ginasthma.org/uploads/users/files/GINA_Report2011_May4.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anaphylaxis dey occur in between 0.05–2% of people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Leslie C.|last=Grammer|title=Patterson's Allergic Diseases|date=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-4863-3|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWdT7W4_N8sC&amp;pg=PA199}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rates of chaw allergic diseases appear to be increasing.&lt;ref name=Review09&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Simons FE | title = Anaphylaxis: Recent advances in assessment and treatment | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 124 | issue = 4 | pages = 625–36; quiz 637–38 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19815109 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025 | url = https://secure.muhealth.org/~ed/students/articles/JAClinImmun_124_p0625.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130627084618/https://secure.muhealth.org/~ed/students/articles/JAClinImmun_124_p0625.pdf | archive-date = 27 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A | title = Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies | journal = Allergy | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = 152–67 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 19912154 | doi = 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x | s2cid = 19525219 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2010Aller..65..152A }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/library/allergy-library/prevalence-of-allergies-and-asthma|title=Increasing Rates of Allergies and Asthma| vauthors = Pongdee T |website=American Academy of Allergy, Asthma &amp; Immunology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de word &quot;allergy&quot; first be used by [[Clemens von Pirquet]] insyd 1906.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kay2000&quot; /&gt;[[File:What happens when you are allergic.webm|thumb|Analytical chemist Georgina Ross ([[Wageningen University &amp; Research]]) about allergies ]]
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/allergy.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Allergy }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allergology| ]]
[[Category:Effects of external causes]]
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Respiratory diseases]]
[[Category:Immune system]]
[[Category:Immune system disorders]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hepatitis B</title>
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'''Hepatitis B''' be an [[infectious disease]] wey de [[hepatitis B virus]] (HBV) cause wey dey affect de [[liver]];&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hepatitis B |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809212807/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b |archive-date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations|url=https://archive.org/details/logansmedicalsci00loga|url-access=registration|last1=Logan|first1=Carolynn M.|last2=Rice|first2=M. Katherine | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=J. B. Lippincott and Company|year=1987|isbn=0-397-54589-4&lt;!--hardbound copy--&gt;|page=[https://archive.org/details/logansmedicalsci00loga/page/232 232]}}&lt;/ref&gt; e be a type of [[viral hepatitis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hepatitis MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/hepatitis.html |access-date=2020-06-19 |website=U.S. National Library of Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt; It can cause both acute and [[chronic infection]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Chaw people no get symptoms after exposure. For odas, symptoms fi appear 30 to 180 days after exposure den fi include a rapid onset of sickness plus [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], [[fatigue]], yellow urine, den [[abdominal pain]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Symptoms during acute infection typically dey last for a few weeks, though sam people fi feel sick for up to six months.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCFAQ2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Hepatitis B Questions and Answers for the Public - Symptoms |date=30 March 2022 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809230106/https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm |archive-date=9 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deaths wey dey result from acute stage HBV infections be rare.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| first1 = Raphael | last1 = Rubin | first2 = David S. | last2 = Strayer | name-list-style = vanc |title=Rubin's Pathology: clinicopathologic foundations of medicine |date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7817-9516-6 |page=638 |edition=5th |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kD9VZ267wDEC&amp;pg=PA638 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An HBV infection wey dey last longer dan six months usually be considered chronic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De likelihood of developing chronic hepatitis B be higher for those wey be infected plus HBV at a younger age. About 90% of those infected during anaa shortly after birth develop chronic hepatitis B,&lt;ref name=CDCFAQ2022/&gt; while less dan 10% of those infected after de age of five develop chronic cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014T2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hepatitis B FAQs for the Public – Transmission |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/B/bFAQ.htm#transmission |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211154904/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/b/bfaq.htm#transmission |archive-date=11 December 2011 |access-date=2011-11-29 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw of those plus chronic disease no get symptoms; however, [[cirrhosis]] den [[hepatocellular carcinoma|liver cancer]] eventually develop&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17336170&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1-link=Chang Mei-hwei | author = Chang MH | title = Hepatitis B virus infection | journal = Semin Fetal Neonatal Med | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 160–167 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17336170 | doi = 10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; insyd about 25% of those plus chronic HBV.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hepatitis B |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De virus be transmitted by exposure to infectious [[blood]] anaa [[body fluids]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Insyd areas wer de disease be [[endemic|common]], [[perinatal infection|infection around de time of birth]] anaa from contact plus oda people dema blood during kiddie time be de most frequent methods by wich hepatitis B be acquired.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Insyd areas wer de disease be rare, [[intravenous drug use]] den [[sexual intercourse]] be de most frequent [[routes of infection]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Oda risk factors dey include working insyd healthcare, [[blood transfusions]], [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]], living plus an infected person, travel insyd countries plus high infection rates, den living insyd group living situations.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014T2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; [[Tattoo]]ing den [[acupuncture]] lead to a significant number of cases insyd de 1980s; however, dis cam be less common plus improved sterilization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Thomas HC | title = Viral Hepatitis | year = 2013 | publisher = Wiley | location = Hoboken | isbn = 978-1-118-63730-2 | page = 83 | edition = 4th | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83}}&lt;/ref&gt; De {{nowrap|hepatitis B}} viruses no fi be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, anaa breastfeeding.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014T2&quot; /&gt; De infection fi be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; De diagnosis usually be confirmed by testing de blood for parts of de virus den for [[antibodies]] against de virus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; E be one of five main [[hepatitis]] viruses: [[hepatitis A|A]], B, [[hepatitis C|C]], [[hepatitis D|D]], den [[hepatitis E|E]].&lt;ref name=WHO2017Report&gt;{{cite book|title=Global hepatitis report 2017|date=2017|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156545-5|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; During an initial infection, care be based on a person ein symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Insyd those wey develop chronic disease, [[antiviral medication]] such as [[tenofovir]] anaa [[interferon]] fi be useful; however, dese drugs be expensive.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; [[Liver transplantation]] sam times be recommended for cases of cirrhosis anaa [[hepatocellular carcinoma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hepatitis B infection be preventable by [[Hepatitis B vaccine|vaccination]] since 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17673066&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Pungpapong S, Kim WR, Poterucha JJ | title = Natural History of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: an Update for Clinicians | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_mayo-clinic-proceedings_2007-08_82_8/page/967 | journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume = 82 | issue = 8 | pages = 967–975 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17673066 | doi = 10.4065/82.8.967 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2022, de hepatitis B vaccine be between 98% den 100% effective in preventing infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De vaccine be administered insyd several doses; after an initial dose, two anaa three more vaccine doses be required at a later time for full effect.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) dey recommend infants receive de vaccine within 24 hours after birth wen possible.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; National programs make de hepatitis B vaccine available for infants insyd 190 countries as of de end of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Immunization coverage- Global immunization coverage 2021 |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage |website=World Health Organization |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810020553/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage |archive-date=10 August 2022 |date=14 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Will2006&gt;{{cite journal | author = Williams R | title = Global challenges in liver disease | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2006-09_44_3/page/n28 | journal = Hepatology | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 521–526 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16941687 | doi = 10.1002/hep.21347 | s2cid = 23924901 | doi-access =  }}&lt;/ref&gt; To further prevent infection, de WHO dey recommend testing all donated blood for hepatitis B before using am for transfusion. Using antiviral prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission sanso be recommended, as be following safe sex practices, wey dey include de use of [[condoms]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Insyd 2016, de WHO set a goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a threat to global [[public health]] by 2030. Achieving dis goal go require de development of therapeutic treatments to cure chronic hepatitis B, as well as preventing ein transmission den using vaccines to prevent new infections.&lt;ref name=&quot;Block&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Block |first1=Timothy M. |last2=Chang |first2=Kyong-Mi |last3=Guo |first3=Ju-Tao |title=Prospects for the Global Elimination of Hepatitis B |journal=Annual Review of Virology |date=29 September 2021 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=437–458 |doi=10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-062728 |pmid=34586871 |doi-access=free |issn=2327-056X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Andrea L. |last2=El-Sayed |first2=Manal H. |last3=Kao |first3=Jia-Horng |last4=Lazarus |first4=Jeffrey V. |last5=Lemoine |first5=Maud |last6=Lok |first6=Anna S. |last7=Zoulim |first7=Fabien |title=Progress towards elimination goals for viral hepatitis |journal=Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology |date=September 2020 |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=533–542 |doi=10.1038/s41575-020-0332-6 |pmid=32704164 |pmc=7376316 |language=en |issn=1759-5053}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=COMBATING HEPATITIS B AND C TO REACH ELIMINATION BY 2030 |date=May 2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/206453/WHO_HIV_2016.04_eng.pdf/jsessionid=CADC5914BBC22D9F5FEBA9B2033892A3?sequence=1 |access-date=6 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An estimated 296 million people, anaa 3.8% of de global population, get chronic hepatitis B infections as of 2019. Anoda 1.5 million develope acute infections dat year, den 820,000 deaths occur as a result of HBV.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Cirrhosis den liver cancer be responsible for chaw HBV-related deaths.&lt;ref name=&quot;Epidemiology2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|pmc=5582972|date=November 2017|last1=Nelson |first1=Noele P. |last2=Easterbrook |first2=Philippa J. |last3=McMahon |first3=Brian J. |title=Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease |journal=Clinics in Liver Disease |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=607–628 |doi=10.1016/j.cld.2016.06.006 |pmid=27742003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De disease be most prevalent insyd Africa (wey dey affect 7.5% of de continent ein population) den insyd de Western Pacific region (5.9%).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOProgress2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=World Health Organization |title=Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021 |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/342808/9789240030985-eng.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=10 August 2022 |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Infection rates be 1.5% insyd Europe den 0.5% insyd de Americas.&lt;ref name=WHOProgress2021/&gt; According to sam estimates, about a third of de world ein population be infected plus hepatitis B at one point insyd dema lives.&lt;ref name=Epidemiology2021/&gt; Na hepatitis B originally be known as &quot;serum hepatitis&quot;.&lt;ref name=Barker1996&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Barker LF, Shulman NR, Murray R, Hirschman RJ, Ratner F, Diefenbach WC, Geller HM | title = Transmission of serum hepatitis. 1970 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1996-09-11_276_10/page/n122 | journal = Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 276 | issue = 10 | pages = 841–844 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8769597 | doi = 10.1001/jama.276.10.841 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=GUIDELINES FOR THE PREVENTION, CARE AND TREATMENT OF PERSONS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION|date=Mar 2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154905-9|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf?ua=1&amp;ua=1}}
*{{cite web |title=''Hepatitis B virus'' |work=NCBI Taxonomy Browser |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=10407 |id=10407}}
{{refend}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hepatitis B| ]]
[[Category:Sexually transmitted infections]]
[[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]]
[[Category:Infectious causes of cancer]]
[[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]]
[[Category:Hepatitis|+B]]
[[Category:Viral hepatitis]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Clozapine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Clozaril''' among odas, be a psychiatric medication wey na e be de first [[atypical antipsychotic]] to be discovered.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = [[Stephen Stahl|Stahl SM]], Meyer JM |title=The Clozapine Handbook|date=16 May 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-44746-1|oclc=1222779588|doi=10.1017/9781108553575}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be used primarily to treat people plus [[schizophrenia]] den [[schizoaffective disorder]] wey na e get an inadequate response to two oda [[antipsychotic]]s, anaa wey na dem be unable to tolerate oda drugs secof [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|extrapyramidal side effects]]. Insyd de US, clozapine sanso be approved for use insyd people plus recurrent suicidal behavior insyd people plus schizophrenia anaa schizoaffective disorder.&lt;ref name = &quot;CDER&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |work=Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) |date=9 August 2024 |title=Information on Clozapine |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |language=en |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=12 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241012121823/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso be used for de treatment of [[psychosis]] insyd [[Parkinson's disease]].&lt;ref name=&quot;medicines.org.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Clozaril 25 mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4411/smpc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914162236/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4411/smpc |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=www.medicines.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Great Britain)&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Great Britain) |title=Parkinson's disease in adults: diagnosis and management: full guideline |oclc=1105250833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clozapine be recommended by multiple international treatment guidelines, after resistance to two oda antipsychotic medications, wey e be de only treatment likely to result in improvement if two (anaa one&lt;ref name=&quot;Kahn_20182&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kahn RS, Winter van Rossum I, Leucht S, McGuire P, Lewis SW, Leboyer M, Arango C, Dazzan P, Drake R, Heres S, Díaz-Caneja CM, Rujescu D, Weiser M, Galderisi S, Glenthøj B, Eijkemans MJ, Fleischhacker WW, Kapur S, Sommer IE |date=October 2018 |title=Amisulpride and olanzapine followed by open-label treatment with clozapine in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder (OPTiMiSE): a three-phase switching study |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/amisulpride-and-olanzapine-followed-by-openlabel-treatment-with-clozapine-in-firstepisode-schizophrenia-and-schizophreniform-disorder-optimise(e2ac95c9-d392-41b5-9392-6c9bbdfac360).html |url-status=dead |journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=797–807 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30252-9 |pmid=30115598 |s2cid=52014623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208074253/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/amisulpride-and-olanzapine-followed-by-openlabel-treatment-with-clozapine-in-firstepisode-schizophrenia-and-schizophreniform-disorder-optimise(e2ac95c9-d392-41b5-9392-6c9bbdfac360).html |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;) oda antipsychotic no get a satisfactory effect.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasan_20122&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthoj B, Gattaz WF, Thibaut F, Möller HJ |date=July 2012 |title=World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance |journal=The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=318–378 |doi=10.3109/15622975.2012.696143 |pmid=22834451 |s2cid=20370225}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Buchanan_20102&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Buchanan RW, Kreyenbuhl J, Kelly DL, Noel JM, Boggs DL, Fischer BA, Himelhoch S, Fang B, Peterson E, Aquino PR, Keller W |date=January 2010 |title=The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_schizophrenia-bulletin_2010-01_36_1/page/71 |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=71–93 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbp116 |pmc=2800144 |pmid=19955390}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaebel_20052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaebel W, Weinmann S, Sartorius N, Rutz W, McIntyre JS |date=September 2005 |title=Schizophrenia practice guidelines: international survey and comparison |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=187 |issue=3 |pages=248–255 |doi=10.1192/bjp.187.3.248 |pmid=16135862 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuipers_20142&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuipers E, Yesufu-Udechuku A, Taylor C, Kendall T |date=February 2014 |title=Management of psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: summary of updated NICE guidance |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/348/mar19_4/g2234 |url-status=live |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g1173 |pmid=24523363 |s2cid=44282161 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124000210/https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g2234 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021 |article-number=g1173}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Howes_20172&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, de Bartolomeis A, van Beveren NJ, Birnbaum ML, Bloomfield MA, Bressan RA, Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT, Castle DJ, Citrome L, Daskalakis ZJ, Davidson M, Drake RJ, Dursun S, Ebdrup BH, Elkis H, Falkai P, Fleischacker WW, Gadelha A, Gaughran F, Glenthøj BY, Graff-Guerrero A, Hallak JE, Honer WG, Kennedy J, Kinon BJ, Lawrie SM, Lee J, Leweke FM, MacCabe JH, McNabb CB, Meltzer H, Möller HJ, Nakajima S, Pantelis C, Reis Marques T, Remington G, Rossell SL, Russell BR, Siu CO, Suzuki T, Sommer IE, Taylor D, Thomas N, Üçok A, Umbricht D, Walters JT, Kane J, Correll CU |date=March 2017 |title=Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=216–229 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503 |pmc=6231547 |pmid=27919182}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Galletly_20162&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Galletly C, Castle D, Dark F, Humberstone V, Jablensky A, Killackey E, Kulkarni J, McGorry P, Nielssen O, Tran N |date=May 2016 |title=Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders |journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=410–472 |doi=10.1177/0004867416641195 |pmid=27106681 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Remington G, Addington D, Honer W, Ismail Z, Raedler T, Teehan M |date=September 2017 |title=Guidelines for the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia in Adults |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=604–616 |doi=10.1177/0706743717720448 |pmc=5593252 |pmid=28703015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Long term follow-up studies from [[Finland]] dey show significant improvements in terms of overall mortality wey dey include from [[suicide]] den all causes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taipale_2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Taipale H, Tanskanen A, Mehtälä J, Vattulainen P, Correll CU, Tiihonen J |date=February 2020 |title=20-year follow-up study of physical morbidity and mortality in relationship to antipsychotic treatment in a nationwide cohort of 62,250 patients with schizophrenia (FIN20) |journal=World Psychiatry |location=WPA |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=61–68 |doi=10.1002/wps.20699 |pmc=6953552 |pmid=31922669}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clozapine dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|vauthors=Organization WH}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is available as a [[generic medication]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Clozapine |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clozapine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103801/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/clozapine.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;/ref&gt; Common adverse effects dey include [[Sedation|drowsiness]], [[constipation]], [[hypersalivation]] (increased saliva production), [[tachycardia]], [[Hypotension|low blood pressure]], [[blurred vision]], significant [[weight gain]], den [[dizziness]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Clozapine no normally be associated plus [[tardive dyskinesia]] wey e be recommended as de drug of choice wen dis be present, although sam case reports dey describe clozapine-induced tardive dyskinesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Pardis P, Remington G, Panda R, Lemez M, Agid O|title=Clozapine and tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review|journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology|volume=33|issue=10|pages=1187–1198|date=October 2019|pmid=31347436|doi=10.1177/0269881119862535|s2cid=198912192}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serious adverse effects dey include [[agranulocytosis]], [[Epileptic seizure|seizures]], [[myocarditis]] (inflammation of de heart), den [[hyperglycemia]] (high blood glucose levels). De use of clozapine fi result rarely in clozapine-induced, [[Gastrointestinal physiology|gastric hypomotility]] syndrome, wich fi lead to [[bowel obstruction]] den death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hart2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartling L, Abou-Setta AM, Dursun S, Mousavi SS, Pasichnyk D, Newton AS|title=Antipsychotics in adults with schizophrenia: comparative effectiveness of first-generation versus second-generation medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2012-10-02_157_7/page/n67|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=157|issue=7|pages=498–511|date=October 2012|pmid=22893011|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-157-7-201210020-00525|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=28 January 2020|title=Clozaril, Fazaclo ODT, Versacloz (clozapine): Drug Safety Communication - FDA Strengthens Warning That Untreated Constipation Can Lead to Serious Bowel Problems|url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/clozaril-fazaclo-odt-versacloz-clozapine-drug-safety-communication-fda-strengthens-warning-untreated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224000510/https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/clozaril-fazaclo-odt-versacloz-clozapine-drug-safety-communication-fda-strengthens-warning-untreated|archive-date=24 February 2020|access-date=30 January 2020|website=FDA}}&lt;/ref&gt; De mechanism of action no be clear.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;  

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book | vauthors = Stahl SM, Meyer JM |title=The Clozapine Handbook|date=16 May 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-44746-1|oclc=1222779588}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Benkert O, Hippius H | title = Kompendium der Psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie | language = de | edition = 4th | publisher = Springer Verlag}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Bandelow B, Bleich S, Kropp S | title = Handbuch Psychopharmaka | language = de | edition = 2nd | publisher = Hogrefe }}
* {{cite book | title=Medical Genetics Summaries | chapter=Clozapine Therapy and CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4 Genotypes | chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK367795/ | veditors=Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, Scott SA, Dean LC, Kattman BL, Malheiro AJ | display-editors=3 | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) | year=2016 | pmid=28520368 | id=Bookshelf ID: NBK367795 | vauthors=Dean L | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK61999/ | archive-date=26 October 2020 | access-date=5 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026145821/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK61999/ | url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl compounds]]
[[Category:Alpha-1 blockers]]
[[Category:Alpha-2 blockers]]
[[Category:Anti-agitation drugs]]
[[Category:Atypical antipsychotics]]
[[Category:Chloroarenes]]
[[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]]
[[Category:Dibenzodiazepines]]
[[Category:Drugs wey Novartis develop]]
[[Category:Dopamine antagonists]]
[[Category:GABA receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:Hallucinogen antidotes]]
[[Category:M1 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:M2 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:M3 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:M4 receptor agonists]]
[[Category:M5 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:Mood stabilizers]]
[[Category:Serotonin receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carpal tunnel syndrome</title>
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'''Carpal tunnel syndrome''' ('''CTS''') be de symptoms den signs characteristic of [[nerve compression syndrome|compressive]] [[median nerve|median]] neuropathy at de [[carpal tunnel]] of de wrist. Compressive median neuropathy be a structural, largely hereditary condition wey usually be measurable insyd both wrists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Werthel |first1=J.-D. R. |last2=Zhao |first2=C. |last3=An |first3=K.-N. |last4=Amadio |first4=P. C. |date=2014 |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Pathophysiology: Role of Subsynovial Connective Tissue |journal=Journal of Wrist Surgery |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=220–226 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1384741 |pmc=4208960 |pmid=24426962}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw cases of median neuropathy at de carpal tunnel be idiopathic, wey dey mean der no be known cause. Oda causes of median nerve compression at de carpal tunnel dey include bleeding, swelling, den deformity dem associate plus a [[wrist fracture]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Burton2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Claire |last2=Chesterton |first2=Linda S. |last3=Davenport |first3=Graham |date=May 2014 |title=Diagnosing and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care |journal=The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=64 |issue=622 |pages=262–263 |doi=10.3399/bjgp14X679903 |issn=1478-5242 |pmc=4001168 |pmid=24771836}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Margaret E. |last2=Gu |first2=Alex |last3=Wessel |first3=Lauren E. |last4=Koo |first4=Alexander |last5=Osei |first5=Daniel A. |last6=Fufa |first6=Duretti T. |date=31 August 2023 |title=Incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome after Distal Radius Fracture |journal=Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=324–327 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.08.001 |issn=2589-5141 |pmc=9678711 |pmid=36425367}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carpal tunnel syndrome sanso fi occur plus [[rheumatoid arthritis]], secof de enlarged synovial lining of de tendons wey dey cause median nerve compression.

De main symptoms be [[numbness]] den [[Paresthesia|tingling]] of de thumb, index finger, middle finger, den de thumb side of de ring finger, as well as pain insyd de hand den fingers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burton2&quot; /&gt; Symptoms are typically most troublesome at night.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=January 28, 2016|title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181005/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=4 March 2016|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw people sleep plus dema wrists bend, den de ensuing symptoms fi lead to awakening. People wake less often at night if dem wear a [[Splint (medicine)|wrist splint]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Symptoms and Treatment - OrthoInfo - AAOS |url=https://www.orthoinfo.org/en/diseases--conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.orthoinfo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Untreated, den over years to decades, CTS dey cause loss of sensitivity, weakness, den shrinkage ([[muscle atrophy|atrophy]]) of de [[thenar muscles]] at de base of de thumb.

Work-related factors such as vibration, wrist extension anaa flexion, hand force, den [[repetitive strain injury|repetitive strain]] be risk factors give CTS. Oda risk factors dey include being female, obesity, [[diabetes]], rheumatoid arthritis, [[thyroid disease]], den genetics.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author1=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons|date=February 29, 2016|title=Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline|url=http://www.aaos.org/ctsguideline|journal=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330022757/https://www5.aaos.org/downloadasset.aspx?id=4294967882|archive-date=March 30, 2020|access-date=March 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Padua2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Padua L, Coraci D, Erra C, Pazzaglia C, Paolasso I, Loreti C, Caliandro P, Hobson-Webb LD | title = Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = 1273–1284 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27751557 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30231-9 | type = Review | s2cid = 9991471 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Shi2014&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Shiri R | title = Hypothyroidism and carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_muscle-nerve_2014-12_50_6/page/879 | journal = Muscle &amp; Nerve | volume = 50 | issue = 6 | pages = 879–883 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25204641 | doi = 10.1002/mus.24453 | s2cid = 37496158 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diagnosis fi be made plus a high probability based on characteristic symptoms den signs. E sanso fi be measured plus [[electrodiagnostic test]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graham 2587–25932&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham B |date=December 2008 |title=The value added by electrodiagnostic testing in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-bone-and-joint-surgery_2008-12_90_12/page/2587 |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=2587–2593 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.G.01362 |pmid=19047703}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Injection of [[corticosteroid]]s fi anaa no fi alleviate symptoms better dan simulated ([[placebo]]) injections.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adinu&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adindu |first1=Ebubechi |last2=Ramtin |first2=Sina |last3=Azarpey |first3=Ali |last4=Ring |first4=David |last5=Teunis |first5=Teun |date=2024-03-28 |title=Steroid versus placebo injections and wrist splints in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis |journal=The Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1209–1217 |doi=10.1177/17531934241240380 |issn=2043-6289 |pmc=11523550 |pmid=38546484 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Huisstede BM, Randsdorp MS, van den Brink J, Franke TP, Koes BW, Hoogvliet P |date=August 2018 |title=Effectiveness of Oral Pain Medication and Corticosteroid Injections for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review |journal=Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |volume=99 |issue=8 |pages=1609–1622.e10 |doi=10.1016/j.apmr.2018.03.003 |pmid=29626428 |s2cid=4683880}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der no be evidence wey corticosteroid injection sustainably dey alter de natural history of de disease, wich dey seem to be a gradual progression of [[neuropathy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Adinu&quot;/&gt; Surgery to cut de [[transverse carpal ligament]] be de only known [[disease modifying treatment]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2016&quot; /&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181005/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181005/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200524230750/http://www.carpal-tunnel.net/ NHS website carpal-tunnel.net provides a free to use, validated, online self diagnosis questionnaire for CTS]
* {{Cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/carpaltunnelsyndrome.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Carpal Tunnel Syndrome }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mononeuropathies of upper limb]]
[[Category:Physical ergonomics]]
[[Category:Syndromes wey dey affect de nervous system]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pneumothorax</title>
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A '''pneumothorax''' be a collection of air insyd de [[pleural space]] between de [[lung]] den de [[chest wall]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ20142&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bintcliffe O, Maskell N |date=May 2014 |title=Spontaneous pneumothorax |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue=may08 1 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g2928 |pmid=24812003 |s2cid=32575512 |article-number=g2928}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms typically dey include sudden onset of sharp, one-sided [[chest pain]] den [[dyspnea|shortness of breath]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Sym&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=31 October 2016|date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061144/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/signs|archive-date=8 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd a minority of cases, a one-way valve be formed by an area of damaged [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]], insyd wich case de air pressure insyd de space between chest wall den lungs fi be higher; dis be historically referred to as a tension pneumothorax, although ein existence among spontaneous episodes be a matter of debate.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ20142&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson G, Vincent S, Ferns J | title = Spontaneous tension pneumothorax: what is it and does it exist? | journal = Intern Med J | volume = 42 | issue = 6 | pages = 1157–60 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23227475 | doi = 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02910.x }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis fi cause a steadily worsening [[Hypoxia (medical)|oxygen shortage]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], wey dey lead to a potentially-fatal [[obstructive shock]] unless dem reverse.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ20142&quot; /&gt; Very rarely, both lungs fi be affected by a pneumothorax.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Morjaria JB, Lakshminarayana UB, Liu-Shiu-Cheong P, Kastelik JA | title = Pneumothorax: a tale of pain or spontaneity | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 269–273 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25364493 | pmc = 4205574 | doi = 10.1177/2040622314551549 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be often called a &quot;'''collapsed lung'''&quot;, although dat term sanso fi refer to [[atelectasis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Or2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Orenstein DM |title=Cystic Fibrosis: A Guide for Patient and Family|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-4152-1|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGefk9zBqlgC&amp;pg=PA62|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212134/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BGefk9zBqlgC&amp;pg=PA62|archive-date=31 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A primary spontaneous pneumothorax be one wey dey occur widout an apparent cause den insyd de absence of significant [[lung disease]].&lt;ref name=BMJ2014/&gt; Ein occurrence be fundamentally a nuisance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Light RW | title = Management of spontaneous pneumothorax | journal = Am Rev Respir Dis | date = 1993 | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 245–8 | pmid = 8317808 | doi = 10.1164/ajrccm/148.1.245}}&lt;/ref&gt; A secondary spontaneous pneumothorax dey occur insyd de presence of existing lung disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bintcliffe O, Maskell N | title = Spontaneous pneumothorax | journal = BMJ | volume = 348 | article-number = g2928 | date = May 2014 | issue = may08 1 | pmid = 24812003 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.g2928 | s2cid = 32575512 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Weinberger&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Weinberger S, Cockrill B, Mandel J |title=Principles of Pulmonary Medicine |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-52371-4 |pages=215–216 |edition=7th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Smoking dey increase de risk of primary spontaneous pneumothorax, while de main underlying causes for secondary pneumothorax be [[COPD]], [[asthma]], den [[tuberculosis]].&lt;ref name=BMJ2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2011Cau&gt;{{cite web|title=What Causes Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=31 October 2016|date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061131/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/causes|archive-date=8 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A traumatic pneumothorax fi develop from [[physical trauma]] to de [[chest]] (wey dey include a [[blast injury]]) anaa from a [[iatrogenesis|complication of a healthcare intervention]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Slade M | title = Management of pneumothorax and prolonged air leak | journal = Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 706–714 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25463161 | doi = 10.1055/s-0034-1395502 | s2cid = 35518356 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolf SJ, Bebarta VS, Bonnett CJ, Pons PT, Cantrill SV | title = Blast injuries | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-1-7-2009_374_9687/page/405 | journal = Lancet | volume = 374 | issue = 9687 | pages = 405–415 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19631372 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60257-9 | s2cid = 13746434 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diagnosis of a pneumothorax by [[physical examination]] alone fi be difficult (particularly insyd smaller pneumothoraces).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D | title = Pneumothorax in the critically ill patient | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_chest_2012-04_141_4/page/1098 | journal = Chest | volume = 141 | issue = 4 | pages = 1098–1105 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22474153 | doi = 10.1378/chest.11-1691 | s2cid = 207386345 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[chest radiograph|chest X-ray]], [[X-ray computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scan, anaa [[ultrasound]] usually be used to confirm ein presence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chen2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen L, Zhang Z | title = Bedside ultrasonography for diagnosis of pneumothorax | journal = Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 618–623 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26435925 | pmc = 4559988 | doi = 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.05.04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda conditions wey fi result in similar symptoms dey include a [[hemothorax]] (buildup of [[blood]] insyd de pleural space), [[pulmonary embolism]], den [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]].&lt;ref name=NIH2011Sym/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Peters JR, Egan D, Mick NW | veditors = Nadel ES |title=Blueprints Emergency Medicine|date=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4051-0461-6|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvqaWHi1OTsC&amp;pg=PA44|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101041122/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NvqaWHi1OTsC&amp;pg=PA44|archive-date=1 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A large [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease#Pathophysiology|bulla]] fi look similar on a chest X-ray.&lt;ref name=BMJ2014/&gt;

A small spontaneous pneumothorax go typically resolve widout treatment den dey require only monitoring.&lt;ref name=BMJ2014/&gt; Dis approach fi be most appropriate insyd people wey no get underlying lung disease.&lt;ref name=BMJ2014/&gt; Insyd a larger pneumothorax, anaa if der be shortness of breath, de air fi be removed plus a [[syringe]] anaa a [[chest tube]] connected to a one-way valve system.&lt;ref name=BMJ2014/&gt; Occasionally, [[surgery]] fi be required if tube drainage be unsuccessful, anaa as a preventive measure, if der be repeated episodes.&lt;ref name=BMJ2014/&gt; De surgical treatments usually dey involve [[pleurodesis]] (insyd wich de layers of [[pleura]] be induced to stick togeda) anaa [[pleurectomy]] (de surgical removal of pleural membranes).&lt;ref name=BMJ2014/&gt; Conservative management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax be noninferior to interventional management, plus a lower risk of serious adverse events.&lt;ref&gt; {{ cite journal | vauthors = Brown SG, Ball EL, Perrin K, Asha SE, etal | title = Conservative versus Interventional Treatment for Spontaneous Pneumothorax | journal = N Engl J Med | date = 2020 | volume = 382 | issue = 5 | pages = 405–415 | pmid = 31995686 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1910775 }}&lt;/ref&gt; About 17–23 cases of pneumothorax dey occur per 100,000 people per year.&lt;ref name=BMJ2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Chen2015/&gt; Dem be more common insyd men dan women.&lt;ref name=BMJ2014/&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chest trauma]]
[[Category:Disorders of fascia]]
[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Flunitrazepam</title>
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'''Flunitrazepam''', dem sanso know as '''Rohypnol''' among oda names, be a [[benzodiazepine]] wich be used to treat [[insomnia|trouble sleeping]] den to assist plus [[anesthesia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NSW-PSB&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/pharmaceutical/Documents/guide-flunitraz-alpraz.pdf|title=Prescribing of Benzodiazepines Alprazolam and Flunitrazepam|work=Pharmaceutical Services Branch|publisher=New South Wales Health|date=November 2013|access-date=October 4, 2020|archive-date=October 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020093546/https://www0.health.nsw.gov.au/pharmaceutical/Documents/guide-flunitraz-alpraz.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Gah2003&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gahlinger |first1=Paul |title=Illegal Drugs |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-5024-6 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=kPszgXPVQAsC&amp;pg=PA279 |language=en |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085744/https://books.google.ca/books?id=kPszgXPVQAsC&amp;pg=PA279 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; E no be an initially recommended treatment wey only be recommended for short-term use.&lt;ref name=&quot;NSW-PSB&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Mu2014&gt;{{cite book |last1=Muir-Cochrane |first1=Eimear |last2=Barkway |first2=Patricia |last3=Nizette |first3=Debra |title=Mosby's Pocketbook of Mental Health - E-Book |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7295-8224-7 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=5DwPBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA99 |language=en |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085744/https://books.google.ca/books?id=5DwPBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA99 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects dey include a risk of abuse, night time eating, confusion, den withdrawal symptoms if dem stop suddenly after long term use.&lt;ref name=&quot;NSW-PSB&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Mey2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ig2012/&gt; Insyd high doses decreased efforts to breath den death fi result.&lt;ref name=Ig2012&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ignatavicius |first1=Donna D. |last2=Workman |first2=M. Linda |last3=Winkelman |first3=Chris |title=Clinical Companion for Medical-Surgical Nursing - E-Book: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care |date=2012 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1-4557-7257-5 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=lFwCKRCwAGsC&amp;pg=PA81 |language=en |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085745/https://books.google.ca/books?id=lFwCKRCwAGsC&amp;pg=PA81 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; After prolonged use de medication needs to be slowly stopped.&lt;ref name=Ig2012/&gt;

Flunitrazepam be patented insyd 1962 wey e cam into medical use insyd 1974.&lt;ref name=Fis2006&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Jnos |last2=Ganellin |first2=C. Robin |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=53X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA53X |access-date=October 4, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085745/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Analogue_based_Drug_Discovery/FjKfqkaKkAAC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA53X&amp;printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; E no be legally available insyd de [[United States]], [[Australia]], den New Zealand wey e be restricted insyd parts of [[Europe]].&lt;ref name=Mey2016&gt;{{cite book |last1=Aronson |first1=Jeffrey K. |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions |page=364 |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-53716-4 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=NOKoBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PA364 |language=en |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085745/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NOKoBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PA364 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be referred to as a [[date rape drug]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=R. H.|last2=Milteer|first2=R.|last3=LeBeau|first3=M. A.|date=June 2000|title=Drug-facilitated sexual assault ('date rape')|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southern-medical-journal_2000-06_93_6/page/558|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=93|issue=6|pages=558–561|issn=0038-4348|pmid=10881768|doi=10.1097/00007611-200093060-00002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gautam|first1=Lata|last2=Sharratt|first2=Sarah D.|last3=Cole|first3=Michael D.|date=2014-02-19|title=Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault: Detection and Stability of Benzodiazepines in Spiked Drinks Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|pages=e89031|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0089031|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3929633|pmid=24586489|bibcode=2014PLoSO...989031G}}&lt;/ref&gt; though de percentage of reported rape cases insyd wich e be involved be small.&lt;ref name=EU&gt;European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction [http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines drug profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227191331/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/benzodiazepine |date=February 27, 2020 }}. Page last updated January 8, 2015&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Flunitrazepam}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators]]
[[Category:Glycine receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:Designer prodrugs]]
[[Category:Drugs wey Hoffmann-La Roche develop]]
[[Category:Lactams]]
[[Category:Nitrobenzodiazepines]]
[[Category:2-Fluorophenyl compounds]]
[[Category:Drug culture]]
[[Category:Drug-facilitated sexual assault]]
[[Category:Hypnotics]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Spironolactone''', dem sell under de brand name '''Aldactone''' among odas, be classed as a [[diuretic]] [[medication]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |url=https://amhonline.amh.net.au/auth |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=amhonline.amh.net.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fi be used to treat [[edema|fluid build-up]] secof  [[hepatic cirrhosis|liver disease]] anaa [[kidney disease]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Spironolactone|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=24 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116054857/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|archive-date=16 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso be used to reduce risk of disease progression, hospitalization, den death secof sam types of heart failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J |date=September 1999 |title=The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1999-09-02_341_10/page/n44 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=341 |issue=10 |pages=709–717 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199909023411001 |pmid=10471456}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Li S, Zhang X, Dong M, Gong S, Shang Z, Jia X, Chen W, Yang J, Li J | title = Effects of spironolactone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | language = en-US | journal = Medicine | volume = 97 | issue = 35 | article-number = e11942 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30170387 | pmc = 6392615 | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000011942 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda uses dey include acne den excessive hair growth insyd women, [[hypokalemia|low blood potassium]] wey no dey improve plus [[Potassium#Supplementation|supplementation]], high blood pressure wey be difficult to treat, den early puberty insyd boys.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Friedman AJ | title = Spironolactone for Adult Female Acne | journal = Cutis | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 216–217 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 27141564 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Maizes V | date = 2015 | title = Integrative Women's Health | publisher = Oxford University Press | edition = 2 | page = 746 | isbn = 978-0-19-021480-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uveJCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA746 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinnott SJ, Tomlinson LA, Root AA, Mathur R, Mansfield KE, Smeeth L, Douglas IJ | title = Comparative effectiveness of fourth-line antihypertensive agents in resistant hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = European Journal of Preventive Cardiology | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 228–238 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27856806 | doi = 10.1177/2047487316675194 | url = https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/3157879/1/Comparative%20effectiveness%20of%204th%20line%20anti-hypertensive%20agents%20in%20resistant%20hypertension%3B%20A%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso be used to [[Antiandrogen|block de effects]] of [[testosterone]] as a part of [[feminizing hormone therapy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WPATH-SOC8&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, Brown GR, de Vries AL, Deutsch MB, Ettner R, Fraser L, Goodman M, Green J, Hancock AB, Johnson TW, Karasic DH, Knudson GA, Leibowitz SF, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Monstrey SJ, Motmans J, Nahata L, Nieder TO, Reisner SL, Richards C, Schechter LS, Tangpricha V, Tishelman AC, Van Trotsenburg MA, Winter S, Ducheny K, Adams NJ, Adrián TM, Allen LR, Azul D, Bagga H, Başar K, Bathory DS, Belinky JJ, Berg DR, Berli JU, Bluebond-Langner RO, Bouman MB, Bowers ML, Brassard PJ, Byrne J, Capitán L, Cargill CJ, Carswell JM, Chang SC, Chelvakumar G, Corneil T, Dalke KB, De Cuypere G, de Vries E, Den Heijer M, Devor AH, Dhejne C, D'Marco A, Edmiston EK, Edwards-Leeper L, Ehrbar R, Ehrensaft D, Eisfeld J, Elaut E, Erickson-Schroth L, Feldman JL, Fisher AD, Garcia MM, Gijs L, Green SE, Hall BP, Hardy TL, Irwig MS, Jacobs LA, Janssen AC, Johnson K, Klink DT, Kreukels BP, Kuper LE, Kvach EJ, Malouf MA, Massey R, Mazur T, McLachlan C, Morrison SD, Mosser SW, Neira PM, Nygren U, Oates JM, Obedin-Maliver J, Pagkalos G, Patton J, Phanuphak N, Rachlin K, Reed T, Rider GN, Ristori J, Robbins-Cherry S, Roberts SA, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Rosenthal SM, Sabir K, Safer JD, Scheim AI, Seal LJ, Sehoole TJ, Spencer K, St Amand C, Steensma TD, Strang JF, Taylor GB, Tilleman K, T'Sjoen GG, Vala LN, Van Mello NM, Veale JF, Vencill JA, Vincent B, Wesp LM, West MA, Arcelus J |date=19 August 2022 |title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8 |url= |journal=International Journal of Transgender Health |volume=23 |issue=sup1 |pages=S1–S259 |doi=10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644 |issn=2689-5269 |pmc=9553112 |pmid=36238954 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HembreeCohen-KettenisGooren2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, Rosenthal SM, Safer JD, Tangpricha V, T'Sjoen GG |date=November 2017 |title=Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=3869–3903 |doi=10.1210/jc.2017-01658 |pmid=28945902 |s2cid=3726467 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deutsch2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=17 June 2016 |title=Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People |url=https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005034705/https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2025 |access-date=24 April 2026 |publisher=Center of Excellence for Transgender Health |page=28 |edition=2nd |vauthors=Deutsch M |location=University of California, San Francisco}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spironolactone usually be available insyd tablets, dem take [[oral administration|by mouth]], though topical forms sanso be available.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;

Common [[side effect]]s dey include [[electrolyte abnormalities]], particularly [[hyperkalemia|high blood potassium]], nausea, vomiting, headache, rashes, den a decreased desire for sex.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Insyd those plus liver anaa kidney problems, extra care for be taken.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;

If dem take during pregnancy, sam animal studies dey suggest say spironolactone fi affect de development of sex organs insyd babies.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid303522802&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Liszewski W, Boull C |date=April 2019 |title=Lack of evidence for feminization of males exposed to spironolactone in utero: A systematic review |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1147–1148 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2018.10.023 |pmid=30352280 |s2cid=53022388 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt; While na dis no occur insyd de few human studies available,&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid303522802&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid271569052&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Landau E, Amar L |date=June 2016 |title=Primary aldosteronism and pregnancy |journal=Annales d'Endocrinologie |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=148–160 |doi=10.1016/j.ando.2016.04.009 |pmid=27156905}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Deng N, Zhong J, Deng Z, Chen M, Yan L, Li H, Han J, Tao E | title = Case report: A pregnant woman accidental treated with spironolactone in mid-gestation | journal = Frontiers in Pharmacology | volume = 15 | article-number = 1404251 | date = 25 July 2024 | pmid = 39119600 | pmc = 11306061 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2024.1404251 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; women wey be pregnant anaa wey dey consider pregnancy for discuss spironolactone use plus dema doctor secof de theoretical risk.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid271569052&quot; /&gt;

Spironolactone be a [[steroid]] wey dey [[receptor antagonist|block]] de effects of de [[hormone]]s [[aldosterone]], den to a lesser degree, testosterone, wey dey cause sam [[estrogen (medication)|estrogen]]-like effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burinkul_2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Burinkul S, Panyakhamlerd K, Suwan A, Tuntiviriyapun P, Wainipitapong S | title = Anti-Androgenic Effects Comparison Between Cyproterone Acetate and Spironolactone in Transgender Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 18 | issue = 7 | pages = 1299–1307 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34274044 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.05.003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Unreliable source?|reason=primary|date=July 2024}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Sehgal_2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sehgal I | title = Review of adult gender transition medications: mechanisms, efficacy measures, and pharmacogenomic considerations | journal = Frontiers in Endocrinology | volume = 14 | issue =  | article-number = 1184024 | date = 2023 | pmid = 37476490 | pmc = 10355117 | doi = 10.3389/fendo.2023.1184024 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deedwania2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Deedwania PC | date = 30 January 2014 | title = Drug &amp; Device Selection in Heart Failure | publisher = JP Medical Ltd | pages = 47– | isbn = 978-93-5090-723-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k8bUAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA47 | access-date = 5 July 2017 | archive-date = 7 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221007092257/https://books.google.com/books?id=k8bUAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA47 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Spironolactone dey belong to a class of medications dem know as [[potassium-sparing diuretic]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Spironolactone be discovered insyd 1957, wey na dem introduce am insyd 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;OttowWeinmann2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Ottow E, Weinmann H | date = 9 July 2008 | title = Nuclear Receptors As Drug Targets | publisher = John Wiley &amp; Sons | page = 410 | isbn = 978-3-527-62330-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iATfLbPgRugC&amp;pg=PA410 | access-date = 28 May 2012 | archive-date = 21 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130621121614/http://books.google.com/books?id=iATfLbPgRugC&amp;pg=PA410 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wermuth2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Wermuth CG | date = 24 July 2008 | title = The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry | publisher = Academic Press | page = 34 | isbn = 978-0-12-374194-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Qmt1_DQkCpEC&amp;pg=PA34 | access-date = 27 May 2012 | archive-date = 21 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130621115634/http://books.google.com/books?id=Qmt1_DQkCpEC&amp;pg=PA34 | url-status = live | author-link = Camille Georges Wermuth }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sittig1988&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Sittig M | year = 1988 | title = Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia | publisher = William Andrew | page = 1385 | isbn = 978-0-8155-1144-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XCsJgUnclbcC&amp;pg=PA1385 | access-date = 27 May 2012 | archive-date = 20 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130620225714/http://books.google.com/books?id=XCsJgUnclbcC&amp;pg=PA1385 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO24th&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | year = 2025 | title = The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list | publisher = World Health Organization | doi = 10.2471/B09474 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10665/382243 | author-link = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | hdl-access = free | id = License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be available as a [[generic medication]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 52nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 12{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Spironolactone Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Spironolactone | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Spironolactone get a history of use insyd de trans community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Prior JC, Vigna YM, Watson D | title = Spironolactone with Physiological Female Steroids for Presurgical Therapy of Male-To-Female Transsexualism | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1989-02_18_1/page/49 | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–57 | date = 1989| doi = 10.1007/BF01579291 | pmid = 2540730 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein use dey continue despite de rise of various accessible alternatives such as [[bicalutamide]] den [[cyproterone acetate]] plus more precise action den fewer side effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burinkul_2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sehgal_2023&quot; /&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Spironolactone| ]]
[[Category:3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors]]
[[Category:5α-Reductase inhibitors]]
[[Category:11β-Hydroxylase inhibitors]]
[[Category:17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors]]
[[Category:21-Hydroxylase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Acetate esters]]
[[Category:Aldosterone synthase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Anti-acne preparations]]
[[Category:Antimineralocorticoids]]
[[Category:Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme inhibitors]]
[[Category:CYP17A1 inhibitors]]
[[Category:Hair loss medications]]
[[Category:Hair removal]]
[[Category:Lactones]]
[[Category:Pregnane X receptor agonists]]
[[Category:Pregnanes]]
[[Category:Prodrugs]]
[[Category:Progestogens]]
[[Category:Selective estrogen receptor modulators]]
[[Category:Spiro compounds]]
[[Category:Spirolactones]]
[[Category:Steroidal antiandrogens]]
[[Category:Thioesters]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <text bytes="72863" sha1="4ddls5g86z7oaztvxgkotjym82ad5ro" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Antipsychotics''', dem previously know as '''neuroleptics'''&lt;ref name=Fin2009&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title=Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7155-9 |page=151 | chapter = 13: Neuroleptics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&amp;pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status=live | quote = The neuroleptic drugs (also called antipsychotic drugs, or major tranquilizers) are used primarily to treat schizophrenia [...]. [...] The traditional or 'typical' neuropleptic drugs (also called conventional or first-generation antipsychotics) are competitive inhibitors at a variety of receptors [...]. |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&amp;pg=PA151 |archive-date=1 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; den '''major tranquilizers''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Burnett |first=GB |date =1975 |title =The assessment of thiothixene in chronic schizophrenia. A double-blind controlled trial. |journal =Dis Nerv Syst |volume =36 |issue =11 |pages =625–9 |pmid =1102277 }}&lt;/ref&gt; be a class of [[Psychiatric medication|psychotropic medication]] dem primarily use to manage [[psychosis]] (wey dey include [[delusion]]s, [[hallucination]]s, [[paranoia]] anaa [[disordered thought]]), principally insyd [[schizophrenia]] buh sanso insyd a range of oda psychotic disorders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comparing 1-year effectiveness and&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors =Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Callovini T, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, D'Agostino A, Martinotti G, Bertolini F, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C, Carrà G |title =Comparing 1-year effectiveness and acceptability of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate and aripiprazole monohydrate for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Findings from the STAR Network Depot Study |journal =Psychiatry Research |volume =309 |article-number =114405 |date =March 2022 |pmid =35093701 |doi =10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114405 |hdl =11383/2128064 |s2cid =246054926 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lally J, MacCabe JH |title=Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review |journal =British Medical Bulletin |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=169–79 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25957394 |doi =10.1093/bmb/ldv017 |quote=Antipsychotic medications are mainstays in the treatment of schizophrenia and a range of other psychotic disorders. |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda plus [[mood stabilizer]]s, dem sanso be a mainstay insyd de treatment of [[bipolar disorder]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Grande&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors =Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E |title =Bipolar disorder |journal =Lancet |volume =387 |issue =10027 |pages =1561–1572 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26388529 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X |s2cid=205976059 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, dem sanso be used as adjuncts insyd de treatment of [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment-resistant major depressive disorder]].

De use of antipsychotics fi result in many unwanted side-effects, such as [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|involuntary movement disorders]], [[gynecomastia]], [[impotence]], [[weight gain | weight-gain]] den [[metabolic syndrome]]. Long-term use fi produce [[List of long term side effects of antipsychotics|adverse effects]], such as [[tardive dyskinesia]], [[tardive dystonia]], [[Akathisia|tardive akathisia]], den [[Cerebral atrophy|brain-tissue volume-reduction]]. Withdrawal from antipsychotics fi cause [[insomnia]], [[tremor]]s, den psychotic symptoms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last =UCL |date =23 March 2021 |title =Coming off antipsychotics may take years: first paper on how to withdraw |url =https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2021/mar/coming-antipsychotics-may-take-years-first-paper-how-withdraw#:~:text=The%20reason%20for%20stopping%20drugs,the%20process%20of%20coming%20off. |access-date =26 May 2025 |website=UCL News |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;

First-generation antipsychotics (e.g., [[chlorpromazine]], [[haloperidol]], etc.), dem know as [[typical antipsychotics]], first be introduced insyd de 1950s, wey odas be developed until de early 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shen&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors =Shen WW |title =A history of antipsychotic drug development |url =https://archive.org/details/sim_comprehensive-psychiatry_november-december-1999_40_6/page/407 |journal =Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume =40 |issue =6 |pages =407–14 |date =December 1999 |pmid =10579370 |doi =10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90082-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Second-generation antipsychotics, dem know as [[atypical antipsychotic]]s, dem arrive plus de introduction of [[clozapine]] insyd de early 1970s followed by odas (e.g., [[risperidone]], [[olanzapine]], etc.).&lt;ref name=&quot;Aringhieri&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors =Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, McCormick PJ, Corsini GU, Maggio R, Scarselli M |display-authors =6 |title =Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences |journal =Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics |volume =192 |pages =20–41 |date =December 2018 |pmid =29953902 |doi =10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012 |s2cid =49602956 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Both generations of medication [[dopamine receptor antagonist|block receptors insyd de brain for dopamine]], buh atypicals block [[5-HT receptors|serotonin receptors]] as well. Third-generation antipsychotics, dem introduce insyd de 2000s, offer partial agonism, rather dan blockade, of dopamine receptors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mailman RB, Murthy V |date=2010 |title=Third generation antipsychotic drugs: partial agonism or receptor functional selectivity? |journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=488–501 |doi=10.2174/138161210790361461 |pmc=2958217 |pmid=19909227}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Neuroleptic'', wey dey originate from de [[Ancient Greek]] terms {{lang|grc|[[wikt:νεῦρον|νεῦρον]]}} ('neuron') den {{lang|grc|[[wikt:λαμβάνω|λαμβάνω]]}} ('to take hold of')—thus dey mean 'wich take de nerve'—dey refer both to common [[neurological]] effects den to side-effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;king2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=King C, Voruganti LN |date=May 2002 |title=What's in a name? The evolution of the nomenclature of antipsychotic drugs |journal=Journal of Psychiatry &amp; Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=168–175 |doi=10.1139/jpn.0220 |pmc=161646 |pmid=12066446}}&lt;/ref&gt; An estimated 1.7% of adults insyd de United States take antipsychotics, according to a 2018 study.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dennis |first1=Jeff A. |last2=Gittner |first2=Lisaann S. |last3=Payne |first3=J. Drew |last4=Nugent |first4=Kenneth |date=2020-10-01 |title=Characteristics of U.S. adults taking prescription antipsychotic medications, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2018 |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=483 |doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02895-4 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-244X |pmc=7528276 |pmid=33004022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Comparison of medications==
&lt;!-- Qualitative shading: - ≈ 5%, +/- ≈ 10%, + ≈ 17.5%, ++/+ ≈ 25%, ++ ≈ 37.5%, +++/++ ≈ 50%, +++ ≈ 75%. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Shading for discontinuation odds ratio: 0% shade at OR=1, 100% green shade at OR=0 (shade = 1-OR), 100% red shade at OR→+∞ (shade = 1-1/OR). --&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; width:100%;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Overview
|-
|
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; width:100%;&quot; colspan=&quot;7&quot;
|-
! Generic name !! Class !! Type !! Brand name(s) !! Launch !! Developer/Originator(s) !! Refs
|-
| [[Amisulpride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Solian || 1986 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IUPACFischer2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA305 |date=13 December 2006 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |pages=305– }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lidow2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Lidow MS |title=Neurotransmitter Receptors in Actions of Antipsychotic Medications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIHLBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA23 |date=22 June 2000 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-4177-4 |pages=23– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Aripiprazole]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Abilify || 2002 || Otsuka/Bristol-Myers Squibb || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Silvestre JS, Prous J |title=Research on adverse drug events. I. Muscarinic M3 receptor binding affinity could predict the risk of antipsychotics to induce type 2 diabetes |journal=Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=289–304 |date=June 2005 |pmid=16082416 |doi=10.1358/mf.2005.27.5.908643 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Aripiprazole lauroxil]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Aristada || 2015 || Alkermes || &lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Aripiprazole-Lauroxil&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800033484 |title=Aripiprazole lauroxil – Alkermes |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Asenapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzoxapinopyrrole || Atypical || Saphris/Sycrest || 2009 || Organon/Merck || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Asenapine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001124 |title=Asenapine |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Benperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Anquil || 1966 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Sanchez M |title=Farmacología y endocrinología del comportamiento |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oV1VVH_AE-kC&amp;pg=PA148 |date=May 2012 |publisher=Editorial UOC |isbn=978-84-9788-424-2 |pages=148–149 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125213437/https://books.google.com/books?id=oV1VVH_AE-kC&amp;pg=PA148 |archive-date=25 November 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Blonanserin]] || Pyridinylpiperazine || Atypical || Lonasen || 2008 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Mitsubishi Tanabe || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Blonanserin&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001321 |title=Blonanserin – Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Brexpiprazole]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Rexulti || 2015 || Otsuka/Lundbeck || &lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Brexpiprazole&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029282 |title=Brexpiprazole – Lundbeck/Otsuka |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011194233/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029282 |archive-date=11 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Bromperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Impromem || 1981 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Cariprazine]] || Phenylpiperazine || Atypical || Vraylar/Reagila || 2015 || Gedeon Richter/Actavis || &lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Cariprazine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021768 |title=Cariprazine – Gedeon Richter |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818092946/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021768 |archive-date=18 August 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Carpipramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Defecton/Prazinil || 1977 || Pierre Fabre || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Chlorpromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Thorazine || 1952 || Rhône-Poulenc/GlaxoSmithKline || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Chlorprothixene]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Disputed || Truxal || 1959 || Roche || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Csernansky2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Csernansky JG |title=Antipsychotics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiz6CAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA360 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-61007-3 |pages=360– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Clocapramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Clofekton/Padrasen || 1974 || Yoshitomi || &lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA1077 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=1077– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Clopenthixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Sordinol/Ciatyl || 1961 || Lundbeck || &lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2013-Clopenthixol&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA1102 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=1102– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Clorotepine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiepin || Disputed || Clotepin || 1971 || Spofa || &lt;ref name=&quot;Protiva2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Protiva M |title=ChemInform Abstract: Fifty Years in Chemical Drug Research |journal=ChemInform |volume=23 |issue=9 |year=2010 |pages=no |article-number=chin.199209338 |issn=0931-7597 |doi=10.1002/chin.199209338 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid5576292&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Melich H |title=[Clotepin] |language=cs |journal=Časopis lékařů českých |volume=110 |issue=17 |pages=404–5 |date=April 1971 |pmid=5576292 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Clotiapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiazepine || Disputed || Etumine || 1966 || Sandoz/Wander || &lt;ref name=&quot;GaleResearch1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16126373&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Geller V, Gorzaltsan I, Shleifer T, Belmaker RH, Bersudsky Y |s2cid=22340010 |title=Clotiapine compared with chlorpromazine in chronic schizophrenia |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=80 |issue=2–3 |pages=343–7 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16126373 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Clozapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzodiazepine || Atypical || Clozaril || 1972 || Sandoz-Novartis || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Cyamemazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Disputed || Tercian || 1972 || Aventis || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15492772&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bourin M, Dailly E, Hascöet M |title=Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of cyamemazine: anxiolytic effects and prevention of alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome |journal=CNS Drug Reviews |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=219–29 |year=2004 |pmid=15492772 |pmc=6741725 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00023.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Droperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Dridol/Droleptan/Inapsine || 1963 || Janssen-Cilag || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LamberthDinges2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Lamberth C, Dinges J |title=Bioactive Heterocyclic Compound Classes: Pharmaceuticals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35uKnWKD9V8C&amp;pg=PA3 |date=16 August 2012 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-3-527-66447-4 |pages=3– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Flupentixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Fluanxol || 1965 || Lundbeck || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pedersen1996&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Pedersen V |title=Thioxanthene antipsychotics |journal=European Psychiatry |volume=11 |year=1996 |pages=236s |issn=0924-9338 |doi=10.1016/0924-9338(96)88706-2 |s2cid=247414112 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Fluphenazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Prolixin || 1959 || Bristol-Myers Squibb || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Fluspirilene]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Imap || 1970 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Haloperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Haldol || 1959 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Iloperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Fanapt || 2010 || Novartis || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Iloperidone&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001330 |title=Iloperidone – Vanda Pharmaceuticals |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211102105/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001330 |archive-date=11 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Levomepromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Disputed || Nozinan/Levoprome || 1957 || Rhône-Poulenc || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Csernansky2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shorter2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Shorter E |title=Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCtnDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR14 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-536874-1 |pages=14– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Levosulpiride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Levopraid ||| 1987 || Abbott || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Loxapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzoxazepine || Disputed || Loxitane/Loxapac || 1975 || Wyeth || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10340686&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Glazer WM |title=Does loxapine have &quot;atypical&quot; properties? Clinical evidence |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 10 |pages=42–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10340686 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Lumateperone]] || Pyridopyrroloquinoxaline and Butyrophenone || Atypical || Caplyta || 2019 || Intra-Cellular Therapies/Bristol-Myers Squibb || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last1 = Li
 | first1 = Peng
 | last2 = Zhang
 | first2 = Qiang
 | last3 = Robichaud
 | first3 = Albert J.
 | last4 = Lee
 | first4 = Taekyu
 | last5 = Tomesch
 | first5 = John
 | last6 = Yao
 | first6 = Wei
 | last7 = Beard
 | first7 = J. David
 | last8 = Snyder
 | first8 = Gretchen L.
 | last9 = Zhu
 | first9 = Hongwen
 | last10 = Peng
 | first10 = Youyi
 | last11 = Hendrick
 | first11 = Joseph P.
 | last12 = Vanover
 | first12 = Kimberly E.
 | last13 = Davis
 | first13 = Robert E.
 | last14 = Mates
 | first14 = Sharon
 | last15 = Wennogle
 | first15 = Lawrence P.
 | title = Discovery of a Tetracyclic Quinoxaline Derivative as a Potent and Orally Active Multifunctional Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders
 | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
 | year = 2014
 | volume = 57
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 | pages = 2670–2682
 | doi = 10.1021/jm401958n
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}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Lurasidone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Latuda || 2010 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Sunovion || &lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Lurasidone&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007206 |title=Lurasidone – Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510014459/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007206 |archive-date=10 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Melperone]] || Butyrophenone || Disputed || Buronil || 1967 || Lundbeck || &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Mesoridazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Serentil || 1967 || Novartis-Boehringer || &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Molindone]] || Dihydroindolone || Disputed || Moban || 1975 || Abbott || &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Mosapramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Cremin || 1991 || Mitsubishi Pharma || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Nemonapride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Emilace/Emirace || 1991 || Yamanouchi || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Nemonapride&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007270 |title=Nemonapride |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Olanzapine]] || Tricyclic/Thienobenzodiazepine || Atypical || Zyprexa || 1996 || Lilly || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Paliperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Invega || 2007 || Janssen-Cilag/Johnson &amp; Johnson || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Paliperidone&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800020763 |title=Paliperidone – Johnson &amp; Johnson |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Paliperidone palmitate]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Invega Sustenna/Xeplion || 2009 || Janssen-Cilag/Johnson &amp; Johnson || &lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Paliperidone-Palmitate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040526 |title=Paliperidone palmitate – Johnson &amp; Johnson |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030135731/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040526 |archive-date=30 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Penfluridol]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Semap || 1973 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Vardanyan2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid4604881&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Roelofs GA |title=Penfluridol (R 16341) as a maintenance therapy in chronic psychotic patients: a double-blind clinical evaluation |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=219–24 |year=1974 |pmid=4604881 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08210.x |s2cid=40524276 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Perazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Taxilan || 1958 || Promonta || &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24425538&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Helfer B, Hartung B |title=Perazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD002832 |date=Jan 2014 |pmid=24425538 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002832.pub3 |pmc=11015532 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Periciazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Neuleptil/Neulactil || 1964 || Rhône-Poulenc || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24825770&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Makhoul S, Xia J, Humphreys P |title=Pericyazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=5 |article-number=CD007479 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24825770 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007479.pub2 |pmc=11023599 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Perospirone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Lullan || 2001 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Mitsubishi Tanabe || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Perospirone&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000573 |title=Perospirone |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Perphenazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Trilafon || 1957 || Schering-Plough || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Pimavanserin]] || Dibenzylpiperidinylurea || Atypical || Nuplazid || 2016 || ACADIA Pharmaceuticals || &lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Pimavanserin&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014997 |title=Pimavanserin – ACADIA Pharmaceuticals |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925225849/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014997 |archive-date=25 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Pimozide]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Orap || 1969 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Pipamperone]] || Butyrophenone || Disputed || Dipiperon || 1961 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;GaleResearch1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Drugs Available Abroad |year=1991 |publisher=Gale Research |isbn=978-0-8103-7177-4 |page=52,169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x1tAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722224557/https://books.google.com/books?id=2x1tAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=22 July 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vardanyan2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Vardanyan R |title=Piperidine-Based Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szxHDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA195 |date=12 June 2017 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-813428-3 |pages=158, 195– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Pipotiazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Piportil || 1973 || Rhône-Poulenc/Aventis || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2013-Pipotiazine&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA2935-IA349 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=2935– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Prochlorperazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Compazine || 1956 || Rhône-Poulenc/GlaxoSmithKline || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shorter2009&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Promazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Sparine || 1956 || Wyeth || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Quetiapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiazepine || Atypical || Seroquel || 1997 || AstraZeneca || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Remoxipride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Roxiam || 1990 || AstraZeneca || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lidow2000&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Risperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Risperdal || 1993 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Sertindole]] || Imidazolidinone || Atypical || Serdolect || 1996 || Lundbeck || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Spiperone]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Spiropitan || 1969 || Eisai || &lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2007-Spiperone&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXpUAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=William Andrew Pub. |isbn=978-0-8155-1526-5 |page=3059 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Sulpiride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Dogmatil || 1968 || Delagrange/Fujisawa || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lidow2000&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Sultopride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Barnetil || 1976 || Delagrange/Sanofi-Synthélabo || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2013-Sultopride&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA3129 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=3129– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Thioridazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Melleril || 1958 || Novartis || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Tiapride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Tiapridal || 1975 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Tiotixene]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Navane || 1967 || Pfizer || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2013-Tiotixene&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA3214 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=3214– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Trifluoperazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Stelazine || 1958 || GlaxoSmithKline || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Triflupromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Vesprin || 1957 || Bristol-Myers Squibb || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Veralipride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Agreal || 1980 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Ziprasidone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Geodon || 2000 || Pfizer || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Zotepine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiepin || Atypical || Zoleptil || 1982 || Fujisawa || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Zuclopenthixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Clopixol/Cisordinol || 1978 || Lundbeck || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2013-Clopenthixol&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pedersen1996&quot; /&gt;
|}
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; width:100%;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Tolerability (as propensity for adverse effects)
|-
! Generic name&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20092&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM |date=January 2009 |title=Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9657 |pages=31–41 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61764-X |pmid=19058842 |s2cid=1071537}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maudsley2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry |vauthors=Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S, Taylor D |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-470-97948-8 |edition=11th |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leucht_20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, Samara M, Barbui C, Engel RR, Geddes JR, Kissling W, Stapf MP, Lässig B, Salanti G, Davis JM |date=September 2013 |title=Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_september-14-20-2013_382_9896/page/951 |journal=Lancet |volume=382 |issue=9896 |pages=951–62 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3 |pmid=23810019 |s2cid=32085212}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;AMH&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |year=2013 |publisher=The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust |isbn=978-0-9805790-9-3 |edition=2013 |place=Adelaide |editor=Rossi, S }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;BNF&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Joint Formulary Committee |title=British National Formulary (BNF) |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-85711-084-8 |edition=65 |location=London, UK |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press }}&lt;/ref&gt;!! [[Medication discontinuation|Discontinuation]] rate&lt;ref name=&quot;Leucht_20132&quot; /&gt;
(OR plus 95% CI)
![[Anticholinergic]] effects !! [[Sedation]] !! [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|EPSE]] !! [[Weight Gain]] !! Metabolic [[Adverse effect|AEs]] !! [[Drug-induced QT prolongation|QTc prolongation]]
(ORs &amp; 95% CIs)
![[Hyperprolactinaemia|PE]] !! [[Hypotension]] 
|-
| [[Amisulpride]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-43}}|{{Estimate|0.43|0.32|0.57|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|66|+++&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.66|0.39|0.91|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|5|-}} 
|-
| [[Amoxapine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} 
|-
| [[Aripiprazole]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-61}}|{{Estimate|0.61|0.51|0.72|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-&lt;br /&gt;([[akathisia]] mostly)}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|1|-&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.01|-0.13|0.15|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-&lt;br /&gt;(can reduce prolactin levels)}} || {{shade|5|-}} 
|-
| [[Asenapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.54|0.86|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|25|++/+&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.30|-0.04|0.65|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Blonanserin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Deeks ED, Keating GM |title=Blonanserin: a review of its use in the management of schizophrenia |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=65–84 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20030420 |doi=10.2165/11202620-000000000-00000 |s2cid=23464075 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tenjin, T; Miyamoto, S; Ninomiya, Y; Kitajima, R; Ogino, S; Miyake, N; Yamaguchi, N 2013 587–594&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tenjin T, Miyamoto S, Ninomiya Y, Kitajima R, Ogino S, Miyake N, Yamaguchi N |title=Profile of blonanserin for the treatment of schizophrenia |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=9 |pages=587–94 |year=2013 |pmid=23766647 |pmc=3677929 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S34433 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-70}}|~0.7}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} 
|-
| [[Chlorpromazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-65}}|{{Estimate|0.65|0.5|0.84|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} 
|-
| [[Clozapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-46}}|{{Estimate|0.46|0.32|0.65|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} 
|-
| [[Droperidol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} 
|-
| [[Flupenthixol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Fluphenazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.24|1.97|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Sampson S |title=Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=7 |article-number=CD006352 |date=June 2018 |pmid=29893410 |pmc=3796096 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006352.pub3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Haloperidol]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-80}}|{{Estimate|0.8|0.71|0.90|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|11|+&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.11|0.03|0.19|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Iloperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.56|0.84|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|34|++&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.34|0.22|0.46|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Levomepromazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} 
|-
| [[Loxapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-52}}|{{Estimate|0.52|0.28|0.98|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chakrabarti A, Bagnall A, Chue P, Fenton M, Palaniswamy V, Wong W, Xia J |title=Loxapine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |article-number=CD001943 |date=October 2007 |volume=2007 |pmid=17943763 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001943.pub2 |pmc=7017975 |veditors=Chakrabarti A }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Lurasidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-77}}|{{Estimate|0.77|0.61|0.96|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|-10|-&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|-0.10|-0.21|0.01|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} 
|-
| [[Melperone]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} 
|-
| [[Molindone]]&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Molindone Hydrochloride |date=30 January 2013 |access-date=5 November 2013 |title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |publisher=The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain |url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/7072-k.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} 
|-
| [[Olanzapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-46}}|{{Estimate|0.46|0.41|0.52|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|22|+&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.22|0.11|0.31|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Paliperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-48}}|{{Estimate|0.48|0.39|0.58|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+&lt;br /&gt;(dose dependent)}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|–&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.05|-0.18|0.26|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Perazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-62}}|{{Estimate|0.62|0.4|1.10|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Helfer B, Hartung B |title=Perazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD002832 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24425538 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002832.pub3 |pmc=11015532 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} 
|-
| [[Periciazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Perospirone]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Onrust SV, McClellan K |title=Perospirone |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=329–37; discussion 338 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11463136 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200115040-00006 |s2cid=262520276 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{dunno}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}}&lt;ref name = Mart&gt;{{cite book |veditors=Brayfield A |chapter=Perospirone |title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London, UK |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=3 November 2013 |chapter-url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/15232-k.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} 
|-
| [[Perphenazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-30}}|{{Estimate|0.30|0.04|2.33|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartung B, Sampson S, Leucht S |title=Perphenazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD003443 |date=March 2015 |volume=2015 |pmid=25749632 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003443.pub3 |pmc=7173727 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Pimozide]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-100/1.01 round 0}}|{{Estimate|1.01|0.30|3.39|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mothi M, Sampson S |title=Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=11 |article-number=CD001949 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24194433 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001949.pub3 |pmc=11927953 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Pipotiazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Prochlorperazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} 
|-
| [[Quetiapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-61}}|{{Estimate|0.61|0.52|0.71|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|17|+&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.17|0.06|0.29|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Remoxipride]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} 
|-
| [[Risperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-53}}|{{Estimate|0.53|0.46|0.60|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+&lt;br /&gt;(dose-dependent)}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.25|0.15|0.36|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Sertindole]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-78}}|{{Estimate|0.78|0.61|0.98|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|90|+++&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.90|0.76|1.02|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} 
|-
| [[Sulpiride]] || {{shade|0|{{Estimate|1.00|0.25|4.00|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang J, Sampson S |title=Sulpiride versus placebo for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |article-number=CD007811 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24729184 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007811.pub2 |pmc=11195628 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|5|-}} 
|-
| [[Thioridazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-67}}|{{Estimate|0.67|0.32|1.40|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Fenton M, Rathbone J, Reilly J, Sultana A |title=Thioridazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD001944 |date=July 2007 |volume=2007 |pmid=17636691 |pmc=6718212 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001944.pub2 |veditors=Reilly J }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} 
|-
| [[Tiotixene]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Trifluoperazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-94}}|{{Estimate|0.94|0.59|1.48|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Marques LO, Lima MS, Soares BG |title=Trifluoperazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD003545 |year=2004 |volume=2004 |pmid=14974020 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003545.pub2 |pmc=7003674 |veditors=de Oliveira Marques L }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Ziprasidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-72}}|{{Estimate|0.72|0.59|0.86|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|41|++&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.41|0.31|0.51|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Zotepine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.41|1.07|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Zuclopenthixol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;font-size:88%;&quot; |
''Note: &quot;Notable&quot; is to mean side-effects that are particularly unique to the antipsychotic drug in question. For example, clozapine is notorious for its ability to cause agranulocytosis. If data on the propensity of a particular drug to cause a particular AE is unavailable an estimation is substituted based on the pharmacologic profile of the drug. ''
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
'''Acronyms used:'''
:AE – [[Adverse effect]]
:OR – [[Odds ratio]]
:CI – [[Confidence Interval]]
:EPSE – [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|Extrapyramidal Side Effect]]
:QTc – Corrected [[QT interval]]
:PE – Prolactin elevation
{{col-break|gap=5em}}
'''Legend:'''&lt;br /&gt;
:- very low propensity for this AE
:+ low propensity/severity for this AE
:++ moderate propensity/severity for this AE
:+++ high propensity/severity for this AE
{{col-end}}
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; width:100%;&quot;
! colspan=6 | Efficacy
|-
! Generic drug name !! Schizophrenia&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20092&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leucht_20132&quot; /&gt;!! Mania&lt;ref name = &quot;Lancet 11&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G, Rendell J, Brown R, Stockton S, Purgato M, Spineli LM, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR |display-authors=6 |title=Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-8-14-2011_378_9799/page/1306 |journal=Lancet |volume=378 |issue=9799 |pages=1306–1315 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21851976 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8 |s2cid=25512763 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Citrome L |title=Addressing the need for rapid treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: focus on inhaled loxapine as an alternative to injectable agents |journal=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |volume=9 |pages=235–245 |year=2013 |pmid=23723707 |pmc=3665578 |doi=10.2147/TCRM.S31484 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;!! Bipolar depression&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cruz N, Sanchez-Moreno J, Torres F, Goikolea JM, Valentí M, Vieta E |title=Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=5–14 |date=February 2010 |pmid=19638254 |doi=10.1017/S1461145709990344 |doi-access=free |hdl=2445/53243 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;!! Bipolar maintenance&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Popovic D, Reinares M, Goikolea JM, Bonnin CM, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Vieta E |title=Polarity index of pharmacological agents used for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder |journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=339–346 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22000157 |doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.09.008 |s2cid=8067809 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Vieta E, Günther O, Locklear J, Ekman M, Miltenburger C, Chatterton ML, Åström M, Paulsson B |display-authors=6 |title=Effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1029–1049 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21733231 |doi=10.1017/S1461145711000885 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2445/51726 }}&lt;/ref&gt;!! Adjunct insyd major depression&lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane Dep2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Komossa K, Depping AM, Gaudchau A, Kissling W, Leucht S |date=December 2010 |title=Second-generation antipsychotics for major depressive disorder and dysthymia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2012 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008121.pub2 |pmc=11994262 |pmid=21154393 |article-number=CD008121}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Amisulpride || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno|? (+++ in dysthymia)}}
|-
| Aripiprazole || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|5|-}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++ (prevents manic and mixed but not depressive episodes)}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}
|-
| Asenapine || {{shade|color=green|25|++/+}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Chlorpromazine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Clozapine || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Arafat SM, Rahman SM, Haque MM, Shah MA, Algin S, Nahar JS |title=Clozapine Can Be the Good Option in Resistant Mania |journal=Case Reports in Psychiatry |volume=2016 |article-number=3081704 |date=2016 |pmid=27525148 |pmc=4976188 |doi=10.1155/2016/3081704 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilkowska A, Cubała WJ |title=Clozapine As Transformative Treatment In Bipolar Patients |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=15 |pages=2901–2905 |date=9 October 2019 |pmid=31632038 |pmc=6790347 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S227196 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}&lt;ref&gt;https://www.has-sante.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2012-04/anti_psychotiques_rapport.pdf{{full citation needed|date=June 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Haloperidol || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Iloperidone || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Loxapine || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++ (only in the treatment of agitation)}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Lurasidone || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Melperone || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Olanzapine || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++|(most effective at preventing manic/mixed relapse)}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}}
|-
| Paliperidone || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Perospirone&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishi T, Iwata N |s2cid=11543666 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of perospirone in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=731–41 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23812802 |doi=10.1007/s40263-013-0085-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Quetiapine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}}
|-
| Risperidone || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|5|-}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}
|-
| Sertindole || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Ziprasidone || {{shade|color=green|25|++/+}} || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Zotepine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:80%; text-align:center; width:100%;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%;&quot; | Binding affinity
|-
|
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; width:100%;&quot; colspan=&quot;19&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;19&quot; | K&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; [nM] toward cloned human receptors (unless otherwise specified)
|-
! Drug name&lt;ref name = &quot;GG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |veditors=Brunton LL, Chabner B, Knollmann BC |title=Goodman &amp; Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics |edition=12th |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-162442-8 |title-link=Goodman &amp; Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PDSP K&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; Database |work=Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) |author1-link=Bryan Roth |vauthors=Roth BL, Driscol J |url=http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health |access-date=11 November 2013 |date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108013656/http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |archive-date=8 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;!! SERT !! 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt; !! 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt; !! 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt; !! 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; !! 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt; !! α&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt; !! α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt; !! α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt; !! NET !! D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; !! D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; !! D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; !! D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; !! 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;/D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; !!H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; !! M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; !! M&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Amisulpride || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000 || 8,304 || &gt;10,000 || 4,154 || 73.5 || &gt;10,000 || 1,114 || 1,540 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000 || 2.2 || 2.4 || 2,370 || 3774.5 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Aripiprazole || 1,081 || 5.6 || 8.7 || 22.4 || 642.4 || 9.97 || 25.85 || 74.1 || 37.63 || 2091.5 || 1,173.5 || 1.64 || 5.35 || 514 || 5.3 || 27.93 || 6,778 || 4,678
|-
| Asenapine&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18308814&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Shahid M, Walker GB, Zorn SH, Wong EH |s2cid=206489515 |title=Asenapine: a novel psychopharmacologic agent with a unique human receptor signature |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=65–73 |date=January 2009 |pmid=18308814 |doi=10.1177/0269881107082944 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || ND || 2.5 || 0.06 || 0.03 || 0.25 || 0.13 || 1.2 || 1.2 || 1.2 || ND || 1.4 || 1.3 || 0.42 || 1.1 || 0.0462 || 1.0 || 8,128 || 8,128
|-
| Blonanserin&lt;ref name=&quot;Ishiyama_2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishiyama T, Tokuda K, Ishibashi T, Ito A, Toma S, Ohno Y |title=Lurasidone (SM-13496), a novel atypical antipsychotic drug, reverses MK-801-induced impairment of learning and memory in the rat passive-avoidance test |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=572 |issue=2–3 |pages=160–70 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17662268 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.058 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || ND || 804 || 0.812 || 26.4 || 41.9 || 183 || 26.7 (RB) || 530 (RC) || ND || ND || 1,070 || 0.142 || 0.494 || 150 || 5.72 || 765 || 100 ||ND
|-
| Brexpiprazole || ND || 0.12 || 0.47 || ND || 58 || 3.7 || 3.8 || 15 || 0.59 || ND || 160 || 0.3 || 1.1 || 6.3 || 1.567 || 19 || ND || &gt;10,000
|-
| '''''N-DEBN'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84&quot;/&gt; || ND || ND || 1.28 || 4.50 || 5.03 || 206 (RC) || ND || ND || ND || ND || 1,020 || 1.38 || 0.23 || ND || 0.93 || ND || ND || ND
|-
| Chlorpromazine || 1,296 || 2,115.5 || 4.5 || 15.6 || 17.0 || 28.4 || 0.28 || 184 || 46 || 2,443 || 76.3 || 1.40 || 4.65 || 5.33 || 3.21 || 3.09 || 32.3 ||57.0
|-
| Clozapine || 1,624 || 123.7 || 5.35 || 9.44 || 13.5 || 17.95 || 1.62 || 37 || 6.0 || 3,168 || 266.3 || 157 || 269.1 || 26.4 || 0.0341 || 1.13 || 6.17 ||19.25
|-
| '''''Norclozapine''''' || 316.6 || 13.9 || 10.9 || 11.9 (RC) || 11.6 || 60.1 || 104.8 || 137.6 || 117.7 || 493.9 || 14.3 || 94.5 || 153 || 63.94 || 0.115 || 3.4 || 67.6 ||95.7
|-
| ''cis''-Flupenthixol || ND || 8,028 || 87.5 (HFC) || 102.2 (RC) || ND || ND || ND || ND || ND || ND || 3.5 || 0.35 || 1.75 || 66.3 || 250 || 0.86 || ND ||ND
|-
| Fluphenazine || 5,950 || 1,039.9 || 37.93 || 982.5 || 34.67 || 8.00 || 6.45 || 314.1 || 28.9 || 3,076 || 17.33 || 0.30 || 1.75 || 40.0 || 126.4 || 14.15 || 1,095 || 1,441
|-
| Haloperidol || 3,256 || 2,066.83 || 56.81 || 4,801 || 5,133 || 377.6 || 12.0 || 801.5 || 403 || 2,112 || 121.8 || 0.7 || 3.96 || 2.71 || 81.2 || 1698 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Iloperidone || ND || 93.21 || 1.94 || 147 || 63.09 || 112 || 0.3 || 160 || 16.2 || 1479 || 129.32 || 10.86 || 10.55 || 13.75 || 0.179 || 12 || 4,898 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Loxapine || &gt;10,000 || 2,456 || 6.63 || 13.25 || 31.0 || 87.6 || 31.0 || 150.9 || 80.0 || 5,698 || 54 || 28.1 || 19.33 || 7.80 || 0.236 || 4.90 || 119.45 || 211.33
|-
| '''''Amoxapine''''' || 58 || ND || 0.5 || 2.0 (RC) || 50 || 40.21 || 50 || ND || ND || 16 || ND || 20.8 || 21.0 || 21.0 || 0.0240 || 25 || 1,000 || 1,000
|-
| Lurasidone&lt;ref name=&quot;Ishiyama_2007&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20404009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishibashi T, Horisawa T, Tokuda K, Ishiyama T, Ogasa M, Tagashira R, Matsumoto K, Nishikawa H, Ueda Y, Toma S, Oki H, Tanno N, Saji I, Ito A, Ohno Y, Nakamura M |s2cid=12893717 |title=Pharmacological profile of lurasidone, a novel antipsychotic agent with potent 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 (5-HT7) and 5-HT1A receptor activity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pharmacology-and-experimental-therapeutics_2010-07_334_1/page/171 |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=334 |issue=1 |pages=171–81 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20404009 |doi=10.1124/jpet.110.167346 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || ND || 6.8 || 2.0 || 415 || ND || 0.5 || 48 || 1.6 || 10.8 || ND || 262 || 1.7 || ND || ND || 1.18 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Melperone || ND || 2,200 (HB) || 230 || 2,100 (HB) || 1,254 (RC) || 578 (HB) || 180 (HB) || 150 (HB) || ND || ND || ND || 194 || 8.95 || 555 || 1.186 || 580 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Molindone || ND || 3,797 || 3773 || &gt;10,000 || 1,008 || 3,053 || 2,612 || 1,097 || 172.6 || ND || ND || 6.0 || 72.5 || 2,950 || 628.83 || 2,130 || ND || &gt;10,000
|-
| Olanzapine || 3,676 || 2282 || 3.73 || 10.2 || 8.07 || 105.2 || 112 || 314 || 28.9 || &gt;10,000 || 70.33 || 34.23 || 47.0 || 14.33 || 0.109 || 2.19 || 2.5 || 56.33
|-
| Paliperidone || 3,717 || 616.6 || 0.71 || 48 || 2,414 || 2.7 || 2.5 || 17.35 || 7.35 || &gt;10,000 || 41.04 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 54.3 || 1.104 || 18.8 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Perphenazine || ND || 421 || 5.6 || 132 || 17 || 23 || 10 || 810.5 || 85.2 || ND || ND || 0.14 || 0.13 || 17 || 40 || 8 || 1,500 || 1,848
|-
| Pimozide || ND || 650 || 48.35 || 2,112 || 71 || 0.5 || 197.7 || 1,593 || 376.5 || ND || &gt;10,000 || 1.45 || 0.25 || 1.8 || 33.34 || 692.2 || 800 (HB) || 1,955
|-
| Prochlorperazine || ND || 5,900 (HC) || 15 (HC) || 122 || 148 (RC) || 196 (RC) || 23.8 (HB) || 1,694.91 (HB) || ND || ND || ND || 0.65 || 2.90 || 5.40 || 23.1 || 18.86 (HB) || 555.55 (HB) || ND
|-
| Quetiapine || &gt;10,000 || 394.2 || 912 || 1,843 || 948.75 || 307.6 || 22 || 3,630 || 28.85 || &gt;10,000 || 994.5 || 379 || 340 || 2,019 || 2.41 || 6.90 || 489 || 1631.5
|-
| '''''Norquetiapine'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24062697&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=López-Muñoz F, Alamo C |title=Active metabolites as antidepressant drugs: the role of norquetiapine in the mechanism of action of quetiapine in the treatment of mood disorders |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=4 |page=102 |date=September 2013 |pmid=24062697 |pmc=3770982 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00102 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; || ND || 45 || 48 || 107 || ND || 76 || 144 || 237 || ND || 12 || 99.8 (RC) || 196 || ND || ND || 0.245 || 3.5 || 38.3 (RC) || ND
|-
| Risperidone || &gt;10,000 || 422.88 || 0.17 || 12 || 2057.17 || 6.6 || 5 || 16.5 || 1.3 || &gt;10,000 || 243.53 || 3.57 || 2.0 || 4.66 || 0.0476 || 20.05 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Sertindole || ND || 280 || 0.39 || 0.9 || 5.4 || 28 || 1.8 || 640 || 450 || ND || ND || 2.35 || 2.30 || 4.92 || 0.166 || 130 || &gt;5,000 || 2,692
|-
| Sulpiride || ND || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000 (RC) || &gt;10,000 (RC) || 5,000 (RC) || 4,000 (RC) || &gt;10,000 (RB) || 4,893 (RB) || ND || ND || &gt;10,000 || 9.80 || 8.05 || 54 || &gt;1,000 || &gt;10,000 (RB) || &gt;10,000 (RB) || &gt;10,000 (RB)
|-
| Thioridazine || 1,259 || 144.35 || 27.67 || 53 || 57.05 || 99 || 3.15 || 134.15 || 74.9 || 842 || 94.5 || 2.20 || 1.50 || 6.00 || 12.58 || 16.5 || 12.8 || 29
|-
| Tiotixene || 3,878|| 410.2 || 50 || 1355.5 || 245.47 || 15.25 || 11.5 || 79.95 || 51.95 || &gt;10,000 || 51 || 0.12 || 0.40 || 203 || 416.7 || 8 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Trifluoperazine || ND || 950 || 74 || 378 || 144 || 290.8 || 24 || 653.7 || 391.5 || ND || ND || 1.12 || ND || 38.1 || 66.07 || 63 || ND || 1,001
|-
| Ziprasidone || 112 || 54.67 || 0.73 || 13 || 60.95 || 6.31 || 18 || 160 || 68 || 44 || 30 || 4.35 || 7.85 || 52.9 || 0.1678 || 62.67 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Zotepine || 151 || 470.5 || 2.7 || 3.2 || 6 || 12 || 7 || 208 || 106 || 530 || 71 || 25 || 6.4 || 18 || 0.108 || 3.21 || 18 || 73
|-
| colspan=19 style=&quot;font-size:88%;&quot; |
'''Acronyms used:'''
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
:HFC – Human frontal cortex receptor
:RB – Rat brain receptor
:RC – Cloned rat receptor
:ND – No data
{{col-break|gap=2em}}
:HB – Human brain receptor
:HC – Human cortex receptor
:N-DEBN – N-desethylblonanserin
{{col-end}}
|}
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%; width:100%;&quot;
! colspan=11 style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot; | Pharmacokinetics
|-
|
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; width:100%;&quot; colspan=&quot;11&quot;
|-
! Drug&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Medscape home page |publisher=[[WebMD]] |website=[[Medscape]] |url=http://reference.medscape.com/medscapetoday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113205740/http://reference.medscape.com/medscapetoday |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Therapeutic Goods Administration home page |work=[[Therapeutic Goods Administration]] |publisher=[[Department of Health (Australia)]] |url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421054308/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ |archive-date=21 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DM&gt;{{cite web |title=Daily Med home page |work=[[Daily Med]] |publisher=United States National Library of Medicine |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618062135/http://www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm |archive-date=18 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) home page |work=electronic Medicines Compendium |publisher=Datapharm |url=http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127215911/http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ |archive-date=27 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;!! [[Bioavailability (medicine)|Bioavailability]] !! [[Biological half-life|t&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;]] parent drug &lt;br /&gt;(active metabolite) !! Protein binding !! [[Pharmacokinetics#Metrics|t&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;]] !![[Pharmacokinetics#Metrics|C&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;]] !! [[Volume of distribution|V&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;]] !! Excretion !! Routes !! Metabolism enzymes&lt;ref name = GG/&gt; !! Active metabolites
|-
| [[Amisulpride]] || 48% || 12&amp;nbsp;h || 16% || 3–4&amp;nbsp;h || {{nowrap|54 ± 4 ng/mL}} || 5.8&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (20%), urine (50%, when given IV) || Oral || {{dunno}} ||None
|-
| [[Aripiprazole]] || 87% (Oral), 100% (IM) || 75&amp;nbsp;h (94&amp;nbsp;h) || 99% || 3–5&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 4.9&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (55%), urine (25%) || Oral, [[Intramuscular|IM]] (including depot) || [[CYP2D6]], [[CYP3A4]] || Dehydroaripiprazole
|-
| [[Asenapine]] || 35% (sublingual) || 24&amp;nbsp;h || 95% || 0.5–1.5&amp;nbsp;h || 4&amp;nbsp;ng/mL || 20–25&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (50%), faeces (40%) || Sublingual ||[[CYP1A2]], [[UGT1A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None
|-
| [[Blonanserin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tenjin, T; Miyamoto, S; Ninomiya, Y; Kitajima, R; Ogino, S; Miyake, N; Yamaguchi, N 2013 587–594&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wen YG, Shang DW, Xie HZ, Wang XP, Ni XJ, Zhang M, Lu W, Qiu C, Liu X, Li FF, Li X, Luo FT |title=Population pharmacokinetics of blonanserin in Chinese healthy volunteers and the effect of the food intake |journal=Human Psychopharmacology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=134–41 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23417765 |doi=10.1002/hup.2290 |s2cid=12623938 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 55% || 10.7–16.2&amp;nbsp;h (single dosing), 67.9&amp;nbsp;h (repeated dosing) || ≥&amp;nbsp;99.7% || 1.5–2&amp;nbsp;h || 0.14–0.76&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (0.57&amp;nbsp;ng/mL for repeated dosing) || 8560–9500 L || Urine (59%), faeces (30%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || N-desethylblonanserin
|-
| [[Chlorpromazine]] || 20% || 30&amp;nbsp;h || 92–97% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || 20&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine || Oral, [[Intramuscular|IM]], [[Intravenous|IV]] ||[[CYP2D6]] || Several active metabolites
|-
| [[Clozapine]] || 50–60% || 12&amp;nbsp;h || 97% || 1.5–2.5&amp;nbsp;h || 102–771&amp;nbsp;ng/mL || 4.67&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (50%), faeces (30%) || Oral || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP2D6]], [[CYP3A4]] || [[Norclozapine]]
|-
| [[Droperidol]] || {{dunno}} || 2&amp;nbsp;h (8–12&amp;nbsp;h) || Extensive || 60 min (IM) || {{dunno}} || 2&amp;nbsp;L/kg (adults), 0.58&amp;nbsp;L/kg (children) || Urine (75%), faeces (22%) || [[Intramuscular|IM]], [[Intravenous|IV]] || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Flupentixol]] || 40–55% (Oral) || 35&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 7 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 12–14&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine || Oral, IM (including depot) || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Fluphenazine]] || 2.7% (Oral) || 14–16&amp;nbsp;h, 14 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 2&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), 8–10&amp;nbsp;h (depot) || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces || Oral, IM (including depot) || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Haloperidol]] || 60–70% (Oral) || 10–20&amp;nbsp;h (short-acting IM), 3 weeks (depot) || 92% || 2–6&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), 10–20 min (short-acting IM), 6–7 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 8–18&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (30%), faeces (15%) || Oral, IM, IV || [[CYP3A4]] || None
|-
| [[Iloperidone]] || 96% || {{dunno}} || 95% || 2–4&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 1340–2800 L || Urine (45–58%), faeces (20–22%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]]|| None notable.
|-
| [[Levomepromazine]] || {{dunno}} || 30&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 2–3&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces || IM, IV || {{dunno}} || Methotrimeprazine sulfoxide
|-
| [[Loxapine]] || High || 6–8&amp;nbsp;h (Inhaled), 4–12&amp;nbsp;h (Oral) || 96.6% || 2 min (inhaled), 2&amp;nbsp;h (oral), 5&amp;nbsp;h (IM) || 257&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (inhaled), 6–13&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (Oral) || {{dunno}} || Urine (56–70%), faeces [Only oral data available] || Oral, IM, Inhalation || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]]|| [[Amoxapine]] (a tricyclic antidepressant), 7-OH loxapine, 8-OH loxapine
|-
| [[Lurasidone]] || 9–19% || 18&amp;nbsp;h || 99% || 1–3&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 6173 L || Urine (9%), faeces (80%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || 2 active
|-
| [[Melperone]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgström L, Larsson H, Molander L |s2cid=36697288 |title=Pharmacokinetics of parenteral and oral melperone in man |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-clinical-pharmacology_1982-09_23_2/page/173 |journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=173–6 |year=1982 |pmid=7140807 |doi=10.1007/BF00545974 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 54% (Oral via syrup), 65% (Oral via tablets), 87% (IM) || 2.1–6.4&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), {{nowrap|6.6 ± 3.7 h}} (IM) || 50% || 1.6–2.4&amp;nbsp;h (Oral, tablets), 1&amp;nbsp;h (Oral, syrup) || {{nowrap|1132 ± 814 ng/mL}} (25&amp;nbsp;mg, orally), 2228–3416&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (50&amp;nbsp;mg, orally), {{nowrap|89539 ± 37001 ng/mL}} (100&amp;nbsp;mg, orally) || {{nowrap|9.9 ± 3.7 L/kg}} (10&amp;nbsp;mg), {{nowrap|7 ± 1.61 L/kg}} (20&amp;nbsp;mg) || Urine (70% as metabolites, 5.5–10.4% as parent drug) || Oral, IM || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Olanzapine]] || 87% (Oral) || 30&amp;nbsp;h || 93% || 6&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), 15–45 min (short-acting IM), 7 days (depot) || 4–20.4&amp;nbsp;mg/mL&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Callaghan JT, Bergstrom RF, Ptak LR, Beasley CM |title=Olanzapine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=177–93 |date=September 1999 |pmid=10511917 |doi=10.2165/00003088-199937030-00001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 1000 L || Urine (57%), faeces (30%) || Oral, IM (including depot) || [[CYP1A2]] || None
|-
| [[Paliperidone]] || 28% (Oral) || 23&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), 25–49 days (IM) || 74% || 24&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), 13 days (IM) || 8.85–11.7&amp;nbsp;ng/mL&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Vermeir M, Naessens I, Remmerie B, Mannens G, Hendrickx J, Sterkens P, Talluri K, Boom S, Eerdekens M, van Osselaer N, Cleton A |s2cid=41656 |title=Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of paliperidone, a new monoaminergic antagonist, in humans |journal=Drug Metabolism and Disposition |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=769–79 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18227146 |doi=10.1124/dmd.107.018275 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 390–487 L || Urine (80%), faeces (11%) || Oral, IM (depot) ||[[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None
|-
| [[Periciazine]] || {{dunno}} || 12&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 2&amp;nbsp;h || 150&amp;nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} || Urine || Oral || {{dunno}} || ?
|-
| [[Perospirone]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishi T, Iwata N |date=September 2013 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of perospirone in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=731–41 |doi=10.1007/s40263-013-0085-7 |pmid=23812802 |s2cid=11543666}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| {{dunno}} || 1.9–2.5&amp;nbsp;h || 92% || 1.5&amp;nbsp;h || 5.7&amp;nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} ||Urine (0.4% as unchanged drug) || Oral || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Perphenazine]] || {{dunno}} || 9–12&amp;nbsp;h (10–19&amp;nbsp;h) || {{dunno}} || 1–3&amp;nbsp;h; 2–4&amp;nbsp;h (metabolite) || 0.984&amp;nbsp;ng/mL; 0.509&amp;nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces ||Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || 7-OH perphenazine
|-
| [[Pimozide]] || 40–50% || 55&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 6–8&amp;nbsp;h || 4–19&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (dose-dependent) || {{dunno}} || Urine || Oral || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None
|-
| [[Prochlorperazine]] || 12.5% || 6.8–9&amp;nbsp;h || High || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || 12.9–17.7 L/h || Urine, bile || Oral, IM, IV || {{dunno}} || N-desmethylprochlorperazine
|-
| [[Quetiapine]] || 100% || 6&amp;nbsp;h (IR), 7&amp;nbsp;h (XR); active metabolite: 12&amp;nbsp;h || 83% || 1.5&amp;nbsp;h (IR), 6&amp;nbsp;h (XR) || @ 250&amp;nbsp;mg q8hr 778&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (male), 879&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (female)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=DeVane CL, Nemeroff CB |s2cid=33802262 |title=Clinical pharmacokinetics of quetiapine: an atypical antipsychotic |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=509–22 |year=2001 |pmid=11510628 |doi=10.2165/00003088-200140070-00003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 6–14&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (73%), faeces (20%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || Norquetiapine (a [[norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]] and [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt; receptor]] partial agonist)
|-
| [[Risperidone]] || 70% || 3–17&amp;nbsp;h (24&amp;nbsp;h) || 90% (active metabolite: 77%) || 3–17&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 1–2&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (70%), faeces (14%) ||Oral, IM (including depot) || [[CYP2D6]] || [[Paliperidone]]
|-
| [[Sertindole]] || {{dunno}} || 3 days || 99.5% || 10&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 20&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (4%), faeces (46–56%) || Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || None
|-
| [[Sulpiride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wiesel FA, Alfredsson G, Ehrnebo M, Sedvall G |s2cid=28141135 |title=The pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral sulpiride in healthy human subjects |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-clinical-pharmacology_1980-05_17_5/page/385 |journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=385–91 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7418717 |doi=10.1007/BF00558453 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 27 ± 9% || 8&amp;nbsp;h || 40% || 3-6&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{nowrap|2.72 ± 0.66 L/kg}} || Urine, faeces || Oral || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Thioridazine]] || {{dunno}} || 24&amp;nbsp;h || 95% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || None
|-
| [[Tiotixene]] || {{dunno}} || 24&amp;nbsp;h || 90% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || [[CYP1A2]] || None
|-
| [[Trifluoperazine]] || {{dunno}} || 24&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Ziprasidone]] || 60% (Oral), 100% (IM) || 7&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), 2–5&amp;nbsp;h (IM) || 99% || 6–8&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), ≤ 60 min (IM) || {{dunno}} || 1.5&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (66%), urine (20%) || Oral, IM || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP1A2]] || None
|-
| [[Zotepine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Zotepine: A Review of its Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Properties and Therapeutic Efficacy in the Management of Schizophrenia |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=153–175 |doi=10.2165/00023210-199809020-00006 |date=January 1998 |vauthors=Prakash A, Lamb HM }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Product Information: Nipolept(R), zotepine. Klinge Pharma GmbH, Munich, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; || 7–13%|| 13.7–15.9&amp;nbsp;h (12&amp;nbsp;h) || 97% || 1-4&amp;nbsp;h || 31–240 || 10&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (17%) || Oral || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP3A4]] || Norzotepine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
|-
| [[Zuclopenthixol]] || 49% || 20&amp;nbsp;h || 98% || 2–12&amp;nbsp;h (mean: 4&amp;nbsp;h) || {{dunno}} || 20&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Faeces, urine (10%) || Oral, IM (including depot)|| [[CYP2D6]] || None
|}
|}

{{Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Antipsychotic drugs}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140613015650/http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/evidence/psychosis/q1/en/ Recommendations for the use of antipsychotics for treating psychosis], [[World Health Organization]] 2012
* Australian Prescriber 2005 (note: pharmaceutical company conflict of interest statement at the end)
* Australian Prescriber 2005
* [https://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/antipsychotics/first-generation-antipsychotics/ First Generation Antipsychotics: An Introduction], Psychopharmacology Institute, 2012
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060218075500/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2005/ANS01350.html FDA Public Health Advisory] – Public Health Advisory for Antipsychotic Drugs used for Treatment of Behavioral Disorders in Elderly Patients, fda.gov
* [https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinfo/treatments/antipsychoticmedication.aspx Antipsychotic Medication] – information from mental health charity The Royal College of Psychiatrists
* {{in lang|pt}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20061012215858/http://www.medicina.ufrj.br/cursos/FROTA%20LIVRO%20I%20%26%20II.pdf FROTA LH. ''Fifty Years of Antipsychotic Drugs in Psychiatry. &quot;Cinqüenta Anos de Medicamentos Antipsicóticos em Psiquiatria.&quot;''] 1st ed; Ebook: CD-Rom/On-Line Portuguese, {{ISBN|85-903827-1-0}}, File .pdf (Adobe Acrobat) 6Mb, Informática, Rio de Janeiro, August 2003, 486pp., medicina.ufrj.br
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Antipsychotics| ]]
[[Category:Anti-agitation drugs]]
[[Category:Dopamine antagonists]]
[[Category:Psychiatry controversies]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Abdominal aortic aneurysm</title>
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'''Abdominal aortic aneurysm''' ('''AAA''') be a localized enlargement of de [[abdominal aorta]] such dat de diameter be greater dan {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}} anaa more dan 50% larger dan normal.&lt;ref name=Kent2014&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kent KC |title=Clinical practice. Abdominal aortic aneurysms. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2014-11-27_371_22/page/2101 |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=371 |issue=22 |pages=2101–2108 |date=27 November 2014 |pmid=25427112 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1401430}}&lt;/ref&gt; An AAA usually dey cause no symptoms, except during rupture.&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt; Occasionally, abdominal, back, anaa leg pain fi occur.&lt;ref name=AFP2006&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Upchurch GR, Schaub TA |title=Abdominal aortic aneurysm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2006-04-01_73_7/page/1198 |journal=[[American Family Physician]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=1198–1204 |year=2006 |pmid=16623206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Large aneurysms sometimes fi be felt by pushing on de abdomen.&lt;ref name=AFP2006/&gt; [[Aortic rupture|Rupture]] fi result in [[pain insyd de abdomen]] anaa [[Back pain|back]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], anaa [[Syncope (medicine)|loss of consciousness]], den often dey result in death.&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Spa2014&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Spangler R, Van Pham T, Khoujah D, Martinez JP |title=Abdominal emergencies in the geriatric patient. |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=43 |year=2014 |pmid=25635203 |pmc=4306086 |doi=10.1186/s12245-014-0043-2 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

AAAs dey occur most commonly insyd men, those over 50, den those plus a family history of de disease.&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt; Additional risk factors dey include [[smoking]], [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], den oda [[cardiovascular disease|heart anaa blood vessel diseases]].&lt;ref name=Wit2011&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wittels K |title=Aortic emergencies. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_emergency-medicine-clinics-of-north-america_2011-11_29_4/page/n134 |journal=[[Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America]] |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=789–800, vii |date=November 2011 |pmid=22040707 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2011.09.015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Genetic conditions plus an increased risk dey include [[Marfan syndrome]] den [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20142&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=July 22, 2014 |title=Aortic Aneurysm Fact Sheet |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095250/http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |archive-date=3 February 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015 |website=cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; AAAs be de most common form of [[aortic aneurysm]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC20142&quot; /&gt; About 85% dey occur below de [[kidney]]s, wey de rest either at de level of anaa above de kidneys.&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt; Insyd de [[United States]], [[screening (medicine)|screening]] plus [[abdominal ultrasound]] be recommended for males between 65 den 75 years of age plus a history of smoking.&lt;ref name=USP2014&gt;{{cite journal |author=LeFevre ML |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2014-08-19_161_4/page/n71 |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=161 |issue=4 |pages=281–290 |date=19 August 2014 |pmid=24957320 |s2cid=265875637 |doi=10.7326/m14-1204 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de [[United Kingdom]] den [[Sweden]], screening all men over 65 be recommended.&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Sv2014&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Svensjö |first1=S |last2=Björck |first2=M |last3=Wanhainen |first3=A |title=Update on screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a topical review. |journal=[[European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery]] |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=659–667 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25443524 |doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.08.029 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Once dem find an aneurysm, further ultrasounds typically be done regularly secof aneurysms grow,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Factors that Influence Growth Rates of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Analysis of a Mexican Cohort |journal=Vascular and Endovascular Surgery |date=2024 |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=813–817 |doi=10.1177/15385744241265758 |pmid=39034446 | vauthors = Bobadilla-Rosado LO, Anaya-Ayala JE, Santos-Chavez E, Navarro J, Martinez-Quesada I, Laparra-Escareno H, Mendez-Dominguez N, Hinojosa CA }}&lt;/ref&gt; den monitoring to identify wen an aneurysm dey meet a threshold for repair &lt;ref name=AFP2006/&gt;
Abstinence from cigarette smoking be de single best way to prevent de disease.&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt; Oda methods of prevention dey include treating high blood pressure, treating [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], den avoiding being [[overweight]].&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt; Surgery usually be recommended wen de diameter of an AAA grow to &gt;5.5&amp;nbsp;cm insyd males den &gt;5.0&amp;nbsp;cm insyd females.&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt; Oda reasons for repair dey include symptoms den a rapid increase in size, dem define as more dan one centimeter per year.&lt;ref name=AFP2006/&gt; Repair fi be either by [[Open aortic surgery|open surgery]] anaa [[endovascular aneurysm repair]] (EVAR).&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt; As dem compare to open surgery, EVAR get a lower risk of death insyd de short term den a shorter hospital stay, buh no always fi be an option.&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas DM, Hulten EA, Ellis ST, Anderson DM, Anderson N, McRae F, Malik JA, Villines TC, Slim AM | title = Open versus Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in the Elective and Emergent Setting in a Pooled Population of 37,781 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | journal = ISRN Cardiology | volume = 2014 | article-number = 149243 |year = 2014 | pmid = 25006502 | doi=10.1155/2014/149243 | pmc=4004021| doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Biancari F, Catania A, D'Andrea V | title = Elective endovascular vs. open repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients aged 80 years and older: systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal = European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 571–6 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21820922 | doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.07.011| doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der no dey appear to be a difference insyd longer-term outcomes between de two.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Paravastu SC, Jayarajasingam R, Cottam R, Palfreyman SJ, Michaels JA, Thomas SM | title = Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. | journal = [[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | article-number = CD004178 | date = 23 January 2014 | pmid = 24453068 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004178.pub2| pmc = 10749584 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Repeat procedures be more common plus EVAR.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ilyas S, Shaida N, Thakor AS, Winterbottom A, Cousins C | title = Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) follow-up imaging: the assessment and treatment of common postoperative complications. | journal = Clinical Radiology | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 183–196 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25443774 | doi=10.1016/j.crad.2014.09.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
AAAs dey affect 2–8% of males over de age of 65.&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt; Dem be five times more common insyd men.&lt;ref name=Kumar2020&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bunce|first1=Nicholas H. |last2=Ray |first2=Robin|last3=Patel|first3=Hitesh |editor1-last=Feather |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Randall |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Waterhouse |editor3-first=Mona |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5 |pages=1129–1130 |edition=10th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1129 |chapter=30. Cardiology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd those plus an aneurysm less dan 5.5&amp;nbsp;cm, de risk of rupture insyd de next year be below 1%.&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt; Among those plus an aneurysm between 5.5 den 7&amp;nbsp;cm, de risk be about 10%, while for those plus an aneurysm greater dan 7&amp;nbsp;cm de risk be about 33%.&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt; [[Mortality rate|Mortality]] if dem rupture be 85% to 90%.&lt;ref name=Kent2014/&gt; Globally, na aortic aneurysms result in 168,200 deaths insyd 2013, up from 100,000 insyd 1990.&lt;ref name=GBD2015De&gt;{{cite journal|author=((GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | date = 17 December 2014 | pmid = 25530442 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 | volume=385 | issue=9963 | pages=117–71 | pmc=4340604| author = ((GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators)) }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de United States AAAs result in between 10,000 den 18,000 deaths insyd 2009.&lt;ref name=CDC2014&gt;{{cite web |title=Aortic Aneurysm Fact Sheet|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm|website=cdc.gov|access-date=3 February 2015 |date=July 22, 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095250/http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |archive-date=3 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://vascular.cochrane.org/welcome Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Review Group]
[[Category:Diseases of de aorta]]
[[Category:Vascular surgery]]
[[Category:Deaths from abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
[[Category:Men's health]]
[[Category:Medical triads]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rett syndrome</title>
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'''Rett syndrome''' ('''RTT''') be a [[genetic disorder]] wey typically cam be apparent after 6–18 months of age den almost exclusively insyd girlies.&lt;ref name=GHR2013&gt;{{cite web|title=Rett syndrome|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/rett-syndrome/|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=14 October 2017|language=en|date=December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014183826/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/rett-syndrome|archive-date=14 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms dey include impairments insyd language den coordination, den repetitive movements.&lt;ref name=GHR2013/&gt; Those affected often get slower growth, difficulty walking, den a [[microcephaly|smaller head size]].&lt;ref name=GHR2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2017&gt;{{cite web|title=Rett Syndrome Fact Sheet|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Rett-Syndrome-Fact-Sheet|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014183306/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Rett-Syndrome-Fact-Sheet|archive-date=14 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Complications of Rett syndrome fi include [[seizures]], [[scoliosis]], den [[sleeping problems]].&lt;ref name=GHR2013/&gt; De severity of de condition be variable.&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt;

Rett syndrome be secof a genetic mutation, usually insyd de ''[[MECP2]]'' gene,&lt;ref name=GHR2013/&gt; on de [[X chromosome]].&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Neul |first1=Jeffrey L. |last2=Kaufmann |first2=Walter E. |last3=Glaze |first3=Daniel G. |last4=Christodoulou |first4=John |last5=Clarke |first5=Angus J. |last6=Bahi-Buisson |first6=Nadia |last7=Leonard |first7=Helen |last8=Bailey |first8=Mark E. S. |last9=Schanen |first9=N. Carolyn |last10=Zappella |first10=Michele |last11=Renieri |first11=Alessandra |last12=Huppke |first12=Peter |last13=Percy |first13=Alan K. |date=2010 |title=Rett Syndrome: Revised Diagnostic Criteria and Nomenclature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-neurology_2010-12_68_6/page/944 |journal=Annals of Neurology |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=944–950 |doi=10.1002/ana.22124 |issn=0364-5134 |pmc=3058521 |pmid=21154482}}&lt;/ref&gt; E almost always dey occur as a new mutation, plus less dan one percent of cases be inherited.&lt;ref name=GHR2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt; E dey occur almost exclusively insyd girlies;&lt;ref name=GHR2013/&gt; boys wey get a similar mutation typically die shortly after birth.&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt; Diagnosis be based on de symptoms&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; wey e fi be confirmed plus [[genetic testing]].&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt;

Der be no known cure for Rett syndrome.&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt; Treatment be directed at improving symptoms.&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt; [[Anticonvulsant]]s fi be used to help plus seizures.&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt; [[Special education]], [[Physical therapy|physiotherapy]], den leg braces sanso fi be useful wey dey depend on de needs of de kiddie.&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt; Chaw of those plus de condition live into middle age.&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt;

De condition dey affect about 1 insyd 8,500 females.&lt;ref name=GHR2013/&gt; Insyd 1999, Lebanese-American physician [[Huda Zoghbi]] discover de mutation wey dey cause de condition.&lt;ref name=&quot;Per2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Percy |first=Alan |date=January 2014 |title=The American History of Rett Syndrome |journal=Pediatric Neurology |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.018|pmid=24200039 |pmc=3874243}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Huda1999&gt;{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/13810 | title=Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 | year=1999 | last1=Amir | first1=Ruthie | last2=Van den Veyver | first2=Ignatia | last3=Wan | first3=Mimi | last4=Tran | first4=Charles | last5=Francke | first5=Uta | last6=Zoghbi | first6=Huda | s2cid=3350350 | journal=Nature Genetics | volume=23 | issue=2 | pages=185–8 | pmid=10508514}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}
{{Nonverbal communication}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Communication disorders]]
[[Category:Disorders wey dey cause seizures]]
[[Category:Learning disabilities]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders insyd kiddies]]
[[Category:Pervasive developmental disorders]]
[[Category:Syndromes wey dey affect de nervous system]]
[[Category:Syndromic autism]]
[[Category:X-linked dominant disorders]]
[[Category:Genetic diseases den disorders]]
[[Category:Rare syndromes]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
[[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Doxylamine</title>
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'''Doxylamine''' be an [[antihistamine]] medication dem use to treat [[insomnia]] den [[allergy|allergies]], and&amp;mdash;in combination plus [[pyridoxine]] ([[vitamin B6|vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]])&amp;mdash;to treat [[morning sickness]] insyd [[pregnant]] women. E be available [[over-the-counter]] wey dem dey sell am under such brand names as '''Unisom''', among odas; wey e be used insyd nighttime [[cold medicine]]s (e.g., [[NyQuil]]) den [[pain medication]]s wey dey contain [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) anaa [[codeine]] to help plus [[sleep]]. De medication be delivered chemically by de salt doxylamine succinate wey dem dey take am [[oral administration|by mouth]]. Doxylamine den oda [[first-generation antihistamine]]s be de most widely used sleep medications insyd de world.&lt;ref name=&quot;SimonsSimons20112&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Simons FE, Simons KJ |date=December 2011 |title=Histamine and H1-antihistamines: celebrating a century of progress |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2011-12_128_6/page/1139 |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=128 |issue=6 |pages=1139–1150.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.005 |pmid=22035879 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Typical [[side effect]]s of doxylamine dey include [[dizziness]], [[drowsiness]], [[grogginess]], den [[dry mouth]], among odas.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17824496&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Neubauer DN|title=The evolution and development of insomnia pharmacotherapies|journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine|volume=3|issue=5 Suppl|pages=S11–S15|date=August 2007|pmid=17824496|pmc=1978321|doi=10.5664/jcsm.26930}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid270574162&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Culpepper L, Wingertzahn MA |date=2015 |title=Over-the-Counter Agents for the Treatment of Occasional Disturbed Sleep or Transient Insomnia: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety |journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders |volume=17 |issue=6 |doi=10.4088/PCC.15r01798 |pmc=4805417 |pmid=27057416}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As an antihistamine, doxylamine be an [[inverse agonist]] of de [[histamine]] [[H1 receptor|H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; receptor]]. As a first-generation antihistamine, e typically dey cross de [[blood–brain barrier]] into de [[brain]], thereby producing a suite of [[sedative]] den [[hypnotic]] effects wey be mediated by de [[central nervous system]].

Doxylamine sanso be a potent [[anticholinergic]], wey dey mean say e dey [[deliriant|cause delirium]] at high doses (i.e., at much higher doses dan recommended).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/Doxylamine|title=Doxylamine - PsychonautWiki|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712170916/https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/Doxylamine|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Specifically, e be an [[receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of de [[muscarinic acetylcholine receptor]]s [[muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1|M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;]] thru [[muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5|M&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;]]. Dese sedative den deliriant effects have insyd sam cases lead to de drug being used recreationally. Na dem first describe doxylamine insyd 1948 anaa 1949.&lt;ref name=Fis2006&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=546|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA546}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:2-Pyridyl compounds]]
[[Category:Antiemetics]]
[[Category:Antihistamines]]
[[Category:Deliriants]]
[[Category:Dimethylamino compounds]]
[[Category:Ethanolamines]]
[[Category:Ethers]]
[[Category:H1 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:Hypnotics]]
[[Category:M1 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:M3 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:M4 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:M5 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:Over-the-counter drugs insyd de United States]]
[[Category:Sedatives]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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An '''abscess''' be a collection of pus wey build up within de tissue of de body, usually be caused by bacterial infection.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abscess |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22876-abscess |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[Cleveland Clinic]] |quote=An abscess is a buildup of a pus that can affect any part of your body.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Larry M. |date=Jul 2024 |title=Abscesses |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/biology-of-infectious-disease/abscesses |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[MSD Manual]] |quote=Abscesses are collections of pus in confined tissue spaces, usually caused by bacterial infection.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Signs den symptoms of abscesses dey include redness, pain, warmth, den swelling.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singer AJ, Talan DA |date=March 2014 |title=Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |url=http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=11 |pages=1039–1047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1212788 |pmid=24620867 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-30 |access-date=2014-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; De swelling fi feel fluid-filled wen dem press.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; De area of redness often dey extend beyond de swelling.&lt;ref name=&quot;El2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&amp;pg=PA12 |title=Infectious Diseases of the Skin. |vauthors=Elston DM |date=2009 |publisher=Manson Pub. |isbn=978-1-84076-514-4 |location=London |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&amp;pg=PA12 |archive-date=2017-09-06 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carbuncles den boils be types of abscess wey often involve hair follicles, plus carbuncles be larger.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosen2014Chp120&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice |vauthors=Marx JA |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |isbn=978-1-900151-96-2 |edition=8th |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=Chapter 120 |chapter=Dermatologic Presentations}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cyst be related to an abscess, buh e dey contain a material oda dan pus, den a cyst get a clearly defined wall. Abscesses sanso fi form internally on internal organs den after surgery.

Dem usually be caused by a [[bacterial infection]].&lt;ref name=Cox2007&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Cox C, Turkington JS, Birck D |title=The encyclopedia of skin and skin disorders |date=2007 |publisher=Facts on File|location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-8160-7509-6 |page=1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&amp;pg=PA1 |edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&amp;pg=PA1|archive-date=2017-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Often chaw different types of bacteria be involved insyd a single infection.&lt;ref name=El2009/&gt; Insyd chaw areas of de world, de most common bacteria present be ''[[methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]''.&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt; Skin abscesses in particular be overwhelmingly caused by ''S. aureus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Ryan C. |last2=Ellis |first2=Michael W. |last3=Schlett |first3=Carey D. |last4=Millar |first4=Eugene V. |last5=LaBreck |first5=Patrick T. |last6=Mor |first6=Deepika |last7=Elassal |first7=Emad M. |last8=Lanier |first8=Jeffrey B. |last9=Redden |first9=Cassie L. |last10=Cui |first10=Tianyuan |last11=Teneza-Mora |first11=Nimfa |last12=Bishop |first12=Danett K. |last13=Hall |first13=Eric R. |last14=Bishop-Lilly |first14=Kimberly A. |last15=Merrell |first15=D. Scott |date=2016-10-25 |editor-last=Seleem |editor-first=Mohamed N. |title=Bacterial Etiology and Risk Factors Associated with Cellulitis and Purulent Skin Abscesses in Military Trainees |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |article-number=e0165491 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165491 |doi-access=free |pmid=27780238 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5079656|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1165491J }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rarely, [[parasites]] fi cause abscesses; dis be more common insyd de [[developing world]].&lt;ref name=Rosen2014Chp137/&gt; Diagnosis of a skin abscess usually be made based on wat e dey look like wey e be confirmed by cutting am open.&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt; [[Ultrasound]] imaging fi be useful in cases insyd wich de diagnosis no be clear.&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt; Insyd abscesses around de [[anus]], [[computer tomography]] (CT) fi be important to look for deeper infection.&lt;ref name=Rosen2014Chp137&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Marx JA |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0605-1 |pages=Chapter 137|edition=8th |chapter=Skin and Soft Tissue Infections}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Standard treatment give most skin anaa soft tissue abscesses be cutting am open den drainage.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACEPfive&quot;&gt;{{Citation |author1 = American College of Emergency Physicians |author1-link = American College of Emergency Physicians |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = American College of Emergency Physicians |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/ |access-date = January 24, 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140307012443/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/ |archive-date = March 7, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der appear to be sam benefit from sanso dey use [[antibiotic]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vermandere M, Aertgeerts B, Agoritsas T, Liu C, Burgers J, Merglen A, Okwen PM, Lytvyn L, Chua S, Vandvik PO, Guyatt GH, Beltran-Arroyave C, Lavergne V, Speeckaert R, Steen FE, Arteaga V, Sender R, McLeod S, Sun X, Wang W, Siemieniuk RA | display-authors = 6 | title = Antibiotics after incision and drainage for uncomplicated skin abscesses: a clinical practice guideline | journal = BMJ | volume = 360 | pages = k243 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29437651 | pmc = 5799894 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.k243 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A small amount of evidence dey support no dey pack de cavity wey dey remain plus [[Gauze sponge|gauze]] after drainage.&lt;ref name=NEJM2014&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer AJ, Talan DA | title = Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 370 | issue = 11 | pages = 1039–1047 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24620867 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1212788 | url = http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf | access-date = 2014-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf | archive-date = 2014-10-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Closing dis cavity right after draining am rather dan leaving am open fi speed healing widout increasing de risk of de abscess returning.&lt;ref name=Singer2011&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer AJ, Thode HC, Chale S, Taira BR, Lee C | title = Primary closure of cutaneous abscesses: a systematic review | journal = The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 361–366 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 20825801 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2009.10.004 | url = http://www.emottawa.ca/assets_secure/journal_club/Sept%2011_2_Singer%202011%20Am%20J%20of%20Emerg%20Med%20Primary%20closure%20of%20cutaneous%20abscesses.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150722040008/http://www.emottawa.ca/assets_secure/journal_club/Sept%2011_2_Singer%202011%20Am%20J%20of%20Emerg%20Med%20Primary%20closure%20of%20cutaneous%20abscesses.pdf | archive-date = 2015-07-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sucking out de pus plus a needle often no be sufficient.&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt;
Skin abscesses be common wey sam studies suggest dem cam be more common over de past two decades&lt;ref name=&quot;Merck2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=Tesini |editor-first=Brenda L. |editor2-last=Passarelli |editor2-first=Patrick James |title=Cutaneous Abscess - Infectious Disease |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacterial-skin-infections/cutaneous-abscess |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260812174857/https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacterial-skin-infections/cutaneous-abscess#Etiology_v111254810 |archive-date=2026-08-12 |access-date=2026-08-12 |website=Merck Manual Professional Edition |publisher=Merck &amp; Co., Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt; Risk factors dey include [[intravenous drug use]], plus rates dem report as high as 65% among users.&lt;ref name=Langrod2007&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Ruiz P, Strain EC, Langrod J |title=The substance abuse handbook|date=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6045-4 |page=373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LkNShsAw78C&amp;pg=PA373|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=6LkNShsAw78C&amp;pg=PA373|archive-date=2017-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2005, na 3.2 million people go to American emergency departments for abscesses.&lt;ref name=Taira2009&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Taira BR, Singer AJ, Thode HC, Lee CC | title = National epidemiology of cutaneous abscesses: 1996 to 2005 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-emergency-medicine_2009-03_27_3/page/289 | journal = The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 289–292 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19328372 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.02.027 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd [[Australia]], na around 13,000 people be hospitalized insyd 2008 plus de condition.&lt;ref name=Vas2012&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vaska VL, Nimmo GR, Jones M, Grimwood K, Paterson DL | title = Increases in Australian cutaneous abscess hospitalisations: 1999-2008 | journal = European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–96 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21553298 | doi = 10.1007/s10096-011-1281-3 | s2cid = 20376537 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q164655|c=Category:Abscess|n=no|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Abscess|species=no}}
* {{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|001353|Abscess}}
* {{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|000863|Skin Abscess}}
* {{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/abscess.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Abscess }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:General surgery]]
[[Category:Cutaneous lesion]]
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    <title>MMR vaccine</title>
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De '''MMR vaccine''' (dem abbreviate as ''MMR'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Mau2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 2005 |title=Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, DSc |journal=Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=225–226 |doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.002 |pmid=16044396}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a combination vaccine against [[measles]], [[mumps]], den [[rubella]] (German measles).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - M-M-R II- measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension STERILE DILUENT- sterile water injection |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0a9e384f-e717-436b-b9a0-15e53cef0862 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey contain de combined measles vaccine, mumps vaccine, den rubella vaccine into a single injection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=26 January 2021 |title=Measles Vaccination |url=https://www.cdc.gov/measles/vaccines/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105545/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html |archive-date=26 April 2020 |website=Measles (Rubeola) |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Pos&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=April 2017 |title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2017 |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=92 |issue=17 |pages=205–227 |hdl=10665/255149 |pmid=28459148}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=World Health Organization |date=January 2019 |title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2017 - Recommendations |journal=Vaccine |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=219–222 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.066 |pmid=28760612 |s2cid=205605355}}&lt;/ref&gt; After two doses, 97% of people be protected against measles, 88% against mumps, den at least 97% against rubella.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot; /&gt; De vaccine sanso be recommended for those wey no get evidence of immunity,&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot; /&gt; those plus well-controlled [[HIV/AIDS]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2017 |title=Core Concepts – Immunizations in Adults – Basic HIV Primary Care – National HIV CurriculumImmunizations in Adults |url=https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902191739/https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all |archive-date=2 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=National HIV Curriculum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ACIP1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Watson JC, Hadler SC, Dykewicz CA, Reef S, Phillips L |date=May 1998 |title=Measles, mumps, and rubella--vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |url=&lt;!-- Official URL --&gt; https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf |url-status=live |journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports |volume=47 |issue=RR–8 |pages=1–57 |pmid=9639369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030190011/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2019 |access-date=26 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; den within 72 hours of exposure to measles among those wey be incompletely immunized.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Pos&quot; /&gt; E be given by injection.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCAdmin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2021 |title=Administering the MMR Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/administering-mmr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228081247/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/administering-mmr.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Measles be a highly contagious viral illness wey fi lead to serious complications, wey dey include pneumonia, acute encephalitis, den, insyd rare cases, long‑term neurological disease. Pregnant women be at increased risk of severe respiratory complications den adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pregnancy loss den premature birth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author = CDC | date = 2026-03-03 | title = Clinical Overview of Measles | website = Measles (Rubeola) | publisher = he U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url = https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html | access-date = 2026-04-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

De MMR vaccine be widely used around de world. As of 2012, na 575 million doses be administered since de vaccine ein introduction worldwide.&lt;ref name=EU2018&gt;{{cite web |title=Addressing misconceptions on measles vaccination |url=https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |date=15 April 2014 |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002527/https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Measles result in 2.6 million deaths per year before immunization cam be common.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Dis decrease to 122,000 deaths per year {{as of|2012|lc=y|post=,}} mostly insyd low-income countries.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Thru vaccination, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, rates of measles insyd [[North America|North]] den [[South America]] be very low.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Rates of disease be seen to increase insyd populations wey go unvaccinated.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Between 2000 den 2018, vaccination decrease measles deaths by 73%.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO Measles Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles | title=Measles Fact Sheet | website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | date=5 December 2019 | access-date=28 November 2022 | archive-date=28 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128010546/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
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De '''MMR vaccine''' (dem abbreviate as ''MMR'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Mau2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 2005 |title=Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, DSc |journal=Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=225–226 |doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.002 |pmid=16044396}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a combination vaccine against [[measles]], [[mumps]], den [[rubella]] (German measles).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - M-M-R II- measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension STERILE DILUENT- sterile water injection |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0a9e384f-e717-436b-b9a0-15e53cef0862 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey contain de combined measles vaccine, mumps vaccine, den rubella vaccine into a single injection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=26 January 2021 |title=Measles Vaccination |url=https://www.cdc.gov/measles/vaccines/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105545/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html |archive-date=26 April 2020 |website=Measles (Rubeola) |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Pos&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=April 2017 |title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2017 |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=92 |issue=17 |pages=205–227 |hdl=10665/255149 |pmid=28459148}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=World Health Organization |date=January 2019 |title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2017 - Recommendations |journal=Vaccine |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=219–222 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.066 |pmid=28760612 |s2cid=205605355}}&lt;/ref&gt; After two doses, 97% of people be protected against measles, 88% against mumps, den at least 97% against rubella.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot; /&gt; De vaccine sanso be recommended for those wey no get evidence of immunity,&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot; /&gt; those plus well-controlled [[HIV/AIDS]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2017 |title=Core Concepts – Immunizations in Adults – Basic HIV Primary Care – National HIV CurriculumImmunizations in Adults |url=https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902191739/https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all |archive-date=2 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=National HIV Curriculum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ACIP1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Watson JC, Hadler SC, Dykewicz CA, Reef S, Phillips L |date=May 1998 |title=Measles, mumps, and rubella--vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |url=&lt;!-- Official URL --&gt; https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf |url-status=live |journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports |volume=47 |issue=RR–8 |pages=1–57 |pmid=9639369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030190011/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2019 |access-date=26 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; den within 72 hours of exposure to measles among those wey be incompletely immunized.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Pos&quot; /&gt; E be given by injection.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCAdmin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2021 |title=Administering the MMR Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/administering-mmr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228081247/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/administering-mmr.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Measles be a highly contagious viral illness wey fi lead to serious complications, wey dey include pneumonia, acute encephalitis, den, insyd rare cases, long‑term neurological disease. Pregnant women be at increased risk of severe respiratory complications den adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pregnancy loss den premature birth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author = CDC | date = 2026-03-03 | title = Clinical Overview of Measles | website = Measles (Rubeola) | publisher = he U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url = https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html | access-date = 2026-04-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

De MMR vaccine be widely used around de world. As of 2012, na 575 million doses be administered since de vaccine ein introduction worldwide.&lt;ref name=EU2018&gt;{{cite web |title=Addressing misconceptions on measles vaccination |url=https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |date=15 April 2014 |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002527/https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Measles result in 2.6 million deaths per year before immunization cam be common.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Dis decrease to 122,000 deaths per year {{as of|2012|lc=y|post=,}} mostly insyd low-income countries.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Thru vaccination, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, rates of measles insyd [[North America|North]] den [[South America]] be very low.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Rates of disease be seen to increase insyd populations wey go unvaccinated.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Between 2000 den 2018, vaccination decrease measles deaths by 73%.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO Measles Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles | title=Measles Fact Sheet | website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | date=5 December 2019 | access-date=28 November 2022 | archive-date=28 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128010546/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects of immunization generally be mild den resolve widout any specific treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Vis&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author = CDC | date = January 2025 | title = MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) Vaccine Information Statement | website = Vaccines &amp; Immunizations | publisher = U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | url = https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/current-vis/mmr.html | access-date = 16 August 2021 | archive-date = 3 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180903141726/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese fi include [[fever]], as well as pain anaa redness at de injection site.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Vis&quot;/&gt; [[Severe allergic reaction]]s occur insyd about one insyd a million people.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Vis&quot;/&gt; Secof e dey contain live viruses, de MMR vaccine no be recommended during [[pregnancy]] buh fi be given during [[breastfeeding]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;/&gt; De vaccine be safe to give at de same time as oda vaccines.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Vis&quot;/&gt; Being recently immunized no dey increase de risk of passing measles, mumps, anaa rubella on to odas: Dat be, even though de vaccine dey contain live viruses, dem no be transmitted.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;/&gt; Der be no evidence of an association between MMR immunization den [[autistic spectrum disorders]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid 34806766&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V | title = Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2021 | issue = 11 | article-number = CD004407 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34806766 | pmc = 8607336 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hussain A, Ali S, Ahmed M, Hussain S | title = The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine | journal = Cureus | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | article-number = e2919 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 30186724 | pmc = 6122668 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.2919 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2017&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Spencer JP, Trondsen Pawlowski RH, Thomas S | title = Vaccine Adverse Events: Separating Myth from Reality | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 95 | issue = 12 | pages = 786–794 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28671426 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De MMR vaccine be a mixture of live [[attenuated virus|weakened virus]]es of de three diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;/&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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De '''MMR vaccine''' (dem abbreviate as ''MMR'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Mau2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 2005 |title=Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, DSc |journal=Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=225–226 |doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.002 |pmid=16044396}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a combination vaccine against [[measles]], [[mumps]], den [[rubella]] (German measles).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - M-M-R II- measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension STERILE DILUENT- sterile water injection |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0a9e384f-e717-436b-b9a0-15e53cef0862 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey contain de combined measles vaccine, mumps vaccine, den rubella vaccine into a single injection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=26 January 2021 |title=Measles Vaccination |url=https://www.cdc.gov/measles/vaccines/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105545/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html |archive-date=26 April 2020 |website=Measles (Rubeola) |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Pos&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=April 2017 |title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2017 |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=92 |issue=17 |pages=205–227 |hdl=10665/255149 |pmid=28459148}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=World Health Organization |date=January 2019 |title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2017 - Recommendations |journal=Vaccine |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=219–222 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.066 |pmid=28760612 |s2cid=205605355}}&lt;/ref&gt; After two doses, 97% of people be protected against measles, 88% against mumps, den at least 97% against rubella.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot; /&gt; De vaccine sanso be recommended for those wey no get evidence of immunity,&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot; /&gt; those plus well-controlled [[HIV/AIDS]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2017 |title=Core Concepts – Immunizations in Adults – Basic HIV Primary Care – National HIV CurriculumImmunizations in Adults |url=https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902191739/https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all |archive-date=2 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=National HIV Curriculum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ACIP1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Watson JC, Hadler SC, Dykewicz CA, Reef S, Phillips L |date=May 1998 |title=Measles, mumps, and rubella--vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |url=&lt;!-- Official URL --&gt; https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf |url-status=live |journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports |volume=47 |issue=RR–8 |pages=1–57 |pmid=9639369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030190011/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2019 |access-date=26 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; den within 72 hours of exposure to measles among those wey be incompletely immunized.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Pos&quot; /&gt; E be given by injection.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCAdmin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2021 |title=Administering the MMR Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/administering-mmr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228081247/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/administering-mmr.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Measles be a highly contagious viral illness wey fi lead to serious complications, wey dey include pneumonia, acute encephalitis, den, insyd rare cases, long‑term neurological disease. Pregnant women be at increased risk of severe respiratory complications den adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pregnancy loss den premature birth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author = CDC | date = 2026-03-03 | title = Clinical Overview of Measles | website = Measles (Rubeola) | publisher = he U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url = https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html | access-date = 2026-04-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

De MMR vaccine be widely used around de world. As of 2012, na 575 million doses be administered since de vaccine ein introduction worldwide.&lt;ref name=EU2018&gt;{{cite web |title=Addressing misconceptions on measles vaccination |url=https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |date=15 April 2014 |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002527/https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Measles result in 2.6 million deaths per year before immunization cam be common.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Dis decrease to 122,000 deaths per year {{as of|2012|lc=y|post=,}} mostly insyd low-income countries.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Thru vaccination, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, rates of measles insyd [[North America|North]] den [[South America]] be very low.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Rates of disease be seen to increase insyd populations wey go unvaccinated.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Between 2000 den 2018, vaccination decrease measles deaths by 73%.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO Measles Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles | title=Measles Fact Sheet | website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | date=5 December 2019 | access-date=28 November 2022 | archive-date=28 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128010546/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects of immunization generally be mild den resolve widout any specific treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Vis&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author = CDC | date = January 2025 | title = MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) Vaccine Information Statement | website = Vaccines &amp; Immunizations | publisher = U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | url = https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/current-vis/mmr.html | access-date = 16 August 2021 | archive-date = 3 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180903141726/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese fi include [[fever]], as well as pain anaa redness at de injection site.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Vis&quot;/&gt; [[Severe allergic reaction]]s occur insyd about one insyd a million people.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Vis&quot;/&gt; Secof e dey contain live viruses, de MMR vaccine no be recommended during [[pregnancy]] buh fi be given during [[breastfeeding]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;/&gt; De vaccine be safe to give at de same time as oda vaccines.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Vis&quot;/&gt; Being recently immunized no dey increase de risk of passing measles, mumps, anaa rubella on to odas: Dat be, even though de vaccine dey contain live viruses, dem no be transmitted.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;/&gt; Der be no evidence of an association between MMR immunization den [[autistic spectrum disorders]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid 34806766&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V | title = Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2021 | issue = 11 | article-number = CD004407 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34806766 | pmc = 8607336 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hussain A, Ali S, Ahmed M, Hussain S | title = The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine | journal = Cureus | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | article-number = e2919 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 30186724 | pmc = 6122668 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.2919 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2017&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Spencer JP, Trondsen Pawlowski RH, Thomas S | title = Vaccine Adverse Events: Separating Myth from Reality | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 95 | issue = 12 | pages = 786–794 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28671426 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De MMR vaccine be a mixture of live [[attenuated virus|weakened virus]]es of de three diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;/&gt;

De MMR vaccine be developed by [[Maurice Hilleman]].&lt;ref name=Mau2005&gt;{{cite journal | date = July 2005 | title = Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, DSc | journal = Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 225–226 | doi = 10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.002 | pmid = 16044396 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na e be licensed for use insyd de US by [[Merck &amp; Co.|Merck]] insyd 1971.&lt;ref name=Good2015/&gt; Stand-alone [[measles vaccine|measles]], [[mumps vaccine|mumps]], den [[rubella vaccine]]s be previously licensed insyd 1963, 1967, den 1969, respectively.&lt;ref name=Good2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Goodson JL, Seward JF | title = Measles 50 Years After Use of Measles Vaccine | journal = Infectious Disease Clinics of North America | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 725–743 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26610423 | doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2015.08.001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Measles: information about the disease and vaccines Questions and Answers |url=https://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4209.pdf |website=Immunization Action Coalition | date=November 2018 |access-date=28 November 2022 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128011445/https://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4209.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem introduce recommendations for a second dose insyd 1989.&lt;ref name=Good2015/&gt; De [[MMRV vaccine]], wich sanso dey cover [[chickenpox]], fi be used instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;/&gt; An [[MR vaccine]], widout coverage for mumps, sanso be used occasionally.&lt;ref name=WHO2014Sheet&gt;{{cite web |title=Information Sheet Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccines |url=http://fdaghana.gov.gh/img/vacine/MMR%20vaccine%20information.pdf |website=fdaghana.gov.gh |access-date=30 April 2022 |date=May 2014 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227095245/https://fdaghana.gov.gh/img/vacine/MMR%20vaccine%20information.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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De '''MMR vaccine''' (dem abbreviate as ''MMR'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Mau2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 2005 |title=Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, DSc |journal=Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=225–226 |doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.002 |pmid=16044396}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a combination vaccine against [[measles]], [[mumps]], den [[rubella]] (German measles).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - M-M-R II- measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension STERILE DILUENT- sterile water injection |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0a9e384f-e717-436b-b9a0-15e53cef0862 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey contain de combined measles vaccine, mumps vaccine, den rubella vaccine into a single injection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=26 January 2021 |title=Measles Vaccination |url=https://www.cdc.gov/measles/vaccines/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105545/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html |archive-date=26 April 2020 |website=Measles (Rubeola) |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Pos&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=April 2017 |title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2017 |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=92 |issue=17 |pages=205–227 |hdl=10665/255149 |pmid=28459148}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=World Health Organization |date=January 2019 |title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2017 - Recommendations |journal=Vaccine |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=219–222 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.066 |pmid=28760612 |s2cid=205605355}}&lt;/ref&gt; After two doses, 97% of people be protected against measles, 88% against mumps, den at least 97% against rubella.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot; /&gt; De vaccine sanso be recommended for those wey no get evidence of immunity,&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot; /&gt; those plus well-controlled [[HIV/AIDS]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2017 |title=Core Concepts – Immunizations in Adults – Basic HIV Primary Care – National HIV CurriculumImmunizations in Adults |url=https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902191739/https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all |archive-date=2 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=National HIV Curriculum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ACIP1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Watson JC, Hadler SC, Dykewicz CA, Reef S, Phillips L |date=May 1998 |title=Measles, mumps, and rubella--vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |url=&lt;!-- Official URL --&gt; https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf |url-status=live |journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports |volume=47 |issue=RR–8 |pages=1–57 |pmid=9639369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030190011/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2019 |access-date=26 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; den within 72 hours of exposure to measles among those wey be incompletely immunized.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Pos&quot; /&gt; E be given by injection.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCAdmin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2021 |title=Administering the MMR Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/administering-mmr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228081247/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/administering-mmr.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Measles be a highly contagious viral illness wey fi lead to serious complications, wey dey include pneumonia, acute encephalitis, den, insyd rare cases, long‑term neurological disease. Pregnant women be at increased risk of severe respiratory complications den adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pregnancy loss den premature birth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author = CDC | date = 2026-03-03 | title = Clinical Overview of Measles | website = Measles (Rubeola) | publisher = he U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url = https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html | access-date = 2026-04-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

De MMR vaccine be widely used around de world. As of 2012, na 575 million doses be administered since de vaccine ein introduction worldwide.&lt;ref name=EU2018&gt;{{cite web |title=Addressing misconceptions on measles vaccination |url=https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |date=15 April 2014 |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002527/https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Measles result in 2.6 million deaths per year before immunization cam be common.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Dis decrease to 122,000 deaths per year {{as of|2012|lc=y|post=,}} mostly insyd low-income countries.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Thru vaccination, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, rates of measles insyd [[North America|North]] den [[South America]] be very low.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Rates of disease be seen to increase insyd populations wey go unvaccinated.&lt;ref name=EU2018/&gt; Between 2000 den 2018, vaccination decrease measles deaths by 73%.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO Measles Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles | title=Measles Fact Sheet | website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | date=5 December 2019 | access-date=28 November 2022 | archive-date=28 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128010546/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects of immunization generally be mild den resolve widout any specific treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Vis&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author = CDC | date = January 2025 | title = MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) Vaccine Information Statement | website = Vaccines &amp; Immunizations | publisher = U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | url = https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/current-vis/mmr.html | access-date = 16 August 2021 | archive-date = 3 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180903141726/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese fi include [[fever]], as well as pain anaa redness at de injection site.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Vis&quot;/&gt; [[Severe allergic reaction]]s occur insyd about one insyd a million people.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Vis&quot;/&gt; Secof e dey contain live viruses, de MMR vaccine no be recommended during [[pregnancy]] buh fi be given during [[breastfeeding]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;/&gt; De vaccine be safe to give at de same time as oda vaccines.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021Vis&quot;/&gt; Being recently immunized no dey increase de risk of passing measles, mumps, anaa rubella on to odas: Dat be, even though de vaccine dey contain live viruses, dem no be transmitted.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;/&gt; Der be no evidence of an association between MMR immunization den [[autistic spectrum disorders]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid 34806766&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V | title = Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2021 | issue = 11 | article-number = CD004407 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34806766 | pmc = 8607336 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hussain A, Ali S, Ahmed M, Hussain S | title = The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine | journal = Cureus | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | article-number = e2919 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 30186724 | pmc = 6122668 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.2919 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2017&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Spencer JP, Trondsen Pawlowski RH, Thomas S | title = Vaccine Adverse Events: Separating Myth from Reality | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 95 | issue = 12 | pages = 786–794 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28671426 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De MMR vaccine be a mixture of live [[attenuated virus|weakened virus]]es of de three diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;/&gt;

De MMR vaccine be developed by [[Maurice Hilleman]].&lt;ref name=Mau2005&gt;{{cite journal | date = July 2005 | title = Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, DSc | journal = Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 225–226 | doi = 10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.002 | pmid = 16044396 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na e be licensed for use insyd de US by [[Merck &amp; Co.|Merck]] insyd 1971.&lt;ref name=Good2015/&gt; Stand-alone [[measles vaccine|measles]], [[mumps vaccine|mumps]], den [[rubella vaccine]]s be previously licensed insyd 1963, 1967, den 1969, respectively.&lt;ref name=Good2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Goodson JL, Seward JF | title = Measles 50 Years After Use of Measles Vaccine | journal = Infectious Disease Clinics of North America | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 725–743 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26610423 | doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2015.08.001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Measles: information about the disease and vaccines Questions and Answers |url=https://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4209.pdf |website=Immunization Action Coalition | date=November 2018 |access-date=28 November 2022 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128011445/https://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4209.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem introduce recommendations for a second dose insyd 1989.&lt;ref name=Good2015/&gt; De [[MMRV vaccine]], wich sanso dey cover [[chickenpox]], fi be used instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2021&quot;/&gt; An [[MR vaccine]], widout coverage for mumps, sanso be used occasionally.&lt;ref name=WHO2014Sheet&gt;{{cite web |title=Information Sheet Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccines |url=http://fdaghana.gov.gh/img/vacine/MMR%20vaccine%20information.pdf |website=fdaghana.gov.gh |access-date=30 April 2022 |date=May 2014 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227095245/https://fdaghana.gov.gh/img/vacine/MMR%20vaccine%20information.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{MeSH name|Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mmr Vaccine}}
[[Category:Combination vaccines]]
[[Category:Drugs wey GSK plc develop]]
[[Category:Live vaccines]]
[[Category:Measles]]
[[Category:Drugs wey Merck &amp; Co. develop]]
[[Category:Mumps]]
[[Category:Rubella]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Dermatitis</title>
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'''Dermatitis''' be a term dem use for different types of skin inflammation, typically characterized by itchiness, redness den a rash.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ned2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Generalized Dermatitis in Clinical Practice |vauthors=Nedorost ST |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-2897-7 |pages=1–3, 9, 13–14 |language=en |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233710/https://books.google.ca/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA1 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd cases of short duration, der fi be small blisters, while insyd long-term cases de skin fi cam be thickened.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ned2012&quot; /&gt; De area of skin wey involve fi vary from small to covering de entire body.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ned2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2013 |title=Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis (A type of eczema) |url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530092344/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=NIAMS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dermatitis sanso be called '''eczema''', buh &quot;eczema&quot; often be used for de most common type of skin inflammation, [[atopic dermatitis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, Motala C, Ortega Martell JA, Platts-Mills TA, Ring J, Thien F, Van Cauwenberge P, Williams HC |date=May 2004 |title=Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003 |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=832–836 |bibcode=2004JACI..113..832J |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.591 |pmid=15131563 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De exact cause of de condition often be unclear.&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt; Cases fi involve a combination of [[allergy]] den [[venous stasis|poor venous return]].&lt;ref name=Ned2012/&gt; De type of dermatitis generally be determined by de person ein history den de location of de rash.&lt;ref name=Ned2012/&gt; For example, irritant dermatitis often dey occur on de hands of those wey frequently get dem wet.&lt;ref name=Ned2012/&gt; Allergic contact dermatitis dey occur upon exposure to an [[allergen]], wey dey cause a [[hypersensitivity]] reaction insyd de skin.&lt;ref name=Ned2012/&gt; 

Prevention of atopic dermatitis typically be plus [[essential fatty acid]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=James |first1=William D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA482 |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology |last2=Elston |first2=Dirk |last3=Treat |first3=James R. |last4=Rosenbach |first4=Misha A. |last5=Neuhaus |first5=Isaac |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-323-55188-5 |page=482}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey fi be treated plus [[moisturizer]]s den [[steroid]] creams.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McAleer MA, Flohr C, Irvine AD | title = Management of difficult and severe eczema in childhood | journal = BMJ | volume = 345 | article-number = e4770 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22826585 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e4770 | url = http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/75991/1/PMID%2022826585%20Difficult%20and%20severe%20AD%20in%20childhood.pdf | hdl = 2262/75991 | s2cid = 36038433 | hdl-access = free | archive-date = 17 February 2021 | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210217144954/http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/75991/PMID }}&lt;/ref&gt; De steroid creams generally for be of mid to high strength den used for less dan two weeks at a time, as side effects fi occur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Habif TP |title=Clinical Dermatology|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-26607-9 |page=171 |edition=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA171 |access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160817173537/https://books.google.it/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA171|archive-date=17 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Antibiotic]]s fi be required if der be signs of [[skin infection]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Contact dermatitis typically be treated by avoiding de allergen anaa irritant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mowad CM, Anderson B, Scheinman P, Pootongkam S, Nedorost S, Brod B | title = Allergic contact dermatitis: Patient management and education | url = https://archive.org/details/american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_2016-06_74_6/page/1043 | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 74 | issue = 6 | pages = 1043–1054 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27185422 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1144 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lurati AR | s2cid = 40077567 | title = Occupational risk assessment and irritant contact dermatitis | journal = Workplace Health &amp; Safety | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–87; quiz 88 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25881659 | doi = 10.1177/2165079914565351 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Antihistamine]]s fi help plus sleep den decrease nighttime scratching.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt;

Na dermatitis be estimated to affect 245 million people globally insyd 2015,&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa 3.34% of de world population. Atopic dermatitis be de most common type den generally dey start insyd kiddie time.&lt;ref name=Ned2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt; Insyd de United States, e dey affect about 10–30% of people.&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt; Contact dermatitis twice be as common insyd females as insyd males.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Adkinson NF |title=Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-08593-9|page=566 |edition=8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vT9YAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA566 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815222715/https://books.google.ca/books?id=vT9YAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA566 |archive-date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allergic contact dermatitis dey affect about 7% of people at sam point insyd dema lives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Wilkinson M, Orton D |title=Rook's Textbook of Dermatology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons| isbn=978-1-118-44117-6|edition=9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=SA99-PA868|access-date=29 July 2016|chapter=Allergic Contact Dermatitis | veditors = Barker J, Bleiker TO, Chalmers R, Creamer D |page=128.4|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815214618/https://books.google.ca/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=SA99-PA868 |archive-date=15 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Irritant contact dermatitis be common, especially among people plus certain occupations, exact rates be unclear.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Frosch PJ |title=Textbook of Contact Dermatitis|date=2013|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-03104-9 |page=42 |edition=2nd |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hgXtCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA42|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816002717/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hgXtCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA42 |archive-date=16 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q229256|c=Category:Dermatitis|n=no|b=no|v=no|q=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Dermatitis|species=no}}
* [https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema Eczema Resource Center]. American Academy of Dermatology.
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[[Category:Dermatitis| ]]
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]
[[Category:Eczema| ]]
[[Category:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs''' ('''NSAID''') be members of a therapeutic drug class wich dey reduce pain,&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |url=https://BNF.NICE.org.uk/treatment-summary/non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=BNF.NICE.org.uk |publisher=[[British National Formulary]] (BNF), [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE)}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey decrease inflammation, dey decrease fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205104155/https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=www.Lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey prevent blood clots. Side effects dey depend on de specific drug, ein dose den duration of use, buh largely dey include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers den bleeds, [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], den kidney disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Risk of acute myocardial infarction&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM |date=May 2017 |title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909 |pmc=5423546 |pmid=28487435 |article-number=j1909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK |date=August 2017 |title=Peptic ulcer disease |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=390 |issue=10094 |pages=613–624 |bibcode=2017Lanc..390..613L |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7 |pmid=28242110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey include [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], [[diclofenac]], den [[naproxen]], all of wich be available over de counter (OTC).&lt;ref name=&quot;The Physician and Sportsmedicine 20103&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Warden SJ |date=April 2010 |title=Prophylactic use of NSAIDs by athletes: a risk/benefit assessment |journal=The Physician and Sportsmedicine |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=132–8 |doi=10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770 |pmid=20424410}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) generally no be considered an NSAID secof e get only minor anti-inflammatory activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinz_20083&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K |date=February 2008 |title=Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=383–90 |doi=10.1096/fj.07-8506com |pmid=17884974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;integrada&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7cxH6XH4-sC |title=Farmacología integrada |vauthors=Page CP, Curtis MJ, Sutter M, Walker M, Hoffman B |date=1998 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] España |isbn=84-8174-340-2 |language=es |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs''' ('''NSAID''') be members of a therapeutic drug class wich dey reduce pain,&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |url=https://BNF.NICE.org.uk/treatment-summary/non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=BNF.NICE.org.uk |publisher=[[British National Formulary]] (BNF), [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE)}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey decrease inflammation, dey decrease fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205104155/https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=www.Lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey prevent blood clots. Side effects dey depend on de specific drug, ein dose den duration of use, buh largely dey include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers den bleeds, [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], den kidney disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Risk of acute myocardial infarction&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM |date=May 2017 |title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909 |pmc=5423546 |pmid=28487435 |article-number=j1909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK |date=August 2017 |title=Peptic ulcer disease |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=390 |issue=10094 |pages=613–624 |bibcode=2017Lanc..390..613L |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7 |pmid=28242110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey include [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], [[diclofenac]], den [[naproxen]], all of wich be available over de counter (OTC).&lt;ref name=&quot;The Physician and Sportsmedicine 20103&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Warden SJ |date=April 2010 |title=Prophylactic use of NSAIDs by athletes: a risk/benefit assessment |journal=The Physician and Sportsmedicine |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=132–8 |doi=10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770 |pmid=20424410}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) generally no be considered an NSAID secof e get only minor anti-inflammatory activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinz_20083&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K |date=February 2008 |title=Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=383–90 |doi=10.1096/fj.07-8506com |pmid=17884974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;integrada&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7cxH6XH4-sC |title=Farmacología integrada |vauthors=Page CP, Curtis MJ, Sutter M, Walker M, Hoffman B |date=1998 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] España |isbn=84-8174-340-2 |language=es |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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'''Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs''' ('''NSAID''') be members of a therapeutic drug class wich dey reduce pain,&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |url=https://BNF.NICE.org.uk/treatment-summary/non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=BNF.NICE.org.uk |publisher=[[British National Formulary]] (BNF), [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE)}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey decrease inflammation, dey decrease fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205104155/https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=www.Lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey prevent blood clots. Side effects dey depend on de specific drug, ein dose den duration of use, buh largely dey include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers den bleeds, [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], den kidney disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Risk of acute myocardial infarction&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM |date=May 2017 |title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909 |pmc=5423546 |pmid=28487435 |article-number=j1909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK |date=August 2017 |title=Peptic ulcer disease |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=390 |issue=10094 |pages=613–624 |bibcode=2017Lanc..390..613L |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7 |pmid=28242110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey include [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], [[diclofenac]], den [[naproxen]], all of wich be available over de counter (OTC).&lt;ref name=&quot;The Physician and Sportsmedicine 20103&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Warden SJ |date=April 2010 |title=Prophylactic use of NSAIDs by athletes: a risk/benefit assessment |journal=The Physician and Sportsmedicine |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=132–8 |doi=10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770 |pmid=20424410}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) generally no be considered an NSAID secof e get only minor anti-inflammatory activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinz_20083&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K |date=February 2008 |title=Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=383–90 |doi=10.1096/fj.07-8506com |pmid=17884974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;integrada&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7cxH6XH4-sC |title=Farmacología integrada |vauthors=Page CP, Curtis MJ, Sutter M, Walker M, Hoffman B |date=1998 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] España |isbn=84-8174-340-2 |language=es |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De term ''nonsteroidal'', common from around 1960, dey distinguish dese drugs from [[corticosteroids]], anoda class of [[anti-inflammatory]] drugs,&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, Brown JP, Cohen A, Kim H |date=August 2013 |title=A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy |journal=Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=30 |doi=10.1186/1710-1492-9-30 |pmc=3765115 |pmid=23947590 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich during de 1950s acquire a bad reputation secof overuse den side-effect problems after dema introduction insyd 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buer_2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Buer JK | title = Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID' | journal = Inflammopharmacology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 263–267 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25064056 | doi = 10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 10852/45403 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Case JP | title = Old and new drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis: a historical perspective. Part 1: the older drugs | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–143 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11304666 | doi = 10.1097/00045391-200103000-00007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = LeFanu J |title=The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Abacus |page=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==</text>
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'''Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs''' ('''NSAID''') be members of a therapeutic drug class wich dey reduce pain,&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |url=https://BNF.NICE.org.uk/treatment-summary/non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=BNF.NICE.org.uk |publisher=[[British National Formulary]] (BNF), [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE)}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey decrease inflammation, dey decrease fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205104155/https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=www.Lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey prevent blood clots. Side effects dey depend on de specific drug, ein dose den duration of use, buh largely dey include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers den bleeds, [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], den kidney disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Risk of acute myocardial infarction&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM |date=May 2017 |title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909 |pmc=5423546 |pmid=28487435 |article-number=j1909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK |date=August 2017 |title=Peptic ulcer disease |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=390 |issue=10094 |pages=613–624 |bibcode=2017Lanc..390..613L |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7 |pmid=28242110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey include [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], [[diclofenac]], den [[naproxen]], all of wich be available over de counter (OTC).&lt;ref name=&quot;The Physician and Sportsmedicine 20103&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Warden SJ |date=April 2010 |title=Prophylactic use of NSAIDs by athletes: a risk/benefit assessment |journal=The Physician and Sportsmedicine |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=132–8 |doi=10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770 |pmid=20424410}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) generally no be considered an NSAID secof e get only minor anti-inflammatory activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinz_20083&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K |date=February 2008 |title=Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=383–90 |doi=10.1096/fj.07-8506com |pmid=17884974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;integrada&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7cxH6XH4-sC |title=Farmacología integrada |vauthors=Page CP, Curtis MJ, Sutter M, Walker M, Hoffman B |date=1998 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] España |isbn=84-8174-340-2 |language=es |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De term ''nonsteroidal'', common from around 1960, dey distinguish dese drugs from [[corticosteroids]], anoda class of [[anti-inflammatory]] drugs,&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, Brown JP, Cohen A, Kim H |date=August 2013 |title=A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy |journal=Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=30 |doi=10.1186/1710-1492-9-30 |pmc=3765115 |pmid=23947590 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich during de 1950s acquire a bad reputation secof overuse den side-effect problems after dema introduction insyd 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buer_2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Buer JK | title = Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID' | journal = Inflammopharmacology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 263–267 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25064056 | doi = 10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 10852/45403 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Case JP | title = Old and new drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis: a historical perspective. Part 1: the older drugs | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–143 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11304666 | doi = 10.1097/00045391-200103000-00007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = LeFanu J |title=The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Abacus |page=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey work by inhibiting de activity of [[cyclooxygenase]] [[enzyme]]s (de [[COX-1]] den [[COX-2]] [[isozyme|isoenzyme]]s).&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot; /&gt; Insyd cells, dese enzymes be involved insyd de synthesis of key biological mediators, namely [[prostaglandin]]s, wich be involved insyd [[inflammation]], den [[thromboxane]]s, wich be involved insyd [[Coagulation|blood clotting]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Chandrasekharan NV, Simmons DL |date=August 2004 |title=The cyclooxygenases |journal=Genome Biology |volume=5 |issue=9 |page=241 |doi=10.1186/gb-2004-5-9-241 |doi-access=free|issn=1474-760X |pmc=522864 |pmid=15345041}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==</text>
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'''Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs''' ('''NSAID''') be members of a therapeutic drug class wich dey reduce pain,&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |url=https://BNF.NICE.org.uk/treatment-summary/non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=BNF.NICE.org.uk |publisher=[[British National Formulary]] (BNF), [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE)}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey decrease inflammation, dey decrease fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205104155/https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=www.Lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey prevent blood clots. Side effects dey depend on de specific drug, ein dose den duration of use, buh largely dey include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers den bleeds, [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], den kidney disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Risk of acute myocardial infarction&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM |date=May 2017 |title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909 |pmc=5423546 |pmid=28487435 |article-number=j1909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK |date=August 2017 |title=Peptic ulcer disease |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=390 |issue=10094 |pages=613–624 |bibcode=2017Lanc..390..613L |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7 |pmid=28242110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey include [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], [[diclofenac]], den [[naproxen]], all of wich be available over de counter (OTC).&lt;ref name=&quot;The Physician and Sportsmedicine 20103&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Warden SJ |date=April 2010 |title=Prophylactic use of NSAIDs by athletes: a risk/benefit assessment |journal=The Physician and Sportsmedicine |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=132–8 |doi=10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770 |pmid=20424410}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) generally no be considered an NSAID secof e get only minor anti-inflammatory activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinz_20083&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K |date=February 2008 |title=Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=383–90 |doi=10.1096/fj.07-8506com |pmid=17884974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;integrada&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7cxH6XH4-sC |title=Farmacología integrada |vauthors=Page CP, Curtis MJ, Sutter M, Walker M, Hoffman B |date=1998 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] España |isbn=84-8174-340-2 |language=es |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De term ''nonsteroidal'', common from around 1960, dey distinguish dese drugs from [[corticosteroids]], anoda class of [[anti-inflammatory]] drugs,&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, Brown JP, Cohen A, Kim H |date=August 2013 |title=A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy |journal=Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=30 |doi=10.1186/1710-1492-9-30 |pmc=3765115 |pmid=23947590 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich during de 1950s acquire a bad reputation secof overuse den side-effect problems after dema introduction insyd 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buer_2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Buer JK | title = Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID' | journal = Inflammopharmacology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 263–267 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25064056 | doi = 10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 10852/45403 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Case JP | title = Old and new drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis: a historical perspective. Part 1: the older drugs | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–143 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11304666 | doi = 10.1097/00045391-200103000-00007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = LeFanu J |title=The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Abacus |page=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey work by inhibiting de activity of [[cyclooxygenase]] [[enzyme]]s (de [[COX-1]] den [[COX-2]] [[isozyme|isoenzyme]]s).&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot; /&gt; Insyd cells, dese enzymes be involved insyd de synthesis of key biological mediators, namely [[prostaglandin]]s, wich be involved insyd [[inflammation]], den [[thromboxane]]s, wich be involved insyd [[Coagulation|blood clotting]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Chandrasekharan NV, Simmons DL |date=August 2004 |title=The cyclooxygenases |journal=Genome Biology |volume=5 |issue=9 |page=241 |doi=10.1186/gb-2004-5-9-241 |doi-access=free|issn=1474-760X |pmc=522864 |pmid=15345041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der be two general types of NSAIDs available: non-selective den [[COX-2 inhibitor|COX-2 selective]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Day RO, Graham GG|date=2004|title=The Vascular Effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors|journal=[[Australian Prescriber]]|volume=27|issue=6|pages=142–145|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2004.119|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw NSAIDs be non-selective, den inhibit de activity of both COX-1 den COX-2. Dese NSAIDs, while reducing inflammation, sanso dey inhibit platelet aggregation den increase de risk of [[Peptic ulcer disease|gastrointestinal ulcers]] den bleeds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; COX-2 selective inhibitors get fewer gastrointestinal side effects, buh promote [[thrombosis]], den sam of dese agents substantially increase de risk of [[heart attack]]. As a result, certain COX-2 selective inhibitors—such as [[rofecoxib]]— no longer be used secof de high risk of undiagnosed [[vascular disease]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dese differential effects be secof de different roles den tissue localisations of each COX isoenzyme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; By inhibiting physiological COX activity, NSAIDs fi cause deleterious effects on kidney function,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Brater DC, Harris C, Redfern JS, Gertz BJ|date=January 2001|title=Renal effects of COX-2-selective inhibitors|journal=[[American Journal of Nephrology]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=1–15|pmid=11275626|doi=10.1159/000046212 }}&lt;/ref&gt; den, perhaps as a result of water den sodium retention den decreases insyd renal blood flow, fi lead to heart problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Bleumink GS, Feenstra J, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BH|date=2003|title=Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and heart failure|journal=[[Drugs (journal)|Drugs]]|volume=63|issue=6|pages=525–34|pmid=12656651|doi=10.2165/00003495-200363060-00001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==</text>
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'''Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs''' ('''NSAID''') be members of a therapeutic drug class wich dey reduce pain,&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |url=https://BNF.NICE.org.uk/treatment-summary/non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=BNF.NICE.org.uk |publisher=[[British National Formulary]] (BNF), [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE)}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey decrease inflammation, dey decrease fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205104155/https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=www.Lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey prevent blood clots. Side effects dey depend on de specific drug, ein dose den duration of use, buh largely dey include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers den bleeds, [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], den kidney disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Risk of acute myocardial infarction&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM |date=May 2017 |title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909 |pmc=5423546 |pmid=28487435 |article-number=j1909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK |date=August 2017 |title=Peptic ulcer disease |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=390 |issue=10094 |pages=613–624 |bibcode=2017Lanc..390..613L |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7 |pmid=28242110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey include [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], [[diclofenac]], den [[naproxen]], all of wich be available over de counter (OTC).&lt;ref name=&quot;The Physician and Sportsmedicine 20103&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Warden SJ |date=April 2010 |title=Prophylactic use of NSAIDs by athletes: a risk/benefit assessment |journal=The Physician and Sportsmedicine |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=132–8 |doi=10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770 |pmid=20424410}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) generally no be considered an NSAID secof e get only minor anti-inflammatory activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinz_20083&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K |date=February 2008 |title=Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=383–90 |doi=10.1096/fj.07-8506com |pmid=17884974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;integrada&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7cxH6XH4-sC |title=Farmacología integrada |vauthors=Page CP, Curtis MJ, Sutter M, Walker M, Hoffman B |date=1998 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] España |isbn=84-8174-340-2 |language=es |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De term ''nonsteroidal'', common from around 1960, dey distinguish dese drugs from [[corticosteroids]], anoda class of [[anti-inflammatory]] drugs,&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, Brown JP, Cohen A, Kim H |date=August 2013 |title=A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy |journal=Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=30 |doi=10.1186/1710-1492-9-30 |pmc=3765115 |pmid=23947590 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich during de 1950s acquire a bad reputation secof overuse den side-effect problems after dema introduction insyd 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buer_2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Buer JK | title = Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID' | journal = Inflammopharmacology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 263–267 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25064056 | doi = 10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 10852/45403 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Case JP | title = Old and new drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis: a historical perspective. Part 1: the older drugs | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–143 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11304666 | doi = 10.1097/00045391-200103000-00007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = LeFanu J |title=The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Abacus |page=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey work by inhibiting de activity of [[cyclooxygenase]] [[enzyme]]s (de [[COX-1]] den [[COX-2]] [[isozyme|isoenzyme]]s).&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot; /&gt; Insyd cells, dese enzymes be involved insyd de synthesis of key biological mediators, namely [[prostaglandin]]s, wich be involved insyd [[inflammation]], den [[thromboxane]]s, wich be involved insyd [[Coagulation|blood clotting]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Chandrasekharan NV, Simmons DL |date=August 2004 |title=The cyclooxygenases |journal=Genome Biology |volume=5 |issue=9 |page=241 |doi=10.1186/gb-2004-5-9-241 |doi-access=free|issn=1474-760X |pmc=522864 |pmid=15345041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der be two general types of NSAIDs available: non-selective den [[COX-2 inhibitor|COX-2 selective]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Day RO, Graham GG|date=2004|title=The Vascular Effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors|journal=[[Australian Prescriber]]|volume=27|issue=6|pages=142–145|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2004.119|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw NSAIDs be non-selective, den inhibit de activity of both COX-1 den COX-2. Dese NSAIDs, while reducing inflammation, sanso dey inhibit platelet aggregation den increase de risk of [[Peptic ulcer disease|gastrointestinal ulcers]] den bleeds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; COX-2 selective inhibitors get fewer gastrointestinal side effects, buh promote [[thrombosis]], den sam of dese agents substantially increase de risk of [[heart attack]]. As a result, certain COX-2 selective inhibitors—such as [[rofecoxib]]— no longer be used secof de high risk of undiagnosed [[vascular disease]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dese differential effects be secof de different roles den tissue localisations of each COX isoenzyme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; By inhibiting physiological COX activity, NSAIDs fi cause deleterious effects on kidney function,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Brater DC, Harris C, Redfern JS, Gertz BJ|date=January 2001|title=Renal effects of COX-2-selective inhibitors|journal=[[American Journal of Nephrology]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=1–15|pmid=11275626|doi=10.1159/000046212 }}&lt;/ref&gt; den, perhaps as a result of water den sodium retention den decreases insyd renal blood flow, fi lead to heart problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Bleumink GS, Feenstra J, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BH|date=2003|title=Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and heart failure|journal=[[Drugs (journal)|Drugs]]|volume=63|issue=6|pages=525–34|pmid=12656651|doi=10.2165/00003495-200363060-00001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Classification==
[[File:Burana600.jpg|thumb|Burana 600 mg – [[ibuprofen]] package]]
===Salicylates===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Aspirin]] ([[acetylsalicylic acid]])
* [[Diflunisal]] (Dolobid)
* [[Ethenzamide]]
* [[Salicylamide]]
* [[Salicylic acid]] and its salts
* [[Salsalate]] (Disalcid)
* [[Choline salicylate]]
* [[Methyl salicylate]]
* [[Sodium salicylate]]
{{Div col end}}

===Propionic acid derivatives===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Ibuprofen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;urlDrugBank: Ibuprofen (DB01050)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01050 |title=Ibuprofen |publisher=DrugBank |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=21 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721050937/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/db01050 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dexibuprofen]]
* [[Naproxen]]
* [[Fenoprofen]]
* [[Ketoprofen]]
* [[Dexketoprofen]]
* [[Flurbiprofen]]
* [[Oxaprozin]]
* [[Loxoprofen]]
* [[Pelubiprofen]]
* [[Zaltoprofen]]
* [[Fenbufen]]
* [[Tiaprofenic acid]]
* [[Carprofen]]
{{Div col end}}

===Acetic acid derivatives===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Indomethacin]]
* [[Acemetacin]]
* [[Tolmetin]]
* [[Sulindac]]
* [[Etodolac]]
* [[Ketorolac]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mallinson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Mallinson TE|date=2017|title=A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic|journal=Journal of Paramedic Practice|volume=9|issue=12|pages=522–526|doi=10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Diclofenac]]
* [[Fenclofenac]]
* [[Aceclofenac]]
* [[Bromfenac]]
* [[Fentiazac]]
* [[Nabumetone]] (drug einself be non-acidic, buh de active, principal metabolite get a carboxylic acid group)
{{Div col end}}

===Enolic acid (oxicam) derivatives===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Piroxicam]]
* [[Ampiroxicam]]
* [[Meloxicam]]
* [[Tenoxicam]]
* [[Droxicam]]
* [[Lornoxicam]]
* [[Isoxicam]] (dem withdraw from market 1985&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Consolidated list of products whose consumption and / or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by Governments.: 15th issue (New data only), (June 2007-June 2009),: Chemicals |date=2009 |publisher=UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs |isbn=978-92-1-130277-6 |page=123 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/708141 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Fung M, Thornton A, Mybeck K, Wu JH, Hornbuckle K, Muniz E |title=Evaluation of the Characteristics of Safety Withdrawal of Prescription Drugs from Worldwide Pharmaceutical Markets-1960 to 1999 |journal=[[Therapeutic Innovation &amp; Regulatory Science]] |date=January 2001 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=293–317 |doi=10.1177/009286150103500134 }}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Phenylbutazone]] (Bute)
{{Div col end}}

===Anthranilic acid derivatives (Fenamates)===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Mefenamic acid]]
* [[Meclofenamic acid]]
* [[Flufenamic acid]]
* [[Tolfenamic acid]]
* [[Etofenamate]]
{{Div col end}}

===Selective COX-2 inhibitors (Coxibs)===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Celecoxib]] (FDA alert&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124655.htm |title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: Celecoxib (sold under the brand name Celebrex) |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075404/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124655.htm |archive-date=19 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Rofecoxib]] (dem withdraw from market&lt;ref name=&quot;urlFDA Public Health Advisory: Safety of Vioxx&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders/ucm106274.htm |title=Safety of Vioxx |work=FDA Public Health Advisory |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527230004/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders/ucm106274.htm |archive-date=27 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Valdecoxib]] (dem withdraw from market&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124649.htm |title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: Valdecoxib (sold under the brand name Bextra) |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202220606/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124649.htm |archive-date=2 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Parecoxib]] FDA dem withdraw, licensed in the EU
* [[Lumiracoxib]] TGA cancel registration
* [[Etoricoxib]] no be FDA approved, licensed insyd de EU
* [[Firocoxib]] dem use insyd dogs den horses
* [[Deracoxib]] dem label for use insyd dogs
* [[Robenacoxib]] dem label for use insyd dogs den cats
{{Div col end}}

===Sulfonanilides===
* [[Nimesulide]] (dem ban systemic preparations by several countries for de potential risk of hepatotoxicity)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McNaughton R, Huet G, Shakir S | title = An investigation into drug products withdrawn from the EU market between 2002 and 2011 for safety reasons and the evidence used to support the decision-making | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 4 | issue = 1 |article-number=e004221 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24435895 | pmc = 3902466 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004221 | doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Odas===
* [[Benzydamine]] (dem commonly brand as Tantum Verde anaa Difflam) be an [[indazole]] derivative plus local [[anaesthetic]] den [[analgesic]] properties
* [[Clonixin]]
* [[Licofelone]] dey act by inhibiting LOX ([[Lipoxygenase|lipooxygenase]]) den COX den hence be known as a [[5-LOX inhibitor|5-LOX]]/[[Cyclooxygenase inhibitor|COX inhibitor]]
* H-harpagide insyd [[Scrophularia|figwort]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22414102&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Viljoen A, Mncwangi N, Vermaak I | title = Anti-inflammatory iridoids of botanical origin | journal = Current Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 19 | issue = 14 | pages = 2104–27 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22414102 | pmc = 3873812 | doi = 10.2174/092986712800229005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa [[Harpagophytum|devil's claw]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21775152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang L, Feng L, Jia Q, Xu J, Wang R, Wang Z, Wu Y, Li Y | title = Effects of β-glucosidase hydrolyzed products of harpagide and harpagoside on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro | journal = Bioorganic &amp; Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 19 | issue = 16 | pages = 4882–6 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21775152 | doi = 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.069 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Sam NSAIDs sanso be given [[Intravenous therapy|intravenously]], such as [[Ketorolac]] den [[Diclofenac sodium]].''
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>115194</id>
      <parentid>115193</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:55:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Improve article</comment>
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      <text bytes="14491" sha1="nhr4v894yy613r4sgi2x719gvxofszv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs''' ('''NSAID''') be members of a therapeutic drug class wich dey reduce pain,&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |url=https://BNF.NICE.org.uk/treatment-summary/non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=BNF.NICE.org.uk |publisher=[[British National Formulary]] (BNF), [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE)}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey decrease inflammation, dey decrease fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205104155/https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=www.Lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey prevent blood clots. Side effects dey depend on de specific drug, ein dose den duration of use, buh largely dey include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers den bleeds, [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], den kidney disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Risk of acute myocardial infarction&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM |date=May 2017 |title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909 |pmc=5423546 |pmid=28487435 |article-number=j1909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK |date=August 2017 |title=Peptic ulcer disease |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=390 |issue=10094 |pages=613–624 |bibcode=2017Lanc..390..613L |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7 |pmid=28242110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey include [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], [[diclofenac]], den [[naproxen]], all of wich be available over de counter (OTC).&lt;ref name=&quot;The Physician and Sportsmedicine 20103&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Warden SJ |date=April 2010 |title=Prophylactic use of NSAIDs by athletes: a risk/benefit assessment |journal=The Physician and Sportsmedicine |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=132–8 |doi=10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770 |pmid=20424410}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) generally no be considered an NSAID secof e get only minor anti-inflammatory activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinz_20083&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K |date=February 2008 |title=Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=383–90 |doi=10.1096/fj.07-8506com |pmid=17884974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;integrada&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7cxH6XH4-sC |title=Farmacología integrada |vauthors=Page CP, Curtis MJ, Sutter M, Walker M, Hoffman B |date=1998 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] España |isbn=84-8174-340-2 |language=es |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De term ''nonsteroidal'', common from around 1960, dey distinguish dese drugs from [[corticosteroids]], anoda class of [[anti-inflammatory]] drugs,&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, Brown JP, Cohen A, Kim H |date=August 2013 |title=A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy |journal=Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=30 |doi=10.1186/1710-1492-9-30 |pmc=3765115 |pmid=23947590 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich during de 1950s acquire a bad reputation secof overuse den side-effect problems after dema introduction insyd 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buer_2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Buer JK | title = Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID' | journal = Inflammopharmacology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 263–267 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25064056 | doi = 10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 10852/45403 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Case JP | title = Old and new drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis: a historical perspective. Part 1: the older drugs | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–143 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11304666 | doi = 10.1097/00045391-200103000-00007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = LeFanu J |title=The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Abacus |page=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey work by inhibiting de activity of [[cyclooxygenase]] [[enzyme]]s (de [[COX-1]] den [[COX-2]] [[isozyme|isoenzyme]]s).&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot; /&gt; Insyd cells, dese enzymes be involved insyd de synthesis of key biological mediators, namely [[prostaglandin]]s, wich be involved insyd [[inflammation]], den [[thromboxane]]s, wich be involved insyd [[Coagulation|blood clotting]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Chandrasekharan NV, Simmons DL |date=August 2004 |title=The cyclooxygenases |journal=Genome Biology |volume=5 |issue=9 |page=241 |doi=10.1186/gb-2004-5-9-241 |doi-access=free|issn=1474-760X |pmc=522864 |pmid=15345041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der be two general types of NSAIDs available: non-selective den [[COX-2 inhibitor|COX-2 selective]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Day RO, Graham GG|date=2004|title=The Vascular Effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors|journal=[[Australian Prescriber]]|volume=27|issue=6|pages=142–145|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2004.119|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw NSAIDs be non-selective, den inhibit de activity of both COX-1 den COX-2. Dese NSAIDs, while reducing inflammation, sanso dey inhibit platelet aggregation den increase de risk of [[Peptic ulcer disease|gastrointestinal ulcers]] den bleeds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; COX-2 selective inhibitors get fewer gastrointestinal side effects, buh promote [[thrombosis]], den sam of dese agents substantially increase de risk of [[heart attack]]. As a result, certain COX-2 selective inhibitors—such as [[rofecoxib]]— no longer be used secof de high risk of undiagnosed [[vascular disease]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dese differential effects be secof de different roles den tissue localisations of each COX isoenzyme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; By inhibiting physiological COX activity, NSAIDs fi cause deleterious effects on kidney function,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Brater DC, Harris C, Redfern JS, Gertz BJ|date=January 2001|title=Renal effects of COX-2-selective inhibitors|journal=[[American Journal of Nephrology]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=1–15|pmid=11275626|doi=10.1159/000046212 }}&lt;/ref&gt; den, perhaps as a result of water den sodium retention den decreases insyd renal blood flow, fi lead to heart problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Bleumink GS, Feenstra J, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BH|date=2003|title=Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and heart failure|journal=[[Drugs (journal)|Drugs]]|volume=63|issue=6|pages=525–34|pmid=12656651|doi=10.2165/00003495-200363060-00001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Classification==
[[File:Burana600.jpg|thumb|Burana 600 mg – [[ibuprofen]] package]]
===Salicylates===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Aspirin]] ([[acetylsalicylic acid]])
* [[Diflunisal]] (Dolobid)
* [[Ethenzamide]]
* [[Salicylamide]]
* [[Salicylic acid]] and its salts
* [[Salsalate]] (Disalcid)
* [[Choline salicylate]]
* [[Methyl salicylate]]
* [[Sodium salicylate]]
{{Div col end}}

===Propionic acid derivatives===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Ibuprofen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;urlDrugBank: Ibuprofen (DB01050)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01050 |title=Ibuprofen |publisher=DrugBank |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=21 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721050937/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/db01050 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dexibuprofen]]
* [[Naproxen]]
* [[Fenoprofen]]
* [[Ketoprofen]]
* [[Dexketoprofen]]
* [[Flurbiprofen]]
* [[Oxaprozin]]
* [[Loxoprofen]]
* [[Pelubiprofen]]
* [[Zaltoprofen]]
* [[Fenbufen]]
* [[Tiaprofenic acid]]
* [[Carprofen]]
{{Div col end}}

===Acetic acid derivatives===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Indomethacin]]
* [[Acemetacin]]
* [[Tolmetin]]
* [[Sulindac]]
* [[Etodolac]]
* [[Ketorolac]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mallinson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Mallinson TE|date=2017|title=A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic|journal=Journal of Paramedic Practice|volume=9|issue=12|pages=522–526|doi=10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Diclofenac]]
* [[Fenclofenac]]
* [[Aceclofenac]]
* [[Bromfenac]]
* [[Fentiazac]]
* [[Nabumetone]] (drug einself be non-acidic, buh de active, principal metabolite get a carboxylic acid group)
{{Div col end}}

===Enolic acid (oxicam) derivatives===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Piroxicam]]
* [[Ampiroxicam]]
* [[Meloxicam]]
* [[Tenoxicam]]
* [[Droxicam]]
* [[Lornoxicam]]
* [[Isoxicam]] (dem withdraw from market 1985&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Consolidated list of products whose consumption and / or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by Governments.: 15th issue (New data only), (June 2007-June 2009),: Chemicals |date=2009 |publisher=UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs |isbn=978-92-1-130277-6 |page=123 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/708141 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Fung M, Thornton A, Mybeck K, Wu JH, Hornbuckle K, Muniz E |title=Evaluation of the Characteristics of Safety Withdrawal of Prescription Drugs from Worldwide Pharmaceutical Markets-1960 to 1999 |journal=[[Therapeutic Innovation &amp; Regulatory Science]] |date=January 2001 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=293–317 |doi=10.1177/009286150103500134 }}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Phenylbutazone]] (Bute)
{{Div col end}}

===Anthranilic acid derivatives (Fenamates)===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Mefenamic acid]]
* [[Meclofenamic acid]]
* [[Flufenamic acid]]
* [[Tolfenamic acid]]
* [[Etofenamate]]
{{Div col end}}

===Selective COX-2 inhibitors (Coxibs)===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Celecoxib]] (FDA alert&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124655.htm |title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: Celecoxib (sold under the brand name Celebrex) |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075404/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124655.htm |archive-date=19 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Rofecoxib]] (dem withdraw from market&lt;ref name=&quot;urlFDA Public Health Advisory: Safety of Vioxx&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders/ucm106274.htm |title=Safety of Vioxx |work=FDA Public Health Advisory |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527230004/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders/ucm106274.htm |archive-date=27 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Valdecoxib]] (dem withdraw from market&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124649.htm |title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: Valdecoxib (sold under the brand name Bextra) |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202220606/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124649.htm |archive-date=2 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Parecoxib]] FDA dem withdraw, licensed in the EU
* [[Lumiracoxib]] TGA cancel registration
* [[Etoricoxib]] no be FDA approved, licensed insyd de EU
* [[Firocoxib]] dem use insyd dogs den horses
* [[Deracoxib]] dem label for use insyd dogs
* [[Robenacoxib]] dem label for use insyd dogs den cats
{{Div col end}}

===Sulfonanilides===
* [[Nimesulide]] (dem ban systemic preparations by several countries for de potential risk of hepatotoxicity)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McNaughton R, Huet G, Shakir S | title = An investigation into drug products withdrawn from the EU market between 2002 and 2011 for safety reasons and the evidence used to support the decision-making | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 4 | issue = 1 |article-number=e004221 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24435895 | pmc = 3902466 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004221 | doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Odas===
* [[Benzydamine]] (dem commonly brand as Tantum Verde anaa Difflam) be an [[indazole]] derivative plus local [[anaesthetic]] den [[analgesic]] properties
* [[Clonixin]]
* [[Licofelone]] dey act by inhibiting LOX ([[Lipoxygenase|lipooxygenase]]) den COX den hence be known as a [[5-LOX inhibitor|5-LOX]]/[[Cyclooxygenase inhibitor|COX inhibitor]]
* H-harpagide insyd [[Scrophularia|figwort]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22414102&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Viljoen A, Mncwangi N, Vermaak I | title = Anti-inflammatory iridoids of botanical origin | journal = Current Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 19 | issue = 14 | pages = 2104–27 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22414102 | pmc = 3873812 | doi = 10.2174/092986712800229005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa [[Harpagophytum|devil's claw]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21775152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang L, Feng L, Jia Q, Xu J, Wang R, Wang Z, Wu Y, Li Y | title = Effects of β-glucosidase hydrolyzed products of harpagide and harpagoside on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro | journal = Bioorganic &amp; Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 19 | issue = 16 | pages = 4882–6 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21775152 | doi = 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.069 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Sam NSAIDs sanso be given [[Intravenous therapy|intravenously]], such as [[Ketorolac]] den [[Diclofenac sodium]].''
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
==External links==
{{Commons category|Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs|Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs}}
* {{cite web | title=Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=31 December 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260308002742/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids | archive-date=8 March 2026 | url-status=dead }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs| ]]
[[Category:Dermatoxins]]
[[Category:Hepatotoxins]]</text>
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'''Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs''' ('''NSAID''') be members of a therapeutic drug class wich dey reduce pain,&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |url=https://BNF.NICE.org.uk/treatment-summary/non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=BNF.NICE.org.uk |publisher=[[British National Formulary]] (BNF), [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE)}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey decrease inflammation, dey decrease fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205104155/https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=www.Lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey prevent blood clots. Side effects dey depend on de specific drug, ein dose den duration of use, buh largely dey include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers den bleeds, [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], den kidney disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Risk of acute myocardial infarction&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM |date=May 2017 |title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909 |pmc=5423546 |pmid=28487435 |article-number=j1909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK |date=August 2017 |title=Peptic ulcer disease |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=390 |issue=10094 |pages=613–624 |bibcode=2017Lanc..390..613L |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7 |pmid=28242110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey include [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], [[diclofenac]], den [[naproxen]], all of wich be available over de counter (OTC).&lt;ref name=&quot;The Physician and Sportsmedicine 20103&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Warden SJ |date=April 2010 |title=Prophylactic use of NSAIDs by athletes: a risk/benefit assessment |journal=The Physician and Sportsmedicine |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=132–8 |doi=10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770 |pmid=20424410}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) generally no be considered an NSAID secof e get only minor anti-inflammatory activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinz_20083&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K |date=February 2008 |title=Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_faseb-journal_2008-02_22_2/page/n66 |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=383–90 |doi=10.1096/fj.07-8506com |pmid=17884974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;integrada&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7cxH6XH4-sC |title=Farmacología integrada |vauthors=Page CP, Curtis MJ, Sutter M, Walker M, Hoffman B |date=1998 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] España |isbn=84-8174-340-2 |language=es |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De term ''nonsteroidal'', common from around 1960, dey distinguish dese drugs from [[corticosteroids]], anoda class of [[anti-inflammatory]] drugs,&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, Brown JP, Cohen A, Kim H |date=August 2013 |title=A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy |journal=Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=30 |doi=10.1186/1710-1492-9-30 |pmc=3765115 |pmid=23947590 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich during de 1950s acquire a bad reputation secof overuse den side-effect problems after dema introduction insyd 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buer_2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Buer JK | title = Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID' | journal = Inflammopharmacology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 263–267 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25064056 | doi = 10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 10852/45403 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Case JP | title = Old and new drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis: a historical perspective. Part 1: the older drugs | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–143 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11304666 | doi = 10.1097/00045391-200103000-00007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = LeFanu J |title=The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine |date=2011 |publisher=Abacus |page=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey work by inhibiting de activity of [[cyclooxygenase]] [[enzyme]]s (de [[COX-1]] den [[COX-2]] [[isozyme|isoenzyme]]s).&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot; /&gt; Insyd cells, dese enzymes be involved insyd de synthesis of key biological mediators, namely [[prostaglandin]]s, wich be involved insyd [[inflammation]], den [[thromboxane]]s, wich be involved insyd [[Coagulation|blood clotting]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Chandrasekharan NV, Simmons DL |date=August 2004 |title=The cyclooxygenases |journal=Genome Biology |volume=5 |issue=9 |page=241 |doi=10.1186/gb-2004-5-9-241 |doi-access=free|issn=1474-760X |pmc=522864 |pmid=15345041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der be two general types of NSAIDs available: non-selective den [[COX-2 inhibitor|COX-2 selective]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Day RO, Graham GG|date=2004|title=The Vascular Effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors|journal=[[Australian Prescriber]]|volume=27|issue=6|pages=142–145|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2004.119|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw NSAIDs be non-selective, den inhibit de activity of both COX-1 den COX-2. Dese NSAIDs, while reducing inflammation, sanso dey inhibit platelet aggregation den increase de risk of [[Peptic ulcer disease|gastrointestinal ulcers]] den bleeds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; COX-2 selective inhibitors get fewer gastrointestinal side effects, buh promote [[thrombosis]], den sam of dese agents substantially increase de risk of [[heart attack]]. As a result, certain COX-2 selective inhibitors—such as [[rofecoxib]]— no longer be used secof de high risk of undiagnosed [[vascular disease]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dese differential effects be secof de different roles den tissue localisations of each COX isoenzyme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; By inhibiting physiological COX activity, NSAIDs fi cause deleterious effects on kidney function,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Brater DC, Harris C, Redfern JS, Gertz BJ|date=January 2001|title=Renal effects of COX-2-selective inhibitors|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-nephrology_january-february-2001_21_1/page/n6|journal=[[American Journal of Nephrology]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=1–15|pmid=11275626|doi=10.1159/000046212 }}&lt;/ref&gt; den, perhaps as a result of water den sodium retention den decreases insyd renal blood flow, fi lead to heart problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Bleumink GS, Feenstra J, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BH|date=2003|title=Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and heart failure|journal=[[Drugs (journal)|Drugs]]|volume=63|issue=6|pages=525–34|pmid=12656651|doi=10.2165/00003495-200363060-00001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Classification==
[[File:Burana600.jpg|thumb|Burana 600 mg – [[ibuprofen]] package]]
===Salicylates===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Aspirin]] ([[acetylsalicylic acid]])
* [[Diflunisal]] (Dolobid)
* [[Ethenzamide]]
* [[Salicylamide]]
* [[Salicylic acid]] and its salts
* [[Salsalate]] (Disalcid)
* [[Choline salicylate]]
* [[Methyl salicylate]]
* [[Sodium salicylate]]
{{Div col end}}

===Propionic acid derivatives===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Ibuprofen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;urlDrugBank: Ibuprofen (DB01050)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01050 |title=Ibuprofen |publisher=DrugBank |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=21 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721050937/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/db01050 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dexibuprofen]]
* [[Naproxen]]
* [[Fenoprofen]]
* [[Ketoprofen]]
* [[Dexketoprofen]]
* [[Flurbiprofen]]
* [[Oxaprozin]]
* [[Loxoprofen]]
* [[Pelubiprofen]]
* [[Zaltoprofen]]
* [[Fenbufen]]
* [[Tiaprofenic acid]]
* [[Carprofen]]
{{Div col end}}

===Acetic acid derivatives===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Indomethacin]]
* [[Acemetacin]]
* [[Tolmetin]]
* [[Sulindac]]
* [[Etodolac]]
* [[Ketorolac]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mallinson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Mallinson TE|date=2017|title=A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic|journal=Journal of Paramedic Practice|volume=9|issue=12|pages=522–526|doi=10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Diclofenac]]
* [[Fenclofenac]]
* [[Aceclofenac]]
* [[Bromfenac]]
* [[Fentiazac]]
* [[Nabumetone]] (drug einself be non-acidic, buh de active, principal metabolite get a carboxylic acid group)
{{Div col end}}

===Enolic acid (oxicam) derivatives===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Piroxicam]]
* [[Ampiroxicam]]
* [[Meloxicam]]
* [[Tenoxicam]]
* [[Droxicam]]
* [[Lornoxicam]]
* [[Isoxicam]] (dem withdraw from market 1985&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Consolidated list of products whose consumption and / or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by Governments.: 15th issue (New data only), (June 2007-June 2009),: Chemicals |date=2009 |publisher=UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs |isbn=978-92-1-130277-6 |page=123 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/708141 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Fung M, Thornton A, Mybeck K, Wu JH, Hornbuckle K, Muniz E |title=Evaluation of the Characteristics of Safety Withdrawal of Prescription Drugs from Worldwide Pharmaceutical Markets-1960 to 1999 |journal=[[Therapeutic Innovation &amp; Regulatory Science]] |date=January 2001 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=293–317 |doi=10.1177/009286150103500134 }}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Phenylbutazone]] (Bute)
{{Div col end}}

===Anthranilic acid derivatives (Fenamates)===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Mefenamic acid]]
* [[Meclofenamic acid]]
* [[Flufenamic acid]]
* [[Tolfenamic acid]]
* [[Etofenamate]]
{{Div col end}}

===Selective COX-2 inhibitors (Coxibs)===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Celecoxib]] (FDA alert&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124655.htm |title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: Celecoxib (sold under the brand name Celebrex) |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075404/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124655.htm |archive-date=19 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Rofecoxib]] (dem withdraw from market&lt;ref name=&quot;urlFDA Public Health Advisory: Safety of Vioxx&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders/ucm106274.htm |title=Safety of Vioxx |work=FDA Public Health Advisory |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527230004/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders/ucm106274.htm |archive-date=27 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Valdecoxib]] (dem withdraw from market&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124649.htm |title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: Valdecoxib (sold under the brand name Bextra) |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202220606/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124649.htm |archive-date=2 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Parecoxib]] FDA dem withdraw, licensed in the EU
* [[Lumiracoxib]] TGA cancel registration
* [[Etoricoxib]] no be FDA approved, licensed insyd de EU
* [[Firocoxib]] dem use insyd dogs den horses
* [[Deracoxib]] dem label for use insyd dogs
* [[Robenacoxib]] dem label for use insyd dogs den cats
{{Div col end}}

===Sulfonanilides===
* [[Nimesulide]] (dem ban systemic preparations by several countries for de potential risk of hepatotoxicity)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McNaughton R, Huet G, Shakir S | title = An investigation into drug products withdrawn from the EU market between 2002 and 2011 for safety reasons and the evidence used to support the decision-making | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 4 | issue = 1 |article-number=e004221 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24435895 | pmc = 3902466 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004221 | doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Odas===
* [[Benzydamine]] (dem commonly brand as Tantum Verde anaa Difflam) be an [[indazole]] derivative plus local [[anaesthetic]] den [[analgesic]] properties
* [[Clonixin]]
* [[Licofelone]] dey act by inhibiting LOX ([[Lipoxygenase|lipooxygenase]]) den COX den hence be known as a [[5-LOX inhibitor|5-LOX]]/[[Cyclooxygenase inhibitor|COX inhibitor]]
* H-harpagide insyd [[Scrophularia|figwort]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22414102&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Viljoen A, Mncwangi N, Vermaak I | title = Anti-inflammatory iridoids of botanical origin | journal = Current Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 19 | issue = 14 | pages = 2104–27 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22414102 | pmc = 3873812 | doi = 10.2174/092986712800229005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa [[Harpagophytum|devil's claw]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21775152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang L, Feng L, Jia Q, Xu J, Wang R, Wang Z, Wu Y, Li Y | title = Effects of β-glucosidase hydrolyzed products of harpagide and harpagoside on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro | journal = Bioorganic &amp; Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 19 | issue = 16 | pages = 4882–6 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21775152 | doi = 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.069 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Sam NSAIDs sanso be given [[Intravenous therapy|intravenously]], such as [[Ketorolac]] den [[Diclofenac sodium]].''
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
==External links==
{{Commons category|Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs|Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs}}
* {{cite web | title=Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=31 December 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260308002742/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids | archive-date=8 March 2026 | url-status=dead }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs| ]]
[[Category:Dermatoxins]]
[[Category:Hepatotoxins]]</text>
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    <title>Pericarditis</title>
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'''Pericarditis''' (PER-i-kar-DYE-tis) be inflammation of de pericardium, de fibrous sac wey dey surround de [[heart]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=What Is Pericarditis? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002030835/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms typically dey include sudden onset of sharp chest pain, wich sanso fi be felt insyd de shoulders, neck, anaa back.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002032323/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=28 September 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; De pain typically be less severe wen sitting up den more severe wen lying down anaa breathing deeply.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot; /&gt; Oda symptoms of pericarditis fi include [[fever]], weakness, palpitations, den shortness of breath.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot; /&gt; De onset of symptoms occasionally fi be gradual rather dan sudden.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot; /&gt;

== References ==</text>
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'''Pericarditis''' (PER-i-kar-DYE-tis) be inflammation of de pericardium, de fibrous sac wey dey surround de [[heart]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=What Is Pericarditis? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002030835/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms typically dey include sudden onset of sharp chest pain, wich sanso fi be felt insyd de shoulders, neck, anaa back.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002032323/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=28 September 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; De pain typically be less severe wen sitting up den more severe wen lying down anaa breathing deeply.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot; /&gt; Oda symptoms of pericarditis fi include [[fever]], weakness, palpitations, den shortness of breath.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot; /&gt; De onset of symptoms occasionally fi be gradual rather dan sudden.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot; /&gt;

== References ==

[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Pericarditis''' (PER-i-kar-DYE-tis) be inflammation of de pericardium, de fibrous sac wey dey surround de [[heart]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=What Is Pericarditis? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002030835/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms typically dey include sudden onset of sharp chest pain, wich sanso fi be felt insyd de shoulders, neck, anaa back.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002032323/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=28 September 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; De pain typically be less severe wen sitting up den more severe wen lying down anaa breathing deeply.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot; /&gt; Oda symptoms of pericarditis fi include [[fever]], weakness, palpitations, den shortness of breath.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot; /&gt; De onset of symptoms occasionally fi be gradual rather dan sudden.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot; /&gt;

De cause of pericarditis often remain unknown buh e be believed to be most often secof a [[viral infection]].&lt;ref name=AFP2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tingle LE, Molina D, Calvert CW | title = Acute pericarditis | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 76 | issue = 10 | pages = 1509–14 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18052017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot; /&gt; Oda causes dey include [[bacterial infection]]s (such as [[tuberculosis]]), [[uremic pericarditis]], [[heart attack]], [[cancer]], [[autoimmune disorder]]s, den [[chest trauma]].&lt;ref name=AFP2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2012Ca&gt;{{cite web|title=What Causes Pericarditis?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/causes|website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=28 September 2016|date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002035605/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/causes|archive-date=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis be based on de presence of chest pain, a [[pericardial rub]], specific [[electrocardiogram]] (ECG) changes, den [[pericardial effusion|fluid around de heart]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Im20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Imazio M, Gaita F, LeWinter M |date=October 2015 |title=Evaluation and Treatment of Pericarditis: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA |volume=314 |issue=14 |pages=1498–506 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.12763 |hdl=2318/1576078 |pmid=26461998 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A heart attack fi produce similar symptoms to pericarditis.&lt;ref name=NIH2012Sym/&gt;
== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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'''Pericarditis''' (PER-i-kar-DYE-tis) be inflammation of de pericardium, de fibrous sac wey dey surround de [[heart]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=What Is Pericarditis? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002030835/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms typically dey include sudden onset of sharp chest pain, wich sanso fi be felt insyd de shoulders, neck, anaa back.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002032323/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=28 September 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; De pain typically be less severe wen sitting up den more severe wen lying down anaa breathing deeply.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot; /&gt; Oda symptoms of pericarditis fi include [[fever]], weakness, palpitations, den shortness of breath.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot; /&gt; De onset of symptoms occasionally fi be gradual rather dan sudden.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot; /&gt;

De cause of pericarditis often remain unknown buh e be believed to be most often secof a [[viral infection]].&lt;ref name=AFP2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tingle LE, Molina D, Calvert CW | title = Acute pericarditis | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 76 | issue = 10 | pages = 1509–14 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18052017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot; /&gt; Oda causes dey include [[bacterial infection]]s (such as [[tuberculosis]]), [[uremic pericarditis]], [[heart attack]], [[cancer]], [[autoimmune disorder]]s, den [[chest trauma]].&lt;ref name=AFP2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2012Ca&gt;{{cite web|title=What Causes Pericarditis?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/causes|website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=28 September 2016|date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002035605/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/causes|archive-date=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis be based on de presence of chest pain, a [[pericardial rub]], specific [[electrocardiogram]] (ECG) changes, den [[pericardial effusion|fluid around de heart]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Im20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Imazio M, Gaita F, LeWinter M |date=October 2015 |title=Evaluation and Treatment of Pericarditis: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA |volume=314 |issue=14 |pages=1498–506 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.12763 |hdl=2318/1576078 |pmid=26461998 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A heart attack fi produce similar symptoms to pericarditis.&lt;ref name=NIH2012Sym/&gt;

Treatment insyd chaw cases be plus [[NSAIDs]] den possibly de anti-inflammatory medication [[colchicine]].&lt;ref name=Im2015/&gt; [[Corticosteroid|Steroids]] fi be used if dese no be appropriate.&lt;ref name=Im2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Imazio M, Gaita F, LeWinter M | title = Evaluation and Treatment of Pericarditis: A Systematic Review | journal = JAMA | volume = 314 | issue = 14 | pages = 1498–506 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26461998 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2015.12763 | hdl = 2318/1576078 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms usually dey improve insyd a few days to weeks buh occasionally fi last months.&lt;ref name=NIH2012Prog&gt;{{cite web|title=How Is Pericarditis Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/treatment| website = National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |access-date=28 September 2016|date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002032853/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/treatment|archive-date=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Complications fi include [[cardiac tamponade]], [[myocarditis]], den [[constrictive pericarditis]].&lt;ref name=NIH2012Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs| website = National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |access-date=28 September 2016|date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002032323/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs|archive-date=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=HEART2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Imazio M, Gaita F | s2cid = 35310104 | title = Diagnosis and treatment of pericarditis | journal = Heart | volume = 101 | issue = 14 | pages = 1159–68 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25855795 | doi = 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306362 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pericarditis be an uncommon cause of chest pain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McConaghy JR, Oza RS | title = Outpatient diagnosis of acute chest pain in adults | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 87 | issue = 3 | pages = 177–82 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23418761 }}&lt;/ref&gt; About 3 per 10,000 people be affected per year.&lt;ref name=HEART2015/&gt; Those most commonly affected be males between de ages of 20 den 50.&lt;ref name=NIH2012Who/&gt; Up to 30% of those affected get more dan one episode.&lt;ref name=NIH2012Who&gt;{{cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for Pericarditis?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/atrisk| website = National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |access-date=28 September 2016|date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002014435/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/atrisk|archive-date=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Pericarditis''' (PER-i-kar-DYE-tis) be inflammation of de pericardium, de fibrous sac wey dey surround de [[heart]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=What Is Pericarditis? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002030835/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms typically dey include sudden onset of sharp chest pain, wich sanso fi be felt insyd de shoulders, neck, anaa back.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002032323/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=28 September 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; De pain typically be less severe wen sitting up den more severe wen lying down anaa breathing deeply.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot; /&gt; Oda symptoms of pericarditis fi include [[fever]], weakness, palpitations, den shortness of breath.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012Sym&quot; /&gt; De onset of symptoms occasionally fi be gradual rather dan sudden.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot; /&gt;

De cause of pericarditis often remain unknown buh e be believed to be most often secof a [[viral infection]].&lt;ref name=AFP2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tingle LE, Molina D, Calvert CW | title = Acute pericarditis | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 76 | issue = 10 | pages = 1509–14 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18052017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012What&quot; /&gt; Oda causes dey include [[bacterial infection]]s (such as [[tuberculosis]]), [[uremic pericarditis]], [[heart attack]], [[cancer]], [[autoimmune disorder]]s, den [[chest trauma]].&lt;ref name=AFP2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2012Ca&gt;{{cite web|title=What Causes Pericarditis?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/causes|website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=28 September 2016|date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002035605/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/causes|archive-date=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis be based on de presence of chest pain, a [[pericardial rub]], specific [[electrocardiogram]] (ECG) changes, den [[pericardial effusion|fluid around de heart]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Im20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Imazio M, Gaita F, LeWinter M |date=October 2015 |title=Evaluation and Treatment of Pericarditis: A Systematic Review |journal=JAMA |volume=314 |issue=14 |pages=1498–506 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.12763 |hdl=2318/1576078 |pmid=26461998 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A heart attack fi produce similar symptoms to pericarditis.&lt;ref name=NIH2012Sym/&gt;

Treatment insyd chaw cases be plus [[NSAIDs]] den possibly de anti-inflammatory medication [[colchicine]].&lt;ref name=Im2015/&gt; [[Corticosteroid|Steroids]] fi be used if dese no be appropriate.&lt;ref name=Im2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Imazio M, Gaita F, LeWinter M | title = Evaluation and Treatment of Pericarditis: A Systematic Review | journal = JAMA | volume = 314 | issue = 14 | pages = 1498–506 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26461998 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2015.12763 | hdl = 2318/1576078 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms usually dey improve insyd a few days to weeks buh occasionally fi last months.&lt;ref name=NIH2012Prog&gt;{{cite web|title=How Is Pericarditis Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/treatment| website = National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |access-date=28 September 2016|date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002032853/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/treatment|archive-date=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Complications fi include [[cardiac tamponade]], [[myocarditis]], den [[constrictive pericarditis]].&lt;ref name=NIH2012Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs| website = National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |access-date=28 September 2016|date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002032323/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/signs|archive-date=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=HEART2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Imazio M, Gaita F | s2cid = 35310104 | title = Diagnosis and treatment of pericarditis | journal = Heart | volume = 101 | issue = 14 | pages = 1159–68 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25855795 | doi = 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306362 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pericarditis be an uncommon cause of chest pain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McConaghy JR, Oza RS | title = Outpatient diagnosis of acute chest pain in adults | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 87 | issue = 3 | pages = 177–82 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23418761 }}&lt;/ref&gt; About 3 per 10,000 people be affected per year.&lt;ref name=HEART2015/&gt; Those most commonly affected be males between de ages of 20 den 50.&lt;ref name=NIH2012Who/&gt; Up to 30% of those affected get more dan one episode.&lt;ref name=NIH2012Who&gt;{{cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for Pericarditis?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/atrisk| website = National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |access-date=28 September 2016|date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002014435/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/peri/atrisk|archive-date=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000182.htm Pericarditis&amp;nbsp;— National Library of Medicine]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509163758/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/peri/peri_whatis.html Pericarditis&amp;nbsp;— National Heart Lung Blood Institute]
[[Category:Pericardial disorders]]
[[Category:Disorders of fascia]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Category:Pericardial disorders</title>
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