Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1417 115397 82441 2026-10-29T21:41:47Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q19473678}} '''Deborah Ahenkorah''' (dem born am 20 April 1987)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160202211142/http://reachforchange.org:8080/africa-blog/2011/03/11/these-are-the-most-innovative-social-entrepreneurs-of-ghana/ "These are the most innovative social entrepreneurs of Ghana"]. ''Reach for Change''. 11 March 2011. Archived from [http://reachforchange.org:8080/africa-blog/2011/03/11/these-are-the-most-innovative-social-entrepreneurs-of-ghana/ the original] on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2015. <q>Deborah Ahenkorah, 23 years old and living in Accra</q></ref> be Ghanaian educator den activist, co-founder den CEO of Golden Baobab,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230112121258/http://www.goldenbaobab.org/ "goldenbaobab.org is coming soon"]. ''www.goldenbaobab.org''. Retrieved 2024-02-24.</ref> ebe social enterprise wey dey help promote African literature give children, awarding de annual Golden Baobab Prize.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030721/http://www.hbook.com/2016/11/creating-books/foreign-correspondence-an-interview-with-deborah-ahenkorah-torchbearer-for-african-childrens-publishing/ "The Horn Book"]. ''www.hbook.com''. Retrieved 2024-02-24.</ref> She study for Bryn Mawr College, wey Echoing Green Fellowship name am as "one of de most innovative contributions wey go change today's world."<ref>[https://fellows.echoinggreen.org/fellow/deborah-ahenkorah/ "Deborah Ahenkorah Osei-Agyekum"]. ''Echoing Green Fellows Directory''. Retrieved 2023-01-12.</ref> Na Ahenkorah be part of de New Voices Fellowship for Aspen Institute for 2013 insyd.<ref>Ong'onge, Leon (12 July 2013). [http://allafrica.com/stories/201307121638.html "Ghana: Bringing African Voices to Children's Literature"]. ''allAfrica''. Retrieved 8 March 2015.</ref> == Ein biography == Dem born den raise Ahenkorah for Accra, Ghana. She attend Bryn Mawr College, wer she serve as co-chair of "Bryn Mawr's African Students" organization. She san be de founder of Project Educate for Africa, den resident consultant den participant for Global Fund for Children den European Union Parliament. Na Ahenkorah be part of de Starting Bloc Fellowship, wey na she be involve for de Goldman Sachs Women's Summit. == External links == * Summer Edward, "[https://www.hbook.com/2016/11/creating-books/foreign-correspondence-an-interview-with-deborah-ahenkorah-torchbearer-for-african-childrens-publishing/ Foreign Correspondence: An Interview with Deborah Ahenkorah: Torchbearer for African Children’s Publishing]", ''The Horn Book'', 21 November 2006. == References == [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Ghanaian activists]] [[Category:Bryn Mawr College alumni]] [[Category:Ghanaian educators]] 38o6yej27lsjijeop1fqdsxfqcyvojx 0 1541 115400 96063 2026-10-29T23:25:54Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q81650525}} '''Gertrude Araba Esaaba Torkornoo''' (dem born am 11 September 1962) be Ghanaian judge den author. Formerly judge of de Appeal Court, dem nominate am as Supreme Court Judge for November 2019 insyd wey dem vet am for 10 December 2019 insyd.<ref>[https://citinewsroom.com/2019/12/supreme-court-justice-nominee-gertrude-torkonoo-faces-appointments-committee-today/ "Appointments Committee to vet Justice Torkornoo for Supreme Court Today"]. MyJoyOnline. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> Dem swear am in for 17 December 2019 insyd.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200112165119/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2019/December-17th/apply-laws-without-fear-favour-akufo-addo-to-new-judges.php "Apply laws without fear or favour – Akufo-Addo to new Supreme Court Justices"]. MyJoyOnline. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> Na she be one of de first Justices for de Commercial Division for de High Court wey na she be active for de core reform agenda insyd den activities for de Judiciary den Judicial Service for Ghana since 2005. Dem nominate am for de office of Chief Justice for April 2023 insyd make she replace Justice Kwasi Anin Yeboah wen he retire as Chief Justice for May 24, 2023.<ref>[https://citinewsroom.com/2023/04/profile-of-justice-gertrude-torkornoo/ "Profile of Justice Gertrude Torkornoo"]. ''Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana''. 26 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</ref> Na dem swear am into office as de 15th Chief Justice of Ghana for 12 June 2023.<ref>Gertrude Ankah, Nyavi (12 June 2023). [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-justice-gertrude-torkornoo-sworn-in-as-new-chief-justice-of-ghana.html "Justice Gertrude Torkornoo sworn-in as new Chief Justice of Ghana"]. ''Graphic Online''.</ref> == Ein early life den education == Gertrude Torkornoo dey hail from [[Winneba]] for de [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]] for Ghana. Dem born am for 11 September 1962 for Cape Coast insyd to Abraham Kofi Sackey den Comfort Aba Sackey, wey na dem both be teachers for de time. She be de second of five siblings.<ref>GNA (26 April 2023). [https://gna.org.gh/2023/04/cv-of-justice-gertrude-torkornoo/ "CV of Justice Gertrude Torkornoo"]. ''Ghana News Agency''. Retrieved 20 July 2023.</ref> She attend Suhum Presby Primary School insyd 1966 wey she continue to Ajumako Catholic School insyd 1969, wer na she plete ein primary education. From 1969 to 1973, she continue for Ajumako Methodist School prior to make she enter [[Wesley Girls' Senior High School|Wesley Girls' High School]] insyd 1973 wer na she obtain ein ordinary level certificate insyd 1978. She continue for [[Achimota School]] from 1978 to 1980 for ein advanced level certificate. She gain B. A. insyd Law den Sociology for [[University of Ghana]] insyd 1984 wey she graduate from de Ghana School of Law insyd 1986. Insyd 2001, she obtain Postgraduate Diploma insyd International Law den Organization from de International Institute of Social Studies, wich be part of Erasmus University Rotterdam insyd de Netherlands. Insyd 2011, she graduate from Golden Gate University School of Law, insyd USA plus Master Of Laws (LLM) insyd Intellectual Property Law.<ref name=":0">[https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/new-supreme-court-justices-take-office.html "New Supreme Court justices take office"]. Graphic Online. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241012133501/https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/justice-gertrude-torkornoo "Pioneer African Women in Law"]. ''African Women in Law''. Retrieved 20 July 2023.</ref> == Ein career == Before she join Fugar & Co., law firm for [[Accra]] insyd as associate, Justice Torkornoo job as volunteer for de FIDA Legal Aid Service wey she do internship plus Nabarro Nathanson for London insyd. She return to de firm (Fugar & Co.) for 1994 insyd wey she cam turn director. For January 1997 insyd, she co-found Sozo Law Consult wer she job as Managing Partner til 14 May 2004 wen dem appoint am Justice for de High Court for Ghana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230521141644/https://www.ghanaweb.com/region/crestcitynews/Akufo-Addo-nominates-Justice-Gertrude-Torkornoo-as-new-CJ-87194 "Akufo-Addo nominates Justice Gertrude Torkornoo as new CJ"]. ''GhanaWeb''. 1 January 1970. Archived from [https://www.ghanaweb.com/region/crestcitynews/Akufo-Addo-nominates-Justice-Gertrude-Torkornoo-as-new-CJ-87194 the original] on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</ref> She job as High Court judge til October 2012 wen dem elevate am go de Court of Appeal. Dem nominate Justice Torkornoo go de Supreme Court of Ghana for November 2019 insyd.<ref name=":0" /> Dem swear am go office for 17 December 2019.<ref name=":1" /> == References == [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:People wey komot Central Region (Ghana)]] [[Category:People educated at Wesley Girls' Senior High School]] [[Category:Justices for de Supreme Court of Ghana]] [[Category:Ghanaian women judges]] [[Category:Ghana School of Law alumni]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Alumni of Achimota School]] [[Category:20th-century Ghanaian women]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women]] [[Category:20th-century Ghanaian judges]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian judges]] [[Category:20th-century women judges]] [[Category:21st-century women judges]] [[Category:Golden Gate University School of Law alumni]] <references /> == External links == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGbRIEKP1ms President Akufo-Addo swears in Gertrude Araba Esaaba Torkornoo as Ghana's Chief Justice] * [https://justtrudy.com/ JustTrudy Website] rt6fgr7dghijdcwbveb3tyg53pkptkk 0 1811 115409 113255 2026-10-30T03:04:20Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q107781925}} '''Nana Kofi Asihene''' (dem born am 13 June 1980; alias '''Nana Asihene''') be Ghanaian music video director, creative consultant, film producer den film maker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/17474/meet-ghanas-premium-video-director-nana-kofi-asih.html|title=Meet Ghana's Premium Video Director-Nana Kofi Asihene|date=8 March 2012|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ghanafuo.com/2019/04/nana-asihene-writes-defend-ghanaian-video-directors-shatta-wales-attack.html|title=Nana Asihene writes to defend Ghanaian video directors after Shatta Wale's attack|date=5 April 2019|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802184743/https://ghanafuo.com/2019/04/nana-asihene-writes-defend-ghanaian-video-directors-shatta-wales-attack.html|archive-date=2 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://museafrica.com/2020/06/13/top-14-music-cinematics-from-director-nana-asihene-watch/|title=Top 14 Music Cinematics from Director Nana ASIHENE – Watch|date=13 June 2020|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://unitedshowbiz.net/top-5-video-directors-in-ghana/|title=Top 5 Video Directors in Ghana.|date=31 May 2021|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901234136/https://unitedshowbiz.net/top-5-video-directors-in-ghana/|archive-date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yfmghana.com/nana-asihene-to-shoot-video-for-winner-of-yfm4syte-tv-new-lords/|title=Nana Asihene to Shoot Video for Winner of YFM/4Syte TV New Lords|date=1 November 2016|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> He work plus chaw musical genres den artists wey dey include [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]], [[Stonebwoy]], [[Kwabena Kwabena]], R2Bees, Mr Eazi, Ayigbe Edem, Ice Prince, Pappy Kojo, den chaw odas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sparkmag.live/nana-kofi-asihene-directed-ghanas-most-watched-video-on-youtube-and-influenced-music-video-culture-here-are-more-of-his-works/|title=Nana Kofi Asihene directed Ghana's most watched video on YouTube and influenced music video culture. Here are more of his works|date=12 April 2018|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://museafrica.com/2018/03/27/i-want-to-give-up-ghana-sucks-says-creative-entrepreneur-nana-kofi-asihene/|title='I want to give up, Ghana Sucks' says Creative Entrepreneur Nana Kofi Asihene|date=26 March 2018|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/nana-asihene-gets-the-stick-for-edems-over-again-bideo/|title=Nana Asihene gets the stick for Edem's 'Over Again' video|date=22 March 2012|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> == Ein Early life == Na dem born Asihene insyd [[Accra]], wer na he attend Glory Primary and JHS den [[Accra Academy]] wer he study Visual Arts. He further get ein Diploma in Fine Art from de Ultimate School of Art.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Ghanaian creative Nana Kofi Asihene to launch his new fashion collection |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/06/ghanaian-creative-nana-kofi-asihene-to-launch-his-new-fashion-collection/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> He study Textile Design for de [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] wey he get an MBA from de Accra Business School. == Ein Career == Na Asihene go into music den film production insyd 2009. Na he work give brands like Vodafone Ghana for de Life on Vodafone 4G<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vodafone Ghana|date=25 March 2019|title=Life on Vodafone 4G|website=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVlHUFU4ZS8}}</ref> project. He sanso be a fashion designer. He currently be de Creative Director den Lead Consultant of NKACC wich be a brand den communication company. He sanso establish de Nana Asihene Design Studio.<ref name=":0" /> == Ein Life matter == Asihene dey relate to [[Theodosia Okoh]] den T-Michael.<ref name=":0" /> He marry Sophia Asihene wey dem get a boy.<ref name=":1">[https://newsghana.com.gh/meet-ghanas-premium-video-director-nana-kofi-asihene/ "Meet Ghana's Premium Video Director- Nana Kofi Asihene | News Ghana"]. ''NewsGhana''. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2023.</ref> == Ein videography dem select == *Mr Eazi ft Efya - Skintight<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-mr-eazi-skin-tight-feat-efya/x8gy09m| title=Mr Eazi - Skin Tight feat. Efya | date=21 December 2015 |access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> *Ice Prince ft [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]] - Shots on Shots<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/watch-ice-prince-shots-on-shots-featuring-sarkodie/| title=Watch: Ice Prince 'Shots on shots' featuring Sarkodie | date=14 April 2014 |access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> *[[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]] ft Castro - Adonai Remix<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/PHOTOS-Sarkodie-shoots-music-video-for-Adonai-with-Castro-in-South-Africa-309681| title=PHOTOS: Sarkodie shoots music video for Adonai with Castro in South Africa | date=17 May 2014 |access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> *Ayigbe Edem ft [[Kaakie]] - Latex <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/video-edems-latex-featuring-kaakie/ | title=Video: Edem's 'Latex' featuring Kaakie - MyJoyOnline | date=6 October 2013 }}</ref> *Ayigbe Edem ft Raquel - Girlfriend *EL ft Shaker – See Me Suffer *[[Stonebwoy]] ft Patoranking – Pull Up Remix *Yaa Yaa – Kae *[[Kwabena Kwabena]] ft Samini – Adult Music<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2013/07/23/new-music-video-adult-music-by-kwabena-kwabena-feat-samini/ | title=New Music Video: 'Adult Music' By Kwabena Kwabena Feat. Samini | date=23 July 2013 | access-date=2 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802184751/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2013/07/23/new-music-video-adult-music-by-kwabena-kwabena-feat-samini/ | archive-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> *Lord Paper ft Mr Eazi – Call on Me *Tinny – Regular Champion <ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/11/19/new-music-video-regular-champion-by-tinny/|title = New Music Video: Regular Champion by Tinny|date = 19 November 2012|access-date = 29 December 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231126180908/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/11/19/new-music-video-regular-champion-by-tinny/|archive-date = 26 November 2023}}</ref> *R2Bees – Makoma <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-r2bees-makoma/9yw3zn6|title=R2Bees - Makoma|date=18 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13988214/|title=R2Bees: Makoma|website=IMDb|date=18 April 2015}}</ref> *Itz Tiffany – Dance (Neke Neke)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/itz-tiffany-dance-neke-nekeofficial-video/|title = Itz Tiffany - Dance (Neke Neke)(Official Video)|date = 6 August 2013}}</ref> *Chase Forever – Lonely *[[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]] ft [[Obrafour]] - Saa Okodie No<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/01/01/new-music-video-saa-okodie-no-by-sarkodie-feat-obrafour/|title = New Music Video: 'Saa Okodie No' by Sarkodie Feat Obrafour|date = January 2012|access-date = 2023-02-13|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230213065631/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/01/01/new-music-video-saa-okodie-no-by-sarkodie-feat-obrafour/|archive-date = 2023-02-13}}</ref> == Ein Awards == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Project ! Ceremony ! Category ! Result |- |2008 |Fashion |British Council's Award |International Young Fashion Entrepreneur<ref name=":1" /> |He win |- | rowspan="1"| 2013 | rowspan="1"| Chase, "Lonely" | rowspan="1"|Vodafone Ghana Music Awards | ''Best Music Video''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/05/the-vodafone-ghana-music-awards-2013-photos-full-list-of-winners/| title=The Vodafone Ghana Music Awards 2013 {{!}} HOT Shots of Efya, Banky W, Nadia Buari, Jim Iyke & More {{!}} Full List of Winners | date=20 May 2013 |access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> | He win |- | rowspan="1"| 2015 | rowspan="1"| C-Real, "Shine" | rowspan="1"|MTN 4syte TV Music Video Awards | ''Best Music Video ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/music/201510/258606.php|title=4syte TV Music Video Awards 2015 Nominees Revealed|access-date=2023-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213065828/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/music/201510/258606.php|archive-date=2023-02-13}}</ref> | Dem nominate am |} == References == [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:1980 births]] [[Category:Ghanaian music video directors]] [[Category:Ghanaian film directors]] [[Category:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni]] [[Category:Ghanaian film producers]] [[Category:Ghanaian filmmakers]] <references /> == External links == * Nana Kofi Asihene for Twitter * Nana Kofi Asihene for IMDb * [http://www.nanakofiasihene.com Official website] * [https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/CitiTV/1/264782 Conversation with Nana Kofi Asihene] on [[:en:YouTube|YouTube]] tl99w00t0v6sy7gjfnju55wsftb4dp1 0 1822 115410 113273 2026-10-30T03:13:58Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nana Yaa''', alias '''Nayaah''', be Ghanaian Gospel singer den songwriter wey dey Luton, [[United Kingdom]]. == Ein Early life == She start dey sing as she dey 10 years old for [[Accra]], Ghana wey she tour Ghana den [[Nigeria]] waaa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Graft Ambassadors|url=http://www.graftfoundation.org/active.html|access-date=2025-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023400/http://www.graftfoundation.org/active.html|archive-date=2015-09-24}}</ref> ==Awards den nominations== {| class="wikitable" !Year !Event !Prize !Recipient / Nominated work !Result !Ref |- |2017 | rowspan="2" |Africa Gospel Awards |Artists of excellence Europe | rowspan="5" |Einself |Dem nominate am |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uggospellife.wordpress.com/2017/04/15/african-gospel-music-and-media-awards-2017-full-list-of-nominees-vote-for-team-uganda/|title=African Gospel Music And Media Awards 2017 Full List Of Nominees: Vote For Team Uganda.|last=PageAdmin|date=15 April 2017|website=Ug Gospel Life|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |Discovery Artiste of de Year |Dem nominate am | |- |Praisetek Gospel Music Awards |Outstanding Praise and Worship Leader |She win | |- |rowspan="2"|2014 |Prosperity Gospel Awards |Female Gospel Artiste of de Year |She win |<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://afiaenglish.wordpress.com/2014/07/02/photosnayaahuk-based-ghanaian-gospel-singer/|title = PHOTOS:Nayaah,Uk Based Ghanaian Gospel Singer|date = n.d.|accessdate = |website = afiaenglish|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194439/https://afiaenglish.wordpress.com/2014/07/02/photosnayaahuk-based-ghanaian-gospel-singer/|archive-date = 2016-03-04}}</ref> |- |Prestigious Africa Gospel Awards |Discovery of de Year |Dem nominate am |<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://afiaenglish.wordpress.com/2014/07/17/nayaahuk-based-ghanaian-gospel-artiste-get-nominated-forprestigious-africa-gospel-awardsin-the-discovery-of-the-year-award-category/|title = Nayaah,UK based Ghanaian gospel artiste Get Nominated For Prestigious Africa Gospel Awards,in the Discovery of the year award category|date = n.d.|accessdate = |website = afiaenglish|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160128153813/https://afiaenglish.wordpress.com/2014/07/17/nayaahuk-based-ghanaian-gospel-artiste-get-nominated-forprestigious-africa-gospel-awardsin-the-discovery-of-the-year-award-category/|archive-date = 2016-01-28}}</ref> |} ==Discography== ===Albums=== {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Production credit !Ref |- |2013 |''God is not a man'' |Kwame Keys (Echoed Music) |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/21539/nayaah-out-with-god-is-not-a-man.html|title=Nayaah Out With 'God Is Not A Man'|last=Modernghana.com|work=ModernGhana.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Production credit !Ref |- |2017 |Pillar | rowspan="4" |Kwame Keys (Echoed Music) |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gospelhauz.com/2017/08/18/nayaah-returns-pillar-release-september-8/|title=Nayaah Returns With 'You Are The Pillar' Release On September 8 {{!}} GospelHauz|date=18 August 2017|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102085955/http://www.gospelhauz.com/2017/08/18/nayaah-returns-pillar-release-september-8/|archive-date=2 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bigupsgh.com/2017/08/gospel-singer-nayaah-to-release-new-single.html|title=Gospel singer Nayaah to release new single|last=ricky|first=unkle|date=22 August 2017|work=BigupsGH.com – Africa's Entertainment Portal ,Music Downloads ,Exclusive News ,Movies & More|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Gospel-singer-Nayaah-to-release-new-single-572127|title=Gospel singer Nayaah to release new single|website=ghanaweb.com|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> |- |2015 |You're Great |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanandwom.com/nayaah-set-for-release-of-new-single-youre-great-on-april-3rd/|title=Nayaah Set For Release Of New Single ‘ You’re Great’ On April 3rd|access-date=2025-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830160114/http://www.ghanandwom.com/nayaah-set-for-release-of-new-single-youre-great-on-april-3rd|archive-date=2016-08-30}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |Worship Medley |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://xclusivegospel.com/2015/01/09/nayaah-worship-medley/|title=MUSIC: Nayaah – Worship Medley [@Nayaahmusic]|access-date=2025-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724053652/http://xclusivegospel.com/2015/01/09/nayaah-worship-medley/|archive-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> |- |God |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gospelcentric.net/site/music-nayaah-god-nayaahmusic/|title=Music: Nayaah – "God" {{!}} @Nayaahmusic {{!}} – Gospel Centric|date=9 December 2014|work=Gospel Centric|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> |} == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Nayaah}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Musicians wey komot Accra]] [[Category:Ghanaian women singers]] [[Category:Ghanaian gospel singers]] [[Category:Musicians wey komot Luton]] [[Category:Ghanaian expatriates insyd de United Kingdom]] <references /> ==External links== *[https://www.facebook.com/Nayaahmusic/ Official Facebook Page] fhk5o68z2wr56y6idljsvybsbf7uetk 0 1887 115415 113409 2026-10-30T03:58:28Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q57005607}} '''Priscilla Kolibea Mante''' be Ghanaian neuropharmacologist, researcher den lecturer from [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]], way dey [[Kumasi]] campus. Ein research work dey focus for alternatives of plant-based therapeutic options wey go manage drug-resistant epilepsy den de neglected tropical disease neurocysticercosis. She mostly dey explore de anticonvulsant activity of de plant alkaloid cryptolepine den ein solid-lipid nanoparticles for de management of neurocysticercosis-induced epilepsy for ein work insyd. Ein goal be say she go identify sam way way she go take help cryptolepine permeate more efficiently for de central nervous system so say ego reduce de risk of convulsion, wey ego make patients manage dema condition as effectively as possible. Aside from ein studies of epilepsy, Mante san work toward new therapies so say she go alleviate pain, anxiety, den depression.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/science-sustainable-future/women-in-science/rising-talents|title=International Rising Talents|date=2018-03-06|website=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=Meet Priscilla Kolibea Mante, the only Ghanaian and African to win the UNESCO science award in 2019|url=https://www.pulse.com/bi/tech/meet-priscilla-kolibea-mante-the-only-ghanaian-and-african-to-win-the-unesco-science/9lhqkf0|access-date=2019-09-12|website=pulse ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ntreh|first=Nii|date=2019-03-20|title=Meet the Ghanaian scientist who won a 100k Euro UNESCO award for science|url=https://yen.com.gh/124715-ghanaian-scientist-priscilla-kolibea-mante-wins-unesco-science-award.html|access-date=2019-09-12|website=Yen - Ghana news.|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204192554/https://yen.com.gh/124715-ghanaian-scientist-priscilla-kolibea-mante-wins-unesco-science-award.html|archive-date=2023-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=KNUST Lecturer receives L'Oréal-UNESCO award|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2019/March-25th/knust-lecturer-receives-loral-unesco-award.php|access-date=2019-09-12|website=Myjoyonline}}</ref><ref>[https://wegoinnovate.org/there-is-more-to-a-successful-college-experience-than-just-good-grades/ "Introducing Dr. Priscilla K. Mante - Knowing It Series"]. ''WeGo Innovate''. 13 January 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2019.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Priscilla Kolibea Mante: This Scientist is Trying to Ease Depression and Anxiety|url=https://onthedotwoman.com/woman/dr-priscilla-kolibea-mante|access-date=2019-11-25|website=onthedotwoman|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204192554/https://onthedotwoman.com/woman/dr-priscilla-kolibea-mante|archive-date=2023-02-04}}</ref> For 2019 insyd, na she be de only African recipient, den one of fifteen total of de L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women wey dey Science International Rising Talent Award insyd. She be de recipient of de 2018 L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women wey dey Science Sub-Saharan [[Africa]] post-doctoral fellowship insyd.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/03/15/ghanaian-female-scientist-receives-international-award-for-research/|title=Ghanaian female scientist receives international award for research|last=AfricaNews|date=2019-03-15|website=Africanews|language=en|access-date=2019-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508134144/https://www.africanews.com/2019/03/15/ghanaian-female-scientist-receives-international-award-for-research/|archive-date=2021-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/921428/ghanaian-female-scientist-receives-international.html|title=Ghanaian Female Scientist Receives International Award For Research|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/ghanaian-female-scientist-awarded-unesco-international-research-award/|title=Ghanaian female scientist awarded UNESCO international research award - News Ghana|date=2019-03-16|website=News Ghana|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Dr-Priscilla-Mante-wins-L-Oreal-UNESCO-award-732086|title=Dr. Priscilla Mante wins L'Oreal-UNESCO award|website=www.ghanaweb.com|date=21 March 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-03|title=Celebrating the Achievements of Five Outstanding Laureates and 15 International Rising Talents {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/harare/about-this-office/single-view/news/celebrating_the_achievements_of_five_outstanding_laureates_a/|access-date=2019-09-12|website=Unesco}}</ref> She san win de 2019 OWSD Early Career Fellowship.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=6 August 2019|title=Twenty women scientists will receive research grants under the second year of the OWSD Early Career fellowship programme.|url=https://owsd.net/resources/news-events/2019-owsd-early-career-fellows-announced|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231102038/https://owsd.net/resources/news-events/2019-owsd-early-career-fellows-announced|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=30 December 2019|website=Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World}}</ref> == Ein Education == Mante complete ein secondary school education for [[Wesley Girls' Senior High School|Wesley Girls’ Senior High School]] wey dey [[Cape Coast]], Ghana. She earn ein PhD for Pharmacology insyd from de Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology for 2013 insyd. Mante ein doctorate research focus for de use of Antiaris toxicaria as anticonvulsant, specifically for Ghana. For dat same period insyd she san research plant-based therapies give de central nervous system. Mante get ein post doctoral training for University of Michigan Medical School wey dey USA, wer na she be recipient of de University of Michigan STEM Seed Grant.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Fellows|url=https://www.futureafrica.science/index.php/our-community/fellows/priscilla%20kolibea-mante-591|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204194516/https://www.futureafrica.science/index.php/our-community/fellows/priscilla%20kolibea-mante-591|archive-date=2023-02-04|access-date=2019-11-25|website=Future Africa|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Priscilla Mante {{!}} The AAS|url=https://aasciences.ac.ke/affiliate/priscilla-mante|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-12|website=The African Academy of Sciences}}</ref> == Ein Career == Mante be pharmacist wey register plus de Pharmaceutical Society of Ghana. From 2010 dey go 2014, she work as pharmacist for Constant Pharmacy. Since 2013, Mante work give Pharmacology Department of de Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology wer she be senior lecturer. She be registered Pharmacist wey she be de current chairman give de Ghana Young Academy. Mante san be known secof ein passion for education den de way she dey lead women for science insyd so say dem go further dema careers. "De world go make room give we. De more women dey push for senior roles, de harder ego be say u go ignore dem."—Dr. Mante, she talk dis secof de increase presence of women for science insyd.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Priscilla Mante joins Pharmacology as a visiting faculty member {{!}} Pharmacology {{!}} Michigan Medicine|url=https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/pharmacology/news/archive/201609/dr-priscilla-mante-joins-pharmacology-visiting-faculty-member|website=Pharmacology|language=en|date=14 September 2016}}</ref> == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Mante, Priscilla Kolibea}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian scientists]] [[Category:Ghanaian women academics]] [[Category:Ghanaian women scientists]] [[Category:University of Michigan Medical School alumni]] [[Category:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Academic staff of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] [[Category:People educated at Wesley Girls' Senior High School]] <references /> == External links == {{Wikiquote}}{{authority control}} qyo2nwjk913qhyaxelpw1hd69a9ez9d 0 1895 115418 54890 2026-10-30T04:07:10Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rebecca Naa Okaikor Akufo-Addo''' (née '''Griffiths-Randolph''';dem born an for 12 March 1951)<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2019 |title=7 facts about First Lady Rebecca Akufo-Addo on her 68th birthday |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/7-facts-about-First-Lady-Rebecca-Akufo-Addo-on-her-68th-birthday-729957 |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=GhanaWeb}}</ref> be a [[Ghanaian]] public figure wey serve as de [[First Lady of Ghana]] from 2017 to 2025.<ref name="About the NPP: Nana Addo Danquah Akuffo-Addo">{{Cite news|author=Kumasi|title=About the NPP: Nana Addo Danquah Akuffo-Addo|date=7 October 2012|url=http://www.newpatrioticparty.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=160:nana-addo-danquah-akuffo-addo&catid=58:past-flag-bearers&Itemid=120|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042301/http://www.newpatrioticparty.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=160%3Anana-addo-danquah-akuffo-addo&catid=58%3Apast-flag-bearers&Itemid=120|archive-date=2013-09-28|url-status=dead|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Pray-for-Akufo-Addo-and-the-NPP-Rebecca-Akufo-Addo-478374|title=Pray for Akufo-Addo and the NPP – Rebecca Akufo-Addo|website=www.ghanaweb.com|access-date=2016-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209235038/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Pray-for-Akufo-Addo-and-the-NPP-Rebecca-Akufo-Addo-478374|archive-date=2016-12-09|url-status=live}}</ref> She be de wifey of former Presido [[Nana Akufo-Addo]].<ref name="National Results For Ghana Presidential Election 2016">{{Cite news|author=GhanaWeb|title=National Results For Ghana Presidential Election 2016|date=7 Dec 2016|location=Ghana|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2016/elections_presidential_results.php|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209181139/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2016/elections_presidential_results.php|archive-date=9 December 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nartey|first=Laud|date=2022-02-07|title=First Lady congratulates Darko-Asare for winning 2022 Spelling Bee competition.|url=https://3news.com/first-lady-congratulates-darko-asare-for-winning-2022-spelling-bee-competition/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=3NEWS}}</ref> == Early life == Na dem born Rebecca Naa Okaikor Griffiths-Randolph for de 12 March 1951<ref name="Rebecca Akufo-Addo, Biography">{{Cite web|title=Rebecca Akufo-Addo, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Rebecca-Akufo-Addo-3250|access-date=2021-03-13|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> as de daughter of de judge, Jacob Hackenburg Griffiths-Randolph wey serve as de Speaker of de Parliament of Ghana insyd Third Republic den Frances Phillipina Griffiths-Randolph (née Mann).<ref name="About the NPP: Nana Addo Danquah Akuffo-Addo" /> She don attend [[Achimota School|Achimota Primary School]] den Wesley Grammar School, both insyd [[Accra]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the incoming first family|url=http://kessbenfm.com/meet-incoming-first-family/|access-date=31 December 2016|publisher=kessbenfm.com|date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101161256/http://kessbenfm.com/meet-incoming-first-family/|archive-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Ein life matter == Rebecca den Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo marry since 1997 wey insyd 2017 dem celebrate dema 20th Anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yen.com.gh |date=2017-04-12 |title=20 photos to celebrate Nana Addo and Rebecca Akufo-Addo's 20th wedding anniversary |url=https://yen.com.gh/91695-20-years-nana-addo-rebecca-akufo-addo-marriage-photos.html |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Yen - Ghana news. |language=en}}</ref> Dem get five daughters den five grand kiddies.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Dogbevi|first1=Emmanuel|date=2017-01-07|title=Profile of Rebecca Naa Okaikor Akufo-Addo|url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2017/01/07/profile-of-rebecca-naa-okaikor-akufo-addo/|access-date=2019-08-04|website=Ghana Business News|language=en-US}}</ref> Na dem install Rebecca Akufo-Addo as de Development Queen mother of Ada Traditional Area for de 82nd anniversary celebration of Ada Asafotufiami festival insyd August 2019 wey dem know am by de stool name Naana Ode Opeor Kabukie I.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana's First Lady installed as Development Queen mother of Ada|url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/social/ghana-s-first-lady-installed-as-development-queen-mother-of-ada-154177|access-date=2019-08-05|website=ghana news agency.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/first-lady-rebecca-akufo-addo-installed-as-development-queen-mother-of-ada.html|publisher=Graphic Online|website=www.graphic.com.gh|title=First Lady, Rebecca Akufo-Addo installed as Development Queen mother of Ada|date=6 Aug 2019|access-date=7 Sep 2024}}</ref> Akufo-Addo be a member of de Accra Ridge Church den de patron of de Infanta Malaria, a charity organization dem dedicate to de prevention of Malaria insyd kiddies.<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Profile-of-Ghana-s-First-Lady-Mrs-Rebecca-Akufo-Addo-499052 "Profile of Ghana's First Lady, Mrs. Rebecca Akufo-Addo"]. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2019.</ref> ==Awards den honours== *Nutrition Champion by The African Leaders for Nutrition<ref>[https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/gender-equality-first-lady-rebecca-akufo-addo-grabs-prestigious-award/cd290dd "First Lady, Rebecca Akufo-Addo grabs prestigious award"]. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</ref> *Excellence in Empowering Women and Children Award' at de Africa Public Sector for fighting malaria<ref>{{cite news |title=APSCA Honours Mrs. Rebecca Akufo-Addo |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/apsca-honours-mrs-rebecca-akufo-addo/ |access-date=1 March 2021 |publisher=May 11, 2018}}</ref> *Na dem name H. E Rebecca among de Inaugural list of 100 most influential African Women insyd 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=100Women {{!}} Avance Media {{!}} H.E. Rebecca Akufo-Addo|url=https://100women.avancemedia.org/rebeccaakufoaddo/|access-date=2021-11-05|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130115629/https://100women.avancemedia.org/rebeccaakufoaddo/|archive-date=2025-01-30}}</ref> *Outstanding contribution towards de Green Ghana Building project for de IFC/EDGE Ghana Green Building Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-07 |title=First Lady awarded for outstanding contributions towards Ghana Green Building Agenda |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general/first-lady-awarded-for-her-outstanding-contributions-toward-ghana-green-building-agenda/2022/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q7301648|c=Category:Rebecca Akufo-Addo|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://www.modernghana.com/news/157727/1/becky-akufo-addo-revealed.html Rebecca "Becky" Akufo-Addo Revealed] {{DEFAULTSORT:Akufo-Addo, Rebecca}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Alumni of Achimota School]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:First ladies of Ghana]] [[Category:Ga-Adangbe people]] [[Category:New Patriotic Party politicians]] [[Category:People wey komot Accra]] [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:Ghanaian emigrants to de United Kingdom]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian politicians]] l7hvjs124o3gf1mpvnmx5yx3bh6qv2i 0 1910 115420 49810 2026-10-30T04:27:12Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sally Esinam Torpey''' be Ghanaian fashion designer den entrepreneur. She sanso be de treasurer give de Greater Accra Chapter of de Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) den de Ambassador from Africa for de Fashion Business Association of America.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ogbodu|first=Michael Overflow|date=2021-08-26|title=Capacity, quality concerns in fashion industry must be addressed – International fashion designer|url=https://citibusinessnews.com/2021/08/capacity-quality-concerns-in-fashion-industry-must-be-addressed-international-fashion-designer/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Citi Business News|language=en-US}}</ref> She trade plus missions worldwide wey dey include [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]] den Japan. She be KYEN (Kufuor Young Entrepreneurs) member.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sally Torpey|url=https://agiaccra.org/sally-torpey/|access-date=2021-02-14|website=AGI Accra|language=en-US}}</ref> She be de owner give Sallet Fashion House Ghana; de Sallet Foundation; den de brands Oheema, De Travelers Custom Made Clothing (TCMC), den JAK Gentle Giant Collection.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ofori|first=Oral|date=2018-06-30|title=Meet Sally Esinam Torpey, CEO & Creative Director at Sallet Fashion House of Ghana|url=https://www.theafricandream.net/sally-esinam-torpey-sallet-fashion-house/|access-date=2021-02-14|website=TheAfricanDream|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Amenyanyo|first=Gerrard-Israel|date=2019-10-10|title=Ghanaian Fashion Designer, Sally Torpey Changing The African Narrative Through Fashion.|url=https://www.gbafrica.net/ghanaian-fashion-designer-sally-torpey-changing-the-african-narrative-through-fashion/|access-date=2021-02-14|website=GBAfrica|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809113706/https://gbafrica.net/ghanaian-fashion-designer-sally-torpey-changing-the-african-narrative-through-fashion/|archive-date=2021-08-09}}</ref> She be international speaker wey get interests for fashion, business, women empowerment, den personal development insyd. Dem feature am for publications den magazines like de Afrikan Post, Washington DC newspaper, Ghana web, Caribbean magazines, De CCWC den Creative Magazine of Miami. She be case study give Growth Cap UK den odas.<ref name=":2" /> She be de African presence for de Centre for International Trade Development for de Miami World Trade Centre, wer she dey promote products from de continent.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=GNA|date=2023-04-17|title=Sally Torpey named one of the 100 Most Influential Leaders in Africa|url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/04/sally-torpey-named-one-of-the-100-most-influential-leaders-in-africa/|access-date=2024-01-12|website=Ghana News Agency|language=en-US}}</ref> == Awards den recognition == Insyd April 2023 she earn a place among de 100 Most Infuential Leaders insyd [[Africa]] for de year 2022.<ref name=":3" /> == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Torpey, Sally}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1984 births]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Ghanaian fashion designers]] [[Category:Ghanaian women fashion designers]] [[Category:Ghanaian businesspeople insyd fashion]] [[Category:People wey komot Accra]] 7q9xta5e61be0e8agtok1jliz203yat 0 2775 115387 82568 2026-10-29T20:28:56Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barekese dam''' be one dam wey edey de Offin River top. E dey support de water treatment plant wey dey supply water give pipo for [[Kumasi]] insyd Ashanti Region, Ghana. E dey supply like 80 percent of de portable water give Kumasi den de areas around.<ref>"[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=202481 Government gets funding for expansion of Barekese Dam]". ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2015-04-17.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20150417194241/http://kessbenfm.com/barekese-dam-under-threat-from-encroachers/ Barekese Dam under threat from encroachers - Kessben FM]". Retrieved 2015-04-17.</ref> E be Ghana Water Company wey dey operate am. ==History== E be Ghana ein first presido, Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]] wey ebuild am. Dem start dey construct in 1965 wey dem plete insyd June 1969. De idea be say e go give both water den electricity to de pipo dem dey Kumasi.<ref>SpyGhana.com, Ghana. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210627212631/https://www.spyghana.com/revive-nkrumahs-barekese-power-project/ Revive Nkrumah's Barekese Power Project] -". Retrieved 2015-04-17.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160327043141/http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/7919-chainsaw-operations-rife-at-barekese.html Chainsaw operations rife at Barekese - Graphic OnlineGraphic.com.gh]". ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 2015-04-17.</ref> ==References== <references /> [[Category:Dams insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Embankment dams]] [[Category:Dams dem plete insyd 1969]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Hydroelectric power stations insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Ashanti Region]] [[Category:African dams]] [[Category:Ghanaian building den structure stubs]] 4hwst4h8ewqsakn98kz893dnr8zy5s8 0 3030 115421 79716 2026-10-30T04:31:04Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Savannah Region''' be one of de newest [[regions of Ghana]] den yet de largest region insyd de country. Na dem declare [[Damongo]] de capital of de new Savannah Region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAVANNAH REGION – LOCAL GOVERNMENT SERVICE |url=https://lgs.gov.gh/index.php/savannah/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> E dey locate insyd de north of de country. Dem divide de Savannah Region into 7 districts; Bole, Central Gonja, North Gonja, East Gonja, Sawla/Tuna/Kalba, West Gonja, North East Gonja den 7 Constituencies; Bole/Bamboi, [[Damongo]], Daboya/Mankarigu, Salaga North, Salaga South, Sawla/Tuna/Kalba den Yapei/Kusawgu.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zoure|first1=Stephen|title=Mahama votes in referendum for proposed Savannah Region in Bole|url=https://mynewsgh.com/mahama-votes-in-referendum-for-proposed-savannah-region-in-bole/|access-date=28 December 2018|publisher=MyNewsGH|date=27 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/05/20/savannah-will-soon-catch-up-with-other-regions-akufo-addo-assures/|title='Savannah will soon catch-up with other regions' - Akufo-Addo assures|date=2019-05-20|website=Citi Newsroom|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref> De capital of Bole district be Bole; East Gonja municipal be Salaga; West Gonja district be Damango; Sawla Tuna Kalba district be Salwa; Central Gonja be Buipe; North Gonja be Daboya; den North East Gonja be Kpalbe<ref>{{Cite web|title=SAVANNAH REGION – LOCAL GOVERNMENT SERVICE|url=https://lgs.gov.gh/index.php/savannah/|access-date=2022-06-06|language=en-US}}</ref> == Geography == === Location den size === De Savannah Region be bordered for de north by de [[Upper West Region]], for de west by de Ghana-[[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] international border, for de south by de [[Bono Region|Bono]] den [[Bono East Region|Bono East]] regions, den for de west by de [[North East Region|North East]] den [[Northern Region|Northern]] regions. Savannah region dey make up of 7 districts. == Health facilities == * West Gonja Hospital<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-04-05|title=St. Anne’s Catholic Hospital, two others adjudged best performing hospitals in savannah region.|url=https://padfm.com.gh/st-annes-catholic-hospital-two-others-adjudged-best-performing-hospitals-in-savannah-region/|access-date=2025-02-04|website=Radio For Peace and Development|language=en-US}}</ref> * St. Anne’s Catholic Hospital<ref name=":0" /> * Salaga District Hospital<ref name=":0" /> * Bole District Hospital<ref name=":0" /> * Sawla-Tuna Kalbe District Hospital<ref name=":0" /> * Central Gonja District Hospital<ref name=":0" /> == Tourism & Park == * [[Mole National Park]] * Salaga Slave Market and wells * Bui National Park<ref>{{cite web|title=Bui National Park|url=http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|website=Ghana Wildlife Division|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref> (now defunct secof [[Bui Dam|Bui National Dam]]) * Larabanga Historic Mosque<ref>{{cite web|last1=Haun|first1=William|title=Ghana's Historic Mosques: Larabanga|url=https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/07/24/ghana-historic-mosques-larabanga/|website=Hauns in Africa|access-date=28 December 2018|date=2018-07-24}}</ref> * Wechiau Hippo Sanctuary<ref>{{cite web|last1=Haun|first1=William|title=Visiting the Wechiau Hippo Sanctuary|url=https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/05/11/visiting-the-wechiau-hippo-sanctuary/|website=Hauns in Africa|access-date=28 December 2018|date=2018-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327074817/https://haunsinafrica.com/2018/05/11/visiting-the-wechiau-hippo-sanctuary/|archive-date=2022-03-27}}</ref> == Demographics == De Savannah Region get a low population density, den along plus de official language of English, chaw inhabitants dey speak a language of de Oti–Volta subfamily insyd de Niger–Congo language family, such as Gonja, Vagla, Dagbani, Mamprusi den Tampulma. === Religion === A majority of residents insyd de Savanna Region dey identify as Muslim.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180712212518/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf Table 4.17: Population by religious affiliation and region, 2010]</ref> == Educational institutions == * Bole Senior High School<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assistant Headmaster of Bole SHS arrested for alleged rape|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/assistant-headmaster-of-bole-shs-arrested-for-allegedly-raping-student.html|access-date=2022-05-27|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> * Buipe Senior High School<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-03|title=Students of Buipe SHS sent home after fire gutted girls’ dormitories|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/02/students-of-buipe-shs-sent-home-after-fire-gutted-girls-dormitories/|access-date=2022-08-15|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> * Damongo Senior High School<ref>{{Cite web|title=Damongo Senior High School Archives - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/tag/damongo-senior-high-school/|access-date=2022-08-15|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * Salaga Senior High School<ref>{{Cite web|last=Amoh|first=Emmanuel Kwame|date=2020-07-23|title=Salaga SHS gets boys' dormitory, classroom block|url=https://3news.com/salaga-shs-gets-boys-dormitory-classroom-block/|access-date=2022-08-15|website=3NEWS.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * Salaga T.I Ahmediyya senior high school * Sawla Senior High School<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior High Schools in Savannah Region of Ghana|url=https://www.schoolsingh.com/senior-high-schools/regions/savannah|access-date=2022-08-15|website=schoolsInGh|language=en}}</ref> * Daboya Community Day Senior High School<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daboya Community Day School {{!}} SchoolsInGh.com|url=https://www.schoolsingh.com/senior-high-schools/daboya-community-day-school/about|access-date=2022-08-15|website=schoolsInGh|language=en}}</ref> * Kpembe Nurses and midwifery college * Damongo Health Assistant college ==Administrative divisions== De political administration of de region be thru de local government system. Under dis administration system, de region be divided into seven MMDA's (dem make up of 0 Metropolitan, 2 Municipal den 5 Ordinary Assemblies).<ref>{{cite web|title=Northern|url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=6|publisher=GhanaDistricts.com|access-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118104026/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=6|archive-date=18 January 2013}}</ref> De current list be as follows: [[File:Districts of the Savannah Region (2018).png|thumb|right|500px|Districts of de Savannah Region]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Districts of de Savannah Region |- ! # ! MMDA Name ! Capital ! MMDA Type |- ! 1 | Bole | [[Bole, Ghana|Bole]] | Ordinary |- ! 2 | Central Gonja | Buipe | Ordinary |- ! 3 | North Gonja | Daboya | Ordinary |- ! 4 | East Gonja<ref>{{Cite web|title=MP redeems campaign pledge in donating brand new motorcycles - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/mp-redeems-campaign-pledge-in-donating-brand-new-motorcycles/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> | Salaga | Municipal |- ! 5 | North East Gonja | Kpalbe | Ordinary |- ! 6 | Sawla-Tuna-Kalba | [[Sawla, Ghana|Sawla]] | Ordinary |- ! 7 | West Gonja<ref>{{Cite web|title=Driver's 'mate' feared dead in accident at Damongo - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/drivers-mate-feared-dead-in-accident-at-damongo/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> | '''[[Damongo]]''' | Municipal |} == Notable citizens == {| class="wikitable" |+Famous native citizens of Savannah region !# !Citizen !Settlement |- ! scope="row" |1 |[[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] |[[Bole, Ghana|Bole]] |- !2 |Lepowura M.N.D Jawula |Salaga |- !3 |Ibrahim Mahama |[[Bole, Ghana|Bole]] |} == References == [[Category:Regions of Ghana]] <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100211160742/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=6 GhanaDistricts.com – Northern Region] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100211155736/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/home/ GhanaDistricts.com] n3febzja7zkj65t5gmrlcbya589cyhp 0 4704 115423 86224 2026-10-30T05:01:49Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sudan University of Science and Technology''' (dem abbreviate am '''SUST''')<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050410/https://www.4icu.org/reviews/4309.htm "SUST"].</ref> be one of de largest public varsities insyd Sudan, plus ten campuses insyd Khartoum state. De main campus dey locate insyd de so-called [[:ar:المقرن (الخرطوم)|Al Mugran]] area of Khartoum, de confluence of de White Nile den de Blue Nile. == History == Na dem found SUST insyd colonial Sudan as de '''Khartoum Technical School and School of Commerce''' for 1902 insyd. Later, de School of Radiology (1932) den School of Design (1946) den School of Commerce merge plus de Khartoum Technical School make dem form de '''Khartoum Technical Institute''' ('''KTI''') for 1950 insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050410/https://www.4icu.org/reviews/4309.htm "Establishment"].</ref> Na dem sanso add de Shambat Institute of Agriculture (1954),<ref>[http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/92b6/73bfb4dd0516f6ec3860568d763e144820f5.pdf "SUST"] (PDF). S2CID&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55547689 55547689]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190301222346/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/92b6/73bfb4dd0516f6ec3860568d763e144820f5.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-01.</ref> Khartoum Senior Trade School (1962), Institute of Music den Drama den de Higher Institute of Physical Education (1969) wey dem rename am as '''Khartoum Polytechnic Institute''' ('''KP''') for 1975 insyd. Insyd 1990, dis cam turn de Sudan University of Science and Technology. == Colleges den Schools == * College of Graduate Studies * College of Engineering * College of Petroleum Engineering and Technology * College of Water and Environmental Engineering * College of Industries Engineering and Technology * College of Architecture and Planning * College of Computer Science and Information Technology * College of Medicine * College of Dentistry * College of Pharmacy * College of Medical Laboratories Science * College of Medical Radiologic Sciences * College of Science * College of Agricultural Studies * College of Veterinary Medicine * College of Animal Production Science and Technology * College of Forestry and Range Science * College of Business Studies * College of Languages * College of Education * College of Fine and Applied Arts * College of Music and Drama * College of Physical Education and Sports * College of Communication Science * College of Technology == Campuses == SUST get 10 campuses wey dey locate insyd Khartoum, de capital den largest city of Sudan, as well as insyd Khartoum State. De main campus dey locate insyd [[:ar:المقرن (الخرطوم)|Al Mugran]] area of Khartoum. == Facilities == === Libraries === SUST libraries be part of each campus wey de Deanship of Libraries Affairs dey manage am.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240526222219/https://library.sustech.edu/ "Deanship of Libraries Affairs"]. Sudan University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2022-02-25.</ref> De Libraries dema collection dey include books, eBooks, print den electronic holdings of scholarly journal subscriptions, microforms, music recordings, sizable map collection den documentary department. For particular, SUST libraries dey include 12 distinct facilities: * Library of Veterinary Medicine den Animal Production * Library of Agricultural Studies * Library of Forestry den Range Science * Library of Engineering * Library of Industrial Engineering * Library of Medical Radiological Sciences * Library of Water Science den Technology * Library of Physical Education * Library of Petroleum Engineering den Technology * Library of Communication Science * Library of Computer Science den Information Technology * Library of Medical Sciences SUST sanso get distinguished digital repository.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240203180712/https://repository.sustech.edu/ "SUST Digital Repository"]. Sudan University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2022-02-26.</ref> === Sports facilities === SUST be home to de college for physical education den sports per insyd Sudan. Chaw of dese facilities be available to students, staff den members of de public. == Rankings == Dem rank SUST rank first of Sudanese varsities insyd Webometrics classification of international universities den institutes successively for July 2021 insyd<ref>[https://www.sustech.edu/2021/07/4038/ "Sudan University is First among Sudanese Universities, and Progresses in Africa, the Arab World, and Globally"]. Sudan University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2022-02-25.</ref> den for January 2022 insyd.<ref>[https://www.webometrics.info/en/Africa/Sudan "Sudan-Ranking Web of Universities: Webometrics ranks 30000 institutions"]. Webometrics. Retrieved 2022-02-25.</ref> Na dem list SUST insyd de eighteenth QS World University Rankings for May 2021 insyd.<ref>[https://www.sustech.edu/2021/06/3660/ "Congratulations to SUST: QS and Webometrics Rankings"]. Sudan University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2022-02-25.</ref> Insyd May 2021, dem rank SUST first among Sudanese varsities for May 2021 edition of Webometrics rankings of digital repositories insyd, wer na dem rank am 190 out of 4,403 institutional repositories wey dey rank am 205 out of 4,579 repositories globally.<ref>[https://www.sustech.edu/2021/06/3331/ "Progressing Globally, Sudan University is Ranked first among Sudanese universities in Webometrics Ranking of Repositories"]. Sudan University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2022-02-25.</ref> == UNESCO Chair == De varsity dey hosts de UNESCO Chair for Women in Science den Technology,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240526224200/https://unesco.sustech.edu/ "UNESCO Chair for Women in Science and Technology Official page"]. Sudan University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2021-12-21.</ref> wey na dem establish am for de initiative of Prof. Fatima Abdel Mahmoud, wey later she cam turn de first chairholder. == Notable people == === Notable academics === * Abdul Hakim Al-Taher: Sudanese theater director den actor * Ahmed Shibrain: Sudanese Modernist painter, alumni den former dean of de College of Fine den Applied Art * Elfatih Hussien: Sudanese musician, author den critic. One of de pillars of music insyd Sudan den dean of de college of music den drama * Faisal Ahmed Saad: Sudanese theater actor den comedian. === Notable alumni === * Abdel Aziz El Mubarak: Sudanese singer * Adil Babikir: a Sudanese literary critic den translator * Afaf Al-Sadiq: Sudanese poet, journalist, den academic * Ali Madhi Nouri: Sudanese actor, stage director wey na dem designate am UNESCO Artist for Peace for October 2012 insyd * Ashraf Al-Dabain: Jordanian writer den novelist * Hadi Mohamed Ahmed Eltigani: Sudanese professor, Quality den corporate excellence expert, twice winner of de Harrington-Ishikawa Professional Medal wey dem award am de Presido ein Award for Demonstrated Excellence by Asia Pacific Quality Organization (APQO) * Hassan Musa: Sudanese pioneer insyd contemporary art den zoomorphic calligraphy. * Ibrahim Mursal: Norwegian film director of Sudanese den Somali origins * Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq: Sudanese artist * Mazahir Salih: Sudanese-American Community activist den Iowa City Councilmember * Mohammed Abbaro anaa Mo Abdalla be Sudanese ceramicist den potter * Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah: Sudanese photojournalist, he job give Reuters, Agence France-Presse, Oxford Analytica. * Saeed Zaki: Sudanese communication analyst, diplomat, de first appointed youth ambassador give de Republic of Sudan by de International Olympic Committee (IOC) * Sharhabil Ahmed: Sudanese singer, wey dem dey bell am "De King of Sudanese Jazz" * Stephen Dhieu Dau: South Sudanese politician, banker, first Minister of Petroleum den Mining insyd South Sudan * Taysir El Nourani: Sudanese minister of Labour den Administrative Reform of Sudan == Affiliations plus international varsities == * Multimedia University, Malaysia * Limkokwing University of Creative Technology, Malaysia * International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Italy * Norwegian University of Science and Technology * University of Tromsø, Norway * University of Oslo, Norway * University of Tennessee, United States * Boston University, U.S. * California Institute of Technology, U.S. == Accreditation == * African Quality Rating Mechanism (AQRM), 2017 <ref>[https://haqaa.aau.org/activities/aqrm-institutional-evaluations/ "AQRM Institutional evaluations"]. Retrieved 2022-02-26.</ref> * Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Sudan * World Textile University Alliance <ref>[https://wtua.dhu.edu.cn/MembersList/list.htm "Members List"]. WTUA. Retrieved 2022-02-26.</ref> * [[Association of African Universities|Association of African Universities (AUU)]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200518003051/https://www.aau.org/subs/membership/ "Our Members"]. Association of African Universities. Retrieved 2022-03-25.</ref> * [[:en:Educause|Educause]] Membership for International Institutions == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.sustech.edu/ Official website] De official website for Sudan University of Science and Technology * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110107233030/http://sudanet.info/ Sudan University students and graduates community forum] Sudanet.info website made to connect all Sudanese university students and grads together and benefit all students by providing lectures, e-books and access to email * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928225945/http://www.sudvel-uofk.net/Contents/sudanese_univ.htm Sudan Virtual Engineering Library website] Sudan virtual library [[Category:Sudan University of Science and Technology]] [[Category:National universities]] [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Science den technology insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Scientific organisations base insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Forestry education]] [[Category:Veterinary schools]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1932]] [[Category:Education insyd Khartoum]] [[Category:1932 establishments insyd de British Empire]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1932]] 282i21dfuckpbfh7ehmbgwllxkdbwg2 0 5942 115383 33135 2026-10-29T19:43:32Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''AlMughtaribeen University''' (formally dem short am go '''MU''') anaa '''Expatriate University''' (Arabic:جامعة المغتربين) be private university wey dey locate insyd Khartoum, [[Sudan]]. Na dem found am by [[Sudan|Sudanese]] expatriates.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131030120206/http://www.mohe.gov.sd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=272:2013-10-21-09-50-51&catid=8:2012-02-21-10-15-31 "جامعة المغتربين"]. Archived from [http://www.mohe.gov.sd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=272:2013-10-21-09-50-51&catid=8:2012-02-21-10-15-31 the original] on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2014-01-26.</ref> == Foreword == [[File:Hasan_Abu-Aisha.jpg|thumb|Hasan Abu-Aisha de founder presido of AlMughtaribeen University]] For de outset, de idea of make dem establish MU na dem initiate am by group of expatriates insyd de Kingdom of Saudi Arabia wey na dem adopt am by de 4th Expatriates Conference insyd 2000 – under de auspices of de Sudanese Expats Organization.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210805182610/https://mu.edu.sd/DisplayMainArticle.xhtml?art_cat1=about "AlMughtaribeen University"]. ''www.mu.edu.sd''. Retrieved 2020-05-26.</ref> De National Voluntary Organization for Supporting Higher Education insyd Sudan – dey situate insyd Riyadh, Saudi Arabia – wich dey consist of group of Sudanese experts den university professors – dem prepare complete study wey dey aim for de establishment of de non-profit company make e start university. De Presido of Sudan Marshal Omer Al-Bashir during de 5th Expatriates Conference insyd 2005 give ein consent den approval of de project as edey meet de demands of de large sector of de Sudanese expats. == Study system == Modified credit-hour-system den de academic semester system. == Study duration == * 4 years for colleges of Languages den Management. * 5 years for colleges of Medicine den Engineering. == Study programs == # College of Administrative sciences: insyd de majors: * Bachelor of Business administration. * Bachelor of Accounting. * Bachelor of Banking & Finance. * Bachelor of Marketing. * Bachelor of Office management. 2. College of Engineering: B.Sc. (Honors) insyd de majors: * B.Sc. in Telecommunications engineering. * B.Sc. in Electronics engineering (Industrial Electronics). * B.Sc. in Electrical engineering (Control systems + Power systems). * B.Sc. in Civil engineering. * B.Sc. in Biomedical engineering. * B.Sc. in Architecture. 3. College of Languages B.A. in de majors: * B.A. in English language. * B.A. in Arabic language. 4. College of Medicine: * MB BS in Medicine. 5. College of Pharmacy: * BPharm in Pharmacy. 6. College of Nursing Science: * BSc. in Nursing Science. 7. College of Computer Science & Information Technology: * BSc. in Computer Science. * BSc. in Information Technology. * BSc. in Software Engineering. * BSc. in Information System. == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191221175123/http://www.mu.edu.sd/ Official Website] * جامعة المغتربين - وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030120206/http://www.mohe.gov.sd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=272:2013-10-21-09-50-51&catid=8:2012-02-21-10-15-31 Archived] 2013-10-30 * أهداف جامعة المغتربين - جهاز تنظيم شؤون السودانيين بالخارج.[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133635/http://www.sswa.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1068:goal&catid=106:2010-11-23-09-58-48 ، University goals] * وكيــل جامعـــة المغــــتربــين تهدف الجامعة لتخفيف العبء المالي وربط أبناء المغتربين بالوطن.[https://archive.today/20131106114741/http://alintibaha.net/portal/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9/35811-%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%80%D9%80%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86 ، AlEntibaha newspaper] * رسالة جامعة المغتربين. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131225110052/http://mu.edu.sd/about ، University message] * جامعة المغتربين.. حلم يتجسد على أرض الواقع قريبًا [http://www.al-madina.com/node/453510 ، AlMadina newspaper] [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2010]] [[Category:2010 establishments insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Education insyd Khartoum]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2010]] qh2ybs9ero3kmmzs4ycofdi7yzpmqeo 0 6860 115424 104077 2026-10-30T05:08:04Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Suzanne Stevia Chaffee''' (born November 29, 1946) be former Olympic alpine ski racer den actress. Dey follow ein racing career, she model insyd New York plus Ford Models wey she then cam turn de pre-eminent freestyle ballet skier of de early 1970s. She be perhaps best known by de nickie "Suzy Chapstick", since de 1970s, wen na she be spokesperson give ChapStick lip balm. Chaffee ein mommie, wey teach am to ski for de age of 3, go been alternative give de US ski team for de 1940 Winter Olympics.<ref>Breslin, Catherine (December 17, 1973) [https://books.google.com/books?id=teYCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68&dq=%22suzy+chaffee%22&lr=#PPA67,M1 "The female jocks go to Washington"], ''New York Magazine''</ref> For age 19, Chaffee try out for, den win spot on, de first US Ski Team while freshman for de University of Denver.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120719212823/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1076839/index.htm "Moving up in the downhill"]. ''Sports Illustrated'' (January 25, 1965)</ref> She fini fourth insyd de downhill for de 1966 World Championships. Despite season-ending crash insyd 1967 for Vail insyd de World Cup Series, she end de season as de 10th ranked insyd Women's downhill skier,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121014154206/http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/disciplines/alpineskiing/cupstandings.html?suchen=true&suchcompetitorid=&suchseason=1967&sector=AL&suchgender=L&suchcup=WC&suchnation=&discipline=DH&search=Search "FIS-Ski"]. ''FIS-SKI''.</ref> den de 16th ranked Women's All-Around skier.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526134457/http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/disciplines/alpineskiing/cupstandings.html?suchen=true&suchcompetitorid=&suchseason=1967&sector=AL&suchgender=L&suchcup=WC&suchnation=&discipline=ALL&search=Search "FIS-Ski"]. ''FIS-SKI''.</ref> Na dem name Chaffee capee of de US Women's team wey na she be one of de favorites insyd de downhill for de 1968 Winter Olympics insyd Grenoble, France. She fini 28th insyd de downhill, dey blame ein poor showing secof she use de wrong wax, buh she make global impression plus ein skin-tight silver racing suit. She retire from ski racing after de 1968 Olympics. Na she sanso be three-time world freestyle skiing champion (1971–73). Na dem induct am into de National Ski Hall of Fame insyd 1988.<ref>[http://www.skihall.com/HonoredMember.asp?MemberID=64 "National Ski Hall of Fame"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090425053021/http://www.skihall.com/HonoredMember.asp?MemberID=64 Archived] April 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine). skihall.com.</ref><ref>Writer, Tom Haley Staff (April 20, 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240723175458/https://www.rutlandherald.com/sports/chaffee-champion-of-causes-entering-hof/article_73fb0868-f5ce-507c-ba9a-103d3b8f3948.html "Chaffee: Champion of causes entering HOF"]. ''Rutland Herald''. Retrieved July 23, 2024.</ref> As social activist, Chaffee champion Title IX legislation (equal opportunity give women insyd school sports). Na she be de first woman make she serve for de board of de U.S. Olympic Committee, wey na she be member of de Presido ein Council on Physical Fitness under four U.S. presidos. Na she be co-founder insyd 1996 of de Native Voices Foundation, organization wey dey seek make e develop Olympians from among Native American tribes.<ref>[http://www.skinet.com/action/2009-01/suzy-chaffee-queen-1970s-ski-ballet "Where are they now?"] ''SKI'' p. 85 (January 2009)</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120717052840/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1022925/2/index.htm "Lost + Found"]. ''Sports Illustrated'' (July 2, 2001)</ref> Chaffee ein elder bro Rick Chaffee sanso be Olympic alpine skier.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064601/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/suzy-chaffee-1.html Suzy Chaffee]. sports-reference.com</ref> She credit rumors say she have affair plus Ted Kennedy as dey help passage of de Amateur Sports Act of 1978. "The gossip got the bill through," she tell ''Sports Illustrated''.<ref>Newman, Bruce (January 23, 1989) [https://web.archive.org/web/20090331022104/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1126490/5/index.htm "Hype"]. ''Sports Illustrated''.</ref> Insyd 1979, na dem produce den distribute de Supersisters trading card set; one of de cards feature Chaffee ein name den picture.<ref>Wulf, Steve (March 23, 2015). [https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/12535055/original-roster "Supersisters: Original Roster"]. Espn.go.com. Retrieved June 4, 2015.</ref> Besides ein long-running television ad campaign give ChapStick insyd de 1970s, she sanso endorse Revlon cosmetics, Dannon yogurt, den Seagram spirits. She appear insyd films such as ''Ski Lift to Death'' den ''Fire and Ice''.<ref>[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ski_lift_to_death_1978 "Ski Lift to Death (1978)"]. Rotten Tomatoes. March 12, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2020.</ref> Insyd 2008, she run for seat for de Sedona, Arizona, City Council, buh she lost.<ref>Hardy, Cyndy (March 12, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080518234357/https://sedona.biz/sedonacity9407.htm "2008 Sedona mayoral race goes into overtime"]. Sedona.biz. Archived from [http://www.sedona.biz/sedonacity9407.htm the original] on May 18, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2023.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=AL&competitorid=9539 Suzy Chaffee] at de International Ski and Snowboard Federation * [[imdbname:0149545|Suzy Chaffee]] at IMDb * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070550/http://www.nativevoices.org/suzy.html Native Voices.org] – Suzy Chaffee – biographical information [[Category:Human]] [[Category:American female alpine skiers]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at de 1968 Winter Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic alpine skiers for de United States]] [[Category:American female freestyle skiers]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:People wey komot Rutland (city), Vermont]] [[Category:Skiers wey komot Vermont]] [[Category:Actresses wey komot Vermont]] [[Category:20th-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American women]] [[Category:20th-century American sportswomen]] lgktnix9uudp78px5v7jwbkdr0yy80m 0 7870 115422 104073 2026-10-30T04:41:58Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sifan Hassan''' (Oromo: ''Siifan Hassan''; born January 1993<ref name=":1">[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/netherlands/sifan-hassan-14489606 "Sifan HASSAN – Athlete Profile"]. ''World Athletics''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128052948/https://worldathletics.org/athletes/netherlands/sifan-hassan-14489606 Archived] from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/who-is-sifan-hassan-1723447924-1 "Who is Sifan Hassan? Completes Historic Olympic Performance with Marathon Gold, Sets New Record"]. ''Jagranjosh.com''. 12 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref>) be Ethiopian-born Dutch middle- den long-distance runner.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2024/8/11/sifan-hassan-puts-on-a-fight-to-win-marathon-gold-at-paris-olympics-2024 "Sifan Hassan caps incredible journey with Olympic record marathon gold"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/dutch-distance-runner-sifan-hassan-about-blow-our-minds "Dutch distance runner Sifan Hassan is about to blow our minds | NBC Olympics"]. ''www.nbcolympics.com''. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> She be most recognized for ein versatility for running championship insyd den world leading performances for widely disparate distances insyd. She plete unprecedented triple for de 2020 Tokyo Olympics, wey she win gold medals insyd both de 5,000 metres den 10,000 metres den bronze medal give de 1,500 metres. Hassan be de athlete per insyd Olympic history make she win medals across middle-distance event den both long-distance races insyd single Games. She be de second of three women per make dem plete Olympic distance double.<ref>Whittington, Jess (7 August 2021). [https://worldathletics.org/competitions/olympic-games/news/tokyo-olympic-games-women-10000m-report "History-maker Hassan completes medal treble in Tokyo"]. ''World Athletics''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128052935/https://worldathletics.org/competitions/olympic-games/news/tokyo-olympic-games-women-10000m-report Archived] from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</ref><ref>Henson, Mike (4 January 2022). [https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/59848002 "'I was just so happy to survive' – Hassan reflects on epic Olympic treble bid"]. ''BBC Sport''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128052941/https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/59848002 Archived] from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</ref> For de [[2024 Summer Olympics|Paris 2024 Olympics]], Hassan secure bronze medal insyd both de women's 5,000 m<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/sifan-hassan-beatrice-chebet-2024-olympics-f8e7414c2d7678b3566ddaf74fe6d4f7 "Hassan takes bronze in the 5,000, the first of her three Olympic distance races. Chebet wins gold"]. 5 August 2024.</ref> den 10,000 m events den gold insyd de women's marathon, wey she cam turn de woman per make she win de Olympic gold medal insyd 5000 metres, 10,000 metres den Marathon race.<ref name=":2">Carayol, Tumaini (11 August 2024). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/aug/11/sifan-hassan-caps-remarkable-olympics-with-gold-in-womens-marathon "Sifan Hassan caps remarkable Olympics with women's marathon gold by 3 sec"]. ''theGuardian.com''. Retrieved 12 August 2024.</ref> For de World Athletics Championships, Hassan take 1,500 m den 10,000 m titles insyd 2019, wey she cam turn de athlete per (male anaa female) insyd history make she win both events for single World Championships anaa Olympic Games.<ref>Dutch, Taylor (5 October 2019). [https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a29375367/sifan-hassan-world-championship-double/ "Sifan Hassan Wins Unprecedented World Championship Double; Houlihan Sets American Record"]. ''Runner's World''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191007165656/https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a29375367/sifan-hassan-world-championship-double/ Archived] from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref> She win bronze for de 1500 m insyd 2015, den for de 5000 m insyd 2017, wen na she sanso fini fifth insyd de 1,500 m. Hassan be three-time World Indoor Championships medallist, wey she win gold for 1500 m insyd 2016 as well as silver for 3000 m den bronze for 1500 m insyd 2018. She earn six European medals (wey dey include two cross country titles), den one European indoor medal. She sanso be three-time Diamond League winner, she secure de 1500 m/5000 m double insyd 2019. For ein debut over de classic 26.2-mile distance, she win de 2023 London Marathon. Na Hassan be de world record holder for de one hour run since 2020.<ref>[https://monaco.diamondleague.com/en/programme-resultats-monaco-en/#baseFrame "Program 2019 – Diamond League – Monaco"]. ''monaco.diamondleague.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190713111844/https://monaco.diamondleague.com/en/programme-resultats-monaco-en/#baseFrame Archived] from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.</ref> She hold de world record for de one mile for de track from July 2019 to July 2023, wen Faith Kipyegon overtake am.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/hassan-breaks-mile-world-record-in-monaco "Hassan breaks world mile record in Monaco with 4:12.33 - IAAF Diamond League"]. ''World Athletics''. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2023.</ref><ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/monaco-herculis-2023-kipyegon-world-record-mile "FLASH: Kipyegon obliterates world mile record with 4:07.64 in Monaco"]. ''worldathletics.org''. Retrieved 21 July 2023.</ref> She hold world record for 10,000 m for two days insyd June 2021.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/57377392 "Sifan Hassan: Dutch athlete breaks 10,000m world record by more than 10 seconds"]. ''BBC Sport''. 6 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210606153728/https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/57377392 Archived] from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</ref><ref>[https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/06/08/letesenbet-gidey-world-record-10000-meters/ "Letesenbet Gidey breaks 2-day-old world record in 10,000m"]. ''OlympicTalk''. NBC Sports. 8 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128044207/https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/06/08/letesenbet-gidey-world-record-10000-meters/ Archived] from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</ref> She dey zuk six European records (1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m, 10,000 m, half marathon, marathon) den three oda Dutch records. == Early life == Na dem born Sifan Hassan insyd Adama, Oromia, Ethiopia wey dem raise am insyd de countryside of Kersa insyd de Munesa district of de Arsi Zone of Oromia. Na she be recreational runner der. She lef ein home country as refugee wey she arrive insyd de Netherlands insyd 2008 for age 15.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/91c39995-7e4c-4d01-a248-e55e764153b5 "Sifan Hassan chases athletics history with Tokyo Olympics treble attempt"]. ''www.ft.com''. 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210806163903/https://www.ft.com/content/91c39995-7e4c-4d01-a248-e55e764153b5 Archived] from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</ref><ref>Tokyo, Ian O'Riordan In. [https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/other-sports/sifan-hassan-on-course-for-unprecedented-treble-after-5-000m-win-1.4637172 "Sifan Hassan on course for unprecedented treble after 5,000m win"]. ''The Irish Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210803200626/https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/other-sports/sifan-hassan-on-course-for-unprecedented-treble-after-5-000m-win-1.4637172 Archived] from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</ref> She begin dey boot while she dey undertake studies make she cam turn nurse.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301183445/http://www.globalsportscommunication.nl/athletes/our-new-talents/EN11074-Sifan-Hassan.aspx "Sifan Hassan"]. ''Global Sports Communication''. 22 February 2014. Archived from [http://www.globalsportscommunication.nl/athletes/our-new-talents/EN11074-Sifan-Hassan.aspx the original] on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> She be Arsi Oromo.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/afaanoromoo/oduu-50669408 "Atileetiksii: Atileet Siifan Hasan eenyu, akkamiin as geesse?"]. BBC Oromo.</ref> Hassan cam turn Dutch citizen insyd 2013.<ref>Barnes, Dan (2 August 2021). [https://nationalpost.com/sports/olympics/why-sifan-hassan-is-one-to-watch-dutch-runner-puts-the-olympics-1500-metre-field-on-blast "Why Sifan Hassan is one to watch at Olympics: Dutch star puts 1,500m on blast, claims 5,000m gold 12 hours later"]. ''National Post''. Retrieved 8 February 2022.</ref> == Career == === 2011–2012 === [[File:Sifan_Hassan_-_120609-011.jpg|alt=Three women running at a marathon, one in front of the other, Hassan in front.|left|thumb|Hassan (right) for de 2012 Gouden Spike meeting dem hold insyd Leiden, Netherlands.]] She affiliate plus Eindhoven Atletiek,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140307020601/http://www.european-athletics.org/athletes/group=h/athlete=94442-hassan-sifan/index.html "Sifan Hassan"]. ''European Athletics''. 22 February 2014. Archived from [http://www.european-athletics.org/athletes/group%3Dh/athlete%3D94442-hassan-sifan/index.html the original] on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> Hassan enter de Eindhoven half marathon insyd 2011 wey she win de race plus time of 77:10 minutes. Na she sanso be runner-up for two cross country races (Sylvestercross den Mol Lotto Cross Cup). She win those races insyd 2012, as well as de 3000 m for de Leiden Gouden Spike meet.<ref name=":0">[https://www.tilastopaja.org/db/atw.php?ID=78956&Season=2011&Odd=0 "Sifan Hassan"]. ''Tilastopaja''. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> === 2013–2014 === [[File:Podium_5000m_women_Zurich_2014.jpg|alt=Three women are standing in the podium embrancing each other in victory. Hassan in the left with a silver medal.|left|thumb|Hassan (left) plus ein silver medal for de 5,000 metres for de 2014 European Athletics Championships dem hold insyd Zürich. She win ein first European senior title for de event plus 1500 m victory.]] Hassan make ein breakthru insyd de 2013 season. She run 800 metres best of 2:00.86 minutes make she win for de KBC Night of Athletics wey she take wins insyd de 1500 m for de Nijmegen Global Athletics den Golden Spike Ostrava meets. For de 2013 IAAF Diamond League circuit na she be runner-up insyd de 1500 m for Athletissima plus personal best of 4:03.73 minutes wey na she be third for de DN Galan 3000 m plus best of 8:32.53 minutes—dis time dem rank am de fourth-fastest runner insyd de world dat year.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Rorick, Jim (22 October 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140213053127/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/tafn-lists?list_id=4&sex_id=W&yyear=2013 "2013 World Comprehensive List – Women"]. ''Track and Field News''. Archived from [http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/tafn-lists?list_id=4&sex_id=W&yyear=2013 the original] on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.</ref> Hassan cam turm Dutch citizen insyd November 2013, too late make she compete for de 2013 World Championships, den de month wey dey follow she make ein first appearance give de Netherlands. For de 2013 European Cross Country Championships she win de gold medal insyd de under-23 category wey she help de Dutch team to third insyd de rankings.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/european-cross-country-championships-duarte-b "Third time lucky for Duarte at European Cross as Bezabeh regains title | REPORT | World Athletics"]. ''worldathletics.org''. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> She sanso win de Warandeloop den Lotto Cross Cup Brussels races dat winter.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/sifan-hassan-alex-kibet-brussels-iaaf-cross-c "Hassan and Kibet take the honours in Brussels | REPORT | World Athletics"]. ''worldathletics.org''. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> For de beginning of 2014 she run world-leading time of 8:45.32 minutes for de 3000 m for de Weltklasse in Karlsruhe,<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/genzebe-dibaba-world-indoor-1500m-world-recor "Genzebe Dibaba smashes world indoor 1500m record with 3:55.17 in Karlsruhe | REPORT | World Athletics"]. ''worldathletics.org''. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> then she break de Dutch indoor record insyd de 1500 m plus time of 4:05.34 minutes for de Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025432/http://losseveter.nl/2014/02/15/birmingham-sifan-hassan-verbetert-nedersrecord-1500m-40534/ "Birmingham: Sifan Hassan verbetert NR 1500m: 4'05″34"]. ''Losse Veter''. 22 February 2014. Archived from [http://losseveter.nl/2014/02/15/birmingham-sifan-hassan-verbetert-nedersrecord-1500m-40534/ the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> === 2015 === [[File:Women's_1500_m_podium_Beijing_2015.jpg|alt=Three women are standing at the podium of the 2015 World Championship. Hassan is on the right with a bronze medal.|left|thumb|Women's 1,500 metres podium for de 2015 World Championships insyd Beijing. From left to right: Faith Kipyegon, Genzebe Dibaba den Sifan Hassan.]] For de 2015 World Championships insyd Beijing, Hassan win de bronze medal insyd de 1500 metres. She cam turn de second female Dutch athlete ever make she win medal for de World Championships, after Dafne Schippers. Na she be de third female Dutch winner for de 2015 European Cross Country Championships, dey follow insyd de footsteps of fellow African migrants Hilda Kibet den Lornah Kiplagat.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/european-cross-country-2015-hassan-kaya Hassan and Kaya victorious at European Cross Country Championships] [https://web.archive.org/web/20151216072145/http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/european-cross-country-2015-hassan-kaya Archived] 16 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. IAAF (13 December 2015). Retrieved on 13 December 2015.</ref> === 2016–2017 === [[File:Sifan_Hassan_at_Portland_2016a.jpg|alt=Hassan celebrates and holds a Dutch flag behind her.|left|thumb|Hassan dey celebrate ein 1,500 metres win den de first world title for de 2016 World Indoor Championships insyd Portland.]] Hassan win ein heat insyd de 1500 m insyd de 2016 Rio Olympics insyd 4:06.64 before Faith Kipyegon. Insyd de semifinals she place second insyd 4:03.62 after Genzebe Dibaba wey win insyd 4:03.06. Insyd de final Kipyegon take de Olympic gold medal plus 4:08.92, na Dibaba be de runner up plus 4:10.27 den Jennifer Simpson take de bronze medal insyd 4:10.53. Hassan place fifth insyd time of 4:11.23.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/rio-2016/results/sports/athletics/womens-1500m "Results – Womens 1500m – Athletics – Rio 2016 – Olympics"]. ''BBC Sport''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170806060209/http://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/rio-2016/results/sports/athletics/womens-1500m Archived] from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2020.</ref> She fini fifth insyd de 1500 m for de 2017 World Athletics Championships wey she win de bronze medal insyd de 5000 metres event.<ref name=":1" /> === 2018 === For 13 July, she break de European record for 5000 metres by she fini second for de Rabat Diamond League insyd 14:22.34.<ref>[https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2018/Rabat/Results.pdf IAAF Diamond League 2018 Rabat results] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180714081111/https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2018/Rabat/Results.pdf Archived] 14 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 13 July 2018.</ref> Few days later, Hassan win de first Millicent Fawcett Mile for de 2018 London Anniversary Games insyd time of 4:14.71, de fourth-fastest result for de time.<ref>[https://london.diamondleague.com/lists-results-london/ "Programme 2018 and results"]. ''Muller Anniversary Games''. Diamond League. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220521164651/https://london.diamondleague.com/lists-results-london/ Archived] from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</ref> For de 2018 European Championships, she win gold medal insyd de 5000 m plus de time 14:46:12, wey she set fresh championships record. For 16 September, she break de European record for de half marathon plus time of 65:15, wey she win de Copenhagen Half Marathon.<ref>[http://www.european-athletics.org/athletics-community/runners/news/article=hassan-shatters-european-half-marathon-record-with-copenhagen.html European Athletics website] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190209152510/http://www.european-athletics.org/athletics-community/runners/news/article=hassan-shatters-european-half-marathon-record-with-copenhagen.html Archived] 9 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2 October 2018.</ref> === 2019 === For 17 February, Hassan set de world record for 5 km road race wey she stop de clock for 14:44 insyd Monaco. Dem since break am, first by Beatrice Chepkoech, then by Ejgayehu Taye.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240926230600/https://worldathletics.org/news/report/chepkoech-breaks-world-5km-record-in-monaco "14:43! Chepkoech breaks world 5km record in Monaco"]. ''www.worldathletics.org''. from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241204091424/https://worldathletics.org/news/press-releases/ratified-world-5km-records-taye-aregawi "Ratified: world 5km records for Taye and Aregawi"]. ''www.worldathletics.org''. from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.</ref> De 5 km road race na ebe world record event since 1 November 2017.<ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/wanders-hassan-world-record-5km-monaco "Wanders and Hassan set world 5km records in Monaco"]. ''www.iaaf.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190217125302/https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/wanders-hassan-world-record-5km-monaco Archived] from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref> For de Prefontaine Classic insyd June, she break de European 3000 m record plus time of 8:18.49.<ref>[https://www.athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/european-3000m-record-for-sifan-hassan-at-pre-classic-1039923386/ "European 3000m record for Sifan Hassan at Pre Classic"]. ''AW''. 30 June 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190701083310/https://www.athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/european-3000m-record-for-sifan-hassan-at-pre-classic-1039923386/ Archived] from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.</ref> ==== Mile world record ==== [[File:2019_Payton_Jordan_Invitational_(46848948765).jpg|alt=Hassan races in front of another woman in a track.|left|thumb|Hassan dey race 10,000 m for de Payton Jordan Invitational insyd Palo Alto, California, insyd 2019.]] For 12 July, Hassan enter de mile run for de Herculis meet insyd Fontvieille, Monaco. Na Olha Lyakhova be de pace setter, she take de field thru de first two laps (dem measure for de start line, no be de quarter-mile splits) insyd 64.26 den 63.94 (2:08.20). As ebe typical for Hassan, na she be last off de start line, buh over de next 150 metres, slowly she ease einself around de field for de outside into de marking position behind Lyakhova. Gabriela DeBues-Stafford soon move thru de field insyd between Hassan den Lyakhova for de next lap before Hassan den Gudaf Tsegay separate from de field as de chasers per. Between 800 den 1000 metres, Lyakhova strain make she keep on pace, buh na Hassan den Tsegay dey move forward. After Lyakhova step out, de two found dema selves 15 metres ahead of de pack. For 1200 metres, na Hassan dey spy back for ein close chaser Tsegay insyd 3:10.13 (a 61.93 lap). Hassan accelerate, dey open 5-metre gap over de next 100 metres. Dey continue for dis pace, she pass 1500 metres insyd about 3:55. Hassan cover de last 409.344 metres insyd 62.20, ein final time of 4:12:33 dey break Svetlana Masterkova ein almost 23-year-old world record.<ref>Mike Rowbottom (12 July 2019). [https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/hassan-breaks-mile-world-record-in-monaco "Hassan breaks world mile record in Monaco with 4:12.33 – IAAF Diamond League"]. IAAF. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190712211549/https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/hassan-breaks-mile-world-record-in-monaco Archived] from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</ref> De athletes wey dey trail Hassan rewrite de all-time top 25 list, plus Laura Weightman wey dey move into position #15, DeBues-Stafford into #17, den after #5 all-time Tsegay fade into de pack na Rababe Arafi, Axumawit Embaye, Winnie Nanyondo den Ciara Mageean dey follow am dey move into positions #20–23. Na she be de double 2019 Diamond League champion, wey she win both de 1500 den 5000 metres Trophies.<ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/hassan-diamond-distance-double-brussels "Hassan completes Diamond distance double in Brussels – IAAF Diamond League"]. ''www.iaaf.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190907072026/https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/hassan-diamond-distance-double-brussels Archived] from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref> [[File:Women's_1500m_final_at_2019_World_Athletics_Championships_2.jpg|alt=Hassan celebrates crossing the finish line, holding her arms up in front of three other women reaching her.|thumb|Insyd de 1,500 m final of de 2019 Doha World Championships, Hassan defeat Faith Kipyegon.]] [[File:Women's_1500m_podium_at_Doha_2019.jpg|alt=Three woman are on the podium holding their medals. Hassan is in the middle holding a gold medal.|thumb|De fastest women insyd de world over de 1500 m for de 2019 World Athletics Championships. From left to right: Kipyegon, Hassan den Gudaf Tsegay.]] [[File:Sifan_Hassan_with_two_gold_medals_at_2019_World_Athletics_Championships.jpg|alt=Hassan holds up her two gold medals.|thumb|For de 2019 World Championships, Sifan Hassan plete de 1,500 m/10,000 m golden double, de first such insyd history of global championships.]] For 28 September, she cam turn de 2019 World Champion insyd de 10,000 metres insyd ein second race for dat distance. Na ein first race for de event be insyd Stanford insyd time of 31:18.12, just fast enough make she achieve de qualifying standard give de World Championships. Na de winning time of 30:17.62 be de best time of de year for de track top. Alina Reh (Germany) lead de field after 3000 m insyd 9:29.69. De front runner reach de halfway point insyd 15:32.70. Letesenbet Gidey fini insyd 30:21.23, plus Agnes Tirop (Kenya) cam insyd third place insyd 30:25.50. Na de second half of de run dem cover insyd 14:45.<ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/womens-10000m-iaaf-world-athletics-championsh "Report: women's 10,000m – IAAF World Athletics Championships Doha 2019"]. ''www.iaaf.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190928211402/https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/womens-10000m-iaaf-world-athletics-championsh Archived] from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.</ref> Hassan sanso win de 1500 metres race plus time of 3:51.95 (sixth place for de 1500 m all-time list top), dey set fresh championships den European records. Na de second-placed finisher be Faith Kipyegon insyd 3:54.22, fresh Kenyan national record, den de third place go to Gudaf Tsegay plus 3:54.38.<ref>NDR. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210830211950/https://lawm.sportschau.de/doha2019/nachrichten/Leichtathletik-WM-Doha-2019-Hassan,lawmdoha1694.html "Zweite Goldmedaille – Historischer Erfolg für Hassan"]. ''lawm.sportschau.de'' (insyd German). Archived from [https://lawm.sportschau.de/doha2019/nachrichten/Leichtathletik-WM-Doha-2019-Hassan,lawmdoha1694.html the original] on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2019.</ref> === 2020–2021 === For 10 October, Hassan set European record for de women's 10,000 metres insyd time of 29:36.67, wey she break de best set by Great Britain ein Paula Radcliffe insyd 2002 by more dan 24 seconds.<ref>McGuire, Jane (12 October 2020). [https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/news/a34343122/sifan-hassan-european-womens-10000m-record/ "Sifan Hassan sets new European women's 10,000m record, breaking Paula Radcliffe's record"]. ''Runner's World''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220209190045/https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/news/a34343122/sifan-hassan-european-womens-10000m-record/ Archived] from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</ref> For 6 June 2021, she better ein performance for de event make she set world record of 29:06.82 insyd Hengelo, wey she beat 2016 record of Ethiopian Almaz Ayana by more dan 10 seconds. Hassan loose de record two days later, however, wen Ethiopia ein Letesenbet Gidey achieve time of 29:01.03 for de same stadium.<ref>Ingle, Sean (6 June 2021). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/06/netherlands-sifan-hassan-smashes-womens-10000m-record-by-10-seconds "Sifan Hassan smashes women's 10,000m record by 10 seconds in super spikes"]. ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210606180149/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/06/netherlands-sifan-hassan-smashes-womens-10000m-record-by-10-seconds Archived] from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</ref><ref>[https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/06/08/letesenbet-gidey-world-record-10000-meters/ "Letesenbet Gidey breaks 2-day-old world record in 10,000m"]. ''OlympicTalk''. NBC Sports. 8 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128044207/https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/06/08/letesenbet-gidey-world-record-10000-meters/ Archived] from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</ref> Hassan win gold insyd de 5000 metres den 10,000 metres for de delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. She sanso win bronze insyd de 1500 metres. She cam turn de athlete per make she ever medal insyd de 1500, 5000, den 10,000 metres events for de same Olympics. Na ein 5000 m winning time be 14:36.79, ahead of Hellen Obiri wey komot Kenya plus 14:38.36, while Gudaf Tsegay win bronze medal plus time of 14:38.87. Ein gold medal win make am de first Dutch woman plus Olympic athletics medal insyd long-distance event. Na she be de first non-Kenyan anaa Ethiopian athlete make she win de event since Gabriela Szabo win insyd de 2000 Sydney Olympics.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210802172342/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/news/sifan-hassan-netherlands-wins-womens-5-000m "Sifan Hassan of the Netherlands wins women's 5,000m"]. ''Tokyo 2020''. Archived from [https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/news/sifan-hassan-netherlands-wins-womens-5-000m the original] on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.</ref> === 2022 === Na dis season she consider am resting year give Hassan as she end break from training 5 weeks before she compete for de World Championships insyd Eugene, Oregon wer na she fini sixth insyd de 5000 metres den fourth insyd de 10,000 metres.<ref name=":1" /> === 2023 === For 23 April, for ein debut over de classic marathon distance, de 30-year-old win de London Marathon plus time of 2:18:33. She lost contact plus de leaders after she stop make she stretch ein leg twice about 19 km into de race, wey na ebe 28 seconds behind for de 25 km mark. Despite dis, Hassan catch up plus de slowing lead quartet plus four kilometres to go wey she prevail insyd sprint finish for de final straight, four seconds ahead of Alemu Megertu. "It was really amazing. I never thought I would finish a marathon", Hassan say.<ref>Whittington, Jess (23 April 2023). [https://worldathletics.org/news/report/kelvin-kiptum-sifan-hassan-london-marathon "Kiptum charges to 2:01:25 triumph, Hassan stuns on marathon debut in London"]. ''World Athletics''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230423170609/https://worldathletics.org/news/report/kelvin-kiptum-sifan-hassan-london-marathon Archived] from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.</ref><ref>Ingle, Sean (23 April 2023). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/apr/23/london-marathon-sifan-hassan-kelvin-kiptum-race-report-athletics "London Marathon: Sifan Hassan stops twice and dodges bike in dramatic win"]. ''The Guardian''. ISSN 0261-3077. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230423113122/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/apr/23/london-marathon-sifan-hassan-kelvin-kiptum-race-report-athletics Archived] from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.</ref> For 3 June, just 41 days after ein marathon debut, Hassan make ein return to outdoor track insyd Hengelo, Netherlands. She compete insyd de 10,000 metres den de 1500 metres, wey she win both events; de 10,000 metres plus time of 29:37.80, den de 1500 metres insyd 3:58.12. For 8 October, Sifan Hassan win de Chicago Marathon plus time of 2:13:44.<ref>[https://marathonhandbook.com/sifan-hassan-shows-her-versatility-at-chicago-marathon-by-running-a-new-course-record-and-the-second-fastest-marathon-ever/ "Sifan Hassan Shows Her Versatility At Chicago Marathon By Running A New Course Record And The Second Fastest Marathon Ever"]. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.</ref> Dis be fresh course record give de Chicago Marathon as well as de second-fastest women's marathon of all time.<ref>[https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/sports/chicago-marathon/sifan-hassan-crosses-2023-chicago-marathon-finish-line-with-unofficial-course-record/3245400/ "Sifan Hassan crosses 2023 Chicago Marathon finish line with unofficial course record"]. ''NBC Chicago''. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</ref> === 2024 - Olympic 5000m bronze === For de [[2024 Summer Olympics|Paris 2024 Olympics]], Hassan secure de bronze medal insyd de women's 5,000 metres. Initially dem upgrade to silver dey follow Faith Kipyegon ein disqualification for obstruction, na dem later return Hassan to bronze after na dem reinstate Kipyegon dey follow Kenya ein successful appeal.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/articles/c99001egm4jo "Kenya's Chebet wins 5,000m gold as Kipyegon gets silver"]. BBC. 5 August 2024.</ref> Hassan sanso win bronze insyd de 10,000 metres then, for de final day, she win gold insyd de women's marathon after she sprint de final 200 metres make she beat Ethiopian Tigst Assefa by 3 seconds.<ref name=":2" /> Plus dis gold medal she cam turn de first woman make she win Olympic gold insyd de marathon, 5,000 metres den 10,000 metres. She sanso cam turn de first Olympic athlete male anaa female make she win medals insyd dese three events for de same Games since 1952.<ref name=":2" /> === Coach === Sifan Hassan achieve ein first career breakthrus while under de direction of Dutch national coach Honore Hoedt. Hassan decide ,ake she search for oda coaching options for de end of 2016 after injuries hamper ein buildup to de Rio Olympics. Dey begin insyd 2017, Hassan move go de United States make she be coached by Alberto Salazar for de Nike Oregon Project.<ref>Dennehy, Cathal (2 October 2019). [https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/coach-alberto-salazar-wont-be-missed-954343.html "Coach Alberto Salazar won't be missed"]. ''Irish Examiner''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191002171212/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/coach-alberto-salazar-wont-be-missed-954343.html Archived] from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.</ref><ref>Homewood, Brian (1 October 2019). [https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-athletics-doping-hassan/hassan-says-career-thrown-into-uncertainty-by-salazar-ban-idUKKBN1WG4J3 "Hassan says career thrown into uncertainty by Salazar ban"]. ''Reuters''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191002232937/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-athletics-doping-hassan/hassan-says-career-thrown-into-uncertainty-by-salazar-ban-idUKKBN1WG4J3 Archived] from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.</ref> Insyd July 2018, de Nike Oregon Project hire Tim Rowberry as coach—primarily make he oversee de training of Sifan Hassan den ein fellow team member Yomif Kejelcha—while Salazar remain de head coach over all athletes insyd de Nike Oregon Project. Insyd October 2019 Salazar begin dey serve four-year ban from athletics for doping violations wey dey date from before he start dey coach Hassan. According to court rulings wich na dem uphold Salazar ein ban, na der be “no evidence put before the CAS as to any effect on athletes competing at the elite level within the Nike Oregon Project.”<ref>[https://www.espn.com/olympics/trackandfield/story/_/id/32216748/report-track-coach-alberto-salazar-4-year-doping-ban-upheld-court-arbitration-sport "Track coach Alberto Salazar's 4-year doping ban upheld by Court of Arbitration for Sport"]. Associated Press. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</ref> De aftermath of Salazar ein ban cause de Nike Oregon Project make e dissolve dey lead Hassan den Kejelcha make dem form fresh training group under coach Tim Rowberry. Hassan ein current coach be Tim Rowberry. After ein partnership plus Rowberry begin insyd 2018, she set fresh personal best times insyd de 1500m, 3k, 5k, 10k, half marathon, den marathon. Hassan ein training partner Yomif Kejelcha remain insyd de group til ein departure to Adidas insyd 2021.<ref>[https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/08/02/sifan-hassan-wins-womens-5000-meters-gold-results-tokyo-track-and-field "Sifan Hassan Wins 5,000 Meter Gold, Eyes More With Historic Triple Attempt"]. ''Sport's Illustrated''. 2 August 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805163216/https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/08/02/sifan-hassan-wins-womens-5000-meters-gold-results-tokyo-track-and-field Archived] from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31960301/olympics-2021-dutch-track-star-sifan-hassan-quest-improbable-treble-olympic-history "Olympics 2021: Dutch track star Sifan Hassan's quest for an improbable treble"]. ''ESPN''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805164852/https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31960301/olympics-2021-dutch-track-star-sifan-hassan-quest-improbable-treble-olympic-history Archived] from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/news/feature/sifan-hassan-yomif-kejelcha "Hassan and Kejelcha: training partners and mile world record holders"]. ''www.iaaf.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190806135630/https://www.iaaf.org/news/feature/sifan-hassan-yomif-kejelcha Archived] from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref> == Personal bests == Information wey komot World Athletics profile unless otherwise noted.<ref name=":1" /> {| class="wikitable" !Type !Event !Time (h:m:s) !Place !Date !Record !Notes |- | rowspan="8" |Outdoor |800 metres |1:56.81 |Monaco, Monaco |21 July 2017 | | |- |1000 metres |2:34.68 |Hengelo, Netherlands |24 May 2015 |<abbr>NR</abbr> | |- |1500 metres |3:51.95 |Doha, Qatar |5 October 2019 |<abbr>AR</abbr> | |- |One mile |4:12.33 |Monaco, Monaco |12 July 2019 |<abbr>AR</abbr> |Sanso be world record til na Faith Kipyegon break dat record for 21 July 2023.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/monaco-herculis-2023-kipyegon-world-record-mile "Kipyegon obliterates world mile record with 4:07.64 in Monaco"], ''World Athletics'', 21 July 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</ref> Second-fastest woman of all time.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/middle-long/one-mile/outdoor/women/senior?regionType=world&page=1&bestResultsOnly=true&firstDay=1900-01-01&lastDay=2023-10-09 "Senior Outdoor One Mile Women"], ''World Athletics''. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref> |- |3000 metres |8:18.49 |Stanford, CA, United States |30 June 2019 |<abbr>AR</abbr> | |- |5000 metres |14:22.12 |London, United Kingdom |21 July 2019 |<abbr>AR</abbr> | |- |10,000 metres |29:06.82 |Hengelo, Netherlands |6 June 2021 |<abbr>AR</abbr> |Sanso be world record til na Letesenbet Gidey break dat record for 8 June 2021.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/letesenbet-gidey-world-10000m-record-hengelo "Gidey breaks 10,000m world record in Hengelo"], ''World Athletics'', 8 June 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref> |- |One hour |18,930 m |Brussels, Belgium |4 September 2020 |<abbr>WR</abbr> | |- | rowspan="4" |Indoor |800 metres |2:02.62 <abbr>i</abbr> |Apeldoorn, Netherlands |28 February 2016 | | |- |1500 metres |4:00.46 <abbr>i</abbr> |Stockholm, Sweden |19 February 2015 |<abbr>NR</abbr> | |- |One mile |4:19.89 <abbr>i</abbr> |New York, NY, United States |11 February 2017 |<abbr>NR</abbr> | |- |3000 metres |8:30.76 <abbr>i</abbr> |Birmingham, United Kingdom |18 February 2017 |<abbr>NR</abbr> | |- | rowspan="5" |Road |5 km |14:44 <abbr>Wo</abbr> |Monaco, Monaco |17 February 2019 |<abbr>AR</abbr> |Sanso be world record<ref>Nicole Jeffery, [https://worldathletics.org/news/report/wanders-hassan-world-record-5km-monaco "Wanders and Hassan set world 5km records in Monaco"], ''World Athletics'', 17 February 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref> til na Beatrice Chepkoech break de overall record for 14 February 2021<ref>Bob Ramsak, [https://worldathletics.org/news/report/chepkoech-breaks-world-5km-record-in-monaco "14:43! Chepkoech breaks world 5km record in Monaco"], ''World Athletics'', 14 February 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref> den Senbere Teferi break de women's-only-race record for 12 September 2021.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/agnes-tirop-world-10km-record-herzogenaurach "Tirop and Teferi smash world records in Herzogenaurach"], ''World Athletics'', 12 September 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref> |- |10 km |34:28 |Brunssum, Netherlands |1 April 2012 | | |- |15 km |53:57 |'s-Heerenberg, Netherlands |4 December 2011 | | |- |Half marathon |65:15 |Copenhagen, Denmark |16 September 2018 |<abbr>AR</abbr> | |- |Marathon |2:13:44 |Chicago, United States |8 October 2023 |<abbr>AR</abbr> |Second-fastest woman of all time<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/road-running/marathon/outdoor/women/senior?regionType=world&drop=all&fiftyPercentRule=all&page=1&bestResultsOnly=true&firstDay=1900-01-01&lastDay=2023-10-08 "Senior Outdoor Marathon Women"], ''World Athletics'', 8 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref> |} == Competition results == Information wey komot World Athletics profile unless otherwise noted.<ref name=":1" /> === International competitions === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Competition !Venue !Position !Event !Result !Notes |- ! colspan="7" |Dey represent Netherlands |- | rowspan="2" |2013 | rowspan="2" |European Cross Country Championships | rowspan="2" |Belgrade, Serbia |1st |U23 race |19:40 | |- |3rd |U23 team |70 pts | |- | rowspan="5" |2014 |World Indoor Championships |Sopot, Poland |5th |3000 m <abbr>i</abbr> |9:03.22 | |- |European Team Championships, Super League |Braunschweig, Germany |1st |3000 m |8:45.24 |<abbr>CR</abbr> |- | rowspan="2" |European Championships | rowspan="2" |Zürich, Switzerland |1st |1500 m |4:04.18 | |- |2nd |5000 m |15:31.79 | |- |Continental Cup |Marrakesh, Morocco |1st |1500 m |4:05.99 | |- | rowspan="4" |2015 |European Indoor Championships |Prague, Czech Republic |1st |1500 m i |4:09.04 | |- | rowspan="2" |World Championships | rowspan="2" |Beijing, China |sf (5th) |800 m |1:58.50 |<abbr>PB</abbr> |- |3rd |1500 m |4:09.34 | |- |European Cross Country Championships |Hyères, France |1st |Senior race |25:47 | |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |World Indoor Championships |Portland, OR, United States |1st |1500 m i |4:04.96 | |- |European Championships |Amsterdam, Netherlands |2nd |1500 m |4:33.76 | |- | rowspan="2" |Olympic Games | rowspan="2" |Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |h (21st) |800 m |2:00.27 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- |5th |1500 m |4:11.23 | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | rowspan="2" |World Championships | rowspan="2" |London, United Kingdom |5th |1500 m |4:03.34 | |- |3rd |5000 m |14:42.73 | |- | rowspan="4" |2018 | rowspan="2" |World Indoor Championships | rowspan="2" |Birmingham, United Kingdom |3rd |1500 m i |4:07.26 | |- |2nd |3000 m i |8:45.68 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- |European Championships |Berlin, Germany |1st |5000 m |14:46.12 |<abbr>CR</abbr> |- |Continental Cup |Ostrava, Czech Republic |1st |3000 m |8:27.50 |<abbr>CR</abbr> <abbr>NR</abbr> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 | rowspan="2" |World Championships | rowspan="2" |Doha, Qatar |1st |1500 m |3:51.95 |<abbr>CR</abbr> <abbr>AR</abbr> |- |1st |10,000 m |30:17.62 |<abbr>WL</abbr> <abbr>PB</abbr> |- | rowspan="3" |2021 | rowspan="3" |Olympic Games | rowspan="3" |Tokyo, Japan |3rd |1500 m |3:55.86 | |- |1st |5000 m |14:36.79 | |- |1st |10,000 m |29:55.32 | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | rowspan="2" |World Championships | rowspan="2" |Eugene, OR, United States |6th |5000 m |14:48.12 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- |4th |10,000 m |30:10.56 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | rowspan="3" |World Championships | rowspan="3" |Budapest, Hungary |3rd |1500 m |3:56.00 | |- |2nd |5000 m |14:54.11 | |- |11th |10,000 m |31:53.35 | |- | rowspan="3" |2024 | rowspan="3" |Olympic Games | rowspan="3" |Paris, France |3rd |5000 m |14:30.61 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- |3rd |10,000 m |30:44.12 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- |1st |Marathon |2:22:55 |<abbr>OR</abbr> |- ! colspan="7" |World Marathon Majors |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |London Marathon |London, United Kingdom |1st |Marathon |2:18:33 |<abbr>NR</abbr> |- |Chicago Marathon |Chicago, United States |1st |Marathon |2:13:44 |<abbr>AR</abbr> |- | rowspan="1" |2024 |Tokyo Marathon |Tokyo, Japan |4th |Marathon |2:18:05 |} === Circuit wins den titles === * Diamond League Overall 1500 m winner: 2015<ref>[https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2015/Brussels/IAAFDiamondRanklist.pdf "IAAF Diamond League | Brussels (BEL) | 11 September 2015 | Diamond Race Standings"] (PDF). ''Diamond League''. 11 September 2015. p. 7. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210514010413/https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2015/Brussels/IAAFDiamondRanklist.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</ref> * Diamond League 1500 m champion: 2019<ref>[https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2019/Zurich/DiamondRaceWinners.pdf "IAAF Diamond League Final | Zürich (SUI) | 28th – 29 August 2019"] (PDF). ''Diamond League''. 29 August 2019. p. 2. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128013344/https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2019/Zurich/DiamondRaceWinners.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</ref> * Diamond League 5000 m champion: 2019<ref>[https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2019/Brussels/DiamondRaceWinners.pdf "IAAF Diamond League Final | Brussels (BEL) | 5th – 6 September 2019"] (PDF). ''Diamond League''. 6 September 2019. p. 4. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210828160621/https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2019/Brussels/DiamondRaceWinners.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</ref> ** 2014 (2): Paris Meeting Areva (1500 m), Glasgow Grand Prix (1500 m) ** 2015 (2): Birmingham British Grand Prix (1500 m), Lausanne Athletissima (1500 m) ** 2017 (3): Rome Golden Gala (1500 m), Paris (1500 m), Birmingham (3000 m) ** 2018 (2): London Anniversary Games (One mile), Birmingham (1500 m) ** 2019 (4): Palo Alto Prefontaine Classic (3000 m), Monaco Herculis (One mile, <abbr>MR</abbr> '''<abbr>DLR</abbr>''' '''<abbr>WR</abbr>'''), Zürich Weltklasse (1500 m), Brussels Memorial Van Damme (5000 m) ** 2020 (1): Brussels (One hour) ** 2021 (3): Rome Golden Gala in Florence (1500 m), Eugene Prefontaine Classic (5000 m), Brussels (One mile) ** 2022 (1): Chorzów Kamila Skolimowska Memorial (3000 m) === National titles === * Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships ** 800 metres: 2016 ** 1500 metres: 2015 == Awards den honours == * Dutch Athlete of de Year: 2018, 2019, 2021 * Dutch Sportswoman of de Year: 2019, 2021 * Knight of de Order of Orange-Nassau: 2021 * European Athlete of de Year: 2021 == References == [[Category:Living people]] <references /> == External links == '''Sifan Hassan''' for Wikipedia ein sisto projects * [[commons:Category:Sifan_Hassan|Media]] from Commons * [[wikiquote:Sifan_Hassan|Quotations]] from Wikiquote * [[wikidata:Q14855644|Data]] from Wikidata * [https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14489606 Sifan Hassan] at World Athletics * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240731180852/https://www.european-athletics.com/historical-data/athletes/-/14489606 Sifan Hassan] at European Athletics * [https://www.diamondleague.com/athletes/14489606.html Sifan Hassan] at Diamond League * [https://www.atletiek.nl/atleet/sifan-hassan Sifan Hassan] at de Royal Dutch Athletics Federation (insyd Dutch) * [https://more.arrs.run/runner/21629 Sifan Hassan] at ARRS * [https://www.teamnl.org/sporters/sifan-hassan Sifan Hassan] at TeamNL ([https://web.archive.org/web/1/https://teamnl.org/sporters/5321-sifan-hassan archive]) (insyd Dutch) {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |Records |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Tatyana Kazankina | rowspan="1" |'''Women's 1,500m European record holder''' 5 October 2019 – present | rowspan="1" |Succeed by ''Incumbent'' |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Svetlana Masterkova | rowspan="1" |'''Women's Mile World record holder''' 12 July 2019 – 21 July 2023 | rowspan="1" |Succeed by Faith Kipyegon |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Gabriela Szabo | rowspan="1" |'''Women's 3,000m European record holder''' 30 June 2019 – present | rowspan="1" |Succeed by ''Incumbent'' |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Liliya Shobukhova | rowspan="1" |'''Women's 5,000m European record holder''' 13 July 2018 – present | rowspan="1" |Succeed by ''Incumbent'' |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Almaz Ayana | rowspan="1" |'''Women's 10,000 m World record holder''' 6 June 2021 – 8 June 2021 | rowspan="1" |Succeed by Letesenbet Gidey |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Paula Radcliffe | rowspan="1" |'''Women's 10,000m European record holder''' 10 October 2020 – present | rowspan="1" |Succeed by ''Incumbent'' |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Paula Radcliffe | rowspan="1" |'''Women's marathon European record holder''' 8 October 2023 – present | rowspan="1" |'''Incumbent''' |- ! colspan="3" |Awards |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Mariya Lasitskene | rowspan="1" |'''Women's European Athlete of de Year''' 2021 | rowspan="1" |Succeed by Femke Bol |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Suzanne Schulting | rowspan="1" |'''Dutch Sportswoman of de Year''' 2019, 2020/2021 | rowspan="1" |Succeed by Irene Schouten |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Dafne Schippers Menno Vloon | rowspan="1" |'''Dutch Athlete of de Year''' 2018, 2019, 2021 | rowspan="1" |Succeed by Femke Bol |} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Oromia]] [[Category:Dutch female cross country runners]] [[Category:Dutch female long-distance runners]] [[Category:Dutch female middle-distance runners]] [[Category:Dutch people of Ethiopian descent]] [[Category:Ethiopian emigrants to de Netherlands]] [[Category:Ethiopian female cross country runners]] [[Category:Ethiopian female long-distance runners]] [[Category:Ethiopian female middle-distance runners]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Diamond League winners]] [[Category:European Athletics Championships medalists]] [[Category:European Cross Country Championships winners]] [[Category:IAAF Continental Cup winners]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Naturalised citizens of de Netherlands]] [[Category:Olympic athletes for de Netherlands]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for de Netherlands]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists insyd athletics (track den field)]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for de Netherlands]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists insyd athletics (track den field)]] [[Category:Oromo people]] [[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for de Netherlands]] [[Category:World Athletics Championships medalists]] [[Category:World Athletics Championships winners]] [[Category:World Athletics Indoor Championships winners]] [[Category:World Athletics record holders]] [[Category:World record setters insyd athletics (track den field)]] cxfyvj9mmvu5hr2hg4qw2a03fmwlqch 0 8028 115396 109456 2026-10-29T21:17:52Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Senegal_film_clapperboard.png|right|thumb|Film icon for Senegal]] De '''cinema of Senegal''' (French: ''Cinéma du Sénégal'') be small film industry wey get ein best time from 1960s to early 1980s, buh now e dey decline, as dem no produce reach five feature films for de last ten years.<ref name="Atelier">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707182152/http://www.atelierfiwe.com/Actualite/actu2007/Cannes/Cannes2007.htm "Independent Study Project School for International Training, Dakar, Senegal & l'Atelier FIWE Bénin & Madagascar Fall 2007"]. Cannes Film Festival. 2007. Archived from [http://www.atelierfiwe.com/Actualite/actu2007/Cannes/Cannes2007.htm the original] on July 7, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</ref> [[Senegal]] be de capital of African cinema, and de most important place wey dem dey produce African film, after dem get independence from France for 1960. == Cinematic ein history == === Early films: 1955–1969 === De first Senegalese film, wey be Paulin Vieyra ein ''Afrique-sur-Seine'', dem produce am for 1955. Vieyra go follow up plus more short films like ''Afrique à Moscou'' (1957), ''Le Niger aujourd’hui'' (1958), ''Les présidents Senghor et Modibo Keita'', ''Avec les Africaines à Vienne'' den ''"Présence Africaine" à Rome'' (1959), den ''Indépendance du Cameroun, Togo, Congo, Madagascar'' (1960), wey be documentary about how dese countries get dema independence. But e no be until Senegal get independence dat de industry start to grow. Writer Ousmane Sembène cam turn one of de top directors for de country during dis time, by turning many of ein short stories into films. Ein dey worry about how to change society, wey he dey see film as way to reach more people. For 1963, Sembène produce ein first film, 20-minute short call ''Barom Sarret'' (The Wagoner). People dey consider dis film as de first film ever dem make insyd Africa by Black African, wey e show how people still dey suffer for Senegal after dem get independence, thru de daily life of cab driver.<ref>David Bordwell and Kriston Thompson, ''Film History: An Introduction'', 2e (McGraw Hill, 2003), p. 548.</ref> For 1964, Sembène make anoda short film call ''Niaye''. For 1966, he produce ein first feature film, den Senegal ein first feature film too, ''La Noire de...'', wey be based on one of ein own short stories: wey e sanso cam turn de first feature film wey sub-Saharan African director ever release.<ref name="Atelier" /> Though e no reach one hour, de French film win am Prix Jean Vigo,<ref name=":0">[https://archive.today/20130103144930/http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-sembene14jun14,1,4130153.story?track=rss "Ousmane Sembene, 84; Senegalese hailed as 'the father of African film'"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. June 14, 2007. Archived from [http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-sembene14jun14,1,4130153.story?track=rss the original] on January 3, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</ref> wey bring attention from all over de world to film industry for Senegal den [[Cinema of Africa|African cinema]]. Sembène follow dis success plus ''Mandabi'' for 1968, wey achieve ein goal of making film for ein native language Wolof.<ref name=":0" /> === 1970s: "The Golden Years" === For 1970s, de film industry grow. For 1971, Sembène make film insyd Diola den French, Emitaï. Director Djibril Diop Mambéty release many films during dis time wey get deep meaning den show de reality of society. Like many of ein colleagues, Djibril Diop Mambéty use film to talk about politics den society for Africa, den like Sembène, ein films no be normal, dem be surrealist, fast-fast, plus stories wey show de real life of people. Mambéty use ein films talk about de hard things den contradictions for de new society wey dey come up for Senegal, den how different cultures dey mix. Ein first film, short one dem bell ''Contras City'' (1968), show how de big city Dakar get some fancy buildings, buh some areas dey very poor. For 1970, Mambéty release anoda short film, [[Badou Boy]], wey sanso dey look at Senegal ein capital plus eye wey no dey fear, wey dey show one person wey no dey follow rules, den one policeman wey dey follow am, wey dem dey do some funny things wey no dey possible. Mambéty ein first big film, ''Touki Bouki'' (''The Hyena's Journey'') for 1973, wey people say be ein best film to show how different cultures mix den how people dey isolate for Senegal, dem make am plus small money, $30,000, den ironically, de Senegalese government help fund am. De film show two lovers, Mory den Anta, wey dey dream of running away from Dakar to France, wey dem think be heaven, wey dis represent how tings dey change for Senegal den how dem dey enter new era. Sheila Petty, one scholar for African Studies, talk about Mambéty ein work for Senegalese film during dis time, say "unlike other African filmmakers for late 1960s den early 1970s wey dey focus on African values versus foreign culture, Mambéty try to show de real life wey diverse".<ref>Petty, Sheila (September 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006002032/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4106/is_200309/ai_n9241344/ "Djibril Diop Mambety: un cinéaste à contre-courant"]. Find Articles. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</ref> De film industry start to dey move fast for 1975, plus de release of some big films, like ''Kaddu Beykat'', wey Safi Faye direct, den ''Xala'', wey Sembène sanso direct, den New Yorker Films fund am. ''Xala'' be black comedy film, wey tell de story of El Hadji, one politician for Senegal, wey no fit get erection, from de day he marry ein third wife. De film use satire to talk about how corrupt African politics be, since dem get independence, plus El Hadji ein impotence wey dey show how many governments fail to overcome greed den selfishness.<ref>[http://film.guardian.co.uk/Century_Of_Films/Story/0,4135,414318,00.html "Ousmane Sembene: Xala"]. ''The Guardian''. December 21, 2000. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</ref> E follow dis film plus ''Ceddo'' (1977), one film wey get plenty censorship for Senegal because of de tings dem dey talk about for insyd. Safi Faye, wey first come out for 1972 plus ein short film ''La Passante'' (''The Passerby''), wey she sanso act for insyd, get encouragement from French man Jean Rouch, wey be expert for culture den film, to use film making as way to show culture. He persuade am make she go school for film production. She go study culture at École pratique des hautes études den then at Lumière Film School wey she find money to make films by working as model, actor den insyd film sound effects. She get PhD insyd culture from University of Paris for 1979 wey she immediately start dey study video production for Berlin. She get money from French Ministry of Cooperation to make ''Kaddu Beykat'' wey e cam turn de first big film wey Sub-Saharan African woman make, wey dem dey sell for market wey e get recognition from all over de world.<ref>Ukadike, p.30</ref> Dem ban am as dem release am for Senegal insyd.<ref name="bbc">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200512010442/http://www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/ "Africa Beyond"]. BBC. 2007. Archived from [http://www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/events/200703/ the original] on October 21, 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</ref> For 1976, ''Kaddu Beykat'' win two important awards: FIPRESCI Prize from International Federation of Film Critics den OCIC Award. After dat, Safi Faye release two more films, ''Fad'jal'' den ''Goob na nu'' for 1979. Also for 1970s, one journalist man, Ben Diogaye Bèye, start to dey make short films for Senegal. Ein first film, ''Les Princes Noirs de Saint Germain-des-Près'', wey he release for 1972, be ein most popular one.<ref name="whoswho">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1349_whoswho/page3.shtml "Who's Who at Fespaco: Ben Diogaye Bèye"]. ''BBC World Service''. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-09.</ref> De film be joke on one young African man wey no get work, dey try to live life differently for Paris, de capital of France.<ref name=":1">[https://archive.today/20130102122917/http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=affiche_artiste&no=5795 "Bèye Ben Diogaye"]. ''Africultures'' (insyd French). 2007-10-20. Archived from [http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=affiche_artiste&no=5795 the original] on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2008-10-09.</ref> Ein second film, ''Samba Tali'', na dem release am insyd early 1975.<ref name=":1" /> De film win Best Short Film Prize for Festival International du Film de l'Ensemble Francophone for Geneva for 1975, wey e sanso win for Carthage Festival for 1976.<ref name=":1" /> === 1980s to present: the decline for film production === By 1980, Senegal dey produce five big films every year den plenty short films. Bèye go produce den direct ein first big film, ''Sey, Seyti'', for 1980, wey be film wey dey criticize polygamy for Senegal.<ref name=":1" /> De film come second for Best Screenplay Prize for one contest wey Agency for Technical plus Cultural Cooperation organize for all Francophone countries.<ref name=":1" /> De film get special mention for Locarno Film Festival wey e sanso win Prix de la Coplusne for Pan-African Film Festivals for 1980 den 1981, respectively.<ref name=":1" /> Safi Faye continue direct film for 1980s, plus ''Man Sa Yay'' for 1980 den ''Les âmes au soleil'' for 1981. For 1983, Faye direct one documentary film, ''Selbé: One Among Many'', wey follow 39-year-old woman, Sélbe, wey dey work hard to take care of her eight children since her husband leave their village go find work.<ref>Thackway (2003), p.153</ref> Selbé dey talk regular plus Safi Faye, wey no dey show face for screen, wey she dey tell am about ein marriage life plus ein husby den how she dey live for de village every day.<ref>Thackway (2003), p.154</ref> Even though Safi Faye continue direct films for 1980s, plus films like ''Racines noires'' den ''Elsie Haas'', ''femme peintre et cinéaste d'Haiti'' for 1985 den ''Tesito'' for 1989, ein films, wey often cause controversy for Senegal, dem show am for Europe buh dem no show am for Senegal anaa Africa. After 1983, Senegalese film industry start decline, partly secof dem no get money for Senegal. Some directors like Sembene get money to continue make films, like ''Camp de Thiaroye'' (1987) den ''Guelwaar'' (1992) buh Senegal no get resources den money to make film industry grow den reach e full potential. Even today, many people wey know about film production, especially for Dakar, no get resources. Any films wey dem produce since den, dem mostly use foreign money to make am den dem show am for international film festivals instead of for Senegal.<ref name="Atelier" /> Sembène go continue direct plenty feature films, buh secof American film companies like New Yorker Films per dey invest for ein films. For 2000, he direct ''Faat Kiné'', wey give important eye-open for modern Senegal after dem get independence den how women dey live for dat society. De film talk about pregnancy outsyd marriage den adultery, den sanso dey look at how middle class den poor people dey live different lives, plus some people dey get rich den odas poor, den how people dey struggle plus old den new ways for Senegal. Sembène direct ein last film for 2004, ''Moolaadé'', wey win awards for Cannes Film Festival den FESPACO Film Festival for [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burkina Faso]]. De film, wey happen for small village for Burkina Faso, talk about female genital mutilation, wey be big controversy. Valerio Truffa be anoda big film director for Senegal. He sanso be de head of film schools for [[Benin|Bénin]] den [[Madagascar]], den odas. Amadou Tidiane Niagane be de person wey dey in charge of cinematography for Senegal Ministry of Culture for 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190112171755/https://au-senegal.com/dakar-sans-grand-ecran-le-cinema-est-il-mort,1386.html?lang=fr "Dakar sans grand écran : Le cinéma est-il mort ?"]. ''Au Sénégal, le cœur du Sénégal'' (insyd French). 12 January 2019. Archived from [https://au-senegal.com/dakar-sans-grand-ecran-le-cinema-est-il-mort,1386.html the original] on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.</ref> == Notable film directors == * Ben Diogaye Beye * Alassane Diago * Ababacar Samb Makharam * [[Djibril Diop Mambéty]] * Safi Faye * Ousmane Sembène * Khady Sylla * Mahama Johnson Traoré * Paulin Soumanou Vieyra * Mansour Sora Wade * Moussa Sene Absa * Alain Gomis == Notable films == * ''Afrique-sur-Seine'' (1955) * ''Borom Sarret'' (1963) * ''Niaye'' (1964) * ''La Noire de...''(1966) * ''Mandabi'' (1968) * ''Contras City'' (1968) * ''Badou Boy'' (1970) * ''Touki Bouki'' (1973) * ''Xala'' (1974) * ''Ceddo'' (1977) * ''Jom or the History of a people'' (1982) * ''Camp de Thiaroye'' (1988) * ''Guelwaar'' (1992) * ''Faat Kiné'' (2000) * ''Moolaadé'' (2004) * ''Les Feux de Mansaré'' (2009) * ''Yoolé'' (2011) * ''La Pirogue'' (2012) * ''Tey'' (2012) * ''Des Étoiles'' (2013) * ''Félicité'' (2017) * ''Tirailleurs'' (2022) == Sana spy == * Media of Senegal * Cinema of the world * [[Cinema of Africa]] == References == <references /> === Bibliography === * Şaul, Mahir "Art, Politics and Commerce in Francophone African Cinema," in Mahir Şaul and Ralph Austen, eds. ''Viewing African Cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Art Films and the Nollywood Video Revolution'', pp.&nbsp;133–159. Ohio University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8214-1931-1 * Schmidt, Nancy J. (1999). "Sub-Saharan African Woman Filmmakers". In Harrow, Kenneth W. (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kRR2fBv2NhUC African Cinema: Postcolonial and Feminist Readings]''. Africa World Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-697-8|978-0-86543-697-8]]</bdi>. *  Thackway, Melissa (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=__PzjrAIUtYC Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone]''. James Currey Publishers. pp. 151–155. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-85255-576-8|0-85255-576-8]]</bdi>. *  Ukadike, Nwachukwu Frank; Teshome H. Gabriel (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=G-JqZSK9T6IC Questioning African Cinema: Conversations with Filmmakers]''. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 29–40. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8166-4004-1|0-8166-4004-1]]</bdi>. * Christopher, Michael (2011). "A Bustrip to Postcoloniality: On the road with the TGV-Express". In: ''manycinemas 2/2011'', pp.&nbsp;68–81. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001083803/http://www.manycinemas.org/TGV-Express.html Online at manycinemas.org] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001083803/http://www.manycinemas.org/TGV-Express.html Archived] 2021-10-01 at the Wayback Machine. [[Category:Cinema of Senegal]] qdvj0iy9xs3x2ajv1h67bc690xncgm1 0 8084 115382 57890 2026-10-29T19:17:48Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Adams Apples''''' be Ghanaian film series, wey dey star Yvonne Okoro, [[Joselyn Dumas]], [[John Dumelo]], [[Naa Ashorkor|Naa Ashorkor Mensa-Doku]], Anima Misa Amoah, [[Adjetey Anang]], Helene Asante, SoulKnight Jazz, Jasmine Baroudi, Vincent McCauley, [[Roselyn Ngissah]], Fred Kanebi.<ref>Mayer, Erika (20 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141017161427/http://africa-archive.com/gh/adams-apples-2011 "ADAMS APPLES (2011)"]. African Archive. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</ref> De series dey consist of ten drama feature films, wey we know am as "chapters", ebe Ken Attoh wey produce wey [[Shirley Frimpong-Manso]] cam direct am.<ref>Southwood Russell (28 April 2011). [http://allafrica.com/stories/201105040302.html "Ghana: Adam's Apples Launches an Innovative Ten-Part Film Series"]. ''All Africa''. allAfrica.com. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</ref> De film series dey follow de life of Adams' family, wey consist of Doris Adams (Anima Misa Amoah), widow of ex-diplomat, den ein three daughters; Baaba (Okoro), Jennifer (Dumas) den Kuukua (Mensah-Doku). De film show how dem handle dema complicated family, love lives, individual secrets, lies den regrets. Dem sanso create spin-off TV drama series, plus de same title, wey premiere for February 2013, wey now dey show for DStv ein Africa Magic. De TV series dey happen one year after de tenth chapter of de film series.<ref>Whitman, Myne (13 February 2013). [http://www.romancemeetslife.com/2013/02/adams-apples-season-2-premieres-feb-14th.html "Adams Apples Season 2 Premieres Feb 14th"]. Romance Meets Life. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</ref><ref>Aiki, Damilare (20 February 2013). [http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/02/20/joselyn-dumas-majid-michel-shirley-frimpong-manso-john-dumelo-deborah-vanessa-at-the-adams-apple-season-2-premiere-in-ghana-photos/ "Joselyn Dumas, Majid Michel, Shirley Frimpong-Manso, John Dumelo & Deborah Vanessa at the "Adams Apple" Season 2 Premiere in Ghana - Photos"]. ''Bella Naija''. bellanaija.com. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</ref> == Cast == * Anima Misa Amoah as Doris Adams * Yvonne Okoro as Baaba Adams Smith * [[Joselyn Dumas]] as Jennifer Adams * [[Naa Ashorkor|Naa Ashorkor Mensah-Doku]] as Kuukua Adams * [[Adjetey Anang]] as Albert Amankwah (anaa Albert Adams) * Helene Asante as Ivy Amankwah (anaa Ivy Adams) * SoulKnight Jazz as Chris Smith * [[John Dumelo]] as Denu McCarby * Jasmine Baroudi as Michelle * Vincent McCauley as Foo * Fred Kanebi as Gerald * Roselyn Ngissah as Linda * Fiifi Coleman as Chidi * Sesanu Gbadebo as Eric == Chapters == Chaw chapters for de series dem release every month, den de whole film series screen for over ten months, one by one.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141020232010/http://www.gbooza.com/group/nollywood/forum/topics/ghanas-10part-movie-adams#axzz3FsKORLdO "Ghana's 10-part movie, Adam's Apple, hits big screen"]. Gbooza.com. 19 June 2011. Archived from [http://www.gbooza.com/group/nollywood/forum/topics/ghanas-10part-movie-adams#axzz3FsKORLdO the original] on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</ref> * ''Adams Apples: The Family Ties'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples: Twisted Connections'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples: Musical Chairs'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples: Torn'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples: Duplicity'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples: Showdown'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples: Confessions'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples: Fight or Flight'' (2012) * ''Adams Apples: Rescue Mission'' (2012) * ''Adams Apples: New Beginnings'' (2012) Dem constantly dey praise ''Adams Apples'' film series for ein predominant use of traditional prints costume.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140227142403/http://lorawords.com/2011/04/12/african-prints-re-defined-in-shirleys-adams-apple/ "African Prints re-defined in Shirley's ADAMS APPLES"]. Lora Words. 12 April 2011. Archived from [http://lorawords.com/2011/04/12/african-prints-re-defined-in-shirleys-adams-apple/ the original] on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.</ref><ref>Tilii (14 April 2011). [http://myafricanmoviereviews.blogspot.com/2011/03/its-spring-and-who-better-to-brighten.html "Adams Apples - Its Spring and Who Better to Brighten it Than Sparrow Production"]. African Movie Reviewer. Retrieved 13 October 2014.</ref> == Release == Dem release official trailer for de first Chapter for de series on 15 April 2011. De first part of de series premiere on 21 April 2011, den de last Chapter come out on 25 May 2012.<ref>[http://www.modernghana.com/music/18115/3/adams-apples-finally-it-all-ends-here.html "Adams Apples: Finally it all ends here"]. ModernGhana.com. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141017065212/http://articles.entertainmentinghana.com/adams-apples-chapter-10-premieres-on-friday-may-25.html "Adams Apples Chapter 10 Premieres On Friday May 25"]. ''Entertainment Ghana''. Entertainment in Ghana. 22 May 2012. Archived from [http://articles.entertainmentinghana.com/adams-apples-chapter-10-premieres-on-friday-may-25.html the original] on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.</ref> Na dem release complete DVD set, wey dey contain all ten films for de series insyd December 2012.<ref>Febiri, Chris-Vincent A. (31 December 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240815151747/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/12/31/the-complete-10-chapter-adams-apples-dvd-box-set-is-out-for-sale-at-airport-shell-accra-get-yours-now/ "'The Complete 10 Chapter Adams Apples DVD Box Set' Is Out For Sale At Airport Shell, Accra…Get Yours NOW!"]. ''Ghana Celebrities''. Ghanacelebrities.com. Retrieved 13 October 2014.</ref> Adams Apples dey available for streaming for [https://web.archive.org/web/20190830181842/https://watch.demandafrica.com/page/adams-apples Demand Africa] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190830181842/https://watch.demandafrica.com/page/adams-apples Archived] 2019-08-30 for de Wayback Machine. == Critical reception == Every film for de series get good talk from people. Nollywood Reinvented, dem review de last part of de film, and dem praise everything about am, and dem talk say: "Shirley do well by making dis movie 'more than a conqueror'. De good thing about Adams Apples movies be say dem touch on many topics (even if dem no fully talk about am). Dem talk about how to love when you and de person get age difference... how to handle love wey de compete... how to know when you dey love or just dey lust... how to look for adventure and still dey realistic... how to deal with mistakes wey you do before... And most importantly, how to know say family important and trust God to make things right.<ref>[http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2012/10/adams-apples-new-beginnings.html "Adams Apples: New Beginnings"]. Nollywood Reinvented. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2014.</ref> Victor Olatoye of Nollywood Critics, for him review of chapter 1 to 3 of de film, praise how dem develop de characters, give am 3.5 out of 4 stars, and conclude say: "If you dey look for good movie wey go make you feel happy, smart, sexy, funny, excited, and full of wahala, den Adams Apples be de one. Go ahead, take am, enjoy am, but know say trouble dey ahead".<ref>Olatoye, Victor. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141016144307/http://nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=352 "Movie Archives"]. Nollywood Critics. Archived from [http://nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=352 the original] on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</ref> Circumspecte, for dem overview of de film series, talk say: "Me go use one word to describe Shirley Frimpong Manso's latest film, Adams Apples - delightful. And e be so, in every sense of de word. From de script, to de characters, to de picture quality, de music, costume, promotion, everything really, dem do am well.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141018100615/http://www.circumspecte.com/2011/04/film-reviewalert-adams-apples-shirley.html "Film Review/Alert: Adams Apples (Shirley Frimpong's Latest)"]. Circumspecte. 23 April 2011. Archived from [http://www.circumspecte.com/2011/04/film-reviewalert-adams-apples-shirley.html the original] on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.</ref> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141216183320/http://adamsapplesmovie.com/ Official website] * [[imdbtitle:1956416|Adams Apples]] at IMDb * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190830181842/https://watch.demandafrica.com/page/adams-apples Adams Apples] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190830181842/https://watch.demandafrica.com/page/adams-apples Archived] 2019-08-30 at the Wayback Machine on [https://watch.demandafrica.com Demand Africa] == References == <references /> [[Category:2010s English-language films]] [[Category:English-language Ghanaian films]] [[Category:Films set for Ghana insyd]] [[Category:Ghanaian drama films]] [[Category:2011 drama films]] [[Category:Ghanaian film series]] [[Category:2011 films]] [[Category:Film series dem introduce insyd 2011]] [[Category:Films Shirley Frimpong-Manso direct]] twhrewsdflfjvfoi1xgevd24ndqq2op 0 8252 115386 57383 2026-10-29T20:23:27Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Away Bus''' be Ghana film wey Kofi Asamoah of Kofas Media plus Peter Sedufia of OldFilm Productions produce and direct.<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Star-studded-movie-Away-Bus-premiers-on-Easter-Saturday-watch-trailer-739038 "Star-studded movie 'Away Bus' premiers on Easter Saturday, watch trailer"]. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2019-10-12.</ref><ref>[https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/movies/review-away-bus-a-spellbinding-rib-cracking-drama-with-tragic-end/12hln9d "REVIEW: Away Bus – a spellbinding, rib-cracking drama with tragic end - Pulse Ghana"]. ''www.pulse.com.gh''. Retrieved 2020-01-25.</ref> == Synopsis == Two sistos try make dem raise money for dema mommie wey be sick by dem cam turn bus drivers plus de help of dema paddy dem know make dem raise money make dem save dema mommie.<ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bJpuHnrfHQ AWAY BUS - Official Trailer]'', retrieved 2019-10-12</ref><ref>ghanafuodotcom (2019-04-16). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210801092819/https://ghanafuo.com/2019/04/watch-away-bus-movie-trailer-finally.html "WATCH: "Away Bus" movie trailer is finally here"]. ''Ghanafuo.com''. Retrieved 2019-10-12.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210801093302/https://www.ghbase.com/away-bus-promises-to-be-the-most-comic-but-very-educative-movie-ever-produced-in-ghana-and-its-a-must-watch/ "'Away Bus' Promises To Be The Most Comic But Very Educative Movie Ever Produced In Ghana And It's A Must Watch » GhBase•com™"]. ''GhBase•com™''. 2019-03-19. Retrieved 2019-10-12.</ref> == Cast == * [[John Dumelo]] * Fella Makafui * Clemento Suarez * [[Salma Mumin]] * Kalybos * Ahoufe Patri * Master Richard * Umar Krupp * [[Adjetey Anang]] * Moesha Buduong * Too Sweet Annan * Yaw Dabo * Akuapem Polo * Abeiku Santana * [[Kalsoume Sinare]] * Big Akwes * Akrobeto * [[Roselyn Ngissah]] * [[Kofi Adu|Agya Koo]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210801093314/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/04/16/trailer-finally-out-for-agya-koos-comeback-movie-away-bus-watch/ "Trailer finally Out for Agya Koo's Comeback Movie 'Away Bus' - WATCH"]. ''GhanaCelebrities.Com''. 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2019-10-12.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Agya-Koo-makes-comeback-with-Away-Bus-movie-735647 "Agya Koo makes comeback with 'Away Bus' movie"]. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2020-01-25.</ref> * Tracy Boakye == References == <references /> [[Category:English-language Ghanaian films]] [[Category:2010s English-language films]] [[Category:Ghanaian comedy films]] [[Category:2019 films]] 5egyxax5wmb4l223y08aagygfceeuv1 0 10383 115412 113343 2026-10-30T03:27:22Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olusegun Adejumo''' be Nigerian visual artist, wey be known for ein female figure drawings den paintings. He be director of One Draw Gallery wey he currently be de president of de Guild of Professional Fine Artists Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/art/artists-guild-elects-adejumo-as-new-president/|title=Artists' Guild Elects Adejumo As New President|access-date=2017-06-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ein Education, life den work == Dem born Adejumo for September 30, 1965, insyd Lagos. He attend de Yaba College of Education 1982 go 1987 wey he graduate plus Higher National Diploma (HND) insyd Painting. From 1987 go 1988, he serve as Painting Assistant Lecturer for de Lagos State Polytechnic. He sana work as illustrator at de Advertising Techniques Limited insyd 1988. He participate for several exhibitions insyd, wey he show plus oda veteran Nigerian artists Ebenezer Akinola, George Edozie den Gerald Chukwuma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Masters’ Pieces – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2016/09/18/the-masters-pieces/|access-date=2023-03-28|website=This Day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-27|title=Art of Charity from the Genesis Artists|url=https://t.guardian.ng/art/art-of-charity-from-the-genesis-artists/|access-date=2023-03-28|website=The Guardian (Nigeria)|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ein Exhibitions == === Ein Organised projects === * 2017: Union Bank Centenary Art Challenge.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribuneonlineng.com/union-bank-centenary-art-challenge-commences/|title=Union Bank Centenary Art Challenge commences - Tribune|date=2017-06-04|work=Tribune|access-date=2017-07-04|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/art/bank-opens-centenary-art-challenge-competition/|title=Bank opens 'Centenary Art Challenge' competition|access-date=2017-07-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/06/25/in-search-of-a-winner-for-centenary-art-challenge/|title=In Search of a Winner for Centenary Art Challenge|last=|first=|date=2017-06-24|work=THISDAYLIVE|access-date=2017-07-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.unionbankng.com/100-2/art-challenge/|title=Centenary Art Challenge - Union Bank|work=Union Bank|access-date=2017-07-04|language=en-US}}</ref> OneDraw Gallery wey get partnership plus Union Bank of Nigeria PLC * 2017: Co-curator Lagos state government team, 3-Day Art Exhibition<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lagosstate.gov.ng/blog/2017/01/30/eko-art-expo-lagos-to-use-art-tourism-to-boost-economy/|title=EKO ART EXPO: LAGOS TO USE ART, TOURISM TO BOOST ECONOMY – Lagos State Government|website=lagosstate.gov.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref> Rasheed Gbadamosi Eko Art Expo,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ekoartexpo.com/|title=The Rasheed Gbadamosi Eko Art Expo – Art Exhibition – "Lagos for all"|website=ekoartexpo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201210235/http://ekoartexpo.com/|archive-date=2017-02-01}}</ref> Lagos at 50 === Ein Selected solo exhibitions === * 2014: Emotions, Mydrim Gallery, Lagos<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/01/theres-difference-nudity-nakedness-segun-adejumo/|title=There's a difference between nudity and nakedness —Segun Adejumo - Vanguard News|date=2015-01-03|work=Vanguard News|access-date=2017-07-04|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2011: Les Designs d' Olusegun Adejumo, City Mall, Lagos * 2011: Ideal den Ideas, Nettatal Luxury, Port Harcourt * 2010: Make a wish- fundraising exhibition wey dey in support of breast den cervical cancer, Bloom Project, City Hall, Lagos * 2007: Expressions, Sandiland Arcade, VI Lagos * 2004: Lately, Truview Gallery, Lagos * 2004: The Drawing Room Project, Chapter One, Framemaster Gallery, Lagos * 1998: On Request, American Embassy Guest House, Lagos * 1994: Recent Paintings, Chevron Estate, Lagos * 1994: Recent Paintings insyd Watercolour, Fenchurch Gallery, Lagos * 1992: Diverse Siblings, Sans Culturel Francaise, Alliance Francais, Lagos * 1992: Diverse Siblings, de Club, Sheraton Hotels den Towers, Lagos === Ein Selected group exhibitions === * 2016: Catharsis, Guild of Professional Fine Artists of Nigeria, Terra Kulture, Lagos<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/09/18/the-masters-pieces/|title=The Masters' Pieces|last=|first=|date=2016-09-18|work=THISDAYLIVE|access-date=2017-07-04|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016: Oreze IV, a group exhibition in honour of Ein Royal Majesty Nnaemeka Alfred Ugochukwu Achebe, Obi of Onitsha (Agbogidi) * 2015: Art be Life (wey dey promote Nigeria dema Art den Culture), Total Village, Lagos * 2015: Oreze IV, sam group exhibition in honour of Ein Royal Majesty Nnaemeka Alfred Ugochukwu Achebe, Obi of Onitsha (Agbogidi) * 2015: Infinite Treasures, Terra Kulture, Lagos * 2014: Distinction 2, Terra Kulture, Lagos * 2012: Nothing but de Truth, Mydrim Gallery, Lagos * 2012: Togetherness, South-South Economic Summit, Asaba * 2012: Imbued Essence, Exhibition of Contemporary Nigerian Paintings, Sculptures & Craft, London 2012 Olympic & Paralympic Games, Stratford * 2010: Crux of de Matter, Guild of Professional Artists of Nigeria, Lagos * 2010: Timeless, 10th Annual Pastel Exhibition, Mydrim Gallery, Lagos * 2010: Ancient go Modern, Lagos State celebrating Nigeria at 50, Federal Palace Hotel, Lagos * 2009: Colours of Hope, An Exhibition wey dey in Support of Children Living plus Cancer Foundation, Artistic Licence Gallery, Lagos * 2009: Walking plus de Masters, Price Waterhouse Coopers, Lagos * 2009: Besançon vu par Nina et Adejumo, Centre de Linguistique Appliqee, Universite de Frache Comte Besançon France * 2009: Dialogue between Cultures, collaboration between Alliance Française den Society of Nigerian Artist, Lagos * 2008: Threshold, Guild of Professional Artists of Nigeria, Lagos * 2008: Art Expo, Lagos * 2008: De Giclee Print Exhibition, Hue Concept, Terra Kulture, Lagos * 2008: October Rain, De Society of Nigerian Artists, Lagos Chapter * 2008: Colours of Hope, Sam Exhibition wey dey in Support of Kiddies wey dey Live plus Cancer Foundation, Lagos * 2007: De Bond, Sachs Gallery, Lagos * 2007: Colours of Hope, Sam Exhibition wey dey in Support of Kiddies wey dey Live plus Cancer Foundation, Terra Kulture, Lagos * 2007: Little Treasures, Miniature Art Fair, Framemaster Ltd, Lagos * 2007: Hellenic Images den Fifty Four Nigerian Artist insyd Translation, Greek Embassy, Lagos * 2006: Premier Exposition, Watercolour Society of Nigeria, Terra Kulture, Lagos * 2005: Rejuvenation, Society of Nigerian Artists, Mydrim Gallery, Lagos * 2005: Concert of Five, Lifestrokes Gallery, Abuja * 2005: 5th Annual Pastel Exhibition, Mydrim Gallery, Lagos * 2004: Figure Drawings, Hourglass Gallery, Lagos * 2004: De Matrix den de Muse, Framemaster Gallery, Lagos * 2004: Selected for de 19th Annual Philadelphia Art Expo, October Gallery, US * 2002: Highlights, 2nd Annual Pastel Exhibition, Mydrim Gallery, Lagos * 2002: De Aso Rock Collection, African Foundation for de Arts, Lagos * 2002: Jigida, De Great Room, Grosevenor House, Park Lane, London * 2000: Take One Woman, Atrium Gallery, London * 2000: First Light, Vermilion Gallery, Lagos * 2000: Behind de Wall, Vermilion Gallery, Lagos * 1998: From de Cradle, Yaba College of Education, Goethe Institute, Lagos * 1997: Young Master Artist Club, Signature Gallery, Lagos * 1997: Six Artist, Mydrim Gallery, Lagos * 1994: Devine Inspiration, Mauba Gallery, Lagos * 1994: Let it Flow, Mydrim Gallery, Lagos * 1992: Myriads of Thoughts, Mydrim Gallery, Lagos * 1991: A Splash of Colours, Terri's Food Chain, Lagos * 1989: Nigerian Arts den Crafts, American Embassy, Lagos * 1988: Collectives, Barnette Gallery, Lagos === Ein Auctions === * 2013: Arthouse Contemporary Limited 'Modern den Contemporary Art', Lagos<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Segun-Adejumo/CB1906514BDF9832|title=Segun Adejumo|website=www.mutualart.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref> * 2013: TKMG, Terra Kulture Mydrim Gallery,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://terrakulturemydrimauctionhouse.com/|title=TKMG Art Auction|website=terrakulturemydrimauctionhouse.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411132715/https://terrakulturemydrimauctionhouse.com/|archive-date=2021-04-11}}</ref> Lagos Art Auction * 2011: TKMG, Terra Kulture Mydrim Gallery, Art Auction, Lagos * 2011: Arthouse Contemporary Limited 'Modern den Contemporary Art', Lagos<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Olusegun-Adejumo/E3C477800F23B51B|title=Olusegun Adejumo|website=www.mutualart.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref> === Ein Selected commissioned works === * Ceiling Fresco, Four Season Towers Aim Consultants (Elias Building on Ereko Street) * Portrait of Professor Odunjo of Morbid Anatomy Department, Lagos University Teaching Hospital * Portrait of 1988 Rotary President, Barrister Solaru, Rotary Club District 911 === Ein Selected workshop experience === * 2011: Living legends- Wole Soyinka, National Gallery of Arts, Lagos === Ein Selected book illustrations === * No Supper for Eze,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spineandlabel.com/index.php?_route_=no-supper-eze-Nigerian-African-chilrden-story|title=No Supper For Eze|website=spineandlabel.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref> Farafina Educational Books, Kachifo Limited * No School for Eze,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spineandlabel.com/index.php?_route_=eze-series-nigerian-story-african-Children-school&search=Eze|title=No School For Eze|website=spineandlabel.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref> Farafina Educational Books, Kachifo Limited * Only Bread for Eze,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spineandlabel.com/index.php?_route_=eze-series-African-stories-NIgerian-children&search=Eze|title=Only Bread For Eze|website=spineandlabel.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604073504/https://www.spineandlabel.com/index.php?_route_=eze-series-African-stories-NIgerian-children&search=Eze|archive-date=2022-06-04}}</ref> Farafina Educational Books, Kachifo Limited === Ein Selected speaking seminars === * 2012: Sharing my work experience, [[Obafemi Awolowo University|Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife]] * 2011: Surviving as a Visual Artist insyd 21st Century, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife * 2008: Nigerians at Work. De 3 Nigerian Art Stakeholders Conference of African Art Resource Centre (AARC) * 2007: Young Artist den Ein Market Place- Swimming Against de Tide (Art Zero), National Gallery of Art, Lagos === Ein Awards den residency === * 2016: Residency, West African Artist Collectives, Villa Karon kulttuurilehti, Grand Popo, Benin Republic<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.villakaro.org/en/villa-karo/residency/|title=Residency?|website=www.villakaro.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref> * 2015: Homage give Efua Nubuke Foundation East Legon, [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nubukefoundation.org/|title=Nubuke|website=Nubuke|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628164038/http://www.nubukefoundation.org/|archive-date=2017-06-28}}</ref> * 2013: Residency, West African Artist Collectives, Villa Karon kulttuurilehti, Grand Popo, Benin Republic * 2012: Residency, West African Artist Collectives, Villa Karon kulttuurilehti, Grand Popo, Benin Republic * 2011: Residency, West African Artist Collectives, Villa Karon kulttuurilehti, Grand Popo, Benin Republic * 1997: Shortlisted for de Common Wealth Fellowship Award * 1984: Best Student insyd General Art, Yaba College of Technology, Gong Gallery Award === Ein Affiliations den memberships === * Guild of Fine Artist Nigeria (GFAN) * Society of Nigerian Artist (SNA)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://snanational.org/|title=Home - SNA Newsletter|website=SNA Newsletter|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621100039/http://snanational.org/|archive-date=2017-06-21}}</ref> * International Stone League, Nigeria (ISLN) * Watercolour Society of Nigeria (WSN) == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200219210742/http://www.olusegunadejumo.com/ Official Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200805043457/http://onedrawgallery.com/ One Draw Gallery] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Yaba College of Technology alumni]] [[Category:Nigerian artists]] [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:People wey komot Lagos]] o70l50wae07d9ee4vb6uwjnx1xtvajw 0 10581 115398 112863 2026-10-29T21:53:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Diébédo Francis Kéré''' (born 10 April 1965) be [[Burkina Faso|Burkinabé]]-German<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220315-diebedo-francis-kere-becomes-first-african-to-win-pritzker-architecture-prize "Diebedo Francis Kere becomes first African to win Pritzker architecture prize"]. ''France 24''. AFP. 15 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</ref> architect, dem recognize am for creating innovative works wey often be sustainable den collaborative for nature insyd.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Pogrebin |first=Robin |date=15 March 2022 |title=Pritzker Prize Goes to Architect From West Africa |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/15/arts/design/pritzker-prize-francis-kere.html |access-date=15 March 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Insyd 2022, he cam turn de first native African make he receive de Pritzker Architecture Prize.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moreira |first=Paulo |title=The inspiring architect from Burkina Faso who lifted world's biggest prize |url=http://theconversation.com/the-inspiring-architect-from-burkina-faso-who-lifted-worlds-biggest-prize-179685 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=The Conversation |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wainwright |first=Oliver |date=15 March 2022 |title='It is unbelievable': Francis Kéré becomes first black architect to win the Pritzker prize |language=en |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/mar/15/it-is-unbelievable-francis-kere-becomes-first-black-architect-to-win-the-pritzker-prize |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref> Na He educate at Technische Universität Berlin, he live insyd Berlin since 1985. Parallel to ein studies, he establish de Kéré Foundation (formerly Schulbausteine für Gando), den insyd 2005 he found ''Kéré Architecture''. Na dem recognise ein architectural practice internationally plus awards wey dey include de Aga Khan Award for Architecture (2004) for ein first building, de Gando Primary School insyd [[Burkina Faso]], den de Global Holcim Award for Sustainable Construction (2012 Gold). Kéré undertake projects insyd various countries wey dey include Burkina Faso, [[Mali]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Togo]], [[Sudan]], Germany, Italy, Switzerland, de [[United States|US]], den de [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref>[http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Experts/diebedo-francis-kere "Experts: Diébédo Francis Kéré"]. ''Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction''. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</ref> Insyd 2017 de Serpentine Galleries commission am make he design de Serpentine Pavilion insyd London. Na he hold professorships at de Harvard Graduate School of Design, Yale School of Architecture den de Swiss Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio. Insyd 2017 he accept de professorship for "Architectural Design and Participation" at de Technical University of Munich, den a guest professorship at Bauhaus Wiemer insyd 2020. == Early life den education == Na dem born Kéré insyd de village of Gando, Burkina Faso. Na he be de first kiddie insyd de village dem take am go school as ein poppie, de village chief, na he want ein eldest so make he learn how to read den translate ein letters. Since no school exist insyd Gando, na Kéré for lef ein family wen na he be 7 years old make he live plus ein uncle insyd de city. After he fini ein education, he cam turn a carpenter wey he receive a scholarship from de Carl Duisberg Society make he do an apprenticeship insyd Germany as a supervisor for development aid insyd. After he plete de apprenticeship, he go on make he study architecture at Technische Universität Berlin, wey he graduate insyd 2004.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=March 16, 2022 |title=Experts: Diébédo Francis Kéré |url=http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Experts/diebedo-francis-kere |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction}}</ref> == Career == Kéré be known for he dey involve community insyd ein projects den for ein innovative use of vernacular materials den techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baratto |first=Romullo |date=2022-03-16 |title="It's Not Because You Are Limited in Resources That You Should Accept Mediocrity": Interview with Francis Kéré, 2022 Pritzker Winner |url=https://www.archdaily.com/968831/its-not-because-you-are-limited-in-resources-that-you-should-accept-mediocrity-interview-with-francis-kere |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=ArchDaily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Holland, Oscar. [https://www.cnn.com/style/article/pritzker-prize-2022-francis-kere/index.html "Pritzker Prize 2022: Francis Kéré becomes first African to win 'Nobel of architecture'"]. ''CNN''. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</ref> === Teaching === Kéré work as a lecturer at Technische Universität Berlin. Insyd spring 2011, he lecture at Virginia Tech, Washington University, den de University of Texas. De summer wey dey follow he lecture at de University of Wisconsin insyd Milwaukee, den insyd autumn 2012 na he be a visiting professor at Harvard. He sanso teach at de Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio. Kéré accept a newly created professorship for Architectural design den Participation at de Technical University of Munich insyd 2017. Na dem award am a visiting professorship at de Yale School of Architecture. Insyd 2021 Kéré take a position as guest professor at de Bauhaus University insyd Weimar, Germany.<ref>Bauhaus University in Weimar (2021) [https://web.archive.org/web/20241127123223/https://www.uni-weimar.de/en/university/news/bauhausjournal-online/titel/diebedo-francis-kere-is-the-bauhaus-guest-professor-for-the-20212022-winter-semester/ "Diébédo Francis Kéré is the Bauhaus Guest Professor for the 2021/2022 Winter Semester"]</ref> === Architecture den design projects insyd Gando === [[File:Gando village.jpg|right|thumb|Gando, Burkina Faso]] Kéré begin dey work make he design a school for ein home village of Gando while na he enrol at Technische Universität Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diébédo Francis Kéré {{!}} The Pritzker Architecture Prize |url=https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/diebedo-francis-kere |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.pritzkerprize.com}}</ref> De collaborative processes Kéré develop plus Gando inhabitants den de innovative, local den ecological techniques den materials dem create lead Kéré make he receive a Global Award for Sustainable Architecture insyd 2009.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Contal|first1=Marie-Hélène|title=Sustainable design II, Towards a new ethics for architecture and the city|last2=Revedin|first2=Jana|publisher=Actes Sud|date=October 2011|isbn=978-2-330-00085-1|location=Paris}}</ref> Na Kéré ein architecture be conceived of wey dem build plus de help of village inhabitants. De village, locate at de south east of [[Ouagadougou]], get approximately 3000 inhabitants wey dey live insyd mud huts widout access to running water anaa electricity. According to de UN Human Development Index insyd 2011, Burkina Faso be de 7th-least developed country insyd de world. Chaw residents be subsistence farmers, remaining dependent for de harsh climate wich na e restrict rainfall between October den June, den high daytime temperatures of 45&nbsp;°C. ==== Gando Primary School ==== [[File:Primary School Gando.jpg|thumb|right|Primary School insyd Gando]] ==== Gando Mango Tree Project ==== ==== Gando Secondary School ==== [[File:Kere Secondary school Gando.JPG|right|thumb|Secondary school insyd Gando]] As with Kéré's other projects, the secondary school uses local manpower for construction. Specialists trained by Kéré supervise members of the local community, training them in the necessary building techniques. Rather than building the walls brick by brick, Kéré has devised a quicker way of pouring mud and a small quantity of cement into a mould. ==== Atelier Gando ==== Dem develop insyd 2014, de Atelier be a building wich dey function as a community center den on-site base for building projects. A group of students wey komot de Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio help Kéré plan den build de first steps of de construction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-06 |title=Etica e poesia per un'architettura sostenibile |url=https://www.tio.ch/partners/usi/767923/etica-e-poesia-per-un-architettura-sostenibile |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Ticinonline |language=it}}</ref> === Oda architecture den design projects === ==== Dano Secondary School ==== [[File:Kere Secondary school Dano.jpg|right|thumb|Secondary school insyd Dano, Burkina Faso]] ==== Centre for Earth Architecture, Mopti ==== [[File:Kere centre earth architecture mopti.JPG|thumb|Centre for Earth Architecture insyd Mopti, Mali]] ==== Opera Village ==== [[File:Kere operndorf 3.jpg|thumb|Construction of de Remdoogo Opera Village insyd Laongo, Burkina Faso]] ==== Zhoushan Harbour Development, China ==== ==== Medical Centre, Léo ==== ==== '''International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum, Geneva''' ==== == Prizes == * Aga Khan Award for Architecture (2004)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Primary School {{!}} Aga Khan Development Network|url=https://www.akdn.org/architecture/project/primary-school|access-date=31 December 2020|website=www.akdn.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Entertainment|first=The only biannual Magazine for Architectural|title=INTERVIEW: Francis Kéré on Building in Europe and In Africa and His Ethic Of Simplicity|url=https://pinupmagazine.org/articles/interview-2020-architect-francis-kere|access-date=31 December 2020|website=pinupmagazine.org|language=en}}</ref> * Global Award for Sustainable Architecture (2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.global-award.org/images/monographs/2009/Diebedo_Francis_Kere/content.htm|title=Global Award for Sustainable Architecture: Diébédo Francis Kéré|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031001701/http://www.global-award.org/images/monographs/2009/Diebedo_Francis_Kere/content.htm|archive-date=31 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Award for Sustainable Architecture|url=http://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/en/article/global-award-sustainable-architecture|access-date=3 June 2020|website=Cité de l'architecture & du patrimoine|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117200321/https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/en/article/global-award-sustainable-architecture|archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kéré Architecture|url=http://kere-architecture.com/|access-date=3 June 2020|website=kere-architecture.com|language=en}}</ref> * Swiss Architectural Award (2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bsi-swissarchitecturalaward.ch/en/Editions/Seconda-edizione-2010.htmll|title=bsi-swissarchitecturalaward.ch|website=www.bsi-swissarchitecturalaward.ch}}</ref> * Marcus prize for architecture (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www4.uwm.edu/sarup/news/marcusprizewinner.cfm|title=Marcus Prize 2011 Recipient|access-date=17 July 2011|archive-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709021822/http://www4.uwm.edu/sarup/news/marcusprizewinner.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Holcim Awards Gold 2011 Africa Middle East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Awards/A11RegionalHolcimAwards2011/A11AMEOverview/A11AMgoBF/tabid/1316/Default.aspx|title=Holcim Awards for Sustainable Construction|access-date=30 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906163155/http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Awards/A11RegionalHolcimAwards2011/A11AMEOverview/A11AMgoBF/tabid/1316/Default.aspx|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Global Holcim Awards 2012 Gold<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Global Holcim Awards 2012 Gold|url=http://www.holcimfoundation.org/T1499/Awards_Gold_-_Burkina_Faso.htm|access-date=30 October 2012|archive-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201105450/https://www.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/Projects/secondary-school-with-passive-ventilation-system-gando-burkina|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Schelling Architecture Award (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiv.schelling-architekturpreis.org/index.php?s=en&c=03-awardees|title=Schelling Architecture Award winners|date=2014|website=schelling-architekturpreis.org|access-date=22 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202013628/http://archiv.schelling-architekturpreis.org/index.php?s=en&c=03-awardees|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Kenneth Hudson Award for European Museum of de Year (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Best in Heritage|url=https://presentations.thebestinheritage.com/2016/RedCrossAndRedCrescentMuseum|access-date=31 December 2020|website=presentations.thebestinheritage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Francis Kéré will be in conversation with Mohsen Mostafavi about his Serpentine architecture|url=https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/cvehf/francis_k_r_will_be_in_conversation_with_mohsen_mostafavi_about_his_serpentine_architecture.html|access-date=31 December 2020|website=World Architecture Community|language=en}}</ref> * American Academy of Arts & Letters Arnold W. Brunner Memorial Prize (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Francis Kéré Among Arts and Letters Recipients -|url=https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/headlines/francis-kere-among-arts-and-letters-recipients|access-date=31 December 2020|website=World-Architects|language=en}}</ref> * Prince Claus Laureate Award (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report from the 2017 Prince Claus Awards Committee|url=https://princeclausfund.org/storage/documents/Report-from-the-2017-Prince-Claus-Awards-Committee_EN.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504003052/https://princeclausfund.org/storage/documents/Report-from-the-2017-Prince-Claus-Awards-Committee_EN.pdf|archive-date=4 May 2019|access-date=30 December 2020|website=Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 November 2020|title=Diébédo Francis Kéré {{!}} LafargeHolcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction|url=http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Experts/diebedo-francis-kere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318063628/http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Experts/diebedo-francis-kere|archive-date=18 March 2015|access-date=31 December 2020|website=LafargeHolcim Foundation}}</ref> * Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arch.virginia.edu/news/francis-kere-2021-thomas-jefferson-foundation-medalist-in-architecture|title=Francis Kéré 2021 Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medalist in Architecture|website=University of Virginia School of Architecture|date=12 April 2021|access-date=22 June 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629071437/https://www.arch.virginia.edu/news/francis-kere-2021-thomas-jefferson-foundation-medalist-in-architecture|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Pritzker Architecture Prize (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/15/1085457169/pritzker-architecture-prize-2022-diebedo-francis-kere|title=For the first time in its history, architecture's top award goes to a Black architect|website=NPR.org}}</ref> * Crystal Award from the World Economic Forum (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Francis Kéré among winners of World Economic Forum's 2024 Crystal Award|url=https://archinect.com/news/bustler/9677/francis-k-r-among-winners-of-world-economic-forum-s-2024-crystal-award|access-date=2024-09-11|website=Archinect|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == Read further == === Magazines (selection) === * [https://www.japlusu.com/shop/product/au-201307 a+u, Japan architecture and urbanism, Structured to capture Light – 514] * [http://www.archplus.net/home/archiv/ausgabe/46,208,1,0.html arch+, Think Global Build Social – 211/212] * [http://shop.detail.de/blaetterkatalog/DET1306/blaetterkatalog/index.html detail, Architectur und Baudetail – June 2013] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306015750/https://shop.detail.de/blaetterkatalog/DET1306/blaetterkatalog/index.html Archived] 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140318192151/http://www.baumeister.de/blog/mein-dorf-bauen-francis-kere-engagiert-sich-in-seiner-heimat.html Baumeister, Architektur-Magazine – June 2013] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130201074732/http://www.domusweb.it/en/magazine/962/ Domus 962 – October 2012] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130417083444/http://pinupmagazine.org/2012/05/pin-up-12/ PIN UP, Berlin Special – Sring Summer 2012] * [http://www.iconeye.com/read-previous-issues/icon-084- -june-2010/francis-kere ICON #3, International Design, Architecture and Culture, January 2012] * [http://www.arquitecturaviva.com/shop/issue/details/316/ Arquitectura Viva, Africa esencial #140 2012] * [http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/francis-kere-in-mali/ Domus 949 – July–August 2011] * [http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/interview-with-diebedo-francis-kere/ Domus 927 – July/August 2009] === Books (selection) === * {{cite book|author1=Ballard Bell, Victoria|author2=Rand, Patrick|title=Materials for design 2|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press New York|year=2014|isbn=9781616891909}} * {{cite book|title=Global Architecture Today|publisher=Tianjin University Press|year=2013}} * {{cite book|title=MACHEN|publisher=Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction|year=2012|isbn=9783981343670}} * {{cite book|author=Spataro, Salvatore|title=NEEDS Architecture in developing Countries|publisher=Lettera Ventidue|year=2011|isbn=978-8862420327}} * {{cite book|author=Fernández Galiano, Luis|title=Atlas: Architectures of the 21st century. Africa and Middle East|publisher=Fundación BBVA|year=2011|isbn=9788492937196}} * {{cite book|author=Lepik, Andres|title=Moderators of Change – Architecture that helps|publisher=Ostfildern|year=2011|isbn=978-3775731867}} * {{cite book|author1=Lepik, Andres|author2=Bergdoll, Bally|title=Small Scale, Big Change|publisher=The Museum of Modern Art, New York|year=2010}} * {{cite book|author=Slavid, Ruth|title=EXTREME ARCHITECTURE, building for challenging environments|url=https://archive.org/details/extremearchitect0000slav|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1856696098}} * {{cite book|author1=Feireiss, Lukas|author2=Feireiss, Kirstin|title=Architecture of Change|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W8-BZY-362|publisher=Gestalten Verlag|year=2008|isbn=9783899552119}} * {{cite book|author=Ford, Alain|title=Designing the sustainable school|publisher=Images Pub|year=2007|isbn=978-1864702378}} === Videos === * {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MD23gIlr52Y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122073320/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MD23gIlr52Y&list=PL5D3c1OGzsJfQSnMT9K-|archive-date=22 November 2024|url-status=live|work=TEDx New York|title=How to build with clay... and community|year=2013|access-date=1 December 2024}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOdIdyPV8Dw|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202125800/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOdIdyPV8Dw|archive-date=2 December 2024|url-status=live|publisher=Royal Academy of Arts|title=Sensing Spaces|year=2014|access-date=1 December 2024}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAHeoh4TuCM|title=Francis Kere at Design Indaba 2011|publisher=Design Indaba|year=2011}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3h6was_gando_creation|title=Gando|publisher=Cité de l'architecture & du patrimoine|year=2014}} * {{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/229568160|title=An Architect Between|publisher=Daniel Schwartz & Gran Horizonte Media|year=2016}} == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Diébédo_Francis_Kéré|Diébédo Francis Kéré]]'''''. * [http://www.kere-architecture.com/ Kéré Architecture], official site * [https://www.kerefoundation.com Kéré Foundation] organization homepage * [http://www.festspielhaus-afrika.com/weblog/?lang=en Festspielhaus Afrika], site for the festival opera house project * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524115551/http://www.gleeds.tv/index.cfm?video=713 Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) talk 2010 'Step by Step: Sustainable Buildings in Africa', Francis Kere (video)] * [http://klewel.com/conferences/epfl-archizoom/index.php?talkID=27&talkTime=150 Francis Kéré – Lecture: the challenges of sustainable construction in Burkina Faso (video)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAHeoh4TuCM&playnext=1&list=PL50D0C5BEB7FF3CF9&feature=results_main Diébédo Francis Kéré talk in Cape Town (video)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130201074732/http://www.domusweb.it/en/magazine/962/ Coverage of Diébédo Francis Kéré's work in Domus] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130417083444/http://pinupmagazine.org/2012/05/pin-up-12/ Coverage of Diébédo Francis Kéré's work in Pin-Up] * [http://www.archdaily.com/167020/national-park-of-mali-kere-architecture/ Coverage of Diébédo Francis Kéré's work in Archdaily] * [http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/francis-kere-in-mali/ Domus coverage of the National Park in Mali] * [http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/francis-kere-see-africa/ Domus feature on Kéré and architecture in Africa] * [http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/interview-with-diebedo-francis-kere/ Domus Interview with Diébédo Francis Kéré] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130131090707/http://www.aaaccra.org/diebedo-francis-kere-lectures-at-aid-12-12/ Coverage of Diébédo Francis Kéré's work in ArchiAfrika] * [https://www.holcimfoundation.org/media/news/awards/school-project-in-burkina-faso-using-a-hybrid-building-technique Winner of the Holcim Prize] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kere, Diebedo Francis}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:People wey komot Centre-Est Region]] [[Category:Burkinabé people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:20th-century Burkinabé people]] [[Category:20th-century architects]] [[Category:21st-century Burkinabé people]] [[Category:21st-century architects]] [[Category:Technische Universität Berlin alumni]] [[Category:Architectural theoreticians]] [[Category:Burkinabé architects]] [[Category:German architects]] [[Category:Burkinabé emigrants to Germany]] [[Category:Naturalized citizens of Germany]] [[Category:German people of Burkinabé descent]] [[Category:Pritzker Architecture Prize winners]] [[Category:Burkinabé academics]] [[Category:German academics]] ca901tqnhfzbqjw7uc26sxiofe6tjw6 0 10607 115413 76415 2026-10-30T03:47:45Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paula Nascimento''' be an Angolan architect den curator<ref name="labiennale">{{cite web|url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/mediacenter/video/55-b27.html|title=La Biennale di Venezia - National Participations: Angola|publisher=labiennale.org|accessdate=21 September 2015}}</ref> hu along plus Stefano Rabolli Pansera curate de Angolan pavilion at de 55th International Art Exhibition - La Biennale di Venezia wich win de Golden Lion for "best national participation".<ref name="Toledo">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22791617|title=Africa triumphs at the Venice Biennale|last=Toledo|first=Manuel|date=6 June 2013|work=BBC News|accessdate=23 August 2013}}</ref> ==Career== Insyd 2011, Nascimento den Pansera found Beyond Entropy Africa, a limited company dem register insyd [[Angola]]. Beyond Entropy Africa dey focus on Luanda as de paradigm of de urban condition of de African Sub-Saharan region, a type of city wey dem define by a lack of basic infrastructures den a high density of population. Insyd 2012, Beyond Entropy Africa curate de Angola Pavilion at de 13th Architecture Biennale insyd Venice<ref>"[http://www.domusweb.it/en/interviews/2012/11/23/beyond-entropy-angola.html Beyond Entropy Angola]", ''Domus''</ref> plus de title of dema partnership ‘Beyond Entropy’.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20241127062353/https://archello.com/en/project/beyond-entropy-angola Beyond Entropy Angola]" ''Archello''</ref> Insyd 2013, Beyond Entropy Africa curate de Angola Pavilion at de 55th Art Biennale insyd Venice dem entitle ‘Luanda, Encyclopedic City’ wey dey feature de work of photographer Edson Chagas.<ref>[http://www.labiennale.org/en/art/news/01-06.html?back=true "See Official Awards of the 55th International Art Exhibition online"]. ''labiennale.org''. 6 January 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130806170940/http://www.labiennale.org/en/art/news/01-06.html?back=true Archived] from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2024.</ref><ref>"[http://www.domusweb.it/en/news/2013/06/1/venice_art_biennalethegoldenlions.html The Golden Lions]", ''Domus''</ref> ==Oda activities== Insyd 2023, Nascimento be a member of de visual arts jury for de annual DAAD Artists-in-Berlin Program.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241203233011/https://www.berliner-kuenstlerprogramm.de/en/jurys/ Juries] DAAD Artists-in-Berlin Program.</ref> == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Nascimento, Paula}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Angolan people]] [[Category:Angolan architects]] [[Category:Angolan women architects]] [[Category:Angolan curators]] [[Category:Angolan women curators]] <references /> [[Category:People wey komot Luanda]] 7nk6wiq92i6daxomrtt0rjshszn55l2 0 11104 115403 113015 2026-10-30T00:30:35Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Houra''' (27th March, 1952 – 27th January, 2020) be an Ivorian painter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abidjan.net/qui/profil.asp?id=238|title=James Kadjo HOURA|work=abidjan.net|language=French|access-date=2020-01-28|archive-date=2020-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112041413/http://abidjan.net/QUI/profil.asp?id=238|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Biography== Na he serve as director of de École des beaux arts d'Abidjan wey na dem know am for ein checkerboard paintings. One of ein paintings, ''Offrande'', dey for display for de Presidential Palace insyd Abidjan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200303210270.html|title=Cote d'Ivoire: Palais présidentiel : James Houra honoré|date=21 March 2003|work=allAfrica|language=French}}</ref> Na dem offer anoda one of ein paintings to French Minister of de Interior, Claude Guéant, by Presido Ouattara, wey na ebe a source of controversy secof de fact say na dem no return de painting for de end of de former ein term of office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cameroonvoice.com/news/2013/05/11/pourquoi-le-tableau-offert-a-gueant-par-ouattara-pose-probleme/|title=Pourquoi le tableau offert à Guéant par Ouattara pose problème|date=11 May 2013|work=CameroonVoice|language=French|access-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214014849/https://cameroonvoice.com/news/2013/05/11/pourquoi-le-tableau-offert-a-gueant-par-ouattara-pose-probleme/|archive-date=14 December 2024}}</ref> Na dem value Houra ein works between 2,000 den 25,000 euros.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/claude-gueant-doit-il-rendre-son-tableau-africain_323188.html|title=Claude Guéant doit-il rendre son tableau africain ?|date=13 May 2013|work=franceinfo|language=French}}</ref> James Houra die for 27th January, 2020 at de age of 67.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://afriquematin.net/deces-de-james-houra-lun-des-arbres-tutelaires-de-la-peinture-ivoirienne-sest-couche/|title=Décès de James Houra : L’un des arbres tutélaires de la peinture ivoirienne s’est couché|date=28 January 2020|work=afriquematin.net|language=French|access-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712064100/https://afriquematin.net/deces-de-james-houra-lun-des-arbres-tutelaires-de-la-peinture-ivoirienne-sest-couche/|archive-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Houra, James}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:Ivorian people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ivorian painters]] [[Category:People wey komot Comoé District]] mh5pquqbwaxfjzjr9ufocipab5tfalj 0 12229 115405 113816 2026-10-30T02:02:53Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malick Sidibé''' (1935 – 14 April 2016)<ref name="groves-guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/apr/15/malick-sidibe-dies-aged-80-malian-photographer-eye-of-bamako|date=15 April 2016|access-date=16 April 2016|first=Nancy|last=Groves|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Malian photographer Malick Sidibé dies aged 80}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lequotidiendelart.com/quotidien_articles_detail.php?idarticle=8967|title=Disparition du photographe malien Malick Sidibé par Le Quotidien de l'Art|website=Le Quotidien de l'Art|date=15 April 2016|access-date=2016-04-14}}</ref> na he be a [[Mali|Malian]] photographer from a [[Fula people|Fulani]] ([[Fula people|Fula]]) village insyd Soloba,<ref>{{cite web|title=Malick Sidibe {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malick-Sidibe|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Malick Sidibé|url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/malick-sidibe|publisher=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation}}</ref> wey na dem note am for ein black-den-white studies of popular culture insyd de 1960s insyd Bamako, Mali.<ref name="groves-guardian2" /><ref name="shakur-nyt">{{cite news|url=http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/11/malick-sidib-creative-force-of-african-culture/?_r=0|date=11 April 2016|access-date=16 April 2016|first=Fayemi|last=Shakur|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Malick Sidibé: Creative Force of African Culture}}</ref><ref name="laurent-time">{{cite news|url=https://time.com/4295775/in-memoriam-malick-sidibe-1936-2016/|date=15 April 2016|access-date=16 April 2016|first=Olivier|last=Laurent|work=Time|title=In Memoriam: Malick Sidibé (1936 – 2016)}}</ref> Dem hold Sidibé ein work insyd de collections of The Contemporary African Art Collection (CAAC),<ref name="caac">{{cite web|url=http://www.caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Sidibe-Malick&m=48|access-date=16 April 2016|publisher=The Contemporary African Art Collection|title=Malick Sidibé|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506072116/http://caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Sidibe-Malick&m=48|archive-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> de J. Paul Getty Museum insyd Los Angeles,<ref name="getty">{{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/248996/malick-sidibe-femme-peul-du-niger-malian-print-1970-frame-2004/|access-date=16 April 2016|publisher=J. Paul Getty Museum|title=Femme Peul du Niger}}</ref> den de Museum of Modern Art insyd New York City.<ref name="moma">{{cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/collection/artists/26555?locale=en|access-date=16 April 2016|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|title=Malick Sidibé: Malian, 1936–2016}}</ref> ==Life== [[File:Malick Sidibe's studio 2.jpg|thumbnail|right|Sidibé ein studio insyd Bamako, wey dey show ein cameras den equipment]] Na dem born Sidibé insyd de village of Soloba, 300&nbsp;km from Bamako, insyd Mali. Na ein poppie be a [[Fula people|Fula]] stock breeder, farmer, den skilled hunter dem name Kolo Barry Sidibé. Na Malick ein poppie want am make he attend school, buh he pass before na he be able make he attend for de age of 16.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malik Sidibé: Mali Twist Exhibition |url=https://medias.fondationcartier.com/fondation/documents/press/CP-Sidibe_US.pdf |website=Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain}}</ref> Sidibé die<ref>C.B. (16 April 2016). [https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2016/04/memoriam "In memoriam: Malick Sidibe's photographs captured the style and history of a newly independent Mali"]. ''The Economist''.</ref> of complications from diabetes insyd Bamako.<ref name="laurent-time" /><ref name="Grimes NYT">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/arts/malick-sidibe-photographer-known-for-social-reportage-in-mali-dies-at-80.html|title=Malick Sidibé, Photographer Known for Social Reportage in Mali, Dies at 80|last=Grimes|first=William|date=2016-04-15|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-04-27}}</ref> Na he be survived by 17 kiddies den three wifeys.<ref name="Grimes NYT" /> ==Publications== ===Publications by Sidibé=== *''Malick Sidibé''. Zurich; New York: Scalo, 1998. {{ISBN|9783931141936}}. Edited by André Magnin. With an introduction by Magnin, and essays by Sibidé ("Studio Malick"), Youssouf Doumbia, ("Ambiance totale avec Garrincha!"), Panka Dembelé ("Twist again!"), and Boubacar "Kar Kar" Traoré ("Elvis est vivant!"). Included a four-song music CD by Kar Kar. *''Malick Sidibé, Photographe: "vues de dos" photographies''. Carnets de la création, Mali. Montreal: Editions de l'oeil, 2001. {{ISBN|9782912415189}}. With a text by Amadou Chab Touré. 24 pages. *''Malick Sidibe: Photographs: the Hasselblad Award 2003''. Göteborg, Sweden: Hasselblad Center; Göttingen: Steidl, 2003. {{ISBN|9783882439731}}. With a foreword by Gunilla Knape, an essay by Manthia Diawara, "The 1960s in Bamako: Malick Sidibé and James Brown", and a transcript of an interview with Sidibé by André Magnin. Published on the occasion of the exhibition ''Malick Sidibé: 2003 Hasselblad Award Winner'' held at the Hasselblad Center, Göteborg, Sweden, 2003.<ref>{{cite book|title=Malick Sidibé : photographs.|oclc = 55012477}}</ref> *''Malick Sidibé: Chemises''. Göttingen: Steidl, 2007. {{ISBN|9783865215239}}. Catalog of an exhibition presented at Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam and at Musée Nicệphore Niépce, Chalon-sur-Saône.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chemises|oclc = 229995192}}</ref> *''Malick Sidibe''. Wilsele, Belgium: Exhibitions International, 2008. By Foundation Zinsou. {{ISBN|978-9057791048}}. *''Bagadadji''. Saint-Brieuc, France: GwinZegal, 2008. {{ISBN|9782952809924}}. With an essay by Florian Ebner, "La scène de Bagadadji". Portraits of the inhabitants of Bagadadji, Bamako, taken between 1964 and 1976. ** English-language version. ** French-language version. ** German-language version. *''Perception''. Saint-Brieuc, France: GwinZegal, 2008. {{ISBN|9782952809955}}. In French. Studio portraits made in Brittany, France, over the course of three weeks in July 2006. *''Malick Sidibé: La Vie en Rose''. Milan: Silvana, 2010. Edited and with text by Laura Incardona and Laura Serani. {{ISBN|978-8836617166}}. *''Malick Sidibé: The Portrait of Mali (Sinetica Landscape)''. Milan: Skira, 2011. Edited by Laura Incardona, Laura Serani, and Sabrina Zannier. {{ISBN|978-8857211251}}. Text in English, French and Italian. *''Malick Sidibé: Au village''. Montreuil, France: Éditions de L'Œil, 2011. {{ISBN|978-2351371329}}. Text by Brigitte Ollier. Studio portraits taken in Sidibé's native village of Soloba over the course of 50 years. In French. *''Malick Sidibé''. [[:fr:Photo Poche]] No. 145. Arles, France: [[:fr:Actes Sud]], 2013. {{ISBN|978-2-330-01229-8}}. With an introduction by Laura Serani. === Publications plus contributions by Sidibé === * ''Photographes de Bamako: de 1935 à nos jours''. Collection Soleil. Paris: Revue Noire, 1989. {{ISBN|978-2909571218}}. Photographs by Sidibé, Mountaga Dembélé, Seydou Keïta, Félix Diallo, Sakaly, AMAP, Alioune Bâ, Emmanuel Daou, Abdourahmane Sakaly, and others. With a text by Érika Nimis. In French and English. * ''In/sight: African Photographers, 1940 to the Present''. New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1996. {{ISBN|9780810968950}}. With an introduction by Clare Bell and essays by Okwui Enwezor, Olu Oguibe, and Octavio Zaya. Photographs by Sidibé, Cornélius Yao Azaglo Augustt, Oladélé Ajiboyé Bamgboyé, [[Zarina Bhimji]], Gordon Bleach, Nabil Boutros, Cloete Breytenbach, Salla Casset, Mody Sory Diallo, Mohammed Dib, Kamel Dridi, Touhami Ennadre, Mathew Faji, Rotimi Fani-Kayode, [[Samuel Fosso]], Jellel Gasteli, Meïssa Gaye, Christian Gbagbo, David Goldblatt, Bob Gosani, Ranjith Kally, Seydou Keita, Peter Magubane, Santu Mofokeng, G. R. Naidoo, Lamia Naji, Gopal Naransamy, Lionel Oostendorp, [[Ricardo Rangel]], and Iké Udé. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, May–September 1996. * ''Clubs of Bamako: 9 March-16 April 2000''. Houston, TX: Rice University Art Gallery, 2000. {{OCLC|45496053}}. Photographs by Sidibé, Emile Guebehi, Koffi Kouakou, and Coulibaly Siaka Paul. Catalogue of an exhibition. * ''You Look Beautiful Like That: The Portrait – Photographs of Seydou Keita and Malick Sidibe''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0300091885}}. Edited by Michelle Lamuniere. * ''Samuel Fosso, Seydou Keïta, Malick Sidibé: Portraits of Pride: West African Portrait Photography''. Katalog / Moderna Museet 318. Stockholm: Moderna Museet; Raster-Förl, 2002. {{ISBN|978-9171006776}}. Photographs by Sibidé, Samuel Fosso, and Seydou Keïta. Catalogue of an exhibition held at Moderna Museet, Stockholm, September–October 2002; Norskt Fotomuseum, March–April 2003. In Swedish and English. * ''African Art Now: Masterpieces From the Jean Pigozzi Collection''. London; New York: Merrell, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0890902950}}. By André Magnin, Alison de Lima Greene, Alvia J. Wardlaw, and Thomas McEvilley. Paintings, photographs, sculpture and installation art by 33 artists. Catalogue of an exhibition of work from The Contemporary African Art Collection held at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. * ''The Poetics of Cloth: African Textiles, Recent Art''. New York: Grey Art Gallery, New York University, 2008. {{ISBN|9780615220833}}. Edited by Lynn Gumpert. With essays by Kofi Anyidoho, Lynn Gumpert, and John Picton, and contributions by Jennifer S. Brown, Lydie Diakhaté, Janet Goldner, Lynn Gumpert, John Picton, and Doran H. Ross. Reproductions of paintings, sculptures, videos and photographs by Sidibé, [[El Anatsui]], Samuel Cophis, Viye Diba, Sokari Douglas Camp, Groupe Bogolan Kasobane, [[Abdoulaye Konaté]], Rachid Koraïchi, [[Atta Kwami]], Grace Ndiritu, Nike Okundaye, [[Owusu-Ankomah]], Yinka Shonibare, Nontsikelelo "Lolo" Veleko, Rikki Wemega-Kwawu, and Sue Williamson. "Published on the occasion of an exhibition held at Grey Art Gallery, Sept. 16–Dec. 6, 2008."<ref>{{cite book|title=The poetics of cloth : African textiles, recent art|publisher=WorldCat|oclc=271451627}}</ref> * ''Events of the Self: Portraiture and Social Identity: Contemporary African Photography from the Walther Collection''. Burlafingen, Germany: The Walther Collection; Göttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2010. {{ISBN|9783869301570}}. Edited by Okwui Enwezor. With texts by Willis E. Hartshorn and Artur Walther, Okwui Enwezor, Gabriele Conrath-Scholl, Virginia Heckert, Chika Okeke-Agulu, Deborah Willis ("Malick Sidibé': the front of the back view"), Santu Mofokeng, and Kobena Mercer. Photographs by Sibidé, Sammy Baloji, Oladélé Ajiboyé Bamgboyé, Yto Barrada, Bernd and Hilla Becher, Candice Breitz, Allan deSouza, Theo Eshetu, Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Samuel Fosso, David Goldblatt, Kay Hassan, Romuald Hazoumè, [[Pieter Hugo]], Seydou Keïta, Maha Maamoun, Boubacar Touré Mandémory, Salem Mekuria, Santu Mofokeng, Zwelethu Mthethwa, Zanele Muholi, James Muriuku, Ingrid Mwangi, Grace Ndiritu, [[J. D. 'Okhai Ojeikere|J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere]], Jo Ractliffe, August Sander, Berni Searle, Mikhael Subotzky, Guy Tillim, Hentie van der Merwe, and Nontsikelelo Veleko. In English with German translation. Published to accompany an exhibition in Burlafingen, Germany, June 2010. * ''Everything was Moving: Photography from the 60s and 70s''. London: Barbican Art Gallery, 2012. {{ISBN|9780946372393}}. Edited by Kate Bush and Gerry Badger. With texts by Bush ("Everything was moving"), Badger ("Spirit of the times, spirit of place: a view of photography in the 1960s and 1970s"), Gavin Jantjes ("Ernest Cole"), Sean O'Hagan ("The unreal everyday: William Eggleston's America" and "Against detachment: Bruce Davidson's photographs of America during the Civil Rights Era"), Tanya Barson ("Graciela Iturbide: a matter of complicity"), T. J. Demos ("On Sigmar Polke's Der Bärenkampf"), Helen Petrovsky ("Boris Mikhailov: towards a new universality"), Boris Mikhailov ("Yesterday's sandwich"), Ian Jeffrey ("Shomei Tomatsu"), Julian Stallabrass ("Rather a hawk?: the photography of Larry Burrows"), Robert Pledge ("Li Zhensheng: the cinematographer behind the photographer"), Manthia Diawara ("The sixties in Bamako: Malick Sidibé and James Brown"), Shanay Jhaveri ("Raghubir Singh and the geographical culture of India"), and Raghubir Singh ("River of colour: an Indian view"). Photographs by Sidibé, David Goldblatt, Ernest Cole, William Eggleston, Bruce Davidson, Graciela Iturbide, Sigmar Polke, Boris Mikhailov, Shomei Tomatsu, Larry Burrows, Li Zhensheng, and Raghubir Singh. Published on the occasion of the exhibition ''Everything was Moving: Photography from the 60s and 70s'', curated by Kate Bush, September 2012–January 2013 at Barbican Art Gallery, Barbican Centre, London. * ''Malian Portrait Photography''. New Platz, New York: Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art, 2013. {{ISBN|9780615510941}}. Photographs by Sidibé and Seydou Keïta, El Hadj Hamidou Maïga, Abdourahmane Sakaly, and El Hadj Tijani Àdìgún Sitou. With text by Daniel Leers. "Published on the occasion of the exhibition Malian Portrait Photography on display from January 23–April 14, 2013, in the North Gallery of the Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art at the State University of New York at New Paltz."<ref>{{cite book|title=Malian portrait photography|publisher=WorldCat|oclc=840267063}}</ref> * ''Afriphoto II''. Collection Afriphoto, Vols 5–8. Trézélan: Filigranes, 2005. {{ISBN|9782350460079}}. Vol. 5 is by Sidibé, vol. 6 is by Bill Akwa Bétotè, vol. 7 is by Omar D, and vol. 8 is by Fouad Hamza Tibin and Mohamed Yahia Issa. Edited by Corinne Julien. With texts by Guy Hersant, Jacques Matinet, and Claude Iverné. In French. === Publications about Sidibé === * ''Retrats de l'Anima: Fotografia Africana''. Barcelona: La Caixa Foundation, 1997. {{OCLC|50666491}}. By Sélim Benattiam, Cristina de Borbón, and Rosa Casamada. In Catalan and English. An exhibition catalogue. With a contribution by Mounira Khemir, "De una Punta a otra de Africa. Impresionas Fotograficas". * ''The 1960s in Bamako: Malick Sidibé and James Brown''. Paper Series on the Arts, Culture, and Society, Paper No. 11. By Manthia Diawara. New York: Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, 2001. {{OCLC|47999579}}. About Sidibé and James Brown. * ''Black Renaissance/Renaissance Noire'', Vol. 4, No. 2/3. New York: New York University, 2002. Included an essay by Manthia Diawara, ''The 1960s in Bamako: Malick Sidibé and James Brown''. * ''Black Cultural Traffic: Crossroads in Global Performance and Popular Culture''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2005. Edited by Harry J. Elam Jr., and Kennell Jackson Jr. {{ISBN|9780472025459}}. Includes a chapter by Manthia Diawara, "The 1960s in Bamako: Malick Sidibé and James Brown". ==Awards== *2003: Hasselblad Award for photography<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160902061553/http://www.hasselbladfoundation.org/wp/hasselblad-priset-2/previous-award-winners/ "Previous Award Winners"]. Hasselblad Foundation. Retrieved 15 April 2016.</ref> *2007: Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement, Venice Biennale<ref>Van Gelder, Lawrence (11 June 2007), [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/11/arts/11arts.html "Malian Photographer Honored at Biennale"], ''The New York Times''.</ref> *2008: Infinity Award for Lifetime Achievement, International Center of Photography (ICP), New York<ref>[https://www.lensculture.com/articles/malick-sidibe-interview-with-malick-sidibe "Interview with Malick Sidibé"]. ''LensCulture''. 2008.</ref> *2010: World Press Photo award – first prize singles, Arts and Entertainment<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160419192901/http://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2010/arts-and-entertainment/malick-sidib%C3%A9 "Arts and Entertainment, first prize singles"]. World Press Photo. Retrieved 16 April 2016.</ref> == Collections == [[File:Malick_Sidibe's_studio.jpg|thumb|Sidibé ein negative collection, insyd ein studio insyd Bamako]] Dem hold Sidibé ein work insyd de public collections wey dey follow: * The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malick Sidibé|url=https://www.artic.edu/artists/111968/malick-sidibe|access-date=6 June 2020|website=The Art Institute of Chicago|language=en}}</ref> * The Contemporary African Art Collection (CAAC) of Jean Pigozzi, Geneva<ref name="caac" /> * J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA<ref name="getty" /> * Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref name="moma" /> * Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2015/in-and-out-of-the-studio In and Out of the Studio: Photographic Portraits from West Africa] ''The Metropolitan Museum of Art''</ref> * San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Malick_Sidib%C3%A9#works|title=Malick Sidibé|work=SFMOMA}}</ref> * Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.artbma.org/2014/10/bma-voices-the-boxer/|title=BMA Voices: The Boxer.|access-date=2025-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311173950/http://blog.artbma.org/2014/10/bma-voices-the-boxer/|archive-date=2019-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/artists/malick-sidibe/|title=Malick Sidibe – Jack Shainman Gallery}}</ref> * Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, AL<ref name=":0">[https://www.mbphoto.com/artists/58-malick-sidib/biography/ "Malick Sidibé"]. ''M+B Photo''.</ref> * Studio Museum in Harlem (New York)<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160609202827/http://studiomuseum.org/exhibition/permanent-collection/malick-sidib-untitled Permanent Collection: ''Untitled, c. 1974''| The Studio Museum in Harlem]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160609222018/http://studiomuseum.org/exhibition/permanent-collection/malick-sidibe-groupe-de-barbus Permanent Collection: ''Groupe de Barbus''| The Studio Museum in Harlem]</ref> * High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA<ref name=":0" /> * International Center of Photography, New York<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/nuit-de-no%C3%ABl|title=Nuit de Noël|work=International Center of Photography}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/malick-sidib%C3%A9?all/all/all/all/0|title=Malick Sidibé|work=International Center of Photography}}</ref> * Moderna Museet, Stockholm<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/en/2011/02/15/fantastiska-donationer-av-fotokonst/|title=Fantastic donations of photographic art|work=Moderna Museet i Stockholm|date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/en/exhibitions/moderna-museet-co-enkehuset/information-about-keita-sidibe-and-fosso/|title=Keita, Sidibé and Fosso|work=Moderna Museet i Stockholm}}</ref> * De Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Museum of Fine Arts Houston Collections|url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/people/14274/malick-sidibe/objects|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614003704/https://emuseum.mfah.org/people/14274/malick-sidibe/objects|archive-date=14 June 2020}}</ref> ==Exhibitions== ===Solo exhibitions=== * 1995: ''Malick Sidibé: Bamako 1962–1976'', Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Paris<ref name="galeriedujour.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.galeriedujour.com/artistes/malicksidibe/BIO-MALICK-SIDIBE_2016.pdf |title=Galerie du jour agnès b.: Les artistes: Malick Sidibé |website=Galerie du jour agnès |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 1999: Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, IL<ref name="galeriedujour.com"/> * 1999: ''Malick Sidibé. Photographie'', Dany Keller Galerie, Munich<ref>{{cite web|url=http://danykellergalerie.de/archiv/archiv_index.htm|title=Dany Keller Galerie – Archiv|website=danykellergalerie.de|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 1999: ''Cool Cats and Twist Club'', Australian Centre for Photography, Sydney, Australia * 2000: Centre d’Art Contemporain Genève, Geneva, Switzerland<ref name="galeriedujour.com"/> * 2001: Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome, Italy<ref name="afronova.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.afronova.com/artists/malick-sidibe-2/|title=Malick Sidibé|website=Afronova Gallery}}</ref> * 2001: Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Netherlands<ref name="afronova.com"/> * 2002: HackelBury Fine Art Limited, London * 2003: Hasselblad Center, Gothenburg Museum of Art, Gothenburg, Sweden<ref name="galeriedujour.com"/> * 2004: CAV Coimbra Visual Arts Centre, Coimbra, Portugal<ref name="galeriedujour.com"/> * 2004: Museet for Fotokunst, Brandts Klaedefabrik, Odense, Denmark<ref name="afronova.com"/> * 2005: ''Photographs: 1960–2004'', Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, [[United States|USA]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/exhibition103.html|title=Malick Sidibe / Photographs: 1960–2004 :: JACK SHAINMAN GALLERY|first=Jack Shainman gallery. Designed by StudioRadia. Web-development by Unlabeled|last=studio.|website=jackshainman.com|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916205616/http://www.jackshainman.com/exhibition103.html|archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> * 2007: ''Malick Sidibé. C'est Pas Ma Faute'', Musee des arts derniers, Paris * 2007: ''Malick Sidibé. Los Sabena Club'', Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp, Belgium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=236&exhibitionid=42|title=FIFTY ONE Fine Art Photography Gallery – Exhib. Fifty One – past|website=gallery51.com|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2008: ''Malick Sidibé. Chemises'', Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands<ref name="galeriedujour.com"/> * 2009: ''Malick Sidibé. Bamako Nights'', Musée Nicéphore Niépce, Chalon sur Saône, France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museeniepce.com/index.php?/exposition/exposition-passee/Malick-Sidibe|title=musée Nicéphore Niépce – Malick Sidibé|website=museeniepce.com|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2010: "Studio Malick", Tristan Hoare, London<ref>{{cite web |author= Hoare, Tristan |url= http://tristanhoaregallery.co.uk/app/uploads/2016/10/1814-Malick-Sidibe%CC%81.pdf |title= L'oeil de Bamako |publisher= 1841 Magazine |access-date= 22 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170804221410/http://tristanhoaregallery.co.uk/app/uploads/2016/10/1814-Malick-Sidibe%CC%81.pdf |archive-date= 4 August 2017}}</ref> * 2011: ''Malick Sidibé. The Eye of Bamako'', M+B Gallery, Los Angeles, CA<ref name="galeriedujour.com"/> * 2015: ''Studio Malick. Gares de Bretagne et Montparnasse'', Frac Bretagne, Conseil régional and SNCF<ref name="galeriedujour.com"/> * 2014: ''Malick Sidibé'', Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, USA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/exhibitions/past/2014/malick-sidibe/|title=MALICK SIDIBE, MARCH 28 – APRIL 26, 2014|website=jackshainman.com|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2016: ''It's Too Funky in Here! By Malick Sidibé'', FIFTY ONE TOO, Antwerp, Belgium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=248&exhibitionid=129|title=FIFTY ONE Fine Art Photography Gallery – Exhib. Fifty One Too – past|website=gallery51.com|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2017: ''Malick Sidibé. The Eye of Modern Mali'', Somerset House, London<ref name="somerset-house">{{cite web|url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/malick-sidibe|title=Malick Sidibé: The Eye of Modern Mali|publisher=Somerset House|access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jul/27/exhibition-of-malick-sidibe-photography-to-open-in-london | date = 27 July 2016 | access-date = 21 October 2016 | first = Mark | last = Brown | newspaper = The Guardian| location = London | title = Exhibition of Malick Sidibé photography to open in London}}</ref> His first solo exhibition in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref name="somerset-house" /> === Group exhibitions den festivals === * 1995: ''Seydou Keita & Malick Sidibe: Photographs From Mali'', Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland * 1996: ''Double vie, Double vue'', Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain, Paris, France * 1996: ''By Night'', Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain, Paris, France * 1999: 6th International İstanbul Biennial 1999, International Istanbul Biennial, Istanbul, Turkey * 2000: ''Africa: Past-Present'', Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=236&exhibitionid=10|title=FIFTY ONE Fine Art Photography Gallery – Exhib. Fifty One – past|website=gallery51.com|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2001–2003: ''You look beautiful like that: The Portrait of Photographs of Seydou Keïta and Malick Sidibé'', Fogg Museum, Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, MA; UCLA Hammer Museum, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach FL; National Portrait Gallery, London; Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA * 2004: ''Photography: Inaugural Installation'', Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York, USA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3100|title=Photography: Inaugural Installation – MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2004: ''Seeds and Roots'', The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/seeds-and-roots-selections-the-permanent-collection|title=The Studio Museum in Harlem|website=studiomuseum.org|access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref> * 2005: ''African Art Now – Masterpieces from the Jean Pigozzi Collection'', National Museum of African Art, Washington, USA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/pigozzi/intro1.html|title=National Museum of African Art – African Art Now: Masterpieces from the Jean Pigozzi Collection – Introduction|website=africa.si.edu|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028064155/https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/pigozzi/intro1.html|archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> * 2007: ''Why Africa? The work of 13 photographers including Sidibé, Frédéric Bruly Bouabré, Bodys Isek Kingelez, Chéri Samba, Makonde Lilanga, and Keita Seydou'', Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, Turin, Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinacoteca-agnelli.it/visit/1218/why-africa-la-collezione-pigozzi/|title=Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli Why Africa? La collezione Pigozzi}}</ref> * 2009: ''Masters of Photography'', Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp, Belgium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=236&exhibitionid=67|title=FIFTY ONE Fine Art Photography Gallery – Exhib. Fifty One – past|website=gallery51.com|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2009: ''Some Tribes'', Christophe Guye Galerie, Zurich, Switzerland<ref>{{cite web|url=https://christopheguye.com/exhibitions/some-tribes/introduction|title=Some Tribes|publisher=Christophe Guye Galerie|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2010: ''Posing Beauty in African American Culture'', Art Gallery of Hamilton, Hamilton, USA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artgalleryofhamilton.com/ex_archive10.php|title=Exhibition Archive – Art Gallery of Hamilton|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2010: ''Un Rêve Utile: Photographie Africaine 1960–2010'', BOZAR – Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bozar.be/fr/activities/2566-un-reve-utile|title=Un rêve utile|website=BOZAR|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924063026/https://www.bozar.be/fr/activities/2566-un-reve-utile|archive-date=24 September 2020}}</ref> * 2010: ''Represent: Imaging African American Culture in Contemporary Art'', Hagedorn Foundation Gallery, Atlanta, USA * 2010: ''African Stories'', Marrakech Art Fair, Marrakech * 2011: Paris Photo, Grand Palais, The Walther Collection<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/nov/13/paris-photo-review-eggleston-arbus|title=Paris Photo 2011 – review: Grand Palais, Paris|newspaper=The Guardian|date=12 November 2011|access-date=18 April 2016|first=Sean|last=O'Hagan}}</ref> * 2012: ''Afrika, hin und zurück'', Museum Folkwang, Essen<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.museum-folkwang.de/nl/aktuelles/ausstellungen/archiv/afrika-hin-und-zurueck.html|title=Afrika, hin und zurück – Museum Folkwang|first=BOROS.INTERAKTIV|last=GmbH|website=Museum Folkwang|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005101220/https://www.museum-folkwang.de/nl/aktuelles/ausstellungen/archiv/afrika-hin-und-zurueck.html|archive-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2012: ''Gaze – The Changing Face of Portrait Photography'', Istanbul Modern, Istanbul, Turkey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istanbulmodern.org/en/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/gaze-changing-face-of-portrait-photography_948.html|title=Gaze – Changing Face of Portrait Photography – İstanbul Modern|first=ISTANBUL MODERN, ISTANBUL MUSEUM OF MODERN|last=ART|website=istanbulmodern.org|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2012: ''Everything Was Moving: Photography from the 60s and 70s'', Barbican Centre,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barbican.org.uk/artgallery/event-detail.asp?ID=13613|title=Barbican – Everything Was Moving: Photography from the 60s and 70s|work=barbican.org.uk}}</ref> * 2014: ''Back to Front'', Mariane Ibrahim Gallery, Seattle, USA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marianeibrahim.com/back-to-front-j-d-okhai-ojeikere-and-malick-sidibe|title=Mariane Ibrahim Gallery – Back to Front, J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere and Malick Sidibe|website=marianeibrahim.com|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707115102/http://marianeibrahim.com/back-to-front-j-d-okhai-ojeikere-and-malick-sidibe|archive-date=7 July 2018}}</ref> * 2014: Ici l'Afrique, Château de Penthes, Pregny-Chambésy, France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penthes.ch/portfolio/lafrique-contemporaine-vue-dans-le-regard-de-ses-artistes/|title=Ici l'Afrique|website=penthes.ch|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121202332/http://www.penthes.ch/portfolio/lafrique-contemporaine-vue-dans-le-regard-de-ses-artistes/|archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> * 2015: ''The Pistil's waitz'', Gallery Fifty One, Antwerp, Belgium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=236&exhibitionid=116|title=FIFTY ONE Fine Art Photography Gallery – Exhib. Fifty One – past|website=gallery51.com|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2015: ''Making Africa. Un Continente De Diseño Contemporáneo'', Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://makingafrica.guggenheim-bilbao.eus/exposicion/#la-exposicion-02|title=Making Africa – Museo Guggenheim Bilbao|website=Making Africa – Museo Guggenheim Bilbao|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2016: ''VIVRE !!'', Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration, Paris, France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/agenda/2016-07/vivre|title=VIVRE !! – Musée national de l'histoire de l'immigration|website=histoire-immigration.fr|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2016: ''Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism'', Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv, Israel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africa-tamuseum.org.il/|title=Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism, Tel Aviv Museum of Art|website=Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112164322/http://www.africa-tamuseum.org.il/|archive-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> * 2017: ''Back Stories'', Mariane Ibrahim Gallery, Seattle, USA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marianeibrahim.com/artists/back-stories|title=Mariane Ibrahim Gallery – BACK STORIES|website=marianeibrahim.com|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2017: ''Il Cacciatore Bianco / The White Hunter'', FM Centro per l'Arte Contemporanea, Milan, Italy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmcca.it/it/scheda-mostra/eve/26-il-cacciatore-bianco-the-white-hunter/|title=Scheda mostra|website=fmcca.it|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2017: ''Rhona Hoffman. 40 Years: Part 3. Political'', Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago, USA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siebrenv.easycgi.com/rhoffmangallery.com/exhibition.asp?exid=624|title=Rhona Hoffman Gallery|website=siebrenv.easycgi.com|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005151552/http://siebrenv.easycgi.com/rhoffmangallery.com/exhibition.asp?exid=624|archive-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> * 2020: ''Through an African Lens: Sub-Saharan Photography from the Museum's Collections'', The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas<ref>{{Cite web|title=Through an African Lens: Sub-Saharan Photography from the Museum’s Collection|url=https://www.mfah.org/exhibitions/through-african-lens-sub-saharan-photography-mfah-collection|access-date=14 June 2020|website=The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609030155/https://www.mfah.org/exhibitions/through-african-lens-sub-saharan-photography-mfah-collection|archive-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> ==Film den television appearances== *''Malick Sidibé: portrait of the artist as a portraitist'' (2006). {{OCLC|68907552}}. Direct by Susan Vogel for de National Museum of Mali / Prince Street Pictures. Produce by Vogel, Samuel Sidbe, den Catherine de Clippel. Interview plus Sidibé by Jean-Paul Colleyn. Insyd French plus English subtitles. *''Dolce Vita Africana'' (2008, Tigerlily Films). 62 mins. Direct by Cosima Spender. Produce by Natasha Dack, Nikki Parrott, den Spender. A documentary about Sidibé, den about Malian history as dem tell thru people he photograph. Insyd Bamanankan den French. Na dem show de film as part of BBC4 ein ''Storyville'' series insyd March 2008. *''Malick Sidibé, le Partage'' (2013, P.O.M. Films; Éditions de L'Œil, ADAV). 52 mins. DVD den brochure. Film by Thomas Glaser, text by Gaël Teicher. {{ISBN|9782351371558}}. De film dey insyd French plus French den English subtitles, wey de text dey insyd French. == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{Cite news|last1=Dickson|first1=Andrew|title=Malick Sidibé's Mali: Scenes of a Rollicking Night Life|work=The New York Times|date=2017-11-10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/arts/design/malick-sidibes-work-reveals-a-hidden-africa-it-loves-to-party.html|issn=0362-4331}} == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHi4TG1SwFU Malick Sidibé, Icontent, Douglas Sloan Director] for YouTube top Video duration 6m:09s. Uploader Icontenttv, 2009. By Douglas Sloan. * {{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artist/15531/malick-sidibe.html|title=Malick Sidibé (Malian, born circa 1936–2016)|website=artnet.com|publisher=Artnet|quote=Malick Sidibé was a celebrated Malian photographer. Working primarily in black and white, his photographs captured lively portraits and scenes of celebration. His best-known works depict the burgeoning pop culture and nightlife of the Malian capital, prolifically documenting young people and their dress in elegantly posed studio portraits with patterned backdrops, which either match or deliberately clash with the sitters' outfits and poses.|access-date=2023-10-05}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?1259|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627033416/https://web.archive.org/web/20070627033416/http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?1259|archive-date=2007-06-27|last=Clewing|first=Ulrich|title=Malick Sidibé: Pictures full of music|quote=Malick Sidibé got off to a late but flying start in the international art-scene with an exhibition in Paris in 1995. Since then curators and gallery owners all round the world have been vying to show his photos.|access-date=2023-10-05}} * {{Cite web|url=http://caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Sidibe-Malick&m=48|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127013246/https://web.archive.org/web/20210506072116/http://caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Sidibe-Malick&m=48|archive-date=2022-01-27|title=Malick Sidibé|website=caacart.com|publisher=Contemporary African Art Collection (C.A.A.C.) / The Jean Pigozzi Collection of African Art|location=Geneva|access-date=2026-09-25}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/artists/malick-sidibe/|website=jackshainman.com|title=Jack Shainman Gallery, Sidibé|access-date=2023-10-05|quote=Malick Sidibé (b. 1935, Soloba, Mali; d. 2016, Bamako, Mali) was a photographer known for his black and white images chronicling the exuberant lives and culture—often of youth—in his native Bamako, Mali.}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sidibe, Malick}} [[Category:1935 births]] [[Category:2016 deaths]] [[Category:Malian photographers]] [[Category:Malian people]] [[Category:People wey komot Sikasso Region]] [[Category:People wey komot Bamako]] [[Category:20th-century photographers]] [[Category:21st-century photographers]] [[Category:21st-century Malian people]] [[Category:Fula people|Fulani People]] [[Category:Fula people|Fula People]] n3iiam42sowm82u14paprx2cupwzh0h 0 13434 115406 52804 2026-10-30T02:15:45Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marieme Helie Lucas''' be Algerian sociologist den activist give women's rights den secularism. She start dey occupy leadership positions for human rights groups for de 1980s insyd.<ref>Nuhiya Ahmed, Tasmiah (February 18, 2018). [https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2018/02/18/fundamentalists-treat-women "How fundamentalists treat women"]. ''Dhaka Tribune''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190315151146/https://bangla.dhakatribune.com/dynamics/mostlatestnews Archived] from the original on March 15, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2019.</ref><ref>Jacobson, Scott (March 31, 2017). [https://conatusnews.com/interview-marieme-helie-lucas-secularism/ "An Interview with Marieme Helie Lucas – Activist & Founder of Secularism is a Women's Issue"]. ''Conatus News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190315171944/https://conatusnews.com/interview-marieme-helie-lucas-secularism/ Archived] from the original on March 15, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2019.</ref> == Ein Influences den activism == Along plus a strong family tradition of activism, na Lucas ein social involvement be influenced by Algeria ein period of decolonisation den de subsequent challenges to women's rights posed by religious fundamentalists. She lef a university position insyd human rights research den teaching insyd de 1980s make she help establish de group Women Living Under Muslim Laws (insyd 1984) wey she cam turn ein first international coordinator. She sanso be a founding member of de Women Human Rights Defenders Coalition.<ref>Jacobson, Scott (March 31, 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190315171944/https://conatusnews.com/interview-marieme-helie-lucas-secularism/ "An Interview with Marieme Helie Lucas – Activist & Founder of Secularism is a Women's Issue"]. ''Conatus News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190603151653/https://medium.com/@scott.d.jacobsen/in-conversation-with-marieme-helie-lucas-on-noura-hammads-death-penalty-fd6ded795137 Archived] from the original on March 15, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2019.</ref><ref>Jacobsen, Scott Douglas (May 11, 2018). [https://medium.com/@scott.d.jacobsen/in-conversation-with-marieme-helie-lucas-on-noura-hammads-death-penalty-fd6ded795137 "In Conversation with Marieme Helie Lucas on Noura Hammad's Death Penalty"]. ''Medium''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190603151653/https://medium.com/@scott.d.jacobsen/in-conversation-with-marieme-helie-lucas-on-noura-hammads-death-penalty-fd6ded795137 Archived] from the original on June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2019.</ref> == Publications dem select == * {{Cite book|url=http://www.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/files/WLUML%20Dossier%2030-31%20The%20Struggle%20for%20Secularism.pdf|title=The Struggle for Secularism in Europe and North America: Women from Migrant Descent Facing the Rise of Fundamentalism|publisher=Woman Living Under Muslim Laws|year=2011|isbn=978-1907024221|editor-last=Lucas|editor-first=Marieme Hélie|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005213057/http://www.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/files/WLUML%20Dossier%2030-31%20The%20Struggle%20for%20Secularism.pdf|archive-date=2015-10-05|access-date=2025-03-09}} * {{Cite journal|last=Lucas|first=Marieme Helie|date=2012|title=Des femmes issues de l'émigration 'musulmane' se battent pour la laïcité|trans-title=The Struggle for Secularism in Europe and North America|journal=Cahiers du genre|language=fr|volume=3|issue=3|pages=213–214|doi=10.3917/cdge.hs03.0213}} * {{Cite journal|last=Lucas|first=Marieme Helie|date=2018|title=Women's Rights, Secularism, and the Colonial Legacy|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/0ec6b1d291f5edf0bc4bb61d4fd9284c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=44042|journal=Canadian Woman Studies|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=85–98|url-access=limited|via=Proquest}} == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Lucas, Marieme Helie}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Algerian people]] [[Category:Algerian sociologists]] [[Category:Algerian women sociologists]] [[Category:Secularists]] [[Category:Secularism insyd de Arab world]] [[Category:Algerian critics of religions]] [[Category:Critics of Islam]] [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:21st-century Algerian people]] <references /> ==External links== {{Wikiquote}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6gonnEEKjA Lucas conference on secularism] {{authority control}} 6zu7obvxnvbl41sy2lyjwq4yf4c9cvd 0 13894 115416 113418 2026-10-30T03:59:19Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Quba Mosque''' (Arabic: مَسْجِد قُبَاء, <small>romanized:</small> ''Masjid Qubāʾ'', standard pronunciation: [mas.dʒid qu.baːʔ], Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: [mas.dʒɪd ɡʊ.ba]) be a mosque wey locate insyd Medina, insyd de Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia, dem first build insyd de lifetime of de [[Islam|Islamic]] prophet [[Muhammad]] insyd de 7th century C.E.<ref name="Michigan C 1986">{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|editor1=Goss, V. P.|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|volume=21|page=208|isbn=0-918720-58-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|year=1986}}</ref><ref name="Abu Sway 2011">{{cite news|author=Mustafa Abu Sway|title=The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source|publisher=Central Conference of American Rabbis|url=http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728001911/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-28}}</ref><ref name="Dyrness2013">{{cite book|author=Dyrness, W. A.|title=Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|volume=7|page=25|isbn=978-1-62032-136-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inJNAwAAQBAJ|date=2013-05-29}}</ref> Dem think say e be de first mosque insyd de world, dem establish for de first day of Muhammad ein emigration to Medina.<ref name="MaccaAryanti_11-2016">{{cite journal|first1=A. A.|last1=Macca|first2=T.|last2=Aryanti|title=The Domes: El Wakil's Traditionalist Architecture of Quba Mosque|journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering|date=16–18 November 2016|volume=180|page=012092|doi=10.1088/1757-899X/180/1/012092|s2cid=131955391|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Alahmadi, M.|author2=Mansour, S.|author3=Dasgupta, N.|author4=Abulibdeh, A.|author5=Atkinson, P. M.|author6=Martin, D. J.|date=2021|title=Using daily nighttime lights to monitor spatiotemporal patterns of human lifestyle under covid-19: The case of Saudi Arabia.|journal=Remote Sensing|volume=13|issue=22|page=4633|doi=10.3390/rs13224633|bibcode=2021RemS...13.4633A|doi-access=free|hdl=10576/55732|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem say de prophet wey he lay ein first stone, wey na dem plete de structure by ein companions.<ref name="HajiInformation">{{cite web|publisher=The Ministry of Hajj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|work=Masjid Quba'|url=http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h2022.htm|title=Masjid Quba is the first mosque in Islam's history|access-date=2010-10-19}}</ref> Na dem subsequently modify de mosque across de centuries til de 1980s, wen na dem completely replace am by a new building wey dey stand today.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|author=Salo|first=Edward|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6fOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1010|title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2017|isbn=978-1-61069-217-5|editor-last=Çakmak|editor-first=Cenap|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=1010–1011|language=en|chapter=Masjid al-Quba|oclc=962409918}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Qubbah Mosque|url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/548|access-date=2024-09-18|website=ArchNet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918190727/https://www.archnet.org/sites/548|archive-date=2024-09-18}}</ref> == History == === Origins === [[Category:2025 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] According to historical Islamic texts, during de ''hijrah'' (migration) of [[Muhammad]] from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]] (Yathrib), na he stop insyd de village of Quba' near Medina. Dey depend for de sources, na he stay der for 3 to 22 days. Two different accounts of de mosque ein foundation exist for relation to dis event. Insyd one, na Muhammad found de mosque einself, though der be varying explanations for how na dem choose de site: na ebe either a mirbad (place dem dey dry dates) wey na e belong to Muhammad ein host, Kulthum, anaa na ebe de place wer a woman dem name Labba tether ein donkey. Anoda version, probably a later legend inspire by de foundation story of de [[Prophet's Mosque]] insyd Medina, dey tell dat na Muhammad make Ali get for a camel top wey he then build de mosque wer de camel go. Na dem say Muhammad lay de first stone einself, plus de next ones be laid by Abu Bakr, Umar den Uthman. Na dem sanso say he visit de mosque every Saturday afterwards wey na he conduct religious service der. Insyd anoda account, na dem build de mosque prior to Muhammad ein arrival by de first Muslim emigrants from Mecca den sam of de ''Anṣār'' of Medina. Muhammad then pray insyd de mosque plus dem. Na sam scholars debate de historicity of de mosque ein foundation story. Initially, na dem build de mosque {{convert|6|km|mile|abbr=off}} from Medina insyd de village of Quba', before Medina expand to include dis village.<ref name=":02"/> De first mosque go be oriented towards Jerusalem wey na Muhammad most likely rebuild am wen na dem change de ''qibla'' (direction of prayer) toward de [[Kaaba]] insyd Mecca.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Algul|first1=Huseyin|last2=Bozkurt|first2=Nebi|date=2004|title=Mescid-i Kubâ|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mescid-i-kuba|access-date=2024-09-18|website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|language=tr}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195309911|editor-last=Bloom|editor-first=Jonathan M.|volume=2|location=|pages=472–473|language=en|chapter=Medina|editor-last2=Blair|editor-first2=Sheila S.}}</ref> === Modifications === Na dem repeatedly modify de mosque wey na dem expand am insyd later periods. Na ebe expanded under Caliph Uthman (r. 644 – 656 CE).<ref name=":24"/> Na anoda expansion occur insyd 684 CE, during de reign of de Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.<ref name=":02"/> Under ein successor, al-Walid I (r. 705–715), na dem rebuild de mosque.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Flood|first=Finbarr Barry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5f8kxIyykQC&pg=PA187|title=The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture|publisher=Brill|year=2001|isbn=978-90-04-11638-2|pages=187|language=en}}</ref> Na dem add ein first "minaret" under Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (r. 717–720). [[File:Origquba.jpg|thumb|A picture of de mosque prior to 1900]] == Religious significance == Performing ''Wuḍūʾ'' ('ablution') insyd one ein home, then offering two ''Rakaʿāt'' of ''Nafl'' (optional) prayers insyd de Quba Mosque, dem consider am to be equal to performing one ''ʿUmrah''. Na Muhammad used dey go der, riding anaa for foot, every Saturday den offer a two ''rakaʿāt'' prayer. Na he advise odas make dem do de same, saying, "''Whoever makes ablutions at home and then goes and prays in the Mosque of Quba, he will have a reward like that of an 'Umrah."''<ref>{{cite news|title=Quba — the first mosque in the history of Islam|url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/600996|access-date=14 August 2021|work=Arab News|date=12 July 2014|language=en}}</ref> Dis ''ḥadīth'' be reported by Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Al-Nasa'i, Ibn Majah den Hakim al-Nishaburi. === Mention insyd de Qur'an === Dem dey believe de mosque e be de one wich de [[Quran]] dey mention as ebe founded on piety den devoutness (''Masjid al-Taqwa''):<ref>''Tafsir Ibn Kathir'' 9:108</ref> {{Blockquote|There are also those ˹hypocrites˺ who set up a mosque ˹only˺ to cause harm, promote disbelief, divide the believers, and as a base for those who had previously fought against Allah and His Messenger. They will definitely swear, "We intended nothing but good," but [[Allah]] bears witness that they are surely liars. Do not ˹O Prophet˺ ever pray in it. Certainly, a mosque founded on righteousness from the first day is more worthy of your prayers. In it are men who love to be purified. And Allah loves those who purify themselves.|Surah At-Tawbah 9:108}} === Mentions insyd ''hadith''s === Dem mention de merits of de mosque insyd nineteen ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' [[Hadith|hadiths]]; thirteen ''Sahih Muslim'' hadiths; two ''Sunan Abi Dawud'' hadiths; six ''Al-Muwatta'' hadiths.<ref>[http://allahu-ahad.org/hadith/search.php?q=quba*mosque&p=1 Enter ''Quba Mosque'' in the "Search the Hadith" box and check off all hadith collections.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20141021212501/http://allahu-ahad.org/hadith/search.php?q=quba*mosque&p=1 Archived] October 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine </ref> Na Muhammad frequent de mosque den pray der. Dem refer dis to insyd a number of hadith: {{Blockquote|Narrated 'Abdullah bin Dinar: Ibn 'Umar said, "The Prophet used to go to the Mosque of Quba every Saturday (sometimes) walking and (sometimes) riding." 'Abdullah (Ibn 'Umar) used to do the same|Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari|''Sahih al-Bukhari Volume 2, Book 21, Number 284''}}{{Blockquote|Narrated Ibn 'Umar: The Prophet used to go to the Mosque of Quba (sometimes) walking and sometimes riding. Added Nafi Mawla Ibn Umar (in another narration), "He then would offer two Rakat (in the Mosque of Quba)."|Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari|''Sahih al-Bukhari Volume 2, Book 21, Number 285''}}<gallery widths="150" class="center" caption="De present-day mosque"> File:Quba Mosque 2013 02.jpg|Rear view of de mosque File:Quba Mosque Wall Walkway.jpg|Outside wall walkway File:Quba Mosque Entrance Gate 1.jpg|One of de side entrances File:Quba Mosque Foyer.jpg|Interior courtyard File:Masjid Quba (Umroh Ramadhan 2023)-4.jpg|Interior of de prayer hall </gallery> == References == <references /> == Read further == * ''Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam'' by Hajjah Amina Adil (p.&nbsp;286) * ''The Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition Guidebook of Daily Practices and Devotions'' by Hisham Kabbani (p.&nbsp;301) * ''Happold: The Confidence to Build'' by Derek Walker and Bill Addis ([https://books.google.com/books?id=TdJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 p.&nbsp;81]) == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606212137/http://abdurrahman.org/umrah/virtues-masjid-quba.html Virtues of Masjid Quba, Madina] – Taken from Tafsir Ibn Kathir and other Saheeh Hadith {{Authority control}} [[Category:7th-century mosques]] [[Category:Mosques insyd Medina]] [[Category:Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil buildings]] [[Category:622 establishments]] [[Category:Religious buildings den structures dem plete insyd de 620s]] [[Category:Mosque buildings plus domes insyd Saudi Arabia]] [[Category:Mosque buildings plus minarets insyd Saudi Arabia]] osl87yxt33d6jmbhbdxfttkf223kraj 0 13896 115408 56038 2026-10-30T02:25:19Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mehmet<ref>Other transliterations include Mekhmet, Mehmed, Mekhmed, cf. {{cite web|title=Muslimov Mehmed Zakirovich|website=eLibrary|url=https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=390339|language=ru}}</ref> Muslimov''' (Russian: Мехмед Закирович Муслимов, dem born am August 14, 1964) be Russian linguist, den expert insyd Finno-Ugric languages. He be member of ''Strana Yazykov'', sam nationwide network of language activists.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maxum. Komanda|website=Strana Yazykov|url=http://stranayaz.ru/maxum/|language=ru}}</ref> == Ein Biography == Dem born Mehmet Muslimov insyd Saint Petersburg. He get ein Master of Arts insyd ethnology from de European University at Saint Petersburg den Candidate of Sciences degree from de Institute for Linguistic Studies of de Russian Academy of Sciences, wey he dey job for der ever since. He dedicate ein thesis give language contact wey dey Western Ingria wey he rep am under de academic supervision of Evgeny Golovko.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muslimov Mehmed Zakirovich|website=ILS RAS|url=https://iling.spb.ru/nord/persona/muslimov.html.ru|language=ru}}</ref> Muslimov dey teach endangered Votic den Ingrian languages for local cultural centre wey dey Saint Petersburg.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why the language and traditions of the Ingrian Finns were forgotten and how activists, church leaders and ethnographers are trying to revive them|website=Bumaga|url=https://paperpaper.ru/photos/ingria-renaissance/|language=ru|access-date=2025-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912233606/https://paperpaper.ru/photos/ingria-renaissance/|archive-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> == Ein Selected publications == * Muslimov, Mehmet. 2009. K klassifikacii finskih dialektov Ingermanlandii. Insyd ''Voprosy uralistiki'': 179–204. Saint Petersburg: Nauka. * Muslimov, Mehmet. 2012. "Narodnaya dialektologija" v nižnelužskom areale. ''Acta Linguistica Petropolitana'' 8(1): 135–193. == References == [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Language activists]] [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Linguists wey komot Russia]] [[Category:Writers wey komot Saint Petersburg]] dzhf7w4m73r0qkvwnhfcrmod2oom6sg 0 13966 115417 113422 2026-10-30T03:59:40Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rachael Mario''' be Rotuman New Zealand community leader, social worker, den advocate give de Rotuman language. She be Chairperson give de Auckland Rotuman Fellowship Group.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-19|title=Love of social work propels Rotuma's Rachael Mario into local elections {{!}} Asia Pacific Report|url=https://asiapacificreport.nz/2022/09/16/love-of-social-work-propels-rotumas-rachael-mario-into-local-elections/|access-date=2024-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419220655/https://asiapacificreport.nz/2022/09/16/love-of-social-work-propels-rotumas-rachael-mario-into-local-elections/|archive-date=2024-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ABOUT US|url=https://rotuma.website/about-us|access-date=2024-08-18|website=rotuma.website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818181317/https://rotuma.website/about-us|archive-date=2024-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|date=21 June 2024|title=NZ Fiji Indigenous Business Leaders Meet To Promote "Solesolevaki" (Coming Together For The Greater Good) {{!}} Scoop News|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU2406/S00382/nz-fiji-indigenous-business-leaders-meet-to-promote-solesolevaki-coming-together-for-the-greater-good.htm|access-date=2024-08-18|website=www.scoop.co.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rotuman Language Week: Sustainability, Vetḁkia, at the heart of the language protection|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/128554215/rotuman-language-week-sustainability-vetkia-at-the-heart-of-the-language-protection|access-date=2024-08-18|website=www.stuff.co.nz}}</ref> She sana help setup de world ein first Rotuman Community Centre insyd 2020, wer dem dey teach den promote language den culture.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 July 2020|title=First-ever Rotuman Community Centre in New Zealand set to be opened|url=https://www.pacificmedianetwork.com/articles/first-ever-rotuman-community-centre-in-new-zealand-set-to-be-opened|access-date=14 September 2022|publisher=Pacific Media Network}}</ref> Dem know Mario for ein work insyd protecting den preserving ein native indigenous Rotuman language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/442503/rotuman-community-celebrate-unique-language-with-song-dance|title=Rotuman community celebrate 'unique' language with song, dance|publisher=RNZ|date=13 May 2021|access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> Insyd 2018, she form Rotuman Language Week, sam week wey dem dey take celebrate de endangered Rotuman language, wey dem now dey celebrate insyd New Zealand den Fiji insyd May.<ref name="TVNZ2021">{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Irra|date=2021-05-13|title=Kiwi Rotumans fight to keep their endangered Pacific language alive|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2021/05/13/kiwi-rotumans-fight-to-keep-their-endangered-pacific-language-alive/|access-date=2022-09-13|website=1 News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Raman|first=Venkat|date=2021-05-07|title=Rotuman Community Language Week from Sunday|url=https://indiannewslink.co.nz/rotuman-community-language-week-from-sunday/|access-date=2022-09-13|website=indiannewslink.co.nz|language=en-US}}</ref> Insyd 2019, she lodge complaint plus de New Zealand Human Rights Commission against de Ministry for Pacific Peoples wey she dey allege discrimination against Rotumans by de failure say dem go recognise demma language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/tarana/latest/118137055/rotumans-claim-unlawful-discrimination-complaint-lodged-with-nz-human-rights-commission|title=Rotumans claim unlawful discrimination, complaint lodged with NZ Human Rights Commission|publisher=Stuff|author=Arvind Kumar|date=12 December 2019|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914013505/https://www.stuff.co.nz/tarana/latest/118137055/rotumans-claim-unlawful-discrimination-complaint-lodged-with-nz-human-rights-commission|archive-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> Other Rotuman groups accuse am of misrepresenting de community.<ref name="TVNZ2021" /> She sana speak out in support of de issue of Fijian Hindu claims plus Pasifika, rather than sam Asian, identity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=RNZ|date=2021-04-01|title=NZ's Fijian-Indians want to be recognised as Pasifika, not Asians|url=https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/nzs-fijian-indians-want-to-be-recognised-as-pasifika-not-asians/|access-date=2024-08-18|website=The Fiji Times|language=en-US}}</ref> She contest de 2022 New Zealand local elections, wey she stand for sam seat for Puketāpapa Local Board top, as part of de Roskill Community Voice consortium, Mount Roskill, Auckland.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 September 2022|title=Rotuman social justice advocate puts key bid for Roskill Community Voice|publisher=Asia Pacific Report|url=https://asiapacificreport.nz/2022/09/02/rotuman-social-justice-advocate-puts-key-bid-for-roskill-community-voice/|author=Laurens Ikinia|access-date=14 September 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Language activists]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:New Zealand activists]] [[Category:New Zealand women activists]] [[Category:Rotuman politicians]] [[Category:Rotuman people]] <references /> == External links == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEFxZN6pY0o Rotuman Language Week 2023 with Rachael Mario] o5oauxiax11dzlm6ttntcxbjnyv1uay 0 14035 115402 113004 2026-10-30T00:21:55Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Irene Chirwa Mambilima''' (March 31, 1952 – June 20, 2021)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-20|title=Chief Justice Irene Mambilima is dead|url=https://www.znbc.co.zm/news/chief-justice-irene-mambilima-is-dead/|access-date=2021-06-20|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203557/https://www.znbc.co.zm/news/chief-justice-irene-mambilima-is-dead/|url-status=dead}}</ref> be de Chief Justice of Zambia from 2015 till she die in 2021. Na she serve as de Chairperson for de Electoral Commission of Zambia wey na she preside over de 2006 den 2011 general elections plus de January 2015 presidential by-election. Na she dey part of several election observer missions for countries like [[Liberia]], [[Kenya]], [[Mozambique]], den [[Seychelles]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.judiciary.gov.zm/index.php/80-press-releases/161-the-hon-chief-justice-profile|title=The Hon. Chief Justice – Profile|date=|access-date=|website=Judiciary of Zambia|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419011106/http://www.judiciary.gov.zm/index.php/chief-justices-profile|archive-date=19 April 2016}}</ref> Na she get oda international assignments wey dey include she serve as Sessional Judge for de Supreme Court of [[The Gambia]] insyd 2003.<ref name="Judiciary2016">{{cite web|title=Hon. Mrs Justice Irene Chirwa Mambilima – Chief Justice|url=https://judiciaryzambia.com/2016/08/08/hon-chief-justice-irene-mambilima/|website=Judiciary of Zambia|date=8 August 2016|access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Parliament of Zambia|url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1360|access-date=|website=|publisher=}}</ref> Na Mambilima sit for de International Board of de International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ) as dema Director for de Africa Region. She sanso be member for several professional associations wey dey include de [[Zambia]] Association for Women Judges, de Editorial Board Council of Law Reporting, de Child Fund (Zambia), Women in Law Southern Africa, den de Council of de Institution of Advanced Legal Education.<ref name="Judiciary2016" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iawj.org/|title=Home - International Association of Women Judges|website=www.iawj.org}}</ref> Dem appoint Mambilima as Chief Justice and National Assembly unanimously ratify am insyd February 2015, na dis make am de country ein first female Chief Justice.<ref>[https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/?p=21633 Mambilima Appointment Ratified]. ''Zambia Daily Mail'', 27 February 2015</ref> == Ein education den background == Ein poppie, Kezias Chirwa, be bricklayer, den ein mommie, Nelia Ngulube born Mambilima for Chiwoko village insyd de modern-day Eastern Province. Na she grow up for de underprivileged Matero district of Lusaka, wer na she go school.<ref name="AWIL">{{cite web |last1=Ilunga |first1=Janet |title=Irene Mambilima First Woman Chief Justice (Zambia) |url=https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Irene-Mambilima |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=Institute for African Women in Law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419050436/https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/irene-mambilima |archive-date=19 April 2025}}</ref> She get Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) from de [[University of Zambia]] (1976), wey be Post Graduate Diploma in Law Practice for de Law Practice Institute (wey now be known as de Zambia Institute of Advanced Legal Education, ZIALE), den she get Master for Laws (LL.M.) for de School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (1977).<ref name="AWIL" /><ref name="auto" /> Na dem admit am for de Zambian Bar insyd 1977, den dat same year, dem sana appoint am as de State Advocate under de Attorney General's Chambers.<ref name="Judiciary2016" /><ref>[http://www.iawj.org/ IAWJ]</ref> Na she rise thru all dema ranks, wey she dey work insyd different positions like Director of Legal Aid, High Court Judge, Supreme Court Judge, den Deputy Chief Justice.<ref name="auto" /> == Supreme Court == For 2002, dem elevate am to de Supreme Court bench.<ref name="Judiciary2016" /> While she dey serve as dema Supreme Court Judge, dem second am to de Electoral Commission of Zambia (ECZ) as Chairperson for 2005. For dat position, she dey preside over 2006 General Elections. Insyd 2008, dem bell am back from ECZ den appoint am as Deputy Chief Justice.<ref name="Judiciary2016" /><ref>Mambilima Appointment Ratified, 20 March 2008</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Assembly Website |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1741 |access-date= |website=Debates – 19 March 2008}}</ref> During ein time as Deputy Chief Justice, na dem san second am to ECZ make she preside over dema 2011 General Elections den de 2015 Presidential by-election. Dem appoint am as Chief Justice for February 2015<ref name="Judiciary2016" /> den she now take oath for office insyd State House on March 2, 2015. === Early decisions === Two of Justice Mambilima ein most high-profile decisions center for de tribunals top constituted to investigate alleged corruption den abuse of office by de former Transport den Communications Minister for de Rupiah Banda administration den de former Director of Public Prosecutions for de Michael Sata administration insyd. De tribunal to investigate Dora Siliya, former Transport den Communications Minister, be established to investigate allegations dat she award contracts to two firms without following laid down procedures for violation of Parliamentary den Ministerial Code of Conduct Act insyd. Dem set up de tribunal for February 2009 insyd, den ein published findings<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dora Siliya Tribunal – Final Report |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/15699793/Dora-Siliya-Tribunal-Final-Report |access-date= |website=}}</ref> found Siliya insyd breach of multiple statutes, but left de resolution for de president ein hands insyd. Siliya no face prosecution. For de case of de former Director of Public Prosecutions insyd, Mutembo Nchito, for March 16, 2015, Justice Mambilima swear in four members of de tribunal wey President Edgar Lungu appoint dem to investigate am give alleged misconduct.<ref>[http://www.znbc.co.zm/?p=8323 Nchito tribunal members sworn in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712005729/http://www.znbc.co.zm/?p=8323|date=2015-07-12}}. Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation, 16 March 2015.</ref> Nchito apply give Judicial Review of de tribunal proceedings, den de High Court grant a stay. Upon appeal by de state Justice Mambilima reserved ruling for de matter top to a later date.<ref>[https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/12/01/supreme-court-reserves-ruling-in/ Supreme Court reserves ruling in Mutembo Nchito’s case]. ''Lusaka Times'', 2 December 2015.</ref> Dem still no resolve de tribunal proceedings. == Electoral Commission of Zambia == === Chairperson === Justice Mambilima be first wey chairperson of de Electoral Commission of Zambia (ECZ) appoint am for 2005 insyd, a position wey she hold until March 2008. She serve as member of de commission between 1994 den 1996. Dem later re-appoint am as Chair for February 2011 insyd<ref>[http://maravi.blogspot.com/2011/02/judge-mambilima-goes-back-to-ecz.html Judge Mambilima goes back to ECZ]. ''Maravi Blog'', 11 February 2011</ref> den parliament ratify am a month later. Dis follow de resignation of ein successor Justice Florence Mumba during de controversy wey see denn Executive Director Daniel Kalale suspended den later dismiss for unspecified grounds top.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220327043628/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/01/27/justice-mumba-resigns-ecz-chairperson/ Justice Mumba resigns as ECZ Chairperson]. ''Lusakatimes'', 27 February 2011</ref> A workers ein strike precipitate Justice Mumba ein resignation against ein leadership.<ref>[https://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/01/28/ecz-workers-call-protests/ ECZ workers call off protests]. ''Lusakatimes'', 28 February 2011</ref> Mambilima ein re-appointment by President Rupiah Banda, dem see am as a move to restore confidence for de commission insyd, though speculation abound dat government fan de confusion to force out Justice Mumba; a charge dat government deny am.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160202124723/http://www.africareview.com/News/Jitters+as+Banda+picks+electoral+agency+boss/-/979180/1108984/-/11e4ie0/-/login Jitters as Banda Picks Electoral Agency Boss] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202124723/http://www.africareview.com/News/Jitters+as+Banda+picks+electoral+agency+boss/-/979180/1108984/-/11e4ie0/-/login|date=2016-02-02}}. ''Africa Review'', 16 February 2011.</ref> Various opposition party leaders den de leading private newspaper see Justice Mambilima as government friendly, den dis, dem illustrate insyd de run up to de 2011 general elections wen she den de commission cam under heavy criticism give de decision to print ballot papers for South Africa insyd. De Government Printing Department indicate ein lack of capacity to complete de task, den insyd de subsequent procurement process Universal Print Group (Pty) Ltd. of Durban, South Africa, dem award de tender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electoral Commission of Zambia Website |url=http://www.elections.org.zm/news/public_notice_-_demands_by_the_100045.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202164720/http://www.elections.org.zm/news/public_notice_-_demands_by_the_100045.php |archive-date=2016-02-02 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Dem see dis move as a scheme give de ruling MMD to pre-mark ballots for a bid insyd to rig de elections for demma favour insyd. Der be multiple allegations of corruption, but dem no launch official investigation anaa de Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) validate am, den ECZ stand for ein decision to use de firm.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160206001102/http://radioqfm.powweb.com/blog_details.php?idx=6813 ECZ Chairperson Mambilima happy with printing of ballots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206001102/http://radioqfm.powweb.com/blog_details.php?idx=6813|date=2016-02-06}}. ''QFM Zambia,'' 30 August 2011</ref> === 2006 general elections === Dem hold de 2006 general elections for 28 September top. Opposition leader Michael Sata take one early lead for de count but as de majority of results cam for ein position insyd slip to third plus de incumbent President Levy Mwanawasa wey take a commanding lead. Dis announcement trigger protest by Sata's supporters for Lusaka insyd, wey later spread to Kitwe, one industrial hub for de copper mining region insyd.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/03/world/africa/03zambia.html?_r=1& Riots Spread as Incumbent Widens Lead in Zambia Vote]. ''New York Times'', 3 October 2006.</ref> Armed police meet protests plus force den de electoral commission delay de announcement of more results sekof de violence. Sata alleged fraud wey dey cite dat 400,000 votes for ein strongholds insyd, dem unaccount give for de ongoing tally insyd, den vow to challenge de results. Justice Mambilima confirm dat de commission go investigate de complaints, but none be substantiated.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5400840.stm Poll Victory for Zambia President]. ''BBC News'', 2 October 2006.</ref> Mwanawasa emerge victorious, wey e secure a second term for office insyd plus 1,177,846 votes to Michael Sata ein 804,748. De president ein ruling party, de ''Movement for Multi-Party Democracy'' (MMD), secure 45% of de seats for parliament insyd, plus de remainder split among de remaining parties. Dem swear am into office for October 3, 2006 top, den serve until ein death for August 19, 2008 top.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2008 |title=Zambia : President Levy Patrick Mwanawasa has died – RB |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/08/19/zambian-president-mwanawasa-has-died-rb/ |access-date=March 3, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122024044/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/08/19/zambian-president-mwanawasa-has-died-rb/ |archive-date=January 22, 2025}}</ref> === 2008 presidential by-elections === Following de death of President Mwanawasa for office insyd, dem bell a special presidential by-election to fill de vacancy. De main contenders wer de country's vice-president Rupiah Banda, Michael Sata den Hakainde Hichilema. Once again der wer allegations of rigging by de ruling party, wey de electoral commission help am. Justice Mambilima no oversee dem elections as ECZ chair as she take up ein new position as Deputy Chief Justice. Ein successor Justice Florence Mumba defend de commission ein work for difficult den unprecedented circumstances insyd, den assure de nation dat dem go conduct elections for a credible manner insyd.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/ecz-denies-vote-rigging-claims-1.421373 ECZ Denies Vote-Rigging Claims]. ''IOL News'', 22 October 2008</ref> Rupiah Banda win by a narrow margin, den opposition protest similar to those insyd 2006 ensued. Dis no change de outcome anaa compel de commission to call give a recount. Dem swear in Banda as president for November 2, 2008 top,<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2008-11-02-voa11-66796137/373828.html Rupiah Banda Sworn In as Zambian President]. ''VOA News'', 2 November 2008</ref> plus ein term dey end for 2011 insyd. De losing candidate, Michael Sata, continue to seek a recount den take ein petition to court,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250122024157/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/11/14/sata-launches-court-challenge/ Sata Launches Court Challenge]. ''Lusakatimes'', 14 November 2008</ref> wey de case make am to de Supreme Court. For ein ruling insyd, Justice Mambilima throw out de petition, wey she declare "''...the application is refused...with costs''."<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/zambia-court-rejects-recount-bid-1.436966 Zambia Court Rejects Recount Bid]. ''IOL News,'' 11 March 2009.</ref> De court deem de petition premature since dem give no evidence to support a recount. Sata discontinue ein court action. === 2011 general elections === Upon de conclusion of Banda ein term for office insyd, dem hold a general election for September 20, 2011 top, den as early results cam thru, opposition leader Michael Sata lead. Later dem show for ECZ ein official website top dat Sata wide ein lead for 133 out of 150 constituencies insyd but dem later take de site offline plus de commission dey claim dem hack am den dat de results no be official. Dis lead to one outcry dat de commission indeed dey work plus de ruling party to rig de election for Banda ein favour. Justice Mambilima later appear for national television to confirm de election results,<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-09-21/zambia-opposition-leads-incumbent-in-presidential-election Zambia Opposition Leads Incumbent in Presidential Election]. ''Bloomberg News'', 21 September 2011.</ref> a first give a sitting ECZ chairperson. She sanso appeal give calm as tallying continue thru de night. For September 23, 2011 top, dem confirm Michael Sata as de president-elect. Days later dem reveal am dat outgoing president Rupiah Banda resist conceding defeat den Justice Mambilima threaten resignation for protest insyd. Dem largely no verify but accept lore among Zambians<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fighting for Power |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-254313999/fighting-for-power-zambia-s-general-election-is-expected |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203110705/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-254313999/fighting-for-power-zambia-s-general-election-is-expected |archive-date=2016-02-03 |access-date=2016-01-27 |website=}}</ref> despite Justice Mambilima ein protestations. After dem usher de new government insyd, she bell give dem to help decentralise ECZ, dey allow dem to hire full-time employees at district level to improve efficiencies den fund am appropriately. For de aftermath insyd of dem polls dem largely praise Mambilima give de commission ein conduct. Dem see am as tough den no dey yield for de face of political pressure insyd. Howeva, plus a slew of parliamentary results later overturn thru de courts for various grounds top wey dey include electoral malpractice, dem question am weda ECZ den oda bodies wer correct insyd dey declare de polls free den fair.<ref>[https://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/03/28/2011-general-elections-free-fair-justice-mambilima/ 2011 General Elections were Free and Fair]. ''Lusakatimes'', 28 March 2014.</ref> === 2015 presidential by-elections === Dem hold a presidential by-election for January 20, 2015 top, wey follow de death insyd office of President Michael Sata. Dem tightly contest de election between de ruling Patriotic Front (PF) den opposition ''United Party for National Development'' (UPND), de parties dat eventually finish first den runner-up, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Electoral Commission of Zambia |url=http://www.elections.org.zm/results/2015_presidential_election |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123011531/http://www.elections.org.zm/results/2015_presidential_election |archivedate=2015-01-23 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> Plus a charged atmosphere den violence seemingly imminent, Justice Mambilima take a firm stand den warn de two front-runners against dey try to intimidate electoral staff. Justice Mambilima, wey dem sometimes bell am Zambia ein 'iron lady'<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=All Africa.Com |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201501091265.html |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> insyd reference to ein firmness, sanso warn against dey claim electoral victory before de official announcement den inciting premature celebration among supporters.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Post |url=http://www.postzambia.com/news.php?id=5526 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> De UPND write to Justice Mambilima, dey claim electoral malpractice by de PF den dey ask am not to declare a winner,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Zambian Eye |url=http://zambianeye.com/archives/28349 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203210553/http://zambianeye.com/archives/28349 |archive-date=2016-02-03 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> a request de Commission no indulge. Wen dem Edgar Lungu winner, de UPND accuse de Electoral Commission of conniving plus de PF to manipulate de results, one allegation dat Justice Mambilima dismiss. She argue dat de process be transparent den de UPND represent at every stage den go therefore sanso be party to de rigging dem dey accuse de Commission of.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Daily Nation |url=http://zambiadailynation.com/2015/01/25/rigging-claims-unfounded-says-ecz/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203223940/http://zambiadailynation.com/2015/01/25/rigging-claims-unfounded-says-ecz/ |archive-date=February 3, 2016 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> De following month, de UPND support Justice Mambilima ein ratification as Chief Justice.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Mwebantu |url=http://www.mwebantu.com/2015/02/03/upnd-to-support-ratification-of-justice-ireen-mambilima-as-new-chief-justice/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303163825/http://www.mwebantu.com/2015/02/03/upnd-to-support-ratification-of-justice-ireen-mambilima-as-new-chief-justice/ |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date= |website=[[Mwebantu New Media]] |publisher=}}</ref> == Illness den death == On 10 June 2021, Mambilima travelled to Egypt on official business and fell ill. She died in a private hospital in Cairo on 20 June.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-06-20|title=Chief Justice, Ireen Mambilima, dies in Cairo, Egypt|url=https://www.mwebantu.com/chief-justice-ireen-mambilimadies-in-cairo-egypt/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Mwebantu|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110924003127/http://www.elections.org.zm/2011_elections.php Election Commission of Zambia] for the 2011 election * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150123011531/http://www.elections.org.zm/results/2015_presidential_election Election Commission of Zambia] for the 2015 Election * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160119200809/http://www.judiciary.gov.zm/ Judiciary of Zambia] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mambilima, Irene}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:Chief justices of Zambia]] [[Category:University of Zambia alumni]] [[Category:Women chief justices]] [[Category:20th-century Zambian judges]] [[Category:People wey komot Chipata District]] [[Category:21st-century Zambian judges]] [[Category:21st-century women judges]] [[Category:First women chief justices]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Zambian people]] mq4nd66lmr88ptfsw7104zst9iyx74j 0 14259 115395 110910 2026-10-29T20:59:18Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Catherine Obianuju Acholonu''' (26 October 1951 – 18 March 2014) na she be Nigerian author, researcher den political activist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Acholonu, Catherine Obianuju|url=https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-48143|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Oxford African American Studies Center|year=2011|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.48143|last1=Umeh|first1=Marie|isbn=9780195301731}}</ref> Na she serve as de Senior Special Adviser (SSA) to Presido Olusegun Obasanjo on Arts and Culture wey na she be a founder-member of de Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Prof Catherine Obianuju Acholonu|url=https://faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/igbo/aboutcatherine.htm|website=faculty.ucr.edu|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Uduma|first=Kalu|date=29 May 2020|title=Celebrated scholar, Acholonu dies at 63|work=Vanguard Media Limited|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/03/celebrated-scholar-acholonu-dies-63/|access-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> == Early life, marriage den education == Na dem born Catherine Acholonu insyd an affluent Catholic Igbo family to Chief Lazarus Emejuru Olumba den Josephine Olumba, for Umuokwara Village, insyd de town of Orlu, Imo State, southeastern region of [[Nigeria]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Akyeampong|first1=Emmanuel Kwaku|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ|title=Dictionary of African Biography|last2=Gates|first2=Henry Louis|date=2012-02-02|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|pages=85–86|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Owomoyela|first=Oyekan|title=The Columbia Guide to West African Literature in English Since 1945|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetow0000owom|date=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetow0000owom/page/56 56]–57|doi=10.7312/owom12686|jstor=10.7312/owom12686|isbn=9780231126861}}</ref> Na she be de eldest of four kiddies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Otiono|first=Nduka|date=29 May 2020|title=Catherine Acholonu (1951-2014) The Female Writer as a Goddess|url=https://carleton.ca/africanstudies/wp-content/uploads/Nokoko-4-Otiono.pdf|journal=Nokoko|volume=4|pages=67–89|via=Institute of African Studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910133336/https://carleton.ca/africanstudies/wp-content/uploads/Nokoko-4-Otiono.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2024|access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref> Na she plete ein primary den secondary education insyd The Holy Rosary School, before dem marry off at de age of 17 to Brendan Douglas Acholonu, a surgeon from de same clan, wey na he then-settle insyd Germany.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Na Catherine be subsequently enrolled for de University of Düsseldorf as a student of English, American literature, den Germanic linguistics insyd 1974, from wer na she post-graduate insyd 1977.<ref name=":3" /> Insyd 1982, she obtain ein PhD insyd Igbo Studies, thus she cam turn de first African Woman to earn both Masters' den PhD from Dusseldorf.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> She go on go attend ein first conference for de Ibadan conference on Pan Africanism, next year, wey na she present four papers.<ref name=":0" /> ==Death== Acholonu die on 18 March 2014, for an age of 62 from a year-long renal failure.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://allafrica.com/stories/201403190350.html| title =Nigeria: Celebrated Scholar, Acholonu Dies At 63|publisher =allAfrica.com|date=19 March 2014| access-date =19 March 2014}}</ref> == Bibliography == === Poems === * "Going Home" * "Spring's Last Drop" * "Dissidents" * "Harvest of War" * "Other Forms of Slaughter" ; Collections * ''The Spring's Last Drop'', 1985 * ''Nigeria in the Year 1999'', 1985 * ''Recite and Learn – Poems for Junior Primary Schools'', 1986 * ''Recite and Learn – Poems for Senior Primary Schools'', 1986 === Drama den plays === * ''Trial of the Beautiful Ones: a play in one act'', Owerri, Nigeria: Totan, 1985—based on the Igbo ''ogbanje'' myth.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Boyce-Davies|first1=Carole|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HH8UCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA237|title=Moving Beyond Boundaries (Vol. 1): International Dimensions of Black Women's Writing|last2=Ogundipe-Leslie|first2=Molara|date=February 1995|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-1238-2|pages=237|language=en}}</ref> * ''The Deal and Who is the Head of State'', Owerri, Nigeria: Totan, 1986<ref name="Catherine Obianuju Acholonu: Works">{{Cite web|title=Catherine Obianuju Acholonu: Works|url=http://www.postcolonialweb.org/nigeria/acholonuworks.html|website=www.postcolonialweb.org|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> * ''Into the Heart of Biafra: a play in three acts'', Owerri, Nigeria: C. Acholonu, 1970<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acholonu|first=Catherine Obianuju|title=Into the heart of Biafra: a play in three acts|publisher=C. Acholonu|location=Owerri, Nigeria|language=en|oclc=17473309}}</ref> === Essays den non-fiction === * ''Western and Indigenous Traditions in Modern Igbo Literature'' , 1985. * ''Motherism, The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism'', 1995. * ''The Igbo Roots of Olaudah Equiano'', 1995, revised 2007. * ''The Earth Unchained: A Quantum Leap in Consciousness: a reply to Al Gore'', 1995. * ''Africa the New Frontier – Towards a Truly Global Literary Theory for the 21st Century''. Lecture Delivered to the Association of Nigerian Authors annual Convention, 2002. * ''The Gram Code of African Adam: Stone Books and Cave Libraries, Reconstructing 450,000 Years of Africa's Lost Civilizations'', 2005 * ''They Lived Before Adam: Pre-Historic Origins of the Igbo – The Never-Been-Ruled (Ndi Igbo since 1.6 million B.C.)'', 2009. Winner of the USA-based International Book Awards (2009) in the multi-cultural non-fiction category. * ''The Lost Testament of the Ancestors of Adam: Unearthing Heliopolis/Igbo Ukwu – The Celestial City of the Gods of Egypt and India'', 2010 * ''Eden in Sumer on the Niger: Archaeological, Linguistic, and Genetic Evidence of 450,000 Years of Atlantis, Eden and Sumer in West Africa'', 2014 === Books authored === * ''The Igbo Roots of Olaudah Equiano: An Anthropological Research''. 1 January 1989<ref name="Catherine Obianuju Acholonu">{{Cite web|title=Catherine Obianuju Acholonu|url=https://www.amazon.com/Catherine-Obianuju-Acholonu/e/B001JOW90U?ref=dbs_a_mng_rwt_scns_share|access-date=2021-05-19|website=www.amazon.com|language=en-us}}</ref> * ''The Deal and Who is the Head of State''<ref name="Catherine Obianuju Acholonu" /> * ''The Spring's Last Drop''<ref name="Catherine Obianuju Acholonu" /> * ''Nigeria in the year 1999'' (TOT Series) * ''Into the Heart of Biafra'' (TOP Series) * ''Trial of the Beautiful Ones''<ref name="Catherine Obianuju Acholonu" /> === Articles den chapters === * (with Joyce Ann Penfield), "Linguistic Processes of Lexical Innovation in Igbo." ''Anthropological Linguistics''. 22 (1980). 118–130. * "The Role of Nigerian Dancers in Drama." ''Nigeria Magazine''. 53.1 (1985). 33–39.<ref name="Catherine Obianuju Acholonu: Works" /> * "The Home of Olaudah Equiano – A Linguistic and Anthropological Research", ''The Journal of Commonwealth Literature''. 22.1 (1987). 5–16.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Obianju Acholonu|first=Catherine|date=1987-03-01|title=The Home of Olaudah Equiano - a Linguistic and Anthropological Search|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-commonwealth-literature_1987_22_1/page/5|journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=5–16|doi=10.1177/002198948702200102|s2cid=220813350|issn=0021-9894}}</ref> * "L'Igbo Langue Litteraire: Le Cas du Nigeria." [Literary Igbo Language: The Case of Nigeria.] ''Notre Librairie: Revue du Livre: Afrique, Caraibes, Ocean Indien''. 98 (Jul–Sept 1989). 26–30. * "Mother was a Great Man." In ''The Heinemann Book of African Women's Writing''. Ed. Charlotte H. Bruner. London: Heinemann, 1993. 7–14. * "Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism." Ishmael Reed's ''Konch Magazine''. (March–April 2002). * <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Acholonu|first=Catherine Obianuju|date=1986|title=Review of Critical Perspectives on Christopher Okigbo|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_winter-1986_17_4/page/613|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=17|issue=4|pages=613–614|jstor=3819536|issn=0034-5210}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q5052851|c=no|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://www.carcafriculture.org/ Personal Website] * [https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/catherine-obianuju-acholonu/3498556/ Catherine Obianuju Acholonu] on ThriftBooks {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Acholonu, Catherine Obianuju}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:2014 deaths]] [[Category:Igbo politicians]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian dramatists den playwrights]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian poets]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian women writers]] [[Category:African poets]] [[Category:Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf alumni]] [[Category:Igbo writers]] [[Category:Igbo women writers]] [[Category:Nigerian dramatists den playwrights]] [[Category:Nigerian expatriate academics insyd de United States]] [[Category:Nigerian women academics]] [[Category:Nigerian women diplomats]] [[Category:Nigerian women dramatists den playwrights]] [[Category:Nigerian women historians]] [[Category:Nigerian women insyd politics]] [[Category:Nigerian women poets]] [[Category:People wey komot Imo State]] [[Category:Pseudohistorians]] fcwhtoesajfpbevra03ygbdnsttizq8 0 15210 115392 112418 2026-10-29T20:44:10Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Borderline personality disorder''' ('''BPD'''), dem sanso know am as '''emotionally unstable personality disorder''' ('''EUPD'''), be a mental illness wey be characterized by a long-term pattern of unstable relationships, distorted sense of self, den strong emotional reactions.<ref name=":0">American Psychiatric Association 2013, pp. [[iarchive:diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/645|645, 663–6]]</ref><ref name="NIH20163">{{cite web|title=Borderline Personality Disorder|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322130612/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml|archive-date=22 March 2016|access-date=16 March 2016|website=NIMH}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Chapman AL|title=Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation|journal=Development and Psychopathology|volume=31|issue=3|pages=1143–1156|date=August 2019|pmid=31169118|doi=10.1017/S0954579419000658|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954579419000658/type/journal_article|url-status=live|publisher=Cambridge University Press|s2cid=174813414|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204232023/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/abs/borderline-personality-disorder-and-emotion-dysregulation/EA2CB1C041307A34392F49279C107987|archive-date=4 December 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Individuals often dey engage insyd self-harm den oda dangerous behavior.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bozzatello P, Rocca P, Baldassarri L, Bosia M, Bellino S|title=The Role of Trauma in Early Onset Borderline Personality Disorder: A Biopsychosocial Perspective|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=12|pages=721361|date=23 September 2021|pmid=34630181|pmc=8495240|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721361|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cattane N, Rossi R, Lanfredi M, Cattaneo A|title=Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: exploring the affected biological systems and mechanisms|journal=BMC Psychiatry|volume=17|issue=1|pages=221|date=June 2017|pmid=28619017|pmc=5472954|doi=10.1186/s12888-017-1383-2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=December 2017|title=Borderline Personality Disorder|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml|access-date=25 February 2021|publisher=The National Institute of Mental Health|quote=Other signs or symptoms may include: [...] Impulsive and often dangerous behaviors [...] Self-harming behavior [...]. Borderline personality disorder is also associated with a significantly higher rate of self-harm and suicidal behavior than the general public.|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329213453/http://nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Those wey be affected sanso fi struggle plus a feeling of emptiness, fear of abandonment, den detachment from reality. Symptoms fi be triggered by events dem consider normal to odas.<ref name="NIH20163" /> De behavior typically dey begin by early adulthood den dey occur across a variety of situations.<ref name=":0" /> Substance abuse,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Helle AC, Watts AL, Trull TJ, Sher KJ|title=Alcohol Use Disorder and Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders|journal=Alcohol Research: Current Reviews|volume=40|issue=1|pages=arcr.v40.1.05|year=2019|pmid=31886107|pmc=6927749|doi=10.35946/arcr.v40.1.05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Trull|first1=Timothy J.|last2=Freeman|first2=Lindsey K.|last3=Vebares|first3=Tayler J.|last4=Choate|first4=Alexandria M.|last5=Helle|first5=Ashley C.|last6=Wycoff|first6=Andrea M.|date=19 September 2018|title=Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders: an updated review|journal=Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|page=15|doi=10.1186/s40479-018-0093-9|doi-access=free|pmid=30250740|pmc=6145127|issn=2051-6673}}</ref> depression, den eating disorders<ref name="NIH20163" /> be commonly associated plus BPD. Approximately 10% of people wey be affected die by suicide.<ref name="Kreisman J, Strauss H 2004">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sometimesiactcra00jero|title=Sometimes I Act Crazy. Living With Borderline Personality Disorder|vauthors=Kreisman J, Strauss H|publisher=Wiley & Sons|year=2004|isbn=978-0-471-22286-6|url-access=registration|page=206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaurin|first1=Aleksandra|last2=Dombrovski|first2=Alexandre|last3=Hallquist|first3=Michael|last4=Wright|first4=Aidan|date=2020-12-10|title=Momentary Interpersonal Processes of Suicidal Surges in Borderline Personality Disorder|journal=Psychological Medicine|volume=52|issue=13|pages=2702–2712|doi=10.1017/S0033291720004791|pmid=33298227|quote=People diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are at high risk of dying by suicide: almost all report chronic suicidal ideation, 84% of patients with BPD engage in suicidal behavior, 70% attempt suicide, with a mean of 3.4 lifetime attempts per individual, and 5–10% die by suicide (Black et al., 2004; McGirr et al., 2007; Soloff et al., 1994).|pmc=8190164}}</ref> Onset of symptoms fi be triggered by events odas perceive as normal,<ref name="NIH20163" /> plus de disorder typically dey manifest insyd early adulthood den dey persist across diverse contexts.<ref name="DSM532">{{harvnb|American Psychiatric Association|2013|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/645 645, 663–6]}}</ref> BPD often be comorbid plus substance use disorders,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Helle AC, Watts AL, Trull TJ, Sher KJ|title=Alcohol Use Disorder and Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders|journal=Alcohol Research: Current Reviews|volume=40|issue=1|article-number=arcr.v40.1.05|year=2019|pmid=31886107|pmc=6927749|doi=10.35946/arcr.v40.1.05}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trull |first1=Timothy J. |last2=Freeman |first2=Lindsey K. |last3=Vebares |first3=Tayler J. |last4=Choate |first4=Alexandria M. |last5=Helle |first5=Ashley C. |last6=Wycoff |first6=Andrea M. |title=Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders: an updated review |journal=Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation |date=December 2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s40479-018-0093-9 |pmid=30250740 |doi-access=free |pmc=6145127 }}</ref> depressive disorders, den [[eating disorder]]s.<ref name="NIH20163" /> Studies dey estimate up to 10 percent of people plus BPD die by [[suicide]].<ref name="Kreisman J, Strauss H 2004"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaurin|first1=Aleksandra|last2=Dombrovski|first2=Alexandre|last3=Hallquist|first3=Michael|last4=Wright|first4=Aidan|date=2020-12-10|title=Momentary Interpersonal Processes of Suicidal Surges in Borderline Personality Disorder|journal=[[Psychological Medicine]]|volume=52|issue=13|pages=2702–2712|doi=10.1017/S0033291720004791|pmid=33298227|quote=People diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are at high risk of dying by suicide: almost all report chronic suicidal ideation, 84% of patients with BPD engage in suicidal behavior, 70% attempt suicide, with a mean of 3.4 lifetime attempts per individual, and 5–10% die by suicide (Black et al., 2004; McGirr et al., 2007; Soloff et al., 1994).|pmc=8190164}}</ref> BPD dey face significant stigmatization insyd media portrayals den de psychiatric field, wey dey lead to underdiagnosis den insufficient treatment.<ref name="Borderline personality disorder, st">{{cite journal |last1=Aviram |first1=Ron B. |last2=Brodsky |first2=Beth S. |last3=Stanley |first3=Barbara |title=Borderline Personality Disorder, Stigma, and Treatment Implications |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |date=September 2006 |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=249–256 |doi=10.1080/10673220600975121 |pmid=16990170 |quote=The stigmatization of BPD is likely to be a result of several characteristics of the BPD syndrome. [... Pejorative] terms such as "difficult," "treatment resistant," "manipulative," "demanding," and "attention seeking" [are used to describe such individuals. This] can have an impact upon the treater's a priori expectations. [... Such] stigmatization is likely to be a result of several [behaviour characteristics of individuals with BPD, and the fact that] psychotherapy with [them] may involve disturbing and frightening behavior, including intense anger, chronic suicidal ideation, self-injury, and suicide attempts. [... Clinicians, under the stigma, may] see lower levels of [their patient's] functioning as deliberate and within [ones] control, or as manipulation, or as a rejection of help, [and may therefore respond] in unintentially damaging ways, [possibly by withdrawing] physically and emotionally. [...] It has been found that when one person has negative expectations of another, the former changes his or her behavior toward the latter. These interpersonal situations have been described as self-fulfilling prophecies. }}</ref><ref name="EP">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dixon-Gordon KL, Peters JR, Fertuck EA, Yen S |year=2017 |title=Emotional Processes in Borderline Personality Disorder: An Update for Clinical Practice |journal=[[Journal of Psychotherapy Integration]] |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=425–438 |doi=10.1037/int0000044 |pmc=5842953 |pmid=29527105 |quote=[Clinicians] may hesitate to [provide treatment for BPD patients] due to discomfort working with the high-risk behaviours and intense interpersonal and emotional dysregulation typical of [the disorder. Treatments supported by empirical evidence include Dialectical behavior therapy, Mentalization-based treatment, Transference-focused psychotherapy, Schema-focused therapy, and General Psychiatric Management... On the psychopathology side, it's possible that] emotional reactivity may be [more] pronounced [...] in response to social stressors and in interpersonal and self-conscious emotions (e.g., anger, shame) [...] Emotional vulnerability in BPD may also vary across specific emotions, [to which] sadness, hostility, and fear [are particularly damaging].}}</ref> Causes of BPD be unclear den complex, wey dey implicate genetic, neurological, den psychosocial conditions insyd ein development.<ref name="NIH2016">{{cite web |title=Borderline Personality Disorder |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322130612/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml |archive-date=22 March 2016 |access-date=16 March 2016 |website=NIMH}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-12 |title=Causes - Borderline personality disorder |url=https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/causes/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> De current hypothesis dey suggest BPD be caused by an interaction between genetic factors den adverse childhood experiences.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Chapman |first1=Jennifer |title=Borderline Personality Disorder |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430883/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |place=Treasure Island, Fla. |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=28613633 |quote=The current hypothesis is that BPD is caused by an interaction between genetic factors and adverse childhood experiences affecting brain development via neuropeptides and hormones. The relative importance of these factors is unclear. |last2=Jamil |first2=Radia T. |last3=Fleisher |first3=Carl |last4=Torrico |first4=Tyler J.}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite journal |last1=Leichsenring |first1=Falk |last2=Fonagy |first2=Peter |last3=Heim |first3=Nikolas |last4=Kernberg |first4=Otto F. |last5=Leweke |first5=Frank |last6=Luyten |first6=Patrick |last7=Salzer |first7=Simone |last8=Spitzer |first8=Carsten |last9=Steinert |first9=Christiane |title=Borderline personality disorder: a comprehensive review of diagnosis and clinical presentation, etiology, treatment, and current controversies |journal=World Psychiatry |date=February 2024 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=4–25 |doi=10.1002/wps.21156 |pmc=10786009 |pmid=38214629 |quote=It is currently hypothesized that, in BPD, genetic factors and adverse childhood experiences interact to influence brain development via hormones and neuropeptides. Adverse childhood experiences are thought to modulate gene expression and lead to stable personality traits that may predispose to BPD. [...] There is familial aggregation of BPD, with recent data from a Swedish population-based study estimating heritability at 46%. The risk of receiving a BPD diagnosis was increased 4.7-fold for full siblings. The hazard ratio in identical twins was 11.5.}}</ref> BPD significantly be more common insyd people plus a family history of BPD, particularly immediate relatives, wey dey suggest genetic predisposition.<ref name=":13" /> Der be a risk of misdiagnosis, wey BPD commonly be confused plus a [[mood disorder]], substance use disorder, anaa oda mental health disorders.<ref name="DSM532" /> Therapeutic interventions predominantly dey involve psychotherapy, plus dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) den schema therapy be de most effective.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="EP" /> Although pharmacotherapy no dey cure BPD, e fi be employed to mitigate symptoms,<ref name="NIH2016" /> plus atypical antipsychotics den [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]] (SSRI) antidepressants commonly prescribed. Dem dey use medications cautiously wey fi get minimal impact on neural function.<ref name=":42">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cattarinussi G, Delvecchio G, Prunas C, Moltrasio C, Brambilla P |date=June 2021 |title=Effects of pharmacological treatments on emotional tasks in borderline personality disorder: A review of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=288 |pages=50–57 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.088 |pmid=33839558}}</ref><ref name="pmid372564842">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pascual JC, Arias L, Soler J |date=31 May 2023 |title=Pharmacological Management of Borderline Personality Disorder and Common Comorbidities |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=489–497 |doi=10.1007/s40263-023-01015-6 |pmc=10276775 |pmid=37256484 |quote=Comorbidity with other mental disorders is common in individuals with BPD [... Despite no drug has been approved specifically for the treatment of BPD,] various medications are routinely prescribed off label [, but] agreement among clinical guidelines [is lacking]. Comorbidity [of] other psychiatric disorders is considered [the] main [reason for the effectiveness of] pharmacological treatment and polypharmacy[. Patients receiving] BPD-specific psychotherapy usually require fewer medications[.]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gerolymos |first=Cyril |last2=Garosi |first2=Alexandra |last3=Boyer |first3=Laurent |last4=Yon |first4=Dong Keon |last5=Rahmati |first5=Masoud |last6=Gavaudan |first6=Mika |last7=Fond |first7=Guillaume |date=2026-02-10 |title=Efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments in borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-026-03451-4 |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |language=en |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1038/s41380-026-03451-4 |issn=1476-5578}}</ref> Despite de high utilization of healthcare resources by people plus BPD,<ref name="Bourke_2018">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bourke J, Murphy A, Flynn D, Kells M, Joyce M, Hurley J|title=Borderline personality disorder: resource utilisation costs in Ireland|journal=Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine|volume=38|issue=3|pages=169–176|date=September 2021|pmid=34465404|doi=10.1017/ipm.2018.30|hdl-access=free|hdl=10468/7005}}</ref> up to half fi show significant improvement over ten years plus appropriate treatment.<ref name="DSM532" /> Estimation of BPD ein prevalence dey vary. Insyd de US, around 1% of de population be diagnosed plus am.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Ellison |first1=William D. |last2=Rosenstein |first2=Lia K. |last3=Morgan |first3=Theresa A. |last4=Zimmerman |first4=Mark |title=Community and Clinical Epidemiology of Borderline Personality Disorder |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |date=December 2018 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=561–573 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.008 |pmid=30447724 |quote=BPD tends to be more prevalent in adult women than adult men, [but] this gender split is not apparent among adolescents. [...] BPD has been found to decrease and even remit as individuals age. [...] BPD [has] a point prevalence around 1%. [Prevalence differ between subpopulations, being] substantially higher [for psychiatric population, around 12% for outpatient and 22% for inpatient.] Research also suggests [potential] differences [between] ethnic groups[. Deliberate] self-harm [...] differs among ethnic groups, [with] African-American individuals [reporting] more affective instability and emotion dysregulation, but less suicidal behavior and deliberate self-harm, than White American individuals with the disorder.}}</ref> BPD be more prevalent among adolescents den young adults dan elderly, wey symptoms fi remit plus age.<ref name=":5" /> De term 'borderline' be debated, as e refer to concepts of borderline insanity den patients on de border between [[neurosis]] den [[psychosis]], wich now be considered clinically imprecise.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Gunderson JG|title=Borderline personality disorder: ontogeny of a diagnosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2009-05_166_5/page/530|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=166|issue=5|pages=530–539|date=May 2009|pmid=19411380|pmc=3145201|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121825}}</ref> == References == <references /> == General bibliography == * {{cite book|author=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis00amer_2|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|year=2000|isbn=978-0-89042-025-6|edition=4th}} * {{cite book|author=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=5th}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Chapman AL, Gratz KL|year=2007|title=The Borderline Personality Disorder Survival Guide: Everything You Need to Know About Living with BPD|url=https://archive.org/details/borderlineperson0000chap|location=Oakland, CA|publisher=New Harbinger Publications|isbn=978-1-57224-507-5}} * {{cite journal|vauthors=Linehan MM, Comtois KA, Murray AM, Brown MZ, Gallop RJ, Heard HL, Korslund KE, Tutek DA, Reynolds SK, Lindenboim N|date=July 2006|title=Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=63|issue=7|pages=757–66|pmid=16818865|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.757|doi-access=free}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Linehan M|year=1993|title=Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/cognitivebehavio0000line|location=New York|publisher=Guilford Press|isbn=978-0-89862-183-9}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Manning S|year=2011|title=Loving Someone with Borderline Personality Disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/lovingsomeonewit0000mann_g4n0|publisher=The Guilford Press|isbn=978-1-59385-607-6}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Millon T|year=1996|title=Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV-TM and Beyond|url=https://archive.org/details/disordersofperso0000mill_e4c3|location=New York|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-01186-6}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Millon T|year=2004|title=Personality Disorders in Modern Life|url=https://archive.org/details/personalitydisor0000mill|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-32355-6}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Millon T, Grossman S, Meagher SE|year=2004|title=Masters of the mind: exploring the story of mental illness from ancient times to the new millennium|url=https://archive.org/details/mastersofmindexp0000mill|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-46985-8}} * {{cite web|vauthors=Millon T|year=2006|title=Personality Subtypes|url=http://millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm|access-date=1 November 2010|archive-date=4 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104162306/http://www.millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm|url-status=dead|website=Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology|publisher=Dicandrien, Inc.}} == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q208166|c=Category:Borderline personality disorder|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder|publisher=[[National Institute of Mental Health]]|title=Borderline personality disorder}} * [https://www.bpdfamily.com/content/borderline-personality-disorder APA DSM 5 Definition of Borderline personality disorder] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250421180239/https://div12.org/psychological-treatments/disorders/borderline-personality-disorder/ APA Division 12 treatment page for Borderline personality disorder] * [https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.189 Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders] (with AMPD definition of BPD) * [https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en#2006821354 ICD-11 definition of Personality disorder, Borderline pattern by the World Health Organization] * [https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/overview/ NHS] * {{cite web|url=https://borderlinesupport.org.uk|title=Borderline Support UK|access-date=2025-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701032846/https://borderlinesupport.org.uk/|archive-date=2022-07-01}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borderline personality disorder}} [[Category:Borderline personality disorder| ]] [[Category:Cluster B personality disorders]] [[Category:Women den psychology]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] iiwgdf5yyackrws09n3j53j8624r7kn 0 15626 115425 113661 2026-10-30T06:47:18Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Voting Rights Act of 1965''' be a landmark piece of federal legislation insyd de [[United States]] wey dey prohibit racial discrimination insyd voting.<ref name="DOJvra65">{{Cite web|date=July 28, 2017|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://nvrmi.com/?page_id=41|access-date=May 23, 2014|publisher=National Voting Rights Museum and Institute}}</ref> Na e be signed into law by Presido Lyndon B. Johnson during de height of de civil rights movement on August 4, 1965.wey Congress later amend de Act five times make e expand ein protections.<ref name="DOJvra65" /> Dem design am make e enforce de voting rights wey be protected by de Fourteenth den Fifteenth Amendments to de United States Constitution, na de Act sought make e secure de right to vote give racial minorities thru out de country. especially insyd de South. According to de U.S. Department of Justice, de Act be considered e be de most effective piece of federal civil rights legislation dem ever enact insyd de country. Na de National Archives and Records Administration state: "Na de Voting Rights Act of 1965 be de most significant statutory change insyd de relationship between de federal den de state governments insyd de area of voting since de Reconstruction period dey follow de Civil War".<ref name="NARA20220208VRA1965">{{Cite web|date=February 8, 2022|title=Milestone Documents: Voting Rights Act (1965)|url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/voting-rights-act|access-date=November 4, 2023|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration}}</ref> De act dey contain chaw provisions wey dey regulate elections. De act ein "general provisions" dey provide nationwide protections for voting rights. Section 2 be a general provision wey dey prohibit state den local government from make dem dey impose any voting rule wey "dey result insyd de denial anaa abridgement of de right of any citizen make dem vote on account of race anaa color" anaa membership insyd de language minority group.<ref name="2021supremecourt">{{Cite web|date=July 1, 2021|title=Brnovich, Attorney General of Arizona, et al. v. Democratic National Committee et al.|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-1257_g204.pdf}}</ref> Oda general provisions specifically dey outlaw literacy tests den similar devices wey na be historically used make dem disenfranchise racial minorities. De act sanso dey contain "special provisions" wey dey apply to certain jurisdictions per. A core special provision be de Section 4 requirement, wich prohibit certain jurisdictions from make dem dey implement any change wey dey affect voting widout first receiving confirmation from de U.S. attorney general anaa de U.S. District Court for D.C. wey de change no dey discriminate against protected minorities.<ref name="DOJsection5">{{Cite web|title=About Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_5/about.php|access-date=April 21, 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> Anoda special provision dey require jurisdictions wey dey contain significant language minority populations make dem provide bilingual ballots den oda election materials. Section 4 den chaw oda special provisions apply to jurisdictions dem encompass by de "coverage formula" na dem prescribe insyd Section 4(b). Na de coverage formula be originally designed make e encompass jurisdictions wey engage insyd egregious voting discrimination insyd 1965, wey Congress update de formula insyd 1970 den 1975. Insyd ''Shelby County v. Holder'' (2013), na de U.S. Supreme Court struck down de coverage formula as unconstitutional, wey dey reason am say na e be obsolete. Na de court no strike down Section 5, buh widout a coverage formula, Section 5 be unenforceable.<ref name="scotusblogplain">{{Cite web|last=Howe|first=Amy|date=June 25, 2013|title=Details on Shelby County v. Holder: In Plain English|url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/06/details-on-shelby-county-v-holder-in-plain-english|access-date=July 1, 2013|website=SCOTUSBlog}}</ref> De jurisdictions wich na dem previously be covered by de coverage formula massively increase de rate of voter registration purges after de Shelby decision.<ref name="Feder-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Feder |first=Catalina |last2=Miller |first2=Michael G. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Voter Purges After Shelby: Part of Special Symposium on Election Sciences |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X20916426 |journal=American Politics Research |language=en-US |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=687–692 |doi=10.1177/1532673x20916426 |issn=1532-673X |s2cid=221131969 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210105160727/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X20916426 |archive-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref> Insyd 2021, na de ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'' Supreme Court ruling reinterprete Section 2 of de Voting Rights Act of 1965, substantially dey weaken am.<ref name="section2less">{{Cite web|date=July 1, 2021|title=The Supreme Court Deals A New Blow To Voting Rights, Upholding Arizona Restrictions|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/998758022/the-supreme-court-upheld-upholds-arizona-measures-that-restrict-voting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226123935/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/998758022/the-supreme-court-upheld-upholds-arizona-measures-that-restrict-voting?t=1640522230054|archive-date=December 26, 2021|access-date=September 7, 2021|website=NPR|language=en}}</ref><ref name="2021supremecourt"/> Na de ruling interpret de "totality of circumstances" language of Section 2 make e mean say e no dey generally prohibit voting rules wey dey disparate impact on de groups wey e seek make e protect, wey dey include a rule dem block under Section 5 before de Court inactivate dat section insyd ''Shelby County v. Holder''.<ref name="section2less" /><ref name="2021supremecourt" /> For particular, na de ruling hold say na fears of election fraud fi justify such rules widout evidence wey na any such fraud occur insyd de past anaa dat na de new rule fi make elections safer.<ref name="2021supremecourt" /> Research dey show dat na de Act successfully den massively increase voter turnout den voter registrations, in particular among black people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bernini |first=Andrea |last2=Facchini |first2=Giovanni |last3=Tabellini |first3=Marco |last4=Testa |first4=Cecilia |date=July 2023 |title=Black Empowerment and White Mobilization: The Effects of the Voting Rights Act |journal=National Bureau of Economic Research |language=en |volume=Working Paper 31425 |doi=10.3386/w31425 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Fresh-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Fresh |first=Adriane |date=February 23, 2018 |title=The Effect of the Voting Rights Act on Enfranchisement: Evidence from North Carolina |journal=The Journal of Politics |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=713–718 |doi=10.1086/697592 |s2cid=158668168}}</ref><ref name="Ang-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Ang |first=Desmond |date=2019 |title=Do 40-Year-Old Facts Still Matter? Long-Run Effects of Federal Oversight under the Voting Rights Act |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=1–53 |doi=10.1257/app.20170572 |issn=1945-7782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na dem sanso link de state Act to concrete outcomes, such as greater public goods provision (such as public education) give areas plus higher black population shares, more members of Congress wey dey vote give civil rights-related legislation, den greater Black representation insyd local offices. == Background == At firs. De United States Constitution gree make each state fit decide how dem go take check who go fit vote.<ref>United States Constitution art. I, sec. 2, cl. 1</ref><ref name="Bending">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|50}} But after de Civil War, dem pass three Reconstruction Amendments wey limit dis power. De Thirteenth Amendment (1865) talk say no more slavery 'unless na punishment for crime'; de Fourteenth Amendment (1868) gree say anybody wey dem bon or naturalize for United States fit be citizen and dem go get due process and equal protection; and di Fifteenth Amendment (1870) talk say '[t]he right of citizens for de United States to vote no go fit deny or cut down by de United States or by any State sekof of race, color, or any past condition of servitude.' Dis Amendments sef give Congress power to make sure dem enforce de rules through 'correct legislation.'<ref>{{cite web|title=Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm|access-date=June 25, 2015|publisher=United States Senate}}</ref> To make de Reconstruction Amendments work, Congress dey pass Enforcement Acts for 1870s. Dem acts make am illegal if you go try block person from voting plus dey put federal eye for electoral wahala, include voter registration.{{rp|310}} But for 1875, Supreme Court come strike some parts of de law as e no gree with de constitution for United States v. Cruikshank and United States v. Reese.<ref name="democracy2">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|97}} After Reconstruction Era finish for 1877, dem no dey follow these laws well again, e for 1894, Congress come cancel most of demma rules.{{rp|310}} Southern states dey try make e hard for racial minorities to vote during den after Reconstruction. From 1868 to 1888, dem dey use all kinds of fraud plus violence for South to hold down African-American vote.<ref name="Direct">{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Jones|first2=Jeffery|date=September 2002|title=Race, Voting Rights, and Segregation: Direct Disenfranchisement|url=http://www.umich.edu/~lawrace/disenfranchise1.htm|access-date=August 3, 2013|work=The Geography of Race in the United States|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> From 1888 to 1908, Southern states come legalize am by bringing Jim Crow laws; dem change constitution den pass law wey go limit how people fit vote, like literacy tests, poll taxes, property ownership, moral character checks, plus some rules wey go allow person wey no fit vote cause him grandpapa don vote (wey dey leave many African Americans wey grandfathers be slave or no fit vote).<ref name="Direct2">{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Jones|first2=Jeffery|date=September 2002|title=Race, Voting Rights, and Segregation: Direct Disenfranchisement|url=http://www.umich.edu/~lawrace/disenfranchise1.htm|access-date=August 3, 2013|work=The Geography of Race in the United States|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> During this time, Supreme Court dey mostly back efforts wey dey discriminate against minorities. For Giles v. Harris (1903), dem hold say no matter wetin happen with Fifteenth Amendment, judiciary no fit force states to register racial minorities to vote.<ref name="democracy3">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|100}} [[File:Bloody_Sunday-Alabama_police_attack.jpeg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloody_Sunday-Alabama_police_attack.jpeg|alt=refer to caption|thumb|Alabama police for 1965 attack voting rights marchers on [[:en:Selma_to_Montgomery_marches#%22Bloody_Sunday%22_events|"Bloody Sunday"]], de first of de [[:en:Selma_to_Montgomery_marches|Selma to Montgomery marches]]]] Before dem pass de Voting Rights Act for 1965, many people dey try stop Southern states from denying black voters demma chance to vote.<ref name="DOJvra652">{{cite web|date=July 28, 2017|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref> Dem dey use literacy tests, poll taxes, plus other bureaucratic wahala to block dem. African Americans dey face plenty serious issues like harassment, intimidation, economic punishments, and even physical violence wen dem wan register or vote. As a result, no plenty African Americans fit register as voters, so dem no get much political power at all, both for demma areas plus for de whole country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act (1965)|url=https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=100|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925101516/https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=100|archive-date=September 25, 2020|access-date=March 13, 2021|publisher=Our Documents}}</ref> During de 1950s, de Civil Rights Movement come put pressure on de federal government to help protect de voting rights of minority groups. For 1957, Congress pass de first civil rights law since Reconstruction: de Civil Rights Act of 1957. This law give the attorney general power to sue for people wey their Fifteenth Amendment rights dey denied, create the Civil Rights Division for Department of Justice to enforce civil rights through court case, plus set up de Commission on Civil Rights to check how dem dey deny people demma voting rights. More protections come for de Civil Rights Act of 1960, wey allow federal courts to pick referees wey go handle voter registration for places wey de practice voting discrimination against racial minority groups. Even though dem acts help courts fix federal voting rights wahala, de strict legal standards make am hard for de Department of Justice to carry dem cases well. Like, to win case against any state wey dey use literacy test, dem need prove say de rejected voter-registration forms of racial minorities be like de accepted forms of whites. Dis one mean say dem go compare thousands of applications for each state county, plus e fit take months. De department wan try but dem get wahala from local election officials wey go dey claim say dem lose de voter registration records of racial minorities, remove dem wey don register from de electoral lists, plus just resign so de registration go stop. Plus, de department dey always need to appeal cases plenty times before de judiciary go fit help because many federal district court judges no dey support racial minorities to vote. So, from 1957 to 1964, de rate wey African-American voters register for de South increase small-small even as de department dey fight 71 voting rights cases.<ref name="democracy4">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|514}} Dem try stop Southern states from disfranchising people, but overall, na small success dem get, for some areas e no even work well at all. sekof de Department of Justice no fit stop de discriminatory election style wey dey happen one-by-one; as dem fit prove one unconstitutional, dem go just bring another one wey go start de whole wahala again.<ref name="DOJvra653">{{cite web|date=July 28, 2017|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref> Congress no take am easy say discrimination dey happen plenty for racial minorities for public places and government services, so dem pass Civil Rights Act for 1964. De act get some voting rights protection; e say make registrars share literacy tests well well to everybody wey wan vote and dem go accept application wey get small errors, plus e create say if person get sixth-grade education, e fit read well well to vote.<ref name="Bending2">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|97}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Public Law 88-352|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/CivilRightsActOf1964.pdf|access-date=October 19, 2013|location=Title I}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Major Features of the Civil Rights Act of 1964|url=http://www.congresslink.org/print_basics_histmats_civilrights64text.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206191323/http://www.congresslink.org/print_basics_histmats_civilrights64text.htm|archive-date=December 6, 2014|access-date=March 26, 2015|work=CongressLink|publisher=Dirksen Congressional Center}}</ref> But still, even as civil rights leaders dey lobby, de Act no fit stop most voting discrimination.<ref name="eyes">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|253}} President Lyndon B. Johnson see am, den after 1964 elections wey Democrats carry majorities for both Congress, e tell Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach make e draft “de goddamndest, toughest voting rights act wey you fit”.<ref name="Bending3">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|48–50}} But Johnson no push am for public side that time; him advisers talk say e go cost am politically if he dey chase voting rights bill too soon after Congress don pass Civil Rights Act for 1964, plus Johnson dey fear say if e dey champion voting rights, e fit spoil hin Great Society reforms by vexing Southern Democrats for Congress.<ref name="Bending4">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|47–48, 50–52}} [[File:Fannie_Lou_Hamer_1964-08-22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fannie_Lou_Hamer_1964-08-22.jpg|alt=Fannie Lou Hamer is a Black woman wearing a floral dress. She is mid-speaking at a convention. She is seated. The photo is in black and white.|thumb|Fannie Lou Hamer, wey start Freedom Farm Cooperative, dey talk for SNCC on top African-American right to vote.]] After de 1964 elections, civil rights groups like Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) plus Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) dey push make de government protect voting rights for de minorities.<ref name="eyes2">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|254–255}} Demma efforts lead to protests for Alabama, especially for Selma, wey Sheriff Jim Clark ein police dey swear for any African-American wey wan register to vote. For de Selma wahala, James Forman from SNCC talk say: 'Our plan, as usual, be to make U.S. government come join if dem go arrest people— plus if dem no come, e go show say government no dey with us plus e go make more people wake up for black matters. Our slogan for this movement be 'One Man, One Vote.'<ref name="eyes3">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|255}} For January 1965, Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel,<ref name="Garrow">{{cite book|last=Kryn|first=Randy|title=We Shall Overcome: The Civil Rights Movement in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s|url=https://archive.org/details/weshallovercomec0002unse|publisher=Carlson Publishing|year=1989|isbn=978-0-926019-02-7|editor1-last=Garrow|editor1-first=David J.|location=Brooklyn, NY|chapter=James L. Bevel: The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement}}</ref><ref name="Kryn">{{cite web|last=Kryn|first=Randy|title=Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel|url=http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/node/287|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174523/http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/node/287|archive-date=March 3, 2016|access-date=April 7, 2014|work=Chicago Freedom Movement|publisher=Middlebury College}}</ref> plus some other civil rights leaders gather for plenty peaceful protests for Selma, but police plus white counter-protesters no gree, dem begin beat people waa. For January den February, dis protests dey trend for media, everybody dey talk am for de issue wey concern voting rights. King plus some other protesters wey dey march for February 1, dem arrest dem because dem no follow de anti-parade law; dis one make plenty people join de march and dem too dey get arrest.<ref name="eyes4">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|259–261}} On February 4, Malcolm X come give strong speech for Selma, he talk say many African Americans no dey support King’s peaceful style;<ref name="eyes5">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|262}} later, he go talk say he wan make whites fear so dem go support King. De next day, King come out from jail plus him letter wey him write about voting rights, “Letter From A Selma Jail,” show for De New York Times.<ref name="eyes6">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|262}} As wahala for Selma dey gather national attention, President Johnson change him mind say him go delay voting rights law. On February 6, him go announce say him go send proposal go Congress.<ref name="Bending5">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|69}} Johnson no talk wetin dey insyde de proposal or de time him go show am for Congress.<ref name="eyes7">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|264}} For February 18 wey people dey for Marion, Alabama, state troopers yawa break for corner night wey dem dey shout for voting rights, as officer James Bonard Fowler shoot den kill young African-American protester Jimmie Lee Jackson wey no carry anything plus dey protect em mama.<ref name="eyes8">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|265}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Fleming|first=John|title=The Death of Jimmie Lee Jackson|url=http://www.annistonstar.com/view/full_story/2746471/article-The-Death-of-Jimmie-Lee-Jackson|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113092652/http://www.annistonstar.com/view/full_story/2746471/article-The-Death-of-Jimmie-Lee-Jackson|archive-date=January 13, 2014|newspaper=The Anniston Star|date=March 6, 2005|access-date=March 16, 2015}}</ref> Dis event ginger us, plus na Bevel start am,<ref name="eyes9">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|267}}{{rp|267}}<ref name="Kryn2">{{cite web|last=Kryn|first=Randy|title=Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel|url=http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/node/287|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174523/http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/node/287|archive-date=March 3, 2016|access-date=April 7, 2014|work=Chicago Freedom Movement|publisher=Middlebury College}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fager|first=Charles|title=Selma, 1965: The March That Changed the South|date=July 1985|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-0405-0|edition=2nd|location=Boston, MA}}</ref>{{rp|81–86}} so on March 7, SCLC and SNCC start di first Selma to Montgomery march wey dem plan make dem waka go capital, Montgomery, to show sey voting rights no dey and to go tell Governor George Wallace how dem dey feel. For de first march, police on horse catch dem for Edmund Pettus Bridge wey dey near Selma. Police fire tear gas for crowd plus dem dey trample protesters. De video wey everybody see, dem call am 'Bloody Sunday', make plenty people vex for de country.<ref name="democracy5">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|515}} On March 9, dem do another march wey dem call 'Turnaround Tuesday'. That evening, three white ministers wey join de march, dem attack dem on de street and beat dem with clubs by four Ku Klux Klan members.<ref name="The March to Montgomery">{{Cite web |title=Civil Rights Movement History & Timeline (Selma & the March to Montgomery) |url=https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis65.htm |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.crmvet.org}}</ref> De worst one wey don suffer na Reverend James Reeb from Boston, wey die on Thursday, March 11.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baumgartner|first=Neil|date=December 2012|title=James Reeb|url=http://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/witnesses/reeb.htm|access-date=November 16, 2020|work=Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia|publisher=[[Ferris State University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021022054/https://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/witnesses/reeb.htm|archive-date=October 21, 2020}}</ref> After wetin happen for Selma, President Johnson talk for TV joint Congress meeting on March 15, him call on lawmakers say make dem pass strong voting rights law. For him speech, him use de words 'we go fit overcome', like de slogan wey civil rights people dey use.<ref name="eyes10">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|278}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Wicker|first=Tom|title=Johnson Urges Congress at Joint Session to Pass Law Insuring Negro Vote|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0315.html|access-date=August 3, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 15, 1965}}</ref> Two days later, dem introduce de Voting Rights Act of 1965 for Congress, as civil rights leaders, wey plenty federal soldiers dey protect, lead 25,000 people waka from Selma go Montgomery.<ref name="democracy6">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|516}}<ref name="eyes11">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|279, 282}} == Legislative history == Dem try wey dem dey use court matter to stop bad election wahala no dey work well for U.S. Department of Justice, plus de federal anti-discrimination laws no plenty to fight de wahala wey state officials dey give for 15th Amendment enforcement. So de Congress talk say dem need new big federal law to free people from state disfranchisement.<ref name="DOJvra654">{{cite web|date=July 28, 2017|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref> De U.S. Supreme Court talk am clear for South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966) like dis: {{Blockquote|text=Lately, Congress dey try body to tackle voting wahala by allowing case-by-case lawsuit for vote discrimination. The Civil Rights Act wey pass for 1957 gree Attorney General make e dey seek injunctions against anybody wey go interfere with people right to vote on top race matter. Dem perfect am for the Civil Rights Act of 1960 so that States fit join as defendants, make Attorney General fit check local voting records, and courts go fit register voters for areas wey dey face serious discrimination. Title I for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 make dem hear voting cases fast fast for three-judge courts and e ban some tactics wey dem dey use to disqualify Negroes from voting for federal elections. Even though Justice Department and plenty federal judges dey try, all these new laws no really solve the voting discrimination problem. [...] The earlier laws no really work for plenty reasons. Voting cases dey hard to prepare, sometimes e fit take as much as 6,000 man-hours just to go through registration records before trial. Litigation dey slow well well, partly because dem dey allow delay for voting officials and others wey involve for the matter. Even when dem finally get correct decisions, some States just switch to other discriminatory methods wey federal laws no cover, or dem go create hard new tests wey go prolong the wahala wey dey exist between white and Negro registration. Also, some local officials dey just ignore court orders or close their registration offices just to freeze voting rolls. The 1960 law wey gree federal officers do registration no really change local wahala, 'cause e get plenty procedures wey dey complicated.[42]}}{{Blockquote|content=  Congress dey use dem power under Fifteenth Amendment for sharp way when dem pass Voting Rights Act for 1965. First: the law fit solve voting wahala wey no need any court matter before e go start. Dis one clear say na better way to handle the wahala, since we fit see other cases wey dey follow constitutional rules. See Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U. S. 294, 379 U. S. 302–304; United States v. Darby, 312 U. S. 100, 312 U. S. 120–121. Dem find say when dem dey carry case-by-case go court, e no fit quench the plenty and steady wahala wey dey for voting, because e dey take too much time and energy to fight the block tactics wey always dey show for these cases. After almost hundred years of serious fight against Fifteenth Amendment, Congress fit decide say make dem shift the time and stubbornness advantage from the people wey dey do the bad to the victims. [...] Second: the Act sabi say e no go cover plenty States and political zones, wey most times Congress fit sabi them by name. Dis one too be correct way to tackle the wahala. Congress don learn say plenty discrimination dey happen for some parts of the country, and dem no sabi how the wahala fit spread go other places later. As dem dey do am, Congress decide say make dem focus for the places wey need urgent action. See McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U. S. 420, 366 U. S. 427; Salsburg v. Maryland, 346 U. S. 545, 346 U. S. 550–554. The equality matter wey South Carolina talk no go fit stop dis approach, because dat one dey concern how States join the Union, no be the remedies for local wahala wey don show up later. See Coyle v. Smith, 221 U. S. 559, and cases wey dey cited..[43]}} ===== Original bill ===== ===== Senate ===== [[File:Lyndon_Johnson_and_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._-_Voting_Rights_Act.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_and_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._-_Voting_Rights_Act.jpg|alt=refer to caption|thumb|[[:en:President_of_the_United_States|United States President]] [[:en:Lyndon_B._Johnson|Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[:en:Martin_Luther_King_Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]], plus [[:en:Rosa_Parks|Rosa Parks]] at de signing of de Voting Rights Act on August 6, 1965]] De Voting Rights Act wey dem introduce for Congress on March 17, 1965, na S. 1564, plus na Mike Mansfield wey be de Senate majority leader (D-MT) plus Senate minority leader Everett Dirksen (R-IL) sponsor am. Dem two dey work with Attorney General Katzenbach to fit draft de bill language.<ref name="congresslink">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=http://www.congresslink.org/print_basics_histmats_votingrights_contents.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030140112/http://www.congresslink.org/print_basics_histmats_votingrights_contents.htm|archive-date=October 30, 2014|access-date=March 26, 2015|work=The Dirksen Congressional Center|publisher=Congresslink}}</ref> Even though Democrats dey hold two-thirds of de seats for both chambers after de 1964 Senate elections,<ref name="Bending6">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|49}} Johnson dey fear say Southern Democrats go filibuster de law because dem don oppose other civil rights matter. E call Dirksen make e help gather Republican support. Dirksen no plan to support voting rights law dis quick after e don support de Civil Rights Act of 1964, but when e hear about de police wahala for Selma on Bloody Sunday, e talk say e ready to accept dis 'revolutionary' law.<ref name="Bending7">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|95–96}} Sekof Dirksen dey help Katzenbach write de law, dem come dey call am de 'Dirksenbach' bill.<ref name="Bending8">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|96}} After Mansfield plus Dirksen bring de bill, 64 more senators join am as co-sponsors,<ref name="Bending9">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|150}} with 46 Democrats plus 20 Republicans insyde de mix.<ref name="acsc.lib.udel.edu">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|access-date=May 29, 2016|publisher=The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> De bill get plenty special terms wey dey target some state plus local governments: one "coverage formula" wey go fit check which place go follow de Act other special terms ("covered jurisdictions"); one "preclearance" requirement wey no go allow covered jurisdictions change dem voting procedure without first get approval from de U.S. attorney general or de U.S. District Court for D.C. say de changes no dey discriminatory; plus dem suspend "tests or devices", like literacy tests, for covered jurisdictions. De bill too allow make federal examiners dey register voters, plus federal observers dey monitor elections, for covered jurisdictions wey dem find say dem dey do bad discrimination. De bill set de special provisions to expire after five years.{{rp|319–320}}<ref name="democracy7">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|520, 524}}<ref name="RevisedBailout">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|5–6}} Dis formula wey dem dey use cover some places cause plenty wahala for congress matter. E go fit cover any place if (1) dem dey use “test or device” since November 1, 1964, plus (2) less than 50 percent of people wey fit vote for dia place no register or no vote for November 1964 election.{{rp|317}} Dis formula no reach plenty areas apart from Deep South. To make some lawmakers wey think say de bill dey gree only South people calm down, dem add one rule wey say no be no racial discrimination for voting around everywhere.<ref name="1982hist">{{cite journal |last1=Boyd |first1=Thomas M. |last2=Markman |first2=Stephen J. |year=1983 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Legislative History |url=http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr/vol40/iss4/3 |journal=Washington and Lee Law Review |volume=40 |issue=4 |access-date=August 31, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|1352}} De bill too get way wey place wey dem cover fit “bail out” if dem fit show for federal court say dem no use any “test or device” wey go discriminate for de last 5 years before dem ask for bail out.<ref name="RevisedBailout2">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|6}} Plus, de bill get “bail in” way wey federal courts fit apply remedy for places wey no dey cover but fit still dey discrimination.<ref name="3c">Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 3(c); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973a(c))</ref><ref name="bail-in">{{cite journal |last=Crum |first=Travis |year=2010 |title=The Voting Rights Act's Secret Weapon: Pocket Trigger Litigation and Dynamic Preclearance |url=http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/note/the-voting-rights-act%27s-secret-weapon:-pocket-trigger-litigation-and-dynamic-preclearance |url-status=dead |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830171847/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/note/the-voting-rights-act%27s-secret-weapon:-pocket-trigger-litigation-and-dynamic-preclearance/ |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|2006–2007}} De bill first land for Senate Judiciary Committee, and di chair, Senator James Eastland (D-MS), no gree am with some other Southern senators wey dey insyde de committee. To make sure say de bill no go die for committee, Mansfield come suggest motion wey go make de Judiciary Committee report de bill come outsyde by April 9, plus de Senate waka pass am strong with vote of 67 to 13.<ref name="Bending11">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|150}}<ref name="acsc.lib.udel.edu2">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|access-date=May 29, 2016|publisher=The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> As de committee dey check de bill, Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) dey lead effort to change de bill to stop poll taxes. Even though de Twenty-fourth Amendment wey ban poll taxes for federal elections don ratify one year before, Johnson administration plus de sponsors of de bill no add any provision wey go stop poll taxes for state elections sekof dem dey fear say courts go fit cancel de legislation as unconstitutional.<ref name="democracy10">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|521}}<ref name="eyes12">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref> Plus, by excluding poll taxes from de definition of “tests or devices”, de coverage formula no touch Texas or Arkansas, wey reduce opposition from dem two states strong congressional teams.<ref name="democracy8">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|521}} But, with support from some liberal committee members, Kennedy's way to stop poll taxes gree by 9-4 vote. As response, Dirksen come with another amendment wey say if state get at least 60 percent of people wey fit vote registered or if dem get voter turnout wey pass national average from last presidential election, dem go free. This amendment wey no go cover all states except Mississippi pass during meeting wey three liberal members no dey. Dirksen say him go remove de amendment if dem go take away de poll tax ban. For de end, dem report de bill outsyde committee on April 9 by 12-4 vote without any recommendation.<ref name="Bending10">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|152–153}} For April 22, full Senate don start dey talk about de bill. Dirksen naim talk first for de bill side, e talk say “we need law if we wan make sure say de Fifteenth Amendment ... go work well well, plus if we wan make Declaration of Independence really mean something.”<ref name="Bending12">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|154}} Senator Strom Thurmond (R-SC) reply say de bill go cause “despotism and tyranny”, plus Senator Sam Ervin (D-NC) argue say de bill no dey constitutional as e go take state dem right under Article I, Section 2 of de Constitution to set voter qualifications, plus de bill dey target only some pipo. For May 6, Ervin drop amendment wey go remove de coverage formula's automatic trigger plus make federal judges fit appoint federal examiners to handle voter registration. Dis amendment no go well, 42 Democrats plus 22 Republicans vote against am.<ref name="Bending13">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|154–156}} After long talk, Ted Kennedy's amendment wey wan stop poll taxes sef no work, e end 49–45 for May 11.<ref name="acsc.lib.udel.edu3">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|access-date=May 29, 2016|publisher=The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> But e be so say, de Senate talk say dem go include provision wey go allow attorney general fit sue any place, whether dem dey covered or not, to contest dem use of poll taxes.<ref name="eyes13">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|156–157}}<ref name="RevisedBailout3">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Senator Robert F. Kennedy (D-NY) bring amendment wey go make English-illiterate citizens wey don finish at least sixth grade for non-English school fit vote, plus e pass 48–19. Southern lawmakers come try bring plenty amendments to make di law weak, but all of dem fall flat, dem all no work.<ref name="Bending14">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|159}} For May 25, Senate don vote for cloture,by 70–30 vote, so dey fit avoid filibuster wahala plus limit wetin dem go talk about de bill.<ref>{{cite web|title=Senate Vote #67 in 1965: To Invoke Cloture and End Debate on S. 1564, the Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s67|access-date=October 14, 2013|work=govtrack.us|publisher=Civic Impulse, LLC}}</ref> On May 26, dem pass de bill by 77–19 vote (Democrats 47–16, Republicans 30–2); na only senators wey dey represent Southern states oppose am, dem vote against am.<ref name="Bending15">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|161}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Senate Vote #78 in 1965: To Pass S. 1564, the Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s78|access-date=October 14, 2013|work=govtrack.us|publisher=Civic Impulse, LLC}}</ref> ===== House of Representatives ===== Emanuel Celler (D-NY), wey be Chair of the House Judiciary Committee, bring de Voting Rights Act come House of Representatives on March 19, 1965, as H.R. 6400.<ref name="acsc.lib.udel.edu4">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|access-date=May 29, 2016|publisher=The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> Dis Judiciary Committee na de first one wey check de bill. De ranking Republican for de committee, William McCulloch (R-OH), generally gree make people get better voting rights, but he no support de ban wey dey stop poll tax and de coverage formula, so he lead de fight against de bill for committee. Dem finally gree de bill on May 12, but dem no submit de report until June 1.<ref name="Bending16">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|162}} De bill get two amendments from subcommittee: one wey go punish person wey go disturb de right to vote plus another wey go ban all poll taxes. De ban on poll tax get support from de Speaker of de House John McCormack. De bill come next go Rules Committee, wey de chair, Howard W. Smith (D-VA), no gree accept de bill plus hold am down till June 24, wen Celler start de process to push de bill out from committee.<ref name="acsc.lib.udel.edu5">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|access-date=May 29, 2016|publisher=The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> Under pressure from de people wey want de bill, Smith finally allow de bill come out one week later, plus de full House begin debate de bill on July 6.<ref name="Bending17">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|163}} To tackle de Voting Rights Act, McCulloch bring one bill wey dem dey call H.R. 7896. Dis bill go allow attorney general fit appoint federal registrars after dem receive 25 serious complaints say dem dey discriminate for one area, plus e go put nationwide ban on literacy tests for people wey fit show say dem don reach sixth-grade education. McCulloch bill get support from House minority leader Gerald Ford plus Southern Democrats join am as option for de Voting Rights Act.<ref name="Bending18">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|162–164}} Johnson administration see H.R. 7896 as serious wahala for the Voting Rights Act to pass. But support for H.R. 7896 begin decline as William M. Tuck come talk say e prefer H.R. 7896 because de Voting Rights Act go make sure say African Americans fit vote. Dis talk make plenty supporters of H.R. 7896 vex, plus de bill con fail for House with 171–248 vote on July 9.<ref>{{cite web|title=House Vote #86 in 1965: To Recommit H.R. 6400, the 1965 Voting Rights Act, with Instructions to Substitute the Text of H.R. 7896 Prohibiting the Denial to Any Person of the Right to Register or to Vote Because of his Failure to Pay a Poll Tax or Any Other Such Tax, for the Language of the Committee Amendment|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h86|access-date=October 14, 2013|work=govtrack.us|publisher=Civic Impulse, LLC}}</ref> Later that night, de House come pass de Voting Rights Act with 333–85 vote (Democrats 221–61, Republicans 112–24).<ref name="Bending19">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|163–165}}<ref name="acsc.lib.udel.edu6">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|access-date=May 29, 2016|publisher=The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=House Vote #87 in 1965: To Pass H.R. 6400, the Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h87|access-date=October 14, 2013|work=govtrack.us|publisher=Civic Impulse, LLC}}</ref> ===== Conference committee ===== Chambers don set up conference committee make dem settle wahala wey dey between House and Senate version of di bill. Big matter na di poll tax wey dey cause palava; Senate version gree make attorney general fit sue states wey dey use poll tax to discriminate, but House version just ban all poll tax straight up. At first, di committee members no fit gree. To fit broker compromise, Attorney General Katzenbach come draft law wey talk say poll tax no be constitution matter and make Department of Justice sue di states wey still dey collect poll tax. To calm di worries of liberal committee members wey dey feel say dis matter no dey strong enough, Katzenbach come call Martin Luther King Jr. for support wey make dem agree. King's backing fit break di stalemate, plus on July 29, di conference committee come report dem own version from committee.<ref name="Bending20">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|166–167}} De House don approve dis version of de conference report for de bill on August 3 with 328–74 vote (Democrats 217–54, Republicans 111–20),<ref>{{cite web|title=House Vote #107 in 1965: To Agree to Conference Report on S. 1564, the Voting Rights Act|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h107|access-date=October 14, 2013|work=govtrack.us|publisher=Civic Impulse, LLC}}</ref> plus de Senate follow am on August 4 with 79–18 vote (Democrats 49–17, Republicans 30–1).<ref name="Bending21">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|167}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Senate Vote #178 in 1965: To Agree to Conference Report on S. 1564, the Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s178|access-date=October 14, 2013|work=govtrack.us|publisher=Civic Impulse, LLC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Moholtra|first=Ajay|date=June 1, 2008|title=Rosa Parks Early Life & Childhood|url=http://www.rosaparksfacts.com/rosa-parks-early-life-childhood/|access-date=April 1, 2015|publisher=Rosa Park Facts.com}}</ref> On August 6, President Johnson sign de Act into law, with King, Rosa Parks, John Lewis, plus other civil rights leaders wey dey for de signing ceremony.<ref name="Bending22">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|168}} ===== Amendments ===== {{main|Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965}} [[File:Bush_Signs_Voting_Rights_Act_of_2006.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bush_Signs_Voting_Rights_Act_of_2006.jpg|alt=refer to caption|thumb|[[:en:President_of_the_United_States|United States President]] [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] signs amendments to de Act for July 2006]] Congress dey pass big amendments for de Act for 1970, 1975, 1982, 1992, plus 2006. Each time dem amend, e be sekof de special provisions for de Act go finish soon. De Act suppose finish for 1970, but Congress dey renew de special provisions sekof of de wahala wey still dey for voting discrimination.<ref name="Bending23">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|209–210}}<ref name="RevisedBailout4">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|6–8}} Congress add de coverage formula plus de special provisions wey dey follow am, like Section 5 wey need preclearance, for five years for 1970, seven years for 1975, plus 25 years for both 1982 plus 2006. For 1970 plus 1975, dem plus dat, dem even extend de coverage formula by adding new trigger dates for 1968 plus 1972.For 1975, coverage dey enlarge again wen Congress change wetin 'tests or devices' mean. E fit cover any area wey dey give English-only election info, like ballots, if dem get one language minority wey dey more than five percent of voting-age people for dat area. Dis expansion bring plenty areas join coverage, even many no dey for South. To make am pa, de special provisions wey dem don reauthorize, Congress come liberalize de bailout matter for 1982, allow jurisdictions wey fit waka comot coverage once dem follow de Act plus do something wey go help increase minority political participation.<ref name="democracy9">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|523}} On top de original special rules dem dey reauthorize, Congress also chop plenty new provisions join de Act. For example, dem expand de ban wey dey on 'tests or devices' to cover everywhere for 1970, plus by 1975, de ban don become permanent sha.<ref name="RevisedBailout5">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|6–9}} Also, for 1975, Congress widen de Act make e fit protect language minorities from voting wahala. Dem define 'language minority' as people wey be American Indian, Asian American, Alaskan Natives or people wey get Spanish background.<ref name="VRA-14(c)(3)2">Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 14(c)(3); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973l(c)(3))</ref> Congress come add some new provisions, like de preclearance requirement plus Section 2 wey dey stop discriminatory voting laws, to make sure language minorities no go face discrimination.<ref name="enfranchise">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|199}} Congress come put bilingual election matter for Section 203 wey make election officials for some areas wey get plenty people wey no sabi English, must provide ballot and voting info for their language. E been wan expire after 10 years, but Congress come reauthorize Section 203 for 1982 for seven years, then e later expand plus reauthorize am for 1992 for 15 years, plus for 2006, dem reauthorize am again for 25 years.{{rp|19–21, 25, 49}} Bilingual election requirement dey cause serious wahala. Some people wey support am talk say, dem need am make new citizens fit vote well, but others dey argue say, e go cost plenty money wey no go fit cover.{{rp|26}} Some of de changes wey dem make, na because of court verdicts wey Congress no gree. For 1982, Congress change de law to overturn De Supreme Court case Mobile v. Bolden (1980), wey talk say Section 2 fit only stop discrimination wey dem plan well. Congress come expand Section 2 give am clear say any voting wahala wey go cause discrimination dey banned, no matter whether na intentional or not. Dis 'results test' wey dem create, shift plenty vote dilution cases from preclearance wahala to Section 2 cases.<ref name="democracy11">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|644–645}} For 2006, Congress change de law again to overturn two Supreme Court cases: Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board (2000),<ref name="Reno">''Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board'', {{ussc|528|320|2000}}</ref> wey talk say Section 5 preclearance fit block only voting changes wey dem do for 'retrogressive' purpose instead of any wahala, PLUS Georgia v. Ashcroft (2003),<ref name="Ash">''Georgia v. Ashcroft'', {{ussc|539|461|2003}}</ref> wey set broader test to check if redistricting plan dey cause wahala under Section 5, limit no be only if minority fit choose demma candidates.<ref name="Promise">{{cite journal |last=Persily |first=Nathaniel |year=2007 |title=The Promise and Pitfalls of the New Voting Rights Act |url=http://yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/article/the-promise-and-pitfalls-of-the-new-voting-rights-act/ |url-status=dead |journal=Yale Law Journal |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=174–254 |doi=10.2307/20455790 |jstor=20455790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926061938/http://yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/article/the-promise-and-pitfalls-of-the-new-voting-rights-act/ |archive-date=September 26, 2013 |access-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|207–208}} Since Supreme Court don quash the coverage formula wey no dey jom for Shelby County v. Holder (2013), plenty bills don show for Congress make dem fit create new coverage formula and change some other things; but none of dem bills don pass.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moving Forward on the VRAA|url=http://www.naacpldf.org/case-issue/voting-rights-amendment-act-2014|access-date=April 19, 2014|publisher=NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=H.R. 885: Voting Rights Amendment Act of 2015|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr885#|access-date=December 27, 2015|publisher=govtrack.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reps. Sensenbrenner and Conyers Reintroduce Bipartisan Voting Rights Amendment Act of 2017|url=https://sensenbrenner.house.gov/2017/7/reps-sensenbrenner-and-conyers-reintroduce-bipartisan-voting-rights-amendment-act-of-2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115021441/https://sensenbrenner.house.gov/2017/7/reps-sensenbrenner-and-conyers-reintroduce-bipartisan-voting-rights-amendment-act-of-2017|archive-date=November 15, 2019|access-date=November 15, 2019|website=Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner|language=en}}</ref> ==Provisions== [[File:Voting Rights Act - first page (hi-res).jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|The first page of the Voting Rights Act of 1965]] De act get two types of provisions: "general provisions", wey dey apply for de whole country, den "special provisions", wey dey apply to only certain states den local governments.<ref name="GAO78">{{cite journal|first1=Elmer B.|last1=Staats|title=Voting Rights Act: Enforcement Needs Strengthening|issue=GGD-78-19|url=http://www.gao.gov/products/GGD-78-19|journal=Report of the Comptroller General of the United States|access-date=October 27, 2013|date=February 6, 1978}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "De Voting Rights Act be aimed for de subtle, as well as de obvious, state regulations wey get de effect of denying citizens dema right to vote because of dema race. Moreover, compatible plus de decisions of dis Court, de Act dey give broad interpretation to de right to vote, recognizing say voting dey include "all action necessary to make a vote effective." 79 Stat. 445, 42 U.S.C. § 19731(c)(1) (1969 ed., Supp. I). See ''Reynolds v. Sims'', 377 U. S. 533, 377 U. S. 555 (1964)."<ref>{{cite web |title=Allen v. State Bd. of Elections, 393 U.S. 544 (1969), at 565-566 |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/544/ |publisher=Justia US Supreme Court Center |access-date=December 26, 2021 |date=March 3, 1969}}</ref> Most provisions dem design to protect de voting rights of racial den language minorities. De term "language minority" mean "persons wey be American Indian, Asian American, Alaskan Natives or of Spanish heritage."<ref name="VRA-14(c)(3)" /> De act ein provisions dem color by numerous judicial interpretations den congressional amendments. ===== ''Early enforcement hurdles'' ===== Even tho e don pass, VRA still dey face three big wahala: # Literacy test wahala: Plenty counties don swap banned tests with 'good moral character' talk (like Alabama wey in 1966 dem require say voter wey want register go fit recite Constitution well well). Supreme Court come strike dem down for United States v. Louisiana (1966), but e still dey slow—by 1967, DOJ don file 71 lawsuits make people fit register. # Economic wahala: Planters like Mississippi’s Theodore Bilbo Jr. dey threaten to push sharecroppers wey go register; e cause dem to bring de 1966 'Voter Registration Protection Act' (42 U.S.C. § 1971(e)) wey fit allow federal law suit against private people. # Jurisdictional wahala: South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966) gree say VRA dey valid, but local officials dey use Section 4 'bail-in' process start some delay—Mississippi Hinds County take 18 months before dem follow federal court order.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-06|title=Civil Rights Division {{!}} Statutes Enforced By The Voting Section|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/statutes-enforced-voting-section|access-date=2025-06-21|website=www.justice.gov|language=en}}</ref> ===== General provisions ===== ===== General prohibition of discriminatory voting laws ===== Section 2 no gree any place make dem fit do any kind of voting wahala wey go make person no fit vote because of him race, color, or language wey e dey belong to.{{rp|37}}<ref name="VRA-2">Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 2; (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973)</ref> This Section 2 get two ways wey e dey protect people from voter discrimination for laws wey don already start, unlike Section 5 wey no dey like that.<ref name="20200918VoxcomMillhiser">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=Chief Justice Roberts's lifelong crusade against voting rights, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|work=Vox.com|date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219232608/https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|archive-date=December 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="20201002VoxcomMillhiser">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=The Supreme Court will hear a case that could destroy what remains of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/10/2/21498587/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-amy-coney-barrett|access-date=January 3, 2021|work=Vox.com|date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216220650/https://www.vox.com/2020/10/2/21498587/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-amy-coney-barrett|archive-date=December 16, 2020}}</ref> First, e no allow anybody to discriminate people based on race or color wen dem dey vote. Second, e no make election practices wey go fit deny person right to vote based on race or color.<ref name="20200918VoxcomMillhiser2">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=Chief Justice Roberts's lifelong crusade against voting rights, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|work=Vox.com|date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219232608/https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|archive-date=December 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="20201002VoxcomMillhiser2">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=The Supreme Court will hear a case that could destroy what remains of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/10/2/21498587/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-amy-coney-barrett|access-date=January 3, 2021|work=Vox.com|date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216220650/https://www.vox.com/2020/10/2/21498587/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-amy-coney-barrett|archive-date=December 16, 2020}}</ref><ref name="20201008NCSLSonoren">{{cite web|last1=Soronen|first1=Lisa|date=October 8, 2020|title=Supreme Court to Decide Significant Voting Case|url=https://www.ncsl.org/blog/2020/10/08/supreme-court-to-decide-significant-voting-case.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210103044435/https://www.ncsl.org/blog/2020/10/08/supreme-court-to-decide-significant-voting-case.aspx|archive-date=January 3, 2021|access-date=January 3, 2021|website=ncsl.org|publisher=The National Conference of State Legislatures}}</ref><ref name="20210701VoxcomMillhiser">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=The Supreme Court leaves the Voting Rights Act alive — but only barely|url=https://www.vox.com/2021/7/1/22559046/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-brnovich-dnc-samuel-alito-elena-kagan-democracy|access-date=July 2, 2023|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox.com]]|publisher=[[Vox (website)|Vox.com]]|date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625214832/https://www.vox.com/2021/7/1/22559046/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-brnovich-dnc-samuel-alito-elena-kagan-democracy|archive-date=June 25, 2023}}</ref> If dem violate dis second protection on purpose, e go still be violation of de Fifteenth Amendment.<ref name="20201008NCSLSonoren2">{{cite web|last1=Soronen|first1=Lisa|date=October 8, 2020|title=Supreme Court to Decide Significant Voting Case|url=https://www.ncsl.org/blog/2020/10/08/supreme-court-to-decide-significant-voting-case.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210103044435/https://www.ncsl.org/blog/2020/10/08/supreme-court-to-decide-significant-voting-case.aspx|archive-date=January 3, 2021|access-date=January 3, 2021|website=ncsl.org|publisher=The National Conference of State Legislatures}}</ref> Supreme Court don gree say private people fit sue to make this rules work.<ref name="PrivateRight">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2010 |title=Public Rights and Private Rights of Action: The Enforcement of Federal Election Laws |url=http://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol44p113.pdf |journal=Indiana Law Review |volume=44 |pages=113–160 |doi=10.18060/4081 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312032939/https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol44p113.pdf |archive-date=March 12, 2020 |access-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|138}}<ref>''Allen v. State Bd. of Elections'', {{ussc|393|544|1969}}</ref> For Mobile v. Bolden (1980), Supreme Court talk say wen dem first make am for 1965, Section 2 just dey repeat Fifteenth Amendment, so e only dey ban those voting laws wey dem create or keep for discrimination reason.<ref name="Mobile">''Mobile v. Bolden'', {{ussc|446|55|1980}}</ref>{{rp|60–61}}<ref name="20200918VoxcomMillhiser3">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=Chief Justice Roberts's lifelong crusade against voting rights, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|work=Vox.com|date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219232608/https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|archive-date=December 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="DOJvra655">{{cite web|date=July 28, 2017|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref><ref name="20210301MotherJonesBerman">{{cite news|last1=Berman|first1=Ari|title=Voting Rights: Republicans Are Trying to Kill What's Left of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/03/republicans-are-trying-to-kill-whats-left-of-the-voting-rights-act/|access-date=March 6, 2021|publisher=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303015305/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/03/republicans-are-trying-to-kill-whats-left-of-the-voting-rights-act/|archive-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref> For 1982, Congress change Section 2 make e get "results" test,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Denniston|first1=Lyle|date=August 13, 2015|title=Constitution Check: Is another key part of the Voting Rights Act in trouble?|url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/constitution-check-is-another-key-part-of-the-voting-rights-act-in-trouble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508195814/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/constitution-check-is-another-key-part-of-the-voting-rights-act-in-trouble|archive-date=May 8, 2020|access-date=January 11, 2021|publisher=[[National Constitution Center]]}}</ref> wey dey stop any voting law wey go fit cause discrimination effect, no matter whether dem purposely make am or maintain am for dat reason.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mcdonald |first=Laughlin |year=1985 |title=The Attack on Voting Rights |url=http://beck.library.emory.edu/southernchanges/article.php?id=sc07-5_002 |url-status=dead |journal=Southern Changes |volume=7 |issue=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014223427/http://beck.library.emory.edu/southernchanges/article.php?id=sc07-5_002 |archive-date=October 14, 2016 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 2006|title=Voting Rights Enforcement and Reauthorization: The Department of Justice's Record of Enforcing the Temporary Voting Rights Act Provisions|url=http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/051006VRAStatReport.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709180810/https://www.usccr.gov/pubs/051006VRAStatReport.pdf|archive-date=July 9, 2017|access-date=August 26, 2018|work=U.S. Commission on Civil Rights}}</ref>{{rp|3}}<ref name="20200918VoxcomMillhiser4">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=Chief Justice Roberts's lifelong crusade against voting rights, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|work=Vox.com|date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219232608/https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|archive-date=December 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="DOJvra656">{{cite web|date=July 28, 2017|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref><ref name="20210301MotherJonesBerman2">{{cite news|last1=Berman|first1=Ari|title=Voting Rights: Republicans Are Trying to Kill What's Left of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/03/republicans-are-trying-to-kill-whats-left-of-the-voting-rights-act/|access-date=March 6, 2021|publisher=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303015305/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/03/republicans-are-trying-to-kill-whats-left-of-the-voting-rights-act/|archive-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref> De 1982 change talk say de results test no go fit guarantee protected minorities dem get di right to proportional representation.<ref name="WayOut">{{cite journal |last=Mulroy |first=Steven J. |year=1998 |title=The Way Out: A Legal Standard for Imposing Alternative Electoral Systems as Voting Rights Remedies |journal=Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review |volume=33 |ssrn=1907880}}</ref> For de case Thornburg v. Gingles (1986), de United States Supreme Court talk say di 1982 change for section 2 mean say de main gist of Section 2 claim be say some electoral law, practice, or structure dey interact with social plus historical wahala wey dey cause inequality for de chances wey black and white voters dey get to choose de reps wey dem like.<ref name="20200911DOJSection2VAR1965">{{cite web|date=September 11, 2020|title=Section 2 Of The Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/section-2-voting-rights-act|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209070954/https://www.justice.gov/crt/section-2-voting-rights-act|archive-date=December 9, 2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|publisher=The United States Department of Justice}}</ref> De United States Department of Justice talk say section 2 no be just one permanent plus nationwide rule wey fit stop discrimination for voting based on any voting standard, practice, or procedure wey go make any citizen lose im right to vote sekof of race, color, or if dem dey belong to language minority group, but e still dey stop state plus local officials from adopting or maintaining voting laws wey go dey discriminate intentionally based on race, color, or language minority group.<ref name="20200911DOJSection2VAR1965" /> De United States Supreme Court talk say dem get mind for Section 2 and wetin change for 1982 for Chisom v. Roemer (1991).<ref>{{cite web|author1=United States Department of Justice|date=December 7, 2020|title=2020-12-07 Brief amicus curiae of United States in ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'' (United States Supreme Court case Number 19-1257) and ''Arizona Republican Party v. Democratic National Committee'' (United States Supreme Court case number 19-1258), at pages 2–3.|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/162895/20201207160121126_19-1257tsacUnitedStates.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208185310/https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/162895/20201207160121126_19-1257tsacUnitedStates.pdf|archive-date=December 8, 2020|access-date=January 11, 2021|publisher=United States Supreme Court}}</ref> Dem show say now, you no need prove say you get bad mind to show say dem break § 2. Plaintiffs fit win under § 2 if dem fit show say election wey dem dey contest don cause dem to lose de right to vote sekof of color or race. Congress no just put de results test insyde de part wey use to be full § 2, dem also call dat part subsection (a) plus add new subsection (b) wey talk say to use results test, you gatz look all de circumstances. Section 2(a) dey use results test, so you no need to prove say dem get bad intent to show say dem break de section. Section 2(b) gree guidance on how to apply de results test.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chisom v. Roemer, 501 U.S. 380 (1991), at 394–395.|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/501/380/|access-date=January 11, 2021|publisher=Justia US Supreme Court Center}}</ref> Dem create framework to check if jurisdiction's election law dey violate de general rule from Section 2 wey don change.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United States Department of Justice|date=December 7, 2020|title=2020-12-07 Brief amicus curiae of United States in ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'' (United States Supreme Court case Number 19-1257) and ''Arizona Republican Party v. Democratic National Committee'' (United States Supreme Court case number 19-1258), at pages 2–3 and 11.|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/162895/20201207160121126_19-1257tsacUnitedStates.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208185310/https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/162895/20201207160121126_19-1257tsacUnitedStates.pdf|archive-date=December 8, 2020|access-date=January 11, 2021|publisher=United States Supreme Court}}</ref> Section 2 dey stop voting wahala wey fit make some people no fit vote sekof of demma race, color, or if dem belong to language-minority group. E talk say if political processes no dey open for everybody, den dem don deny dem right to vote. Base on [https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:52%20section:10301%20edition:prelim) 52 U.S.C. 10301],[...] if we check subsection (b), e go show say if dem break the rule for subsection (a), we go fit see say as e be, political processes wey lead to nomination or election no dey open for all citizens wey dey protected under subsection (a). This means members of dis group get less chance to take part for de political process plus to choose den select demma own representatives.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United States Department of Justice|date=December 7, 2020|title=2020-12-07 Brief amicus curiae of United States in ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'' (United States Supreme Court case Number 19-1257) and ''Arizona Republican Party v. Democratic National Committee'' (United States Supreme Court case number 19-1258), at pages 11 and 3.|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/162895/20201207160121126_19-1257tsacUnitedStates.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208185310/https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/162895/20201207160121126_19-1257tsacUnitedStates.pdf|archive-date=December 8, 2020|access-date=January 11, 2021|publisher=United States Supreme Court}}</ref><ref name="20210110SCOTUSblogBrnovich">{{cite web|title=Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee|url=https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/brnovich-v-democratic-national-committee/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110160222/https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/brnovich-v-democratic-national-committee/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|publisher=[[SCOTUSblog]]}}</ref> Arizona Attorney General office talk say dem wan check the law wey fit show if election law for jurisdiction dey violate Section 2 wey dem don change and why dem adopt Section 2 for de new form: If you wan show say dem violate Section 2 wey dem amend, you go need prove say, based on wetin dey happen, de State’s “political processes” no dey open for everybody wey suppose fit join, especially de protected class. Dem members get less chance pass others wey fit vote to choose di representatives wey dem like. Na dis tin wey amended Section 2 dey try stop: “less chance pass others wey fit vote,” wen you check de State’s “political processes” as one whole. Dem change de language make e fit avoid need for direct proof of bad intention wey no dey easy to get, but dem no wan use any how “disparate impact” test wey fit spoil normal voting method. S. REP. NO. 97–417, at 28–29, 31–32, 99 (1982)<ref>{{cite web|author=Mark Brnovich|author2=Oramel H. Skinner|author3=Rusty D. Crandell|display-authors=etal|date=April 27, 2020|title=2020-04-27 Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'', at page 5.|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/142431/20200427105601341_Brnovich%20Petition.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129084133/https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/142431/20200427105601341_Brnovich%20Petition.pdf|archive-date=November 29, 2020|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Office of the Arizona Attorney General|publisher=United States Supreme Court}}</ref><ref name="20210110SCOTUSblogBrnovich2">{{cite web|title=Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee|url=https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/brnovich-v-democratic-national-committee/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110160222/https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/brnovich-v-democratic-national-committee/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|publisher=[[SCOTUSblog]]}}</ref> For Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee (2021), de United States Supreme Court come drop some wajam for how to check Section 2 wahala.<ref name="npr decision2">{{cite web|last=Totenberg|first=Nina|date=July 1, 2021|title=The Supreme Court Deals A New Blow To Voting Rights, Upholding Arizona Restrictions|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/998758022/the-supreme-court-upheld-upholds-arizona-measures-that-restrict-voting|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210707042252/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/998758022/the-supreme-court-upheld-upholds-arizona-measures-that-restrict-voting?t=1625631699560|archive-date=July 7, 2021|access-date=July 1, 2021|work=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref name="20210701NYTLiptak2">{{cite news|last1=Liptak|first1=Adam|title=Supreme Court Upholds Arizona Voting Restrictions|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-arizona-voting-restrictions.html|access-date=July 7, 2021|work=The New York Times|date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707045129/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-arizona-voting-restrictions.html|archive-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref> De slip opinion talk say for Syllabus part sey, "De Court no wan drop any test we go cover all VRA [Section 2] challenges wey fit talk about time, place, or way to cast ballot. E go just dey okay to see some guide wey go lead to de Court decision for dis matter."<ref>{{cite web|date=July 1, 2021|title=''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'', 594 U.S. ___ (2021), Slip opinion, Syllabus, page 2|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-1257_g204.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706222115/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-1257_g204.pdf|archive-date=July 6, 2021|access-date=July 7, 2021|publisher=United States Supreme Court}}</ref> De Court drop dis guide dem wey we go use check de state rules under Section 2. E include: how heavy de burden wey de rule dey create, how de rule change from wetin we don dey do before, how de racial imbalance be, plus how much chance dem dey give voters wen dem dey look all de election rules.<ref name="abcnews decision2">{{cite web|last=Dywer|first=Devin|date=July 1, 2021|title=Supreme Court upholds Arizona restrictions in major voting rights, racial discrimination case|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/supreme-court-upholds-arizona-restrictions-major-voting-rights/story?id=78182724|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707042534/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/supreme-court-upholds-arizona-restrictions-major-voting-rights/story?id=78182724|archive-date=July 7, 2021|access-date=July 1, 2021|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref name="20210701NYTLiptak3">{{cite news|last1=Liptak|first1=Adam|title=Supreme Court Upholds Arizona Voting Restrictions|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-arizona-voting-restrictions.html|access-date=July 7, 2021|work=The New York Times|date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707045129/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-arizona-voting-restrictions.html|archive-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="20210701VoxcomMillhiser2">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=The Supreme Court leaves the Voting Rights Act alive — but only barely|url=https://www.vox.com/2021/7/1/22559046/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-brnovich-dnc-samuel-alito-elena-kagan-democracy|access-date=July 2, 2023|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox.com]]|publisher=[[Vox (website)|Vox.com]]|date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625214832/https://www.vox.com/2021/7/1/22559046/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-brnovich-dnc-samuel-alito-elena-kagan-democracy|archive-date=June 25, 2023}}</ref> When dem dey find out if any place law for election dey go against wetin Section 2 of VRA talk, courts dey use some factors wey Senate Judiciary Committee report for 1982 amendments talk about, wey dem dey call 'Senate Factors', including:<ref name="20200911DOJSection2VAR19652">{{cite web|date=September 11, 2020|title=Section 2 Of The Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/section-2-voting-rights-act|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209070954/https://www.justice.gov/crt/section-2-voting-rights-act|archive-date=December 9, 2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|publisher=The United States Department of Justice}}</ref> # History dey show say dem dey discriminate wey fit affect de right to vote; # How voting for de jurisdiction insyde dey show racial divide for de place; # De way dem dey use majority vote matter, big electoral districts wey too plenty, ban on bullet voting, plus other things wey fit make voting discrimination better; # E be if dem go allow minority candidates enter de candidate slating process, if dem get any; # How far dem minority people for dis area dey face wahala for money matter like school, job, plus health; # E fit be clear or small small racial code talk wey dey happen for campaigns; # How many minority candidates don win elections; # De way wey those people dem elect no dey mind de wahala wey minority group dey face; plus # Whether de policy justification for de law wey dem challenge be tenuous. De report show say no all or plenty of dem factors dey need to dey for electoral thing make e lead to discrimination, plus e also show say dis list no be complete, make court fit consider extra evidence if dem like.<ref name="WayOut2">{{cite journal |last=Mulroy |first=Steven J. |year=1998 |title=The Way Out: A Legal Standard for Imposing Alternative Electoral Systems as Voting Rights Remedies |journal=Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review |volume=33 |ssrn=1907880}}</ref>{{rp|344}}{{rp|28–29}} {{quote box|quote=No right is more precious in a free country than that of having a voice in the election of those who make the laws under which, as good citizens, we must live. Other rights, even the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined. Our Constitution leaves no room for classification of people in a way that unnecessarily abridges this right.|source=— Justice Hugo Black on the right to vote as the foundation of democracy in ''Wesberry v. Sanders'' (1964).<ref>{{cite web |title=''Wesberry v. Sanders'', 376 U.S. 1 (1964), at 17-18. |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/376/1/ |publisher=Justia US Supreme Court Center |access-date=January 5, 2021 |date=February 17, 1964 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107043412/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/376/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|width=27%|align=right|style=padding:8px;}} — [[:en:Supreme_Court_Justice|Justice]] [[:en:Hugo_Black|Black]] on [[:en:Suffrage|the right to vote]] as the foundation of [[:en:Democracy|democracy]] in ''[[:en:Wesberry_v._Sanders|Wesberry v. Sanders]]'' (1964). Section 2 no allow two kind discrimination: "vote denial", wey dey mean say person no fit cast im ballot or make dem count im vote well, plus "vote dilution".<ref>{{cite news|author-link=Mark Joseph Stern|last1=Stern|first1=Mark Joseph|title=Jurisprudence: Neil Gorsuch Declares War on the Voting Rights Act|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/06/abbott-v-perez-neil-gorsuch-says-the-voting-rights-act-does-not-prohibit-racial-gerrymandering.html|access-date=March 6, 2021|publisher=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=June 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302112234/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/06/abbott-v-perez-neil-gorsuch-says-the-voting-rights-act-does-not-prohibit-racial-gerrymandering.html|archive-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Paige A. Epstein|title=Addressing Minority Vote Dilution Through StateVoting Rights Acts. In: University of Chicago Public Law & LegalTheory Working Paper No. 47 (February 2014)|url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1918&context=public_law_and_legal_theory|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211180149/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1918&context=public_law_and_legal_theory|archive-date=December 11, 2019|access-date=March 6, 2021|publisher=University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound}}</ref>{{rp|2–6}} wey de strength or effectiveness of person vote go dey reduced.<ref name="NewDenial">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref>{{rp|691–692}} Most Section 2 wahala dey concern vote wey dem dey dilute, especially when people dey talk say de way dem redistrict or de way dem use at-large/multimember elections dey make am hard for minority voters to cast enough votes wey go fit help dem elect de candidates wey dem like.<ref name="NewDenial2">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref>{{rp|708–709}} Wen dem do at-large election, e fit spoil minority voters votes, sekof de strong majority group fit take all de seats for de place.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Ross J. |year=1989 |title=Whose Vote Counts? Minority Vote Dilution and Election Rights |url=http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1289&context=law_urbanlaw |journal=Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law |volume=35 |access-date=March 26, 2015}}</ref>{{rp|221}} Dem redistricting plans fit gerrymander am, make votes wey minority people cast dey dilute. Dem go fit 'pack' plenty minority voters for small districts or 'crack' dem by spreading dem small for plenty districts.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Role of Section 2 – Redistricting & Vote Dilution|url=http://redrawingthelines.org/redistrictingvotedilution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092433/http://redrawingthelines.org/redistrictingvotedilution|archive-date=April 2, 2015|access-date=August 4, 2015|work=Redrawing the Lines|publisher=NAACP Legal Defense Fund}}</ref> For Thornburg v. Gingles (1986), Supreme Court talk say dem dey call am "vote dilution through submergence" when dem dey complain say when area use at-large/multimember election or gerrymandered redistricting, e dey scatter minority votes. Dem set legal way wey go fit check this matter under Section 2.[a] Under Gingles test, plaintiffs(person wey take anoda go court) must show say three things dey: # De racial or language minority group dey plenty plus dey close enough to fit form majority for one single-member district'; # De minority group dey be 'politically tight' (dis mean say dem members fit vote di same way); plus # De majority dey vote together well well to fit ... normally to burst de minority candidate wey dem like'.<ref name="Gingles">''Thornburg v. Gingles'', {{ussc|478|30|1986}}</ref>{{rp|50–51}} De first condition wey dem dey call "compactness" na im dey talk whether dem fit create majority-minority district. De second and third conditions na wetin dem dey group as "racially polarized voting" or "racial bloc voting", plus e dey talk whether de voting patterns of de different racial groups be different. If person wey dey sue fit prove say these conditions dey, den e go need show, using de other Senate Factors plus evidence, say for de whole situation, de jurisdiction's redistricting plan or de way dem dey do at-large or multimember elections dey reduce de chance wey de minority group get to select candidates wey dem like.<ref name="WayOut3">{{cite journal |last=Mulroy |first=Steven J. |year=1998 |title=The Way Out: A Legal Standard for Imposing Alternative Electoral Systems as Voting Rights Remedies |journal=Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review |volume=33 |ssrn=1907880}}</ref>{{rp|344–345}} Wen dem go fit dey litigate again, dem define how dis "vote dilution through submergence" matter dey be. For Bartlett v. Strickland (2009),<ref>''Bartlett v. Strickland'', {{ussc|556|1|2009|source=f}}</ref> Supreme Court talk say, di first Gingles precondition go only fit happen if dem fit draw one district wey di minority group go dey majority of voting-age citizens. Dis one mean say, people wey dey sue no go fit win submergence case for places wey di minority group no dey big reach majority for di district, but dem dey big enough make dem fit choose dia favorite candidates plus some votes from di majority group.<ref name="Roseman">{{cite journal |last=Roseman |first=Brandon |year=2009 |title=Equal Opportunities Do Not Always Equate to Equal Representation: How Bartlett v. Strickland is a Regression in the Face of the Ongoing Civil Rights Movement |url=https://archives.law.nccu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1683&context=ncclr |journal=North Carolina Central Law Review |volume=32 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/09/AR2009030900987.html|title=Supreme Court Restricts Voting Rights Act's Scope|last=Barnes|first=Robert|date=March 10, 2009|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 21, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|A2}} Cross check be say, Supreme Court never touch if different protected minority groups fit join body wey go satisfy di Gingles preconditions as coalition, and lower courts dey cut on dis matter. De Supreme Court talk some more about de "totality of the circumstances" test wey dey Johnson v. De Grandy (1994). Dem court yan say just having de three Gingles preconditions no fit mean say person go dey responsible for vote dilution if oda tins dey against am, especially wen we dey talk about redistricting wahala. Dem court also talk say even if de three Gingles preconditions fit dey, jurisdiction no go fit carry any blame for vote dilution if dem redistricting plan get enough majority-minority districts wey match d minority people population. Dis decision clear say Section 2 no need make jurisdictions increase majority-minority districts.<ref name="Gerken">{{cite journal |last=Gerken |first=Heather K. |year=2001 |title=Understanding the Right to an Undiluted Vote |url=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/360/ |journal=Harvard Law Review |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=1663–1743 |doi=10.2307/1342651 |jstor=1342651 |access-date=November 20, 2013}}</ref> Dem also separate how majority-minority districts be, wey go fit give minorities chance to choose who dem want, from how election results be, wey Section 2 no fit promise minorities.{{rp|1013–1014}} Dem get wahala wey concern de third Gingles precondition wey no fit resolve. For Gingles matter, de Supreme Court no gree if plaintiffs go prove say de majority racial group dey vote together sekof dem dey motivated by race matter no be other tins wey fit join with race, like party affiliation. Plenty justices talk say if dem go need such proof, e go go against wetin Congress want make Section 2 be, as 'results' test, but Justice White talk say de proof dey important to show how de electoral scheme fit lead to racial discrimination.<ref name="GinglesNew">{{cite journal |last=Kosterlitz |first=Mary J. |year=1987 |title=Thornburg v. Gingles: The Supreme Court's New Test for Analyzing Minority Vote Dilution |url=https://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1961&context=lawreview |journal=Catholic University Law Review |volume=36 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|555–557}} Since Gingles, lower courts don dey argue about de matter too. {{quote box|quote=The right to vote freely for the candidate of one's choice is of the essence of a democratic society, and any restrictions on that right strike at the heart of representative government. And the right of suffrage can be denied by a debasement or dilution of the weight of a citizen's vote just as effectively as by wholly prohibiting the free exercise of the franchise. [...] Undoubtedly, the right of suffrage is a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society. Especially since the right to exercise the franchise in a free and unimpaired manner is preservative of other basic civil and political rights, any alleged infringement of the right of citizens to vote must be carefully and meticulously scrutinized.|source=— Chief Justice Earl Warren on the right to vote as the foundation of democracy in ''Reynolds v. Sims'' (1964).<ref>{{cite web |title=''Reynolds v. Sims'', 377 U.S. 533 (1964), at 555 and 561–562. |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/377/533/ |publisher=Justia US Supreme Court Center |access-date=January 5, 2021 |date=June 15, 1964}}</ref>|width=27%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}} E be true say plenty Section 2 case dem dey talk about how dem dey dilute vote with submergence,<ref name="NewDenial3">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref>{{rp|708–709}} but dem still fit talk about other ways vote fit dey diluted for this law. For Holder v. Hall (1994),<ref name="Holder">''Holder v. Hall'', {{ussc|512|874|1994}}</ref> Supreme Court talk say if minority vote dey diluted sekof small size of body wey dey govern, like one-person county commission, dem no fit bring dat matter under Section 2. Court come reason say no standard size wey no dey dilute vote for governing body, so no relief go fit happen under Section 2.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Guinier |first=Lani |year=1994 |title=(e)Racing Democracy: The Voting Rights Cases |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/guinier/publications/comment.pdf |journal=Harvard Law Review |volume=108 |access-date=November 24, 2013}}</ref> Anoda way wey vote fit dey dilute na wen dem say candidate go need majority vote to win. Dis majority-vote matter fit mek person wey minority group like, wey fit don win if na simple plurality vote, lose o after plenty voters team up behind anoda candidate for runoff election. Supreme Court never talk if we fit carry such claims come under Section 2, plus lower courts don get different ideas about am. Apart from all de talk say dem dey dilute votes, courts don still look into cases wey concern vote denial under Section 2. De Supreme Court for de case of Richardson v. Ramirez (1974)<ref>''Richardson v. Ramirez'', {{ussc|418|24|1974}}</ref> gree say law wey dey take away felons' right no fit violate Section 2 because Section 2 of de Fourteenth Amendment dey allow such laws.<ref name="democracy12">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|756–757}} One federal court for Mississippi talk say if you get 'dual registration' system wey make person register differently for state elections plus local elections, e fit dey violate Section 2 if e dey affect people wey no be equal based on de Senate Factors.<ref name="democracy13">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|754}}<ref>''Mississippi State Chapter, Operation Push v. Allain'', 674 F.Supp. 1245 (N.D. Miss. 1987)</ref> From 2013, lower federal courts dey start dey look challenges wey people bring against voter ID laws under Section 2.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sherman|first=Jon|date=November 11, 2013|title=Three Strategies (So Far) to Strike Down Strict Voter ID Laws Under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act|url=http://fairelectionsnetwork.com/blog/three-strategies-so-far-strike-down-strict-voter-id-laws-under-section-2-voting-rights-act|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108070213/http://www.fairelectionsnetwork.com/blog/three-strategies-so-far-strike-down-strict-voter-id-laws-under-section-2-voting-rights-act|archive-date=November 8, 2014|access-date=June 25, 2015|publisher=Fair Elections Legal Network}}</ref> ===== Specific prohibitions ===== Dis law get plenty rules wey no go let anybody disturb person wey wan vote well. One of de rules dey for Section 201, wey talk say no place fit force person make dem do any 'test or device' before dem go fit register to vote or cast dem ballot. 'Test or device' mean tings like reading tests, education wahala, proof say you be good person, plus any requirement wey say person must get someone wey go vouch for dem wen dem dey vote.<ref>Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 201; (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa)</ref> Before dem pass de Act, dis devices na dem main tools dem dey use for places to stop minority people from voting.<ref name="Main">{{cite journal |last=Pitts |first=Michael J. |year=2008 |title=The Voting Rights Act and the Era of Maintenance |journal=Alabama Law Review |volume=59 |ssrn=1105115}}</ref> Before, the Act fit pause tests or devices for some places wey dey under Section 4(b), but later, Congress push the ban for everywhere plus make am permanent.<ref name="RevisedBailout6">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|6–9}} For matter wey relate, Section 202 no go allow area make dem put any 'time wey you go stay' rule wey go talk say person suppose don stay for dey more than 30 days before e fit vote for presidential election.<ref name="Defending2">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=Intent and Its Alternatives: Defending the New Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%202/tokaji.pdf |journal=Alabama Law Review |volume=58 |access-date=January 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031511/http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%202/tokaji.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|353}} Section 11 get plenty protections for voters. Section 11(a) no allow anybody wey dey use law to refuse person wey qualify make e vote or no go count am ballot. Section 11(b) too no dey make anybody intimidate, harass, or force another person make e vote or try to vote. Two parts for Section 11 talk about voter fraud: Section 11(c) no go make person wey sabi submit fake voter registration make e fit vote for federal election, and Section 11(e) no allow person vote twice for federal election.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brewster |first1=Henry |last2=Dubler |first2=Grant |last3=Klym |first3=Peter |year=2013 |title=Election Law Violations |url=http://www.americancriminallawreview.com/aswcc/#ElectionLaw |url-status=dead |journal=American Criminal Law Review |volume=50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318021044/http://www.americancriminallawreview.com/aswcc/#ElectionLaw |archive-date=March 18, 2019 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=De Oliveira |first=Pedro |year=2009 |title=Same Day Voter Registration: Post-Crawford Reform to Address the Growing Burdens on Lower-Income Voters |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/geojpovlp16&div=18&id=&page= |journal=Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy |volume=16 |access-date=April 13, 2019}} </ref>{{rp|360}} Eii, at long last, Section 208 talk say no jurisdiction fit stop anybody wey no sabi English or get de disability from bringing person wey dem choose go help am for de ballot box. Only exceptions be say de assistant no fit be agent for de person work or union.<ref name="enfranchise2">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|221}} ===== Bail-in ===== Section 3(c) get one "bail-in" or "pocket trigger" way wey places wey no fit follow Section 4(b) go fit still need preclearance. So if dem catch any place wey dey treat voters bad based on race, go fit make dem follow de rules wey de Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendments talk. Court fit tell dem say, any change wey dem wan make for demma election laws, dem go need first get approval from federal government. But e get as courts dey look de Fourteenth plus Fifteenth Amendments say dem only fit catch intentional discrimination, so to bail in one place, de person wey go carry de matter go court must show say that place dey use voting way wey fit discriminate on purpose.<ref name="bail-in2">{{cite journal |last=Crum |first=Travis |year=2010 |title=The Voting Rights Act's Secret Weapon: Pocket Trigger Litigation and Dynamic Preclearance |url=http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/note/the-voting-rights-act%27s-secret-weapon:-pocket-trigger-litigation-and-dynamic-preclearance |url-status=dead |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830171847/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/note/the-voting-rights-act%27s-secret-weapon:-pocket-trigger-litigation-and-dynamic-preclearance/ |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|2009}} Section 3(c) get im own preclearance talk wey dey different from Section 5 preclearance plenty ways. Unlike Section 5 wey dey cover jurisdiction untill dem fit come out from Section 4(a) coverage, bailed-in jurisdictions go still dey under preclearance as long as court talk so. Plus, court fit fit tell jurisdiction make dem only preclear specific voting changes. For example, New Mexico wey bail-in for 1984 last for 10 years plus only need preclearance for redistricting plans. This one dey different from Section 5 wey require coverage to preclear all voting changes wey dem get.<ref name="bail-in3">{{cite journal |last=Crum |first=Travis |year=2010 |title=The Voting Rights Act's Secret Weapon: Pocket Trigger Litigation and Dynamic Preclearance |url=http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/note/the-voting-rights-act%27s-secret-weapon:-pocket-trigger-litigation-and-dynamic-preclearance |url-status=dead |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830171847/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/note/the-voting-rights-act%27s-secret-weapon:-pocket-trigger-litigation-and-dynamic-preclearance/ |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|2009–2010}}<ref name="section3">{{cite web|title=Section 3 of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/42usc/subch_ia2.php#anchor_1973|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224032531/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/42usc/subch_ia2.php#anchor_1973|archive-date=February 24, 2013|access-date=March 4, 2013|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> E be like sey Section 3(c) no dey get much use for de Act early days; no state fit bail in till 1975. From 1975 to 2013, 18 jurisdictions don bail in, wey include 16 local governments plus states of Arkansas plus New Mexico.<ref name="DOJbrief">{{cite web|title=Brief for the Federal Respondent, Shelby County v. Holder, 2013 United States Supreme Court Briefs No. 12-96|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/app/briefs/shelbymerits.pdf|access-date=December 8, 2013|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref>{{rp|1a-2a}} Even though de Supreme Court talk sey Section 4(b) formula no fit work for Shelby County v. Holder (2013), dem no talk sey Section 3(c) no good. So, dem fit still bail in jurisdictions plus make dem go through Section 3(c) preclearance.<ref name="shelby2">''Shelby County v. Holder'', {{ussc|link=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/570/12-96/|volume=570|year=2014|docket=12–96}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=GOP Has Tough Choices on Voting Rights Act|url=https://news.yahoo.com/gop-tough-choices-voting-rights-act-151906183.html|access-date=January 8, 2014|newspaper=Yahoo! News|date=July 4, 2013}}</ref>After de Shelby County matter, courts start to consider requests from de attorney general plus other plaintiffs to bail in Texas plus North Carolina,<ref>{{cite news|last=Schwinn|first=Steven D.|title=Justice Department to Sue North Carolina over Vote Restrictions|url=http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/conlaw/2013/09/justice-department-to-sue-north-carolina-over-vote-restrictions.html|access-date=January 1, 2014|newspaper=Law Professor Blogs Network|date=September 30, 2013}}</ref> plus for January 2014, one federal court bail in Evergreen, Alabama.<ref>{{cite news|last=Liptak|first=Adam|title=Judge Reinstates Some Federal Oversight of Voting Practices for an Alabama City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/15/us/judge-reinstates-federal-oversight-of-voting-practices-for-alabama-city.html?_r=0|access-date=March 2, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224015806/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/15/us/judge-reinstates-federal-oversight-of-voting-practices-for-alabama-city.html?_r=0|archive-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> Section 3(a) talk say, dem fit use narrow bail-in process for federal observer certification. If court gree say one jurisdiction violate the voting rights wey Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendments dey guarantee, dem fit certify am to receive federal observers. Dem jurisdictions wey court don certify under Section 3(a) no go need preclearance.<ref name="Observers">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|236–237}} ===== Special provisions ===== ===== Coverage formula ===== [[File:Us_s5_cvr08.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Us_s5_cvr08.PNG|alt=Map depicting states and counties encompassed by the act's coverage formula in January 2008 (excluding bailed-out jurisdictions)|thumb|States and counties wey Act dey cover as January 2008 (no include bailed-out places). Some counties later on don chop bailed-out, but plenty of the map show wetin cover jurisdictions before Supreme Court talk for ,''[[:en:Shelby_County_v._Holder|Shelby County v. Holder]]'' (2013), wey chop the coverage formula do unconstitutional.]] Section 4(b) get wetin dem dey call 'coverage formula' wey go fit show which states and local governments go follow di Act special provisions (except di Section 203(c) bilingual election matter, wey dey follow another formula). Congress wan make di coverage formula cover di places wey dey do plenty discrimination. Jurisdiction go dey covered by di formula if: # Since November 1, 1964, 1968, or 1972, dem dey use some 'test or device' to block people from registering den voting; plus # Less than half di people wey fit vote no register for November 1, 1964, 1968, or 1972; or less than half de people wey fit vote no show face for de presidential election for November 1964, 1968, or 1972. When dem first bring de law come, de coverage formula only get November 1964 dates; later dem add more dates wey be November 1968 plus November 1972, wey make more places join de coverage. For de coverage formula, de term 'test or device' mean di same four things wey dem ban for di whole country by Section 201—literacy tests, educational or knowledge requirements, proof say person dey good morally, plus say person need somebody to vouch for am wen e dey vote—plus one extra ting wey dey Section 4(f)(3): if more than five percent of citizens wey fit vote na members of one language minority group, any practice wey make dem provide registration or election materials only for English. De kinds of places wey dis coverage formula fit apply to na states an de 'political subdivisions' of states<ref name="enfranchise3">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|207–208}}. Section 14(c)(2) talk say 'political subdivision' be any county, parish, or 'any other part of a State wey dey organize registration for voting.'<ref>Voting Rights Act § 14(c)(2); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973l(c)(2))</ref> As Congress added new triggering dates to the coverage formula, new jurisdictions were brought into coverage. De 1965 coverage formula included de whole of Alabama, Alaska, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, plus Virginia; plus some subdivisions (mostly counties) for Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, plus North Carolina. The 1968 coverage don result for de partial coverage of Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, plus Wyoming. Connecticut, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, and Wyoming filed successful "bailout" lawsuits, as also provided by section 4. De 1972 coverage covered the whole of Alaska, Arizona, plus Texas, den parts of California, Florida, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, plus South Dakota. De special rules we dem put insyde de Act suppose finish for 1970, but Congress gree renew am for extra five years. For 1975, dem extend de special rules again for seven more years. Then for 1982, dem extend de coverage formula again, dis time for 25 years, but dem no change anything for de coverage formula, plus for 2006, dem extend de coverage formula again for another 25 years. E be like de history no smooth, de coverage formula dey cause wahala because e dey put some areas for spotlight, plenty from Deep South. For de case wey dem call Shelby County v. Holder (2013), de Supreme Court talk say de coverage formula no dey work well because dia criteria don old plus e dey go against equal state sovereignty plus federalism principles.<ref name="shelby3">''Shelby County v. Holder'', {{ussc|link=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/570/12-96/|volume=570|year=2014|docket=12–96}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Totenberg|first1=Nina|title=Supreme Court Weighs Future Of Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/02/27/173012038/supreme-court-weighs-future-of-voting-rights-act|access-date=March 13, 2021|work=[[NPR|National Public Radio]]|publisher=[[NPR|National Public Radio]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008132557/https://www.npr.org/2013/02/27/173012038/supreme-court-weighs-future-of-voting-rights-act|archive-date=October 8, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Liptak, A2">{{cite news|title=Supreme Court Invalidates Key Part of Voting Rights Act|author=Liptak, A.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/us/supreme-court-ruling.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 25, 2013|access-date=June 26, 2013}}</ref> De other special yanga wey dey depend on de coverage formula, like Section 5 preclearance requirement, still dey valid law. But without correct coverage formula, dem no fit enforce dem.<ref name="scotusblogplain2">{{cite web|last=Howe|first=Amy|date=June 25, 2013|title=Details on Shelby County v. Holder: In Plain English|url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/06/details-on-shelby-county-v-holder-in-plain-english|access-date=July 1, 2013|work=SCOTUSBlog}}</ref><ref name="rolls back2">{{cite magazine|url=https://swampland.time.com/2013/06/25/high-court-rolls-back-the-voting-rights-act-of-1965/|title=High Court Rolls Back the Voting Rights Act of 1965|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=June 25, 2013|access-date=June 25, 2013|author=Von Drehle, David|author-link=David Von Drehle}}</ref> ===== Preclearance requirement ===== Section 5<ref name="VRA-5">Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 5; (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973c)</ref> say any place wey fit enter this matter go need federal approval, wey dem dey call 'preclearance', before dem fit change demma election law. That place go need show say de change no dey discriminate based on race or language matter; if dem no fit show am, federal government go deny dem preclearance plus de change go no fit take effect. Supreme Court talk say Section 5 cover plenty for Allen v. State Board of Election (1969),<ref name="Allen">''Allen v. State Board of Elections'', {{ussc|393|544|1969}}</ref> say any small change for how dem dey vote go need preclearance.<ref name="DOJCoveredChanges">{{cite web|title=What Must Be Submitted Under Section 5|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_5/types.php|access-date=November 30, 2013|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> E still talk say if dem no get de preclearance, private people fit sue dem for demma local court before three judges. For this Section 5 'enforcement actions', court go check if de area make any voting change wey dem covere, plus if e don get preclearance. If de area no get de preclearance wey dem suppose to get, court go command de area make dem get am before dem carry out de change. But court no go fit reason whether de change suppose to pass or not.<ref name="DOJsection52">{{cite web|title=About Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_5/about.php|access-date=April 21, 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref><ref name="PrivateRight2">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2010 |title=Public Rights and Private Rights of Action: The Enforcement of Federal Election Laws |url=http://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol44p113.pdf |journal=Indiana Law Review |volume=44 |pages=113–160 |doi=10.18060/4081 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312032939/https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol44p113.pdf |archive-date=March 12, 2020 |access-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|128–129}}<ref name="Allen2">''Allen v. State Board of Elections'', {{ussc|393|544|1969}}</ref>{{rp|556}}<ref name="Lopez1">''Lopez v. Monterey County'' (''Lopez I''), {{ussc|519|9|1996}}</ref>{{rp|23}} Jurisdictions fit ask for preclearance through either 'administrative preclearance' or 'judicial preclearance'. If dem wan go for administrative preclearance, de attorney general go check if de change wey dem propose get any discriminatory reason or effect. Once de jurisdiction submit de change, de attorney general get 60 days to raise any objection. If dem need extra time, dem fit extend am for another 60 days if de jurisdiction bring more information later. If de attorney general raise objection, de change no go fit clear plus dem no go fit use am.<ref name="Posner">{{cite journal |last=Posner |first=Mark A. |year=2006 |title=The Real Story Behind the Justice Department's Implementation of Section 5 of the VRA: Vigorous Enforcement, As Intended by Congress |url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djclpp/vol1/iss1/2/ |journal=Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy |volume=1 |issue=1 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|90–92}} Attorney general wey gree no fit make dem review am for court,<ref>''Morris v. Gressette'', {{ussc|432|491|1977}}</ref> but if e bring wahala, de jurisdiction fit look for court approval by demself, plus de court fit just ignore de attorney general wahala if dem like.<ref name="democracy14">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|559}} If jurisdiction wan seek court approval, dem go file case against de attorney general for U.S. District Court for D.C. Three judges go check if de voting change get any discriminatory wahala, plus de one wey lose fit carry am go Supreme Court directly.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Porto L. |first=Brian |year=1998 |title=What Changes in Voting Practices or Procedures Must be Precleared Under § 5 of Voting Rights Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C.A. § 1973c) |journal=American Law Reports Federal |volume=146}}</ref> Private people fit join de court case for dis preclearance lawsuits matter.<ref name="Ash2">''Georgia v. Ashcroft'', {{ussc|539|461|2003}}</ref>{{rp|476–477}}<ref name="Posner2">{{cite journal |last=Posner |first=Mark A. |year=2006 |title=The Real Story Behind the Justice Department's Implementation of Section 5 of the VRA: Vigorous Enforcement, As Intended by Congress |url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djclpp/vol1/iss1/2/ |journal=Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy |volume=1 |issue=1 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|90}} Many times, Supreme Court don talk about wetin be "discriminatory effect" plus "discriminatory purpose" for Section 5 matter. For Beer v. United States (1976),<ref name="beer">''Beer v. United States'', {{ussc|425|130|1976}}</ref> Court talk say if voting change wan get bad discriminatory effect, e suppose cause "retrogression" (backsliding). So, if voting change dey cause discrimination, but e no dey cause more discrimination than before, dem no fit deny am preclearance because e get discriminatory effect.<ref name="end">{{cite journal |last1=McCrary |first1=Peyton |last2=Seaman |first2=Christopher |last3=Valelly |first3=Richard |year=2006 |title=The End of Preclearance As We Knew It: How the Supreme Court Transformed Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=11 |ssrn=1913565}}</ref>{{rp|283–284}} Like for example, if dem change poll tax to expensive voter registration fee, e no be "retrogressive" change sekof e dey cause same level of discrimination, no more.<ref name="ironic">{{cite journal |last=Kousser |first=J. Morgan |year=2008 |title=The Strange, Ironic Career of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, 1965–2007 |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/31447149/strange-ironic-career-section-5-voting-rights-act-1965-2007 |url-status=dead |journal=Texas Law Review |volume=86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219112130/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/31447149/strange-ironic-career-section-5-voting-rights-act-1965-2007 |archive-date=December 19, 2013 |access-date=November 16, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|695}} Dem dey use de Senate report for di Act well, as court talk say de retrogression standard be di right way to sabi wetin 'discriminatory effect' mean, sekof Section 5 na to make sure say de progress wey minority dey make no go spoil sekof of new 'discriminatory' ways.<ref name="beer2">''Beer v. United States'', {{ussc|425|130|1976}}</ref>{{rp|140–141}} De retrogression standard dey apply whether de voting change dey cause people no fit vote or make dem vote no strong.<ref name="end2">{{cite journal |last1=McCrary |first1=Peyton |last2=Seaman |first2=Christopher |last3=Valelly |first3=Richard |year=2006 |title=The End of Preclearance As We Knew It: How the Supreme Court Transformed Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=11 |ssrn=1913565}}</ref>{{rp|311}} For 2003, Supreme Court wey dey Georgia v. Ashcroft talk say courts no go fit just check say new redistricting plan get retrogressive wahala sekof e reduce minority-majority districts. Dem court people stress say judges suppose check plenty other things under de 'totality of de circumstances, like if de redistricting plan dey increase de number of 'influence districts' wey minority group fit use change election outcome small. For 2006, Congress come turn this decision upside down by amending Section 5, wey go talk clear say 'if you dey reduce protected minority fit elect demma own candidates, e mean say you dey deny or abridge them right to vote base on Section 5.<ref>Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 5(b); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973c(b))</ref> Still, e dey unclear wetin this language really mean plus how courts go fit interpret am.<ref name="democracy15">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|551–552, 916}} Before 2000, dem dey talk say de "discriminatory purpose" part for Section 5 fit mean any kind discrimination, which be de same way dem dey check if wahala be unconstitutional. For Reno v. Bossier Parish (Bossier Parish II) (2000),<ref name="Reno2">''Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board'', {{ussc|528|320|2000}}</ref> Supreme Court change am small, dem talk say for any voting change to get "discriminatory purpose" under Section 5, e go need to happen for retrogressive reason. So, if dem wan use voting change to discriminate against minority, e dey okay under Section 5 as long as e no dey try increase de wahala wey dey already.<ref name="end3">{{cite journal |last1=McCrary |first1=Peyton |last2=Seaman |first2=Christopher |last3=Valelly |first3=Richard |year=2006 |title=The End of Preclearance As We Knew It: How the Supreme Court Transformed Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=11 |ssrn=1913565}}</ref>{{rp|277–278}} This change make plenty cases wey dem deny preclearance base on discriminatory purpose reduce. For 2006, Congress come overturn Bossier Parish II by amending Section 5 to clear say "purpose" mean "any discriminatory purpose."<ref name="Promise2">{{cite journal |last=Persily |first=Nathaniel |year=2007 |title=The Promise and Pitfalls of the New Voting Rights Act |url=http://yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/article/the-promise-and-pitfalls-of-the-new-voting-rights-act/ |url-status=dead |journal=Yale Law Journal |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=174–254 |doi=10.2307/20455790 |jstor=20455790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926061938/http://yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/article/the-promise-and-pitfalls-of-the-new-voting-rights-act/ |archive-date=September 26, 2013 |access-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|199–200, 207}}<ref>Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 5(c); (formerly 42 U.S.C. 1973c(c))</ref> ===== Federal examiners plus observers ===== Till 2006 wey dem change de Act, Section 6 allow make dem appoint 'federal examiners' to check some area wey dey handle voter registration. Dem fit give federal examiners to any area if de attorney general talk say e fit do am. # Justice Ministry collect like 20 or more serious complaints wey say de area no gree make de residents vote sekof of race or if dem belong to minority language group; or # Dem need federal examiners to fit make sure say people go fit enjoy de voting rights wey dem promise for de Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendments.<ref name="Observers2">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|235–236}} Federal examiners get power to register voters, check voter registration applications, plus keep voter rolls.<ref name="Observers3">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|237}} De aim of dis federal examiner ting na to stop areas from denying protected minorities de right to vote by doing bad tings for voter registration, like saying no to qualified people, deleting qualified voters from rolls, plus de reduce de time wey people fit register. Dem use federal examiners plenty after de Act come out, but as time pass, e no dey matter like before; 1983 na de last year wey federal examiner register person to vote. For 2006, Congress stop dis provision.<ref name="Observers4">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|238–239}} Insyde de Act wey de original plan dey, for any place wey dem don certify for federal examiners, de attorney general fit require make dem appoint "federal observers". By 2006, de federal examiner part don turn only for appointing federal observers.<ref name="Observers6">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|239}} Wen Congress remove de federal examiner part for 2006, dem change Section 8 make e allow federal observers to go places wey fit de same certification wey dem use appoint federal examiners.{{rp|50}} Federal observers dey follow how poll workers and voters dey behave for polling places for de time of de election plus how election officials dey calculate ballots.<ref name="Observers7">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|248}} Dem goal be make shore say minority voters fit participate by catching den write down any bad behavior wey fit happen, like election officials wey go deny qualified minority people demma right to vote, or if dem dey intimidate voters on election day, or if dem no dey count vote properly.<ref name="Observers8">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|231–235}} De bad behavior wey federal observers catch fit also serve as proof for any court case later.<ref name="Observers9">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|233}} Between 1965 plus de Supreme Court for 2013 strike down de coverage formula for Shelby County v. Holder, attorney general don certify 153 local governments for 11 states.<ref name="DOJobservers">{{cite web|title=About Federal Observers and Election Monitoring|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/examine/activ_exam.php|access-date=January 3, 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> E be sekof of time plus resource wahala, federal observers no fit go every certified place for every election.<ref name="Observers10">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|230}} Some other provisions allow certified places to 'bail out' from demma certification.<ref name="DOJobservers2">{{cite web|title=About Federal Observers and Election Monitoring|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/examine/activ_exam.php|access-date=January 3, 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> ===== Bailout ===== For Section 4(a), any area wey dey covered fit ask for exemption wey dem dey call 'bailout.'<ref name="DOJsection53">{{cite web|title=About Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_5/about.php|access-date=April 21, 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> To get dis exemption, dem need to go meet three judges for de D.C. District Court wey go judge say dem fit bail out. Originally, if any area no use any test or method wey dey discriminate insyde de 5 years wey dem dey request for bailout, e go qualify to bail out.<ref name="RevisedBailout7">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|22, 33–34}} So, any place wey wan bail out for 1967 go need show say dem no misuse any test or device since at least 1962. Until 1970, dem wey covered go really need prove say dem no misuse any test since before de law come out five years earlier for 1965,<ref name="RevisedBailout8">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|6}} wey make am hard for plenty places wey dem cover to bail out.<ref name="RevisedBailout9">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|27}} But, Section 4(a) still talk say places wey dem cover no fit use any tests or devices anyhow, even dem no fit misbehave; so under de original law, dem fit bail out for 1970 just by following this rule. But as dem dey change de law for 1970 plus 1975 to add special rules, Congress also increase de time wey covered places must no misuse test to 10 years and then to 17 years, respectively.<ref name="RevisedBailout10">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|7, 9}} Dis extensions still make dem show say dem no use test or device anyhow since dem pass di Act for 1965. For 1982, Congress change Section 4(a) so e go dey easier to do bailout for two ways. First, dem talk say if state dey cover, local governments for that state fit bail out even if state no fit bail out. Second, dem soft de eligibility rules by changing de 17-year rule to new one, so any place wey dey cover fit bail out if dem fit show say for de last 10 years before dem ask for bailout: # De jurisdiction no use any test or device wey go discriminate or get bad effect; # No court don talk say dem deny or take away voting right sekof of race or language minority matter; # De jurisdiction de comply with de preclearance requirement; # De federal government no assign federal examiners to de jurisdiction; # De jurisdiction don kukuma stop all di wahala wey dey make dem do election wey no fair; plus # De jurisdiction don take serious action to stop voter fear plus make voting easier for de minorities dem de protect. Also, Congress talk say any place wey wan collect bailout go show proof of how minority people dey register den vote, plus how e don change over time compare to majority people. If court find say dem fit collect de bailout, dem go give judgment wey go favor dem. Court go still dey oversee matters for de next 10 years plus fit put dem back under coverage if dem still dey do voting discrimination.<ref name="RevisedBailout11">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|22–23}}<ref name="VRA-4(a)">Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 4(a); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973b(a)(1)(F))</ref> De 1982 change wey dem make for bailout eligibility start to work on August 5, 1984. From that time till 2013, 196 places don bail out through 38 bailout moves; each time, attorney general gree for de bailout request.<ref name="DOJbrief3">{{cite web|title=Brief for the Federal Respondent, Shelby County v. Holder, 2013 United States Supreme Court Briefs No. 12-96|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/app/briefs/shelbymerits.pdf|access-date=December 8, 2013|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref>{{rp|54}} From that time till 2009, all de places wey bail out dey for Virginia. For 2009, one municipal utility place for Texas bail out after Supreme Court de Supreme Court's opinion in ''[[:en:Northwest_Austin_Municipal_Utility_District_No._1_v._Holder|Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder]]'' (2009),<ref name="NW2">''Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder'', {{ussc|557|193|2009|source=f}}</ref> talk say local governments wey no register voters fit bail out.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/us/23scotus.html|title=Justices Let Stand a Central Provision of Voting Rights Act|last=Liptak|first=Adam|date=June 23, 2009|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 22, 2009}}</ref> After dis ruling, jurisdictions don succeed for at least 20 bailout moves before Supreme Court talk say de coverage formula be unconstitutional for Shelby County case (2013).<ref name="DOJbrief2">{{cite web|title=Brief for the Federal Respondent, Shelby County v. Holder, 2013 United States Supreme Court Briefs No. 12-96|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/app/briefs/shelbymerits.pdf|access-date=December 8, 2013|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref>{{rp|54}} Separate rules fit allow any area wey don get federal observers to waka comot from dem certification alone. Under Section 13, attorney general fit cancel that area certification if 1) more than 50 percent of de area minority wey fit vote don register, plus 2) dem no dey see any reason say de people go face voting wahala again. Another option be say de District Court for D.C. fit order dem make dem cancel de certification.<ref name="Observers5">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|237, 239}}<ref name="DOJobservers3">{{cite web|title=About Federal Observers and Election Monitoring|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/examine/activ_exam.php|access-date=January 3, 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> ===== Tings wey Bilingual election dey require ===== Two laws dey require some places to give election materials to voters for different languages: Section 4(f)(4) plus Section 203(c). Any place wey dey under dis law must provide all de materials wey concern election—like voter registration tings, ballots, notices, plus instructions—for de language of any minority group wey dey live insyde de jurisdiction.<ref name="enfranchise4">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref> Dis language minority groups wey dis law protect be Asian Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, plus Native Alaskans.<ref>Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 4(f)(4); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973b(f)(4))</ref> Congress bring dis laws to clear language wahala plus fight against language discrimination wey dey affect de groups dem de protect.<ref name="enfranchise5">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|200, 209}} Section 4(f)(4) dey apply to any area wey Section 4(b) formula fit cover wey more than five percent of people wey fit vote sabi one language wey no plenty. Section 203(c) get one formula wey no be de same as Section 4(b), so places wey only fall under 203(c) no go dey face de Act other special rules, like preclearance. Section 203(c) formula dey cover areas wey dis conditions dey: One small language group dey wey no sabi English pass di whole country; plus Either: a. De number of people wey no too sabi English for dis group be at least 10,000 wey fit vote or e big enough make e be at least five percent of di voters for di area; or b. De area be political zone wey get Indian reservation, and more than five percent of di American Indian or Alaska Native wey fit vote na members of one language group wey no sabi English well.<ref name="GAO782">{{cite journal |last1=Staats |first1=Elmer B. |date=February 6, 1978 |title=Voting Rights Act: Enforcement Needs Strengthening |url=http://www.gao.gov/products/GGD-78-19 |journal=Report of the Comptroller General of the United States |issue=GGD-78-19 |access-date=October 27, 2013}}</ref>: 223–224  Section 203(b) talk say 'limited-English proficient' be those wey no fit speak or understand English well enough to join de electoral process.<ref name="enfranchise7">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|223}} Dem go check wetin jurisdictions fit meet Section 203(c) criteria every ten years after dem finish de decennial census; na dat time dem go fit add new jurisdictions wey go dey under coverage plus some fit lose demma coverage. Plus, under Section 203(d), any jurisdiction fit try ‘bail out’ from Section 203(c) coverage if dem fit show for court say no language minority group for demma area dey suffer higher English illiteracy rate pass national rate.<ref name="enfranchise8">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|226}} After 2010 census, dem cover 150 places for 25 states under Section 203(c), plus California, Texas, den Florida dey whole state level.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Groves |first=Robert M. |date=October 13, 2011 |title=Voting Rights Act Amendments of 2006, Determinations Under Section 203 |url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_203/2011_notice.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Federal Register |volume=76 |issue=198 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123073336/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_203/2011_notice.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> == Impact == [[File:Voting_Rights_Act_-_last_page_(hi-res).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voting_Rights_Act_-_last_page_(hi-res).jpg|alt=refer to caption|thumb|Final page of de Voting Rights Act of 1965, signed by United States President [[:en:Lyndon_B._Johnson|Lyndon B. Johnson]], President of de Senate [[:en:Hubert_Humphrey|Hubert Humphrey]], plus Speaker of de House [[:en:John_William_McCormack|John McCormack]]]] De Voting Rights Act really change the game, o. By de end of 1965 , dem don register quarter million new Black voters, e be federal examiners wey help with one-third of dem. By 1966, only four out of 13 southern states fit say less than 50 percent African Americans don register to vote.<ref name="NARA20220208VRA19652">{{cite web|date=February 8, 2022|title=Milestone Documents: Voting Rights Act (1965)|url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/voting-rights-act|access-date=November 4, 2023|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]}}</ref> Wen dem pass de law for 1965, e make racial discrimination for voting reduce sharp. As dem stop literacy tests plus bring federal examiners and observers, plenty people wey be racial minorities fit register to vote.<ref name="NewDenial4">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref> {{rp|702}} Almost 250,000 African Americans don register for 1965, plus one-third of dem na federal examiners make am happen. For de areas wey dem cover, less than one-third (29.3 percent) of de African American pipo don register for 1965; by 1967, de number don increase to more than half (52.1 percent),<ref name="NewDenial5">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref> plus plenty African American pipo don register to vote for 9 out of 13 Southern states. E come be like say more African Americans dey enter office: between 1965 plus 1985, de number wey dem elect as state legislators for de 11 former Confederate states jump from 3 to 176.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grofman |first1=Bernard |last2=Handley |first2=Lisa |date=February 1991 |title=The Impact of the Voting Rights Act on Black Representation in Southern State Legislatures |url=http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~bgrofman/40%20Grofman-Handley-Impact%20of%20VRA%20on%20representation.pdf |journal=Legislative Studies Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=111 |jstor=439970 |access-date=January 5, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|112}}Nationwide, de number of African American wey dey run for office increase from 1,469 for 1970 to 4,912 for 1980.<ref name="Main2">{{cite journal |last=Pitts |first=Michael J. |year=2008 |title=The Voting Rights Act and the Era of Maintenance |journal=Alabama Law Review |volume=59 |ssrn=1105115}}</ref>{{rp|919}} By 2011, e don reach around 10,500.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|title=What's Changed for African Americans Since 1963, By the Numbers|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/08/22/whats-changed-for-african-americans-since-1963-by-the-numbers|access-date=January 5, 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 22, 2013}}</ref> E get as language minority groups also dey register well-well when Congress bring bilingual election law for 1975 and change am for 1992. For 1973, the percent of Hispanics wey don register to vote na 34.9 percent; by 2006, dat one near double. The number of Asian Americans wey don register for vote in 1996 increase by 58 percent by 2006.<ref name="enfranchise6">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|233–235}} After de Act start work well to help stop dem wey dey try make minorities no fit vote, de Act come turn be like hammer wey people dey use to fight against racial vote dilution.<ref name="NewDenial6">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref>{{rp|691}} From de 1970s, de attorney general dey always raise Section 5 wahala anytime dem dey change how people go vote wey go make minority votes no count well, like when dem dey carry land join some places, change de voting boundaries, plus dem election methods like at-large elections, runoff requirements, plus banning bullet voting<ref name="Posner3">{{cite journal |last=Posner |first=Mark A. |year=2006 |title=The Real Story Behind the Justice Department's Implementation of Section 5 of the VRA: Vigorous Enforcement, As Intended by Congress |url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djclpp/vol1/iss1/2/ |journal=Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy |volume=1 |issue=1 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|105–106}} All together, 81 percent (2,541) of de preclearance wahala wey happen between 1965 plus 2006 na based on vote dilution.<ref name="Posner4">{{cite journal |last=Posner |first=Mark A. |year=2006 |title=The Real Story Behind the Justice Department's Implementation of Section 5 of the VRA: Vigorous Enforcement, As Intended by Congress |url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djclpp/vol1/iss1/2/ |journal=Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy |volume=1 |issue=1 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|102}} Claims wey dem bring under Section 2 dey mostly concern how dem dey dilute votes.<ref name="NewDenial7">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref>{{rp|708–709}} From when dem create Section 2 results test for 1982 till 2006, at least 331 Section 2 cases don result wey dem publish judicial opinions. For the 1980s, 60 percent of Section 2 cases dey challenge at-large election systems; for the 1990s, 37.2 percent dey challenge at-large systems and 38.5 percent dey challenge redistricting plans. Overall, plaintiffs wey win, na 37.2 percent out of the 331 cases, and dem dey more likely to win cases wey dem bring against covered jurisdictions.<ref name="documenting">{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Ellen |last2=Aisenbrey |first2=Margaret |last3=Baldwin |first3=Anna |last4=Cheuse |first4=Emma |last5=Weisbrodt |first5=Anna |year=2006 |title=Documenting Discrimination in Voting: Judicial Findings Under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act |journal=University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform |volume=39 |ssrn=1029386}}</ref>{{rp|654–656}} Wen dem give chance for racial minorities, de Act make de Democratic and Republican parties realign. From 1890 to 1965, dem take Black disenfranchisement make de Democratic Party dey run tinz for South area. After Johnson sign de Act, de new Black voters wey get chance start dey ginger de Democratic Party to shift left for de South; dis one make de Southern white conservatives change dem mind from Democratic go Republican party.<ref name="polar">{{cite journal |last=Pildes |first=Richard H. |date=April 2011 |title=Why the Center Does Not Hold: The Causes of Hyperpolarized Democracy in America |journal=California Law Review |volume=99 |ssrn=1646989}}</ref>{{rp|290}} Dis trend make de two parties dey polarize ideologically, wit de Democratic Party becoming more Liberal plus de Republican Party more Conservative.<ref name="polar2">{{cite journal |last=Pildes |first=Richard H. |date=April 2011 |title=Why the Center Does Not Hold: The Causes of Hyperpolarized Democracy in America |journal=California Law Review |volume=99 |ssrn=1646989}}</ref>{{rp|290}} Dem trends dey cause competition between de two parties,<ref name="polar4">{{cite journal |last=Pildes |first=Richard H. |date=April 2011 |title=Why the Center Does Not Hold: The Causes of Hyperpolarized Democracy in America |journal=California Law Review |volume=99 |ssrn=1646989}}</ref>{{rp|290}}  wey de Republicans take advantage by using de [[:en:Southern_strategy|Southern strategy]].<ref name="Boyd">{{cite news|title=Nixon's Southern Strategy: 'It's All in the Charts'|last=Boyd|first=James|date=May 17, 1970|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/books/phillips-southern.pdf|access-date=August 2, 2008}}</ref> For de following decades, dem create majority-minority districts to fix de racial vote dilution wahala, wey also help dis matter. As dem dey pack de liberal-leaning minorities insyde small minority-majority districts, plenty surrounding districts turn more white, conservative, plus Republican. E be true sey dis one fit increase di number of minority representatives as dem plan am, but e also reduce de Democratic representation for white people and boost de Republicans overall.<ref name="polar3">{{cite journal |last=Pildes |first=Richard H. |date=April 2011 |title=Why the Center Does Not Hold: The Causes of Hyperpolarized Democracy in America |journal=California Law Review |volume=99 |ssrn=1646989}}</ref>{{rp|292}} By mid-1990s, dey trends come bring political change: Democratic Party plus Republican Party don dey divide well well, one dey liberal plus de other dey conservative; plus both dey fight for votes for de South,<ref name="polar5">{{cite journal |last=Pildes |first=Richard H. |date=April 2011 |title=Why the Center Does Not Hold: The Causes of Hyperpolarized Democracy in America |journal=California Law Review |volume=99 |ssrn=1646989}}</ref>{{rp|294}} with Republican Party dey hold most power for Southern politics.<ref name="Bending24">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|203}} Research show say de Act really boost voter turnout plus voter registration, especially for African Americans.<ref name="Fresh-20182">{{Cite journal |last=Fresh |first=Adriane |date=February 23, 2018 |title=The Effect of the Voting Rights Act on Enfranchisement: Evidence from North Carolina |journal=The Journal of Politics |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=713–718 |doi=10.1086/697592 |s2cid=158668168}}</ref><ref name="Ang-20192">{{Cite journal |last=Ang |first=Desmond |date=2019 |title=Do 40-Year-Old Facts Still Matter? Long-Run Effects of Federal Oversight under the Voting Rights Act |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=1–53 |doi=10.1257/app.20170572 |issn=1945-7782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De act dey connect with real matter, like better public goods (like education) for areas wey get plenty black people, plus more members of Congress wey dey support civil rights law.<ref name="Schuit-20162">{{Cite journal |last1=Schuit |first1=Sophie |last2=Rogowski |first2=Jon C. |date=December 1, 2016 |title=Race, Representation, and the Voting Rights Act |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=513–526 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12284 |issn=1540-5907}}</ref><ref name="Cascio-20142">{{Cite journal |last1=Cascio |first1=Elizabeth U. |last2=Washington |first2=Ebonya |date=February 1, 2014 |title=Valuing the Vote: The Redistribution of Voting Rights and State Funds following the Voting Rights Act of 1965 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/129/1/379/1897098 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=379–433 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjt028 |issn=0033-5533 |s2cid=617854}}</ref> One 2016 study for de American Journal of Political Science find say members of Congress wey represent areas wey get preclearance requirement dey show more support for civil rights law pass those wey no dey represent de covered areas.<ref name="Schuit-20163">{{Cite journal |last1=Schuit |first1=Sophie |last2=Rogowski |first2=Jon C. |date=December 1, 2016 |title=Race, Representation, and the Voting Rights Act |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=513–526 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12284 |issn=1540-5907}}</ref> One 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics study show say de Act make more people go vote, plus e increase public goods wey state government dey give to places wey get more black population.<ref name="Cascio-20143">{{Cite journal |last1=Cascio |first1=Elizabeth U. |last2=Washington |first2=Ebonya |date=February 1, 2014 |title=Valuing the Vote: The Redistribution of Voting Rights and State Funds following the Voting Rights Act of 1965 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/129/1/379/1897098 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=379–433 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjt028 |issn=0033-5533 |s2cid=617854}}</ref> For 2018 study wey com from De Journal of Politics, dem find say Section 5 of de 1965 Voting Rights Act help black people register to vote increase by 14–19 percent, white people by 10–13 percent, plus overall voter turnout increase by 10–19 percent. Additional results for Democratic vote share suggest say some of this turnout increase fit come from white people wey dey react.<ref name="Fresh-20183">{{Cite journal |last=Fresh |first=Adriane |date=February 23, 2018 |title=The Effect of the Voting Rights Act on Enfranchisement: Evidence from North Carolina |journal=The Journal of Politics |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=713–718 |doi=10.1086/697592 |s2cid=158668168}}</ref> One study wey dem do for American Economic Journal for 2019 show say preclearance really make minority people turn out plenty, even reach 2012 (the year before Supreme Court ruling stop de preclearance).<ref name="Ang-20193">{{Cite journal |last=Ang |first=Desmond |date=2019 |title=Do 40-Year-Old Facts Still Matter? Long-Run Effects of Federal Oversight under the Voting Rights Act |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=1–53 |doi=10.1257/app.20170572 |issn=1945-7782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dem estimate say preclearance bring 17 percentage points increase for minority turnout.<ref name="Ang-20194">{{Cite journal |last=Ang |first=Desmond |date=2019 |title=Do 40-Year-Old Facts Still Matter? Long-Run Effects of Federal Oversight under the Voting Rights Act |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=1–53 |doi=10.1257/app.20170572 |issn=1945-7782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> One study wey dey come from 2020 show say places wey don dey cover preclearance, their voter registration purges increase big time after that 2013 Supreme Court case, [[:en:Shelby_County_v._Holder|Shelby County v. Holder]], wey dem scatter di 'coverage formula' for Section 4(b) of di VRA wey dey determine which place suppose report dem changes for election for federal approval.<ref name="Feder-20202">{{Cite journal |last1=Feder |first1=Catalina |last2=Miller |first2=Michael G. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Voter Purges After Shelby: Part of Special Symposium on Election Sciences |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X20916426 |journal=American Politics Research |language=en-US |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=687–692 |doi=10.1177/1532673x20916426 |issn=1532-673X |s2cid=221131969 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210105160727/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X20916426 |archive-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref> Another study wey come from 2020 talk say VRA coverage fit cut di chances and start of political wahala by half.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lacroix |first=Jean |date=April 13, 2020 |title=Ballots instead of Bullets? The effect of the Voting Rights Act on political violence |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/sol/wpaper/2013-304198.html |journal=Working Papers CEB |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022202116/https://ideas.repec.org/p/sol/wpaper/2013-304198.html |archive-date=October 22, 2023}}</ref> ==Constitutionality== ===Voter eligibility provisions=== Early for de history of enforcement of de Act, de Supreme Court of de United States be rather quick to address both de constitutionality of de Act for ein entirety as well as de constitutionality of several provisions wey dey relate to voter qualifications den prerequisites to voting. During de following year, for 1966, two legal cases dem adjudicate by de Court regarding de Act. On de seventh day of March, for de landmark case of ''South Carolina v. Katzenbach'' (1966), de Supreme Court hold say de Voting Rights Act of 1965 be constitutional method to enforce de Fifteenth Amendment. A few months later, on de thirteenth day of June, de Supreme Court hold say section 4(e) of de Voting Rights Act of 1965 be constitutional for de case of ''Katzenbach v. Morgan'' (1966). Dis section dey prohibit jurisdictions from administering literacy tests to citizens wey attain sixth-grade education for American school for wey de predominant language be Spanish, such as schools for Puerto Rico.<ref>Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 4(e); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973b(e))</ref> Although de Court don earlier hold say literacy tests no violate de Fourteenth Amendment, for de case of ''Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections'' (1959), de Katzenbach-Morgan case allow Congress to enforce Fourteenth Amendment rights—such as de right to vote—by prohibiting conduct wey e deem to interfere plus such rights, even if dat conduct no go be independently unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buss |first=William G. |date=January 1998 |title=Federalism, Separation of Powers, and the Demise of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ilr83&div=19 |journal=Iowa Law Review |volume=83 |access-date=January 7, 2014}} </ref>{{rp|405–406}}<ref>''Katzenbach v. Morgan'', </ref>{{rp|652–656}} After Congress create nationwide ban on all literacy tests den similar devices for 1970, for de case of ''Oregon v. Mitchell'' (1970), de Supreme Court uphold de ban as being constitutional.<ref name=Defending>{{cite journal|last=Tokaji|first=Daniel P.|title=Intent and Its Alternatives: Defending the New Voting Rights Act|journal=Alabama Law Review|year=2006|volume=58|url=http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%202/tokaji.pdf|access-date=January 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031511/http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%202/tokaji.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|353}} <ref name=Oregon>''Oregon v. Mitchell'', {{ussc|400|112|1970}}</ref> For dat case, de Court sanso address de constitutionality of various oda provisions wey dey relate to voter qualifications den prerequisites to voting; de Court uphold Section 202 of de 1965 law, wey dey prohibit every state den local government from requiring people to live for dema borders for longer dan 30 days before allowing dem to vote for presidential election. Additionally, de Court uphold de provision wey dey lower de minimum voting age to 18 years for federal elections, but e hold say Congress exceed ein power by lowering de voting age to 18 for state elections; dis precipitate de ratification of de Twenty-sixth Amendment de following year, wey lower de voting age for all elections from 21 years to 18 years for age. De Court be deeply divide for de Oregon-Mitchell case den majority of de justices no agree on one rationale for de holding.<ref name=Defending />{{rp|353}}<ref name=Oregon />{{rp|118–121}} ===Section 2 results test=== De question of constitutionality regarding section 2 of de Voting Rights Act of 1965, wey get general prohibition on discriminatory voting laws, no be definitively explain by de Supreme Court. As amend for 1982, section 2 dey prohibit any voting practice wey get discriminatory effect, irrespective of whether de practice be enact or be administer for de purpose of discriminating. Dis "results test" contrast plus de Fourteenth den Fifteenth Amendments, both of wey directly prohibit only purposeful discrimination. Given dis disparity, whether de Supreme Court go uphold de constitutionality of section 2 as appropriate legislation wey dem pass to enforce de Fourteenth den Fifteenth Amendments, den under wetin rationale, remain unclear.<ref name=democracy>{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|year=2012|publisher=Foundation Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th}}</ref>{{rp|758–759}} For ''Mississippi Republican Executive Opinion v. Brooks'' (1984),<ref>''Mississippi Republican Executive Opinion v. Brooks'', {{ussc|469|1002|1984}}</ref> de Supreme Court summarily affirm, without written opinion, lower court ein decision say 1982 amendment to section 2 be constitutional.<ref>{{cite news| title=Court Backs Voting Plan| first=Al| last=Kamen| date=November 14, 1984| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/14/court-backs-voting-plan/0591488a-04a4-4efa-aca3-3599338bcc59/| newspaper=The Washington Post| access-date=June 30, 2017}}</ref> Justice Rehnquist, join by Chief Justice Burger, dissent from de opinion. Dem reason say de case present complex constitutional issues wey warrant full hearing. When making later decisions, de Supreme Court be more likely to disregard previous judgment if e lack written opinion, but for lower courts de Supreme Court ein unwritten summary affirmances be as binding as be Supreme Court judgments plus written opinions. Partially due to ''Brooks'', de constitutionality of de section 2 results test don since be unanimously uphold by lower courts.<ref name=democracy />{{rp|759–760}} De case of ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'' (2021) evaluate de applicability of section 2 of de 1965 law for de wake of de decision for de case of ''Shelby County v. Holder'' (2013). De Democratic National Committee assert set of Arizona election laws den policies be discriminatory towards Hispanics den Native Americans under section 2 of de Voting Rights Act of 1965. While lower courts uphold de election laws, an ''en banc'' Ninth Circuit reverse de decision den find dese laws to be for violation of section 2 of de 1965 law.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-ballots-idUSKBN2AO18L | title = U.S. Supreme Court set to weigh Republican-backed voting restrictions | first = Andrew | last = Chung | date= February 24, 2021 | access-date = February 28, 2021 | publisher = Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227215018/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-ballots-idUSKBN2AO18L|archive-date=February 27, 2021}}</ref> De Arizona law be uphold by de Supreme Court after e introduce de means to review section 2 challenges.<ref name="npr decision">{{cite web | url = https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/998758022/the-supreme-court-upheld-upholds-arizona-measures-that-restrict-voting | title = The Supreme Court Deals A New Blow To Voting Rights, Upholding Arizona Restrictions | first = Nina | last= Totenberg | date = July 1, 2021 | access-date = July 1, 2021 | work = [[NPR]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210707042252/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/998758022/the-supreme-court-upheld-upholds-arizona-measures-that-restrict-voting?t=1625631699560|archive-date=July 7, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="20210701NYTLiptak">{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |title=Supreme Court Upholds Arizona Voting Restrictions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-arizona-voting-restrictions.html |access-date=July 7, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=July 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707045129/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-arizona-voting-restrictions.html |archive-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="abcnews decision">{{cite web | url = https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/supreme-court-upholds-arizona-restrictions-major-voting-rights/story?id=78182724 | title = Supreme Court upholds Arizona restrictions in major voting rights, racial discrimination case | first= Devin | last =Dywer | date = July 1, 2021 | access-date = July 1, 2021 | work = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707042534/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/supreme-court-upholds-arizona-restrictions-major-voting-rights/story?id=78182724|archive-date=July 7, 2021 }}</ref> ===Coverage formula and preclearance=== De Supreme Court don uphold de constitutionality of de Section 5 preclearance requirement for three cases. De first case be ''South Carolina v. Katzenbach'' (1966),<ref name=SCvK>''South Carolina v. Katzenbach'', {{ussc|383|301|1966}}</ref> wey dem decide about five months after de Act ein enactment. De court hold say Section 5 constitute valid use of Congress ein power to enforce de Fifteenth Amendment, reasoning say "exceptional circumstances" of pervasive racial discrimination, combine plus de inadequacy of case-by-case litigation for ending dat discrimination, justify de preclearance requirement.<ref name=SCvK />{{rp|334–335}}<ref name=TimeStill>{{cite journal|last=Posner|first=Mark A.|title=Time is Still on Its Side: Why Congressional Reauthorization of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act Represents a Congruent and Proportional Response to Our Nation's History of Discrimination in Voting|journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy|year=2006|volume=10|url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/POSNER-TIME-IS-STILL-ON-ITS-SIDE.pdf|access-date=December 14, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|76}} De court sanso uphold de constitutionality of de 1965 coverage formula, talking say e be "rational for both practice den theory" den say de bailout provision provide adequate relief for jurisdictions wey no go deserve coverage.<ref name=SCvK />{{rp|330}}<ref name=TimeStill />{{rp|76–77}} De Supreme Court again uphold de preclearance requirement for ''City of Rome v. United States'' (1980).<ref name=Rome>''City of Rome v. United States'', {{ussc|446|156|1980}}</ref> De court hold say because Congress get explicit constitutional power to enforce de Reconstruction Amendments "by appropriate legislation", de Act no violate principles of federalism. De court sanso explicitly uphold de "discriminatory effect" prong of Section 5, stating say even though de Fifteenth Amendment directly prohibit only intentional discrimination, Congress fi constitutionally prohibit unintentional discrimination to mitigate de risk say jurisdictions go engage for intentional discrimination. Finally, de court uphold de 1975 extension of Section 5 because of de record of discrimination wey continue to persist for de covered jurisdictions. De court further suggest say de temporary nature of de special provisions be relevant to Section 5 ein constitutionality.<ref name=TimeStill />{{rp|77–78}} De final case for wey de Supreme Court uphold Section 5 be ''Lopez v. Monterey County'' (''Lopez II'', 1999).<ref name=Lopez2>''Lopez v. Monterey County'' (''Lopez II''), {{ussc|525|266|1999}}</ref> For ''Lopez II'', de court reiterate ein reasoning for ''Katzenbach'' den ''Rome'', den e uphold as constitutional de requirement say covered local governments obtain preclearance before implementing voting changes wey dema parent state require dem to implement, even if de parent state no be itself covered jurisdiction.<ref name=TimeStill />{{rp|78}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Harper|first=Charlotte Marx|title=Lopez v. Monterey County: A Remedy Gone Too Far?|journal=Baylor Law Review|date=2000|volume=52|url=http://0-www.heinonline.org.polar.onu.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/baylr52&size=2&collection=journals&index=journals/baylr1&id=1|access-date=May 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524080218/http://0-www.heinonline.org.polar.onu.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/baylr52&size=2&collection=journals&index=journals/baylr1&id=1|archive-date=May 24, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|447}} De 2006 extension of Section 5 be challenge before de Supreme Court for ''Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder'' (2009).<ref name=NW>''Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder'', {{ussc|557|193|2009|source=f}}</ref> De lawsuit be bring by municipal water district for Texas wey elect members to water board. De District wish to move voting location from private home to public school, but dat change be subject to preclearance because Texas be covered jurisdiction. De District no register voters, den thus e no appear to qualify as "political subdivision" wey eligible to bail out of coverage. Although de court indicate for dicta (non-binding part of de court ein opinion) say Section 5 present difficult constitutional questions, e no declare Section 5 unconstitutional; instead, e interpret de law to allow any covered local government, including one wey no register voters, to obtain exemption from preclearance if e meet de bailout requirements.<ref>{{cite news|last=Liptak|first=Adam|title=Justices Retain Oversight by U.S. on Voting|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/us/23scotus.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=January 21, 2014|date=June 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Bravin, Jess |title=Supreme Court Avoids Voting-Rights Act Fight |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB124567014181036773 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=June 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307161816/https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB124567014181036773 |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=May 19, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> For 5–4 decision for ''Shelby County v. Holder'' (2013),<ref name=supremes>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/02/27/the-supreme-court-voting-rights-act-case-explained/|title=Everything You Need to Know about the Supreme Court Voting Rights Act Case|author=Sean Sullivan|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 27, 2013|access-date=February 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228053644/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/02/27/the-supreme-court-voting-rights-act-case-explained/|archive-date=February 28, 2013}}</ref> de Supreme Court strike down Section 4(b) as unconstitutional.<ref name="shelby">''Shelby County v. Holder'', {{ussc|link=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/570/12-96/|volume=570|year=2014|docket=12–96}}</ref><ref name="rolls back">{{cite magazine| url=https://swampland.time.com/2013/06/25/high-court-rolls-back-the-voting-rights-act-of-1965/ | title=High Court Rolls Back the Voting Rights Act of 1965 | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=June 25, 2013| access-date=June 25, 2013 | author=Von Drehle, David|author-link=David Von Drehle}}</ref> De court reason say de coverage formula violate de constitutional principles of "equal sovereignty of de states" den federalism because ein disparate treatment of de states be "based on 40 year-old facts wey get no logical relationship to de present day", rendering de formula outdated.<ref name="shelby" /> De court no strike down Section 5, but without Section 4(b), no jurisdiction go be subject to Section 5 preclearance unless Congress enact new coverage formula.<ref name="scotusblogplain" /> After de decision, several states wey be fully or partially covered—including Texas, Mississippi, North Carolina, den South Carolina—implement laws wey be previously deny preclearance. Dis prompt new legal challenges to dese laws under oda provisions wey unaffect by de court ein decision, such as Section 2.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Wilson, McKenzie|title=Piercing the Umbrella: The Dangerous Paradox of Shelby County v. Holder|journal=Seton Hall Legislative Journal|date=2015|volume=39|url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=shlj|access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|189–200}} Research don show say de coverage formula den de requirement of preclearance substantially increase turnout among racial minorities, even as far as de year before ''Shelby County''.<ref name="Ang-2019" /> Chaw jurisdictions wey don previously be cover by de coverage formula increase de rate of voter registration purges after ''Shelby County''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feder|first1=Catalina|last2=Miller|first2=Michael G.|date=2020|title=Voter Purges After Shelby|journal=American Politics Research|language=en-US|volume=48|issue=6|pages=687–692|doi=10.1177/1532673x20916426|issn=1532-673X|s2cid=221131969}}</ref> On July 1, 2021, de Act ein preclearance requirements be further weaken for de state den local level following de ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'' for 6-3 Supreme Court ruling wey hold say Section 2 preclearance provisions no fi apply to out-of-precinct voting or ballot collecting.<ref name=section2less /><ref name=2021supremecourt /> ===Racial gerrymandering=== While Section 2 den Section 5 dey prohibit jurisdictions from drawing electoral districts wey dilute de votes of protected minorities, de Supreme Court don hold say for chaw instances, de Equal Protection Clause of de Fourteenth Amendment dey prevent jurisdictions from drawing district lines to favor protected minorities. De court first recognize de justiciability of affirmative "racial gerrymandering" claims for ''Shaw v. Reno'' (1993).<ref name=Shaw>''Shaw v. Reno'' (''Shaw I''), {{ussc|509|630|1993}}</ref> For ''Miller v. Johnson'' (1995),<ref name=Miller>''Miller v. Johnson'', {{ussc|515|900|1995}}</ref> de court explain say redistricting plan be constitutionally suspect if de jurisdiction use race as de "predominant factor" for determining how to draw district lines. For race to "predominate", de jurisdiction must prioritize racial considerations over traditional redistricting principles, wey include "compactness, contiguity, [and] respect for political subdivisions or communities wey define by actual shared interests."<ref name=Miller />{{rp|916}}<ref name=RacialGerrymander>{{cite journal|last=Ebaugh|first=Nelson|title=Refining the Racial Gerrymandering Claim: Bush v. Vera|journal=Tulsa Law Journal|year=1997|volume=33|issue=2|url=http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2136&context=tlr|access-date=December 30, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|621}} If court conclude say racial considerations predominate, den de redistricting plan be consider "racially gerrymander" den must be subject to strict scrutiny, meaning say de redistricting plan go be uphold as constitutional only if e be narrowly tailor to advance compelling state interest. For ''Bush v. Vera'' (1996),<ref>''Bush v. Vera'', {{ussc|517|952|1996}}</ref>{{rp|983}} plurality of de Supreme Court assume say complying plus Section 2 or Section 5 constitute compelling interests, den lower courts don allow only dese two interests to justify racial gerrymandering.<ref name=democracy />{{rp|877}} ===Standing=== De standing requirements of de VRA be question for de 2023 case ''Arkansas State Conference NAACP v. Arkansas Board of Apportionment'', launch by de NAACP to challenge de redistricting maps on de basis dem dilute black votes. While chaw previous challenges to redistricting under de VRA don be bring by groups like de NAACP or voters within de state, de Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals hold, 2-1, for November 2023, say strict reading of de VRA no permit private rights of action, den only de United States Attorney General get standing to bring challenges. Such ruling, if uphold, get significant potential to upend chaw existing den current redistricting challenges under Section 2 of de VRA, according to legal scholars.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/federal-court-guts-voting-rights-act-denying-citizens-groups-right-sue-rcna126023 | title = Federal court threatens to deal a death blow to the Voting Rights Act | first = Jane | last = Timm | date = November 20, 2023 | accessdate = November 20, 2023 | work = NBC News }}</ref> ==Check am too== ===== Federal laws ===== * [[:en:National_Voter_Registration_Act_of_1993|National Voter Registration Act of 1993]] (NVRA) * [[:en:Help_America_Vote_Act|Help America Vote Act]] (HAVA) * [[:en:Uniformed_and_Overseas_Citizens_Absentee_Voting_Act|Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act]] (UOCAVA) * [[:en:Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964|Civil Rights Act of 1964]] ===== Attempted federal legislation ===== * [[:en:For_the_People_Act|For the People Act]] (2019 and 2021) * [[:en:John_Lewis_Voting_Rights_Act|John Lewis Voting Rights Act]] (2019 and 2021) ===== State laws ===== * [[:en:State_Voting_Rights_Act|State Voting Rights Act]] * [[:en:California_Voting_Rights_Act|California Voting Rights Act]] * [[:en:Voting_Rights_Act_of_Virginia|Voting Rights Act of Virginia]] * [[:en:John_R._Lewis_Voting_Rights_Act_of_New_York|John R. Lewis Voting Rights Act of New York]] ===== More ===== * [[:en:Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States|Voter suppression in the United States]] * [[:en:Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States|Women's suffrage in the United States]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q1608064|c=Category:Voting Rights Act of 1965|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Voting Rights Act of 1965|wikt=no|species=no}} * {{cite report|last=Garrett|first=R. Sam|date=April 25, 2023|title=The Voting Rights Act: Historical Development and Policy Background|publisher=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47520|access-date=January 19, 2024}} * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-350/uslm/COMPS-350.xml Voting Rights Act of 1965] as amended ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-350/pdf/COMPS-350.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-350/ details]) in the United States Government Publishing Office (GPO) [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection] * [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/89/public/110?link-type=pdf&.pdf Voting Rights Act of 1965] as enacted ([https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/89/public/110?link-type=details details]) in the US Statutes at Large * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190307042140/http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/PPL_VotingRightsAct_1965.pdf Text of original Act and 1970, 1975, and 1982 amendments] (PDF). Archived from [http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/PPL_VotingRightsAct_1965.pdf the original] on March 7, 2019. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180709140646/https://www.usccr.gov/pubs/060706VRAbrief524.pdf Voting Rights Enforcement and Reauthorization: An Examination of the Act's Section 5 Preclearance Provision], U.S. Commission on Civil Rights * [http://www.justicetalking.org/ShowPage.aspx?ShowID=518 Voting Rights Act: Past, Present, and Future] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081009175754/http://www.justicetalking.org/ShowPage.aspx?ShowID=518 Archived] October 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Justice Talking * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210622143641/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43626.pdf The Voting Rights Act of 1965: Background and Overview] (PDF), Congressional Research Service * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110407062458/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/133SEMO/133selma.htm ''"The Selma to Montgomery Voting Rights March: Shaking the Conscience of the Nation"''], a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places lesson plan * [https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps73399/index.htm Voting Rights Act: Evidence of Continued Need: Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, Second Session, March 8, 2006, Vol. 1] [https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps73402/index.htm Vol. 2] [https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps73403/indexlps73403.htm Vol. 3] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170709180934/https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps73404/indexlps73404.htm Vol. 4] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra The Great Society Congress] * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt9/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt9-2-2.pdf 111 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 111, Part 2 (May 25, 1965 to June 8, 1965)], ''Congressional Record'' Senate May 26 vote roll call p.&nbsp;11752 * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12-3-2.pdf 111 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 111, Part 12 (July 7, 1965 to July 16, 1965)], ''Congressional Record'' House July 9 vote roll call pp.&nbsp;16285–16286 * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-5-2.pdf 111 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 111, Part 14 (July 28, 1965 to August 9, 1965)], ''Congressional Record'' House August 3 conference report vote roll call p.&nbsp;19201 * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-6-1.pdf 111 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 111, Part 14 (July 28, 1965 to August 9, 1965)], ''Congressional Record'' Senate August 4 conference report vote roll call p.&nbsp;19378 {{Authority control}} [[Category:89th United States Congress]] [[Category:1965 insyd American politics]] [[Category:1965 insyd American law|Act]] [[Category:Events of de civil rights movement]] [[Category:Anti-discrimination law insyd de United States]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] [[Category:August 1965 insyd de United States]] [[Category:Electoral reform insyd de United States]] [[Category:History of voting rights insyd de United States]] [[Category:Liberalism insyd de United States]] [[Category:Mike Mansfield]] [[Category:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson]] [[Category:United States congressional districts]] [[Category:United States federal civil rights legislation]] [[Category:United States federal election legislation]] 7ru4x4o1fus8if999068seaoqln0uhq 0 17377 115419 70188 2026-10-30T04:09:01Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A''' refugee camp''' be a temporary settlement dem build make dem receive refugees den people insyd refugee-like situations. Refugee camps usually dey accommodate displaced people wey dem flee dema home country, buh dem sanso dey make camps give internally displaced people. Usually, refugees dey seek asylum after na dem escape war insyd dema home countries, buh sam camps sanso dey house environmental den economic migrants. Camps plus over a hundred thousand people be common, buh as of 2012, de average-sized camp house around 11,400.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/agency/dhs/fema/displace.pdf |title=UNHCR: "Displacement: The New 21st Century Challenge," |website= fas.org |date=2012 |page=35}}</ref> Dem be usually built den run by a government, de [[United Nations]], international organizations (such as de International Committee of the Red Cross), anaa non-governmental organization. Unofficial refugee camps, such as Idomeni insyd Greece anaa de Calais jungle insyd France, be wer na refugees be largely left widout de support of governments anaa international organizations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/ng-interactive/2015/aug/10/migrant-life-in-calais-jungle-refugee-camp-a-photo-essay|title=Migrant life in Calais' Jungle refugee camp – a photo essay|first=Sean|last=Smith|date=10 August 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> Refugee camps generally dey develop insyd an impromptu fashion plus de aim of meeting basic human needs for a short time per. Facilities wey dey make a camp look anaa feel more permanent often be prohibited by host country governments. If na dem prevent de return of refugees (often by civil war), a humanitarian crisis fi result anaa continue. According to UNHCR, chaw refugees worldwide no dey live insyd refugee camps. At de end of 2015, sam 67% of refugees around de world live insyd individual, private accommodations.<ref>{{cite web|title=UNHCR Global Trends 2015|url=https://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/576408cd7/unhcr-global-trends-2015.html|publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees}}</ref> Dis fi be partly explained by de high number of Syrian refugees wey dey rent apartments insyd urban agglomerations across de Middle East. Worldwide, na dem report slightly over a quarter (25.4%) of refugees dem dey live insyd managed camps. At de end of 2015, about 56% of de total refugee population insyd rural locations reside insyd a managed camp, compared to de 2% wey reside insyd individual accommodation. Insyd urban locations, de overwhelming majority (99%) of refugees live insyd individual accommodations, dem compare plus less dan 1% wey live insyd a managed camp. A small percentage of refugees sanso dey live insyd collective centres, transit camps, den self-settled camps.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Corsellis|first1=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_om-tlDdv8C|title=Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations|last2=Vitale|first2=Antonella|publisher=Oxfam|year=2005|isbn=9780855985349|via=Google Books}}</ref> Despite 74% of refugees dey insyd urban areas, de service delivery model of international humanitarian aid agencies remain focused on de establishment den operation of refugee camps.<ref name="Miliband">{{cite web|date=27 April 2016|title=From sector to system: reform and renewal in humanitarian aid|url=https://www.rescue.org/press-release/sector-system-reform-and-renewal-humanitarian-aid|website=International Rescue Committee (IRC)}}</ref> == Facilities == De average camp size wey UNHCR recommend for be {{convert|45|sqm|sqft}} per person of de accessible camp area.<ref name="emergency.unhcr.org">{{Cite web|title=UNHCR&#124; Emergency Handbook|url=https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/45582/camp-planning-standards-planned-settlements|website=emergency.unhcr.org}}</ref> Within dis area, dem usually dey find de following facilities:<ref name="MSF">{{Cite web|year=1997|title=Refugee Health: An approach to emergency situations|url=http://refbooks.msf.org/msf_docs/en/refugee_health/rh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127210625/http://refbooks.msf.org/msf_docs/en/refugee_health/rh.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2012|access-date=29 December 2022|website=Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International|publisher=Macmillan, Oxford|language=en}}</ref> * An administrative headquarters make e coordinate services fi be insyd anaa outsyd de actual camp. * Sleeping accommodations frequently be tents, prefabricated huts, anaa dwellings dem construct of locally available materials. UNHCR dey recommend a minimum of 3.5 m² of covered living area per person. Shelters for be at least 2&nbsp;m apart. * Gardens dem attach to de family plot: UNHCR dey recommend a plot size of 15&nbsp;m² per person. * Hygiene facilities, such as washing areas, latrines, anaa toilets: UNHCR dey recommend one shower per 50 persons den one communal latrine per 20 persons. Distance for de latter for be no more dan 50 meters from de shelter den no be closer dan 6&nbsp;m. Dem for separate hygiene facilities by gender. * Places for water collection: Either water tanks wer water be off-loaded from trucks (then filtered den potentially treated plus disinfectant chemicals such as chlorine), anaa water tap stands wey be connected to boreholes dem dey need. UNHCR dey recommend 20&nbsp; L of water per person den one tap stand per 80 persons wey for no be farther dan 200 m away from households. * Clinics, hospitals den immunization centres: UNHCR dey recommend one health centre per 20,000 persons den one referral hospital per 200,000 persons. * Food distribution den therapeutic feeding centres: UNHCR dey recommend one food distribution centre per 5,000 persons den one feeding centre per 20,000 persons. * Communication equipment (e.g. radio): Sam long-standing camps get dema own radio stations. * Security, wey dey include protection from banditry (e.g. barriers den security checkpoints) den peacekeeping troops make dem prevent armed violence: Police stations fi be outsyd de actual camp. * Schools den training centres: UNHCR dey recommend one school per 5,000 persons. [[File:Market_stalls.jpg|right|thumb|Market stalls at Nong Samet Refugee Camp insyd 1984: Na dem establish de market wey e be run by de refugees wey dem sell goods wey komot Thailand, as well as chow, supplies, den medicines wey be distributed by aid agencies.]] * Markets den shops: UNHCR dey recommend one marketplace per 20,000 persons.<ref name="emergency.unhcr.org" /> Schools den markets fi be prohibited by de host country ein government make e discourage refugees from settling permanently insyd camps. Chaw refugee camps sanso get: * Cemeteries anaa crematoria * Locations for solid waste disposal: Dem for provide one 100 L rubbish container per 50 persons den one refuses pit per 500 persons. * Reception anaa transit centre wer refugees initially arrive den register before dem be allowed into de camp: Reception centres fi be outsyd de camps den closer to de border of de country wer refugees enter. * Churches anaa oda religious centres anaa places of worship<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McAlister |first=Elizabeth |year=2013 |title=Humanitarian Adhocracy, Transnational New Apostolic Missions, and Evangelical Anti-Dependency in a Haitian Refugee Camp |url=https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/_flysystem/fedora/2023-03/28726-Original%20File.pdf |journal=Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=11–34 |doi=10.1525/nr.2013.16.4.11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410150856/https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/_flysystem/fedora/2023-03/28726-Original%20File.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-10 |access-date=2025-07-10}}</ref> To understand den monitor an emergency over a period of time, de development den organisation of de camps fi be tracked by satellite,<ref>{{cite web|title=Syrian refugee camps in Turkish territory|url=http://www.astrium-geo.com/en/4807-syrian-refugee-camps-in-turkish-territory-interactive-web-report|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120725/http://www.astrium-geo.com/en/4807-syrian-refugee-camps-in-turkish-territory-interactive-web-report|archive-date=6 October 2014|access-date=20 June 2013|work=astrium-geo.com}}</ref> den analyzed by GIS.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beaudou A., Cambrézy L., Zaiss R., "Geographical Information system, environment and camp planning in refugee hosting areas: Approach, methods and application in Uganda," Institute for Research in Development (IRD); November 2003.|url=http://www.cartographie.ird.fr/refugies/rapuga/1_intro.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317190015/http://www.cartographie.ird.fr/refugies/rapuga/1_intro.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2023|access-date=28 April 2023|website=www.cartographie.ird.fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alain Beaudou, Luc Cambrézy, Marc Souris, "Environment, cartography, demography and geographical information system in the refugee camps Dadaab, Kakuma – Kenya," October 1999 UNHCR – IRD (ORSTOM).|url=http://www.cartographie.ird.fr/publi/Refugies/Final_report.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623172310/http://www.cartographie.ird.fr/publi/Refugies/Final_report.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2023|access-date=10 November 2014|website=www.cartographie.ird.fr}}</ref> ==Food rations== De World Food Programme (WFP) dey provide food rations twice a month: 2,100 calories/person/day. Ideally, e for be: * {{convert|9|oz|g|abbr=on}} whole grain (maize anaa sorghum) * {{convert|7|oz|g|abbr=on}} milled grain (wheat flour) * 1.5 tablespoons vegetable oil * 1 teaspoon salt * 3 tablespoons pulses (beans anaa lentils) Diet be insensitive to cultural differences den household needs. WFP be frequently unable make e provide all of dese staples, thus dem dey distribute calories thru whatever commodity be available, e.g. maize flour per. Up to 90% of de refugees sell part anaa chaw of dema chow ration make dem get cash. Loss of de ration card dey mean no entitlement to food. Insyd 2015, na de WFP introduce electronic vouchers. ==Refugee camps by country den population== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center" |+ style="text-align: left;" | Populations of concern to UNHCR insyd refugee camps between 2006 den 2014 |- ! scope="col" style="width: 90px;"| Country ! scope="col" style="width: 90px;"| Camp ! scope="col" style="width: 90px;" | 2006<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2006/annextables.zip |title=The UN Refugee Agency 2006 |website=www.unhcr.org |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303123947/https://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2006/annextables.zip |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 90px;" | 2007<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2007/annextables.zip |title=The UN Refugee Agency 2007 |website=www.unhcr.org |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225233002/https://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2007/annextables.zip |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 90px;" | 2008<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2008/08-TPOC-TB_v5_external_PW.zip |title=The UN Refugee Agency 2008 |website=www.unhcr.org |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224152802/https://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2008/08-TPOC-TB_v5_external_PW.zip |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 90px;" | 2009<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2009/2009-Statistical-Yearbook-Annex-Tables.zip |title=The UN Refugee Agency 2009 |website=www.unhcr.org |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224164957/https://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2009/2009-Statistical-Yearbook-Annex-Tables.zip |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 90px;" | 2010<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2010/2011-SYB10-annex-tables.zip |title=The UN Refugee Agency 2010 |website=www.unhcr.org |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227032051/https://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2010/2011-SYB10-annex-tables.zip |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 90px;" | 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2011/2011_Statistical_Yearbook_annex_tables_v1.zip |title=The UN Refugee Agency 2011 |website=www.unhcr.org |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225133154/https://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2011/2011_Statistical_Yearbook_annex_tables_v1.zip |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 90px;" | 2012<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2012/2012_Statistical_Yearbook_annex_tables_v1.zip |title=The UN Refugee Agency 2012 |website=www.unhcr.org |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225064303/https://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2012/2012_Statistical_Yearbook_annex_tables_v1.zip |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 90px;" | 2013<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2013/annex_tables.zip |title=The UN Refugee Agency 2013 |website=www.unhcr.org |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225042226/https://www.unhcr.org/static/statistical_yearbook/2013/annex_tables.zip |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 90px;"| 2014<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/statisticalyearbook/2014-annex-tables.zip |title=The UN Refugee Agency 2014 |website=www.unhcr.org |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710205726/http://www.unhcr.org/statisticalyearbook/2014-annex-tables.zip |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | Chad || Am Nabak || 16,504 || 16,701 || 16,696 || 17,402 || 18,087 || 20,395 || 23,611 || 24,513 || 25,553 |- | Chad || Amboko || 12,062 || 12,002 || 12,057 || 11,671 || 11,111 || 11,627 || 11,297 || 10,719 || 11,819 |- | Kenya || Dagahaley, Dadaab|| 39,526 || 39,626 || 65,581 || 93,179 || 93,470 || 122,214 || 121,127 || 104,565 || 88,486 |- | Chad || Djabal || 15,162 || 15,602 || 17,153 || 15,693 || 17,200 || 18,083 || 18,890 || 19,635 || 20,809 |- | Yemen || Al Kharaz || 9,298 || 9,491 || 11,394 || 16,466 || 14,100 || 16,904 || 19,047 || 16,816 || 16,500 |- | Chad || Breidjing || 28,932 || 30,077 || 32,669 || 32,559 || 34,465 || 35,938 || 37,494 || 39,797 || 41,146 |- | Malawi || Dzaleka || 4,950 || 8,690 || 9,425 || 10,275 || 12,819 || 16,853 || 16,664 || 16,935 || 5,874 |- | Chad || Farchana || 18,947 || 19,815 || 21,183 || 20,915 || 21,983 || 23,323 || 24,419 || 26,292 || 27,548 |- | Kenya || Hagadera, Dadaab|| 59,185 || 70,412 || 90,403 || 83,518 || 101,506 || 137,528 || 139,483 || 114,729 || 106,968 |- | Sudan || Girba || 8,996 || 9,081 || 5,120 || 5,645 || 5,592 || 5,570 || 6,252 || 6,295 || 6,306 |- | Chad || Gondje || 12,624 || 12,664 || 12,700 || 11,184 || 9,586 || 10,006 || 11,717 || 11,349 || 12,138 |- | Kenya || Ifo, Dadaab|| 54,157 || 61,832 || 79,469 || 79,424 || 97,610 || 118,972 || 98,294 || 99,761 || 83,750 |- | Chad || Iridimi || 17,380 || 18,269 || 19,531 || 18,154 || 18,859 || 21,329 || 21,083 || 21,976 || 22,908 |- | Kenya || Kakuma|| 90,457 || 62,497 || 53,068 || 64,791 || 69,822 || 85,862 || 107,205 || 128,540 || 153,959 |- | Sudan || Kilo 26 || 11,423 || 12,690 || 7,133 || 7,610 || 7,608 || 7,634 || 8,310 || 8,303 || 8,391 |- | Chad || Kounoungou || 13,315 || 13,500 || 18,514 || 16,237 || 16,927 || 18,251 || 19,143 || 20,876 || 21,960 |- | Bangladesh ||Kutapalong || 10,144 || 10,708 || 11,047 || 11,251 || 11,469 || 11,706 || 12,404 || 12,626 || 13,176 |- | Thailand || Mae La || 46,148 || 38,130 || 32,862 || 30,073 || 29,188 || 27,629 || 26,690 || 25,156 || 46,978 |- | Thailand || Mae La Oon || 14,366 || 13,450 || 13,478 || 13,811 || 11,991 || 10,204 || 9,611 || 8,675 || 12,245 |- | Thailand || Mae Ra Ma Luang || 12,840 || 11,578 || 11,304 || 13,571 || 11,749 || 10,269 || 9,414 || 8,421 || 13,825 |- | Chad || Mile || 15,557 || 16,202 || 17,476 || 14,221 || 17,382 || 18,853 || 19,823 || 20,818 || 21,723 |- | Bangladesh || Nayapara || 16,010 || 16,679 || 17,076 || 17,091 || 17,547 || 17,729 || 18,066 || 18,288 || 19,179 |- | Thailand || Nu Po || 13,131 || 13,377 || 11,113 || 9,800 || 9,262 || 15,982 || 15,715 || 7,927 || 13,372 |- | Tanzania || Nyarugusu || 52,713 || 50,841 || 49,628 || 62,184 || 62,726 || 63,551 || 68,132 || 68,888 || 57,267 |- | Chad || Oure Cassoni || 26,786 || 28,035 || 28,430 || 31,189 || 32,206 || 36,168 || 33,267 || 35,415 || 36,466 |- | Ethiopia || Shimelba || 13,043 || 16,057 || 10,648 || 10,135 || 9,187 || 8,295 || 6,033 || 5,885 || 6,106 |- | India || Tamil Nadu || 69,609|| 72,934 || 73,286 || 72,883 || 69,998 || 68,152 || 67,165 || 65,674 || 65,057 |- | Chad || Touloum || 22,358 || 23,131 || 24,935 || 26,532 || 24,500 || 27,588 || 27,940 || 28,501 || 29,683 |- | Chad || Treguine || 14,921 || 15,718 || 17,260 || 17,000 || 17,820 || 19,099 || 19,957 || 20,990 || 21,801 |- | Sudan || Um Gargur || 9,845 || 10,104 || 8,180 || 8,715 || 8,641 || 8,550 || 8,947 || 10,172 || 10,269 |- | Thailand || Um Pium || 19,464 || 19,397 || 14,051 || 12,494 || 11,742 || 11,017 || 10,581 || 9,816 || 16,109 |- | Sudan || Wad Sherife || 33,371 || 36,429 || 13,636 || 15,626 || 15,819 || 15,481 || 15,472 || 15,318 || 15,357 |- | Ethiopia || Fugnido || 27,175 || 18,726 || – || 20,202 || 21,770 || 22,692 || 34,247 || 42,044 || 53,218 |- | Chad || Gaga || 12,402 || 17,708 || 20,677 || 19,043 || 19,888 || 21,474 || 22,266 || 23,236 || 24,591 |- | Pakistan || Gamkol || – || 37,462 || 33,499 || 33,033 || 35,169 || 32,830 || 31,701 || 31,326 || 30,241 |- | Pakistan || Gandaf || – || 13,609 || 12,659 || 12,497 || 12,731 || 13,346 || 12,632 || 12,508 || 12,068 |- | South Sudan || Gendressa || – || – || – || – || – || – || 14,758 || 17,289 || 17,975 |- | Rwanda || Gihembe || 17,732 || 18,081 || 19,027 || 19,407 || 19,853 || 19,827 || 14,006 || – || 14,735 |- | Liberia || Bahn || – || – || – || – || – || 5,021 || 8,851 || 8,412 || 5,257 |- | Ethiopia || Bambasi || – || – || – || – || – || – || 12,199 || 13,354 || 14,279 |- | Pakistan || Barakai || – || 30,266 || 28,851 || 28,597 || 32,077 || 28,093 || 26,739 || 25,909 || 24,786 |- | Ethiopia || Tongo || – || – || – || – || – || 9,605 || 9,518 || 10,399 || 11,075 |- | Chad || Yaroungou || 15,260 || 13,352 || 16,573 || 11,925 || 10,544 || 10,916 || 11,594 || – || – |- | South Sudan || Yusuf Batil || – || – || – || – || – || – || 36,754 || 39,033 || 40,240 |- | Jordan || Zaatari || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 145,209 || 84,773 |- | Pakistan || Thall || – || 17,266 || 15,602 || 15,269 || 15,419 || 13,468 || 12,976 || 12,847 || 12,247 |- | Thailand || Tham Hin || 7,767 || 6,007 || 5,078 || – || 4,282 || 7,150 || 7,242 || – || 7,406 |- | Nepal || Timai || 10,413 || 10,421 || 9,935 || 8,553 || 7,058 || – || – || – || – |- | Pakistan || Timer || – || 13,919 || 12,080 || 11,839 || 11,764 || 11,161 || 8,665 || 8,603 || 8,690 |- | Algeria || [[Sahrawi refugee camps|Tindouf]] || 90,000 || 90,000 || 90,000 || 90,000 || 90,000 || 90,000 || 90,000 || 90,000 || 90,000 |- | Pakistan || Old Akora || – || 41,647 || 37,757 || 37,019 || 42,872 || 37,736 || 36,693 || 36,384 || 34,789 |- | Pakistan || Old Shamshatoo || – || 66,556 || 58,773 || 58,804 || 61,205 || 54,502 || 53,573 || 52,835 || 48,268 |- | Namibia || Osire || 6,486 || 7,730 || 8,122 || 8,506 || – || – || – || – || – |- | Uganda || Pader || – || – || 196,000 || 90,000 || 38,550 || 6,677 || – || – || – |- | Pakistan || Padhana || – || 10,564 || 10,403 || 10,380 || 11,393 || 10,075 || 9,892 || 9,775 || 9,362 |- | Pakistan || Panian || – || 65,033 || 62,293 || 61,822 || 67,332 || 58,819 || 56,820 || 56,295 || 53,816 |- | Pakistan || Pir Alizai || – || 16,563 || 14,710 || 13,802 || 15,157 || 10,243 || 9,771 || 9,204 || 7,681 |- | Nepal || Sanischare || 21,285 || 21,386 || 20,128 || 16,745 || 13,649 || 10,173 || 9,212 || 6,599 || – |- | Pakistan || Saranan || – || 24,625 || 24,272 || 24,119 || 26,786 || 21,927 || 21,218 || 20,744 || 18,248 |- | Sudan || Shagarab || 21,999 || 22,706 || 14,990 || 16,562 || 24,104 || 27,809 || 37,428 || 34,147 || 34,039 |- | Ethiopia || Sheder || – || – || 6,567 || 7,964 || 10,458 || 11,326 || 11,882 || 11,248 || 12,263 |- | Ethiopia || Sherkole || 13,958 || 8,989 || – || – || – || 8,962 || 7,527 || 9,737 || 10,171 |- | Pakistan || Surkhab || – || 12,225 || 11,877 || 11,789 || 12,304 || 7,422 || 7,214 || 7,012 || 5,764 |- | Burkina Faso || Mentao || – || – || – || – || – || – || 6,905 || 11,907 || 10,953 |- | Tanzania || Mtabila || – || 90,680 || 45,247 || 36,009 || 36,789 || 37,554 || – || – || – |- | Pakistan || Munda || – || 13,274 || 11,386 || 11,225 || 12,728 || 10,341 || 10,100 || 9,941 || 9,388 |- | Burundi || Musasa || – || 6,764 || 5,984 || 6,572 || 6,153 || 6,330 || 6,500 || 6,829 || 7,001 |- | Zambia || Mwange || 21,179 || 17,911 || 14,429 || 5,820 || – || – || – || – || – |- | Uganda || Nakivale|| 25,692 || 33,176 || 42,113 || 52,249 || – || – || 64,373 || – || 66,691 |- | Pakistan || New Durrani || – || – || – || – || 10,458 || 14,397 || 12,438 || 14,978 || – |- | Pakistan || Oblan || – || 11,564 || 9,624 || 9,560 || 10,065 || 9,474 || 9,331 || 9,294 || 9,015 |- | Liberia || PTP || – || – || – || – || – || – || 9,353 || 12,734 || 15,300 |- | Uganda || Rhino Camp|| 18,493 || 14,328 || 5,582 || – || – || – || 4,266 || – || 18,762 |- | Uganda || Rwamwanja|| – || – || – || – || – || – || 29,797 || – || 52,489 |- | Liberia || Little Wlebbo || – || – || – || – || – || – || 8,399 || 10,009 || 8,481 |- | Tanzania || Lugufu || 75,254 || 45,308 || 28,995 || – || – || – || – || – || – |- | Tanzania || Lukole || 39,685 || 25,490 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – |- | Thailand || Mai Nai Soi || – || 19,103 || 19,311 || – || 12,252 || 12,244 || 11,730 || 9,725 || 12,414 |- | Ethiopia || Mai Ayni || – || – || – || 15,762 || 12,255 || 14,432 || 15,715 || 18,207 || 17,808 |- | Iraq || Makhmour || 11,900 || 10,728 || 10,912 || – || 11,101 || 10,240 || 10,552 || 10,534 || – |- | Mozambique || Maratane || 5,019 || – || – || – || 6,646 || 9,576 || 7,398 || 7,707 || – |- | Uganda || Masindi || – || – || 55,000 || 55,000 || 20,000 || 6,500 || – || – || – |- | Zambia || Mayukwayukwa || 10,636 || 10,660 || 10,474 || 10,184 || – || – || 10,117 || 11,366 || – |- | Mauritania || M'bera || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 66,392 || 48,910 |- | Zambia || Meheba || 13,732 || 13,892 || 15,763 || 14,970 || – || – || 17,708 || 17,806 || 8,410 |- | Ethiopia || Melkadida || – || – || – || – || 25,491 || 40,696 || 42,365 || 43,480 || 44,645 |- | Chad || Abgadam || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 21,914 || 21,571 |- | Ethiopia || Adi Harush || – || – || – || – || 6,923 || 15,982 || 23,562 || 25,801 || 34,090 |- | Uganda || Adjumani || 54,051 || 52,784 || 21,714 || 28,000 || 7,365 || – || 9,279 || 11,986 || 96,926 |- | South Sudan || Ajuong Thok || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 6,691 || 15,015 |- | Djibouti || Ali Adde || 6,739 || 6,376 || 8,924 || – || 14,333 || 19,500 || 17,354 || 17,523 || 18,208 |- | Uganda || Amuru || – || – || 234,000 || 98,000 || 35,475 || 6,779 || – || – || – |- | Ethiopia || Awbarre / Teferiber || – || 8,581 || 11,045 || 12,293 || 13,120 || 13,426 || 13,331 || 13,752 || 12,965 |- | Pakistan || Azakhel || –|| 25,649 || 24,258 || 23,963 || 26,342 || 21,398 || 21,231 || 21,132 || 20,191 |- | Jordan || Azraq || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 11,315 |- | Pakistan || Badaber || – || 36,614 || 30,327 || 30,107 || 31,345 || 28,729 || 26,227 || 25,589 || 23,918 |- | Nepal || Beldangi 1 & 2 || 52,997 || 52,967 || 50,350 || 42,122 || 36,761 || 33,855 || 31,976 || 24,377 || 18,379 |- | Chad || Belome || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 23,949 || 26,521 |- | Ethiopia || Bokolmanyo || – || – || – || 21,707 || 14,988 || 38,501 || 40,423 || 41,670 || 41,665 |- | Ghana || Buduburam || 36,159 || 26,179 || 14,992 || 11,334 || – || – || – || – || – |- | Ethiopia || Buramino || – || – || – || – || – || – || 35,207 || 40,114 || 39,471 |- | Burundi || Bwagiriza || || || || 2,896 || 4,526 || 6,159 || 10,105 || 9,289 || 9,480 |- | Niger || Abala || – || – || – || – || – || – || 11,126 || 12,216 || 12,938 |- | Pakistan || Chakdara || – || 17,420 || 16,427 || 16,069 || 18,752 || 13,354 || 11,242 || 11,184 || 10,704 |- | Kenya || Ifo 2, Dadaab|| – || – || – || – || – || 64,945 || 69,269 || 65,693 || 52,310 |- | Kenya || Kambioos, Dadaab|| – || – || – || – || – || 10,833 || 18,126 || 20,435 || 21,035 |- | Chad || Dogdore || – || – || – || – || 19,500 || 19,500 || 19,500 || – || – |- | South Sudan || Doro || – || – || – || – || – || 28,709 || – || 47,422 || 50,087 |- | Chad || Dosseye || 2,277 || 6,158 || 8,556 || 9,607 || 9,433 || 9,724 || 9,922 || 15,766 || 21,522 |- | Pakistan || Girdi Jungle || – || 29,783 || 29,717 || 29,716 || 31,642 || 22,740 || 22,340 || 22,065 || 17,376 |- | Nepal || Goldhap || 9,602 || 9,694 || 8,315 || 6,356 || 4,764 || – || – || – || – |- | Burkina Faso || Goudebo || – || – || – || – || – || – || 4,943 || 9,287 || 9,403 |- | Chad || Goz Amer || 19,261 || 20,097 || 21,640 || 21,449 || 24,608 || 25,841 || 27,091 || 30,105 || 31,477 |- | Chad || Goz Beïda || – || – || – || – || 73,000 || 73,000 || 60,500 || – || – |- | Uganda || Gulu || – || – || 156,000 || 44,000 || 9,043 || – || – || – || – |- | Yemen || Al-Mazrak || – || – || – || – || – || 12,075 || 12,308 || 12,416 || – |- | Ethiopia || Hilaweyn || – || – || – || – || – || 25,747 || 30,960 || 37,305 || 38,890 |- | Ethiopia || Hitsats || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 10,226 || 33,235 |- | Uganda || Impevi || 23,331 || 22,061 || 7,453 || – || – || – || – || – || – |- | Niger || Intikane || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 11,221 || 12,738 |- | Sri Lanka || Jaffna || – || 10,522 || – || – || 9,108 || 6,436 || – || – || – |- | Pakistan || Jalala || – ||16,160 || 14,115 || 13,854 || 16,094 || 14,042 || 13,421 || 13,278 || 12,968 |- | Ethiopia || Kobe || – || – || – || – || – || 26,033 || 31,656 || 36,488 || 39,214 |- | Pakistan || Koga || – || 10,766 || 10,458 || 9,264 || 9,183 || 9,216 || 8,893 || 8,738 || 8,404 |- | Pakistan || Kot Chandna || – || 15,130 || 15,037 || 15,012 || 17,787 || 15,100 || 14,889 || 14,664 || 13,796 |- | Ethiopia || Kule || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 46,314 |- | Pakistan || Jalozai || – || 83,616 || 32,155 || 30,955 || 100,748 || 32,499 || 57,771 || 22,076 || – |- | Pakistan || Kababian || – || 14,729 || 11,291 || 12,335 || 13,214 || 12,504 || 12,167 || 11,664 || 11,044 |- | Pakistan || Kacha Gari || – || 26,721 || 24,554 || 28,365 || – || – || – || – || – |- | Zambia || Kala || 19,143 || 16,877 || 12,768 || – || – || – || – || – || – |- | South Sudan || Kaya || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 18,788 || 21,918 |- | Uganda || Kyaka II|| 16,410 || 18,229 || 14,750 || 17,442 || – || – || 18,055 || – || 22,616 |- | Ethiopia || Kebribeyah || 16,399 || 16,879 || 16,132 || 16,496 || 16,601 || 16,408 || 16,009 || 15,788 || – |- | Iran || Rafsanjan || 12,715 || – || – || 6,630 || 6,852 || – || – || – || – |- | Pakistan || Khaki || – || 16,267 || 16,010 || 15,933 || 16,221 || 15,768 || 14,939 || 14,698 || 14,101 |- | Nepal || Khudunabari || 13,506 || 13,226 || 13,254 || 12,054 || 11,067 || 9,032 || – || – || – |- | Burundi || Kinama || – || – || 8,447 || 9,369 || || || 9,480 || 9,759 || 9,796 |- | Uganda || Kitgum || – || – || 164,000 || 122,000 || 12,290 || 7,070 || – || – || – |- | Rwanda || Kiziba || 17,978 || 18,130 || 18,323 || 18,693 || 18,888 || 18,919 || 15,927 || – || – |- | Pakistan || Khairābād-Kund || – || 14,674 || 11,686 || 11,669 || 11,839 || 12,921 || 12,961 || – || – |- | Uganda || Kyangwali || 19,132 || 20,109 || 13,434 || 20,606 || – || – || 21,280 || – || 40,023 |- | Guinea || Laine || 11,406 || 5,185 || – || – || 4,187 || – || – || – || – |- | Ethiopia || Leitchour || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 47,711 |- | Botswana || Dukwe|| – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – |2,833<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/524d806c9.html|title=Botswana Fact Sheet|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> |- |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110501192017/http://www.mitchellsipus.com/2010/11/now-online-assessment-of-sphere.html An Assessment of Sphere Humanitarian Standards for Shelter and Settlement Planning in Kenya's Dadaab Refugee Camps] *[https://cms.emergency.unhcr.org/documents/11982/47942/Norwegian+Refugee+Council,+The+Camp+Management+Toolkit/a718d47b-5906-4adb-9735-dc8009e9b2a0 Camp Management Toolkit] published by Norwegian Refugee Council *[http://sheltercentre.org/consensus/#humanitarian-library Humanitarian Library] Resource for organisations responding to the transitional settlement and shelter needs of displaced populations *[https://www.refugeecamp.ca/ Refugee Camp in the Heart of the City. An awareness-raising touring event organized by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)] *[http://www.websitesrcg.com/border/border-camps.html Thai-Cambodian Border Camps] * [http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Category:Refugee_Camps The open source and open hardware OLPC One School Per Child Initiative link Refugee Camps] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070814193807/http://www.refugees.org/article.aspx?id=1109&rid=1179 U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants' Campaign to End Refugee Warehousing] in refugee camps around the world, people are confined to their settlement and denied their basic rights. *[http://data.unhcr.org/ UNHCR – The UN Refugee Agency – Data Sharing Tool – Interactive map and passport of every refugee camp, data sharing tool updated by every organisation in the camp] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Refugee camps| ]] [[Category:Temporary populated places]] [[Category:Displaced persons camps insyd de aftermath of World War II]] ifcsimptqsv50z2l0odeswkhkwephtv 0 20672 115384 112733 2026-10-29T20:15:54Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asisat Lamina Oshoala''' OON (born 9 October 1994) be a Nigerian professional footballer wey dey play as a striker give Saudi Women's Premier League club Al Hilal den de Nigeria national team. She be widely regarded as one of de best female players insyd women's football of ein generation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sulola|first=Remi|date=2024-07-06|title=INTERVIEW: Falcons good enough to overcome tough Olympic group, says Oshoala|url=https://www.thecable.ng/interview-falcons-good-enough-to-overcome-tough-olympic-group-says-oshoala/|access-date=2024-07-12|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nlebem|first=Anthony|date=2024-02-03|title=From Barcelona Femeni to Bay FC: The story of Asisat Oshoala|url=https://businessday.ng/bd-weekender/article/from-barcelona-femeni-to-bay-fc-the-trajectory-story-of-asisat-oshoala/|access-date=2024-07-12|website=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> She be one of de most celebrated African female footballers of all time, wey she win African Women's Footballer of de Year a record six times.<ref name="TheAthletic">{{Cite web|last=Abayomi|first=Anita|date=19 July 2021|title=Asisat Oshoala: As long as Education is Important Sport is Also Important|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/2717486/2021/07/19/asisat-oshoala-as-much-as-education-is-important-sport-is-also-important/|access-date=21 July 2021|website=theathletic.com|publisher=The Athletic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Klosok|first=Aleks|date=5 October 2021|title=Asisat Oshoala: How a grandmother's belief gave birth to an African soccer superstar|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/05/football/asisat-oshoala-football-barcelona-nigeria-womens-champions-league-cmd-spt-intl/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005095429/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/05/football/asisat-oshoala-football-barcelona-nigeria-womens-champions-league-cmd-spt-intl/index.html|archive-date=5 October 2021|access-date=2021-11-06|website=CNN}}</ref> Oshoala previously play give English clubs Arsenal den Liverpool, Chinese club Dalian, den Nigerian clubs Rivers Angels den FC Robo. She win de 2015 FA Women's Cup plus Arsenal; two league championships den a cup title plus Dalian; den de 2019–20 Copa de la Reina den 2019–20 Supercopa de España Femenina plus Barcelona. Insyd 2019, she cam be de first African player to score a goal insyd a UEFA Women's Champions League final. On 16 May 2021, Oshoala cam be de first African woman to win de UEFA Champions League, after Barcelona defeat Chelsea 4–0 insyd de finals.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Oludare|first=Shina|date=16 May 2021|title=Women's Champions League: Barcelona's Oshoala makes history in Chelsea decimation {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-bh/news/womens-champions-league-barcelonas-oshoala-makes-history-in/o7kshszab8ti196cf4jo4z5kw|access-date=16 May 2021|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> De season wey dey follow, she cam be de first African woman to win de Primera División ein Pichichi Trophy, den insyd August 2022 she cam be de first African woman dem nominate to de Ballon d'Or Féminin. Insyd 2024, she cam be de first African player to win de UEFA Champions League three times. Na Oshoala be de highest goal scorer at de 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup wey na dem name am de best player at de tournament. Na dem sanso name am de best player den second highest goal scorer plus de Super Falcons team wey win de 2014 African Women's Championship. Insyd September 2014, na dem make Oshoala a Member of de Order of the Niger by Presido of Nigeria [[Goodluck Jonathan]]. Insyd 2021, na dem name am insyd de Forbes 30 Under 30.<ref name="forbes302">{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Tommy|title=Meet 30 Inspirational Women This Women's History Month|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommywilliams1/2021/03/08/meet-30-inspirational-women-this-womens-history-month/?sh=7b3407105208|url-status=live|access-date=8 April 2021|work=Forbes Magazine}}</ref> Dem popularly call am “Àgba Baller”, wich dey mean insyd ein local parlance, “Legendary Footballer”. Insyd July 2023, after ein group stage heroics against Australia insyd de 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, Oshoala see a massive increase insyd ein Instagram followership wich make am cam be de first African female footballer wey get a million followers on de social media platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ben|first=David|date=2023-07-29|title=Asisat Oshoala: Super Falcons star sets new record as first African female footballer to reach 1M followers on Instagram|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/sports-gist/story/asisat-oshoala-super-falcons-star-1m-followers-instagram-2023072916152070894|access-date=2023-07-31|website=Pulse Sports NG|language=en-US}}</ref> == Club career == === Liverpool: 2015–2016 === On 23 January 2015, Oshoala join Liverpool insyd England ein Women's Super League. De club ein manager, Matt Beard, call am "one of de best young players insyd de world".<ref>{{cite news|title=Asisat Oshoala: Liverpool Ladies sign Nigerian prospect|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30948874|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> Although na rumours link am plus oda clubs, na she be very happy to join Liverpool.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kessel|first1=Anna|title=Happiness lies with Liverpool for Nigerian superstar Asisat Oshoala|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/mar/21/asisat-oshoala-liverpool-ladies-nigeria-wsl-africa|access-date=10 June 2015|work=The Guardian|date=21 March 2015}}</ref> Na she be de first player from an African nation to compete insyd de top women's league insyd England.<ref name="bbc_liverpool_bcfc_0104152">{{cite news|title=Liverpool Women 2 Birmingham City Women|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/32046106|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> Despite she miss two months of de 2015 season plus a knee injury,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Oshoala ruled out for eight weeks due to knee injury|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/12072/nigeria-women/2015/07/25/13869262/oshoala-ruled-out-for-eight-weeks-due-to-knee-injury|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> Oshoala score three goals insyd de nine games insyd wich she play as defending champions Liverpool fini insyd seventh place.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Currie|first1=Jo|title=Liverpool Ladies: Injuries 'impacted' on season, says Beard|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34505746|access-date=19 December 2015|publisher=BBC Sport|date=13 October 2015}}</ref> Na ein first goal of de season be de game-opener of a 2–1 win against Birmingham City on April 1.<ref name="soccerway2">{{cite web|title=Asisat Oshoala|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/players/asisat-oshoala/260424/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> During de club ein 2–1 win over Manchester City, she score de game-opening goal insyd de tenth minute.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Currie|first=Jo|date=26 April 2015|title=Liverpool Ladies beat Man City Women 2–1 in Super League One|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/32370934|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> She score de club ein third goal of a 3–1 win against Arsenal on 12 July.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2015|title=Fara Williams Sparks Liverpool Triumph with goal at Arsenal|url=https://www.thefa.com/news/2015/jul/12/arsenal-1-3-liverpool-120715|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2015|title=Arsenal vs. Liverpool 1 – 3|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/matches/2015/07/12/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/liverpool-lfc/1999870/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> Insyd January 2016, na Liverpool report say a transfer bid from Arsenal activate de release clause insyd Oshoala ein contract den dat she dey discuss personal terms plus de London club.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigerian striker Oshoala to hold talks with Arsenal|url=http://ladies.liverpoolfc.com/news/nigerian_striker_oshoala_to_hold_talks_with_arsenal.html|access-date=26 January 2016|publisher=Liverpool F.C. Women|date=26 January 2016|archive-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703080728/http://ladies.liverpoolfc.com/news/nigerian_striker_oshoala_to_hold_talks_with_arsenal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Ladies Accept Arsenal's Bid For Asisat Oshoala {{!}} Wolexis Sports Blog|url=http://www.wolexis.com/2016/01/latest-liverpool-accept-arsenals-bid.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130040359/http://www.wolexis.com/2016/01/latest-liverpool-accept-arsenals-bid.html|archive-date=30 January 2016|access-date=27 January 2016|website=www.wolexis.com}}</ref> === Arsenal: 2016–2017 === Insyd March 2016, Oshoala sign plus Arsenal.<ref name="bbc_arsenal_signing">{{Cite web|date=18 March 2016|title=Asisat Oshoala: Arsenal Ladies sign Nigeria striker from Liverpool Ladies|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35841988|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Na Arsenal manager, Pedro Losa say of ein signing, "Asisat be a fantastic talent wey she go be a great addition to wona squad. She be quick, plus excellent feet wey na she prove she fi score goals so e be very positive she decide to join we."<ref name="bbc_arsenal_signing" /> Oshoala help Arsenal win de 2016 FA Women's Cup Final on 14 May.<ref name="fa_2016_fawomenscup">{{Cite web|date=14 May 2016|title=Carter's Stunner Earns Arsenal Their 14th Women's FA Cup|url=https://www.thefa.com/news/2016/may/14/the-final-arsenal-chelsea-wembley-stadium-report|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=England Football Association}}</ref> Na de win mark de club ein 14th title.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 May 2016|title=Arsenal 1–0 Chelsea: Women's FA Cup final – as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2016/may/14/arsenal-v-chelsea-womens-fa-cup-final-live|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Oshoala make 13 appearances for de club during de 2016 season wey na she score two goals.<ref name="soccerway2" /> She score de game-winning goal insyd de 2–0 win against Notts County on 28 August.<ref>{{cite news|title=Notts County Ladies 0 Arsenal Women|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/37146951|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> Arsenal fini insyd third place plus a 16–4–2 record.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2016 FA WSL|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/national/england/wsl/2016/regular-season/r34382/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> === Dalian Quanjian: 2017–2019 === On 10 February 2017, Oshoala sign plus Chinese club Dalian (大连女子足球俱乐部).<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2017|script-title=zh:权健女足引进强力外援 二人均来自欧洲联赛|url=http://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404073755101021908|access-date=11 February 2017|website=sina weibo|publisher=Dalian Quanjian Official Weibo|language=zh}}</ref> During de 2017 season, she score 12 goals wey help Dalian Quanjian win de league championship. Na dem award am de league ein Golden Boot award for most goals scored.<ref name="2017 Dalian">{{Cite web|date=1 May 2018|title=金靴+双冠王，大连权健女足外援奥绍拉获非洲足球小姐|url=https://news.zhibo8.cc/zuqiu/2018-01-05/5a4ef319503c3.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422185927/https://news.zhibo8.cc/zuqiu/2018-01-05/5a4ef319503c3.htm|archive-date=22 April 2021|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Zhibo8}}</ref> De same year, she score four goals during de 2017 Women's Super Cup wey help de club defeat Shanghai 5–3 to win de championship.<ref name="2017 Dalian" /> Insyd October 2018, she help de club win de league championship for de second consecutive year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2018|title=Asisat Oshoala wins 2nd league title in China with Dalian Quanjian|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/asisat-oshoala-wins-2nd-league-title-in-china-with-dalian-quanjian/wjmjs4j|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Pulse.ng}}</ref> === FC Barcelona: 2019–2024 === On 31 January 2019, Spanish club FC Barcelona Femení sign Oshoala on a loan deal til de end of de season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 January 2019|title=Asisat Oshoala joins Barcelona from Dalian Quanjian|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/01/asisat-oshoala-joins-barcelona-from-dalian-quanjian/|website=Vanguard News}}</ref> On May 31, 2019, Barcelona announce ein full transfer to de club den extension til 2022.<ref name="barca_signing_2019">{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=31 May 2019|title=Barcelona complete permanent signing of Nigerian star Asisat Oshoala|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/barcelona-complete-permanent-asisat-oshoala-signing/kvpx154s2s7814wztgecsbgk9|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> She score seven goals insyd ein seven appearances give de club during de 2018–19 season.<ref name="soccerway2" /> Na Barcelona fini insyd second place during de regular season plus a 25–2–3 record.<ref name="2018_19_primera_division">{{Cite web|title=2018/2019 Primera División Femenin|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/national/spain/superliga/20182019/regular-season/r49029/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> [[File:2019-05-18_Fußball,_Frauen,_UEFA_Women's_Champions_League,_Olympique_Lyonnais_-_FC_Barcelona_StP_1173_LR10_by_Stepro.jpg|alt=Asisat Oshoala dey dribble de ball during de 2019 UEFA Women's Champions League Final on 18 May 2019|right|thumb|240x240px|Oshoala dey dribble de ball during de 2019 UEFA Women's Champions League Final]] Na Oshoala score Barcelona ein goal per insyd a 4–1 defeat to Lyon insyd de 2019 UEFA Women's Champions League Final. Na she be de first African (den Nigerian) to score insyd a Champions League Final.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Barcelona's Asisat Oshoala makes history in Uefa Women's Champions League final|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/barcelonas-asisat-oshoala-makes-history-in-uefa-womens-champions-/layl6fl7rar819pkcpg1k5l3r|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> During de 2019–20 season, Oshoala score 20 goals insyd ein 19 appearances for Barcelona.<ref name="soccerway2" /> She score ein first goals of de season plus a brace against Atlético Madrid on 19 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=21 September 2019|title=Oshoala breaks Primera Iberdrola duck with brace as Barcelona thump Atletico Madrid|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/oshoala-breaks-primera-iberdrola-duck-with-brace-as/1rreat6q3flh01ntxvpnjz91n1|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=goal.com}}</ref> Insyd October, she score anoda brace against Madrid wey lift Barcelona to a 4–0 win.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=26 October 2019|title=Oshoala scores a brace but Okeke's injured as Barcelona beat Madrid|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/oshoala-scores-a-brace-but-okekes-injured-as-barcelona-beat/1xghtfn8kisza160sjeesuxls4|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=goal.com}}</ref> On January 11, 2020, Oshoala score four goals insyd a 6–0 win against CD Tacon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2019|title=Oshoala to stay until 2022|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/1231692/oshoala-to-stay-until-2022|access-date=1 January 2020|website=fcbarcelona.com|publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> Barcelona fini in first place during de regular season plus an undefeated 19–0–2 record. Na Oshoala ein 20 goals rank second insyd de league dey follow teammate Jenni Hermoso plus 23.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019/2020 Primera División Femenina|url=https://us.soccerway.com/national/spain/superliga/20192020/regular-season/r52880/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> Oshoala score de game-opening goal insyd de fourth minute of de 2019–20 Copa de la Reina semi-finals against Seville. Na she provide assists on two of de goals to lift Barcelona to a 6–0 win.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=19 December 2020|title=Oshoala scores and bags brace of assists in Barcelona victory|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/oshoala-scores-and-bags-brace-of-assists-in-barcelona/yrq68mt81uqd1nmesn89mhtq0|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> Barcelona defeat Logroño 3–0 to clinch de championship.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jiwani|first=Rory|date=13 February 202|title=Barcelona brush aside Logroño 3–0 in Copa de la Reina fina|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/news/detail/football-barcelona-brush-aside-logrono-in-copa-de-la-reina-final/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Olympic Channel}}</ref> On 21 August 2020, Oshoala provide de assist for Kheira Hamraoui ein game-winning goal insyd de 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League quarter-final against Atlético Madrid wey lift Barcelona to de semi-final.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=21 August 2020|title=Oshoala shines as Barcelona edge Atletico Madrid to Champions League semi-final|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/oshoala-shines-as-barcelona-edge-atletico-madrid-to/pphunuwi1sqo1ukxfa2ullt0q|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> On 24 March 2021, Oshoala score de game-winning goal insyd de team ein 3–0 win over Manchester City during de first leg of de 2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League quarterfinals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carayol|first=Tumaini|date=24 March 2021|title=Asisat Oshoala inspires Barcelona to emphatic win over Manchester City|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/mar/24/barcelona-manchester-city-womens-champions-league-match-report|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> On 16 May 2021, Oshoala cam be de first African woman to win de UEFA Champions League, after she cam on insyd de 71st minute of de finals wey Barcelona defeat Chelsea 4–0.<ref name=":02" /> [[File:Asisat_Oshoala_Gotham_FC_Bay_FC_6.21.2025-178_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Oshoala plus Bay FC insyd 2025]] On 10 March 2022, Oshoala sign a two-year contract extension wey go keep am at Barcelona til 30 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oludare|first=Shina|date=10 March 2022|title=Asisat Oshoala: Nigeria striker extends Barcelona contract|url=https://www.goal.com/en-cm/news/asisat-oshoala-nigeria-striker-extends-barcelona-contract/blt0dc516d79b4ce0f2|access-date=11 March 2022|website=Goal}}</ref> During ein time at Barcelona, Oshoala make 162 appearances wey she score 117 goals, wey cam be de fourth highest goalscorer insyd de club ein history wey she win 14 trophies wich include two trebles.<ref name="OshoalaBarcelona2">{{cite web|date=1 February 2024|title=Asisat Oshoala to join Bay FC|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/womens-football/news/3875639/asisat-oshoala-to-join-bay-fc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201170359/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/womens-football/news/3875639/asisat-oshoala-to-join-bay-fc|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=1 February 2024|website=www.fcbarcelona.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2024|title=Asisat Oshoala: Super Falcons Star Bids Farewell to Barcelona, Set for USA Move|url=https://sportsbrief.com/football/58110-asisat-oshoala-super-falcons-star-bids-farewell-barcelona-set-usa-move/|access-date=1 February 2024|website=SportsBrief.com}}</ref> Na she take part insyd all competitions of Barcelona ein 2023–24 season before she lef at de end of January, she sanso win de team ein quadruple.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Tikas|first=Maria|date=2024-05-30|title=El 1x1 de una temporada perfecta|url=https://www-sport-es.translate.goog/es/noticias/futbol-femenino-barca/1x1-temporada-perfecta-103107077|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707000153/https://www-sport-es.translate.goog/es/noticias/futbol-femenino-barca/1x1-temporada-perfecta-103107077|archive-date=7 July 2024|access-date=2024-07-07|website=Diario Sport|language=es}}</ref> === Bay FC: 2024–present === On 1 February 2024, Barcelona den Bay FC announce Oshoala join de latter club.<ref name="OshoalaBarcelona2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2024|title=Bay FC signs Nigerian international Asisat Oshoala|url=https://bayfc.com/press-releases/bay-fc-signs-nigerian-international-asisat-oshoala/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201171252/https://bayfc.com/press-releases/bay-fc-signs-nigerian-international-asisat-oshoala/|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=1 February 2024|website=Bay FC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Herrera|first=Sandra|date=1 February 2024|title=Asisat Oshoala leaves Barcelona for NWSL's Bay FC: 'I understand the challenge that I have ahead of me'|url=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/asisat-oshoala-leaves-barcelona-for-nwsls-bay-fc-i-understand-the-challenge-that-i-have-ahead-of-me/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240201185824/https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/asisat-oshoala-leaves-barcelona-for-nwsls-bay-fc-i-understand-the-challenge-that-i-have-ahead-of-me/|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=1 February 2024|website=CBSSports.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2024|title=Oshoala joins NWSL's Bay FC from Barcelona|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/39436142/asisat-oshoala-leaves-barcelona-join-nwsl-bay-fc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240201190057/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/39436142/asisat-oshoala-leaves-barcelona-join-nwsl-bay-fc|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=1 February 2024|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> On ein NWSL debut, Oshoala score Bay FC ein first goal insyd de 1–0 victory against Angel City.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-18|title=Bay FC shocks Angel City with 1–0 win in first-ever NWSL game|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2024/03/17/bay-fc-shocks-angel-city-with-1-0-win-in-first-ever-nwsl-game/|access-date=2024-03-18|website=The Mercury News|language=en-US}}</ref> === Al Hilal === On 2 September 2025, Oshoala sign give Saudi Women's Premier League club Al Hilal.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 September 2025|title=Nigeria’s Asisat Oshoala leaves Bay FC for Saudi Women’s Al-Hilal|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2025/9/2/nigerias-asisat-oshoala-leave-bay-fc-for-saudi-womens-al-hilal|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == International career == Na Oshoala ein club coach Edwin Okon dey serve as de national team interim manager wen na he give am a debut senior cap insyd a friendly defeat by world champions Japan insyd September 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Okon has big plans for Oshoala|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/okon-has-big-plans-for-oshoala/|access-date=5 December 2020|publisher=The Nation (Nigeria)|date=3 September 2014}}</ref> Na dem name Oshoala as de best player at de 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup wey na she be de top goalscorer at de tournament plus seven goals. Na dem sanso name am best player den second top goalscorer plus de Super Falcons team wey win de 2014 African Women's Championship.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria reclaim African women's title|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29739296|access-date=15 November 2014|publisher=BBC Sport|date=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Oludare|first1=Shina|title=Asisat Oshoala named Africa Women Championship Most Valuable Player|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/7255/2014-african-women-championship/2014/10/25/5488441/asisat-oshoala-named-africa-women-championship-most-valuable|access-date=15 November 2014|publisher=Goal.com|date=25 October 2014}}</ref> She sanso win de BBC Women's Footballer of de Year 2015. Insyd September 2014, na dem make Oshoala a Member of de Order of the Niger by Presido of Nigeria [[Goodluck Jonathan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmadu|first1=Samuel|title=Asisat Oshoala dedicates national award to parents, mates|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigeria/2014/09/29/5143023/asisat-oshoala-dedicates-national-award-to-parents-mates|access-date=15 November 2014|publisher=Goal.com|date=29 September 2014}}</ref> On 8 June 2015, Oshoala score ein first 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup goal wen na she score de team ein second goal insyd a 3–3 draw plus Sweden insyd Winnipeg.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carlisle|first=Jeff|date=8 June 2015|title=Nigeria earns well-deserved draw with Sweden in Group D|url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/2015worldcup/story/_/id/13038689/three-observations-nigeria-earns-well-deserved-draw-sweden|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> After na de team be defeated 2–0 by Australia<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2019|title=Women's World Cup 2015: Australia 2–0 Nigeria – as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/live/2015/jun/13/womens-world-cup-2015-australia-v-nigeria-live|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> den 1–0 by de United States, na dem no advance to de knockout stages.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 June 2015|title=U.S. Women Beat Nigeria 1–0, Win Group And Advance To Elimination Rounds|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/16/415006988/u-s-women-take-the-soccer-pitch-against-surprising-nigerian-team-at-the-world-cu|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=NPR}}</ref> Na Oshoala sanso be a member of de Super Falcons team wey win de African Women's Championship insyd 2016 den 2018. She score three goals insyd de 2018 Edition insyd Ghana. Na Oshoala vice-captain de Super Falcons at de 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup insyd France.<ref name="fifa_go_to_have_fun_2019">{{Cite web|date=8 June 2019|title=Oshoala: I go to have fun on the pitch|url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/oshoala-i-go-to-have-fun-on-the-pitch|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> During de team ein second group stage match against South Korea, she score insyd de 75th minute wey she lift Nigeria to a 2–0 win.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 June 2019|title=Nigeria's Asisat Oshoala finishes off South Korea at Women's World Cup|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/jun/12/nigeria-south-korea-womens-world-cup-match-report|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Na dem name Oshoala Player of de Match.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 June 2019|title=Oshoala emerges player of the match after Nigeria's 2–0 win over South Korea|url=https://www.mynigeria.com/NigeriaHomePage/NewsArchive/Oshoala-emerges-player-of-the-match-after-Nigeria-039-s-2-0-win-over-South-Korea-275853|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422205851/https://www.mynigeria.com/NigeriaHomePage/NewsArchive/Oshoala-emerges-player-of-the-match-after-Nigeria-039-s-2-0-win-over-South-Korea-275853|archive-date=22 April 2021|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=mynigeria.com}}</ref> N dem nominate ein goal for Goal of de Tournament by FIFA.<ref name="2019_gotnom">{{Cite web|date=7 July 2019|title=Asisat Oshoala: Hyundai Goal of the Tournament Nominee|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9G1XTp6fZRc|url-status=live|access-date=16 April 2021|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Nigeria fini third insyd Group A wey dem advance to de knockout stages wer na dem face two-time champions Germany wey na dem be defeated 3–0 insyd a controversial match heavily influenced by video assistant referee (VAR).<ref>{{cite news|title=Germany 3–0 Nigeria: Women's World Cup 2019, last 16 as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2019/jun/22/germany-v-nigeria-womens-world-cup-2019-last-16-live|work=The Guardian|date=22 June 2019|access-date=28 March 2021|last1=Murray|first1=Scott}}</ref> Na dem Oshoala up to de Nigeria squad for de 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2022|title=Morocco 2022: Waldrum picks Ebi, Oshoala, Plumptre, 22 others for Women AFCON|url=https://www.thenff.com/2022/06/morocco-2022-waldrum-picks-ebi-oshoala-plumptre-22-others-for-women-afcon/|url-status=live|publisher=Nigeria Football Federation|access-date=2 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719084845/https://www.thenff.com/2022/06/morocco-2022-waldrum-picks-ebi-oshoala-plumptre-22-others-for-women-afcon/|archive-date=19 July 2022}}</ref> On 16 June 2023, na dem include insyd de 23-player Nigerian squad for de 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ryan Dabbs|date=2023-06-14|title=Nigeria Women's World Cup 2023 squad: most recent call ups|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/nigeria-women-world-cup-2023-squad-team-roster-players|access-date=2023-06-20|website=fourfourtwo.com|language=en}}</ref> Insyd de Super Falcons second group stage game against host nation Australia, na Oshoala cam insyd as substitute for fellow teammate, Uchenna Kanu, insyd de 63rd minute of regulation time wey na she score de third goal of de match give ein team after ten minutes of play. Na dis goal make am de first Super Falcons' player to score at three consecutive FIFA World Cups, wey na she score insyd de 2015 den 2019 editions wey she sanso be de first African (den Nigerian) to score at three different FIFA Women's World Cups.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pye|first=John|date=2023-07-27|title=Oshoala seals Nigeria's upset win over co-host Australia at the Women's World Cup|url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-australia-nigeria-ece83a0badfa503da42195be6e34dbcb|access-date=2023-07-27|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Oyebola|first=Mike|date=2023-07-27|title=Oshoala makes history in Super Falcons' victory against Australia|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/07/27/oshoala-makes-history-in-super-falcons-victory-against-australia/|access-date=2023-07-27|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odetokun|first=Elijah|date=2023-07-27|title=2023 FIFA WWC: Asisat Oshoala Makes History With Nigeria's Winning Goal Against Hosts Australia|url=https://sportsbrief.com/football/45452-2023-fifa-wwc-asisat-oshoala-history-nigerias-winning-goal-host-australia/|access-date=2023-07-27|website=Sports Brief|language=en-US}}</ref> Na dem call Oshoala up to de Nigeria squad for de [[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2024 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 July 2024|title=Paris 2024 Olympics: Waldrum picks Ajibade, Nnadozie, Oshoala, 15 others|url=https://thenff.com/paris-2024-olympics-waldrum-picks-ajibade-nnadozie-oshoala-15-others/|url-status=live|website=thenff.com|publisher=Nigeria Football Federation}}</ref> On 20 June 2025, na dem name Oshoala insyd de final Nigeria squad for de 2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations WAFCON, wey take place from 5 to 27 July 2025. Dem place dem insyd Group B wey dema matches be against [[Tunisia]], [[Botswana]] den [[Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oyebola|first=Mike|date=20 June 2025|title=Super Falcons: Madugu unveils final squad for WAFCON 2024|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/20/super-falcons-madugu-unveils-final-squad-for-wafcon-2024/|access-date=20 June 2025|website=dailypost.ng}}</ref> == Style of play == Na Oshoala find success as a forward for Nigeria ein youth teams buh na she make chaw of ein early appearances for de senior national team as an attacking midfielder. Na dem nickname am "Seedorf" after male footballer Clarence Seedorf wey na she sanso be referred to as "Superzee" by ein teammates.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 August 2014|title=Oshoala: #HappyGirlAlways|url=https://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/news/y=2014/m=8/news=oshoala-happygirlalways-2423552.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819144244/http://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/news/y=2014/m=8/news=oshoala-happygirlalways-2423552.html|archive-date=19 August 2014|access-date=15 November 2014|publisher=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Super Zee crests the globe|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/super-zee-crests-the-globe/|access-date=5 June 2015|work=The Nation|date=28 May 2015}}</ref> == Ein life matter == Oshoala dey recount say na ein parents no be supportive wen she drop out of school to pursue a football career.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Louise|date=5 June 2015|title=Women's World Cup 2015: 10 players to watch|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jun/05/womens-world-cup-2015-football-10-players-to-watch|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> She be a Muslim.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wejinya|first1=Sammy|date=25 October 2014|title=Q & A with Asisat Oshoala|publisher=SuperSport|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/african-women-champs/news/141025/Q_A_with_Asisat_Oshoala|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref> Oshoala launch de Asisat Oshoala Foundation insyd 2019 wey focus on empowering girl footballers insyd Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Barcelona star Oshoala rolls out plans to inspire young Nigerian girls|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/barcelona-star-oshoala-rolls-out-plans-to-inspire-young-nigerian-/alinzgmfn4na1o5wc9tj94fzi|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2020|title=奥绍拉推出用于女孩教育 足球项目的徽标|url=https://www.xytest.com/edu/2020092127562.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422190852/https://www.xytest.com/edu/2020092127562.html|archive-date=22 April 2021|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=xytest.com}}</ref> De foundation dey host de annual Asisat Oshoala Foundation Football4girls tournament insyd Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=8 teams to compete at the 2020 Asisat Oshoala Foundation Football4girls tournament|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/8-teams-to-compete-at-the-2020-asisat-oshoala-foundation-football4girls-tournament/5b2m8c2|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Pulse.ng|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201120705/https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/8-teams-to-compete-at-the-2020-asisat-oshoala-foundation-football4girls-tournament/5b2m8c2|archive-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> She be a Nike ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2020|title=Oshoala unveils logo for girl-child education, football project|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/oshoala-unveils-logo-for-girl-child-education-football-project/|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Insyd 2021, na dem name am to Forbes 30 Under 30.<ref name="forbes302" /> Insyd October 2021, na dem appoint am unto FIFA ein technical advisory group on de growth den advancement of women's football. De group be headed by Jill Ellis wey get fellow African Doreen Nabwire sanso be as a member.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=18 October 2021|title=Technical Advisory Group to focus on growth and advancement of women's football|url=https://www.fifa.com/football-development/the-future-of-football/media-releases/technical-advisory-group-to-focus-on-growth-of-womens-football|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018144325/https://www.fifa.com/football-development/the-future-of-football/media-releases/technical-advisory-group-to-focus-on-growth-of-womens-football|archive-date=18 October 2021|access-date=25 October 2021|website=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Oludare|first=Shina|date=21 October 2021|title='The goal is to take African football to the next level' – Oshoala reveals mission in Fifa technical advisory group|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/the-goal-is-to-take-african-football-to-the-next-level-barcelona-/fq67rrauq2dl1n5w61ngzkx26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022102215/https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/the-goal-is-to-take-african-football-to-the-next-level-barcelona-/fq67rrauq2dl1n5w61ngzkx26|archive-date=22 October 2021|access-date=26 October 2021|website=Goal}}</ref> Na dem born am insyd Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Golub|first=Kate|date=2020-10-08|title=Asisat Oshoala’s biography: Parents, husband, salary, net worth - Legit.ng|url=https://www.legit.ng/1372857-asisat-oshoala-biography-parents-husband-salary-net-worth.html|access-date=2025-09-02|website=www.legit.ng|language=en}}</ref> == Educational background == She attend Air Force Primary School insyd Victoria Island, Lagos, for ein primary school wey she later plete ein secondary school education at Aunty Ayo International School insyd Ikoyi, Lagos.<ref name=":0" /> == Career statistics == : ''Scores den results list Nigeria ein goal tally first, score column dey indicate score after each Oshoala goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Asisat Oshoala !No. !Date !Venue !Opponent !Score !Result !Competition |- |1 | rowspan="2" |24 May 2014 | rowspan="2" |Stade Régional Nyamirambo, Kigali, [[Rwanda]] | rowspan="2" | Rwanda |1–0 | rowspan="2" |4–1 | rowspan="2" |2014 African Women's Championship qualification |- |2 |2–0 |- |3 | rowspan="2" |7 June 2014 | rowspan="2" |Abuja Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria | rowspan="2" | Rwanda |2–0 | rowspan="2" |8–0 | rowspan="2" |2014 African Women's Championship qualification |- |4 |7–0 |- |5 |14 October 2014 |Sam Nujoma Stadium, Windhoek, [[Namibia]] | Zambia |5–0 |6–0 |2014 African Women's Championship |- |6 | rowspan="2" |22 October 2014 | rowspan="2" |Sam Nujoma Stadium, Windhoek, Namibia | rowspan="2" | South Africa |1–0 | rowspan="2" |2–1 | rowspan="2" |2014 African Women's Championship |- |7 |2–0 |- |8 |25 October 2014 |Sam Nujoma Stadium, Windhoek, Namibia | Cameroon |2–0 |2–0 | 2014 African Women's Championship |- |9 |8 June 2015 |IG Field, Winnipeg, [[Canada]] | Sweden |2–2 |3–3 |2015 FIFA Women's World Cup |- |10 | rowspan="4" |20 November 2016 | rowspan="4" |Limbe Stadium, Limbe, [[Cameroon]] | rowspan="4" | Mali |2–0 | rowspan="4" |6–0 | rowspan="4" |2016 African Women's Championship |- |11 |4–0 |- |12 |5–0 |- |13 |6–0 |- |14 |23 November 2016 |Limbe Stadium, Limbe, Cameroon | [[Ghana women's national football team|Ghana]] |1–0 |1–1 |2016 African Women's Championship |- |15 |26 November 2016 |Limbe Stadium, Limbe, Cameroon | Kenya |3–0 |4–0 |2016 African Women's Championship |- |16 | rowspan="2" |11 June 2018 | rowspan="2" |Agege Stadium, Lagos, Nigeria | rowspan="2" | Gambia |2–0 | rowspan="2" |6–0 | rowspan="2" |2018 Women's Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- |17 |5–0 |- |18 | rowspan="3" |24 November 2018 | rowspan="3" |Cape Coast Sports Stadium, [[Cape Coast]], [[Ghana]] | rowspan="3" | Equatorial Guinea |2–0 | rowspan="3" |6–0 | rowspan="3" |2018 Women's Africa Cup of Nations |- |19 |3–0 |- |20 |4–0 |- |21 |27 February 2019 |AEK Arena, Larnaca, Cyprus | Austria |1–2 |1–4 |2019 Cyprus Women's Cup |- |22 |6 March 2019 |Tasos Markos Stadium, Paralimni, Cyprus | Thailand |1–0 |3–0 |2019 Cyprus Women's Cup |- |23 |12 June 2019 |Stade des Alpes, Grenoble, [[France]] | South Korea |2–0 |2–0 |2019 FIFA Women's World Cup |- |24 |3 September 2019 |Agege Stadium, Lagos, Nigeria | Algeria |1–0 |1–0 |2020 CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |- |25 |7 October 2019 |Agege Stadium, Lagos, Nigeria | Ivory Coast |1–1 |1–1 |2020 CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |- |26 | rowspan="4" |23 February 2021 | rowspan="4" |Arslan Zeki Demirci Sports Complex, Ilıca, [[Turkey]] | rowspan="4" | Equatorial Guinea |2–0 | rowspan="4" |9–0 | rowspan="4" |2021 Turkish Women's Cup |- |27 |3–0 |- |28 |4–0 |- |29 |9–0 |- |30 |7 April 2023 |Marden Sports Complex, Alanya, Turkey | Haiti |2–0 |2–1 |Friendly |- |31 |27 July 2023 |Lang Park, Brisbane, [[Australia]] | Australia |3–1 |3–2 |2023 FIFA Women's World Cup |- |32 |31 October 2023 |MKO Abiola Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria | Ethiopia |3–0 |4–0 |2024 CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |- |33 |29 June 2025 |Ziaida Sports Complex, Mohammedia, [[Morocco]] | Ghana |2–0 |3–1 |Friendly |- |34 |6 July 2025 |Larbi Zaouli Stadium, Casablanca, Morocco | Tunisia |1–0 |3–0 |2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations |} == Honours == ; Rivers Angels * Nigerian Women's Championship: 2014<ref name="goal_riversangels_double_2014">{{cite web|last1=Ahmadu|first1=Samuel|title=Rivers Angels' double feat excites Oshoala, Nwabuoku|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigerian-football/2014/12/01/6596921/rivers-angels-double-feat-excites-oshoala-nwabuoku|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> * Nigerian Women's Cup: 2013, 2014 ; Arsenal * FA Women's Cup: 2015–16<ref name="soccerway2" /> ; Dalian Quanjian * Chinese Women's Super League: 2017<ref name="2017 Dalian" /> 2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=28 October 2018|title=Dalian Quanjian's Asisat Oshoala ends 2018 season in China with a bang|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/dalian-quanjians-asisat-oshoala-ends-2018-season-in-china-with-a-/1v03o6omdojlg1rtstx4rt2wa2|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2021|website=Goal.com|publisher=Goal}}</ref> ; FC Barcelona * Primera División: 2019–20,<ref name="soccerway">{{cite web|title=Asisat Oshoala|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/players/asisat-oshoala/260424/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24 * UEFA Women's Champions League: 2020–21,<ref>{{cite news|date=16 May 2021|title=Chelsea 0–4 Barcelona: Barça surge to first Women's Champions League title|website=UEFA|url=https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/0269-124ae310baea-93bc49bd8837-1000--chelsea-0-4-barcelona-barca-surge-to-first-women-s-champio/|access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref> 2022–23<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wrack|first=Suzanne|date=3 June 2023|title=Rolfö caps Barcelona comeback against Wolfsburg to win thrilling WCL final|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jun/03/barcelona-wolfsburg-womens-champions-league-final|access-date=7 June 2023|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> * Supercopa de España Femenina: 2019–20, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24 * Copa de la Reina: 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22 ; Nigeria * Women's Africa Cup of Nations: 2014, 2016, 2018,<ref name="soccerway3">{{cite web|title=Asisat Oshoala|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/players/asisat-oshoala/260424/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> 2024 * FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup runner-up: 2014 '''Individual''' * BBC Women's Footballer of de Year: 2015<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hunter|first1=Steve|date=26 May 2015|title=Oshoala wins top BBC accolade|url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/185849-oshoala-wins-top-bbc-accolade|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2015|publisher=Liverpool F.C.}}</ref> * African Women's Footballer of de Year: 2014,<ref name="2014 caf award">{{Cite news|last1=Njoku|first1=Humphrey|title=Oshoala wins Caf player award|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/150109/Oshoala_wins_Caf_player_award|publisher=SuperSport|date=9 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|last=AfricaNews|date=7 January 2017|title=[LIVE] Algerian Riyad Mahrez is 2016 African Player of the Year|url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/01/05/live-african-football-lovers-await-top-continental-honours-hosted-in-nigeria/|access-date=7 January 2017|website=Africanews}}</ref> 2017,<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohamed Salah: Liverpool and Egypt forward named African Player of the Year|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/42574221|work=BBC Sport|date=2018}}</ref> 2019, 2022<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oludare|first=Shina|date=21 July 2022|title=Asisat Oshoala wins sixth African Women's Player of the Year award|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/caf-awards-2022-barcelona-s-oshoala-wins-fifth-african-women/blt1dc2720fd763a584|access-date=21 July 2022|website=Goal}}</ref> 2023<ref>{{Cite web|last=Olayiwola|first=Ajisafe|date=2023-12-11|title=[UPDATED] CAF Awards 2023: Oshoala wins sixth Women's Player of The Year|url=https://punchng.com/caf-awards-2023-oshoala-wins-fifth-womens-player-of-the-year/|access-date=2023-12-11|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> * African Women's Youth Player of de Year: 2014<ref name="2014 caf award" /> * African Women's Championship Golden Ball: 2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Oshoala, Oparanozie claim individual honours|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=RS73d62EAt%2bYYpKl098jPQ%3d%3d|url-status=live|access-date=23 January 2015|publisher=Confederation of African Football (CAF)}}</ref> * African Women's Championship Golden Boot: 2016 * FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Boot: 2014<ref name="sundiata_2014fifaawards">{{cite web|date=25 August 2014|title=Oshoala wins Golden Ball as 2014 Fifa U20 Women's Cup|url=https://sundiatapost.com/oshoala-wins-golden-ball-as-2014-fifa-u20-womens-cup/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Sundiata Post}}</ref> * FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Ball: 2014<ref name="sundiata_2014fifaawards" /> * Primera División Top scorer: 2021–22<ref>{{cite web|title=Oshoala y Geyse comparten Pichichi, mientras Lete gana el Zamora|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol-femenino/primera-division/2022/05/15/62792acee2704e399d8b458d.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-15|publisher=Marca}}</ref> * Chinese Women's Super League Top scorer: 2017 * IFFHS CAF Best Woman Player of de Decade 2011–2020<ref>{{cite web|date=4 February 2021|title=IFFHS BEST WOMAN PLAYER – CAF – OF THE DECADE 2011–2020|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/945|work=IFFHS|access-date=2 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106165624/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/945|archive-date=6 November 2021}}</ref> * IFFHS All-time Africa Women's Dream Team: 2021<ref>{{cite web|date=7 June 2021|title=IFFHS All-time Africa Women's Dream Team|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1138|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|access-date=2 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607210413/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1138|archive-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> * IFFHS CAF Women's Team of de Decade: 2011–2020<ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=IFFHS Women's CAF Team Decade 2011–2020|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925|url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2023|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402080022/https://iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925|archive-date=2 April 2023}}</ref> * IFFHS Women's CAF Best Player of de Year: 2020,<ref>{{cite web|date=31 December 2020|title=THE BEST WOMAN PLAYER IN CAF 2020 : ASISAT OSHOALA (NIGERIA/FC BARCELONA)|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/869|url-status=live|access-date=20 January 2024|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112225506/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/869|archive-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> 2021<ref>{{cite web|date=31 December 2021|title=IFFHS WOMEN'S CONTINENTAL AWARDS 2021 – CAF|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1519|url-status=live|access-date=20 January 2024|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213085301/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1519|archive-date=13 December 2021}}</ref> * IFFHS Women's CAF Team of de Year: 2020,<ref>{{cite web|date=13 December 2020|title=CAF WOMEN TEAM 2020 by IFFHS|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/833|url-status=live|access-date=17 January 2024|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117184949/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/833|archive-date=17 January 2024}}</ref> 2021,<ref>{{cite web|date=24 December 2021|title=IFFHS WOMEN'S CONTINENTAL TEAMS OF THE YEAR 2021 – CAF|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/1538|url-status=live|access-date=17 January 2024|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117184953/https://iffhs.com/posts/1538|archive-date=17 January 2024}}</ref> 2023,<ref>{{cite web|date=16 January 2024|title=IFFHS WOMEN'S CAF TEAM 2023|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3325|url-status=live|access-date=17 January 2024|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117184949/https://iffhs.com/posts/3325|archive-date=17 January 2024}}</ref> * Queen of The Pitch Award: 2014<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cephas|first=Omaku|date=15 June 2015|title=Enyeama, Oshoala King and Queen at Nigeria Pitch Awards|url=https://www.informationng.com/2015/06/enyeama-oshoala-king-and-queen-at-nigeria-pitch-awards.html}}</ref> '''Orders''' * [[File:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] Officer of de Order of the Niger == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q17747951|c=Category:Asisat Oshoala|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/womens-football/players/1046664/oshoala Asisat Oshoala] at FC Barcelona * [https://www.arsenal.com/historic/players/asisat-oshoala Asisat Oshoala] at Arsenal W.F.C. * [https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/jugador.html?id=3826 Asisat Oshoala] at BDFutbol * [https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/219980/asisat-oshoala Asisat Oshoala] at ESPN FC * [https://fbref.com/en/players/23a1662b/Asisat-Oshoala Asisat Oshoala] at FBref.com * [https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/asisat-oshoala_1976022 Asisat Oshoala] at the [[2024 Summer Olympics|Paris 2024 Summer Olympics]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Oshoala, Asisat}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Footballers wey komot Lagos]] [[Category:Rivers Angels F.C. players]] [[Category:Nigeria women's international footballers]] [[Category:Liverpool F.C. Women players]] [[Category:Arsenal W.F.C. players]] [[Category:Nigerian Muslims]] [[Category:Women's association football forwards]] [[Category:Women's Super League players]] [[Category:Nigerian women's footballers]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian sportswomen]] [[Category:2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:Dalian Quanjian F.C. players]] [[Category:Chinese Women's Super League players]] [[Category:2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona Femení players]] [[Category:Liga F players]] [[Category:Nigerian expatriate women's footballers]] [[Category:Nigerian expatriate sportspeople insyd England]] [[Category:Expatriate women's footballers insyd England]] [[Category:Nigerian expatriate sportspeople insyd China]] [[Category:Expatriate women's footballers insyd China]] [[Category:Nigerian expatriate sportspeople insyd Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate women's footballers insyd Spain]] [[Category:FC Robo players]] [[Category:African Women's Footballer of de Year winners]] [[Category:2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:Members of de Order of the Niger]] [[Category:Bay FC players]] [[Category:National Women's Soccer League players]] [[Category:Nigerian expatriate sportspeople insyd de United States]] [[Category:Expatriate women's soccer players insyd de United States]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic footballers for Nigeria]] [[Category:UEFA Women's Champions League–winning players]] [[Category:2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations players]] [[Category:2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations players]] [[Category:Al Hilal SFC (women) players]] [[Category:Saudi Women's Premier League players]] [[Category:Nigerian expatriate sportspeople insyd Saudi Arabia]] [[Category:Expatriate women's footballers insyd Saudi Arabia]] 52o66m6059t9qy3e1k4aozmivycuavm 0 23907 115401 87079 2026-10-30T00:14:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah Al Baz''' (Arabic: عبد العزيز بن عبد الله آل باز, <small>romanized:</small> ''ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd Allāh Āl Bāz''; 21 November 1912 – 13 May 1999), dem know as '''Ibn Baz''' anaa '''Bin Baz''',<ref>{{cite book |last=Heffelfinger |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7O-Rm_8P2_MC&dq=%22known+as+Bin+Baz%22+%22ibn+Baz%22&pg=PA8 |title=Radical Islam In America: Salafism's Journey from Arabia to the West |publisher=Potomac Books (University of Nebraska Press) |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59797-302-1 |page=8 |quote=Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz (more commonly known as Bin Baz)...}}</ref> na he be a [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] Islamic scholar wey serve as de second Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 til ein death insyd 1999. Ibn Baz issue a fatwa wey dey authorise a [[Zakat|wealth tax]] to support de mujahideen during de anti-Soviet jihad. Ein endorsement of ''In Defence of Muslim Lands'', principally wey na Abdullah Azzam wrep, be a powerful influence insyd de successful call for jihad against de Soviet Union. Na dem say be de first official call for jihad by a nation state against anoda nation state insyd modern times. == Early life == Na dem born Ibn Baz insyd de city of Riyadh during de month of Dhu al-Hijjah insyd 1912 to a family plus a reputation for dema interest insyd [[Islam]]. Ein poppie die wen he be three years old. By de time he be thirteen, he begin dey work, dey sell clothing plus ein bro insyd a market. He sanso take lessons insyd de [[Quran|Qur'an]], [[hadith]], fiqh, den tafsir, plus de man wey go precede am as de country ein top religious official, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh. Insyd 1927, wen he be sixteen, he start dey lose ein eyesight after a serious infection insyd ein eyes. By de time he be twenty, he totally loose ein sight wey he cam be blind.<ref>{{cite web |title=Main Page |url=http://www.bin-baz.org.sa/aboutbinbaz2.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828224121/http://www.bin-baz.org.sa/aboutbinbaz2.asp |archive-date=28 August 2007 |access-date=23 July 2007}}</ref><ref>"Ad-Da'wah Ilallah wa Akhlaaqud-Du'aat" (pp. 37–43)</ref> At dat time, Saudi Arabia lack a modern university system. Ibn Baz receive a traditional education insyd Islamic literature plus Islamic scholars.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070828173420/http://www.bin-baz.org.sa/aboutbinbaz3.asp Main Page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828173420/http://www.bin-baz.org.sa/aboutbinbaz3.asp|date=28 August 2007}}</ref><ref>"Words of Advice Regarding Da'wah" by 'Abdul 'Azeez ibn 'Abdullaah ibn Baaz (translated by Bint Feroz Deen and Bint Abd al-Ghafoor), Al-Hidaayah Publishing and Distribution, Birmingham: 1998, pp. 9–10</ref> == Ein life matter == Ein wifeys den kiddies live insyd de Shumaysi neighbourhood of Riyadh insyd a little cluster of modern two-story buildings. Like all senior Saudi clerics, na ein home be a gift from a wealthy benefactor anaa a religious foundation for ein distinguished religious work. == Death == On Thursday morning, 13 May 1999, Ibn Baz die at de age of 86 secof heart failure. Dem bury am insyd Al Adl cemetery, [[Mecca]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Al Adl: One of Makkah's oldest cemeteries|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20120618127307|access-date=15 August 2012|newspaper=Saudi Gazette|date=18 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183846/http://saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20120618127307|archive-date=28 July 2013}}</ref> King Fahd issue a decree wey dey appoint Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh as de new Grand Mufti on June 14th 1999, a month after Ibn Baz ein funeral.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/345082.stm "New Saudi Grand Mufti"], BBC News, May 16, 1999.</ref> == Works == * ''The Correct Islamic Aqeedah and what opposes it'' * ''Important Lessons for Every Muslim'' * ''Hajj, Umrah and Ziyarah'' * ''The Prophet's Manner of Performing'' * ''Essential Lessons For Every Muslim'' * ''Words of Advice Regarding Da'wah'' * ''Knowledge'' * ''Treaties on Zakat & Fasting'' * ''The Rule on Those Who Seek Help In Other Than Allah'' == References == <references /> ===Sources=== * {{cite book|last=Kepel|first=Gilles|title=The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West|url=https://archive.org/details/warformuslimmind00kepe|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01575-3}} * {{cite book|last=Lacey|first=Robert|title=Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEYsi7ZmtywC&pg=PP1|year=2009|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-101-14073-4}} * {{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=A Fury for God: The Islamist Attack on America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsJDrhCZqwYC&pg=PP1|year=2004|publisher=Granta Books|isbn=978-1-86207-573-3}} == External links == {{Wikiquote|Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz|Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231203062550/https://www.alifta.gov.sa/En/IftaContents/IbnBaz Fatwas of Ibn Baz] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baz, Abd al-Aziz}} [[Category:1912 births]] [[Category:1999 deaths]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:People wey komot Riyadh]] [[Category:Saudi Arabian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]] [[Category:Saudi Arabian imams]] [[Category:Sharia judges]] [[Category:Blind scholars den academics]] [[Category:Saudi Arabian Salafis]] [[Category:20th-century imams]] [[Category:Burials at al-Adl cemetery|Abdulaziz]] [[Category:Critics of Shia Islam]] [[Category:Atharis]] [[Category:Salafi Quietists]] [[Category:Critics of Arab nationalism]] [[Category:Grand Muftis of Saudi Arabia]] [[Category:Academic staff of de Islamic University of Madinah]] [[Category:Muslim critics of atheism]] [[Category:Saudi Arabian Wahhabis]] [[Category:Arab scholars]] [[Category:Islamic scholars]] [[Category:Wahhabis]] [[Category:Blind people]] [[Category:2026 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] tc7mh2g0z335s1rr5x7iw3srmletfpu 0 25609 115404 96113 2026-10-30T01:54:56Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q43354820}} [[Lígia Fonseca|Lígia Arcângela Lubrino Dias Fonseca]] be [[Cape Verde|Cape Verdean]] lawyer, activist, den politician wey serve as de First Lady of Cape Verde from 2011 go reach 2021. Dem born am for August 24, 1963. For 2001, Fonseca come turn de first woman president for de Cape Verdean Lawyers' Association (OAC), wey be de country ein national bar association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=allAfrica.com: Woman Heads Cape Verde's Lawyers Association |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200105020056.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010505191152/http://allafrica.com/stories/200105020056.html |archive-date=2001-05-05 |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=allafrica.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Verde |first=Nós Genti Cabo |title=Nós Genti Cabo Verde {{!}} Empreendedorismo, Pessoas e Cultura |url=https://nosgenti.com/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |language=pt-PT}}</ref> She marry de former President of Cape Verde, Jorge Carlos Fonseca. == Ein biography == Dem born Fonseca as Lígia Arcângela Lubrino Dias for Beira, Portuguese Mozambique, for August 24, 1963; ein parents be Canta Dias den Máximo Dias. Ein poppie, Máximo Dias, be Mozambican lawyer, politician, den leader for de MONAMO political party.<ref name=":0" /> For 1976, ein family move go Lisbon, Portugal, secof political instability wey dey Mozambique dat time.<ref name=":0" /> Dias stay for Lisbon, even though she hope say she go return to Beira. She go de Faculty of Law for de University of Lisbon, where she get ein law degree.<ref name=":0" /> For 1987, as she dey university, she meet ein husband-to-be, Jorge Carlos Fonseca, wey be Cape Verdean. De couple marry for March 26, 1989, for Portugal, wey dem get three daughters. After dat, dem move go Macau, where ein husband start work as law professor for de University of Macau.<ref name=":0" /> De couple come move go Cape Verde for 1991; dis be de first time she live for African country again since she commot Mozambique for 1976.<ref name=":0" /> For April 30, 2001, Fonseca become de first woman wey dem elect as President of de Cape Verdean Lawyers' Association (''Ordem dos Advogados de Cabo Verde'').<ref name=":1" /> Some lawyers small group try talk say she no be member of OAC reach 10 years, but dem support ein election anyway. Dem do de inauguration for Fonseca as de first female head of de OAC for May 19, 2001.<ref name=":1" /> She serve as President from 2001 go reach 2004, when Dr. Carlos Alberto Veiga come take over from am.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ordem dos Advogados |url=http://www.caboverde.oa.pt/historia.htm |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.caboverde.oa.pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107002904/http://www.caboverde.oa.pt/historia.htm |archive-date=2017-11-07}}</ref> For de second round of de 2011 Cape Verdean presidential election, dem elect Jorge Carlos Fonseca as President, wey dis make Lígia Fonseca de fourth First Lady of Cape Verde.<ref name=":0" /> For de time she be First Lady, she focus chaw on social issues.<ref name=":0" /> Even though she get chaw work for state house, she still continue dey practice law as active lawyer.<ref name=":0" /> ==Honours== ===Foreign honours=== *Portugal: Grand Cross of de Order of Prince Henry (22 November 2017)<ref>[http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154/ Presidencia]</ref> *Netherlands: Grand Cross of de Order of the Crown (10 December 2018) == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q43354820|c=Category:Lígia Fonseca|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fonseca, Lígia}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Cape Verdean people]] [[Category:First ladies of Cape Verde]] [[Category:Cape Verdean lawyers]] [[Category:Cape Verdean women insyd politics]] [[Category:21st-century Cape Verdean women]] [[Category:21st-century Cape Verdean politicians]] [[Category:University of Lisbon alumni]] [[Category:Recipients of de Order of Prince Henry]] [[Category:Grand Crosses of de Order of the Crown (Netherlands)]] [[Category:People wey komot Beira, Mozambique]] [[Category:Cape Verdean emigrants to Portugal]] q3gt44bst5wbfhwz0o3tomtnitrj0w4 0 25747 115407 113182 2026-10-30T02:23:15Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Her Ladyship Justice Mavis Akua Andoh''' be [[Ghanaian]] judge wey dey serve on de High Court of Ghana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Akufo-Addo to swear in 40 judges today {{!}} Starr Fm |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/12/akufo-addo-to-swear-in-40-judges-today/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305141408/https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/12/akufo-addo-to-swear-in-40-judges-today/ |archive-date=2020-03-05 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=starrfm.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court Judges |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/jsfiles/highjudges.html |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=judicial.gov.gh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407105619/https://judicial.gov.gh/jsfiles/highjudges.html |archive-date=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-17 |title=Akufo-Addo swears in 45 Judges |url=https://www.primenewsghana.com/general-news/akufo-addo-swears-in-40-judges.html |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Prime News Ghana |language=en-us}}</ref> Dem appoint am to de bench for December 2019 den right now she dey preside over de Commercial Division of de High Court for Accra.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=emmakd |date=2025-06-18 |title=Court to hear matter between Dram Oil, Alfapetro Ghana Limited in October |url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2025/06/18/court-to-hear-matter-between-dram-oil-alfapetro-ghana-limited-in-october/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Ghana Business News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Justices of the High Court |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/jsweb/index.php/justices-of-the-high-court |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=judicial.gov.gh}}</ref> Dem know am well for handling high-value commercial disputes den high-profile criminal cases, wey dey include de Abesim murder case.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title=Abesim Murder Case: High Court Finally Brings Judgement But People Aren’t Happy. {{!}} Ghanamma.com |url=https://www.ghanamma.com/2022/08/05/abesim-murder-case-high-court-finally-brings-judgement-but-people-arent-happy/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Education == Justice Mavis Andoh obtain ein Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree from de [[University of Ghana|University of Ghana School of Law]], Legon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don’t Be Corrupt — Akufo-Addo Cautions New Judges |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/974430/dont-be-corrupt-akufo-addo-cautions-new-judges.html |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> She subsequently proceed to de Ghana School of Law in [[Accra]], wer she plete de Professional Law Course wey na dem award am de Barrister-at-Law (BL) certificate. Upon successful completion, dem call am to de Bar as a Barrister den Solicitor of de [[Supreme Court of Ghana]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Superlaw |last2=admin |date=2024-10-07 |title=JUSTICES OF THE HIGH COURT - AS AT OCTOBER 2024 - |url=https://superlawgh.com/justice-of-the-high-court-october-2024/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |language=en-UK}}</ref> wey she cam be entitled to practice law insyd all courts insyd de country. == Career == Justice Andoh be among de 33 High Court Judges wey dem swear into office by de former President [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo]] on December 17 2019, insyd a ceremony at de Banquet Hall of Jubilee House insyd Accra.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Justice Andoh currently dey preside over de Commercial Division of de High Court insyd Accra. Insyd dis capacity, she dey handle complex commercial disputes wey dey involve significant claims.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=$2.3M oil contract dispute between Dram Oil and Alfapetro adjourned to October 13 |url=https://dennislawnews.com/article/-2-3m-oil-contract-dispute-between-dram-oil-and-alfapetro-adjourned-to-october-13 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=dennislawnews.com |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Andoh, Mavis Akua}} [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaian women judges]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian lawyers]] [[Category:21st-century women judges]] [[Category:Ghanaian women lawyers]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Ghana School of Law alumni]] cfaozqgyjq5fzcvpc6daal44jd2bq3o 0 27437 115411 106476 2026-10-30T03:25:13Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image (SeaWiFS) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast inland delta for [[Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[Okavango River]] dey reach a tectonic trough at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de endorheic basin of de Kalahari Desert insyd. E be a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately evaporate den transpire. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into Lake Ngami. De area be once part of Lake Makgadikgadi, an ancient lake dat de early Holocene already mostly dry up. De Moremi Game Reserve dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de Seven Natural Wonders of Africa, wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for Arusha, [[Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de Kavango pippoe of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say German colonial reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to Herero influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == === Floods === Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid transpiration den evaporation, wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of wildlife. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger lagoons insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant palm tree. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as termite mounds (often ''Macrotermes'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a fault line form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an oasis for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com |access-date=2026-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619000848/https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |archive-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de big five game animals, de lion, leopard, African buffalo, African bush elephant, black den white rhinoceros dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of lechwe antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de red lechwe, plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de giraffe, blue wildebeest, plains zebra, hippopotamus,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> impala, common eland, greater kudu, sable antelope, roan antelope, puku, waterbuck, sitatunga, tsessebe, cheetah,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> African wild dog, spotted hyena, black-backed jackal, caracal, serval, aardvark, aardwolf, bat-eared fox, African savanna hare, honey badger, common warthog, chacma baboon, vervet monkey den Nile crocodile.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de helmeted guineafowl, African fish eagle, Pel's fishing owl, Egyptian goose, South African shelduck, African jacana, African skimmer, marabou stork, crested crane, African spoonbill, African darter, southern ground hornbill, wattled crane,<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> lilac-breasted roller, secretary bird den common ostrich.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus Hwange National Park.<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. === Fish === De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de tigerfish, species of tilapia, den various species of catfish. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) African sharptooth catfish to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) sickle barb. De same species dey occur for de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''Papyrus cyperus'' for de deeper waters insyd'', Miscanthus'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''Phragmites australis'', ''Typha capensis'' den ''Pycreus'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''Philenoptera violacea'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''Hyphaene'' ''petersiana'' den acacias.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein makoro for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de Hambukushu (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de Wayeyi (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, River Bushmen, Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be Bushmen, wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de Caprivi Strip of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de Boteti River. De Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2015 |title=Wayeyi |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215842/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref> inhabit de area around Seronga as well as de southern delta around Maun, den a few Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Alexander Colin |last2=N’teta |first2=Doreen |date=March 1980 |title=The National Museum and Art Gallery, Gaborone, Botswana |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x |url-status=live |journal=Museum International |volume=32 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–66 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x |issn=1350-0775 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906044710/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around Etsha for de western Panhandle insyd. De Okavango Delta already dey under de political control of de Batawana (a Tswana nation) since de late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Segolodi |first=Moanaphuti |date=1940 |title=Ditso Tsa Batawana |url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Wey de house of Mathiba I lead am, de leader of a Bangwato offshoot, de Batawana establish complete control ova de delta for de 1850s insyd as de regional ivory trade explode.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morton |first=Barry |year=1997 |title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=36 |pages=220–239 |doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> Most Batawana, howeva, traditionally live for de edges of de delta top, sekof de threat dat de tsetse fly dey pose to demma cattle. During a hiatus of sam 40 years, de tsetse fly retreat den most Batawana live for de swamps insyd from 1896 thru de late 1930s. Since then, de edge of de delta increasingly crowd plus ein growing human den livestock populations. == Tourism == De wilderness of de Okavango Delta den ein wildlife dey attract hundreds of thousands of tourists a year, plus de town of Maun dey serve as a gateway de region.<ref name="odmp-2021">{{cite report |url=https://whc.unesco.org/document/208817 |title=Okavango Delta Management Plan 2021–2028 |date=July 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources, Conservation and Tourism |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> Modern safari tourism wey dem develop during de late 1960s, wen dem build de first modern safari camps for de delta insyd. Tourism products since dem expand am dey include high-end lodge safaris, mobile safaris, self-drive camping, birdwatching, game drives, scenic flights, guided walks, recreational fishing den mokoro canoe excursions.<ref name="mbaiwa-2005">{{cite journal |last=Mbaiwa |first=J. E. |year=2005 |title=Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://adpbotswana.pbworks.com/f/Enclave%2Btourism%2Band%2Bits%2Bsocio-economic%2Bimpacts.pdf |journal=Tourism Management |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=157–172 |doi=10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> Botswana generally promote a high-cost, low-volume tourism model for de Okavango region insyd, wey dem intend to limit environmental impacts while generating high visitor expenditure. A 2014 UNESCO report find der dey 2,129 tourist beds for de area insyd.<ref name="iucn-2014">{{cite report |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2014/whc14-38com-inf8B2-en.pdf |title=IUCN Evaluations of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List |author=International Union for Conservation of Nature |date=April 2014 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> For 2017 insyd de delta receive 52,638 visitors, wey 43,363 be international tourists den 9,275 be locals. Dis be a small fraction of de 1 million international tourists Botswana dey receive annually.<ref name="statsbots-2023">{{cite report |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Tourism%20Statistics%20Annual%20Report%202023.pdf |title=Tourism Statistics Annual Report 2023 |publisher=Statistics Botswana |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == ''Molapos'' (water streams) == [[File:BundPhoto.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BundPhoto.JPG|thumb|Flood-control bunds give flood recession cropping for de ''molapo'' of de Okavango, Botswana insyd]]After de season wey e dey flood, de waters for de lower parts of de delta insyd, wey dey near de base, dey recede, wey e lef moisture behind for de soil insyd. Dem use dis residual moisture give plant fodder den oda crops wey fi thrive for am top. Dem locally know dis land as ''molapo''. During 1974 to 1978, de floods be more intensive dan normal den flood recession cropping no dey possible, so severe food den fodder shortages occur. For response insyd, dem initiate de Molapo Development Project. E protect de ''molapo'' areas plus bunds to control de flooding den prevent severe flooding. Dem provide de bunds plus sluice gates so de water wey dem store dem fi release am den flood recession cropping fi start.<ref>[[File:PD-icon.svg|link=|alt=|15x15px]] {{cite book |last1=Kortenhorst |first1=L. F. |url=https://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf |title=Development of flood-recession cropping in the molapo's of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |last2=Oosterbaan |first2=R. J. |last3=Sprey |first3=L. H. |publisher=International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement |year=1986 |location=Wageningen, The Netherlands |pages=8–19 |display-authors=1 |access-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810013033/https://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Possible threats == One possible threat be oil exploration by Canadian company ReconAfrica. Initial exploration for April 2021 insyd reveal oil deposits for sedimentary rock insyd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Reconnaissance Energy Africa |title=ReconAfrica's First of Three Wells Confirms a Working Petroleum System in the Kavango Basin, Namibia |url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055430/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Newswire.ca |language=en}}</ref> Environmentalists dey concern dat de project go get a negative ecological impact den dat dem fi threaten sam of de main bodies of water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Big Oil Project in Africa Threatens Fragile Okavango Region |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055427/https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Yale E360 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=Growing concern over Okavango oil exploration as community alleges shutout |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055426/https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-12 |title=Test drilling for oil in Namibia's Okavango region poses toxic risk |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427143948/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Animals |language=en}}</ref> <!--ReconAfrica and the Government of Botswana have amended the license to exclude the Tsodilo Hills UNESCO site<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic of Botswana and ReconAfrica amend Exploration License to Exclude Entire Tsodilo Hills Area |url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/republic-of-botswana-and-reconafrica-amend-exploration-license-to-exclude-entire-tsodilo-hills-area-837436712.html |website=newswire.ca |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> << This passage was removed on April 20th 2022 without explanation. Is there a reason it should not be published here. -Yes, it is a separate UNESCO site outside the Okavango Delta. See talk page.--> ReconAfrica state say, "Der go be no damage to de ecosystem from de activities wey dem plan."<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: ReconAfrica Initial Drilling Project |url=https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429185250/https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/ |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=reconafrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson-Spath |first=Andreas |date=2020-12-15 |title=OP-ED: Paradise is closing down: The ghastly spectre of oil drilling and fracking in fragile Okavango Delta |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220224/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> De Namibian government present plans to build a hydropower station for de Zambezi Region insyd, wey go regulate de Okavango ein flow to sam extent. While proponents dey argue say de effect go dey minimal, environmentalists argue say dis project fi destroy most of de rich animal den plant life for de delta insyd. Oda threats dey include local human encroachment den regional extraction of water for both Angola den Namibia insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Threats - Okavango Delta |url=http://www.okavangodelta.com/about/threats/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222105527/https://www.okavangodelta.com/general-information/threats/ |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Okavangodelta.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2016 |title=Chinese-Angolan project in Angola harvests over 1,200 tons of rice |url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002158/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=2 November 2016 |work=Macauhub English}}</ref> South African filmmaker den conservationist Rick Lomba warn for de 1980s insyd of de threat of cattle invasion to de area. Ein documentary ''The End of Eden'' portray ein lobbying for behalf of de delta top. Dem project de Okavango catchment to experience decreasing annual rainfall as well as increasing temperatures as a result of global warming.<ref>{{cite book |author=ASSAR |url=http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/138/1point5degrees/ASSAR_Botswana_global_warming.pdf |title=What global warming of 1.5°C and higher means for Botswana |publisher=Adaptation at Scale in Semi Arid Regions (ASSAR) |year=2019 |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/138/1point5degrees/ASSAR_Botswana_global_warming.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De effects of global warming dey likely to result for reductions insyd for de extent of floodplains insyd for de Okavango Delta insyd, wey go get significant impacts for water availability top as well as livestock rearing den agricultural activities for de region insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murray-Hudson |first1=M. |last2=Wolski |first2=P. |last3=Ringrose |first3=S. |date=2006 |title=Scenarios of the impact of local and upstream changes in climate and water use on hydro-ecology in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1 |pages=73–84 |bibcode=2006JHyd..331...73M |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.041}}</ref> Conservation work by Conservation International Botswana for de Okavango Delta region insyd include education den policy engagement as well as research den monitoring such as aerial wildlife surveys den rapid biological appraisal work.<ref name="CIBotswanaAbout">{{cite web |title=About Conservation International Botswana |url=https://botswana.conservation.org/about-us |website=Conservation International Botswana}}</ref><ref name="WBDGFTechNote2003">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/725891468153271873/pdf/313330Delivering0Global0Public0Goods.pdf |title=Delivering Global Public Goods Locally: Lessons Learned and Successful Approaches |date=February 2003 |publisher=World Bank, Development Grant Facility (DGF) |page=8 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * Kalahari Basin == References == <references /> == Further reading == * {{cite book |last=Allison |first=P. |url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoudodon00alli |title=Whatever You Do, Don't Run: True Tales Of A Botswana Safari Guide |publisher=Globe Pequot |year=2007 |isbn=9780762745654 |url-access=registration}} * Bock, J. (2002). "Learning, Life History, and Productivity: Children's lives in the Okavango Delta of Botswana". ''Human Nature''. '''13''' (2): 161–198. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s12110-002-1007-4|10.1007/s12110-002-1007-4]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26192757 26192757]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28985956 28985956]. == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q650872|c=Category:Okavango Delta|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=Okavango Delta|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070408083625/http://www.conservation.org/xp/CIWEB/regions/africa/safrica.xml Conservation International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408083625/http://www.conservation.org/xp/CIWEB/regions/africa/safrica.xml |date=8 April 2007 }} *[https://www.okavango.com/concessions.php Okavango Delta concession areas] *[http://flowhoorc.blogspot.com/ Flow : information give Okavango Delta planning be de weblog of de Library of de Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Institute] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160205022203/http://www.ngamitimes.com/ De Ngami Times be Ngamiland ein weekly newspaper] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061006083431/http://www.botswana-tourism.gov.bw/attractions/moremi.html Official Botswana Government site for Moremi Game Reserve top, insyd de Okavango Delta] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000710/http://www.wildentrust.org/ Wild Entrust International] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ Seven Natural Wonders of Africa] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120319185832/http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/natures-most-amazing-events/how-stuff-works/kalahari-elephants.html Discovery Channel - Kalahari Flood] *[http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf Flood-recession cropping for de molapos of de Okavango Delta insyd] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150401231635/http://www.orc.ub.bw/ Okavango Research Institute] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120807161048/http://168.167.30.198/ori/ Current Okavango water levels, weather data den satellite images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807161048/http://168.167.30.198/ori/ |date=7 August 2012 }} *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J-ODVl9Omg/ 1986 Documentary The End of Eden by Rick Lomba] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20260604031338/http://www.southern-african-game-reserves.co.za/botswana/okavango-delta/index.html Southern African Game Reserves - Okavango Delta] {{Authority control}} [[Category:River deltas of Africa]] [[Category:Wetlands of Botswana]] [[Category:Swamps of Africa]] [[Category:Floodplains of Africa]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Botswana]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites insyd Botswana]] [[Category:Zambezian flooded grasslands]] [[Category:Kalahari Desert]] [[Category:First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites]] bcs1mmtb3ie0vlrjkbhqt54qltq4nkb 0 27969 115414 113396 2026-10-30T03:54:02Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Pool Malebo''' (wey dem before dey call am '''Stanley Pool'''), dem sanso be known for history as Mpumbu, Lake Nkunda, Lake Nkuna, Lake Ntamo, anaa Lake Ngobila,<ref>William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44</ref><ref>Sylvie Ayimpam, ''Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930)'', Centre d’Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf), 2006, p. 4</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Okeseleke |first=Raymond |date=23 August 2022 |title=Stanley Pool, site de naissance des villes de Kinshasa et Brazzaville |trans-title=Stanley Pool, the birthplace of the cities of Kinshasa and Brazzaville |url=https://heshimardc.net/v1/2022/08/23/stanley-pool-site-de-naissance-des-villes-de-kinshasa-et-brazzaville/ |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Heshima Magazine |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260626104608/https://heshimardc.net/v1/2022/08/23/stanley-pool-site-de-naissance-des-villes-de-kinshasa-et-brazzaville/ |archive-date=26 June 2026}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Malu-Malu |first=Muriel Devey |date=21 July 2024 |title=Du Pumbo au Pool Malebo: l'évolution d’une grande zone commerciale |trans-title=From Pumbo to Pool Malebo: the evolution of a major commercial area |url=https://www.makanisi.org/du-pumbo-au-pool-malebo-levolution-dune-grande-zone-commerciale/ |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Makanisi |language=fr-FR}}</ref> be wide, lake-like widening of de lower Congo River for Central Africa wey dey form natural basin wey river dey expand before e go drop go downstream enter [[Livingstone Falls]].<ref name="britannica">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359978/Malebo-Pool "Malebo Pool"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Accessed June 2011.</ref><ref name=":2" /> Dis pool dey serve as international border between [[Republic of the Congo]] for north den [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] for south, plus de capital cities Brazzaville den Kinshasa wey dey face each other directly for opposite shores.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> E dey cover around 500 square kilometers, wey e get about 35 kilometers length den 23 kilometers width. De water no too deep; normally e dey between 3 to 10 meters, buh during rainy season flood fit make water level change well well.<ref name="britannica" /> De name ''Malebo'', wey be plural of ''lilebo'' for Lingala, dey refer to Borassus palm tree wey dey plenty around de shores, islands, den alluvial plains around de area. De word ''pool'' na English word wey mean basin anaa lake.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Dem rename am Stanley Pool for 1887 after explorer Henry Morton Stanley, wey be de first European wey map de area during im expedition wey talk say de place get about 400 km² surface area.<ref name=":0" /> Later, for January 1972, after independence den Africanization policy, dem change de name come Pool Malebo.<ref name=":0" /> Long before white men reach der, Pool Malebo already be big cultural, trade, den political center for Bantu people for Congo Basin.<ref name=":0" /> == Geography == === Description and toponymy === Pool Malebo be place wer Congo River expand turn like lake. De word ''pool'' for English fit mean lake anaa pond. Kinshasa dey for south side of de water, while Brazzaville dey for north side.<ref name=":0" /> Before colonial naming, local people get different names for de area like N'Tamo (Ntamo), Nkouna (Nkuna anaa Nkunda), Pumbo, Pumbu, Mpumbu, anaa Ngobila.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> ==== Ntamo den Nkouna ==== De names Ntamo den Nkouna show for many early explorer records, especially Henry Morton Stanley den oda historians. According to Congolese historian Jérôme Olland, Stanley even use Ntamo for ein book ''In Darkest Africa''.<ref name=":3" /> French explorer Léon Guiral for 1889 sanso talk say Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza meet interpreter Ashimbo Taba for Nkouna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guiral |first=Léon |url=http://archive.org/details/elcongofrancaisd00guir |title=Le Congo francais du Gabon a Brazzaville |date=1889 |publisher=[[Plon (publisher)|Plon]] |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library |location=Paris, France |pages=106 |language=fr |trans-title=French Congo from Gabon to Brazzaville}}</ref> But missionary Father Albert Le Gallois talk say even though early explorers dey use Nkouna for big island Mbamu, de name no really dey common among Téké people wey dey live for dat side.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Le Gallois |first=Albert |date=1912 |title=Contribution à la carthographie du Congo français |trans-title=Contribution to the cartography of French Congo |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1912_num_21_115_7291 |journal=[[Annales de géographie]] |language=fr |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Armand Colin]] |volume=21 |issue=115 |pages=60–69 |doi=10.3406/geo.1912.7291}}</ref> ==== Pumbo, Pumbu, anaa Mpumbu ==== De names Pumbo, Pumbu, anaa Mpumbu sanso appear for old records. For Olfert Dapper book ''Description of Africa'', he describe Pombo as place under Makoko ruler of Téké.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dapper |first=Olfert |url=http://archive.org/details/gri_33125009359999 |title=Naukeurige Beschrijvinge Der Afrikaensche Gewesten Van Egypten, Barbaryen, Libyen, Biledulgerid, Negroslant, Guinea, Ethiopiën, Abyssinie: Vertoont In de Benamingen, Grenspalen, Steden, Revieren, gewassen, Dieren, Zeeden, Drachten, Talen, Rijkdommen, Godsdiensten en Heerschappyen |date=1668 |publisher=[[Jacob van Meurs]] |others=[[Getty Research Institute]] |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |pages=533 |trans-title=An Accurate Description of African Places in Egypt, Barbary, Libya, Biledulgerid, Negroland, Guinea, Ethiopia, Abyssinia: Showing place names, boundaries, crops, animals, timbers, costumes, languages, kingdoms, religions, and dominions}}</ref> Historian Jan Vansina explain say de name fit refer to north shore of Stanley Pool, wey be political center of Téké kingdom.<ref name=":3" /> Oda scholars sanso link am to Bahumbu area. Sam people even say Mpumbu mean “big market”.<ref name=":3" /> For Kinshasa history, Professor Pascal Kapagama talk say for 16th century, big market wey dem call Mpumbu dey there, wey dat be wer Kinshasa name come from.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapagama |first=Pascal |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Rachel |date=July 2009 |title=Portrait of Kinshasa: City on the Edge |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-working-papers-phase-two/wp53.2-portrait-of-kinshasa-french.pdf |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Lse.ac.uk |publisher=[[London School of Economics|Crisis States Research Centre]] |pages=2 |language=fr |publication-place=London, England |issn=1749-1797}}</ref> Some researchers sanso talk say Mpumbu be important slave trade market for Central Africa, wer goods from inland river regions dey pass go Atlantic coast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mantuba-Ngoma |first=Pamphile Mabiala |last2=Etambala |first2=Mathieu Zana Aziza |date=2017 |title=La société congolaise face à la modernité (1700-2010): Mélanges eurafricains offerts à Jean-Luc Vellut |trans-title=Congolese society facing modernity (1700-2010): Euro-African essays offered to Jean-Luc Vellut |url=https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9782140029059_A49332667/preview-9782140029059_A49332667.pdf#:~:text=Ceux%2Dci%20accueillaient%20tous%20les%20produits,Europ%C3%A9ens%20sur%20la%20c%C3%B4te%20atlan%2D |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Api.pageplace.de |publisher=[[L'Harmattan|Éditions L'Harmattan]] |pages=14–15 |language=fr |publication-place=Paris, France |isbn=978-2-343-11120-9}}</ref> ==== Stanley Pool den Pool Malebo ==== For 1887, dem rename am Stanley Pool after Henry Morton Stanley.<ref name=":0" /> Frank Pocock, wey follow Stanley wey dey work under Leopold II of Belgium, e be suggest de name for 12 March 1877 wen dem enter de basin, as Stanley write am for ''Through the Dark Continent''.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stanley |first=Henry Morton |url=http://archive.org/details/throughdarkconti1878stan2 |title=Through the Dark Continent: Or, The Sources of the Nile Around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa, and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean |date=1878 |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]] |others=[[Harold B. Lee Library]]}}</ref> After independence of Congo-Léopoldville, for January 1972, dem change am come Pool Malebo. De name Malebo cam from Lingala word ''lilebo'' (plural ''malebo''), wey mean Borassus palm tree wey plenty for de river banks, islands, den flood plains. So Pool Malebo mean “lake of Borassus palm”.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mukendi |first=Michael Tshibangu |last2=Mbale |first2=Henri Kunzi |last3=Ntumba |first3=Jean-Métis |last4=Luyeye |first4=Félicien Lukoki |date=2020 |title=Floristic Inventory of Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants Found in Malebo Pool in Congo Rivers, Kinshasa, DR. Congo (Case of MOLONDO, MIPONGO, and JAPON Islands) |url=https://globaljournals.org/GJSFR_Volume20/5-Floristic-Inventory-of-Invasive.pdf |access-date=31 December 2025 |website=Globaljournals.org |publisher=Global Journals |page=31–44 |publication-place=Framingham, Massachusetts, United States |issn=2249-4626}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> === Terrain den navigation === Pool Malebo get about 35 km length den 23 km width, wey e cover around 500 km² area. E get islands insyd, den biggest one be M'Bamou Island wey dey for middle. De island area be about 180 km² wey e belong to Republic of the Congo. Water depth dey shallow, 3 to 10 meters, buh flood fit change water level reach 3 meters every year. Average height of de area be about 272 m above sea level.<ref name="britannica" /><ref name=":3" /> For south side, Brazzaville den Kinshasa dey face each other directly, wey dem be one of de closest capital cities for de world (except Rome den Vatican City wey dey insyd each other).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Buron |first=Thierry |date=22 November 2020 |title=Brazzaville et Kinshasa : proches, mais séparées |url=https://www.revueconflits.com/brazaville-et-kinshasa-proches-mais-separes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215134251/https://www.revueconflits.com/brazaville-et-kinshasa-proches-mais-separes/ |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Conflits: Revue de Géopolitique |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Ken |date=6 November 2017 |title=The World's Closest Capitals Are Just 2 Miles Apart |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/the-worlds-closest-capitals-are-just-2-miles-apart |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=[[Condé Nast Traveler]] |language=en-US |publication-place=New York, New York, United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordine |first=Michael |date=18 July 2024 |title=These Are the World's Closest Capital Cities |url=https://dailypassport.com/closest-capital-cities/ |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Daily Passport |language=en-US}}</ref> Maluku dey for upstream entrance of de basin. From der, Pool Malebo mark de beginning of navigable Congo River go reach Mbandaka, Makanza, Bangui, den even Kisangani. Downstream from Ngaliema Bay, river go enter strong rapids wey dem call Livingstone Falls, wer water drop about 300 meters before e reach Matadi port.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,255}} ==History== === Early history === {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Congo River with upstream half of Pool Malebo and Mbamu.jpg | caption1 = Aerial view from northwest side of de [[Congo River]], wey dey show de upstream half of Pool Malebo den [[Mbamu|Mbamu Island]]. De northern outskirts of [[Brazzaville]] dey show for right front. | caption_align = center | align = left }} European contact with de [[Congo River]] area start for 1483, when Portuguese navigator [[Diogo Cão]] reach de river mouth and start relation between de [[Kingdom of Portugal]] den de [[Kingdom of Kongo]]. Dis event end de relative isolation of [[Central Africa]] from outsyd world networks wey dem start written records about de region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ayimpam |first=Sylvie |date=2006 |title=Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930) |trans-title=Material life, trade, and capitalism on the southern bank of Pool Malebo, Congo River (1815–1930) |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00723326v1/document |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Hal.science |publisher=Éditions du Centre d'Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf) |pages=4–23 |language=fr}}</ref> But archaeological den linguistic research, especially for [[Bantu languages]], show say human settlement for [[Congo Basin]] dey exist long before Europeans come, plus evidence of farming den iron den copper work wey dey go back "about two thousand years". From sixteenth century go forward, de area enter Atlantic trade system, especially thru [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name=":0" /> Major trade route develop along de Congo River from Atlantic coast reach middle basin. Pool Malebo become very important transshipment point inside dis system, divide de trade into two zones. De western zone, from coast reach de pool, depend mostly on land routes den act as corridor for goods movement, plus important centers like Tungwa, [[Tshela]], [[M'banza-Kongo|São Salvador]], [[Kimongo District|Kimongo]], den Ludima dem link by road networks. De eastern zone, from Pool Malebo reach [[Ubangi-Uélé District|Ubangi–Uélé]] meeting point, mainly be production area, wey dey supply items like [[pottery]], [[salt]], sugarcane alcohol, [[ivory]], [[Natural rubber|rubber]], den [[copal]].<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 190 | image1 = Bateke, Congo, c. 1900.jpg | caption1 = [[Teke people|Bateke]] couple, [[Congo Free State]], 1898. | image2 = | caption2 = | caption_align = center | align = right }} Di area around Pool Malebo belong to de [[Tio Kingdom]], whose people dem mostly know as [[Teke people|Batéké]]. [[Jan Vansina]], wey write full study about dis kingdom, explain say ''Batéké'' likely be [[Kongo language|Kongo]] word wey dem use for groups inside Tio Kingdom anaa to describe dema traits.<ref name=":0" /> For whole Kongo region, Batéké plateau, den central Congo valley, de name ''Téké'' dem link to selling. For Kikongo, ''téké'' mean "to sell", secof Tio people get strong trading lifestyle den neighbors see dem as traders. Vansina note say Tio be among de Central African groups wey Europeans den Americans know well secof dem dey around Pool Malebo.<ref name=":0" /> Plenty enslaved people wey dem export go Americas, plus ivory from Congo Basin, pass thru markets for dis area. Tio Kingdom likely start wen small communities join together under one leader, de Makoko (king). According to [[Isidore Ndaywel è Nziem]], one of those communities include old ruins of kingdom dem call N'guunu, wey dey Pool Malebo. Dis unification happen around sixteenth century. Over time, Tio build strong trade link plus neighbors like Kingdom of Kongo den [[Kingdom of Loango|Loango]], make goods move from Atlantic coast reach interior. Pool Malebo become main storage point den central junction for dis trade route.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Makoko-iloo.jpg | caption1 = Iloo I (dem sanso know as Illoy Loubath Imoumba anaa Mboulignaoh Illoh), chief of de Bateke of [[Mbé]] den king of de Bateke from 1874, get title Makoko, Onkô, anaa Ma-Onkô, wey dem dey use for traditional ruler. E die for 1892. | caption_align = center }} For de southern bank of de pool, de [[Mfinu language|Mfumu]] den Humbu (Bahumbu) people dey live der. Dem relate to Batéké culturally den linguistically but still be different groups. Vansina explain say Bahumbu control de southern part of de Pool. Most of dema villages dey insyd land behind hills, den dema capital dey at [[Lemba, Kinshasa|Lemba]].<ref name=":0" /> De leader of Lemba, wey dey Mbanza-Lemba, be main authority for de southern shore of de Pool. For many centuries, Europeans no fit enter Pool Malebo area. Compared to [[West Africa]], Congo Basin colonization happen late. Geography block dem small, but strong resistance from Bakongo den Batéké traders stop Europeans den missionaries from coming near de Pool. François Bontinck record how Italian missionaries for seventeenth century struggle enter Makoko Kingdom thru Kingdom of Kongo.<ref name=":0" /> Dema first try fail, one missionary dem beat am den threaten to kill am. Dem reach de Pool second time, buh dem still no allow dem cross river to meet Makoko. Other missionaries face same resistance. After many failed attempts, dem try Ngobila canal route, but warriors loyal to de king attack dem. Dem burn dema village, den king later rebuild am far away. De attackers want keep missionaries out secof dem fear say [[baptism]] den [[Christianity|Christian]] influence go spoil trade interest.<ref name=":0" /> Tio people stay far from Kongo Kingdom secof dem fear say missionaries wey follow Portuguese trade routes go expose dema trade advantages like transit fees den market control. In de end, missionaries return to Kongo without meeting Makoko. De Makoko Kingdom still remain attractive to missionaries, but strong resistance from traders block demz plans.<ref name=":0" /> === River trade den socioeconomic transformation === {{Multiple image | total_width = 250 | image1 = Diapositief glaspositief toverlantaarnplaat – reeks 010.789 – Congo VI. Bevolking (2e verz.) – nr. 29 – Mfinu-mannen, omgeving Kinshasa, asset TwdYoXOYkiH4hcqYV663dQZ5.tif | caption1 = Mfumu men insyd Kinshasa Léopoldville | caption_align = center | align = left }} For de 19th century, river trade wey dey long distance really grow well well, even though dem ban slave trade already. From Pool Malebo, caravans of porters dey carry goods go trading stations near mouth of Congo River for Lower Congo. Congolese guides wey dey cross de area dey lead plenty caravans wey dey move enslaved people join things like chili peppers, palm kernels, peanuts, sesame, ivory, den later rubber. For some days, communities for Lower Congo dey supply de stations, where Europeans dey bake bread for big ovens, den people dey easily get European goods like gin, firearms, gunpowder, den cloth.<ref name=":0" /> By dis time, Bobangi join Batéké for trade around Pool Malebo. Dem cam from Ubangi River area, move enter middle Congo, then reach Pool between late 18th den early 19th century. Dem no be invaders; dem just follow trade opportunities. Dem dey call themselves "river people", wey dem boost trade well well. One Bobangi trader fit offload at least 1 ton goods every year, totaling around 40 tons yearly. Dem trade mainly ivory den enslaved people wey dey go coastal posts, exchange for European goods like guns den textiles.<ref name=":0" /> Slave export continue till around 1850–1860, then new goods like tobacco take over. For 1870s, Bobangi deliver about 5,000 to 6,000 elephant tusks go Pool Malebo. Dem become expert for navigation of Congo River den tributaries like Alima, Likouala, den Ikelemba. Dem caravans dey move with 10 to 60 pirogues loaded plus goods.<ref name=":0" /> Lingala language, wey come from river trade lingua franca, spread as main trade language for de region. Bobangi first participate, then later dominate trade network until Léopoldville post den steam navigation wey Henry Morton Stanley introduce insyd 1881, wich disrupt but no totally end dema system.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 280 | image1 = DUPONT(1889) pg751 Panorama du Stanley Pool.jpg | caption1 = Eastward view across Stanley Pool from Léopoldville terrace, ca. 1889. | caption_align = center | align = right }} As 19th century dey end, Congo River trade system collapse. Dis happen secof French den Belgian authorities divide river zones, new trading posts appear, steam transport start, den railway construction begin. De trade once connect Africa, Europe, den Americas into world economy since 17th century.<ref name=":0" /> But control of trade dey plus small elite around Pool Malebo, wey get right to sell ivory den enslaved people. Chiefs cam be rich plus captives, weapons, den imported goods. Inland chiefs get less power secof dem only participate indirectly.<ref name=":0" /> Local life still depend on farming den craft work. Agriculture grow. Cassava processing for river market need plenty women labor, while tobacco production need men labor, often enslaved. Some crafts like ironworking decline secof imported metal cheap pass local tools. Canoe den paddle production sanso reduce. But pottery increase well well.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Bateke Village, Kinshasa - Starr, Frederick, Congo natives - an ethnographic album (1912).png | caption1 = View of Kinshasa village insyd 1912 | caption_align = center | align = left }} South side of Pool Malebo get many villages. Some dey riverbank, others inland. Major ones include Ntassa (Kinshasa) den Ntamo (Kintambo), wey be main market centers.<ref name=":0" /> Villages like Kinshasa, Kintambo, den Lemba exist der. Others like Nolo, Kingabwa, Mokilao, Kinsuka dey along river plus Batéké people. Inland villages belong to Bahumbu, plus Mbanza-Lemba as major hub.<ref name=":0" /> Jan Vansina talk say riverside villages be like commercial towns. Dem mix Tio den Bobangi population, plus few free men wey dey control many enslaved people. Some villages get 500–1,000 people.<ref name=":0" /> Women for riverside villages dey do pottery den dey make cassava bread (chikwangue). Dem sanso sell goods insyd market. Even though work plenty, dem still get more free time than inland women.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = 108 Matadi. - Le marche.jpg | caption1 = Market insyd Matadi, circa 1899 | image2 = Au Congo Belge-Matadi-Au Marché.jpg | caption2 = Market scene insyd Matadi, circa 1905 | caption_align = center | align = right | direction = vertical }} Bahumbu people focus on farming. Dem grow banana, sugarcane, pineapple, cassava, maize, sweet potatoes, beans. Dem sanso fish, hunt, den sell livestock, peanuts, kaolin, tobacco.<ref name=":0" /> Markets dey very important for trade den social life. Market be place for announcements, laws, disputes, den even entertainment. Barter system start am, later dem introduce shells, cloth, necklaces, metal rods, den motako coins.<ref name=":0" /> European goods later become common den even replace some local products. Items include fabrics, blankets, glassware, salt, cutlery, jewelry, bottles, candles, tableware, gin, rum. But pottery still strong.<ref name=":0" /> African societies change socially secof trade. New elites emerge from commerce, while old chiefs lose some power. Gap between rich den poor increase.<ref name=":0" /> === European penetration, founding of Léopoldville, den Kinshasa emergence === {{Multiple image | total_width = 150 | image1 = No-nb bldsa 1c051 Henry Morton Stanley.jpg | align = right | caption1 = Colonial system begin after Henry Morton Stanley expeditions open Congo Basin }} Trade for Pool Malebo still strong, but no yet capitalist system. Wealth dey circulate, but land no dey sell den labor mainly thru slavery. Real disruption come later plus colonial system after Stanley open Congo Basin to Europe.<ref name=":0" /> Stanley explore from Zanzibar reach Congo River den Boma insyd 1877. He name Pool Malebo as Stanley Pool. Later, he plan to open region for global trade under support of King Leopold II.<ref name=":0" /> Léopoldville post establish on 1 December 1881 by Stanley on hill Konzo Ikulu (later Mont Léopold / Mont Ngaliema). Trade continue den Batéké act as middlemen.<ref name=":0" /> From 1890–1911, town grow fast. Missions, port, railways, hospitals, schools, military camps develop. African workers organize into camps Kiliamani den Mampeza.<ref name=":0" /> Kinshasa post grow slowly at first. Dutch den Portuguese traders set posts. Railway connect Kinshasa and Léopoldville.<ref name=":0" /> Kinshasa later expand with new river port (1910–1912), wey dey attract companies from Europe. By 1914–1915, population reach about 13,000.<ref name=":0" /> Insyd 1920, Léopoldville den Kinshasa merge, later become capital of Belgian Congo insyd 1923. After independence, name change to Kinshasa insyd 1966.<ref name=":0" /> === Economy den Léopoldville growth === ==== Port den river trade ==== {{Multiple image | total_width = 280 | image1 = A visit to Stanley's rear-guard at Major Barttelot's camp on the Aruhwimi with an account of the river-life on the Congo (1889) (14590891168).jpg | caption1 = En Avant steam launch on Congo River 1889 | caption_align = center }} Léopoldville grow secof river transport. Stanley introduce steamboat En Avant insyd 1881. Dis start modern river fleet system.<ref name=":0" /> By 1894, 43 steamers dey operate. Port traffic increase to over 16,000 tons by 1907.<ref name=":0" /> Colonial companies move inland to collect rubber, ivory, copal. Motako copper rod become currency for trade.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 400 | image1 = Railroad workers building the Matadi-Leopoldville railroad.jpg | caption1 = Railway construction Matadi–Léopoldville 1887 | image2 = Locomotive ndolo.jpg | caption2 = First locomotive reach Léopoldville 1898 }} Railway from Matadi to Stanley Pool complete in 1898. This reduce dependence on porter labor and boost economy.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Colonization and power ==== {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Esclave fouetté avec une chicotte, État indépendant du Congo.jpg | caption1 = Forced labor punishment with chicotte ca. 1905 | caption_align = center }} Colonial rule involve forced labor, flogging, displacement, and control from Brussels. Economic system focus on extraction and profit.<ref name=":0" /> European powers compete for Congo resources like uranium, copper, cobalt, diamonds.<ref name=":0" /> Batéké chiefs resist colonial labor den lose villages after conflicts. Some flee to French side of river.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Vauthier Rene Le Congo Belge 87 Indigenes du Stanley Pool.JPG | caption1 = Batéké people at Stanley Pool c.1900 | caption_align = center }} Villages cleared for plantations, military camps, den infrastructure. Traditional systems weaken.<ref name=":0" /> === Ecology === ==== Climate ==== Kinshasa get tropical climate plus rainy season (Sept–May) den dry season (June–Aug). Rain peak for Nov, Dec, March.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Flora ==== River banks get palm, papyrus swamp. Water plants like Eichhornia dey float. Some invasive species spread fast den block native plants.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Fish ==== Over 200 fish species dey area, many be catfish den mormyrids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World |url=https://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php%3Feco%3D548 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260626104553/https://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php%3Feco%3D548 |archive-date=2026-06-26 |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=www.feow.org |language=en}}</ref> <gallery widths="180" heights="120"> File:PoolMalebo.jpg|Aerial view of Pool Malebo File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|Stanley route shown in black line </gallery> ==References== <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of the Congo|Malebo]] [[Category:Lakes of de Republic of the Congo|Malebo]] [[Category:International lakes of Africa|Malebo]] [[Category:Ecoregions of de Democratic Republic of the Congo|Malebo]] [[Category:Natural pools|Malebo]] [[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]] byhw621nz2xspszoz2zst07junx2k53 0 30262 115399 113874 2026-10-29T22:14:29Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elena Andreyevna Rybakina''' (born 17 June 1999) be a Russian-born Kazakhstani professional tennis player. She currently be ranked world No. 1 insyd singles by de Women's Tennis Association (WTA). Rybakina win 14 WTA Tour-level singles titles, wey dey include three major titles den de 2025 WTA Finals. She be de first Kazakhstani player to win a major, den to be ranked world No. 1 den insyd de world's top 10. A former junior world No. 3, Rybakina start ein career competing give Russia before switching federations to Kazakhstan insyd 2018. She break thru insyd 2020 wen she play insyd five tour finals, de most of any player dat year. Rybakina win ein first major title at de 2022 Wimbledon Championships, before reaching de 2023 Australian Open final. At de end of 2025, she win de WTA Finals, wey Australian Open follow den US Open titles insyd 2026, wich se am cam be de world No. 1 player for de first time insyd ein career. Rybakina be noted for ein excellent serve den ability to generate high-powered groundstrokes, den dey play primarily from de baseline. She be known for ein calm demeanour on court, wey she often be referred to plus de nickname "Ice Queen".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-31 |title=Rybakina: 'Entendo por que me chamam de Rainha de Gelo' |url=https://www.tenisnews.com.br/rybakina-entendo-por-que-me-chamam-de-rainha-de-gelo/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> == Early life den background == Na dem born Elena Rybakina on 17 June 1999 insyd Moscow to Andrey Rybakin den Ekaterina. Ein poppie originally be from Almaty insyd Kazakhstan wey he work as a producer give de television channel NTV Plus.<ref name="Father Kazakhstan">{{cite web |date=10 July 2022 |title=Победа Рыбакиной – победа Казахстана. Кто такие натурализованные спортсмены |url=https://informburo.kz/stati/pobeda-rybakinoi-pobeda-kazaxstana-kto-takie-naturalizovannye-sportsmeny |website=informburo.kz |language=Russian}}</ref> She start dey play sports give ein older sisto, Anna, from a very young age, originally focusing on gymnastics den ice skating.<ref name="get-to-know">{{cite web |last1=Nguyen |first1=Courtney |date=22 January 2020 |title=Getting to Know: Elena Rybakina's rocket rise |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1584000/getting-to-know-elena-rybakina-s-rocket-rise |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222173244/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1584000/getting-to-know-elena-rybakina-s-rocket-rise |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Elena Rybakina: I felt confident after winning the first set |url=http://lt.formulatx.com/en/blog/2020/02/14/elena-rybakina-uverennost-poyavilas-s-vyigryshem-pervogo-seta/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625040000/https://lt.formulatx.com/en/blog/2020/02/14/elena-rybakina-uverennost-poyavilas-s-vyigryshem-pervogo-seta/ |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Formula TX St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy}}</ref> Upon dem tell am say na she be too tall to become a professional insyd either of those sports, na ein poppie suggest she switch to tennis instead secof ein interest insyd de sport.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabiner |first=Igor |date=18 August 2022 |title="Just six months ago, Lena wanted to quit tennis." An interview with the father of Wimbledon champion Elena Rybakina. |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/tennis/wta/reviews/tennis-andrey-rybakin-otec-chempionki-uimbldona-eleny-rybakinoy-o-vystuplenii-za-kazahstan-i-rossii-kontrakte-ftr-i-ssha-1962750/ |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Sport Express Russia}}</ref> Rybakina begin dey play tennis at de age of six.<ref name="get-to-know" /> Rybakina move from de Dynamo Sports Club to de Spartak Tennis Club, wer na she get several accomplished coaches. She train plus former top-10 player [[Andrey Chesnokov]] den former top-100 player [[Evgenia Kulikovskaya]]. Na one of ei fitness coaches be [[Irina Kiseleva]], a World Championship gold medallist insyd de modern pentathlon.<ref name="ubi">{{cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Elena Rybakina Is Really Special |url=https://www.ubitennis.net/2020/03/elena-rybakina-really-special/ |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Ubi Tennis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 2017 |title=Поколение Next. Елена Рыбакина |trans-title=Next Generation: Elena Rybakina |url=http://tennis-stars.ru/worldnews/pokolenie-next-elena-rybakina/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712172830/http://tennis-stars.ru/worldnews/pokolenie-next-elena-rybakina/ |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Tennis Stars |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="spartak">{{cite web |last1=Fagan |first1=Kate |date=9 January 2013 |title=From Russia, With Topspin |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/8827683/espnw-russia-topspin |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Na Rybakina no get individual training as a junior, instead practicing insyd a group of about eight players up til age 15 den a group of four players thru age 18. She sanso only play tennis about two hours per day wey she train insyd fitness for three hours a day. N ein time give tennis be limited in part secof she attend a regular high school wey no specialized for athletes wey she need to balance tennis plus schoolwork.<ref name="school">{{cite web |last1=Cox |first1=David |date=22 January 2020 |title=Elena Rybakina: Getting to know the 'anonymous' yet in-form No.29 seed |url=https://ausopen.com/articles/features/elena-rybakina-getting-know-anonymous-yet-form-no29-seed |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Australian Open}}</ref> == Juniors == [[File:Osuigwe_and_Rybakina_shake_hands.png|left|thumb|Rybakina (right) den [[Whitney Osuigwe]] at de 2017 ITF Junior Masters]] Rybakina be a former world No. 3 junior.<ref name="itf-juniors">{{cite web |title=Elena Rybakina Junior Singles Overview |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/elena-rybakina/800365863/kaz/jt/s/overview/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref> She begin dey play on de ITF Junior Circuit insyd November 2013 at de age of 14. De following March, she win ein first title at ein second career event, de Grade-3 Almetievsk Cup. She play ein first Grade-2 event insyd June at de Ozerov Cup insyd Moscow, finishing runner-up to compatriot [[Anna Blinkova]]. She begin dey play Grade-1 events from de start of 2015, buh na she no get any success til she reach de final at de Belgian International Junior Championships insyd May, losing to [[Katharina Hobgarski]]. Rybakina make ein junior-major debut later insyd de year at de [[2015 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], wer she reach de third round. Following an opening-round loss at de 2016 Australian Open, she win back-to-back Grade-1 titles. She continue to struggle at de junior Grand Slam den oda Grade-A events insyd singles for de rest of de year.<ref name="itf-junior-singles">{{cite web |title=Elena Rybakina Junior Singles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/elena-rybakina/800365863/kaz/jt/s/activity/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref> Ein best result of 2016 at de Grade A-events cam insyd doubles wen she fini runner-up to [[Olesya Pervushina]] den [[Anastasia Potapova]] at de Trofeo Bonfiglio, alongside [[Amina Anshba]] insyd an all-Russian final.<ref name="itf-junior-doubles">{{cite web |title=Elena Rybakina Junior Doubles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/elena-rybakina/800365863/kaz/jt/d/activity/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref> Na de 2017 season be Rybakina ein last year on de junior tour. Insyd de middle of de season, she win ein first den only Grade-A title at de Trofeo Bonfiglio, defeating [[Iga Świątek]] insyd de final.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=28 May 2017 |title=Popyrin e Rybakina vincono il Trofeo Bonfiglio 2017 |trans-title=Popyrin and Rybakina win the Bonfiglio Trophy 2017 |url=https://www.spaziotennis.com/jnr/popyrin-e-rybakina-vincono-il-trofeo-bonfiglio-2017/49314 |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=Spazio Tennis |language=it}}</ref> She sanso fare better at de Grand Slam events compared to previous years, losing insyd de semifinals of de Australian Open den de French Open to eventual champions [[Marta Kostyuk]] den [[Whitney Osuigwe]], respectively. She fini ein junior career at de first round-robin edition of de ITF Junior Masters, de junior counterpart to de WTA Finals. She win one match insyd ein round-robin group wey she fini insyd seventh place.<ref name="itf-junior-singles"/> == Professional == === 2014–18: First ITF titles, federation change === Rybakina begin dey play on de ITF Women's Circuit insyd December 2014, at de age of fifteen. While na she still dey play on de junior circuit, she reach three ITF finals insyd singles den two insyd doubles, winning both of de doubles finals only insyd 2017.<ref name="itf-singles">{{cite web |title=Elena Rybakina Women's Singles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/elena-rybakina/800365863/kaz/wt/s/activity/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref><ref name="itf-doubles">{{cite web |title=Elena Rybakina Women's Doubles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/elena-rybakina/800365863/kaz/wt/d/activity/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref> She sanso make ein WTA Tour debut insyd October 2017 at de Kremlin Cup, wer she reach de main draw thru qualifying buh she loose insyd de opening round to [[Irina-Camelia Begu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2017 |title=Rybakina Falls Over 3-set Match |url=https://kremlincup.ru/en/news/205/ |access-date=13 April 2018 |website=Kremlin Cup}}</ref> At ein next WTA tournament insyd February 2018, Rybakina win ein first WTA Tour match at de St. Petersburg Trophy against [[Timea Bacsinszky]]. She then upset world No. 7 [[Caroline Garcia]] insyd three sets, after saving a match point insyd de second set.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2018 |title=Teen Rybakina stuns Garcia for spot in St. Petersburg QF |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/teen-rybakina-stuns-garcia-spot-st-petersburg-qf |access-date=13 April 2018 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> Losing insyd de next round,<ref>{{cite web |date=2 February 2018 |title=Goerges rolls past Rybakina to reach St. Petersburg semifinals |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/goerges-rolls-past-rybakina-reach-st-petersburg-semifinals |access-date=13 April 2018 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> dis quarterfinal appearance help am rise from No. 450 to No. 268 insyd de world.<ref name="wta-rankings"/> Insyd March, Rybakina win ein first ITF singles title at a $15k event insyd Kazan,<ref name="itf-singles"/> wer she sanso win de doubles title.<ref name="itf-doubles"/> Ein next significant rankings jump cam insyd April wen she fini runner-up to [[Sabina Sharipova]] at de $60k Lale Cup insyd Istanbul, bringing am to No. 215. She break into de top 200 for de first time insyd late May.<ref name="wta-rankings" /> De Rybakin family begin to grow frustrated plus de Russian Tennis Federation over a perceived lack of financial support for Rybakina ein career den various incidents wey dey involve de federation.<ref name="2016 US Open">{{cite web |last=Rabiner |first=Igor |date=18 August 2022 |title=«Всего полгода назад Лена хотела бросить теннис». Интервью отца чемпионки Уимблдона Елены Рыбакиной |url=https://www.sport-express.net/tennis/wta/reviews/tennis-andrey-rybakin-otec-chempionki-uimbldona-eleny-rybakinoy-o-vystuplenii-za-kazahstan-i-rossii-kontrakte-ftr-i-ssha-1962750/ |website=sport-express.net |language=Russian}}</ref> At de girls' juniors tournament of de 2016 US Open, Rybakina faint secof low hemoglobin levels wey na she be forced to retire from ein first round match.<ref name="2016 US Open" /> De RTF reportedly provide no assistance to Rybakina despite she be present at de event, leading Rybakina ein family to decide say she no longer go travel for tournaments widout having a parent present.<ref name="2016 US Open" /> As de family no fi afford to travel plus am full-time, dem instead decide to focus on playing college tennis insyd de United States anaa Canada.<ref name="2016 US Open" /> Insyd May 2018, she just turn 19 years old, Rybakina acquire Kazakhstani citizenship wey she switch federations from Russia to Kazakhstan. Na de Kazakhstan Tennis Federation offer am financial support to change ein nationality, wich she choose over various options to play college tennis den pause ein professional career.<ref name="get-to-know"/><ref name="switch">{{cite web |last1=Ilic |first1=Jovica |date=21 June 2018 |title=Former Russian junior No. 3 changes her nationality to represent Kazakhstan |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/WTA_Tennis/56657/former-russian-junior-no-3-changes-her-nationality-to-represent-kazakhstan/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=Tennis World USA}}</ref> Na Rybakina ein poppie contact Kazakhstan Tennis Federation about a nationality switch give Rybakina, as na he originally be from Kazakhstan.<ref name="Father Kazakhstan"/> Playing give Kazakhstan, Rybakina enter ein first Grand Slam qualifying draw at de 2018 US Open, buh na she no reach de main draw.<ref name="itf-singles"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nitkin |first1=Pavel |date=7 June 2021 |title=Елена Рыбакина вынесла Серену на РГ. Она родилась в Москве, но играет за Казахстан – это путь многих талантов, потому что в России нет денег |trans-title=Elena Rybakina rendered Serena at RG. She was born in Moscow but plays for Kazakhstan, this is a path of many talents because there is no money in Russia |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/nitkina/2929665.html |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=sports.ru |language=ru}}</ref> === 2019: WTA 250 title, top 50 === [[File:Rybakina_RG19_(4)_(48199109407).jpg|left|thumb|Rybakina at de 2019 French Open]] After playing mostly ITF events insyd de first half of 2019, Rybakina begin dey play primarily on de WTA Tour insyd de second half of de season. During de first few months of de year, she win three ITF titles, wey dey include de $60k Launceston International. She make ein Grand Slam debut at de French Open as a qualifier, losing to [[Kateřina Siniaková]]. Insyd ein first WTA event on grass, Rybakina make ein first tour semifinal at de Rosmalen Grass Court Championships. Despite dis success, she loose insyd qualifying at Wimbledon.<ref name="wta-matches">{{cite web |title=Elena Rybakina Matches |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/324166/elena-rybakina/matches |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> Rybakina ein breakthru cam insyd July wen she win ein maiden WTA Tour title at de Bucharest Open, a month after turning 20 years old. During de event, she upset second seed [[Viktória Kužmová]] before defeating [[Patricia Maria Țig]] insyd de final.<ref name="wta-matches" /><ref name="first-title">{{cite web |last1=Macpherson |first1=Alex |date=21 July 2019 |title=Rybakina rides to maiden title in Bucharest with Tig victory |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1446676/rybakina-rides-to-maiden-title-in-bucharest-with-tig-victory |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> Plus dis title, she make ein top 100 debut insyd de WTA rankings at No. 65.<ref name="wta-rankings"/> Rybakina qualify for ein second main-draw Grand Slam match of de year at de US Open, buh she san loose insyd de first round.<ref name="wta-matches"/> At ein next tournament, she make ein second WTA Tour tournament final of de year at de Jiangxi International Open, finishing runner-up to [[Rebecca Peterson]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Macpherson |first1=Alex |date=15 September 2019 |title=Peterson rolls past Rybakina to maiden title in Nanchang |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1445306/peterson-rolls-past-rybakina-to-maiden-title-in-nanchang |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> Dis result bring am into de top 50 for de first time.<ref name="wta-rankings">{{cite web |title=Elena Rybakina Rankings History |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/324166/elena-rybakina/rankings-history |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> Rybakina close out de year strong, reaching at least de quarterfinals at ein last three events of de season. In particular, she reach de quarterfinals at de Wuhan Open, ein first career Premier-5 event. Insyd de tournament, she defeat world No. 6, [[Simona Halep]], wey retire late insyd de first set plus a lower back injury. She loose insyd de next round to eventual champion den world No. 14, [[Aryna Sabalenka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2019 |title='I didn't want to win the match like this' – Rybakina advances to Wuhan quarterfinals after Halep retires |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1485875/i-didnt-want-to-win-the-match-like-this-rybakina-advances-to-wuhan-quarterfinals-after-halep-retires |access-date=25 September 2002 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=Sabalenka returns to Wuhan SF: 'My game is getting better and better with every day' |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1485849/sabalenka-returns-to-wuhan-sf-my-game-is-getting-better-and-better-with-every-day- |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> Rybakina fini de season at No. 37 insyd de world.<ref name="wta-rankings" /> === 2020: WTA 250 title, top 20 === Rybakina lead de WTA Tour insyd finals during de 2020 season, wey she fini tied for second insyd match wins.<ref name="2020-stats">{{cite web |date=26 September 2020 |title=WTA Match Stats 2020 |url=http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/WTAMatchStats.pdf |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref><ref name="2020-summary">{{cite web |last1=Berkok |first1=John |date=5 December 2020 |title=Who were the Top 5 match win leaders on the ATP and WTA in 2020? |url=https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2020/12/top-5-match-win-leaders-atp-wta-tours-2020-djokovic-rublev-mertens-sabalenka-rybakina/92031/ |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Tennis.com}}</ref> She reach de finals at four of ein first five events. Before de [[COVID-19]] pandemic lead to de shutdown of de WTA Tour for more than five months, na she reach de final of every tournament except for de Australian Open den de Qatar Ladies Open, losing to world No. 1, [[Ashleigh Barty]], insyd both instances, de latter insyd a walkover secof an abductor strain insyd ein leg.<ref name="barty-loss-1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kane |first=David |date=25 February 2020 |title=Rybakina, Bencic secure titanic Doha victories |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1624877/rybakina-bencic-secure-titanic-doha-victories |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> Prior to de Australian Open, ein two finals cam at International events. After losing ein first final of de year to [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] at de Shenzhen Open,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bairner |first=Robin |date=11 January 2020 |title=Alexandrova downs Rybakina in Shenzhen for maiden title: The first one is always special |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1566002/alexandrova-downs-rybakina-in-shenzhen-for-maiden-title-the-first-one-is-always-special |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> she defeat [[Zhang Shuai]] to win ein second WTA title at de Hobart International.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2020 |title=Rybakina romps to second career title in Hobart |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1574513/rybakina-romps-to-second-career-title-in-hobart |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> At Melbourne, she record ein first two Grand Slam main-draw match wins against [[Bernarda Pera]] den [[Greet Minnen]].<ref name="barty-loss-1">{{Cite web |last=Livaudais |first=Stephanie |date=24 January 2020 |title=Barty races past Rybakina to reach fourth round in Melbourne |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1587424/barty-races-past-rybakina-to-reach-fourth-round-in-melbourne |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> Following de tournament, she reach two Premier finals at de St. Petersburg Trophy dem de Dubai Championships, finishing runner-up to No. 8 [[Kiki Bertens]] den No. 2 Simona Halep, respectively.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2020 |title=Halep fights past Rybakina in Dubai for 20th career title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1618866/halep-fights-past-rybakina-in-dubai-for-20th-career-title |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> At Dubai in particular, Rybakina defeat two top-ten players insyd No. 7 [[Sofia Kenin]] den No. 3 [[Karolína Plíšková]], de latter of whom na be de highest ranked player she defeat so far.<ref name="kenin">{{cite web |date=18 February 2020 |title=Rybakina rallies past Kenin in Dubai debut |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1614666/rybakina-rallies-past-kenin-in-dubai-debut |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Macpherson |first=Alex |date=20 February 2020 |title=Rybakina rockets to career-best win over Pliskova in Dubai quarters |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1616194/rybakina-rockets-to-career-best-win-over-pliskova-in-dubai-quarters |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> Dese four finals help am climb to No. 17 insyd de world at de time of de tour shutdown.<ref name="wta-rankings"/> She sanso cam be de first Kazakhstani player insyd de top 20 insyd history.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 March 2020 |title=20-летняя казахстанка вошла в топ-10 восходящих звезд мирового тенниса |trans-title=20-year-old Kazakhstani entered the top 10 rising stars of world tennis |url=https://vesti.kz/wta/280597/ |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Vesti |language=ru}}</ref> During de bulk of de shutdown, Rybakina stay insyd Moscow wey na she no get de opportunity to practice for two den a half months. She eventually resume training insyd Bratislava, Slovakia for five weeks.<ref name="pandemic-interview">{{cite web |last1=Baudu |first1=Jérémy |date=31 August 2020 |title=Exclusive interview with Elena Rybakina: The main goal is to be No 1 |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/our-features/interviews-our-features/tennis-majors-exclusive-interview-with-elena-rybakina-282953.html |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=Tennis Majors}}</ref> Wen de tour resume insyd New York insyd August, she loose ein return match to Alexandrova wey she only record one match win at de US Open.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macpherson |first=Alex |date=22 August 2020 |title=Alexandrova outserves Rybakina in Cincinnati opener |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1762782/alexandrova-outserves-rybakina-in-cincinnati-opener |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=di Costanzo |first=Diane |date=2 September 2020 |title=Shelby Rogers upsets Elena Rybakina at the 2020 US Open |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2020-09-02/shelby_rogers_upsets_elena_rybakina_at_the_2020_us_open.html |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=US Open}}</ref> Back insyd Europe, she finally defeat Alexandrova at de Italian Open insyd ein third opportunity of de year before squandering a chance to serve out de match insyd a third-round loss to compatriot [[Yulia Putintseva]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macpherson |first=Alex |date=18 September 2020 |title=Putintseva pulls off remarkable Rybakina escape in Rome |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1834128/putintseva-pulls-off-remarkable-rybakina-escape-in-rome |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> At de Internationaux de Strasbourg, Rybakina reach ein fifth final of de year den first since de resumption of de tour, losing to No. 5, [[Elina Svitolina]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bairner |first=Robin |date=26 September 2020 |title=Svitolina seals Strasbourg title after Rybakina victory |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1842090/svitolina-seals-strasbourg-title-after-rybakina-victory |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> However, she then loose to [[Fiona Ferro]] insyd de second round at de French Open.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livaudais |first=Stephanie |date=1 October 2020 |title=France's Ferro upsets Rybakina at Roland Garros |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1850001/france-s-ferro-upsets-rybakina-at-roland-garros |access-date=4 October 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> === 2021: French Open quarterfinal, Olympics fourth place === [[File:Rybakina_RG21_(50)_(51375295797).jpg|thumb|Rybakina at de 2021 French Open]] Rybakina start ein season at Abu Dhabi losing to eventual champion [[Aryna Sabalenka]] insyd de quarterfinals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VAVEL.com |date=2022-06-08 |title=WTA Abu Dhabi: Aryna Sabalenka fights past Elena Rybakina to reach semifinals |url=https://www.vavel.com/en-us/tennis-usa/2021/01/11/1054782-wta-abu-dhabi-aryna-sabalenka-fights-past-elena-rybakina-to-reach-semifinals.html |access-date=2026-08-29 |website=VAVEL |language=en-us}}</ref>She then loose to [[Fiona Ferro]] insyd de second round of Australian Open. After an uneventful stretch of de year wer she fall out of top 20, she win two consecutive matches for de first time since Abu Dhabi to reach de third round of French Open. She then defeat [[Elena Vesnina]] den [[Serena Williams]] to reach ein first major quarterfinal.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/rybakina-relishes-prospect-of-facing-williams-rg2021-r4|title=Rybakina relishes prospect of facing Serena|publisher=Roland Garros|accessdate=29 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 June 2021 |title=French Open 2021: Serena Williams upset in the fourth round by 21-year-old Elena Rybakina |url=https://www.cbssports.com/tennis/news/french-open-2021-serena-williams-upset-in-the-fourth-round-by-21-year-old-elena-rybakina/}}</ref> At de same tournament, she sanso reach de quarterfinals insyd doubles, partnering [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]]; incidentally, na Pavlyuchenkova be de opponent who defeat am insyd de quarterfinals of de singles portion of de 2021 French Open.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pavlyuchenkova overcomes Rybakina for first Grand Slam semifinal at French Open|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2168076/pavlyuchenkova-overcomes-rybakina-for-first-grand-slam-semifinal-at-french-open|publisher=WTA Tennis|access-date=29 August 2026|date=8 June 2021}}</ref> Rybakina record ein first top-10 win on grass at de Eastbourne International defeating second seed [[Elina Svitolina]] insyd straight sets.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2177537/rybakina-stuns-svitolina-in-eastbourne-ostapenko-sevastova-move-on|title=Rybakina stuns Svitolina in Eastbourne; Ostapenko, Sevastova score comeback wins|publisher=WTA|access-date=29 August 2026}}</ref>She reach ein first semifinal of de year defeating lucky loser [[Anastasija Sevastova]] before falling to eventual champion [[Jelena Ostapenko]].<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/57616738|title=Eastbourne International: Jelena Ostapenko beats Elena Rybakina to reach final|publisher=BBC|accessdate=29 August 2026}}</ref>Making ein first appearance at de tournament, Rybakina storm into de fourth round of Wimbledon widout dropping a set. Der she loose to world No. 2 [[Aryna Sabalenka]] insyd a tough three-set battle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabalenka into first Grand Slam quarterfinal |url=https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/articles/2021-07-05/sabalenka_into_first_grand_slam_quarterfinal.html |access-date=2026-08-29 |website=www.wimbledon.com}}</ref>She make ein comeback insyd top 20 on de back of strong grass season. Na Rybakina be de 15th seed of de Olympic Games tennis tournament, winning ein first three matches widout losing a set before a semifinals defeat to Belinda Bencic.<ref>[https://www.nbcolympics.com/videos/bencic-battles-back-defeat-rybakina-semis Bencic battles back to defeat Rybakina in semis]</ref> Insyd de bronze medal match, na Rybakina be defeated insyd a comeback by Elina Svitolina.<ref>[https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2202795/tokyo-2020-svitolina-seals-bronze-medal-with-gritty-comeback-over-rybakina Tokyo 2020: Svitolina seals bronze medal with gritty comeback over Rybakina ]</ref> She loose insyd de third round of US Open to 12th seed [[Simona Halep]]. On 1 November 2021, she make ein debut insyd de top 15, at world No. 14, becoming de highest ranked Kazakhstani player insyd history.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://qazinform.com/news/kazakhstani-top-seed-rybakina-in-top-15-as-wta-releases-2021-year-end-rankings_a3878512|title=Kazakhstani top seed Rybakina in top-15 as WTA releases 2021 year-end rankings|publisher=QAZINFORM|accessdate=29 August 2026}}</ref> === 2022: Wimbledon champion === Rybakina start ein 2022 season at de Adelaide International 1, wey dey make am to de final wer na she be defeated by world No. 1, Ash Barty.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barty rolls past Rybakina to second Adelaide title; sweeps doubles with Sanders |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2443080/barty-rolls-past-rybakina-to-second-adelaide-title-sweeps-doubles-with-sanders}}</ref> Ein success continue at de Sydney Tennis Classic plus a lopsided first-round defeat of reigning US Open champion [[Emma Raducanu]], before she subsequently withdraw from de tournament citing a thigh injury.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kontaveit, Krejcikova, Badosa win in Sydney; injured Rybakina withdraws |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2445155/kontaveit-krejcikova-badosa-win-in-sydney-injured-rybakina-withdraws |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> She reach a career-high ranking of No. 12 on 17 January 2022. Ein remaining early hardcourt season see little progress plus a second-round retirement at de Australian Open, a walkover at de St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy, den a first-round loss at de Qatar Ladies Open.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tansey |first=Joe |title=Australian Open 2022 Results: Thursday Singles Bracket Winners, Scores, Stats |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2952621-australian-open-2022-results-thursday-singles-bracket-winners-scores-stats |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=bleacherreport.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-10 |title=Ostapenko blazes into St. Petersburg quarters; Begu upsets Kvitova |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2478837/begu-defeats-kvitova-in-st-petersburg-for-first-time-in-six-meetings-rybakina-withdraws |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina vs. Cristian {{!}} Round of 64 Qatar TotalEnergies Open 2022 {{!}} WTA Official |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/tournaments/1003/doha/2022/scores/LS036 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> Ein "Sunshine Double" (Miami den Indian Wells) see improvement plus a quarterfinal appearance at de Indian Wells Open against [[Maria Sakkari]] den a third-round appearance to [[Jessica Pegula]] at de Miami Open.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sakkari and Badosa set up semi-final clash at Indian Wells|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/sakkari-powers-past-rybakina-into-indian-wells-semis-2022-03-17/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321173229/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/sakkari-powers-past-rybakina-into-indian-wells-semis-2022-03-17/|archive-date=2022-03-21|access-date=2026-01-03|work=Reuters|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIJyNIfjd1E |title=Jessica Pegula vs. Elena Rybakina Preview {{!}} Tennis Channel Live |date=2023-03-29 |last=Tennis Channel |access-date=2026-01-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Ein clay-court season begin plus a second-round loss to [[Anhelina Kalinina]] after a first-round bye at Charleston. Following dis, she represent Kazakhstan as de team's top seed wey she win both of ein singles matches insyd a tie against Germany securing a berth insyd de finals later insyd de year. De remainder of ein clay-court season see little achievement as she fail to advance into de quarterfinals at de Stuttgart Open, Madrid Open, Italian Open, den French Open. [[File:Elena_Rybakina_&_Venus_Rosewater_Dish_2022.jpg|left|thumb|Rybakina plus de Venus Rosewater Dish at de 2022 Wimbledon Championships]] Rybakina ein grass-court season insyd de lead up to Wimbledon see a second-round loss to [[Shelby Rogers]] at de Rosmalen Open followed by a first-round bye den a second-round loss to [[Lesia Tsurenko]] at de Eastbourne International. At de Wimbledon Championships, she reach ein second Grand Slam quarterfinal, defeating [[CoCo Vandeweghe]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan's Elena Rybakina wins in Wimbledon first round |url=https://el.kz/en/kazakhstan-s_elena_rybakina_wins_in_wimbledon_first_round_43215/ |accessdate=29 August 2026 |publisher=EL KZ}}</ref> [[Bianca Andreescu]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Andreescu ousted in Wimbledon second round |url=https://www.tenniscanada.com/news/andreescu-ousted-in-wimbledon-second-round/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630162108/https://www.tenniscanada.com/news/andreescu-ousted-in-wimbledon-second-round/ |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |access-date=2026-08-29 |website=Tennis Canada}}</ref>, [[Zheng Qinwen]]<ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2022 |title=Qinwen Zheng vs Elena Rybakina |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/matches/wta/wimbledon/qinwen-zheng-vs-elena-rybakina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110035800/https://www.tennismajors.com/matches/wta/wimbledon/qinwen-zheng-vs-elena-rybakina |archive-date=10 November 2024 |accessdate=29 August 2026 |publisher=Tennis Majors}}</ref> den [[Petra Martić]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2022 |title=Rybakina powers past Martic into first Wimbledon quarterfinal |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2667150/rybakina-powers-past-martic-into-first-wimbledon-quarterfinal |access-date=2022-07-06 |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> She then defeat [[Ajla Tomljanović]] insyd ein quarterfinal match to reach ein first major semifinal, becoming de first Kazakhstani singles player (male anaa female) to reach de semifinal of a Grand Slam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Russia-born Rybakina steps up title charge into Wimbledon last four |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/jul/06/elena-rybakina-battles-past-tomljanovic-to-reach-first-grand-slam-semi-wimbledon |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tennis.com |title=Elena Rybakina credits Kazakh Federation for helping her near Wimbledon pinnacle |url=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/elena-rybakina-credits-kazakh-federation-for-helping-her-near-wimbledon-pinnacle |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Tennis.com}}</ref> She then defeat Simona Halep insyd straight sets, to reach ein first major final, becoming de youngest Wimbledon finalist since [[Garbiñe Muguruza]] insyd 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=Rybakina tops Halep at Wimbledon, makes first Grand Slam final |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2670694/rybakina-topples-halep-at-wimbledon-makes-first-grand-slam-final |access-date=2022-07-08 |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> After dropping de first set, she defeat No. 3 seeded [[Ons Jabeur]] insyd three sets to secure ein first major title.<ref name="espnrybakinachampion">{{cite web |last1=Maine |first1=D'Arcy |date=9 July 2022 |title=Wimbledon 2022: In a tournament of the unexpected, Elena Rybakina is a champion |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/34216615/wimbledon-2022-tournament-unexpected-elena-rybakina-champion |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=ESPN}}</ref> She cam be de youngest women's champion since 21-year-old [[Petra Kvitová]] insyd 2011. She sanso be de fourth-youngest active Grand Slam champion, older only dan [[Iga Świątek]], Bianca Andreescu den Emma Raducanu.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 July 2022 |title=Rybakina claims historic Wimbledon title with comeback win over Jabeur |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2672634/rybakina-claims-historic-wimbledon-title-with-comeback-win-over-jabeur}}</ref> Rybakina ein Russian nationality den previous international representation of Russia cam be a matter of public discourse insyd de aftermath of ein success at Wimbledon 2022, wer na Wimbledon ban athletes wey dey represent Russia den Belarus secof Russia's invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/sports/tennis/rybakina-russia-wimbledon.html|title=Despite a Wimbledon ban on Russian players, a Russian woman might win|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=8 July 2022|access-date=6 January 2023|last=Futterman|first=Matthew}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 July 2022 |title=Elena Rybakina becomes one of Wimbledon's biggest surprise women's champions |url=https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2022/07/09/elena-rybakina-wimbledon-ons-jabeur-russia-kazakhstan/ |access-date=6 January 2023 |publisher=NBC Sports}}</ref> Russian state media celebrate Rybakina ein win as a national victory despite ein longstanding decision not to represent de country of ein birth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/wimbledon-russia-ukraine-sports-ons-jabeur-04414908cb14b982e127651bbf9e0505|title=Russia claims credit for Elena Rybakina's Wimbledon title|date=10 July 2022|work=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/09/sports/tennis/wimbledon-elena-rybakina-russia.html|title=With a Wimbledon Title, Elena Rybakina Finally Cracks a Smile|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Clarey|date=9 July 2022|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> De North American hard court season begin plus early losses at de Silicon Valley Classic (first round) den Canadian Open (second). Ein US Open preparations continue at de Cincinnati Open wer she advance to de quarterfinals wey na she be defeated by [[Madison Keys]]. Ein season continue next plus an entry to de US Open as de 25th seed; however, she loose insyd de first round to qualifier [[Clara Burel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koiki |first=Adesina O. |date=30 August 2022 |title=Clara Burel upsets Wimbledon champ Elena Rybakina at 2022 US Open |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2022-08-30/clara_burel_upsets_wimbledon_champ_elena_rybakina_at_2022_us_open.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]}}</ref>She bounce back reaching de finals of Portorož Open insyd Slovenia, wer she loose to [[Kateřina Siniaková]] insyd three sets.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2026 |title=Siniakova outlasts Rybakina in Portoroz for third career singles title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2796881/siniakova-outlasts-rybakina-in-portoroz-for-third-career-singles-title |website=wtatennis.com}}</ref> Since ein Wimbledon win no reward any points, Rybakina fail to qualify for WTA Finals wey she fini de year ranked 22.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://boardroom.tv/end-of-year-rankings-earnings-womens-tennis-players-2022/|title=End-of-Year Rankings & 2022 Earnings for Top Women’s Tennis Players|publisher=boardroom|accessdate=29 August 2026}}</ref> === 2023: Australian Open final, two WTA 1000 titles, No. 3 === [[File:Elena_Rybakina_(2023_US_Open)_15_(cropped)_2.jpg|thumb|Rybakina at de 2023 US Open]] Rybakina start de season at de Adelaide International 1, defeating [[Danielle Collins]] insyd three sets<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina wins Adelaide opener; Samsonova to face Sabalenka |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3004553/rybakina-wins-adelaide-opener-samsonova-to-face-sabalenka |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> before losing to [[Marta Kostyuk]] insyd de second round.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kostyuk stuns Rybakina to make Adelaide 1 quarterfinals |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3008370/kostyuk-stuns-rybakina-to-make-adelaide-1-quarterfinals |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> She follow am plus anoda loss insyd Adelaide International 2 to Petra Kvitová insyd straight sets. However, she reach de doubles final plus partner [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]]. At de Australian Open, Rybakina san defeat 2022 finalist Danielle Collins insyd de third round,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swiatek rolls, Rybakina bests Collins in Australian Open third round |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3029207/swiatek-rolls-rybakina-bests-collins-in-australian-open-third-round |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> den world No. 1 Iga Świątek insyd de fourth round<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takeaways: Rybakina knocks out world No. 1 Swiatek in Melbourne |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3032901/takeaways-rybakina-knocks-out-world-no-1-swiatek-in-melbourne |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> becoming de first Kazakhstani woman to reach an Australian Open quarterfinal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aussie Open Day 7 by the numbers: Azarenka's experience, Ostapenko's milestone |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3033592/aussie-open-day-7-by-the-numbers-azarenka-s-experience-ostapenko-s-milestone |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Next, she defeat former French Open champion [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] to reach ein first Australian Open semifinal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2023 |title=Rybakina eases past Ostapenko into Australian Open semifinals |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3036162/rybakina-eases-past-ostapenko-into-australian-open-semifinals}}</ref> Insyd de semifinals, she defeat former world No. 1 den two-time Australian Open champion, [[Victoria Azarenka]], insyd straight sets, reaching de second Grand Slam final of ein career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wimbledon champion Rybakina advances to Australian Open final |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3038320/wimbledon-champion-rybakina-advances-to-australian-open-final |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> However, despite winning de first set, Rybakina ultimately loose de championship match to Aryna Sabalenka insyd a high quality encounter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabalenka holds off Rybakina to win Australian Open, first Slam title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3040010/sabalenka-holds-off-rybakina-to-win-australian-open-first-slam-title |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> She reach de top 10 on 30 January 2023 wey dey make am de first player representing Kazakhstan, male anaa female, ever to reach de top 10 on either de ATP anaa WTA rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2023 |title=Set for a Top 10 debut, Rybakina confident the best is to come |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3040359/set-for-a-top-10-debut-rybakina-confident-the-best-is-to-come}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ranking Reaction: Novak Djokovic returns to No. 1 after winning 10th Australian Open title |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/ranking-reaction-novak-djokovic-returns-to-no-1-rybakina-linette-shelton}}</ref> Insyd Abu Dhabi, defeating Karolina Plíšková,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kasatkina, Rybakina book Abu Dhabi quarterfinal spots |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3055834/kasatkina-rybakina-book-abu-dhabi-quarterfinal-spots |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> she make de quarterfinals wer she loose to [[Beatriz Haddad Maia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haddad Maia, Samsonova seal last two Abu Dhabi semifinal berths |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3057006/haddad-maia-samsonova-seal-last-two-abu-dhabi-semifinal-berths |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Insyd Dubai, she reach de third round by beating [[Bianca Andreescu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takeaways: Rybakina fends off Andreescu in Dubai |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3076529/takeaways-rybakina-fends-off-andreescu-in-dubai |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> den [[Marie Bouzková]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ong |first=Erwin |date=2023-02-21 |title=Iga Swiatek and Aryna Sabalenka breeze into third round of 2023 Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships |url=https://dubaidutyfreetennischampionships.com/iga-swiatek-and-aryna-sabalenka-breeze-into-third-round-of-2023-dubai-duty-free-tennis-championships/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships |language=en-US}}</ref> insyd straight sets. She withdraw from ein third round match against fifth seed [[Coco Gauff]] secof a lower-back injury.<ref>{{Cite news|title=WTA roundup: Walkover sends Iga Swiatek into Dubai semis|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/wta-roundup-walkover-sends-iga-swiatek-into-dubai-semis-2023-02-23/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022080901/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/wta-roundup-walkover-sends-iga-swiatek-into-dubai-semis-2023-02-23/|archive-date=22 October 2023|access-date=2025-03-23|work=Reuters|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> At Indian Wells, as de tenth seed, she make ein second consecutive Indian Wells quarterfinal defeating [[Sofia Kenin]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2023 |title=Wimbledon champion Rybakina holds off Kenin to advance at Indian Wells |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3106366/wimbledon-champion-rybakina-holds-off-kenin-to-advance-at-indian-wells |access-date=2023-03-18 |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> 21st seed Paula Badosa<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2023 |title=Rybakina ousts former champion Badosa in Indian Wells |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3109574/rybakina-ousts-former-champion-badosa-in-indian-wells |access-date=2023-03-18 |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> den [[Varvara Gracheva]]. Then, she defeat [[Karolína Muchová]] to reach ein first WTA 1000 semifinal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina into Indian Wells semis; defeats Muchova in three sets |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3112590/rybakina-into-indian-wells-semis-defeats-muchova-in-three-sets |access-date=2023-03-18 |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Insyd de semifinals, she move past de defending champion Świątek, insyd straight sets, for de second time insyd 2023 to reach ein first WTA 1000 final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina dominates No.1 Swiatek to make Indian Wells final |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3113842/rybakina-dominates-no-1-swiatek-to-make-indian-wells-final |access-date=2023-03-18 |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Insyd de final, she edge second seed Aryna Sabalenka insyd straight sets, reversing de result of dema matchup insyd de Australian Open final for ein first WTA 1000 title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2023 |title=Rybakina tops Sabalenka to win Indian Wells title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3116978/rybakina-tops-sabalenka-to-win-indian-wells-title}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Champions Corner: Sibling support, better organization key for Rybakina |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3117080/champions-corner-sibling-support-better-organization-key-for-rybakina}}</ref> Dis result push ein singles ranking to a new career-high of world No. 7.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2023 |title=Rankings Watch: Muchova continues resurgence, Rybakina hits career-high |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3117580/rankings-watch-muchova-continues-resurgence-rybakina-hits-career-high}}</ref> Rybakina save match point to defeat [[Paula Badosa]] insyd de third round of Miami Open.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 March 2023 |title=Miami: Rybakina saves match point to beat Badosa in third round |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/3121674/miami-rybakina-saves-match-point-to-beat-badosa-in-third-round |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408205751/https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/3121674/miami-rybakina-saves-match-point-to-beat-badosa-in-third-round |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=29 August 2026 |website=wtatennis.com}}</ref>She then defeat [[Elise Mertens]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina beats Mertens in Miami for 11th straight win |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3122912/trevisan-through-to-first-wta-1000-quarterfinal-in-miami}}</ref> [[Martina Trevisan]], den [[Jessica Pegula]]<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3125406/rybakina-bests-pegula-to-win-13th-consecutive-match-advances-to-miami-final|title=Rybakina bests Pegula to win 13th consecutive match, advances to Miami final|publisher=WTA|accessdate=29 August 2026}}</ref> to reach de final. Insyde final, she loose to 15th seed Petra Kvitová, preventing am from completing de Sunshine Double wey dey end ein career-best 13 match winning streak.<ref>{{citation |title=Kvitova snaps Rybakina's streak to win Miami; 30th career title |date=1 April 2023 |work=WTA Tennis |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3132386/kvitova-snaps-rybakina-s-streak-to-win-30th-career-title-in-miami |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> She then record early second round exits at de Stuttgart Open den de Madrid Open to [[Beatriz Haddad Maia]] den [[Anna Kalinskaya]], respectively, wey she reach a new career-high of world No. 6 on 8 May 2023. She then reach de quarterfinals at de Italian Open wey she move to a new career high ranking of world No. 5 plus a win over [[Jasmine Paolini]], Anna Kalinskaya by retirement den [[Markéta Vondroušová]]. Next she defeat world No. 1, Iga Świątek (who retire during de deciding set secof injury) for de third time to reach ein first Rome semifinal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina advances to Rome semifinals after Swiatek retires with injury |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3418462/rybakina-advances-to-rome-semifinals-after-swiatek-retires-due-to-injury}}</ref> Rybakina reach ein third WTA 1000 final of de season defeating Jeļena Ostapenko, becoming de third player insyd de Open Era to reach de final insyd de same season at de Australian Open, Indian Wells den Miami Open plus Rome, after [[Monica Seles]] insyd 1991 den [[Maria Sharapova]] insyd 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina defeats Ostapenko to advance to Rome final |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3445019/rybakina-defeats-ostapenko-to-advance-to-rome-final}}</ref> She win ein first WTA 1000 clay title, after Anhelina Kalinina retire insyd de second set, wey she move to a career-high ranking of world No. 4, on 22 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina takes Rome title over injured Kalinina |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3447362/rybakina-takes-rome-title-over-injured-kalinina}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rankings Watch: Rybakina hits Top 5 for first time; Zheng makes Top 20 debut |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3465469/rankings-watch-rybakina-hits-top-5-for-first-time-zheng-makes-top-20-debut}}</ref> At de 2023 French Open, despite ein walkover secof respiratory illness insyd de third round,<ref>{{cite web |date=3 June 2023 |title=Rybakina pulls out of French Open due to illness |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/37786034/elena-rybakina-pulls-french-open-due-illness}}</ref> she reach No. 3 insyd de world rankings on 12 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=Elena Rybakina to enter top-3 for first time in career after French Open 2023 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/news-elena-rybakina-enter-top-3-first-time-career-french-open-2023}}</ref> Rybakina then play insyd de WTA 500-level Berlin Open on grass, losing to [[Donna Vekić]] insyd de second round.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-21 |title=Vekic ousts Rybakina in Berlin to reach quarterfinals |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3547647/vekic-ousts-rybakina-in-berlin-to-reach-quarterfinals |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> On 26 June 2023, Rybakina announce ein withdrawal from de Eastbourne International tournament plus a viral illness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina withdraws from Eastbourne with viral illness |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3553687/rybakina-withdraws-from-eastbourne-with-viral-illness |access-date=2023-06-26 |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Returning to Wimbledon as defending champion, Rybakina defeat [[Shelby Rogers]],<ref>{{Citeweb|title=Wimbledon 2023 results: Elena Rybakina avoids upset against Shelby Rogers|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/66098410|publisher=bbc|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref>[[Alize Cornet]],<ref>{{Citeweb|title=Wimbledon 2023 results: Elena Rybakina beats injured Alize Cornet; Svitolina and Andreeva also win|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/66123645|publisher=bbc|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref> home-favourite [[Katie Boulter]],<ref>{{Citeweb|title=Wimbledon 2023 results: Katie Boulter loses to Elena Rybakina|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/66143134|publisher=bbc|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref> den [[Beatriz Haddad Maia]]<ref>{{Citeweb|title=Wimbledon 2023: Elena Rybakina and Ons Jabeur through to quarter-finals|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/66156311|publisher=bbc|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref> to reach de quarterfinals wer she loose to Ons Jabeur insyd three sets insyd de rematch of last year's final.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Parkinson|first=Hannah Jane|date=2023-07-12|title=Ons Jabeur knocks out Elena Rybakina to avenge 2022 final defeat|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/12/ons-jabeur-knocks-out-champion-elena-rybakina-revenge-2022-final-defeat-tennis-wimbledon|access-date=2023-08-14}}</ref> Following ein quarterfinal loss at Wimbledon, she reach de semifinals at de Canadian Open for de first time insyd ein career. She overcam [[Jennifer Brady]] den [[Sloane Stephens]] before defeating [[Daria Kasatkina]] insyd a match wey last 3 hours den 27 minutes, de longest match of Rybakina ein career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2023 |title=Rybakina outlasts Kasatkina in Montreal late-night marathon |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3628896/rybakina-outlasts-kasatkina-in-montreal-late-night-marathon |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> De match fini at 2:55am local time. Insyd de semifinals Rybakina loose to [[Liudmila Samsonova]] insyd three sets reporting wey she feel 'destroyed' physically insyd de post-match press conference secof de scheduling issues she face during de tournament.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rybakina 'destroyed' by Canadian Open scheduling|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/66496443|access-date=2023-08-14}}</ref> Rybakina reach de third round of de Cincinnati Open before retiring insyd de second set against [[Jasmine Paolini]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=Gauff cruises in Cincinnati; Paolini advances past injured Rybakina |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3638030/paolini-advances-past-rybakina-via-retirement-in-cincinnati |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> She then reach de third round of de US Open as de fourth seed, losing to [[Sorana Cîrstea]] insyd three sets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Braden |first=Jonathon |date=2 September 2023 |title=Cirstea stuns former Wimbledon champion Rybakina at 2023 US Open |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2023-09-02/cirstea_stuns_former_wimbledon_champion_rybakina_at_2023_us_open.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]}}</ref> At de [[2023 China Open – Women's singles|Beijing Open]], Rybakina record a straight-sets win over world No. 1 [[Aryna Sabalenka]] insyd de quarterfinals, before losing to [[Liudmila Samsonova]] insyd de semifinals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=Rybakina topples Sabalenka to round out Beijing semifinals |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3724547/rybakina-topples-sabalenka-to-round-out-beijing-semifinals |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8xarGgnTS8 |title=Elena Rybakina vs. Liudmila Samsonova {{!}} 2023 Beijing Semifinal {{!}} WTA Match Highlights |date=2023-10-07 |last=WTA |access-date=2026-08-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Insyd November, Rybakina play insyd ein first WTA Finals, wer na she be eliminated insyd de group stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-11-03 |title=Top seed Sabalenka knocks Rybakina out of WTA Finals |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/tennis/top-seed-sabalenka-knocks-rybakina-out-wta-finals-2023-11-03/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> Rybakina start ein 2024 season at de Brisbane International wer she defeat [[Olivia Gadecki]], [[Elise Mertens]], [[Anastasia Potapova]],<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-05/you-ruin-my-matches-ostapenko-to-umpire-loss-azarenka-brisbane/103288468|title=Victoria Azarenka into Brisbane International singles semifinals with dramatic three-set win over Jelena Ostapenko|publisher=abc.net|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref> den [[Linda Noskova]]<ref>{{Citeweb|title=2024 Brisbane International: Elena Rybakina Shines Bright: Overpowers Linda Noskova to Secure First Final of the Season|url=https://tennisuptodate.com/wta/match-report-2024-brisbane-international-elena-rybakina-shines-bright-overpowers-linda-noskova-to-secure-first-final-of-the-season|publisher=TennisUpToDate|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref> to set up rematch of last year ein Australian Open final against [[Aryna Sabalenka]], wich she loose.She avenge ein loss defeating Sabalenka insyd straight sets to win de title,<ref>{{cite web |title=Elena Rybakina defeats Sabalenka in Brisbane to become first WTA title winner of the year |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/elena-rybakina-defeats-sabalenka-in-brisbane-to-become-first-wta-title-winner-of-the-year |accessdate=8 July 2024 |publisher=Tennis.com}}</ref> before going out insyd de second round at de [[2024 Australian Open|Australian Open]] to [[Anna Blinkova]] insyd a match wey feature de longest tie-break insyd Grand Slam history.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/68019520|title=Australian Open 2024 results: Elena Rybakina beaten by Anna Blinkova in longest tie-break in Grand Slam history|date=18 January 2024|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-last1=Crooks |author-first1=Eleanor |date=18 January 2024 |title=Elena Rybakina loses longest-ever grand slam tiebreak in defeat to Anna Blinkova |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/rybakina-blinkova-tiebreak-australian-open-record-b2480901.html |accessdate=8 July 2024 |work=The Independent}}</ref> Rybakina win ein second title at de Abu Dhabi Open insyd February, beating [[Danielle Collins]]<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/tennis/2024/02/08/rybakina-comes-through-tough-collins-clash-to-reach-mubadala-abu-dhabi-open-quarter-finals/|title=Rybakina comes through tough Collins clash to reach Mubadala Abu Dhabi Open quarter-finals|publisher=thenationalnews|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref>, [[Cristina Bucsa]], [[Ludmilla Samsonova]],<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/elena-rybakina-snaps-liudmila-samsonova-streak-surges-into-abu-dhabi-final|title=Elena Rybakina snaps Liudmila Samsonova streak, surges into Abu Dhabi final|publisher=tennis.com|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref> den [[Daria Kasatkina]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mubadala Abu Dhabi Open: Elena Rybakina wins title with comfortable win against Daria Kasatkina |url=https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/13069162/mubadala-abu-dhabi-open-elena-rybakina-wins-title-with-comfortable-win-against-daria-kasatkina |accessdate=8 July 2024 |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> She then reach de final of de WTA 1000 Qatar Open, losing to [[Iga Świątek]], wey she reach de quarterfinals of de Dubai Open before withdrawing secof illness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Rybakina withdraws from Dubai; Paolini to face Cirstea in semifinals |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3906424/rybakina-withdraws-from-dubai-paolini-advances-to-semis |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> As defending champion of de Indian Wells Open, Rybakina be forced to withdraw from de tournament shortly before ein first match secof illness. She then play insyd de Miami Open, wer she reach de finals for de second consecutive year before losing to [[Danielle Collins]]. Insyd April, Rybakina secure ein third title of de season at de Porsche Tennis Grand Prix insyd Stuttgart, beating two-time defending champion Iga Świątek insyd de semifinals,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/68865376|title=Stuttgart Open: Elena Rybakina beats Iga Swiatek to reach final|date=20 April 2024|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=8 July 2024}}</ref> den then Marta Kostyuk insyd straight sets insyd de final.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2024 |title=Elena Rybakina targets grand slam success after winning in Stuttgart |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/elena-rybakina-stuttgart-french-open-b2532487.html |accessdate=8 July 2024 |work=The Independent}}</ref> She make am thru to de quarterfinals at de French Open, before losing to eventual runner-up [[Jasmine Paolini]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2024 |title=Paolini stuns Rybakina to reach French Open semis |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c0dd4xk3rpyo |accessdate=8 July 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> During de grass-court swing of de year, Rybakina retire due to illness during ein quarterfinal match against Victoria Azarenka at de Berlin Ladies Open<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2024 |title=Unwell Rybakina retires in Berlin, rain delays matches |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/tennis/unwell-rybakina-retires-berlin-rain-delays-matches-2024-06-21/ |accessdate=8 July 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref> den then she withdraw from de following week's Eastbourne International.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=Ostapenko, Dart prevail in Eastbourne; Rybakina withdraws |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4044356/ostapenko-dart-prevail-in-eastbourne-rybakina-withdraws |accessdate=8 July 2024 |publisher=WTA}}</ref> At Wimbledon, she steamroller former world No. 1 [[Caroline Wozniacki]], insyd just 57 minutes den for de loss of only one game insyd de third round,<ref>{{cite web |title=Inside Rybakina's 57-minute masterclass vs. Wozniacki at Wimbledon |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4052852/inside-rybakina-s-57-minute-masterclass-vs-wozniacki-at-wimbledon |accessdate=8 July 2024 |work=Women's Tennis Association |publisher=WTA}}</ref> before winning ein next match wen opponent [[Anna Kalinskaya]] retire injured insyd de second set.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=Elena Rybakina back in Wimbledon quarter-finals after Anna Kalinskaya withdraws |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/elena-rybakina-wimbledon-elina-svitolina-centre-court-ons-jabeur-b2576031.html |accessdate=8 July 2024 |work=The Independent}}</ref> Rybakina then beat Elina Svitolina insyd de quarterfinals<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina cruises past Svitolina into Wimbledon semifinals |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4055340/rybakina-cruises-past-svitolina-into-wimbledon-semifinals |accessdate=10 July 2024 |work=Women's Tennis Association |publisher=WTA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 July 2024 |title=Clinical Rybakina into Wimbledon semi-finals |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/ck5g4g156g5o |accessdate=10 July 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> before losing to [[Barbora Krejčíková]] insyd de semifinals insyd a three-set match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbara Krejcikova stuns former champion Elena Rybakina to reach first Wimbledon final |url=https://www.gbnews.com/sport/tennis/barbara-krejcikova-elena-rybakina-wimbledon-final |website=www.gbnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=Krejcikova topples Rybakina to reach Wimbledon final |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4056426/krejcikova-topples-rybakina-to-reach-wimbledon-final |accessdate=11 July 2024 |publisher=WTA}}</ref> Rybakina withdraw from de [[2024 Summer Olympics|Paris Olympics]] two days before e get underway secof acute bronchitis.<ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic draw: Kerber faces Osaka in first round; Rybakina withdraws |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4067105/olympic-draw-kerber-faces-osaka-in-first-round-rybakina-withdraws |accessdate=26 July 2024 |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> She defeat qualifier [[Destanee Aiava]] insyd de first round at de US Open<ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2024 |title=US Open: Rybakina sees off spirited effort by qualifier Aiava |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/us-open-news/us-open-rybakina-through-to-second-round-781818.html |accessdate=29 August 2024 |publisher=Tennis Majors}}</ref> buh then she withdraw from de tournament secof unspecified injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina's withdrawal from US Open sends Ponchet into third round |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4099969/rybakina-s-withdrawal-from-us-open-sends-ponchet-into-third-round |accessdate=29 August 2024 |work=Women's Tennis Association |publisher=WTA}}</ref> On 23 September, Rybakina announce she go miss de entire Asian part of de season secof a back injury.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina hopes to be ready for WTA Finals after withdrawing from Asian swing |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4128052/rybakina-hopes-to-be-ready-for-wta-finals-after-withdrawing-from-asian-swing |accessdate=25 September 2024 |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Rybakina play ein first match since August at de WTA Finals insyd November, losing ein opening group contest to Jasmine Paolini insyd straight sets.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 November 2024 |title=Takeaways: Paolini beats Rybakina to win WTA Finals debut |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4161931/takeaways-paolini-beats-rybakina-to-win-wta-finals-debut |accessdate=2 November 2024 |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> She loose ein second group match insyd three sets to [[Zheng Qinwen]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 5, 2024|title=China's Zheng Qinwen beats Elena Rybakina at WTA Finals|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/tennis/chinas-zheng-qinwen-beats-elena-rybakina-at-wta-finals|work=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zheng strikes back: Levels her record at WTA Finals with win over Rybakina |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4162890/zheng-strikes-back-levels-her-record-at-wta-finals-with-win-over-rybakina |accessdate=4 November 2024 |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Despite defeating world No.1, Aryna Sabalenka, insyd ein final group match, Rybakina fail to reach de semifinals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina hands No.1 Sabalenka first loss at WTA Finals Riyadh |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4164035/rybakina-hands-no-1-sabalenka-first-loss-at-wta-finals-riyadh |accessdate=6 November 2024 |work=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> === 2025: WTA Finals champion === Rybakina begin ein season at de 2025 United Cup, reaching de semi-finals plus team Kazakhstan. She then play insyd de Australian Open, wer she defeat wildcards [[Emerson Jones]] <ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina races through opening test against Jones |url=https://ausopen.com/articles/news/rybakina-races-through-opening-test-against-jones |accessdate=7 September 2026 |work=Australian Open}}</ref> den [[Iva Jovic]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina knocks out American teen Jovic to head into Australian Open third round |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/tennis/rybakina-knocks-out-american-teen-jovic-march-into-australian-open-third-round-2025-01-16/ |accessdate=7 September 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> den [[Dayana Yastremska]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina casting runner-up heartbreak aside at AO 2025 |url=https://ausopen.com/articles/news/rybakina-casting-runner-heartbreak-aside-ao-2025 |accessdate=7 September 2026 |work=Australian Open}}</ref> all insyd straight sets, before losing to eventual champion [[Madison Keys]] insyd de fourth round.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2025 |title=Madison Keys dispatches Rybakina in rollercoaster Australian Open match |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/jan/20/madison-keys-dispatches-elena-rybakina-iga-swiatek-australian-open-tennis |accessdate=3 August 2025 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> As defending champion, Rybakina defeat qualifier [[Katie Volynets]] den [[Ons Jabeur]]<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/elena-rybakina-defeats-ons-jabeur-dramatic-abu-dhabi|title=Elena Rybakina defeats Ons Jabeur in dramatic Abu Dhabi clash|publisher=tennis.com|accessdate=7 September 2026}}</ref> at de Abu Dhabi Open, before na she be defeated insyd de semifinals by eventual champion [[Belinda Bencic]].<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/cdjdp4dx11zo|title=Bencic reaches first Tour final since maternity leave|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 September 2026}}</ref>She defeat [[Rebecca Šramková]]<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta-tour-news/qatar-open-rybakina-reaches-last-eight-808341.html|title=Qatar Open: Rybakina reaches last eight|publisher=Tennismajors|accessdate=7 September 2026}}</ref> to reach de quarterfinals of Qatar Open to set up a rematch of de previous years ein championship match plus [[Iga Świątek]], wey she be defeated insyd straight sets.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta-tour-news/doha-qatar-total-open-wta-500-wta-tour-news/imperious-swiatek-surges-past-rybakina-to-reach-qatar-open-semi-finals-808542.html|title=Imperious Swiatek surges past Rybakina to reach Qatar Open semi-finals|publisher=Tennismajors|accessdate=7 September 2026}}</ref>At de 2025 Dubai Tennis Championships, Rybakina save 6 match points en route to defeating world No. 10, [[Paula Badosa]].<ref>{{cite web |date=19 February 2025 |title=Rybakina saves six match points to beat Badosa |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/c3w16y08xlpo |website=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 February 2025 |title=2025 DUBAI; Six match points saved! Watch each one as Rybakina edges Badosa in Dubai |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4218524/six-match-points-saved-watch-each-one-as-rybakina-edges-badosa-in-dubai}}</ref> Next, she defeat [[Sofia Kenin]] to reach ein second semifinal insyd de Middle East swing den ninth overall at de WTA 1000-level wer she loose insyd three sets to 12th seed den eventual champion [[Mirra Andreeva]].<ref>{{cite web |date=20 February 2025 |title=By the numbers: Rybakina ousts Kenin to return to Dubai semifinals |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4219836/by-the-numbers-rybakina-ousts-kenin-to-return-to-dubai-semifinals |website=WTATennis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 February 2025 |title=Andreeva upsets Rybakina in Dubai to become youngest-ever WTA 1000 finalist |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4220732/andreeva-upsets-rybakina-in-dubai-to-become-youngest-ever-wta-1000-finalist |website=WTATennis}}</ref> At Indian Wells, she defeat [[Suzan Lamens]] insyd de second round den [[Katie Boulter]] insyd de third round before losing again to Andreeva insyd de fourth round, dis time insyd straight sets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former champion Rybakina defeats Lamens to open Indian Wells campaign |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4229513/former-champion-rybakina-defeats-lamens-to-open-indian-wells-campaign |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-09 |title=Indian Wells: Katie Boulter falls short against Elena Rybakina in third round |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/44182609/indian-wells-katie-boulter-falls-short-elena-rybakina-third-round |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tennis.com |title=Mirra Andreeva scores Elena Rybakina win in rainy Indian Wells |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/mirra-andreeva-scores-elena-rybakina-win-rainy-indian-wells |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Tennis.com |language=en}}</ref> Having reached de finals de year prior, Rybakina enter de 2025 Miami Open seeded seventh, wey she loose to [[Ashlyn Krueger]] insyd three sets insyd de second round.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2025 |title=Krueger upsets Rybakina in Miami for first Top 10 win |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4236310/krueger-upsets-rybakina-in-miami-for-first-top-10-win |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> Defending 500 points from ein win insyd Stuttgart de previous year, she instead opt to play insyd de qualifiers for de 2025 Billie Jean King Cup. As a result, she drop to No. 11 insyd de rankings on 21 April 2025, leaving de top 10 for de first time since January 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mesic |first=Dzevad |date=2025-04-14 |title=Elena Rybakina set to exit top-10 after being put in uncomfortable spot |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/WTA_Tennis/154675/elena-rybakina-set-to-exit-top10-after-being-put-in-uncomfortable-spot-/ |website=Tennis World USA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina Rankings History {{!}} WTA Official |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/324166/-/stats/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Insyd April, at de Madrid Open, Rybakina defeat [[Bianca Andreescu]] insyd de second round before losing to No. 17 seed [[Elina Svitolina]] insyd de third round.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina maintains undefeated record vs. Andreescu with Madrid win |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4254288/rybakina-maintains-undefeated-record-vs-andreescu-with-madrid-win |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> However, at de 2025 Italian Open, she defeat [[Eva Lys]] insyd de second round before losing to Andreescu insyd de third round.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former champion Rybakina holds off Lys to reach Rome third round |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4262284/former-champion-rybakina-holds-off-lys-to-reach-rome-third-round |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andreescu Gets Revenge on Rybakina in Rome; Fernandez Out |url=https://www.tenniscanada.com/news/pro-tennis/2025/andreescu-gets-revenge-on-rybakina-in-rome-fernandez-out |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Tennis Canada |language=en}}</ref> As a last minute entry into de Internationaux de Strasbourg, Rybakina defeat [[Wang Xinyu]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina wins in Strasbourg; returning Badosa moves past injured Bouzkova |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4270015/rybakina-wins-in-strasbourg-returning-badosa-moves-past-injured-bouzkova |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> [[Magda Linette]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina storms into Strasbourg semis; Haddad Maia tops Navarroa |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4270015/rybakina-wins-in-strasbourg-returning-badosa-moves-past-injured-bouzkova |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> den No. 9 seed [[Beatriz Haddad Maia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina into first final of 2025, will face Samsonova for title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4272428/rybakina-to-face-samsonova-in-first-final-of-2025g |access-date=2026-09-04 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> to reach ein first final since April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2025 |title=Two-time champion Svitolina among Strasbourg main-draw entries |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4257261/two-time-champion-svitolina-among-strasbourg-main-draw-entries |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref><ref name="wta-matches"/> Insyd de final, she defeat eighth seed [[Liudmila Samsonova]] insyd three sets to capture ein first title insyd over a year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Back on top: Rybakina ends yearlong title drought in Strasbourg |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4272951/back-on-top-rybakina-ends-yearlong-title-drought-in-strasbourg |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> Seeded 12th, Rybakina then reach de fourth round of de 2025 French Open, before losing to [[Iga Świątek]] insyd three sets.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2025 |title=French Open 2025: Iga Swiatek beats Elena Rybakina in thriller as Aryna Sabalenka eases into quarter-finals |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/tennis/french-open-2025-swiatek-rybakina-sabalenka-results-b1230704.html |accessdate=3 August 2025 |publisher=London Evening Standard}}</ref> Rybakina begin ein grass season at de WTA 500-level Queen's Club Championships, wer she loose insyd de quarterfinals to de eventual champion, [[Tatjana Maria]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2025 |title='My whole family won this trophy': Maria completes title run at Queen's |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4287092/qualifier-maria-completes-dream-run-at-queens-wins-fourth-career-title |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> She then reach de quarterfinals of de 2025 Berlin Open, wer she loose to [[Aryna Sabalenka]] insyd three sets, despite having four match points.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-20 |title=Sabalenka saves 4 match points, ousts Rybakina |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/45552297/sabalenka-saves-4-match-points-outlast-rybakina-berlin |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> Having reached de semifinals insyd 2024, Rybakina loose to [[Clara Tauson]] insyd de third round of de 2025 Wimbledon Championships, wey she subsequently drop to No 13 insyd de rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dominant Rybakina into semis |url=https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/articles/2024-07-10/dominant_rybakina_into_semis.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.wimbledon.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hansen|first1=James|last2=Eccleshare|first2=Charlie|date=2025-07-13|title=Former Wimbledon champion Elena Rybakina beaten by Clara Tauson|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6474798/2025/07/05/tennis-wimbledon-rybakina-tauson-result-analysis/|access-date=2025-11-09|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[File:Elena_Rybakina_(2025_DC_Open)_09.jpg|left|thumb| Rybakina at de 2025 DC Open]] Insyd July, Rybakina play insyd de WTA 500-level 2025 DC Open, reaching de semifinals before losing to eventual champion [[Leylah Fernandez]] insyd a grueling match wey last over three hours wey e feature three tiebreaks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tennis.com |title=Leylah Fernandez shows fighting spirit to win DC Open tiebreak duel with Elena Rybakina |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/leylah-fernandez-shows-fighting-spirit-win-dc-open-tiebreak-duel-elena-rybakina |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Tennis.com |language=en}}</ref> She then play insyd de 2025 National Bank Open insyd Montreal, Canada, wer she san reach de semifinals before losing to wildcard den eventual champion, [[Victoria Mboko]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hansen|first=James|date=2025-08-07|title=Victoria Mboko surges into Canadian Open final with comeback win over Elena Rybakina|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6539353/2025/08/06/tennis-victoria-mboko-canadian-open-elena-rybakina-result-analysis/|access-date=2025-11-09|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2025 |title=Mboko completes dream week with win over Osaka in Montreal |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4336282/mboko-completes-dream-week-with-win-over-osaka-in-montreal |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> At de 2025 Cincinnati Open, she defeat world No. 6 [[Madison Keys]] insyd de fourth round, recording ein first win against a top-10 player since February.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina captures statement Top 10 victory in Cincinnati against Keys |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4340601/rybakina-captures-statement-top-10-victory-in-cincinnati-against-keys |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> She then defeat world No. 1 [[Aryna Sabalenka]] insyd de quarterfinals, marking ein 7th win over a world No. 1 player, before she san loose insyd de semifinals to No. 2 seed den eventual champion, [[Iga Świątek]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-16 |title=Sabalenka stunned by Rybakina in Cincy quarters |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/45990400/elena-rybakina-upsets-aryna-sabalenka-reaches-cincinnati-semis |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2025 |title=Rybakina or Swiatek? One will leave Cincinnati with a statement win |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4341790/swiatek-books-cincinnati-semifinal-with-sabalenka-or-rybakina-up-next |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-19 |title=Swiatek wins her 1st Cincinnati Open for 24th title |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/46011503/iga-swiatek-defeats-jasmine-paolini-cincinnati-open-final |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> Seeded 9th at de 2025 US Open, Rybakina defeat sixteen-year-old wildcard [[Julieta Pareja]], qualifier [[Tereza Valentová]], den doubles partner den former champion [[Emma Raducanu]] to reach de fourth round for de first time insyd ein career, wer she loose to 2023 Wimbledon Champion [[Markéta Vondroušová]] insyd three sets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clair |first=Maciel |date=2025-08-25 |title=Rybakina advances to R2 over American teen Pareja at 2025 US Ope |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2025-08-25/rybakina_advances_to_r2_over_american_teen_pareja_at_2025_us_open.html |website=US Open}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koiki |first=Adesina O. |date=2025-08-27 |title=Rybakina wins tight two-setter to advance to Round 3 of 2025 US Open |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2025-08-27/rybakina_wins_tight_twosetter_to_advance_to_round_3_of_2025_us_open.html |website=US Open}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-29 |title=Emma Raducanu's best US Open since her 2021 title ends with lopsided loss to Elena Rybakina |url=https://apnews.com/article/emma-raducanu-elena-rybakina-us-open-2025-8537083c468344b1ca7204ee5915733a |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paris |first=Jay |date=2025-08-31 |title=Resurgent Marketa Vondrousova ousts Elena Rybakina to reach 2025 US Open QFs |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2025-08-31/resurgent_marketa_vondrousova_ousts_elena_rybakina_to_reach_2025_us_open_qfs.html |website=US Open}}</ref> At de WTA 1000-level China Open insyd September, Rybakina get a first round bye, she then defeat [[Caty McNally]] insyd de second round before losing to German player [[Eva Lys]] insyd round three.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Tennis Association – Official Website |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/tournaments/china-open/draws |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924085147/https://www.wtatennis.com/tournaments/china-open/draws |archive-date=2025-09-24 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DPDxLbcj_db/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lys upsets Rybakina in Beijing third round for first career Top 10 win |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4370894/lys-upsets-rybakina-in-beijing-third-round-for-first-career-top-10-win |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> A few weeks later, at de 1000-level [[2025 Wuhan Open – Singles|Wuhan Open]], Rybakina san get a first round bye, wey she defeat [[Jaqueline Cristian]] den [[Linda Nosková]], before losing insyd straight sets to [[Aryna Sabalenka]] insyd de quarterfinals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dongfeng Voyah Wuhan Open 2025 – Singles Main Draw |url=https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/draws/2025/1075/MDS.pdf |website=WTA}}</ref> Aiming to qualify for ein third straight, WTA finals, Rybakina defeat [[Dayana Yastremska]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Rybakina defeats Alexandrova, finishes with perfect mark in WTA Finals group playOpen|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4383567/rybakina-reaches-ningbo-quarterfinals-for-first-time-keeps-wta-finals-hopes-alive|access-date=4 September 2026|work=ESPN}}</ref> qualifier [[Ajla Tomljanović]], No. 2 seed [[Jasmine Paolini]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-18 |title=Rybakina stops Paolini in Ningbo to keep WTA Finals hopes alive |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4384591/rybakina-defeats-paolini-to-reach-ningbo-final-last-two-wta-finals-spots-remain-open |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> den No. 4 seed [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] at de 500-level Ningbo Open to earn ein second title of de year den tenth overall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Perfect 10: Rybakina defeats Alexandrova to capture Ningbo title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4385270/perfect-10-rybakina-defeats-alexandrova-to-claim-milestone-ningbo-title |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WTA |title=2025 AUX NINGBO OPEN – Singles Main Draw |url=https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/draws/2025/2092/MDS.pdf}}</ref> She then enter de 500-level Pan Pacific Open, defeating [[Leylah Fernandez]] den [[Victoria Mboko]] to secure de last remaining spot at de 2025 WTA Finals, before withdrawing from de Tokyo tournament.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_mlODyOqPg |title=Leylah Fernandez vs. Elena Rybakina {{!}} 2025 Tokyo Round of 16 {{!}} WTA Match Highlights |date=2025-10-22 |last=WTA |access-date=2025-11-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-23 |title=Rybakina secures qualification for WTA Finals to set star-studded singles field |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4388394/rybakina-secures-qualification-for-wta-finals-to-set-star-studded-singles-field |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-25 |title=Rybakina (back) pulls out of Pan Pacific Open |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/46718129/elena-rybakina-pulls-pan-pacific-open-citing-back-pain |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> Insyd November, at de WTA Finals insyd Riyadh, despite she be de last player to qualify, Rybakina top 4th-seeded [[Amanda Anisimova]], <ref>{{cite news|title=Experience prevails in Rybakina's win over Anisimova to begin her WTA Finals|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4394650/rybakinas-experience-on-display-in-dominant-win-over-anisimova-to-begin-her-wta-finals|work=ESPN|access-date=4 September 2026}}</ref> No. 2 [[Iga Świątek]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Rybakina ends losing streak to Swiatek, advances to first WTA Finals semifinal Open|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4395634/rybakina-snaps-skid-against-swiatek-as-she-nears-semifinal-berth-in-riyadh|work=WTA Tennis|access-date=4 September 2026}}</ref> den second alternate [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Rybakina defeats Alexandrova, finishes with perfect mark in WTA Finals group play|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4396708/rybakina-defeats-alternate-alexandrova-finishes-with-perfect-mark-in-group-play|work=ESPN|access-date=4 September 2026}}</ref> to reach de semi-finals, going on to defeat 5th seed [[Jessica Pegula]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQdy578_iYI |title=Elena Rybakina vs. Ekaterina Alexandrova {{!}} 2025 WTA Finals Riyadh {{!}} WTA Match Highlights |date=2025-11-05 |last=WTA |access-date=2025-11-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sabalenka, Rybakina to square off in WTA Finals title match Open|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/46647023/elena-rybakina-beats-ekaterina-alexandrova-win-ningbo-open|access-date=20 August 2026|work=ESPN|date=7 November 2025}}</ref> Insyd de final, she upset world No. 1 [[Aryna Sabalenka]] to capture de WTA Finals crown, den extend ein 11-match win streak. As a result of ein undefeated victory, Rybakina earn a record-breaking $5.235 million in prize money, wey she fini de season as de world No. 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tennis.com |title=Elena Rybakina finishes 2025 resurgence by beating world No. 1 Aryna Sabalenka to win WTA Finals |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/elena-rybakina-finishes-2025-resurgence-by-beating-world-no-1-aryna-sabalenka-to-win-wta-finals |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Tennis.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tennis.com |title=How Elena Rybakina rose to a "challenging" 2025 with WTA Finals victory |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/how-elena-rybakina-rose-to-a-challenging-2025-with-wta-finals-victory |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Tennis.com |language=en}}</ref> === 2026: Australian Open den US Open champion, No. 1 === Rybakina begin ein season at de Brisbane International, wer she loose insyd de quarterfinals to [[Karolína Muchová]], ending ein 13-match winning streak.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-09 |title=Muchova halts Rybakina's win streak; to face Sabalenka in Brisbane semis |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4431345/muchova-extinguishes-rybakinas-win-streak-to-do-battle-with-sabalenka-in-brisbane-semis |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> She then play insyd de 2026 Australian Open, defeating [[Kaja Juvan]],<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://ausopen.com/articles/news/dominant-rybakina-serves-ticket-ao-second-round|title=Dominant Rybakina serves up ticket to AO second round|date=20 January 2026|accessdate=14 September 2026|publisher=Australian Open}}</ref> [[Varvara Gracheva]],<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/On_the_WTA_results_with/163387/australian-open-elena-rybakina-overcomes-early-struggles-to-register-twoset-2r-win/|title=Australian Open: Elena Rybakina overcomes early struggles to register two-set 2R win|publisher=TennisWorldUSA|accessdate=14 September 2026}}</ref> den [[Tereza Valentová]], to reach de fourth round. There, she defeat 21st seeded [[Elise Mertens]] to reach ein first major quarterfinal since Wimbledon insyd 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina secures spot in the quarterfinals in Australia with aces |url=https://www.puntodebreak.com/en/2026/01/26/rybakina-secures-spot-in-the-quarterfinals-in-australia-with-aces |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Puntodebreak.com |language=en}}</ref> She then defeat world No. 2 [[Iga Świątek]] insyd de quarterfinals den [[Jessica Pegula]] insyd de semifinals, na she no drop a set. Na de final be a rematch of de 2023 Australian Open final den 2025 WTA Finals final against world No. 1 [[Aryna Sabalenka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Services |first=ESPN News |date=2026-01-28 |title=Elena Rybakina tops Iga Swiatek to reach Australian Open semis |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/47749376/elena-rybakina-defeats-iga-swiatek-straight-sets-reach-2026-australian-open-semifinals |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Eccleshare|first=Charlie|date=2026-01-29|title=Elena Rybakina fends off Jessica Pegula comeback for Australian Open final with Aryna Sabalenka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7006303/2026/01/29/australian-open-semifinals-pegula-rybakina-result-analysis/|access-date=2026-01-29|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Der, she defeat Sabalenka insyd three sets, securing ein second major title. Unlike ein first major win insyd 2022, Rybakina receive 2,000 points as a result of ein championship victory, den thus she return to de world No. 3 position for de first time since January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-31 |title=Rybakina outlasts Sabalenka in three sets to capture first Australian Open title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4442160/rybakina-earns-place-among-games-elites-with-first-australian-open-second-major-title |access-date=2026-01-31 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=January 31, 2026 |title=Rybakina's calm celebration after Australian Open triumph shocks fans |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/rybakinas-calm-celebration-after-australian-open-triumph-shocks-fans |access-date=January 31, 2026 |website=Khelwire}}</ref> During de Middle East Swing, she loose to [[Victoria Mboko]] insyd de quarterfinals of de Qatar Open wey she retire from ein third round match against [[Antonia Ružić]] at de Dubai Open secof illness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-12 |title=Mboko ends Rybakina's winning streak in three-set thriller; into Doha semis |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4449526/mboko-ends-rybakinas-winning-streak-in-three-set-thriller-into-doha-semis |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=18 February 2026 |title=GI Illness forces Elena Rybakina to retire in Dubai, as lucky loser Antonia Ruzic advances |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/gi-illness-elena-rybakina-retire-dubai-lucky-loser-ruzic-anisimova-andreeva-pegula |website=tennis.com}}</ref> At de Indian Wells Open, she defeat fifth seed [[Jessica Pegula]] to reach de semifinals. Following ein victory insyd de quarterfinals, she cam be World No. [[WTA rankings|2]] for de first time insyd ein career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina set to rise to No. 2 in WTA rankings, overtaking Swiatek |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4468426/rybakina-will-jump-to-no-2-in-wta-rankings-overtaking-swiatek |accessdate=14 March 2026 |website=WTA}}</ref> She defeat [[Elina Svitolina]] insyd de semifinals to set up a rematch of de 2023 Indian Wells Open final den 2026 Australian Open final with [[Aryna Sabalenka]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina hits 12 straight Top 10 wins, earns Indian Wells final rematch with Sabalenka |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4468706/rybakina-pushes-past-svitolina-to-set-up-sabalenka-showdown-in-indian-wells-final |accessdate=18 March 2026 |website=WTA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Advantage Sabalenka or Rybakina? Making the case for the Indian Wells finalists |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4468887/advantage-sabalenka-or-rybakina-making-the-case-for-the-indian-wells-finalists |accessdate=18 March 2026 |website=WTA}}</ref> Rybakina loose de final insyd three close sets despite having a championship point insyd de third set tiebreak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sabalenka saves championship point to win Indian Wells thriller over Rybakina |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4469923/aryna-sabalenka-solves-elena-rybakina-to-win-first-indian-wells-23rd-wta-title |accessdate=18 March 2026 |website=WTA}}</ref> Insyd de Miami Open, she defeat qualifier [[Talia Gibson]] to reach de quarterfinals, setting up rematch of Indian Wells Open quarterfinal plus [[Jessica Pegula]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina cruises, Pegula dominant to set up Miami showdown |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4475320/rybakina-cruises-pegula-dominant-to-set-up-miami-showdown |accessdate=18 March 2026 |website=WTA}}</ref> She defeat Pegula insyd a comeback three set win to set up a rematch against [[Aryna Sabalenka]] insyd de semifinals, wer ein run end after a straight sets loss.<ref>{{cite web |title=Five in a row! Rybakina beats Pegula again to make Miami semis |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4476383/five-in-a-row-rybakina-beats-pegula-again-to-make-miami-semis |accessdate=26 March 2026 |website=WTA}}</ref> Rybakina begin ein clay season at de Stuttgart Open as de top seed, receiving a bye insyd de first round. She then defeat [[Diana Shnaider]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top-seeded Rybakina handles Shnaider to book Stuttgart quarters spot |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4488911/top-seeded-elena-rybakina-handles-diana-shnaider-to-book-stuttgart-quarters-spot |accessdate=17 April 2026 |website=WTA}}</ref> insyd de second round, she save two match points insyd de quarterfinals insyd a 3-hour battle against [[Leylah Fernandez]], wey she defeat [[Mirra Andreeva]] insyd de semi-finals to reach ein third final of de year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina surges past Andreeva to reach third final of 2026 in Stuttgart |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4489817/rybakina-surges-past-andreeva-to-reach-third-final-of-2026-in-stuttgart |accessdate=18 April 2026 |website=WTA}}</ref> Insyd de final, she defeat 7th seed [[Karolína Muchová]] insyd straight sets to capture de Stuttgart Open title for de second time insyd ein career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina returns to winner's circle in Stuttgart with straight-sets win over Muchova |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4490060/rybakina-outshines-muchova-in-stuttgart-for-first-repeat-title-13th-overall |accessdate=19 April 2026 |website=WTA}}</ref> Insyd Madrid, she defeat [[Elena-Gabriela Ruse]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina, Zheng pull off comebacks in Madrid to set third-round meeting |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4492818/rybakina-zheng-pull-off-comebacks-in-madrid-to-set-third-round-meeting |accessdate=29 April 2026 |publisher=WTA}}</ref> den [[Zheng Qinwen]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina prevails in tight three-setter against Zheng in Madrid |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4494146/rybakina-prevails-in-tight-three-setter-against-zheng-in-madrid |accessdate=29 April 2026 |publisher=WTA}}</ref> before she be stunned insyd fourth round by lucky loser [[Anastasia Potapova]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Potapova stuns Rybakina in midnight upset to reach Madrid quarterfinals |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4494794/potapova-stuns-rybakina-in-midnight-upset-to-reach-madrid-quarterfinals |accessdate=29 April 2026 |publisher=WTA}}</ref> She receive a bye insyd de first round of Rome as de second seed. She then defeat [[Maria Sakkari]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eala reaches new clay milestone in Rome; to face Rybakina in third round |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4500567/takeaways-eala-downs-wang-for-milestone-rome-victory |accessdate=9 May 2026 |publisher=WTA}}</ref> [[Alexandra Eala]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina secures tour-leading 29th victory with win over Eala in Rome |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4501540/elena-rybakina-returns-to-rome-final-16-defeats-alexandra-eala-in-29th-win-of-season |accessdate=12 May 2026 |publisher=WTA}}</ref> den [[Karolína Plíšková]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Svitolina, Rybakina dominate as quarterfinal clash of past Rome champions awaits |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4502303/elina-svitolina-elena-rybakina-dominate-to-set-rome-quarterfinal-clash-past-champions-pliskova-bartunkova |accessdate=12 May 2026 |publisher=WTA}}</ref> all insyd straight sets to reach quarterfinals wer she loose to [[Elina Svitolina]] wer she manage to convert only 4 of 20 break points.<ref>{{cite web |title=Svitolina saves 16 break points, stuns Rybakina to reach first Rome semifinal since 2018 |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4503296/svitolina-saves-16-break-points-stuns-rybakina-to-reach-first-rome-semifinal-since-2018 |access-date=May 17, 2026 |website=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> At de French Open na she be stunned by [[Yulia Starodubtseva]] insyd de second round, marking insyd ein earliest loss at de tournament since 2020 den at a major since 2024 Australian Open.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Starodubtseva delivers latest upset, edges Rybakina at Roland Garros |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4510325/starodubtseva-stuns-no-2-seed-rybakina-in-dramatic-roland-garros-upset |access-date=29 June 2026 |publisher=WTA}}</ref> Rybakina get an unsuccessful run insyd grass season losing insyd de quarterfinal of Queen's Club to home favourite [[Katie Boulter]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boulter upsets top seed Rybakina, Vekic wins doubleheader at Queen's |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4518528/katie-boulter-upsets-top-seed-elena-rybakina-donna-vekic-wins-czech-doubleheader |accessdate=29 June 2026 |publisher=WTA}}</ref> den insyd de second round of de Berlin Open to [[Alexandra Eala]]; na dis be de first time since March 2025 wey Rybakina loose two consecutive matches.<ref>{{Cite web |title='I'm still shaking': Eala delivers Berlin shocker, ousts World No. 2 Rybakina in straight sets |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4521872/im-still-shaking-eala-delivers-berlin-shocker-ousts-world-no-2-rybakina-in-straight-sets |accessdate=29 June 2026 |publisher=WTA}}</ref>At Wimbledon, she defeat [[Loïs Boisson]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina survives Boisson scare to advance at Wimbledon, notch 300th WTA Tour win |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4528838/rybakina-survives-boisson-scare-to-advance-at-wimbledon |access-date=12 August 2026 |publisher=WTA}}</ref> den [[Caty McNally]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina continues Wimbledon winning record |url=https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/wimbledon_2026_2R_mcnally_rybakina |access-date=12 August 2026 |publisher=Wimbledon}}</ref> before losing to [[Elise Mertens]] for a second consecutive third round exit insyd de tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mertens stuns 2022 champion Rybakina |url=https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/wimbledon_2026_mertens_rybakina_r3 |access-date=12 August 2026 |publisher=Wimbledon}}</ref>Na Rybakina sanso be in contention for World No. 1 at de beginning of de tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Rybakina can take the No. 1 ranking from Sabalenka at Wimbledon |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4526248/how-elena-rybakina-can-take-world-no-1-from-aryna-sabalenka-at-wimbledon |access-date=12 August 2026 |publisher=WTA}}</ref> [[File:Elena_Rybakina_at_the_2026_Wimbledon_Championships_(1)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Rybakina at de 2026 Wimbledon Championships]] As de second seed, Rybakina receive a bye into de second round of de 2026 Canadian Open. She then defeat [[Daria Kasatkina]] insyd three sets,<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4554728/58-winners-58-errors-rybakina-delivers-mixed-bag-to-beat-kasatkina-in-toronto|title=58 winners, 58 errors: Rybakina delivers mixed bag to beat Kasatkina in Toronto|publisher=WTA|accessdate=13 August 2026}}</ref>[[Ann Li (tennis)| Ann Li]] insyd straight sets,<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://nationalbankopen.com/news/read/2026/toronto-daily-recap-served-up-sobeys-day-7-august-7-eala-fernandez-rybakina-jovic|title=Toronto Day 7 Recap Served Up by Sobeys: Fernandez Shocks Andreeva, Eala Fights On|publisher=National Bank Open|accessdate=13 August 2026}}</ref> wey she make a comeback victory insyd a thriller against [[Ludmilla Samsonova]] to reach de quarterfinal.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://nationalbankopen.com/news/read/2026/nbo-toronto-results-day-9-rybakina-gauff-fernandez-eala|title=Rybakina Survives Scare to Reach Quarter-Finals; Eala, Fernandez Eliminated|publisher=National Bank Open|accessdate=13 August 2026}}</ref> Der, she cam back from a set den a break down against defeating former World No. 1 [[Naomi Osaka]] insyd a tough three setter to reach ein third consecutive semifinal at de tournament.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4557966/rybakina-shows-champions-grit-in-comeback-win-over-osaka-to-reach-toronto-semis|title=Rybakina shows champion's grit in comeback win over Osaka; reaches Toronto semis|publisher=WTA|accessdate=13 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://nationalbankopen.com/news/read/2026/toronto-daily-recap-served-up-sobeys-day-11-august-11-rybakina-osaka-gauff-kawhi-leonard|title=Toronto Day 11 Recap Served Up by Sobeys: Gauff, Rybakina Complete Semifinal Bracket|publisher=National Bank Open|accessdate=13 August 2026}}</ref> She make anoda comeback insyd de semifinal against [[Coco Gauff]] from a set down, winning 13 consecutive points insyd de second set en route to a three set victory insyd a match wey end at nearly 1:00 AM local time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gauff drops 3-setter to Rybakina in National Bank Open semifinals |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/49596853/gauff-drops-3-setter-rybakina-national-bank-open-semifinals |access-date=2026-08-23 |website=www.espn.com}}</ref> Contesting ein seventh WTA 1000-level final, she loose to [[Iga Świątek]].<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4559201/swiatek-ends-yearlong-title-drought-in-toronto-after-sweeping-past-rybakina-in-straight-sets|title=Swiatek wins first title of 2026 after sweeping past Rybakina in Toronto|publisher=WTA|accessdate=17 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4558792/by-the-numbers-rybakina-claims-tour-leading-26th-hardcourt-win-to-reach-final|title=By the Numbers: Rybakina claims tour-leading 26th hardcourt win to reach final|publisher=WTA|accessdate=13 August 2026}}</ref> Na Rybakina be in contention to become World No.1 at de beginning of de tournament, however [[Aryna Sabalenka]] retain de ranking by reaching de fourth round.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4559575/rankings-watch-swiatek-returns-to-top-5-rybakina-narrows-gap-to-no-1|title=Rankings Watch: Swiatek returns to Top 5, Rybakina narrows gap to No. 1|publisher=WTA|accessdate=17 August 2026}}</ref> At de Cincinnati Open, Rybakina san receive a bye as de second seed, wey she defeat [[Taylor Townsend]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina stops Townsend in two sets in return to Cincinnati |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4560630/rybakina-stops-townsend-in-return-to-cincinnati |access-date=2026-08-23 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> [[Magdalena Fręch]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-17 |title=Cincinnati Open 2026 — Rybakina Overcomes Rain to Beat Frech; Swiatek Completes Turnaround Against Sakkari |url=https://ground.news/article/live-updates-elena-rybakina-dispatches-frech-in-the-3rd-round-at-the-cincinnati-open-cincinnati-results |access-date=2026-08-23 |website=Ground News |language=en}}</ref> den 14th seeded [[Diana Shnaider]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unHVYg1mznA |title=Diana Shnaider vs. Elena Rybakina {{!}} 2026 Cincinnati Round of 16 {{!}} WTA Match Highlights |date=2026-08-19 |last=WTA |access-date=2026-08-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref> all insyd straight sets, to reach de quarterfinals, setting up a re-match of de previous week's final insyd Toronto against [[Iga Świątek]]. After [[Aryna Sabalenka]] ein fourth-round loss at de tournament, Rybakina need to reach de final in order to obtain de World No. 1 ranking. However, she retire insyd de first set against Świątek after sustaining an injury to ein left foot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-20 |title=Swiatek reaches Cincinnati semifinals as Rybakina succumbs to left ankle injury |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4563969/swiatek-reaches-cincinnati-semifinals-as-rybakina-succumbs-to-left-ankle-injury |access-date=2026-08-23 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> Rybakina enter de US Open having spent a full week off court secof de injury she sustain insyd Cincinnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sode |first=Scott |date=September 7, 2026 |title=From injury scare to world No. 1? Rybakina's 'amazing progress' at US Open |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2026-09-07/from_injury_scare_to_world_no_1_rybakinas_amazing_progress_at_us_open.html |website=US Open}}</ref> She defeat wildcard [[Thea Frodin]]<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2026-09-01/elena_rybakina_ousts_serenas_body_double_thea_frodin_at_2026_us_open.html|title=Elena Rybakina ousts Serena’s body double Thea Frodin at 2026 US Open|publisher=US Open|accessdate=1 September 2026}}</ref> den [[Jéssica Bouzas Maneiro|Jessica Bouzas Maniero]]<ref>{{Citeweb|title=Rybakina advances to US Open third round, closing in on No. 1 ranking|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4571925/rybakina-moves-closer-to-no-1-ranking-with-straight-sets-win-at-us-open|publisher=WTA|access-date=4 September 2026}}</ref> to reach de third round, wer she defeat [[Yulia Starodubtseva]],<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2026-09-05/no_2_seed_rybakina_fends_off_starodubtseva_to_reach_2026_us_open_fourth_round.html|title=No. 2 seed Rybakina fends off Starodubtseva to reach 2026 US Open fourth round|publisher=US Open|access-date=8 September 2026}}</ref> to whom na she had loose at de French Open earlier insyd de year. She then reach ein first US Open career quarterfinal after a dominant win over former champion [[Naomi Osaka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sode |first=Scott |date=September 7, 2026 |title=Ruthless Elena Rybakina powers past Osaka to reach 2026 US Open QFs |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2026-09-07/ruthless_elena_rybakina_powers_past_osaka_to_reach_2026_us_open_qfs.html |website=US Open}}</ref> After dropping de first set insyd de quarterfinals to [[Zheng Qinwen]], she produce a comeback win to reach de semis den thereby she secure de No. 1 spot insyd de WTA rankings.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2026-09-09/elena_rybakina_defeats_zheng_in_2026_us_open_quarterfinals_to_clinch_no_1_ranking.html|title=Elena Rybakina defeats Zheng in 2026 US Open quarterfinals to clinch No. 1 ranking|publisher=US Open|accessdate=10 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4574290/history-maker-elena-rybakina-captures-pif-wta-world-no1-singles-ranking|title=History-maker Elena Rybakina captures PIF WTA World No.1 singles ranking|publisher=[[Women's Tennis Association]]|date=9 September 2026|access-date=9 September 2026|language=en}}</ref> She cam be de 30th player to reach no.1, de first wey dey represent Kazakhstan den de second-oldest first-time no.1 insyd WTA history, younger dan only [[Angelique Kerber]].<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4574266/the-long-methodical-road-that-carried-elena-rybakina-to-no-1|title=The long, methodical road that carried Elena Rybakina to No. 1|publisher=WTA|accessdate=10 September 2026}}</ref> She produce anoda comeback win against [[Coco Gauff]] insyd de semifinal to reach ein first US Open final, a rematch against [[Aryna Sabalenka]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wallace|first=Ava|date=2026-09-11|title=Elena Rybakina stops Coco Gauff’s U.S. Open surge to face Aryna Sabalenka in the final|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7582161/2026/09/10/us-open-coco-gauff-elena-rybakina-semifinal-result-analysis/|access-date=2026-09-11|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Insyd de final, she end de 19-match US Open winning streak of two-time defending champion Sabalenka to win de third major title of ein career den ein first US Open title.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2026-09-12/rybakina_defeats_two-time_defending_champion_sabalenka_to_win_2026_us_open.html|title=Rybakina defeats two-time defending champion Sabalenka to win 2026 US Open|publisher=US Open|date=13 September 2026|access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> She cam be de third player insyd 21st century after [[Angelique Kerber]] den Sabalenka to win both Australian Open den US Open insyd de same year.<ref name="#USO26Final">{{Citeweb|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4575707/rybakina-halts-sabalenkas-three-peat-bid-to-capture-first-us-open-title|title=The new No. 1 has a new US Open trophy: Rybakina ends Sabalenka's reign|publisher=WTA|accessdate=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Playing style == [[File:Elena_Rybakina_Serves_at_2024_Brisbane_International_(cropped).tif|alt=Elena Rybakina serving a tennis ball at the 2024 Brisbane International|left|thumb|Rybakina dey serve at de 2024 Brisbane International]] 0lus a powerful serve, Rybakina be an aggressive baseliner wey dey aim to finish points quickly, den whose high risk game style dey lead to an accumulation of both winners den unforced errors. She fi generate effortless power, both on groundstrokes den ein serve.<ref name="baseliner">{{cite web |last1=Biswas |first1=Rudra |date=26 September 2020 |title=Strasbourg 2020 final: Elina Svitolina vs Elena Rybakina preview, head-to-head & prediction |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/strasbourg-2020-final-elina-svitolina-vs-elena-rybakina-preview-head-to-head-prediction |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Sports Keeda}}</ref><ref name="21-and-under">{{cite web |last1=McCarvel |first1=Nick |date=27 July 2020 |title=The 21 & Under Club, 2020 Edition: Elena Rybakina |url=https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2020/07/21-under-club-2020-edition-elena-rybakina/89733/ |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Tennis.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Futterman|first=Matthew|date=2025-11-08|title=Elena Rybakina paints the lines to triumph over Aryna Sabalenka at WTA Tour Finals|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6789352/2025/11/08/sabalenka-rybakina-wta-tour-finals-result-analysis/|access-date=2025-11-09|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ein forehand den backhand both be hit flat, plus relentless depth den speed, wey dey allow am to generate excellent power plus both ein groundstrokes, wey she fi hit winners plus both shots.<ref name="profiler">{{cite web |title=Elena Rybakina |url=https://www.tennisprofiler.com/wtaplayer/Rybakina-Elena |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Tennis Profiler}}</ref> Ein serve, wich be capable of reaching {{cvt|127|mph}},<ref name="espnrybakinachampion"/> dey allow am to serve a large number of aces. She lead de tour insyd de ace count insyd both 2020, plus 192 aces, den insyd 2025 plus 516, wen she cam be de first player since [[Karolína Plíšková]] insyd 2016 to hit over 500 aces insyd a single season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DQw8YrYlHH-/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref name="stats-2020">{{cite web |title=Stats Hub 2020 |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/stats/2020 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tennis.com |title=Most aces in 2025: Elena Rybakina becomes first woman in nine years to surpass 500 aces |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/most-aces-in-2025-elena-rybakina-first-woman-in-nine-years-to-surpass-500-aces-taylor-fritz |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Tennis.com |language=en}}</ref> Na she hit 2,513 aces on WTA Tour insyd ein career, 9th highest ace count on tour since 2008. She sanso get good movement given ein height, although dis be one of de few weak areas insyd ein game.<ref name="now">{{cite web |last=Oddo |first=Chris |date=19 February 2020 |title=Get to Know: 20 Year Old Sensation Elena Rybakina |url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/2020/February/Get-to-Know-20-Year-Old-Sensation-Elena-Rybakina.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220153534/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/2020/February/Get-to-Know-20-Year-Old-Sensation-Elena-Rybakina.aspx |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=Tennis Now}}</ref> Adriano Albanesi, a WTA coach, describe am as "a right-handed [[Petra Kvitová|[Petra] Kvitová]]".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nizegorodcew |first1=Alessandro |date=25 February 2020 |title=Rybakina e le altre: chi sono le ragazze pronte per il boom |trans-title=Rybakina and the others: Who are the girls ready for the boom? |url=https://www.supertennis.tv/News/Next-Gen/200226-intervista-coach-Albanesi-non-solo-Rybakina-Next-Gen-Wta |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Super Tennis |language=it}}</ref> Rybakina dey play plus a very calm demeanour, wey she dey believe she fi defeat any opponent.<ref name="kenin"/><ref name="21-and-under" /><ref name="calm">{{cite web |date=20 February 2020 |title=Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships Elena Rybakina |url=http://www.asapsports.com/show_interview.php?id=157238 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=ASAP Sports}}</ref> == Coaches == Rybakina hire [[Andrei Chesnokov]], whom na she already train plus at Spartak Tennis Club, to be ein private coach insyd 2018 at de age of 18. Na dis be de first time she get an individual coach. Chesnokov only coach insyd Moscow wey na he no dey travel plus am to tournaments.<ref name="get-to-know"/><ref name="ubi"/> Insyd February 2019, Rybakina switch coaches to [[Stefano Vukov]], a Croatian former tennis player wey briefly compete mainly on de ITF Futures tour.<ref name="school"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nguyen |first1=Courtney |date=9 April 2020 |title=Coaching Dossier: Stefano Vukov – 'It's a 24-hour job' |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1654636/coaching-dossier-stefano-vukov-it-s-a-24-hour-job- |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> Plus Vukov as ein first travelling coach, Rybakina rapidly improve, rising from just insyd de top 200 of de WTA rankings into de top 30 in about a year.<ref name="get-to-know" /><ref name="ubi" /> Insyd November 2024, she announce [[Goran Ivanišević]] as ein new coach having split from Vukov after dat year ein US Open.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rybakina hires Goran Ivanisevic as new coach in 2025 |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4160951/rybakina-hires-goran-ivanisevic-as-new-coach-in-2025 |accessdate=1 November 2024 |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Na dem work togeda til ein 2025 Australian Open exit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ivanisevic stops coaching Rybakina after trial period ends |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/c62eg7vnve5o |accessdate=23 January 2024 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Insyd January 2025, Rybakina rehire Vukov as an additional coach; na he be subsequently suspended by de WTA under a code of conduct investigation,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Futterman |first1=Matthew |last2=Eccleshare |first2=Charlie |date=11 February 2025 |title=Elena Rybakina's former coach Stefano Vukov suspended by WTA under code of conduct investigation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6034236/2025/01/02/rybakina-vukov-coach-suspended-wta-investigation/ |work=The New York Times}}</ref> wey dem later ban am for 12 months, barring am from gaining accreditation at WTA–sanctioned events.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eccleshare |first1=Charlie |last2=Futterman |first2=Matthew |date=18 February 2025 |title=WTA bans Stefano Vukov, Elena Rybakina's former coach, for one year after code of conduct investigation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6035283/2025/02/11/stefano-vukov-wta-ban-report-elena-rybakina-coach/ |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Insyd ein absence, Rybakina hire Italian coach den former ATP tour player [[Davide Sanguinetti]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2 February 2025 |title=Rybakina adds Davide Sanguinetti to her coaching team |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta-tour-news/abu-dhabi-womens-tennis-open-wta-500-wta-tour-news/rybakina-adds-davide-sanguinetti-to-her-coaching-team-806511.html |access-date=18 November 2025 |website=Tennis Majors}}</ref> Na dem remove Vukov ein ban insyd August dat same year, wey he return to coaching Rybakina.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eccleshare|first=Charlie|date=8 August 2025|title=Elena Rybakina's barred coach Stefano Vukov has WTA Tour suspension lifted after appeal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6542878/2025/08/08/elena-rybakina-coach-suspension-lifted-stefano-vukov-wta|work=The Athletic|publisher=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> According to ''the Athletic'', Rybakina tell several people say "ein relationship plus [Vukov] cam be personal den romantic"; na dem say dem share a hotel room insyd Melbourne during de Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Futterman|first1=Matthew|last2=Eccleshare|first2=Charlie|title=The 'relationship of dependence' between a barred coach and a Wimbledon champion|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6136528/2025/02/18/tennis-elena-rybakina-stefano-vukov-ex-coach-banned-wta/|work=The Athletic|date=18 February 2025}}</ref> At de end of 2025, Rybakina sanso add Ukrainian tennis coach den former player Stanislav Khmarskyi to ein coaching team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DUTRotKE4-S |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> Rybakina often dey practice insyd Bratislava, Slovakia during de European clay swing den grass season for several weeks each year, calling de city ein 'second home' insyd an interview to ''Slovak Daily''.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2026 |title=President of Slovakia, Twitter |url=https://x.com/pellegrinip_/status/2100254959220445213}}</ref><ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.redbull.com/al-sq/elena-rybakina-career-portrait|title=Elena Rybakina is back in enjoyment mode on the grass court|publisher=redbull|language=albanian|accessdate=16 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://spectator.sme.sk/sport/c/rybakina-us-open-bratislava-second-home?__cf_chl_tk=VEafio0URplu1rkhXCnm1LiMUQ5Qph8CZE2JQs4M8Hs-1789590629-1.0.1.1-yX1962E92lrRX8Ew71iO2BAbl5d5U6cVCxfPYlyZo4o|title=New world No 1 Rybakina calls Bratislava her ‘second home’|publisher=The Slovak Spectator|accessdate=16 September 2026|language=slovak}}</ref> == Rivalries == === Aryna Sabalenka === Rybakina get a prominent rivalry plus [[Aryna Sabalenka]], wey de pair face off insyd three major finals. Dem play each oda 18 times since 2019, wey Sabalenka dey lead dema overall head-to-head 10–8 whereas Rybakina dey lead de record insyd finals 5–2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tennis Head-to-Head Compare Stats & Match History – WTA Tennis |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/head-to-head/320760/324166 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> Both players be known for dema aggressive baseline play, wey dey result in fast-paced den intense matches. De rivalry be considered one of de best of ein time.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://ausopen.com/articles/news/sabalenka-avenges-ao-defeat-rybakina-wtas-best-rivalry|title=Sabalenka avenges AO defeat to Rybakina in WTA’s best rivalry|publisher=Australian Open|accessdate=29 August 2026|date=17 March 2026|language=en}}</ref> Dem face off insyd three major finals, de 2023 Australian Open,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabalenka holds off Rybakina to win Australian Open, first Slam title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3040010/sabalenka-holds-off-rybakina-to-win-australian-open-first-slam-title |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328084008/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3040010/sabalenka-holds-off-rybakina-to-win-australian-open-first-slam-title |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=18 April 2026 |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> wey Sabalenka win, de 2026 Australian Open,<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2026 |title=Rybakina outlasts Sabalenka in three sets to capture first Australian Open title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4442160/rybakina-earns-place-among-games-elites-with-first-australian-open-second-major-title |accessdate=31 January 2026 |website=wtatennis.com}}</ref> den de 2026 US Open,<ref name="#USO26Final">{{Citeweb|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4575707/rybakina-halts-sabalenkas-three-peat-bid-to-capture-first-us-open-title|title=The new No. 1 has a new US Open trophy: Rybakina ends Sabalenka's reign|publisher=WTA|accessdate=12 September 2026}}</ref> de latter two both wey Rybakina win. Dema oda notable encounters dey include de 2023 Indian Wells Open<ref>{{cite web |title=The making of a great Rybakina-Sabalenka rivalry |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3117793/were-pushing-each-other-the-making-of-a-great-rybakina-sabalenka-rivalry |access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> final, 2024 Madrid Open<ref>{{cite web |title=Rivalry Rewind: Sabalenka and Rybakina's battles through the years |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/3991425/rivalry-rewind-sabalenka-and-rybakina-s-battles-through-the-years |access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> semifinal, 2025 WTA Finals<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hashim|first=Taha|date=2025-11-08|title=WTA Finals tennis: Elena Rybakina rocks Aryna Sabalenka to claim title – live|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2025/nov/08/wta-finals-tennis-aryna-sabalenka-elena-rybakina-final|access-date=2025-11-08|work=the Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> final, den de 2026 Indian Wells Open<ref>{{Cite web |last=Powers |first=Shad |title=Sabalenka outlasts Rybakina for first BNP Paribas Open title in Indian Wells |url=https://www.desertsun.com/story/sports/tennis/bnp/2026/03/15/sabalenka-outlasts-rybakina-for-first-bnp-paribas-open-title-in-indian-wells/89169075007/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=The Desert Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> final.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahoney |first=Brian |date=September 12, 2026 |title=Elena Rybakina beats Aryna Sabalenka to win the US Open title and punctuate her rise to No. 1 |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-open-womens-final-sabalenka-rybakina-521adac24c4f6350c07bdd914cd83b97}}</ref> === Iga Świątek === Rybakina sanso develope a competitive rivalry plus [[Iga Świątek]]. Ba dem meet 14 times since 2021, wey Świątek dey lead dema head-to-head at 8–6 insyd official competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tennis Head-to-Head {{!}} Compare Stats & Match History - WTA Tennis |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/head-to-head/326408/324166 |access-date=20 August 2026 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> Na dema matches be highly anticipated secof dema contrasting playing styles den high rankings.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2025 |title=Swiatek y Rybakina, cara a cara en cuartos de Doha |url=https://as.com/tenis/mas_tenis/swiatek-y-rybakina-cara-a-cara-en-cuartos-de-doha-n/ |access-date=22 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322163142/https://as.com/tenis/mas_tenis/swiatek-y-rybakina-cara-a-cara-en-cuartos-de-doha-n/ |archive-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> Na Rybakina lead earlier insyd dema careers before Świątek begin to pull ahead. Świątek defeat Rybakina to win ein seventh WTA 1000 title at de 2024 Qatar Open.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tennis.com |title=Top-ranked Iga Swiatek wins her third straight Qatar Open |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/top-ranked-swiatek-wins-her-third-straight-qatar-open |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Tennis.com |language=en}}</ref> After 4 consecutive defeats to Świątek insyd 2025, Rybakina cam back from a set down to earn ein 5th victory against am insyd de group stage of 2025 WTA Finals insyd Riyadh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rybakina in striking distance of semis following comeback win over Swiatek in Riyadh |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4395607/rybakina-in-striking-distance-of-semis-following-comeback-win-over-swiatek-in-riyadh |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> Rybakina san go defeat Świątek, insyd straight sets, insyd de quarterfinals of de 2026 Australian Open,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Services |first=ESPN News |date=2026-01-28 |title=Elena Rybakina tops Iga Swiatek to reach Australian Open semis |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/47749376/elena-rybakina-defeats-iga-swiatek-straight-sets-reach-2026-australian-open-semifinals |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> wich she go eventually win. Insyd August 2026, Świątek defeat Rybakina insyd straight sets to win de Canadian Open insyd Toronto, ein first WTA tour-level title of 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=The Canadian |date=2026-08-13 |title=Swiatek beats Rybakina in women’s singles final at National Bank Open in Toronto |url=https://www.cp24.com/news/sports/2026/08/13/swiatek-beats-rybakina-in-womens-singles-final-at-national-bank-open-in-toronto/ |access-date=2026-08-13 |website=CP24 |language=en-CA}}</ref> == Endorsements == Rybakina be sponsored by Yonex for clothing den shoes since de 2023 French Open.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=From Adidas to Yonex: Elena Rybakina shocks with clothing sponsor switch at Roland Garros – Women's Tennis Blog |url=https://womenstennisblog.com/2023/05/30/elena-rybakina-leaves-adidas-for-yonex/ |website=womenstennisblog.com}}</ref> Na she previously be endorsed by Adidas from de start of 2020, den by Nike.<ref name="adidas">{{cite web |date=10 January 2020 |title=New year sees group of WTA stars switch from Nike |url=http://baseline.tennis.com/article/86745/nike-caroline-garcia-tomljanovic-maria-sakkari-adidas |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Baseline Tennis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030083912/http://baseline.tennis.com/article/86745/nike-caroline-garcia-tomljanovic-maria-sakkari-adidas |archive-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> She dey use a Yonex VCore 100 racket.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elena Rybakina |url=https://www.yonex.com/athletes/details/?athlete_id=236 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Yonex}}</ref> From 2023 thru 2025 na she be sponsored by Red Bull,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elena Rybakina |url=https://www.redbull.com/us-en/athlete/elena-rybakina |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=Red Bull |language=en-us}}</ref> wey na she be partnered plus Swiss luxury watch manufacturer Vanguart since de beginning of 2026.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.jckonline.com/editorial-article/elena-rybakina-vanguart-orb/|title=Elena Rybakina Claims Australian Open Title Wearing $230K Watch|publisher=jckonline|accessdate=30 August 2026}}</ref> On 24 January 2023, Rybakina cam be an ambassador give Bank RBK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=Первая ракетка Казахстана Елена Рыбакина стала амбассадором Bank RBK |url=https://www.zakon.kz/6382397-pervaya-raketka-kazakhstana-elena-rybakina-stala-ambassadorom-Bank-RBK.html |access-date= |website=www.zakon.kz |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131152047/https://www.zakon.kz/6382397-pervaya-raketka-kazakhstana-elena-rybakina-stala-ambassadorom-Bank-RBK.html |archive-date=2023-01-31}}</ref> Since September 2024, she sanso serve as de official brand ambassador give Lexus. As a part of de collaboration, Rybakina dey team up plus de brand to support de 'Tennis for Life by Lexus' program.<ref>{{Citeweb|title=Elena Rybakina has become the Lexus ambassador in Kazakhstan.|url=https://ru.lexuskz.com/discover-lexus/news/2024/elena-rybakina|website=lexuskz|access-date=30 August 2026|language=Russian}}</ref> She sanso be sponsored by Kazakhstani company IZI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DQzmX7NDLPq/ |access-date=2026-08-30 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> Rybakina be ranked as de 9th highest-paid female athlete insyd 2023.<ref>{{Citeweb|title=The World’s Highest-Paid Female Athletes 2023|url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/lifestyle/sports/the-worlds-highest-paid-female-athletes-2023-1|publisher=Forbes|access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref> After falling to 15th next year,<ref>{{Citeweb|title=Elena Rybakina|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/elena-rybakina/|publisher=Forbes|access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref> she make a comeback insyd de top 10 as 8th highest-paid insyd 2025 following ein win at de 2025 WTA Finals, wich earn am de single largest single paycheck insyd women's sporting history.<ref>{{Citeweb|title=The World’s Highest-Paid Female Athletes 2025|url=https://forbesmiddleeast.com/lifestyle/sports/the-worlds-highest-paid-female-athletes-2025|publisher=Forbes|access-date=30 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DQzmX7NDLPq/ |access-date=2026-08-30 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> == Off de court == === Philanthropy === [[File:Elena_Rybakina_2023_stamp_of_Kazakhstan.jpg|right|thumb|Rybakina on a 2023 stamp of Kazakhstan]] Following ein 2022 Wimbledon victory, Rybakina announce say she go donate a part of de bonus she receive from Kazakhstan Tennis Federation (KTF) to support young tennis players.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.kt.kz/eng/sports/elena_rybakina_to_donate_part_of_ktf_bonus_to_charitable_1377936562.html|title=Elena Rybakina to donate part of KTF bonus to charitable cause|publisher=Kazakhstan Today(kt)|language=en|accessdate=16 September 2026}}</ref> Insyd March 2023, Rybakina donate [[Kazakhstani tenge|₸]]35 million to rising female tennis players insyd Kazakhstan. She, sanso donate money to StopOtlov volunteering movement wich dey work give animals welfare.<ref>{{Citeweb|title=Elena Rybakina helps homeless animals, donates to volunteering movement|url=https://qazinform.com/news/elena-rybakina-helps-homeless-animals-donates-to-volunteering-movement_a4037166|publisher=Qazinform|accessdate=16 September 2026}}</ref> Na Presido of KTF [[Bulat Utemuratov]] say she sanso get two charities insyd Kazakhstan, one funds young den promising tennis players while oda supports less privileged people.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7588525/2026/09/12/elena-rybakina-us-open-tennis-world-no-1/|title=How Elena Rybakina, world No. 1 and U.S. Open champion, climbed the tennis mountain|publisher=nytimes|accessdate=16 September 2026}}</ref> ==Career statistics== === Performance timelines === {{performance key}} ''Only main-draw results insyd [[WTA Tour]], [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]], [[Billie Jean King Cup|Billie Jean King Cup (Fed Cup)]], [[Hopman Cup]], [[United Cup]] den [[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] dem include insyd win–loss records.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Matches|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/324166/elena-rybakina/matches|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112111938/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/324166/elena-rybakina/matches |archive-date=2019-11-12 |access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Elena Rybakina [KAZ] &#124; Australian Open|url=https://ausopen.com/players/kazakhstan/elena-rybakina|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165713/https://ausopen.com/players/kazakhstan/elena-rybakina |archive-date=2020-06-03 |access-date=|website=ausopen.com}}</ref>'' ==== Singles ==== ''Current thru de [[2026 US Open – Women's singles|2026 US Open]].'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !Tournament ![[2017 WTA Tour|2017]] ![[2018 WTA Tour|2018]] ![[2019 WTA Tour|2019]] ![[2020 WTA Tour|2020]] ![[2021 WTA Tour|2021]] ![[2022 WTA Tour|2022]] ![[2023 WTA Tour|2023]] ![[2024 WTA Tour|2024]] ![[2025 WTA Tour|2025]] ![[2026 WTA Tour|2026]] ! SR ! W–L !Win % |- | colspan="14" style="text-align:left" |'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]''' |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" | [[Australian Open]] |A |A | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |[[2019 Australian Open – Women's singles qualifying|Q1]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2020 Australian Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 Australian Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 Australian Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:thistle;" |[[2023 Australian Open – Women's singles|F]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2024 Australian Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2025 Australian Open – Women's singles|4R]] | style="background:lime;" |'''[[2026 Australian Open – Women's singles|W]]''' | style="background:#eaecf0;" |1 / 7 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |21–6 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=21|lost=6|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" | [[French Open]] |A |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2019 French Open – Women's singles|1R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2020 French Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2021 French Open – Women's singles|QF]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 French Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2023 French Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2024 French Open – Women's singles|QF]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2025 French Open – Women's singles|4R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2026 French Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 8 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |17–7 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=17|lost=7|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" | [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] |A |A | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |[[2019 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles qualifying|Q3]] | style="color:#696969" |NH | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|4R]] | style="background:lime;" |'''[[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|W]]''' | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2023 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|QF]] | style="background:yellow;" |[[2024 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|SF]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2025 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2026 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#eaecf0;" |1 / 6 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |23–5 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=23|lost=5|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" | [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] |A | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |[[2018 US Open – Women's singles qualifying|Q2]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2019 US Open – Women's singles|1R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2020 US Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 US Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 US Open – Women's singles|1R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2023 US Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2024 US Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2025 US Open – Women's singles|4R]] | style="background:lime;" |'''[[2026 US Open – Women's singles|W]]''' | style="background:#eaecf0;" |1 / 8 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |15–6 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=15|lost=6|integer=yes}} |- style="background:#eaecf0;font-weight:bold" | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |Win–Loss |0–0 |0–0 |0–2 |4–3 |10–4 |10–3 |13–3 |11–3 |11–4 |17–2 |3 / 29 |76–24 |{{tennis win percentage|won=76|lost=24|integer=yes}} |- | colspan="14" style="text-align:left" |'''Year-end championships''' |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[WTA Finals]] | colspan="3" style="color:#696969" |She No Qualify | style="color:#696969" |NH | colspan="2" style="color:#696969" |DNQ | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2023 WTA Finals – Singles|RR]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2024 WTA Finals – Singles|RR]] | style="background:lime;" |[[2025 WTA Finals – Singles|'''W''']] | | style="background:#eaecf0;" |1 / 3 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |7–4 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=7|lost=4|integer=yes}} |- | colspan="14" style="text-align:left" |'''National representation''' |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Billie Jean King Cup]] |A |A |A | colspan="2" style="background:#ecf2ff;" |[[2020 Billie Jean King Cup play-offs|PO]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 Billie Jean King Cup finals|RR]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2023 Billie Jean King Cup finals|RR]] | style="background:#ecf2ff;" |[[2024 Billie Jean King Cup play-offs|PO]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2025 Billie Jean King Cup finals|1R]] | | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 5 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |8–2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=8|lost=2|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] | colspan="4" style="color:#696969" |Not Held | style="background:yellow;" |[[Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|4th]] | colspan="2" style="color:#696969" |Not Held |A | colspan="2" style="color:#696969" |Not Held | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 1 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |4–2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=4|lost=2|integer=yes}} |- | colspan="14" style="text-align:left" |'''[[WTA 1000 tournaments]]''' |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[WTA Qatar Open|Qatar Open]] | style="color:#696969" |NTI |A | style="color:#696969" |NTI | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2020 Qatar Total Open – Singles|3R]] | style="color:#696969" |NTI | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 Qatar Total Open – Singles|1R]] | style="color:#696969" |NTI | style="background:thistle;" |[[2024 Qatar TotalEnergies Open – Singles|F]] | style="background:#ffebcf;" |[[2025 Qatar TotalEnergies Open – Singles|QF]] | style="background:#ffebcf;" |[[2026 Qatar TotalEnergies Open – Singles|QF]] | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 5 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |10–4 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=10|lost=4|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai Championships]] |A | style="color:#696969" |NTI |A | style="color:#696969" |NTI | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's singles|2R]] | style="color:#696969" |NTI | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2023 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2024 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's singles|QF]] | style="background:yellow;" |[[2025 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's singles|SF]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2026 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 5 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |9–3 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=9|lost=3|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Indian Wells Open]] |A |A |A | style="color:#696969" |NH | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 BNP Paribas Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2022 BNP Paribas Open – Women's singles|QF]] | style="background:lime;" |[[2023 BNP Paribas Open – Women's singles|'''W''']] |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2025 BNP Paribas Open – Women's singles|4R]] | style="background:thistle;" |[[2026 BNP Paribas Open – Women's singles|F]] | style="background:#eaecf0;" |1 / 5 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |16–4 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=16|lost=4|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]] |A |A |A | style="color:#696969" |NH | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 Miami Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 Miami Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:thistle;" |[[2023 Miami Open – Women's singles|F]] | style="background:thistle;" |[[2024 Miami Open – Women's singles|F]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2025 Miami Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:yellow;" |[[2026 Miami Open - Women's singles|SF]] | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 6 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |16–6 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=16|lost=6|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Open]] |A |A |A | style="color:#696969" |NH | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 Mutua Madrid Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 Mutua Madrid Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2023 Mutua Madrid Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:yellow;" |[[2024 Mutua Madrid Open – Women's singles|SF]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2025 Mutua Madrid Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2026 Mutua Madrid Open – Women's singles|4R]] | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 6 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |10–6 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=10|lost=6|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]] |A |A |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2020 Italian Open – Women's singles|3R]] |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 Italian Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:lime;" |[[2023 Italian Open – Women's singles|'''W''']] |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2025 Italian Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2025 Italian Open – Women's singles|QF]] | style="background:#eaecf0;" |1 / 5 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |14–4 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=14|lost=4|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canadian Open]] |A |A |A | style="color:#696969" |NH | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 National Bank Open – Women's singles|1R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 National Bank Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:yellow;" |[[2023 National Bank Open – Women's singles|SF]] |A | style="background:yellow;" |[[2025 National Bank Open – Women's singles|SF]] | style="background:thistle;" |[[2026 National Bank Open – Women's singles|F]] | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 5 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |13–5 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=13|lost=5|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Cincinnati Open]] |A |A | style="background:#f0f8ff;" |[[2019 Western & Southern Open – Women's singles|Q1]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2020 Western & Southern Open – Women's singles|1R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 Western & Southern Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2022 Western & Southern Open – Women's singles|QF]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2023 Western & Southern Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2024 Cincinnati Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:yellow;" |[[2025 Cincinnati Open – Women's singles|SF]] | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2026 Cincinnati Open – Women's singles|QF]] | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 7 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |13–7 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=13|lost=7|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[China Open (tennis)|China Open]] |A |A |A | colspan="3" style="color:#696969" |Not Held | style="background:yellow;" |[[2023 China Open – Women's singles|SF]] |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2025 China Open – Women's singles|3R]] | | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |5–2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=5|lost=2|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Wuhan Open]] |A |A | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2019 Wuhan Open – Singles|QF]] | colspan="4" style="color:#696969" |Not Held |A | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2025 Wuhan Open – Singles|QF]] | | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |5–2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=5|lost=2|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Guadalajara Open Akron|Guadalajara Open]] | colspan="5" style="color:#696969" |Not Held | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 Guadalajara Open Akron – Singles|2R]] |A | colspan="3" style="color:#696969" |Not Tier I | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 1 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |1–1 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=1|lost=1|integer=yes}} |- style="background:#eaecf0;font-weight:bold" | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |Win–Loss |0–0 |0–0 |3–1 |4–2 |5–6 |13–8 |27–5 |15–4 |20–10 |25–8 |2 / 49 |112–44 |{{tennis win percentage|won=112|lost=44|integer=yes}} |- | colspan="14" style="text-align:left" |'''Career statistics''' |- style="font-weight:bold;background:#eaecf0" | |2017 |2018 |2019 |2020 |2021 |2022 |2023 |2024 |2025 |2026 |SR |W–L |Win % |- style="background:#eaecf0" | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |'''Tournaments''' |1 |2 |11 |12 |21 |23 |18 |16 |22 |16 | colspan="3" |'''Career total: 134''' |- style="background:#eaecf0" | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |'''Titles''' |0 |0 |1 |1 |0 |1 |2 |3 |3 |3 | colspan="3" |'''Career total: 14''' |- style="background:#eaecf0" | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |'''Finals''' |0 |0 |2 |5 |0 |3 |4 |5 |3 |5 | colspan="3" |'''Career total: 27''' |- style="background:#eaecf0" | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |Hard Win–Loss |0–1 |2–1 |12–6 |22–7 |20–16 |23–14 |31–11 |25–9 |45–13 |36–7 |8 / 92 |216–85 |{{tennis win percentage|won=216|lost=85|integer=yes}} |- style="background:#eaecf0" | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |Clay Win–Loss |0–0 |1–1 |8–3 |7–3 |6–4 |9–5 |11–2 |12–2 |9–3 |10–3 |5 / 29 |73–26 |{{tennis win percentage|won=73|lost=26|integer=yes}} |- style="background:#eaecf0" | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |Grass Win–Loss |0–0 |0–0 |3–1 | style="color:#696969" |NH |7–3 |8–2 |5–2 |6–2 |5–3 |3–3 |1 / 17 |37–16 |{{tennis win percentage|won=37|lost=16|integer=yes}} |- style="font-weight:bold;background:#eaecf0" | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |Overall Win–Loss |0–1 |3–2 |23–10 |29–10 |33–23 |40–21 |47–15 |43–13 |59–19 |49–13 |14 / 137 |326–127 |{{tennis win percentage|won=326|lost=127|integer=yes}} |- style="background:#eaecf0" | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |'''Win %''' |{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=1|integer=yes}} |{{tennis win percentage|won=3|lost=2|integer=yes}} |{{tennis win percentage|won=23|lost=10|integer=yes}} |{{tennis win percentage|won=29|lost=10|integer=yes}} |{{tennis win percentage|won=33|lost=23|integer=yes}} |{{tennis win percentage|won=40|lost=21|integer=yes}} |{{tennis win percentage|won=47|lost=15|integer=yes}} |{{tennis win percentage|won=43|lost=13|integer=yes}} |{{tennis win percentage|won=59|lost=19|integer=yes}} |{{tennis win percentage|won=49|lost=13|integer=yes}} | colspan="3" |'''Career total: {{tennis win percentage|won=326|lost=127|integer=yes}}''' |- style="background:#eaecf0" | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |'''Year-end ranking''' |425 |191 |37 |19 |14 |22 | style="background:#eee8aa;" |4 | style="background:#eee8aa;" |6 | style="background:#eee8aa;" |5 | | colspan="3" |'''$29,663,842''' |} ==== Doubles ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !Tournament ![[2017 WTA Tour|2017]] ![[2018 WTA Tour|2018]] ![[2019 WTA Tour|2019]] ![[2020 WTA Tour|2020]] ![[2021 WTA Tour|2021]] ![[2022 WTA Tour|2022]] ![[2023 WTA Tour|2023]] ![[2024 WTA Tour|2024]] ![[2025 WTA Tour|2025]] ! SR ! W–L !Win % |- | colspan="13" align="left" |'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]''' |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" | [[Australian Open]] |A |A |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2020 Australian Open – Women's doubles|2R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 Australian Open – Women's doubles|1R]] |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2023 Australian Open – Women's doubles|3R]] |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 3 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |3–3 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=3|lost=3|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" | [[French Open]] |A |A |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2020 French Open – Women's doubles|1R]] | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2021 French Open – Women's doubles|QF]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 French Open – Women's doubles|1R]] |A |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 3 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |3–3 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=3|lost=3|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" | [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] |A |A |A | style="color:#696969" |NH | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|1R]] |A |A |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 1 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0–1 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=1|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" | [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] |A |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2019 US Open – Women's doubles|1R]] |A |A |A |A |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 1 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0–1 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=1|integer=yes}} |- style="background:#eaecf0;font-weight:bold" | style="text-align:left" |Win–Loss |0–0 |0–0 |0–1 |1–2 |3–3 |0–1 |2–1 |0–0 |0–0 |0 / 8 |6–8 |{{tennis win percentage|won=6|lost=8|integer=yes}} |- | colspan="13" align="left" |'''[[WTA 1000 tournaments]]''' |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[WTA Qatar Open|Qatar Open]] | style="color:#696969" |NTI |A | style="color:#696969" |NTI |A | style="color:#696969" |NTI |A | style="color:#696969" |NTI |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 0 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0–0 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai Championships]] |A | style="color:#696969" |NTI |A | style="color:#696969" |NTI | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's doubles|1R]] | style="color:#696969" |NTI | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2023 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's doubles|2R]] |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |1–1 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=1|lost=1|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Indian Wells Open]] |A |A |A | style="color:#696969" |NH | style="background:thistle;" |[[2021 BNP Paribas Open – Women's doubles|F]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 BNP Paribas Open – Women's doubles|1R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2023 BNP Paribas Open – Women's doubles|1R]] |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 3 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |4–3 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=4|lost=3|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]] |A |A |A | style="color:#696969" |NH | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 Miami Open – Women's doubles|1R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 Miami Open – Women's doubles|1R]] |A |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0–2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=2|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Open]] |A |A |A | style="color:#696969" |NH |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 Mutua Madrid Open – Women's doubles|1R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2023 Mutua Madrid Open – Women's doubles|2R]] |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |1–1 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=1|lost=1|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]] |A |A |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2020 Italian Open – Women's doubles|1R]] |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 Italian Open – Women's doubles|2R]] |A |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |1–1 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=1|lost=1|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canadian Open]] |A |A |A | style="color:#696969" |NH | style="background:yellow;" |[[2021 National Bank Open – Women's doubles|SF]] |A |A |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 1 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |3–1 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=3|lost=1|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Cincinnati Open]] |A |A |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2020 Western & Southern Open – Women's doubles|1R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 Western & Southern Open – Women's doubles|2R]] |A |A |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |1–2 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=1|lost=2|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[Wuhan Open]] |A |A |A | colspan="3" style="color:#696969" |Not Held |A |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 0 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0–0 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;background:#eaecf0" |[[China Open (tennis)|China Open]] |A |A |A | colspan="4" style="color:#696969" |Not Held |A |A | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0 / 0 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |0–0 | style="background:#eaecf0;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}} |- | colspan="13" align="left" |'''Career statistics''' |- style="background:#eaecf0" | align="left" |'''Tournaments''' |1 |3 |2 |5 |10 |7 |5 |0 |2 | colspan="3" |'''Career total: 35''' |- style="background:#eaecf0" | align="left" |'''Titles''' |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="3" |'''Career total: 0''' |- style="background:#eaecf0" | align="left" |'''Finals''' |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="3" |'''Career total: 2''' |- style="font-weight:bold;background:#eaecf0" | align="left" |Overall Win–Loss |0–1 |0–3 |0–2 |1–5 |11–10 |1–7 |7–3 |0–0 |3–2 |0 / 35 |23–33 |{{tennis win percentage|won=23|lost=33|integer=yes}} |- style="background:#eaecf0" | align="left" |'''Year-end ranking''' |682 |484 |516 |363 |49 |442 |119 | - |266 | colspan="3" | |} ==== Mixed doubles ==== {|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center !Tournament ![[2021 WTA Tour|2021]] !... ![[2025 WTA Tour|2025]] !SR !W–L !Win % |- |align=left style="background:#eaecf0;"| [[Australian Open]] |style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2021 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]] |A |A |style="background:#eaecf0;"|0 / 1 |style="background:#eaecf0;"|0–1 |style="background:#eaecf0;"|{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=1|integer=yes}} |- |align=left style="background:#eaecf0;"| [[French Open]] |A |A |A |style="background:#eaecf0;"|0 / 0 |style="background:#eaecf0;"|0–0 |style="background:#eaecf0;"|{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}} |- |align=left style="background:#eaecf0;"| [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] |A |A |A |style="background:#eaecf0;"|0 / 0 |style="background:#eaecf0;"|0–0 |style="background:#eaecf0;"|{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}} |- |align=left style="background:#eaecf0;"| [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] |A |A |style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2025 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]] |style="background:#eaecf0;"|0 / 1 |style="background:#eaecf0;"|0–1 |style="background:#eaecf0;"|{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=1|integer=yes}} |-style=background:#eaecf0;font-weight:bold |align=left|Win–loss |0–1 |0–0 |0–1 |0 / 2 |0–2 |{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=2|integer=yes}} |} '''Note''': Rybakina play under de Russian flag til 2018 === Grand Slam tournament finals === ==== Singles: 4 (3 titles, 1 runner-up) ==== {| class="sortable wikitable" !Result !Year !Tournament !Surface !Opponent ! class="unsortable" |Score |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |[[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|2022]] | style="background:#ccffcc;" |[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] |Grass |[[Ons Jabeur]] |3–6, 6–2, 6–2 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |[[2023 Australian Open – Women's singles|2023]] | style="background:#ffffcc;" |[[Australian Open]] |Hard |[[Aryna Sabalenka]] |6–4, 3–6, 4–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |[[2026 Australian Open – Women's singles|2026]] | style="background:#ffc" |Australian Open |Hard |Aryna Sabalenka |6–4, 4–6, 6–4 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |[[2026 US Open – Women's singles|2026]] | style="background:#ccf" |[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] |Hard |Aryna Sabalenka |6–4, 5–7, 6–2 |} === Oda significant finals === ==== WTA 1000 tournaments ==== ===== Singles: 7 (2 titles, 5 runner-ups) ===== {| class="sortable wikitable" !Result !Year !Tournament !Surface !Opponent ! class="unsortable" |Score |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |[[2023 BNP Paribas Open – Women's singles|2023]] | style="background:#e9e9e9;" |[[Indian Wells Open]] |Hard |[[Aryna Sabalenka]] |7–6^(13–11), 6–4 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |[[2023 Miami Open – Women's singles|2023]] | style="background:#e9e9e9;" |[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]] |Hard |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petra Kvitová]] |6–7^(14–16), 2–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |[[2023 Italian Open – Women's singles|2023]] | style="background:#e9e9e9;" |[[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]] |Clay |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Anhelina Kalinina]] |6–4, 1–0, ret. |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |[[2024 Qatar TotalEnergies Open – Singles|2024]] | style="background:#e9e9e9;" |[[WTA Qatar Open|Qatar Open]] |Hard |[[Iga Świątek]] |6–7^(8–10), 2–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |[[2024 Miami Open – Women's singles|2024]] | style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Miami Open |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Danielle Collins]] |5–7, 3–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |[[2026 BNP Paribas Open – Women's singles|2026]] | style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Indian Wells Open |Hard |Aryna Sabalenka |6–3, 3–6, 6–7^(6–8) |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |[[2026 National Bank Open – Women's singles|2026]] | style="background:#e9e9e9;" |[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canadian Open]] |Hard |Iga Świątek |2–6, 3–6 |} ===== Doubles: 1 (runner-up) ===== {| class="wikitable" !Result !Year !Tournament !Surface !Partner !Opponents ! class="unsortable" |Score |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |[[2021 BNP Paribas Open – Women's doubles|2021]] | style="background:#e9e9e9;" |[[Indian Wells Open]] |Hard |[[Veronika Kudermetova]] |[[Hsieh Su-wei]] <br /> [[Elise Mertens]] |6–7^(1–7), 3–6 |} ==== Year-end championships (WTA Finals) ==== ===== Singles: 1 (title) ===== {| class="wikitable" |- !Result !Year !Tournament !Surface !Opponent ! class="unsortable" |Score |- | bgcolor="98fb98" |Win |[[2025 WTA Finals – Singles|2025]] | style="background:#ffffcc" |[[WTA Finals]], Saudi Arabia |Hard (i) |[[Aryna Sabalenka]] |6–3, 7–6^(7–0) |} ==== Summer Olympics ==== ===== Singles: 1 (4th place) ===== {|class="wikitable" !Result !Year !Tournament !Surface !Opponent !class=unsortable|Score |- |style="background:yellow;"|4th place |[[Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics#Events|2021]] |style="background:#ffea5c;"|[[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo Olympics]] |Hard |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] |6–1, 6–7^(5–7), 4–6 |} === WTA Tour finals === ==== Singles: 27 (14 titles, 13 runner-ups) ==== {| |- valign=top | {|class="wikitable" style=font-size:90% !Legend |- style="background:#f3e6d7;" |[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] (3–1) |- style="background:#ffffcc;" |[[WTA Finals]] (1–0) |- style="background:#e9e9e9;" |[[WTA 1000 tournaments|WTA 1000]] (2–5) |- style="background:#d4f1c5;" |[[WTA 500 tournaments|WTA 500]] ([[WTA Premier tournaments|Premier]]) (6–3) |- |[[WTA 250 tournaments|WTA 250]] ([[WTA International tournaments|International]]) (2–4) |} | {|class="wikitable" style=font-size:90% !Finals by surface |- |Hard (8–12) |- |Clay (5–1) |- |Grass (1–0) |} | {|class="wikitable" style=font-size:90% !Finals by setting |- |Outdoor (11–12) |- |Indoor (3–1) |} |} {|class="sortable wikitable nowrap" !Result !class="unsortable"|W–L !{{ns}}Date{{ns}} !Tournament !Tier !Surface !Opponent !class="unsortable"|Score |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>1–0</small> |[[2019 Bucharest Open – Singles|{{dts|Jul 2019}}]] |[[Bucharest Open]], Romania |International |Clay |[[Patricia Maria Țig]] |6–2, 6–0 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>1–1</small> |[[2019 Jiangxi International Women's Tennis Open – Singles|{{dts|Sep 2019}}]] |[[Jiangxi International Women's Tennis Open|Jiangxi International]], China |International |Hard |[[Rebecca Peterson]] |2–6, 0–6 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>1–2</small> |[[2020 WTA Shenzhen Open – Singles|Jan 2020]] |[[WTA Shenzhen Open|Shenzhen Open]], China |International |Hard |[[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] |2–6, 4–6 |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>2–2</small> |[[2020 Hobart International – Singles|{{dts|Jan 2020}}]] |[[Hobart International]], Australia |International |Hard |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] |7–6^(9–7), 6–3 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>2–3</small> |[[2020 St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy – Singles|{{dts|Feb 2020}}]] |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy|St. Petersburg Trophy]], Russia |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|Premier |Hard (i) |[[Kiki Bertens]] |1–6, 3–6 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>2–4</small> |[[2020 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's singles|{{dts|Feb 2020}}]] |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai Championships]], United Arab Emirates |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|Premier |Hard |[[Simona Halep]] |6–3, 3–6, 6–7^(5–7) |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>2–5</small> |[[2020 Internationaux de Strasbourg – Singles|Sep 2020]] |[[Internationaux de Strasbourg]], France |International |Clay |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] |4–6, 6–1, 2–6 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>2–6</small> |[[2022 Adelaide International 1 – Women's singles|{{dts|Jan 2022}}]] |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[Adelaide International (tennis)|Adelaide International]], Australia |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|WTA 500 |Hard |[[Ashleigh Barty]] |3–6, 2–6 |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>3–6</small> |[[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|{{dts|Jul 2022}}]] |style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], United Kingdom |style="background:#f3e6d7;"|Grand Slam |Grass |[[Ons Jabeur]] |3–6, 6–2, 6–2 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>3–7</small> |[[2022 Zavarovalnica Sava Portorož – Singles|Sep 2022]] |[[WTA Slovenia Open|Slovenia Open]], Slovenia |WTA 250 |Hard |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] |7–6^(7–4), 6–7^(5–7), 4–6 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>3–8</small> |[[2023 Australian Open – Women's singles|{{dts|Jan 2023}}]] |style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[Australian Open]], Australia |style="background:#f3e6d7;"|Grand Slam |Hard |[[Aryna Sabalenka]] |6–4, 3–6, 4–6 |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>4–8</small> |[[2023 BNP Paribas Open – Women's singles|{{dts|Mar 2023}}]] |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[Indian Wells Open]], United States |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|WTA 1000 |Hard |Aryna Sabalenka |7–6^(13–11), 6–4 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>4–9</small> |[[2023 Miami Open – Women's singles|{{dts|Apr 2023}}]] |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]], United States |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|WTA 1000 |Hard |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petra Kvitová]] |6–7^(14–16), 2–6 |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>5–9</small> |[[2023 Italian Open – Women's singles|{{dts|May 2023}}]] |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]], Italy |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|WTA 1000 |Clay |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Anhelina Kalinina]] |6–4, 1–0, ret. |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>6–9</small> |[[2024 Brisbane International – Women's singles|Jan 2024]] |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[Brisbane International]], Australia |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|WTA 500 |Hard |Aryna Sabalenka |6–0, 6–3 |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>7–9</small> |[[2024 Abu Dhabi Open – Singles|Feb 2024]] |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[Abu Dhabi Open]], United Arab Emirates |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|WTA 500 |Hard |[[Daria Kasatkina]] |6–1, 6–4 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>7–10</small> |[[2024 Qatar TotalEnergies Open – Singles|Feb 2024]] |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[WTA Qatar Open|Qatar Open]], Qatar |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|WTA 1000 |Hard |[[Iga Świątek]] |6–7^(8–10), 2–6 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>7–11</small> |[[2024 Miami Open – Women's singles|{{dts|Apr 2024}}]] |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|Miami Open, United States |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|WTA 1000 |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Danielle Collins]] |5–7, 3–6 |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>8–11</small> |[[2024 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Singles|{{dts|Apr 2024}}]] |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[Women's Stuttgart Open|Stuttgart Open]], Germany |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|WTA 500 |Clay (i) |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] |6–2, 6–2 |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>9–11</small> |[[2025 Internationaux de Strasbourg – Singles|{{dts|May 2025}}]] |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|Internationaux de Strasbourg, France |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|WTA 500 |Clay |[[Liudmila Samsonova]] |6–1, 6–7^(2–7), 6–1 |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>10–11</small> |[[2025 Ningbo Open – Singles|{{dts|Oct 2025}}]] |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[Ningbo International Tennis Open|Ningbo Open]], China |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|WTA 500 |Hard |Ekaterina Alexandrova |3–6, 6–0, 6–2 |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>11–11</small> |[[2025 WTA Finals – Singles|{{dts|Nov 2025}}]] |style="background:#ffffcc;"|[[WTA Finals]], Saudi Arabia |style="background:#ffffcc;"|WTA Finals |Hard (i) |Aryna Sabalenka |6–3, 7–6^(7–0) |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>12–11</small> |[[2026 Australian Open – Women's singles|{{dts|Jan 2026}}]] |style="background:#f3e6d7;"|Australian Open, Australia |style="background:#f3e6d7;"|Grand Slam |Hard |Aryna Sabalenka |6–4, 4–6, 6–4 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>12–12</small> |[[2026 BNP Paribas Open – Women's singles|{{dts|Mar 2026}}]] |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|Indian Wells Open, United States |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|WTA 1000 |Hard |Aryna Sabalenka |6–3, 3–6, 6–7^(6–8) |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>13–12</small> |[[2026 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Singles|{{dts|Apr 2026}}]] |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|Stuttgart Open, Germany <small>(2)</small> |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|WTA 500 |Clay (i) |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] |7–5, 6–1 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>13–13</small> |[[2026 National Bank Open – Women's singles|{{dts|Aug 2026}}]] |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canadian Open]], Canada |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|WTA 1000 |Hard |Iga Świątek |2–6, 3–6 |- |style="background:#98fb98;"|Win |<small>14–13</small> |[[2026 US Open – Women's singles|{{dts|Sep 2026}}]] |style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], United States |style="background:#f3e6d7;"|Grand Slam |Hard |Aryna Sabalenka |6–4, 5–7, 6–2 |} ==== Doubles: 2 (2 runner-ups) ==== {| |- valign=top | {|class="wikitable" style=font-size:90% !Legend |- style="background:#e9e9e9;" |WTA 1000 (0–1) |- style="background:#d4f1c5;" |WTA 500 (Premier) (0–1) |} | {|class="wikitable" style=font-size:90% !Finals by surface |- |Hard (0–2) |} | {|class="wikitable" style=font-size:90% !Finals by setting |- |Outdoor (0–2) |} |} {|class="sortable wikitable nowrap" !Result !class="unsortable" |W–L !{{ns}}Date{{ns}} !Tournament !Tier !Surface !Partner !Opponents !class="unsortable" |Score |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>0–1</small> |[[2021 BNP Paribas Open – Women's doubles|{{dts|Oct 2021}}]] |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|[[Indian Wells Open]], United States |style="background:#e9e9e9;"|WTA 1000 |Hard |[[Veronika Kudermetova]] |[[Hsieh Su-wei]] <br /> [[Elise Mertens]] |6–7^(1–7), 3–6 |- |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss |<small>0–2</small> |[[2023 Adelaide International 2 – Women's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2023}}]] |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[Adelaide International (tennis)|Adelaide International]], Australia |style="background:#d4f1c5;"|WTA 500 |Hard |[[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] <br /> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] |5–7, 6–7^(3–7) |} === ITF Circuit finals === ==== Singles: 9 (4 titles, 5 runner–ups) ==== {| |- valign=top | {|class="wikitable" style=font-size:85% !Legend |- style="background:#addfad;" |$60,000 tournaments (1–1) |- style="background:lightblue;" |$25,000 tournaments (2–2) |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" |$10/15,000 tournaments (1–2) |} | {|class="wikitable" style=font-size:85% !Finals by surface |- |Hard (4–4) |- |Clay (0–1) |} |} {|class="sortable wikitable nowrap" !Result !class="unsortable"|W–L !{{ns}}Date{{ns}} !Tournament !Tier !Surface !Opponent !class="unsortable"|Score |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>0–1</small> | Nov 2015 | style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Antalya, Turkey | style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000 | Clay | [[Ekaterine Gorgodze]] | 5–7, 7–6^(7–3), 3–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>0–2</small> | Nov 2016 | style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Helsinki, Finland | style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000 | Hard (i) | [[Karen Barritza]] | 3–6, 4–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>0–3</small> | Jun 2017 | style="background:lightblue;"|[[Fergana Challenger]], Uzbekistan | style="background:lightblue;"|25,000 | Hard | {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Sabina Sharipova]] | 4–6, 6–7^(5–7) |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>1–3</small> | Mar 2018 | style="background:#f0f8ff;"|[[Kazan Open]], Russia | style="background:#f0f8ff;"|15,000 | Hard (i) | Daria Nazarkina | 6–4, 7–6^(7–5) |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>1–4</small> | [[2018 Lale Cup – Singles|Apr 2018]] | style="background:#addfad;"|[[Lale Cup|Lale Cup Istanbul]], Turkey | style="background:#addfad;"|60,000 | Hard | {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Sabina Sharipova]] | 6–7^(0–7), 4–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>1–5</small> | Jan 2019 | style="background:lightblue;"|[[City of Playford Tennis International|Playford International]], Australia | style="background:lightblue;"|25,000 | Hard | [[Anna Kalinskaya]] | 4–6, 4–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>2–5</small> | [[2019 Launceston Tennis International – Women's singles|Feb 2019]] | style="background:#addfad;"|[[Launceston International]], Australia | style="background:#addfad;"|60,000 | Hard | [[Irina Khromacheva]] | 7–5, 3–3 ret. |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>3–5</small> | Mar 2019 | style="background:lightblue;"|ITF Moscow, Russia | style="background:lightblue;"|25,000 | Hard (i) | {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ganna Poznikhirenko]] | 7–5, 6–0 |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>4–5</small> | Mar 2019 | style="background:lightblue;"|Kazan Open, Russia | style="background:lightblue;"|25,000+H | Hard (i) | [[Urszula Radwańska]] | 6–2, 6–3 |} ==== Doubles: 4 (4 titles) ==== {| |- valign=top | {|class="wikitable" style=font-size:85% !Legend |- style="background:lightblue;" |$25,000 tournaments (1–0) |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" |$15,000 tournaments (3–0) |} | {|class="wikitable" style=font-size:85% !Finals by surface |- |Hard (3–0) |- |Clay (1–0) |} |} {|class="sortable wikitable nowrap" !Result !class="unsortable"|W–L !{{ns}}Date{{ns}} !Tournament !Tier !Surface !Partner !Opponents !class="unsortable"|Score |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>1–0</small> | Apr 2017 | style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Istanbul, Turkey | style="background:#f0f8ff;"|15,000 | Hard (i) | [[Ekaterina Kazionova]] | [[Eleni Daniilidou]] <br /> [[Vlada Ekshibarova]] | 6–1, 6–3 |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>2–0</small> | May 2017 | style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Antalya, Turkey | style="background:#f0f8ff;"|15,000 | Clay | [[Amina Anshba]] | Daria Nazarkina <br /> [[Anna Ukolova]] | 7–5, 4–6, [10–8] |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>3–0</small> | Mar 2018 | style="background:#f0f8ff;"|[[Kazan Open]], Russia | style="background:#f0f8ff;"|15,000 | Hard (i) | [[Alena Fomina]] | [[Anastasia Frolova]] <br /> [[Ksenia Lykina]] | 6–4, 1–6, [10–6] |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>4–0</small> | Mar 2019 | style="background:lightblue;"|ITF Moscow, Russia | style="background:lightblue;"|25,000 | Hard (i) | [[Sofya Lansere]] | {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ganna Poznikhirenko]] <br /> {{flagicon|GER}} [[Vivian Heisen]] | 1–6, 6–3, [10–4] |} === Billie Jean King Cup participation === Rybakina make ein debut at de Fed Cup dey play give Kazakhstan insyd 2021. Since then, she get a singles record of 10–2, den a doubles record of 0–2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elena Rybakina |url=https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/players/f6cd9ea1-8233-402c-9c18-fb08650f4b30?tab=statistics |access-date=August 20, 2026 |website=Billie Jean King Cup}}</ref> {| class=wikitable style="font-size:90%" !scope="col"|Legend !scope="col"|Meaning |-style="background:ecf2ff" |F QR / Z RR / Z PO (9–3) |Finals qualifying round / Zone Group round robin / play-off |} ==== Singles: 12 (10 wins, 2 losses) ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" |Edition ! scope="col" |Stage ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Location ! scope="col" |Surface ! scope="col" |Against ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |W/L ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Score |- | rowspan="2" |[[2020–21 Billie Jean King Cup|2020–21]] | rowspan="2" style="background:#ecf2ff;" |[[2020 Billie Jean King Cup play-offs|PO]] | rowspan="2" | Apr 2021 | rowspan="2" |[[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], Argentina | rowspan="2" |Clay | rowspan="2" |[[Argentina Billie Jean King Cup team|Argentina]] | [[María Lourdes Carlé]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a;" |L | 4–6, 6–3, 0–6 |- | [[Nadia Podoroska]] | style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98;" |W | 6–4, 6–4 |- | rowspan="4" |[[2022 Billie Jean King Cup|2022]] | rowspan="2" style="background:#ecf2ff" |[[2022 Billie Jean King Cup qualifying round|F QR]] | rowspan="2" |Apr 2022 | rowspan="2" |[[Nur-Sultan]], Kazakhstan | rowspan="2" |Clay(i) | rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Germany Billie Jean King Cup team|Germany]] |[[Laura Siegemund]] | style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98;" |W | 6–0, 6–1 |- |[[Angelique Kerber]] | style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98;" |W | 4–6, 6–3, 7–5 |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#afeeee" |[[2022 Billie Jean King Cup finals|F 1R]] | rowspan="2" |Nov 2022 | rowspan="2" |[[Glasgow]], United-Kingdom | rowspan="2" |Hard(i) | [[Great Britain Billie Jean King Cup team|Great Britain]] |[[Harriet Dart]] | style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98;" |W | 6–1, 6–4 |- | [[Spain Billie Jean King Cup team|Spain]] |[[Paula Badosa]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a;" |L | 2–6, 6–3, 4–6 |- | rowspan="2" |[[2023 Billie Jean King Cup|2023]] | rowspan="2" style="background:#ecf2ff" |[[2023 Billie Jean King Cup qualifying round|F QR]] | rowspan="2" |Apr 2023 | rowspan="2" |[[Astana]], Kazakhstan | rowspan="2" |Clay(i) | rowspan="2" |[[Poland Billie Jean King Cup team|Poland]] |[[Weronika Falkowska]] | style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98;" |W |7–5, 6–3 |- |[[Magda Linette]] | style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98;" |W |6–4, 6–2 |- |[[2024 Billie Jean King Cup|2024]] | style="background:#ecf2ff;" |[[2024 Billie Jean King Cup play-offs|PO]] | Nov 2024 | [[Astana]], Kazakhstan | Hard(i) | [[South Korea Billie Jean King Cup team|South Korea]] |[[Park So-hyun (tennis)|Park So-hyun]] | style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98;" |W |6–2, 6–2 |- | rowspan="3" |[[2025 Billie Jean King Cup|2025]] | rowspan="2" style="background:#ecf2ff;" |[[2025 Billie Jean King Cup finals|F QR]] | rowspan="2" |Apr 2025 | rowspan="2" |[[Brisbane]], Australia | rowspan="2" |Hard | rowspan="1" |[[Australia Billie Jean King Cup team|Australia]] |[[Kimberly Birrell]] | style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98;" |W |6–3, 7–6^(7–4) |- | rowspan="1" |[[Colombia Billie Jean King Cup team|Colombia]] |[[Yuliana Lizarazo]] | style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98;" |W |6–1, 6–2 |- | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2025 Billie Jean King Cup finals|F QF]] | Sept 2025 | [[Shenzhen]], China | Hard(i) | {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Billie Jean King Cup team|USA]] |[[Jessica Pegula]] | style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98;" |W |6–4, 6–1 |} ==== Doubles: 2 (0 wins, 2 losses) ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" |Edition ! scope="col" |Stage ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Location ! scope="col" |Surface ! scope="col" |Partner ! scope="col" |Against ! scope="col" |Opponents ! scope="col" |W/L ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Score |- | [[2022 Billie Jean King Cup|2022]] | style="background:#afeeee" |[[2022 Billie Jean King Cup qualifying round|F 1R]] | Nov 2022 | [[Glasgow]], United Kingdom | Hard(i) | [[Anna Danilina]] | [[Great Britain Billie Jean King Cup team|Great Britain]] |[[Alicia Barnett]] <br> [[Olivia Nicholls]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a;" |L | 5–7, 3–6 |- | rowspan="2" |[[2025 Billie Jean King Cup finals|2025]] | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2025 Billie Jean King Cup finals|F QF]] | Sept 2025 | [[Shenzhen]], China | Hard(i) | [[Yulia Putintseva]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Billie Jean King Cup team|USA]] |[[Jessica Pegula]] <br> [[Taylor Townsend]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a;" |L |2–6, 6–7^(1-7) |} === ITF Junior Circuit finals === ==== Singles: 9 (6 titles, 3 runner-ups) ==== {|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;" !Legend |- style="background:#ffcccc;" |Grade A (1–0) |- style="background:#c2b280;" |Grade 1 (2–1) |- style="background:#addfad;" |Grade 2 (1–2) |- style="background:lightblue;" |Grade 3 (2–0) |} {|class="sortable wikitable" !Result !class="unsortable"|W–L !Date !Tournament !Tier !Surface !Opponent !class="unsortable"|Score |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>1–0</small> | {{dts|Mar 2014}} | style="background:lightblue;"|ITF Almetievsk, Russia |style="background:lightblue;"|Grade 3 | Hard | Sofiya Esterman | 6–3, 6–2 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>1–1</small> | {{dts|Jun 2014}} | style="background:#addfad;"|ITF Moscow, Russia |style="background:#addfad;"|Grade 2 | Clay | [[Anna Blinkova]] | 1–6, 2–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>2–1</small> | {{dts|Nov 2014}} | style="background:lightblue;"|ITF Novokuznetsk, Russia |style="background:lightblue;"|Grade 3 | Carpet | Daria Kruzhkova | 7–6^(7–4), 6–3 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>2–2</small> | {{dts|Jan 2015}} | style="background:#addfad;"|ITF Bratislava, Slovakia |style="background:#addfad;"|Grade 2 | Carpet | {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Markéta Vondroušová]] | 4–6, 7–6^(7–2), 1–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>2–3</small> | {{dts|May 2015}} | style="background:#c2b280;"|ITF Charleroi, Belgium |style="background:#c2b280;"|Grade 1 | Clay | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Katharina Hobgarski]] | 1–6, 6–4, 2–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>3–3</small> | {{dts|Jul 2015}} | style="background:#addfad;"|ITF Moscow, Russia |style="background:#addfad;"|Grade 2 | Clay | Nika Shytkouskaya | 6–3, 6–0 |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>4–3</small> | {{dts|Feb 2016}} | style="background:#c2b280;"|ITF Kazan, Russia |style="background:#c2b280;"|Grade 1 | Hard | Valeriya Zeleva | 6–2, 6–4 |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>5–3</small> | {{dts|Mar 2016}} | style="background:#c2b280;"|ITF Umag, Croatia |style="background:#c2b280;"|Grade 1 | Clay | {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Katarina Zavatska]] | 6–2, 5–7, 7–6^(7–5) |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>6–3</small> | {{dts|May 2017}} | style="background:#ffcccc;"|[[Trofeo Bonfiglio]], Italy |style="background:#ffcccc;"|Grade A | Clay | [[Iga Świątek]] | 1–6, 7–6^(7–5), 6–3 |} ==== Doubles: 8 (3 titles, 5 runner-ups) ==== {|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;" !Legend |- style="background:#ffcccc;" |Grade A (0–1) |- style="background:#c2b280;" |Grade 1 (1–1) |- style="background:#addfad;" |Grade 2 (1–1) |- style="background:lightblue;" |Grade 3 (1–1) |- style="background:#ffecb2;" |Grade 4 (0–1) |} {|class="sortable wikitable nowrap" !Result !class="unsortable"|W–L !Date !Tournament !Tier !Surface !Partner !Opponents !class="unsortable"|Score |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>0–1</small> | {{dts|May 2014}} | style="background:#ffecb2;"|ITF Istanbul, Turkey |style="background:#ffecb2;"|Grade 4 | Hard | Valeriya Yushchenko | [[Ayla Aksu]] <br /> Muge Topsel | 1–6, 5–7 |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>1–1</small> | {{dts|Jun 2014}} | style="background:lightblue;"|ITF Almaty, Kazakhstan |style="background:lightblue;"|Grade 3 | Clay | [[Amina Anshba]] | Elisabeth Lyukshinova <br /> Anna Ureke | 7–5, 7–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>1–2</small> | {{dts|Nov 2014}} | style="background:lightblue;"|ITF Novokuznetsk, Russia |style="background:lightblue;"|Grade 3 | Carpet | Valeriya Deminova | Daria Kruzhkova <br /> Tatiana Nikolaeva | 3–6, 2–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>1–3</small> | {{dts|Feb 2015}} | style="background:#addfad;"|ITF Siauliai, Lithuania |style="background:#addfad;"|Grade 2 | Hard | [[Olesya Pervushina]] | Nina Kruijer <br /> Liza Lebedzeva | 6–3, 3–6, [5–10] |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>2–3</small> | {{dts|Jul 2015}} | style="background:#addfad;"|ITF Moscow, Russia |style="background:#addfad;"|Grade 2 | Clay | Maria Galiy | Sofiya Esterman <br /> [[Anastasia Gasanova]] | 6–2, 1–6, [10–6] |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>2–4</small> | {{dts|May 2016}} | style="background:#ffcccc;"|[[Trofeo Bonfiglio]], Italy |style="background:#ffcccc;"|Grade A | Clay | Amina Anshba | Olesya Pervushina <br /> [[Anastasia Potapova]] | 4–6, 1–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;"|Win | <small>3–4</small> | {{dts|Sep 2016}} | style="background:#c2b280;"|ITF Repentigny, Canada |style="background:#c2b280;"|Grade 1 | Hard | [[Malene Helgø]] | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xiyu]] <br /> {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Wushuang]] | 7–6^(8–6), 6–4 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss | <small>3–5</small> | {{dts|Apr 2017}} | style="background:#c2b280;"|ITF Beaulieu-sur-Mer, France |style="background:#c2b280;"|Grade 1 | Clay | [[Emily Appleton (tennis)|Emily Appleton]] | [[Ali Collins]] <br /> {{flagicon|GER}} [[Jule Niemeier]] | 6–7^(1–7), 3–6 |} '''Note:''' Tournaments dem source from [https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/elena-rybakina/800365863/kaz/jt/s/overview/ official Junior ITF archives] === WTA Tour career earnings === {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border:#aaa;solid:1px;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;" |- style="background:#eee;font-weight:bold" | width="90" |Year | width="100" |Grand Slam <br>titles | width="100" |WTA <br>titles | width="100" |Total <br>titles | width="120" |Earnings ($) | width="100" |Money list rank |- |2015 |0 |0 |0 | align="right" |[http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/PrizeMoney/prize_money_2015.pdf 221] |2403 |- |2016 |0 |0 |0 | align="right" |[http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/PrizeMoney/prize_money_2016.pdf 2,712] |991 |- |2017 |0 |0 |0 | align="right" |[http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/PrizeMoney/prize_money_2017.pdf 15,841] |450 |- |2018 |0 |0 |0 | align="right" |[http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/PrizeMoney/prize_money_2018.pdf 64,386] | 263 |- |2019 |0 |1 |1 | align="right" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20191212114021/http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/All_YTD_Prize_Money.pdf 355,606] |116 |- |2020 |0 |1 |1 | align="right" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20201120145432/http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/All_YTD_Prize_Money.pdf 1,022,234] |13 |- |2021 |0 |0 |0 | align="right" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20211207221322/http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/All_YTD_Prize_Money.pdf 1,280,541] |24 |- |2022 |1 |0 |1 | align="right" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20221115075936/http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/All_YTD_Prize_Money.pdf 3,613,440] | style="background:#eee8aa;" |4 |- |2023 |0 |2 |2 | align="right" |[http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/All_YTD_Prize_Money.pdf 5,493,437] | style="background:#eee8aa;" |4 |- |2024 |0 |3 |3 | align="right" |[https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/All_YTD_Prize_Money.pdf 3,876,915] | style="background:#eee8aa;" |8 |- |2025 |0 |3 |3 | align="right" |[https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/PrizeMoney/prize_money_2025.pdf 8,430,162] | style="background:#9cf;" |3 |- style="font-weight:bold;" |- |2026 |2 |1 |3 | align="right" |[https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/All_YTD_Prize_Money.pdf 10,879,835] | style="background:lime;" |1 |- style="font-weight:bold;" |Career |3 |11 |14 | align="right" |[http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/All_Career_Prize_Money.pdf 35,318,052] |11 |} <small>Plus a 2025 total prize money of $5,250,000, she receive de highest prize money insyd tennis history at dat time, after winning de 2025 WTA Finals.</small><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4398606/elena-rybakina-wins-record-womens-sports-payout-at-wta-finals| title=Elena Rybakina wins record women’s sports payout at WTA Finals| publisher=WTA| accessdate=15 March 2026}}</ref> <small>She receive total prize money of 5,500,000, de largest ever insyd women's sporting history after winning de 2026 US Open.</small> === WTA ranking === Rybakina get a career highest ranking of '''1''' she achieve on 14 September 2026. === General === {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97% |- ! Year ! 2018 ! 2019 ! 2020 ! 2021 ! 2022 ! 2023 ! 2024 ! 2025 ! 2026 |- | High | 182 | 36 | 17 | 14 | 12 | style="background:#9cf;"|3 | style="background:#9cf;"|3 | style="background:#eee8aa;"|5 | style="background:lime;"|1 |- | Low | 450 | 196 | 37 | 23 | 25 | 25 | style="background:#eee8aa;"|6 | 13 | style="background:#eee8aa;"|5 |- | End | 191 | 37 | 19 | 14 | 22 | style="background:#eee8aa;"|4 | style="background:#eee8aa;"|6 | style="background:#eee8aa;"|5 | |} {| class="sortable wikitable" !width=100|Weeks in top !Total weeks |- | at number 1||3* |- | top 2|| 29* |- | top 3|| 46* |- | top 5|| 127* |- | top 10|| 176* |- | top 20|| 272* |- | top 50|| 348* |- | top 100|| 356* |} === Career Grand Slam statistics === ==== Seedings ==== De tournaments wey Rybakina win dey insyd '''boldface''', wey Rybakina advance into finals dey insyd ''italics''.<ref name="wta-profile2">{{cite web |title=Elena Rybakina|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/324166/elena-rybakina|website=WTA Tennis|accessdate=26 September 2020}}</ref> {| |-valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style=font-size:90% !Legend |-bgcolor=thistle |seeded No. 2 ('''1''' / 3) |-style="background:#9cf;" |seeded No. 3 (0 / 2) |-style="background:#eee8aa;" |seeded No. 4–10 ('''1''' / 7) |- |seeded No. 11–32 ('''1''' / 14) |- |unseeded (0 / 2) |} | {| class="wikitable" style=font-size:90% !Longest streak |-bgcolor=thistle |3 |-bgcolor=#9cf |1 |-bgcolor=eee8aa |4 |- |12 |- |1 |} |} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center !width=80|Year !width=160|[[Australian Open]] !width=160| [[French Open]] !width=160| [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] !width=160|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] |- |2018 | colspan="3" style="background:#efefef; color:#767676;" |did not play |<s>did not qualify</s> |- |2019 |<s>did not qualify</s> |unseeded |<s>did not qualify</s> |unseeded |- |2020 |29th |14th |style="background:#efefef;" style=color:#767676|cancelled |11th |- |2021 |17th |21st |18th |19th |- |2022 |12th |16th |'''17th <small>(1)</small>''' |25th |- |2023 |''22nd <small>(1)</small>'' |style="background:#eee8aa;"|4th |style="background:#9cf;"|3rd |style="background:#eee8aa;"|4th |- |2024 |style="background:#9cf;"|3rd |style="background:#eee8aa;"|4th |style="background:#eee8aa;"|4th |style="background:#eee8aa;"|4th |- |2025 |style="background:#eee8aa;"|6th |12th |11th |style="background:#eee8aa;"|9th |- |2026 |style="background:#eee8aa;"|'''5th <small>(2)</small>''' |style="background:thistle;"|2nd |style="background:thistle;"|2nd |style="background:thistle;"|'''2nd <small>(3)</small>''' |} ==== Best Grand Slam results details ==== Tournament winners dey insyd '''boldface''', wey runners-up dey insyd ''italics''.<ref name="wta-profile2" /> {| style="width:95%" |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable nowrap" style="float:left" |- ! colspan="4" style="background:#ffc;" |[[Australian Open]] |- ! colspan="4" style="background:#ffc;" |[[2026 Australian Open – Women's singles|2026]] <small>(5th)</small> |- ! width="40" |Round ! width="240" |Opponent ! width="40" |Rank ! width="150" |Score |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |1R |[[Kaja Juvan]] | style="text-align:center" |100 |6–4, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |2R |[[Varvara Gracheva]] | style="text-align:center" |77 |7–5, 6–2 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |3R |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Valentova]] | style="text-align:center;" |54 |6–2, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |4R |[[Elise Mertens]] <small>(21)</small> | style="text-align:center;" |21 |6–1, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#ffebcd;" |QF |[[Iga Świątek|Iga Swiatek]] <small>(2)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:thistle" |2 |7–5, 6–1 |- | style="text-align:center; background:yellow;" |SF |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <small>(6)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:#eee8aa;" |6 |6–3, 7–6^(9–7) |- | style="text-align:center; background:lime;" |'''W''' |[[Aryna Sabalenka]] <small>(1)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:lime;" |'''1''' |6–4, 4–6, 6–4 |} | {| class="wikitable nowrap" style="float:left" |- ! colspan="4" style="background:#ebc2af;" |[[French Open]] |- ! colspan="4" style="background:#ebc2af;" |[[2021 French Open – Women's singles|2021]] <small>(21st)</small> |- ! width="40" |Round ! width="240" |Opponent ! width="40" |Rank ! width="150" |Score |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |1R |[[Elsa Jacquemot]] <small>(WC)</small> | style="text-align:center" |492 |6–4, 6–1 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |2R |[[Nao Hibino]] | style="text-align:center" |82 |6–3, 6–1 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |3R |[[Elena Vesnina]] <small>(PR)</small> | style="text-align:center" |1096 |6–1, 6–4 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |4R |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]] <small>(7)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:#eee8aa;" |8 |6–3, 7–5 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#ffebcd;" |QF |[[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] <small>(31)</small> | style="text-align:center" |32 |7–6^(7–2), 2–6, 7–9 |- ! colspan="4" style="background:#ebc2af;" |[[2024 French Open – Women's singles|2024]] <small>(4th)</small> |- ! width="40" |Round ! width="240" |Opponent ! width="40" |Rank ! width="150" |Score |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |1R |[[Greet Minnen]] | style="text-align:center" |85 |6–2, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |2R |[[Arantxa Rus]] | style="text-align:center" |50 |6–3, 6–4 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |3R |[[Elise Mertens]] <small>(25)</small> | style="text-align:center" |27 |6–4, 6–2 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |4R |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <small>(15)</small> | style="text-align:center" |19 |6–4, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#ffebcd;" |QF |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Jasmine Paolini]] <small>(12)</small> | style="text-align:center" |15 |2–6, 6–4, 4–6 |} |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable nowrap" style="float:left" |- ! colspan="4" style="background:#cfc;" |[[Wimbledon Championships]] |- ! colspan="4" style="background:#cfc;" |[[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|2022]] <small>(17th)</small> |- ! width="40" |Round ! width="240" |Opponent ! width="40" |Rank ! width="150" |Score |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |1R |{{flagicon|USA}} [[CoCo Vandeweghe]] <small>(LL)</small> | style="text-align:center" |157 |7–6^(7–2), 7–5 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |2R |[[Bianca Andreescu]] | style="text-align:center" |56 |6–4, 7–6^(7–5) |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |3R |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Qinwen]] | style="text-align:center" |52 |7–6^(7–4), 7–5 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |4R |{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Martić]] | style="text-align:center" |80 |7–5, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#ffebcd;" |QF |[[Ajla Tomljanović]] | style="text-align:center" |44 |4–6, 6–2, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center; background:yellow;" |SF |[[Simona Halep]] <small>(16)</small> | style="text-align:center" |18 |6–3, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center; background:lime;" |'''W''' |[[Ons Jabeur]] <small>(3)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:thistle;" |2 |3–6, 6–2, 6–2 |} | {| class="wikitable nowrap" style="float:left" |- ! colspan="4" style="background:#ccf;" |[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] |- ! colspan="4" style="background:#ccf;" |[[2026 US Open – Women's singles|2026]] <small>(2nd)</small> |- ! width="40" |Round ! width="240" |Opponent ! width="40" |Rank ! width="150" |Score |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |1R |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Thea Frodin]] <small>(WC)</small> | style="text-align:center" |585 |6–3, 6–2 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |2R |[[Jéssica Bouzas Maneiro]] | style="text-align:center" |105 |6–2, 6–4 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |3R |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yulia Starodubtseva]] | style="text-align:center" |58 |7–6^(8–6), 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |4R |[[Naomi Osaka]] <small>(13)</small> | style="text-align:center" |13 |6–1, 6–4 |- | style="text-align:center; background:#ffebcd;" |QF |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Qinwen]]<small> (Q)</small> | style="text-align:center" |121 |3–6, 6–1, 6–4 |- | style="text-align:center; background:yellow;" |SF |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] <small>(4)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:#eee8aa;" |4 |3–6, 6–4, 6–4 |- | style="text-align:center; background:lime;" |'''W''' |[[Aryna Sabalenka]] <small>(1)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:lime;" |'''1''' | 6–4, 5–7, 6–2 |} |} === Exhibition matches === ==== Singles ==== {| class="wikitable" !Result !{{ns}}Date{{ns}} !Tournament !Surface !Opponent !Score |- | bgcolor="ffa07a" |Loss | rowspan="2" |{{dts|Dec 2025}} | rowspan="2" |World Tennis Continental Cup, [[Shenzhen]], China | rowspan="2" |Hard (i) |[[Iga Świątek]] |3–6, 3–6 |- | bgcolor="98fb98" |Win |[[Belinda Bencic]] |6–3, 6–4 |} ==== Mixed doubles ==== {| class="wikitable nowrap" !Result !{{ns}}Date{{ns}} !Tournament !Surface !Partner !Opponents ! class="unsortable" |Score |- | bgcolor="98fb98" |Win |{{dts|Dec 2025}} |World Tennis Continental Cup, Shenzhen, China |Hard (i) |[[Andrey Rublev]] |[[Valentin Vacherot]] <br /> Iga Świątek |6–4, 6–4 |} ==== Team competitions ==== {|class="wikitable" !Result !{{ns}}Date{{ns}} !Tournament !Surface !Team !Partner(s) !Opp. team !Opponents !Score |- |bgcolor=98fb98|Win |[[2022 World Tennis League|{{dts|Dec 2022}}]] |[[World Tennis League#Finals|World Tennis League]], [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |Hard |Team Hawks |[[Dominic Thiem]]<br/>[[Alexander Zverev]]<br/>[[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] |Team Kites |[[Holger Rune]]<br/>[[Félix Auger-Aliassime]]<br/>[[Sania Mirza]]<br/> Iga Świątek |32–25 |- |bgcolor=98fb98|Win |{{dts|Dec 2025}} |World Tennis Continental Cup, Shenzhen, China |Hard (i) |World Team |Andrey Rublev<br/>[[Zhang Zhizhen]]<br/>[[Wang Xinyu]] |Europe Team |[[Flavio Cobolli]]<br/>Valentin Vacherot<br/>Belinda Bencic<br/> Iga Świątek |15–7 |} ==Wins against top 10 players== * Rybakina get an 41–32 ({{Tennis win percentage|won=41|lost=32|integer=yes}}) record against players wey na be, at de time na dem play de match, ranked insyd de top 10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elena Rybakina Head to Head |url=https://www.tennisabstract.com/cgi-bin/wplayer.cgi?p=ElenaRybakina#career-splits-h |website=tennisabstract.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elena Rybakina Top 10 Win-Loss Record |url=https://www.tennisabstract.com/cgi-bin/wplayer-classic.cgi?p=ElenaRybakina&f=ACareerqqITop_10qq |website=tennisabstract.com}}</ref> * She get de record of record of 10-8 (56%) against over world No.1's insyd WTA. {{table alignment}} {|class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left" |- ! scope="col" |Season!! scope="col" |2018!! scope="col" |2019!! scope="col" |2020!! scope="col" |2021!! scope="col" |2022!! scope="col" |2023!! scope="col" |2024!! scope="col" |2025!!scope="col" |2026!! scope="col"|Total |- ! scope="col" |Wins |1||1||2||3||2||7||4||11||10||'''41''' |- ! scope="col" |Losses |0||1||4||4||4||4||4||6||5||'''32''' |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !No. !Opponent ! !Event !Surface ! !Score ! !Years ! |- !1 | Caroline Garcia |7 |St. Petersburg Trophy, Russia |Hard (i) |2R |4–6, 7–6^(8–6), 7–6^(7–5) |450 |'''2018''' | |- !2 | Simona Halep |6 |Wuhan Open, China |Hard |3R |5–4, ret. |50 |'''2019''' | |- !3 | Sofia Kenin |7 |Dubai Championships, UAE |Hard |1R |6–7^(2–7), 6–3, 6–3 |19 | rowspan="2" |'''2020''' | |- !4 | Karolína Plíšková |3 |Dubai Championships, UAE |Hard |QF |7–6^(7–1), 6–3 |19 | |- !5 | Serena Williams |8 |French Open, France |Clay |4R |6–3, 7–5 |22 | rowspan="3" |'''2021''' | |- !6 | Elina Svitolina |5 |Eastbourne International, UK |Grass |2R |6–4, 7–6^(7–3) |21 | |- !7 | Garbiñe Muguruza |9 |Tokyo Olympics, Japan |Hard |QF |7–5, 6–1 |20 | |- !8 | Ons Jabeur |2 |Wimbledon, United Kingdom |Grass |F |3–6, 6–2, 6–2 |23 | rowspan="2" |'''2022''' | |- !9 | Garbiñe Muguruza |9 |Cincinnati Open, US |Hard |2R |6–3, 6–1 |25 | |- !10 | Iga Świątek |'''1''' |Australian Open, Australia |Hard |4R |6–4, 6–4 |25 | rowspan="7" |'''2023''' | |- !11 | Iga Świątek |'''1''' |Indian Wells Open, US |Hard |SF |6–2, 6–2 |10 | |- !12 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_placeholder.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px| ]] Aryna Sabalenka |2 |Indian Wells Open, US |Hard |F |7–6^(13–11), 6–4 |10 | |- !13 | Jessica Pegula |3 |Miami Open, US |Hard |SF |6–3, 7–6^(7–4) |7 | |- !14 | Iga Świątek |'''1''' |Italian Open, Italy |Clay |QF |2–6, 7–6^(7–3), 2–2, ret. |6 | |- !15 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_placeholder.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px| ]] Aryna Sabalenka |'''1''' |China Open, China |Hard |QF |7–5, 6–2 |5 | |- !16 | Maria Sakkari |9 |WTA Finals, Mexico |Hard |RR |6–0, 6–7^(4–7), 7–6^(7–2) |4 | |- !17 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_placeholder.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px| ]] Aryna Sabalenka |2 |Brisbane International, Australia |Hard |F |6–0, 6–3 |4 | rowspan="4" |'''2024''' | |- !18 | Maria Sakkari |9 |Miami Open, US |Hard |QF |7–5, 6–7^(4–7), 6–4 |4 | |- !19 | Iga Świątek |'''1''' |Stuttgart Open, Germany |Clay (i) |SF |6–3, 4–6, 6–3 |4 | |- !20 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_placeholder.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px| ]] Aryna Sabalenka |'''1''' |WTA Finals, Saudi Arabia |Hard (i) |RR |6–4, 3–6, 6–1 |5 | |- !21 | Paula Badosa |10 |Dubai Tennis Championships, UAE |Hard |3R |4–6, 7–6^(10–8), 7–6^(7–2) |7 | rowspan="11" |'''2025''' | |- !22 | Madison Keys |6 |Cincinnati Open, US |Hard |4R |6–7^(3–7), 6–4, 6–2 |10 | |- !23 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_placeholder.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px| ]] Aryna Sabalenka |'''1''' |Cincinnati Open, US |Hard |QF |6–1, 6–4 |10 | |- !24 | Jessica Pegula |7 |BJK Cup, China |Hard (i) |QF |6–4, 6–1 |10 | |- !25 | Jasmine Paolini |8 |Ningbo Open, China |Hard |SF |6–3, 6–2 |9 | |- !26 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_placeholder.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px| ]] Ekaterina Alexandrova |10 |Ningbo Open, China |Hard |F |3–6, 6–0, 6–2 |9 | |- !27 | Amanda Anisimova |4 |WTA Finals, Saudi Arabia |Hard (i) |RR |6–3, 6–1 |6 | |- !28 | Iga Świątek |2 |WTA Finals, Saudi Arabia |Hard (i) |RR |3–6, 6–1, 6–0 |6 | |- !29 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_placeholder.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px| ]] Ekaterina Alexandrova |10 |WTA Finals, Saudi Arabia |Hard (i) |RR |6–4, 6–4 |6 | |- !30 | Jessica Pegula |5 |WTA Finals, Saudi Arabia |Hard (i) |SF |4–6, 6–4, 6–3 |6 | |- !31 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_placeholder.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px| ]] Aryna Sabalenka |'''1''' |WTA Finals, Saudi Arabia |Hard (i) |F |6–3, 7–6^(7–0) |6 | |- !32 | Iga Świątek |2 |Australian Open, Australia |Hard |QF |7–5, 6–1 |5 | rowspan="10" |'''2026''' | |- !33 | Jessica Pegula |6 |Australian Open, Australia |Hard |SF |6–3, 7–6^(9–7) |5 | |- !34 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_placeholder.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px| ]] Aryna Sabalenka |'''1''' |Australian Open, Australia |Hard |F |6–4, 4–6, 6–4 |5 | |- !35 | Jessica Pegula |5 |Indian Wells Open, United States |Hard |QF |6–1, 7–6^(7–4) |3 | |- !36 | Elina Svitolina |9 |Indian Wells Open, United States |Hard |SF |7–5, 6–4 |3 | |- !37 | Jessica Pegula |5 |Miami Open, United States |Hard |QF |2–6, 6–3, 6–4 |2 | |- !38 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_placeholder.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px| ]] Mirra Andreeva |9 |Stuttgart Open, Germany |Clay (i) |SF |7–5, 6–1 |2 | |- !39 | Coco Gauff |4 |Canada Open, Canada |Hard |SF |5–7, 6–2, 6–2 |2 | |- !40 | Coco Gauff |4 |US Open, United States |Hard |SF |3–6, 6–4, 6–4 |2 | |- !41 |[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_placeholder.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px| ]] Aryna Sabalenka |'''1''' |US Open, United States |Hard |F |6–4, 5–7, 6–2 |2 | |} {{Top10 key}} * <small>''Additional top 10 sources''</small><small>''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tennisabstract.com/cgi-bin/wplayer-classic.cgi?p=ElenaRybakina&f=ACareerqqITop_10qq | title=Elena Rybakina vs Top 10 | publisher=Tennis Abstract | accessdate=27 March 2024}}</ref>''</small> == Longest winning streaks == === 13-match winning streak (2023) === {| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" ! class="unsortable" |# ! scope="col" |Tournament ! scope="col" |Tier ! class="unsortable" |Start date ! scope="col" |Surface ! class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Rd|Round}} ! scope="col" |Opponent !{{abbr|Rk|Opponent Rank}} ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Score |- style="background:lightpink" | style="text-align:center" |– | style="background:#d4f1c5" |[[2023 Abu Dhabi Open|Abu Dhabi Open]] | style="background:#d4f1c5" |WTA 500 |6 February 2023 |Hard | style="text-align:center; background:#ffebdc;" |QF |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Beatriz Haddad Maia]] <small>(6)</small> | style="text-align:center" |14 |6–3, 3–6, 2–6 |- | style="text-align:center" |1 | rowspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9" |[[2023 Dubai Tennis Championships| Dubai Tennis Championships]] | rowspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9" |WTA 1000 | rowspan="3" |20 February 2023 | rowspan="3" |Hard | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |1R |[[Bianca Andreescu]] | style="text-align:center" |36 |6–3, 6–4 |- | style="text-align:center" |2 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |2R |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] | style="text-align:center" |26 |7–5, 6–2 |- | style="text-align:center" |– | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |3R |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] <small>(5)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:#eee8aa" |6 |w/o |- | style="text-align:center" |– | rowspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9" |[[2023 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells Open]] | rowspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9" |WTA 1000 | rowspan="7" |6 March 2023 | rowspan="7" |Hard | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee" |1R | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" |Bye |- | style="text-align:center" |3 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |2R |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Sofia Kenin]] <small>(WC)</small> | style="text-align:center" |170 |7–6^(8–6), 7–6^(7–5) |- | style="text-align:center" |4 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |3R |[[Paula Badosa]] <small>(21)</small> | style="text-align:center" |22 |6–3, 7–5 |- | style="text-align:center" |5 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |4R |[[Varvara Gracheva]] <small>(Q)</small> | style="text-align:center" |66 |6–3, 6–0 |- | style="text-align:center" |6 | style="text-align:center; background:#ffebdc;" |QF |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] | style="text-align:center" |76 |7–6^(7–4), 2–6, 6–4 |- | style="text-align:center" |7 | style="text-align:center; background:yellow;" |SF |[[Iga Świątek]] <small>(1)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:lime" |'''1''' |6–2, 6–2 |- | style="text-align:center" |8 | style="text-align:center; background:lime;" |'''W''' |[[Aryna Sabalenka]] <small>(2)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:thistle" |2 |7–6^(13–11), 6–4 |- | style="text-align:center" |– | rowspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9" |[[2023 Miami Open|Miami Open]] | rowspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9" |WTA 1000 | rowspan="7" |20 March 2023 | rowspan="7" |Hard | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee" |1R | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" |Bye |- | style="text-align:center" |9 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |2R |[[Anna Kalinskaya]] | style="text-align:center" |64 |7–5, 4–6, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center" |10 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |3R |[[Paula Badosa]] <small>(21)</small> | style="text-align:center" |29 |3–6, 7–5, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center" |11 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |4R |[[Elise Mertens]] | style="text-align:center" |39 |6–4, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center" |12 | style="text-align:center; background:#ffebdc;" |QF |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Martina Trevisan]] <small>(25)</small> | style="text-align:center" |24 |6–3, 6–0 |- | style="text-align:center" |13 | style="text-align:center; background:yellow;" |SF |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <small>(3)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:#99ccff" |3 |7–6^(7–3), 6–4 |- style="background:lightpink" | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center; background:thistle;" |F |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petra Kvitová]] <small>(15)</small> | style="text-align:center; " |12 |6–7^(14–16), 2–6 |} === 13-match win streak (2025–26) === {| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" ! class="unsortable" |# ! scope="col" |Tournament ! scope="col" |Tier ! class="unsortable" |Start date ! scope="col" |Surface ! class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Rd|Round}} ! scope="col" |Opponent !{{abbr|Rk|Opponent Rank}} ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Score |- style="background:lightpink" | style="text-align:center" |– | style="background:#e9e9e9" |[[2025 Wuhan Open|Wuhan Open]] | style="background:#e9e9e9" |WTA 1000 |6 October 2025 |Hard | style="text-align:center; background:#ffebcd" |QF |[[Aryna Sabalenka]] <small>(1)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:lime" |1 |3–6, 3–6 |- | style="text-align:center" |– | rowspan="5" style="background:#d4f1c5; text-align:left" |[[2025 Ningbo Open|Ningbo Open]] | rowspan="5" style="background:#d4f1c5" |WTA 500 | rowspan="5" |13 October 2025 | rowspan="5" |Hard | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee" |1R | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" |Bye |- | style="text-align:center" |1 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee" |2R |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Dayana Yastremska]] | style="text-align:center" |30 |6–4, 6–7^(6–8), 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center" |2 | style="text-align:center; background:#ffebcd" |QF |[[Alja Tomljanovic]] <small>(Q)</small> | style="text-align:center" |104 |6–2, 6–0 |- | style="text-align:center" |3 | style="text-align:center; background:yellow" |SF |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Jasmine Paolini]] <small>(2)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:#eee8aa" |8 |6–3, 6–2 |- | style="text-align:center" |4 | style="text-align:center; background:lime" |'''W''' |[[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] <small>(4)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:#eee8aa" |10 |3–6, 6–0, 6–2 |- | style="text-align:center" |– | rowspan="4" style="background:#d4f1c5; text-align:left" |[[2025 Toray Pan Pacific Open|Toray Pan Pacific Open]] | rowspan="4" style="background:#d4f1c5; " |WTA 500 | rowspan="4" |20 October 2025 | rowspan="4" |Hard | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee" |1R | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" |Bye |- | style="text-align:center" |5 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee" |2R |[[Leylah Fernandez]] | style="text-align:center" |22 |6–4, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center" |6 | style="text-align:center; background:#ffebcd" |QF |[[Victoria Mboko]] <small>(9)</small> | style="text-align:center" |23 |6–3, 7–6^(7–4) |- | style="text-align:center" |– | style="text-align:center; background:yellow" |SF |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <small>(6)</small> | style="text-align:center" |17 | style="text-align:center; background:lightblue" |Walkover |- | style="text-align:center" |7 | rowspan="5" style="background:#ffffcc; text-align:left" |[[2025 WTA Finals|WTA Finals]] | rowspan="5" style="background:#ffffcc; " |Year-end championships | rowspan="5" |1 November 2025 | rowspan="5" |Hard (i) | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee" |RR |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] <small>(4)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:#eee8aa" |4 |6–3, 6–1 |- | style="text-align:center" |8 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee" |RR |[[Iga Świątek]] <small>(2)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:thistle" |2 |3–6, 6–1, 6–0 |- | style="text-align:center" |9 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee" |RR |[[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] <small>(10)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:#eee8aa" |10 |6–4, 6–4 |- | style="text-align:center" |10 | style="text-align:center; background:yellow" |SF |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <small>(5)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:#eee8aa" |5 |4–6, 6–4, 6–3 |- | style="text-align:center" |11 | style="text-align:center; background:lime" |'''W''' |[[Aryna Sabalenka]] <small>(1)</small> | style="text-align:center; background:lime" |'''1''' |6–3, 7–6^(7–0) |- | style="text-align:center" |– | rowspan="4" style="background:#d4f1c5" |[[2026 Brisbane International| Brisbane International]] | rowspan="4" style="background:#d4f1c5; " |WTA 500 | rowspan="4" |4 January 2026 | rowspan="4" |Hard | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee" |1R | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" |Bye |- | style="text-align:center" |12 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |2R |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]]<small>(Q)</small> | style="text-align:center" |102 |6–3, 7–5 |- | style="text-align:center" |13 | style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" |3R |[[Paula Badosa]] <small>(15)</small> | style="text-align:center" |25 |6–3, 6–2 |- style="background:lightpink" | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center; background:#ffebdc;" |QF |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolina Muchová]] <small>(11)</small> | style="text-align:center" |19 |2–6, 6–2, 4–6 |} == Awards == * [[File:OrdenDostik.png|frameless|OrdenDostik]] [[Order of Friendship (Kazakhstan)]] II degree – ''2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-11 |title=Tokayev awarded Elena Rybakina with the Order of Dostyk |url=https://www.zakon.kz/6019320-tokaev-nagradil-elenu-rybakinu-ordenom-dostyk.html |website=www.zakon.kz |access-date=2026-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711140724/https://www.zakon.kz/6019320-tokaev-nagradil-elenu-rybakinu-ordenom-dostyk.html |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>'' * [[File:OrdenBars_1kl_rib.png|frameless|OrdenBars 1kl rib]] [[Order of the Leopard (Kazakhstan)|Order of Barys (Kazakhstan)]] III degree – ''2026''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DQztJKaCHRj |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-09 |title=Tokayev congratulated Rybakina on her victory at the WTA Finals and awarded her the Barys Order |url=https://www.zakon.kz/politika/6019191-kasym-zhomart-tokaev-pobesedoval-s-pobeditelnitsei-wimbledon-elenoi-rybakinoi.html |website=www.zakon.kz}}</ref>''<ref>{{cite web |last=Omirgazy |first=Dana |date=28 September 2026 |title=Kazakh President Honors Rybakina for Historic Tennis Achievements |url=https://astanatimes.com/2026/09/kazakh-president-honors-rybakina-for-historic-tennis-achievements/ |work=The Astana Times}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{commons category}} * {{WTA}} * {{ITF}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rybakina, Elena}} [[Category:Elena Rybakina]] [[Category:1999 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Tennis players wey komot Moscow]] [[Category:Kazakhstani female tennis players]] [[Category:Russian female tennis players]] [[Category:Naturalized citizens of Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Naturalised tennis players]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players for Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Tennis players at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:WTA number 1 ranked singles tennis players]] [[Category:Tennis players wey dem represent multiple countries]] [[Category:21st-century Russian sportswomen]] [[Category:Tennis controversies]] [[Category:21st-century Kazakhstani sportswomen]] [[Category:Russian people of Kazakhstani descent]] fvs1a6nk6er00gnyulfgzgtcxzkv74u 0 31170 115381 2026-10-29T18:59:21Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1380393013|Fournier gangrene]]" 115381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fournier gangrene''' be a type of [[necrotizing fasciitis]] anaa [[gangrene]] wey dey affect de external genitalia anaa perineum. [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 7r6qwgrbyufw903iazpvef4auswugke 115385 115381 2026-10-29T20:21:24Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fournier gangrene''' ('''FG''') be a type of [[necrotizing fasciitis]] wey dey affect de [[perineum]].<ref name=Am2020>{{cite journal |last1=El-Qushayri |first1=AE |last2=Khalaf |first2=KM |last3=Dahy |first3=A |last4=Mahmoud |first4=AR |last5=Benmelouka |first5=AY |last6=Ghozy |first6=S |last7=Mahmoud |first7=MU |last8=Bin-Jumah |first8=M |last9=Alkahtani |first9=S |last10=Abdel-Daim |first10=MM |title=Fournier's gangrene mortality: A 17-year systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases |date=March 2020 |volume=92 |pages=218-225 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.030 |pmid=31962181}}</ref><ref name=Ham2017/> Initial symptoms often be non specific; though rapidly worsen.<ref name=Lew2021>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=GD |last2=Majeed |first2=M |last3=Olang |first3=CA |last4=Patel |first4=A |last5=Gorantla |first5=VR |last6=Davis |first6=N |last7=Gluschitz |first7=S |title=Fournier's Gangrene Diagnosis and Treatment: A Systematic Review. |journal=Cureus |date=October 2021 |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e18948 |doi=10.7759/cureus.18948 |pmid=34815897}}</ref> Dis fi include [[scrotum]] anaa [[labia]] pain den swelling, fever, den redness.<ref name=Lew2021/> De infection dey spread at about 2.5 cm per hour.<ref name=Lew2021/> Complications fi include [[sepsis]].<ref name=Ham2017/> == References == <references /> == External links == 8boni7570y4oxz166413gdvw6z7rq25 115388 115385 2026-10-29T20:38:01Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fournier gangrene''' ('''FG''') be a type of [[necrotizing fasciitis]] wey dey affect de [[perineum]].<ref name=Am2020>{{cite journal |last1=El-Qushayri |first1=AE |last2=Khalaf |first2=KM |last3=Dahy |first3=A |last4=Mahmoud |first4=AR |last5=Benmelouka |first5=AY |last6=Ghozy |first6=S |last7=Mahmoud |first7=MU |last8=Bin-Jumah |first8=M |last9=Alkahtani |first9=S |last10=Abdel-Daim |first10=MM |title=Fournier's gangrene mortality: A 17-year systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases |date=March 2020 |volume=92 |pages=218-225 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.030 |pmid=31962181}}</ref><ref name=Ham2017/> Initial symptoms often be non specific; though rapidly worsen.<ref name=Lew2021>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=GD |last2=Majeed |first2=M |last3=Olang |first3=CA |last4=Patel |first4=A |last5=Gorantla |first5=VR |last6=Davis |first6=N |last7=Gluschitz |first7=S |title=Fournier's Gangrene Diagnosis and Treatment: A Systematic Review. |journal=Cureus |date=October 2021 |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e18948 |doi=10.7759/cureus.18948 |pmid=34815897}}</ref> Dis fi include [[scrotum]] anaa [[labia]] pain den swelling, fever, den redness.<ref name=Lew2021/> De infection dey spread at about 2.5 cm per hour.<ref name=Lew2021/> Complications fi include [[sepsis]].<ref name=Ham2017/> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], [[alcoholism]], being [[immunocompromised]], long term [[urinary catheters]].<ref name=Am2020/><ref name=Ham2017/> Insyd diabetes [[sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors]] (SGLT2 inhibitors) fi be a particular risk.<ref name=Lew2021/> Infection be by multiple types of bacteria insyd more dan 80% of cases.<ref name=Am2020/> Often de infection dey spread from de [[gastrointestinal tract]], [[urinary tract]], anaa skin.<ref name=CP2012/> Diagnosis be based on symptoms den fi be supported by [[medical imaging]].<ref name=Am2020/> == References == <references /> == External links == r9bm8sgrxeasriuora8itiox74oifgv 115389 115388 2026-10-29T20:39:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fournier gangrene''' ('''FG''') be a type of [[necrotizing fasciitis]] wey dey affect de [[perineum]].<ref name=Am2020>{{cite journal |last1=El-Qushayri |first1=AE |last2=Khalaf |first2=KM |last3=Dahy |first3=A |last4=Mahmoud |first4=AR |last5=Benmelouka |first5=AY |last6=Ghozy |first6=S |last7=Mahmoud |first7=MU |last8=Bin-Jumah |first8=M |last9=Alkahtani |first9=S |last10=Abdel-Daim |first10=MM |title=Fournier's gangrene mortality: A 17-year systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases |date=March 2020 |volume=92 |pages=218-225 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.030 |pmid=31962181}}</ref><ref name=Ham2017/> Initial symptoms often be non specific; though rapidly worsen.<ref name=Lew2021>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=GD |last2=Majeed |first2=M |last3=Olang |first3=CA |last4=Patel |first4=A |last5=Gorantla |first5=VR |last6=Davis |first6=N |last7=Gluschitz |first7=S |title=Fournier's Gangrene Diagnosis and Treatment: A Systematic Review. |journal=Cureus |date=October 2021 |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e18948 |doi=10.7759/cureus.18948 |pmid=34815897}}</ref> Dis fi include [[scrotum]] anaa [[labia]] pain den swelling, fever, den redness.<ref name=Lew2021/> De infection dey spread at about 2.5 cm per hour.<ref name=Lew2021/> Complications fi include [[sepsis]].<ref name=Ham2017/> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], [[alcoholism]], being [[immunocompromised]], long term [[urinary catheters]].<ref name=Am2020/><ref name=Ham2017/> Insyd diabetes [[sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors]] (SGLT2 inhibitors) fi be a particular risk.<ref name=Lew2021/> Infection be by multiple types of bacteria insyd more dan 80% of cases.<ref name=Am2020/> Often de infection dey spread from de [[gastrointestinal tract]], [[urinary tract]], anaa skin.<ref name=CP2012/> Diagnosis be based on symptoms den fi be supported by [[medical imaging]].<ref name=Am2020/> Treatment dey involve [[antibiotics]], surgical removal of infected tissue, den [[supportive care]].<ref name=Am2020/> Oda options fi include [[hyperbaric oxygen therapy]] den [[negative-pressure wound therapy]].<ref name=Lew2021/> De risk of death be high at 20 to 80%, though e dey vary base on oda health problems.<ref name=Lew2021/><ref name=Am2020/> Insyd those wey survive [[reconstructive surgery]] be required.<ref name=Lew2021/> == References == <references /> == External links == cevr71s2h8s31cs1z1fwnn0041j1ikr 115390 115389 2026-10-29T20:40:57Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fournier gangrene''' ('''FG''') be a type of [[necrotizing fasciitis]] wey dey affect de [[perineum]].<ref name=Am2020>{{cite journal |last1=El-Qushayri |first1=AE |last2=Khalaf |first2=KM |last3=Dahy |first3=A |last4=Mahmoud |first4=AR |last5=Benmelouka |first5=AY |last6=Ghozy |first6=S |last7=Mahmoud |first7=MU |last8=Bin-Jumah |first8=M |last9=Alkahtani |first9=S |last10=Abdel-Daim |first10=MM |title=Fournier's gangrene mortality: A 17-year systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases |date=March 2020 |volume=92 |pages=218-225 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.030 |pmid=31962181}}</ref><ref name=Ham2017/> Initial symptoms often be non specific; though rapidly worsen.<ref name=Lew2021>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=GD |last2=Majeed |first2=M |last3=Olang |first3=CA |last4=Patel |first4=A |last5=Gorantla |first5=VR |last6=Davis |first6=N |last7=Gluschitz |first7=S |title=Fournier's Gangrene Diagnosis and Treatment: A Systematic Review. |journal=Cureus |date=October 2021 |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e18948 |doi=10.7759/cureus.18948 |pmid=34815897}}</ref> Dis fi include [[scrotum]] anaa [[labia]] pain den swelling, fever, den redness.<ref name=Lew2021/> De infection dey spread at about 2.5 cm per hour.<ref name=Lew2021/> Complications fi include [[sepsis]].<ref name=Ham2017/> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], [[alcoholism]], being [[immunocompromised]], long term [[urinary catheters]].<ref name=Am2020/><ref name=Ham2017/> Insyd diabetes [[sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors]] (SGLT2 inhibitors) fi be a particular risk.<ref name=Lew2021/> Infection be by multiple types of bacteria insyd more dan 80% of cases.<ref name=Am2020/> Often de infection dey spread from de [[gastrointestinal tract]], [[urinary tract]], anaa skin.<ref name=CP2012/> Diagnosis be based on symptoms den fi be supported by [[medical imaging]].<ref name=Am2020/> Treatment dey involve [[antibiotics]], surgical removal of infected tissue, den [[supportive care]].<ref name=Am2020/> Oda options fi include [[hyperbaric oxygen therapy]] den [[negative-pressure wound therapy]].<ref name=Lew2021/> De risk of death be high at 20 to 80%, though e dey vary base on oda health problems.<ref name=Lew2021/><ref name=Am2020/> Insyd those wey survive [[reconstructive surgery]] be required.<ref name=Lew2021/> Fournier gangrene dey affect about one per 62,500 males per year.<ref name=Ham2017>{{cite book|last1=Hamdy|first1=Freddie C.|last2=Eardley|first2=Ian|title=Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191022524|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|language=en|access-date=2021-06-15|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828091044/https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref> Older people den males be more commonly affected plus males affected 40 times more often dan females.<ref name=Ham2017/> Na e first be described by Baurienne insyd 1764 wey na dem name am after [[Jean Alfred Fournier]], following five cases he present insyd 1883.<ref name=CP2012>{{cite journal |first1= MN |last1= Mallikarjuna |first2= A |last2= Vijayakumar |first3= VS |last3= Patil |first4= BS |last4= Shivswamy |display-authors= 2 |date= 2012 |title= Fournier's gangrene: Current practices |journal= ISRN Surgery |volume= 2012 |pmc= 3518952 |doi= 10.5402/2012/942437 |pmid= 23251819 |page= 942437 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == igh4f98kaxvdg81e3mkvashcds7ew5m 115393 115390 2026-10-29T20:44:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fournier gangrene''' ('''FG''') be a type of [[necrotizing fasciitis]] wey dey affect de [[perineum]].<ref name=Am2020>{{cite journal |last1=El-Qushayri |first1=AE |last2=Khalaf |first2=KM |last3=Dahy |first3=A |last4=Mahmoud |first4=AR |last5=Benmelouka |first5=AY |last6=Ghozy |first6=S |last7=Mahmoud |first7=MU |last8=Bin-Jumah |first8=M |last9=Alkahtani |first9=S |last10=Abdel-Daim |first10=MM |title=Fournier's gangrene mortality: A 17-year systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases |date=March 2020 |volume=92 |pages=218-225 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.030 |pmid=31962181}}</ref><ref name=Ham2017/> Initial symptoms often be non specific; though rapidly worsen.<ref name=Lew2021>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=GD |last2=Majeed |first2=M |last3=Olang |first3=CA |last4=Patel |first4=A |last5=Gorantla |first5=VR |last6=Davis |first6=N |last7=Gluschitz |first7=S |title=Fournier's Gangrene Diagnosis and Treatment: A Systematic Review. |journal=Cureus |date=October 2021 |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e18948 |doi=10.7759/cureus.18948 |pmid=34815897}}</ref> Dis fi include [[scrotum]] anaa [[labia]] pain den swelling, fever, den redness.<ref name=Lew2021/> De infection dey spread at about 2.5 cm per hour.<ref name=Lew2021/> Complications fi include [[sepsis]].<ref name=Ham2017/> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], [[alcoholism]], being [[immunocompromised]], long term [[urinary catheters]].<ref name=Am2020/><ref name=Ham2017/> Insyd diabetes [[sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors]] (SGLT2 inhibitors) fi be a particular risk.<ref name=Lew2021/> Infection be by multiple types of bacteria insyd more dan 80% of cases.<ref name=Am2020/> Often de infection dey spread from de [[gastrointestinal tract]], [[urinary tract]], anaa skin.<ref name=CP2012/> Diagnosis be based on symptoms den fi be supported by [[medical imaging]].<ref name=Am2020/> Treatment dey involve [[antibiotics]], surgical removal of infected tissue, den [[supportive care]].<ref name=Am2020/> Oda options fi include [[hyperbaric oxygen therapy]] den [[negative-pressure wound therapy]].<ref name=Lew2021/> De risk of death be high at 20 to 80%, though e dey vary base on oda health problems.<ref name=Lew2021/><ref name=Am2020/> Insyd those wey survive [[reconstructive surgery]] be required.<ref name=Lew2021/> Fournier gangrene dey affect about one per 62,500 males per year.<ref name=Ham2017>{{cite book|last1=Hamdy|first1=Freddie C.|last2=Eardley|first2=Ian|title=Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191022524|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|language=en|access-date=2021-06-15|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828091044/https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref> Older people den males be more commonly affected plus males affected 40 times more often dan females.<ref name=Ham2017/> Na e first be described by Baurienne insyd 1764 wey na dem name am after [[Jean Alfred Fournier]], following five cases he present insyd 1883.<ref name=CP2012>{{cite journal |first1= MN |last1= Mallikarjuna |first2= A |last2= Vijayakumar |first3= VS |last3= Patil |first4= BS |last4= Shivswamy |display-authors= 2 |date= 2012 |title= Fournier's gangrene: Current practices |journal= ISRN Surgery |volume= 2012 |pmc= 3518952 |doi= 10.5402/2012/942437 |pmid= 23251819 |page= 942437 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{WhoNamedIt2|synd|2521|Fournier gangrene}} and {{WhoNamedIt|doctor|2209|Jean Alfred Fournier}} [[Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] [[Category:Gangrene]] [[Category:Urological conditions]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0rwxnpaz16hppyofz6029xdd9t2d52b 115427 115393 2026-10-30T07:28:21Z Mr. Ibrahem 3006 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502088|Fournier_gangrene]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115427 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fournier gangrene''' ('''FG''') is a type of [[necrotizing fasciitis]] affecting the perineum.<ref name="Am2020">{{Cite journal|last=El-Qushayri|first=AE|last2=Khalaf|first2=KM|last3=Dahy|first3=A|last4=Mahmoud|first4=AR|last5=Benmelouka|first5=AY|last6=Ghozy|first6=S|last7=Mahmoud|first7=MU|last8=Bin-Jumah|first8=M|last9=Alkahtani|first9=S|last10=Abdel-Daim|first10=MM|title=Fournier's gangrene mortality: A 17-year systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases|date=March 2020|volume=92|pages=218-225|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.030|pmid=31962181}}</ref><ref name="Ham2017">{{Cite book|last=Hamdy|first=Freddie C.|last2=Eardley|first2=Ian|title=Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191022524|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|language=en|access-date=2021-06-15|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828091044/https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref> Initial symptoms are often non specific; though rapidly worsen.<ref name="Lew2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=GD|last2=Majeed|first2=M|last3=Olang|first3=CA|last4=Patel|first4=A|last5=Gorantla|first5=VR|last6=Davis|first6=N|last7=Gluschitz|first7=S|title=Fournier's Gangrene Diagnosis and Treatment: A Systematic Review.|journal=Cureus|date=October 2021|volume=13|issue=10|pages=e18948|doi=10.7759/cureus.18948|pmid=34815897}}</ref> This may include scrotum or labia pain and swelling, fever, and redness.<ref name=Lew2021>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=GD |last2=Majeed |first2=M |last3=Olang |first3=CA |last4=Patel |first4=A |last5=Gorantla |first5=VR |last6=Davis |first6=N |last7=Gluschitz |first7=S |title=Fournier's Gangrene Diagnosis and Treatment: A Systematic Review. |journal=Cureus |date=October 2021 |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e18948 |doi=10.7759/cureus.18948 |pmid=34815897}}</ref> The infection spreads at about 2.5 cm per hour.<ref name=Lew2021 /> Complications may include [[sepsis]].<ref name=Ham2017>{{cite book|last1=Hamdy|first1=Freddie C.|last2=Eardley|first2=Ian|title=Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191022524|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|language=en|access-date=2021-06-15|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828091044/https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref> Risk factors include [[diabetes]], [[alcoholism]], being immunocompromised, an long term urinary catheters.<ref name="Am2020" /><ref name="Ham2017" /> In diabetes sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors) may be a particular risk.<ref name="Lew2021" /> Infection is by multiple types of bacteria in more than 80% of cases.<ref name=Am2020>{{cite journal |last1=El-Qushayri |first1=AE |last2=Khalaf |first2=KM |last3=Dahy |first3=A |last4=Mahmoud |first4=AR |last5=Benmelouka |first5=AY |last6=Ghozy |first6=S |last7=Mahmoud |first7=MU |last8=Bin-Jumah |first8=M |last9=Alkahtani |first9=S |last10=Abdel-Daim |first10=MM |title=Fournier's gangrene mortality: A 17-year systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases |date=March 2020 |volume=92 |pages=218-225 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.030 |pmid=31962181}}</ref> Often the infection spreads from the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, or skin.<ref name="CP2012">{{Cite journal|first=MN|last=Mallikarjuna|first2=A|last2=Vijayakumar|first3=VS|last3=Patil|first4=BS|last4=Shivswamy|display-authors=2|date=2012|title=Fournier's gangrene: Current practices|journal=ISRN Surgery|volume=2012|pmc=3518952|doi=10.5402/2012/942437|pmid=23251819|page=942437}}</ref> Diagnosis is based on symptoms and may be supported by medical imaging.<ref name=Am2020 /> Treatment involves antibiotics, surgical removal of infected tissue, and supportive care.<ref name="Am2020" /> Other options may include hyperbaric oxygen therapy and negative-pressure wound therapy.<ref name="Lew2021" /> The risk of death is high at 20 to 80%, though varies based on other health problems.<ref name=Lew2021 /><ref name=Am2020 /> In those who survive reconstructive surgery is required.<ref name=Lew2021 /> Fournier gangrene affects about one per 62,500 males per year.<ref name="Ham2017" /> Older people and males are more commonly affected with males affected 40 times more often than females.<ref name=Ham2017 /> It was first described by Baurienne in 1764 and is named after Jean Alfred Fournier, following five cases he presented in 1883.<ref name="CP2012" /> == References == \{{Reflist}} 389malbd1kjh1ynjjz7p3hze4gzoi1h 10 31171 115391 2026-10-29T20:43:57Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115391 wikitext text/x-wiki ''[http://www.whonamedit.com/{{{1}}}.cfm/{{{2}}}.html {{{3|{{{1}}}/{{{2}}}}}}]''<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:WhoNamedIt/doc}}</noinclude> 58l389201n4ymios13jhsk0c85phf7f 14 31172 115394 2026-10-29T20:45:28Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115394 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2 31173 115426 2026-10-30T07:27:25Z Mr. Ibrahem 3006 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502088|Fournier_gangrene]] to:gpe 115426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Fournier gangrene|synonym=Fournier's gangrene|image=Furnijerova_gangrena.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An area of [[necrosis|skin death]] of the [[scrotum]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[urology]]|symptoms=Initially none specific, [[scrotum]] or [[labia]] pain and swelling, fever, redness<ref name=Lew2021>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=GD |last2=Majeed |first2=M |last3=Olang |first3=CA |last4=Patel |first4=A |last5=Gorantla |first5=VR |last6=Davis |first6=N |last7=Gluschitz |first7=S |title=Fournier's Gangrene Diagnosis and Treatment: A Systematic Review. |journal=Cureus |date=October 2021 |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e18948 |doi=10.7759/cureus.18948 |pmid=34815897}}</ref>|onset=Rapid<ref name=Lew2021 />|duration=|causes=Infection, often by multiple types of bacteria<ref name=Am2020>{{cite journal |last1=El-Qushayri |first1=AE |last2=Khalaf |first2=KM |last3=Dahy |first3=A |last4=Mahmoud |first4=AR |last5=Benmelouka |first5=AY |last6=Ghozy |first6=S |last7=Mahmoud |first7=MU |last8=Bin-Jumah |first8=M |last9=Alkahtani |first9=S |last10=Abdel-Daim |first10=MM |title=Fournier's gangrene mortality: A 17-year systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases |date=March 2020 |volume=92 |pages=218-225 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.030 |pmid=31962181}}</ref>|risks=[[Diabetes]], [[alcoholism]], [[immunocompromised]], long term [[urinary catheters]]<ref name=Am2020 /><ref name=Ham2017>{{cite book|last1=Hamdy|first1=Freddie C.|last2=Eardley|first2=Ian|title=Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191022524|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|language=en|access-date=2021-06-15|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828091044/https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, may be supported by [[medical imaging]]<ref name=Am2020 />|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]], surgical removal of infected tissue, [[supportive care]]<ref name=Am2020 />|medication=|prognosis=Guarded<ref name=Lew2021 />|frequency=1 per 62,500 males a year<ref name=Ham2017 />|deaths=High risk<ref name=Am2020 />}} '''Fournier gangrene''' ('''FG''') is a type of [[necrotizing fasciitis]] affecting the perineum.<ref name="Am2020">{{Cite journal|last=El-Qushayri|first=AE|last2=Khalaf|first2=KM|last3=Dahy|first3=A|last4=Mahmoud|first4=AR|last5=Benmelouka|first5=AY|last6=Ghozy|first6=S|last7=Mahmoud|first7=MU|last8=Bin-Jumah|first8=M|last9=Alkahtani|first9=S|last10=Abdel-Daim|first10=MM|title=Fournier's gangrene mortality: A 17-year systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases|date=March 2020|volume=92|pages=218-225|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.030|pmid=31962181}}</ref><ref name="Ham2017">{{Cite book|last=Hamdy|first=Freddie C.|last2=Eardley|first2=Ian|title=Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191022524|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|language=en|access-date=2021-06-15|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828091044/https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref> Initial symptoms are often non specific; though rapidly worsen.<ref name="Lew2021">{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=GD|last2=Majeed|first2=M|last3=Olang|first3=CA|last4=Patel|first4=A|last5=Gorantla|first5=VR|last6=Davis|first6=N|last7=Gluschitz|first7=S|title=Fournier's Gangrene Diagnosis and Treatment: A Systematic Review.|journal=Cureus|date=October 2021|volume=13|issue=10|pages=e18948|doi=10.7759/cureus.18948|pmid=34815897}}</ref> This may include scrotum or labia pain and swelling, fever, and redness.<ref name=Lew2021 /> The infection spreads at about 2.5 cm per hour.<ref name=Lew2021 /> Complications may include [[sepsis]].<ref name=Ham2017 /> Risk factors include [[diabetes]], [[alcoholism]], being immunocompromised, an long term urinary catheters.<ref name="Am2020" /><ref name="Ham2017" /> In diabetes sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors) may be a particular risk.<ref name="Lew2021" /> Infection is by multiple types of bacteria in more than 80% of cases.<ref name=Am2020 /> Often the infection spreads from the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, or skin.<ref name="CP2012">{{Cite journal|first=MN|last=Mallikarjuna|first2=A|last2=Vijayakumar|first3=VS|last3=Patil|first4=BS|last4=Shivswamy|display-authors=2|date=2012|title=Fournier's gangrene: Current practices|journal=ISRN Surgery|volume=2012|pmc=3518952|doi=10.5402/2012/942437|pmid=23251819|page=942437}}</ref> Diagnosis is based on symptoms and may be supported by medical imaging.<ref name=Am2020 /> Treatment involves antibiotics, surgical removal of infected tissue, and supportive care.<ref name="Am2020" /> Other options may include hyperbaric oxygen therapy and negative-pressure wound therapy.<ref name="Lew2021" /> The risk of death is high at 20 to 80%, though varies based on other health problems.<ref name=Lew2021 /><ref name=Am2020 /> In those who survive reconstructive surgery is required.<ref name=Lew2021 /> Fournier gangrene affects about one per 62,500 males per year.<ref name="Ham2017" /> Older people and males are more commonly affected with males affected 40 times more often than females.<ref name=Ham2017 /> It was first described by Baurienne in 1764 and is named after Jean Alfred Fournier, following five cases he presented in 1883.<ref name="CP2012" /> == References == \{{Reflist}} puc71rueaguz9cr36ioowwvk4d2hive