Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 31174 115428 2026-10-30T16:21:05Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356471594|Saline (medicine)]]" 115428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saline''' (dem sanso know as '''saline solution''') be a mixture of sodium chloride (salt) den [[water]].<ref name="Pro2017">{{Cite web |title=Sodium Chloride Injection - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-chloride-injection.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041708/https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-chloride-injection.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=www.drugs.com}}</ref> E get several uses insyd medicine wey dey include cleaning wounds, removal den storage of contact lenses, den help plus dry eyes.<ref name="BNF69" /> By injection into a vein, e be used to treat hypovolemia such as dat from [[gastroenteritis]] den diabetic ketoacidosis.<ref name="BNF69" /><ref name="Pro2017" /> Large amounts fi result in fluid overload, [[Edema|swelling]], acidosis, den high blood sodium.<ref name="Pro2017" /><ref name="BNF69">{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 69 |date=2015 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |edition=69th |pages=683, 770}}</ref> Insyd those plus long-standing low blood sodium, excessive use fi result in osmotic demyelination syndrome.<ref name="BNF69" /> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 55jhxcoda02js9jbwzjqv3nps8xiymg 115429 115428 2026-10-30T16:39:00Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saline''' (dem sanso know as '''saline solution''') be a mixture of sodium chloride (salt) den [[water]].<ref name="Pro2017">{{Cite web |title=Sodium Chloride Injection - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-chloride-injection.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041708/https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-chloride-injection.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=www.drugs.com}}</ref> E get several uses insyd medicine wey dey include cleaning wounds, removal den storage of contact lenses, den help plus dry eyes.<ref name="BNF69" /> By injection into a vein, e be used to treat hypovolemia such as dat from [[gastroenteritis]] den diabetic ketoacidosis.<ref name="BNF69" /><ref name="Pro2017" /> Large amounts fi result in fluid overload, [[Edema|swelling]], acidosis, den high blood sodium.<ref name="Pro2017" /><ref name="BNF69">{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 69 |date=2015 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |edition=69th |pages=683, 770}}</ref> Insyd those plus long-standing low blood sodium, excessive use fi result in osmotic demyelination syndrome.<ref name="BNF69" /> Saline dey insyd de [[Volume expander#Crystalloids|crystalloid]] family of medications.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Marini JJ, Wheeler AP |title=Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials |date=2010 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-9839-6 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmxl0ERFvYgC&pg=PA54 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=jmxl0ERFvYgC&pg=PA54 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> E be most commonly used as a [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterile]] 9&nbsp;g of salt per litre (0.9%) solution, dem know as ''normal saline''.<ref name=Pro2017/> Higher den lower concentrations sanso occasionally fi be used.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hypertonic Saline - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/hypertonic-saline.html |website=www.drugs.com |access-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041321/https://www.drugs.com/pro/hypertonic-saline.html |archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Pestana C |title=Fluids and Electrolytes in the Surgical Patient |date=2000 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-2425-8 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfCuIUwv3pEC&pg=PA11 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=CfCuIUwv3pEC&pg=PA11 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> Saline be acidic, plus a [[pH]] of 5.5 (secof mainly dissolved carbon dioxide).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reddi BA | title = Why is saline so acidic (and does it really matter?) | journal = International Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 747–750 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23630439 | pmc = 3638298 | doi = 10.7150/ijms.5868 }}</ref> ==References== <references /> == External links == ef766ohy1hafx9wdls7e5bljvj2k7bw 115430 115429 2026-10-30T16:44:13Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saline''' (dem sanso know as '''saline solution''') be a mixture of sodium chloride (salt) den [[water]].<ref name="Pro2017">{{Cite web |title=Sodium Chloride Injection - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-chloride-injection.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041708/https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-chloride-injection.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=www.drugs.com}}</ref> E get several uses insyd medicine wey dey include cleaning wounds, removal den storage of contact lenses, den help plus dry eyes.<ref name="BNF69" /> By injection into a vein, e be used to treat hypovolemia such as dat from [[gastroenteritis]] den diabetic ketoacidosis.<ref name="BNF69" /><ref name="Pro2017" /> Large amounts fi result in fluid overload, [[Edema|swelling]], acidosis, den high blood sodium.<ref name="Pro2017" /><ref name="BNF69">{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 69 |date=2015 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |edition=69th |pages=683, 770}}</ref> Insyd those plus long-standing low blood sodium, excessive use fi result in osmotic demyelination syndrome.<ref name="BNF69" /> Saline dey insyd de [[Volume expander#Crystalloids|crystalloid]] family of medications.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Marini JJ, Wheeler AP |title=Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials |date=2010 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-9839-6 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmxl0ERFvYgC&pg=PA54 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=jmxl0ERFvYgC&pg=PA54 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> E be most commonly used as a [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterile]] 9&nbsp;g of salt per litre (0.9%) solution, dem know as ''normal saline''.<ref name=Pro2017/> Higher den lower concentrations sanso occasionally fi be used.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hypertonic Saline - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/hypertonic-saline.html |website=www.drugs.com |access-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041321/https://www.drugs.com/pro/hypertonic-saline.html |archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Pestana C |title=Fluids and Electrolytes in the Surgical Patient |date=2000 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-2425-8 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfCuIUwv3pEC&pg=PA11 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=CfCuIUwv3pEC&pg=PA11 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> Saline be acidic, plus a [[pH]] of 5.5 (secof mainly dissolved carbon dioxide).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reddi BA | title = Why is saline so acidic (and does it really matter?) | journal = International Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 747–750 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23630439 | pmc = 3638298 | doi = 10.7150/ijms.5868 }}</ref> De medical use of saline begin around 1831.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Bozzetti F, Staun M, van Gossum A |title=Home Parenteral Nutrition |date=2014 |edition=2nd |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78064-311-3 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnYXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=fnYXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 |year=2019 |hdl=10665/325771 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva |id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na sodium salts be de 227th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Sodium Salts Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/SodiumSalts | access-date = 20 August 2025 }}</ref> ==References== <references /> == External links == ep3l1h49l7b5aobs10dkj8gt9elfcs3 115431 115430 2026-10-30T16:48:20Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saline''' (dem sanso know as '''saline solution''') be a mixture of sodium chloride (salt) den [[water]].<ref name="Pro2017">{{Cite web |title=Sodium Chloride Injection - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-chloride-injection.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041708/https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-chloride-injection.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=www.drugs.com}}</ref> E get several uses insyd medicine wey dey include cleaning wounds, removal den storage of contact lenses, den help plus dry eyes.<ref name="BNF69" /> By injection into a vein, e be used to treat hypovolemia such as dat from [[gastroenteritis]] den diabetic ketoacidosis.<ref name="BNF69" /><ref name="Pro2017" /> Large amounts fi result in fluid overload, [[Edema|swelling]], acidosis, den high blood sodium.<ref name="Pro2017" /><ref name="BNF69">{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 69 |date=2015 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |edition=69th |pages=683, 770}}</ref> Insyd those plus long-standing low blood sodium, excessive use fi result in osmotic demyelination syndrome.<ref name="BNF69" /> Saline dey insyd de [[Volume expander#Crystalloids|crystalloid]] family of medications.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Marini JJ, Wheeler AP |title=Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials |date=2010 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-9839-6 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmxl0ERFvYgC&pg=PA54 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=jmxl0ERFvYgC&pg=PA54 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> E be most commonly used as a [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterile]] 9&nbsp;g of salt per litre (0.9%) solution, dem know as ''normal saline''.<ref name=Pro2017/> Higher den lower concentrations sanso occasionally fi be used.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hypertonic Saline - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/hypertonic-saline.html |website=www.drugs.com |access-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041321/https://www.drugs.com/pro/hypertonic-saline.html |archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Pestana C |title=Fluids and Electrolytes in the Surgical Patient |date=2000 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-2425-8 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfCuIUwv3pEC&pg=PA11 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=CfCuIUwv3pEC&pg=PA11 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> Saline be acidic, plus a [[pH]] of 5.5 (secof mainly dissolved carbon dioxide).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reddi BA | title = Why is saline so acidic (and does it really matter?) | journal = International Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 747–750 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23630439 | pmc = 3638298 | doi = 10.7150/ijms.5868 }}</ref> De medical use of saline begin around 1831.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Bozzetti F, Staun M, van Gossum A |title=Home Parenteral Nutrition |date=2014 |edition=2nd |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78064-311-3 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnYXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=fnYXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 |year=2019 |hdl=10665/325771 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva |id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na sodium salts be de 227th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Sodium Salts Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/SodiumSalts | access-date = 20 August 2025 }}</ref> ==References== <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:1831 introductions]] [[Category:Intravenous fluids]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Salts]] [[Category:Water]] q5e77tz4g8f5tyhwlxpzdfivdsp31b3 14 31175 115432 2026-10-30T16:50:01Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115432 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31176 115433 2026-10-30T16:50:15Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115433 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31177 115434 2026-10-30T16:50:33Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115434 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31178 115435 2026-10-30T17:02:28Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378824504|Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]" 115435 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Duchenne muscular dystrophy''' ('''DMD''') be a severe type of [[muscular dystrophy]] wey predominantly dey affect males. De onset of muscle weakness typically dey begin around age four, plus rapid progression. Initially, muscle loss dey occur insyd de thighs den pelvis, wey dey extend to de arms,<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> wich fi lead to difficulties in standing up.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> By de age of 12, chaw individuals plus Duchenne muscular dystrophy be unable to walk.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Affected muscles fi appear larger secof an increase insyd fat content,<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> den [[scoliosis]] be common.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Sam individuals fi experience [[intellectual disability]],<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> den females wey dey carry a single copy of de mutated gene fi show mild symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> == References == m86e9n2nx0nx7ywr9su6z57m4imuq9x 115445 115435 2026-10-30T23:07:23Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Duchenne muscular dystrophy''' ('''DMD''') be a severe type of [[muscular dystrophy]] wey predominantly dey affect males. De onset of muscle weakness typically dey begin around age four, plus rapid progression. Initially, muscle loss dey occur insyd de thighs den pelvis, wey dey extend to de arms,<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> wich fi lead to difficulties in standing up.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> By de age of 12, chaw individuals plus Duchenne muscular dystrophy be unable to walk.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Affected muscles fi appear larger secof an increase insyd fat content,<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> den [[scoliosis]] be common.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Sam individuals fi experience [[intellectual disability]],<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> den females wey dey carry a single copy of de mutated gene fi show mild symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be caused by mutations anaa deletions insyd any of de 79 [[exon]]s encoding de large [[dystrophin]] [[protein]], wich be essential for maintaining de muscle fibers dema [[cell membrane]] integrity.<ref name=NIH2016Re /> De disorder dey follow an [[X-linked recessive inheritance]] pattern, plus approximately two-thirds of cases [[Heredity|inherited]] from de mommie den one-third wey dey result from a new [[mutation]].<ref name=NIH2016Re /> Diagnosis frequently fi be made at birth thru [[genetic testing]], den elevated [[creatine kinase]] levels insyd de [[blood]] be indicative of de condition.<ref name=NIH2016Re /> == References == <references /> == External links == tmdz64om9ucyvbr0j57gtrzrn765d07 115446 115445 2026-10-30T23:14:47Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Duchenne muscular dystrophy''' ('''DMD''') be a severe type of [[muscular dystrophy]] wey predominantly dey affect males. De onset of muscle weakness typically dey begin around age four, plus rapid progression. Initially, muscle loss dey occur insyd de thighs den pelvis, wey dey extend to de arms,<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> wich fi lead to difficulties in standing up.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> By de age of 12, chaw individuals plus Duchenne muscular dystrophy be unable to walk.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Affected muscles fi appear larger secof an increase insyd fat content,<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> den [[scoliosis]] be common.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Sam individuals fi experience [[intellectual disability]],<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> den females wey dey carry a single copy of de mutated gene fi show mild symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be caused by mutations anaa deletions insyd any of de 79 [[exon]]s encoding de large [[dystrophin]] [[protein]], wich be essential for maintaining de muscle fibers dema [[cell membrane]] integrity.<ref name=NIH2016Re /> De disorder dey follow an [[X-linked recessive inheritance]] pattern, plus approximately two-thirds of cases [[Heredity|inherited]] from de mommie den one-third wey dey result from a new [[mutation]].<ref name=NIH2016Re /> Diagnosis frequently fi be made at birth thru [[genetic testing]], den elevated [[creatine kinase]] levels insyd de [[blood]] be indicative of de condition.<ref name=NIH2016Re /> While der be no known cure, management strategies such as [[physical therapy]], [[Orthopaedic brace|braces]], den corrective surgery fi alleviate symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016" /> [[Assisted ventilation]] fi be required insyd those plus weakness of [[muscles of respiration|breathing muscles]].<ref name=NIH2016Re /> Several drugs dem design to address de root cause be currently available wey dey include [[gene therapy]] ([[Delandistrogene moxeparvovec|Elevidys]]), den [[Antisense therapy|antisense drugs]] ([[Ataluren]], [[Eteplirsen]] etc.).<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Oda medications dem use dey include [[glucocorticoid]]s ([[Deflazacort]], [[Vamorolone]]); [[calcium channel blockers]] ([[Diltiazem]]); to slow skeletal den cardiac muscle degeneration, [[anticonvulsants]] to control [[seizure]]s den sam muscle activity, den [[Histone deacetylase inhibitor]]s ([[Givinostat]]) to delay damage to dying [[muscle cell]]s.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="NIH2016Re" /> == References == <references /> == External links == dfxjxbst1wpmcuq07y55psgxhuabomj 115447 115446 2026-10-30T23:36:12Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Duchenne muscular dystrophy''' ('''DMD''') be a severe type of [[muscular dystrophy]] wey predominantly dey affect males. De onset of muscle weakness typically dey begin around age four, plus rapid progression. Initially, muscle loss dey occur insyd de thighs den pelvis, wey dey extend to de arms,<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> wich fi lead to difficulties in standing up.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> By de age of 12, chaw individuals plus Duchenne muscular dystrophy be unable to walk.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Affected muscles fi appear larger secof an increase insyd fat content,<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> den [[scoliosis]] be common.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Sam individuals fi experience [[intellectual disability]],<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> den females wey dey carry a single copy of de mutated gene fi show mild symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be caused by mutations anaa deletions insyd any of de 79 [[exon]]s encoding de large [[dystrophin]] [[protein]], wich be essential for maintaining de muscle fibers dema [[cell membrane]] integrity.<ref name=NIH2016Re /> De disorder dey follow an [[X-linked recessive inheritance]] pattern, plus approximately two-thirds of cases [[Heredity|inherited]] from de mommie den one-third wey dey result from a new [[mutation]].<ref name=NIH2016Re /> Diagnosis frequently fi be made at birth thru [[genetic testing]], den elevated [[creatine kinase]] levels insyd de [[blood]] be indicative of de condition.<ref name=NIH2016Re /> While der be no known cure, management strategies such as [[physical therapy]], [[Orthopaedic brace|braces]], den corrective surgery fi alleviate symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016" /> [[Assisted ventilation]] fi be required insyd those plus weakness of [[muscles of respiration|breathing muscles]].<ref name=NIH2016Re /> Several drugs dem design to address de root cause be currently available wey dey include [[gene therapy]] ([[Delandistrogene moxeparvovec|Elevidys]]), den [[Antisense therapy|antisense drugs]] ([[Ataluren]], [[Eteplirsen]] etc.).<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Oda medications dem use dey include [[glucocorticoid]]s ([[Deflazacort]], [[Vamorolone]]); [[calcium channel blockers]] ([[Diltiazem]]); to slow skeletal den cardiac muscle degeneration, [[anticonvulsants]] to control [[seizure]]s den sam muscle activity, den [[Histone deacetylase inhibitor]]s ([[Givinostat]]) to delay damage to dying [[muscle cell]]s.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Various figures of de occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy be reported. One source dey report say e dey affect about one insyd 3,500 to 6,000 males at birth insyd de U.S.,<ref name=NIH2016Re /> (anaa 17 to 29 per 100,000 U.S. male births). Anoda source dey report Duchenne muscular dystrophy be a rare disease wey e get an occurrence of 7.1 per 100,000 male births globally.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Crisafulli S, Sultana J, Fontana A, Salvo F, Messina S, Trifirò G |title=Global epidemiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=141 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32503598 |pmc=7275323 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01430-8 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> A number of sources dem reference insyd dis article dey indicate an occurrence of 6 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2017 |title=Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) |url=https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Muscular Dystrophy Association |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174432/https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == aaax2qqi5mmr476mjxagmwsnflolle6 115448 115447 2026-10-31T00:09:07Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Duchenne muscular dystrophy''' ('''DMD''') be a severe type of [[muscular dystrophy]] wey predominantly dey affect males.<ref name="NIH2016Re2">{{cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 2013 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193837/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>[https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research.pdf nih.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193903/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research.pdf|date=31 March 2024}} </ref> De onset of muscle weakness typically dey begin around age four, plus rapid progression. Initially, muscle loss dey occur insyd de thighs den pelvis, wey dey extend to de arms,<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> wich fi lead to difficulties in standing up.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> By de age of 12, chaw individuals plus Duchenne muscular dystrophy be unable to walk.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Affected muscles fi appear larger secof an increase insyd fat content,<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> den [[scoliosis]] be common.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Sam individuals fi experience [[intellectual disability]],<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> den females wey dey carry a single copy of de mutated gene fi show mild symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be caused by mutations anaa deletions insyd any of de 79 [[exon]]s encoding de large [[dystrophin]] [[protein]], wich be essential for maintaining de muscle fibers dema [[cell membrane]] integrity.<ref name=NIH2016Re /> De disorder dey follow an [[X-linked recessive inheritance]] pattern, plus approximately two-thirds of cases [[Heredity|inherited]] from de mommie den one-third wey dey result from a new [[mutation]].<ref name=NIH2016Re /> Diagnosis frequently fi be made at birth thru [[genetic testing]], den elevated [[creatine kinase]] levels insyd de [[blood]] be indicative of de condition.<ref name=NIH2016Re /> While der be no known cure, management strategies such as [[physical therapy]], [[Orthopaedic brace|braces]], den corrective surgery fi alleviate symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016" /> [[Assisted ventilation]] fi be required insyd those plus weakness of [[muscles of respiration|breathing muscles]].<ref name=NIH2016Re /> Several drugs dem design to address de root cause be currently available wey dey include [[gene therapy]] ([[Delandistrogene moxeparvovec|Elevidys]]), den [[Antisense therapy|antisense drugs]] ([[Ataluren]], [[Eteplirsen]] etc.).<ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Oda medications dem use dey include [[glucocorticoid]]s ([[Deflazacort]], [[Vamorolone]]); [[calcium channel blockers]] ([[Diltiazem]]); to slow skeletal den cardiac muscle degeneration, [[anticonvulsants]] to control [[seizure]]s den sam muscle activity, den [[Histone deacetylase inhibitor]]s ([[Givinostat]]) to delay damage to dying [[muscle cell]]s.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="NIH2016Re" /> Various figures of de occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy be reported. One source dey report say e dey affect about one insyd 3,500 to 6,000 males at birth insyd de U.S.,<ref name=NIH2016Re /> (anaa 17 to 29 per 100,000 U.S. male births). Anoda source dey report Duchenne muscular dystrophy be a rare disease wey e get an occurrence of 7.1 per 100,000 male births globally.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Crisafulli S, Sultana J, Fontana A, Salvo F, Messina S, Trifirò G |title=Global epidemiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=141 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32503598 |pmc=7275323 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01430-8 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> A number of sources dem reference insyd dis article dey indicate an occurrence of 6 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2017 |title=Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) |url=https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Muscular Dystrophy Association |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174432/https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |url-status=live}}</ref> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be de most common type of muscular dystrophy,<ref name=NIH2016Re /> plus a median [[life expectancy]] of 27–31 years.<ref name="LE" /><ref name="DM" /> However, plus comprehensive care, sam individuals fi live into dema 30s anaa 40s.<ref name=NIH2016Re /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be considerably rarer insyd females, wey dey occur insyd approximately one insyd 50,000,000 live female births.<ref name="Noz2016" /> == References == <references /> == External links == 76bsqqt7n0lef7l5353zygmjzfsneol 0 31179 115436 2026-10-30T19:57:22Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378872135|Hydrochlorothiazide]]" 115436 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hydrochlorothiazide''', dem sell under de brand name '''Hydrodiuril''' among odas, be a diuretic medication dem use to treat [[hypertension]] den [[Edema|swelling due to fluid build-up]].<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Oda uses dey include treating diabetes insipidus den renal tubular acidosis den to decrease de risk of kidney stones insyd hypercalciuria.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Dem dey take hydrochlorothiazide by mouth den fi be combined plus oda blood pressure medications as a single pill to increase effectiveness.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Hydrochlorothiazide |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrochlorothiazide.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> Hydrochlorothiazide be a thiazide medication wich dey inhibit reabsorption of sodium den chloride ions from de distal convoluted tubules of de kidneys, wey dey cause a natriuresis.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="wright">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wright JM, Musini VM, Gill R |date=April 2018 |title=First-line drugs for hypertension |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3 |pmc=6513559 |pmid=29667175 |article-number=CD001841}}</ref> Dis initially dey increase urine volume den dey lower blood volume.<ref name="Du2010" /> Dem dey believe e dey reduce peripheral vascular resistance.<ref name="Du2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM |date=June 2010 |title=Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics |journal=Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=793–802 |doi=10.1586/erc.10.27 |pmc=2904515 |pmid=20528637 |id=NIHMSID: NIHMS215063}}</ref> == References == 91gul5xsgue2k21j5fp3diwkkc0vkg4 115437 115436 2026-10-30T20:04:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydrochlorothiazide''', dem sell under de brand name '''Hydrodiuril''' among odas, be a diuretic medication dem use to treat [[hypertension]] den [[Edema|swelling due to fluid build-up]].<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Oda uses dey include treating diabetes insipidus den renal tubular acidosis den to decrease de risk of kidney stones insyd hypercalciuria.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Dem dey take hydrochlorothiazide by mouth den fi be combined plus oda blood pressure medications as a single pill to increase effectiveness.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Hydrochlorothiazide |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrochlorothiazide.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> Hydrochlorothiazide be a thiazide medication wich dey inhibit reabsorption of sodium den chloride ions from de distal convoluted tubules of de kidneys, wey dey cause a natriuresis.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="wright">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wright JM, Musini VM, Gill R |date=April 2018 |title=First-line drugs for hypertension |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3 |pmc=6513559 |pmid=29667175 |article-number=CD001841}}</ref> Dis initially dey increase urine volume den dey lower blood volume.<ref name="Du2010" /> Dem dey believe e dey reduce peripheral vascular resistance.<ref name="Du2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM |date=June 2010 |title=Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics |journal=Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=793–802 |doi=10.1586/erc.10.27 |pmc=2904515 |pmid=20528637 |id=NIHMSID: NIHMS215063}}</ref> Potential side effects dey include poor kidney function, [[electrolyte imbalance]]s, wey dey include [[hypokalemia|low blood potassium]], den, less commonly, [[hyponatremia|low blood sodium]], [[gout]], [[hyperglycemia|high blood sugar]], den [[orthostatic hypotension|feeling lightheaded plus standing]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> == References == <references /> == External links == 06ytw2168i2d4prwyofrh90orzdxotq 115438 115437 2026-10-30T20:06:49Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydrochlorothiazide''', dem sell under de brand name '''Hydrodiuril''' among odas, be a diuretic medication dem use to treat [[hypertension]] den [[Edema|swelling due to fluid build-up]].<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Oda uses dey include treating diabetes insipidus den renal tubular acidosis den to decrease de risk of kidney stones insyd hypercalciuria.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Dem dey take hydrochlorothiazide by mouth den fi be combined plus oda blood pressure medications as a single pill to increase effectiveness.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Hydrochlorothiazide |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrochlorothiazide.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> Hydrochlorothiazide be a thiazide medication wich dey inhibit reabsorption of sodium den chloride ions from de distal convoluted tubules of de kidneys, wey dey cause a natriuresis.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="wright">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wright JM, Musini VM, Gill R |date=April 2018 |title=First-line drugs for hypertension |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3 |pmc=6513559 |pmid=29667175 |article-number=CD001841}}</ref> Dis initially dey increase urine volume den dey lower blood volume.<ref name="Du2010" /> Dem dey believe e dey reduce peripheral vascular resistance.<ref name="Du2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM |date=June 2010 |title=Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics |journal=Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=793–802 |doi=10.1586/erc.10.27 |pmc=2904515 |pmid=20528637 |id=NIHMSID: NIHMS215063}}</ref> Potential side effects dey include poor kidney function, [[electrolyte imbalance]]s, wey dey include [[hypokalemia|low blood potassium]], den, less commonly, [[hyponatremia|low blood sodium]], [[gout]], [[hyperglycemia|high blood sugar]], den [[orthostatic hypotension|feeling lightheaded plus standing]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> Two companies, [[Merck & Co.]] den [[Ciba Specialty Chemicals]], state na dem discover de medication wich cam be commercially available insyd 1959.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ravina E |title=The evolution of drug discovery: from traditional medicines to modern drugs|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-VCH |location=Weinheim |isbn=978-3-527-32669-3 |page=74|edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA74|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110034441/https://books.google.ca/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA74|archive-date=10 January 2015}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> E be available as a [[generic drug]]<ref name=AHFS2015/> wey e be relatively affordable.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best drugs to treat high blood pressure The least expensive medications may be the best for many people|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2011/03/best-drugs-to-treat-high-blood-pressure/index.htm|access-date=10 January 2015|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103054653/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2011/03/best-drugs-to-treat-high-blood-pressure/index.htm|archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de sixteenth most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 31{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Hydrochlorothiazide Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydrochlorothiazide | access-date = 12 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == crt0lsq933sgn6u2bo6oueslbvo3ee9 115439 115438 2026-10-30T20:10:07Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydrochlorothiazide''', dem sell under de brand name '''Hydrodiuril''' among odas, be a diuretic medication dem use to treat [[hypertension]] den [[Edema|swelling due to fluid build-up]].<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Oda uses dey include treating diabetes insipidus den renal tubular acidosis den to decrease de risk of kidney stones insyd hypercalciuria.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Dem dey take hydrochlorothiazide by mouth den fi be combined plus oda blood pressure medications as a single pill to increase effectiveness.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Hydrochlorothiazide |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrochlorothiazide.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> Hydrochlorothiazide be a thiazide medication wich dey inhibit reabsorption of sodium den chloride ions from de distal convoluted tubules of de kidneys, wey dey cause a natriuresis.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="wright">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wright JM, Musini VM, Gill R |date=April 2018 |title=First-line drugs for hypertension |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3 |pmc=6513559 |pmid=29667175 |article-number=CD001841}}</ref> Dis initially dey increase urine volume den dey lower blood volume.<ref name="Du2010" /> Dem dey believe e dey reduce peripheral vascular resistance.<ref name="Du2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM |date=June 2010 |title=Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics |journal=Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=793–802 |doi=10.1586/erc.10.27 |pmc=2904515 |pmid=20528637 |id=NIHMSID: NIHMS215063}}</ref> Potential side effects dey include poor kidney function, [[electrolyte imbalance]]s, wey dey include [[hypokalemia|low blood potassium]], den, less commonly, [[hyponatremia|low blood sodium]], [[gout]], [[hyperglycemia|high blood sugar]], den [[orthostatic hypotension|feeling lightheaded plus standing]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> Two companies, [[Merck & Co.]] den [[Ciba Specialty Chemicals]], state na dem discover de medication wich cam be commercially available insyd 1959.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ravina E |title=The evolution of drug discovery: from traditional medicines to modern drugs|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-VCH |location=Weinheim |isbn=978-3-527-32669-3 |page=74|edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA74|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110034441/https://books.google.ca/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA74|archive-date=10 January 2015}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> E be available as a [[generic drug]]<ref name=AHFS2015/> wey e be relatively affordable.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best drugs to treat high blood pressure The least expensive medications may be the best for many people|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2011/03/best-drugs-to-treat-high-blood-pressure/index.htm|access-date=10 January 2015|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103054653/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2011/03/best-drugs-to-treat-high-blood-pressure/index.htm|archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de sixteenth most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 31{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Hydrochlorothiazide Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydrochlorothiazide | access-date = 12 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators]] [[Category:Antihypertensive agents]] [[Category:Benzothiadiazines]] [[Category:Drugs wey Merck develop]] [[Category:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors]] [[Category:Diuretics]] [[Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens]] [[Category:Sulfonamides]] [[Category:Thiazides]] [[Category:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Sultams]] [[Category:Chloroarenes]] sqfbx40vz60v4rxugmkfzq4v2sqrhwq 115443 115439 2026-10-30T20:11:18Z DaSupremo 9 added [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 115443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydrochlorothiazide''', dem sell under de brand name '''Hydrodiuril''' among odas, be a diuretic medication dem use to treat [[hypertension]] den [[Edema|swelling due to fluid build-up]].<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Oda uses dey include treating diabetes insipidus den renal tubular acidosis den to decrease de risk of kidney stones insyd hypercalciuria.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Dem dey take hydrochlorothiazide by mouth den fi be combined plus oda blood pressure medications as a single pill to increase effectiveness.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Hydrochlorothiazide |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrochlorothiazide.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> Hydrochlorothiazide be a thiazide medication wich dey inhibit reabsorption of sodium den chloride ions from de distal convoluted tubules of de kidneys, wey dey cause a natriuresis.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="wright">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wright JM, Musini VM, Gill R |date=April 2018 |title=First-line drugs for hypertension |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3 |pmc=6513559 |pmid=29667175 |article-number=CD001841}}</ref> Dis initially dey increase urine volume den dey lower blood volume.<ref name="Du2010" /> Dem dey believe e dey reduce peripheral vascular resistance.<ref name="Du2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM |date=June 2010 |title=Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics |journal=Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=793–802 |doi=10.1586/erc.10.27 |pmc=2904515 |pmid=20528637 |id=NIHMSID: NIHMS215063}}</ref> Potential side effects dey include poor kidney function, [[electrolyte imbalance]]s, wey dey include [[hypokalemia|low blood potassium]], den, less commonly, [[hyponatremia|low blood sodium]], [[gout]], [[hyperglycemia|high blood sugar]], den [[orthostatic hypotension|feeling lightheaded plus standing]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> Two companies, [[Merck & Co.]] den [[Ciba Specialty Chemicals]], state na dem discover de medication wich cam be commercially available insyd 1959.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ravina E |title=The evolution of drug discovery: from traditional medicines to modern drugs|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-VCH |location=Weinheim |isbn=978-3-527-32669-3 |page=74|edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA74|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110034441/https://books.google.ca/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA74|archive-date=10 January 2015}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> E be available as a [[generic drug]]<ref name=AHFS2015/> wey e be relatively affordable.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best drugs to treat high blood pressure The least expensive medications may be the best for many people|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2011/03/best-drugs-to-treat-high-blood-pressure/index.htm|access-date=10 January 2015|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103054653/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2011/03/best-drugs-to-treat-high-blood-pressure/index.htm|archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de sixteenth most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 31{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Hydrochlorothiazide Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydrochlorothiazide | access-date = 12 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators]] [[Category:Antihypertensive agents]] [[Category:Benzothiadiazines]] [[Category:Drugs wey Merck develop]] [[Category:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors]] [[Category:Diuretics]] [[Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens]] [[Category:Sulfonamides]] [[Category:Thiazides]] [[Category:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Sultams]] [[Category:Chloroarenes]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ajbww8i86ss25wrs4qygdwulkadukh2 14 31180 115440 2026-10-30T20:10:31Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115440 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31181 115441 2026-10-30T20:10:42Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115441 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31182 115442 2026-10-30T20:10:52Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115442 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31183 115444 2026-10-30T20:11:30Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115444 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1