Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1171 115468 79754 2026-11-01T19:04:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q16146343}} '''Adjetey Anang''' (dem born am 8 July 1973) be [[Ghanaian|Ghanaian actor]], he be famous as '''"Pusher"''', name wey na he dey use for de television series ''Things We Do for Love'' insyd. He marry Elom wey dem born one kiddie.<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20211021094329/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201409/214376.php "Be Bold And Declare Your Spouse, Adjetey Anang"]. Peace FM online. Retrieved 2018-09-21</ref><ref name=":1">Tetteh, O. (2020-05-27). [https://yen.com.gh/157911-adjetey-anang-flaunts-grown-son-him.html "Adjetey Anang shares photo of his all-grown-up son who looks just like him"]. ''Yen.com.gh - Ghana news''. Retrieved 2021-02-27.</ref> He feature for chaw Ghanaian movies insyd wey dey include ''Deadly Voyage'', ''A Sting in a Tale'', ''The Perfect Picture'' den others. He sanso feature for some Dutch movie wey dem dey call am ''Slavery''.<ref name=":0">[https://www.modernghana.com/music/10654/3/exclusive-interview-with-adjetey-pusher-anang.html "Exclusive Interview With Adjetey "Pusher" Anang"]. modernghana.com. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</ref> == Ein educational life == Adjetey Anang go secondary school for Labone Senior High School den proceed go [[University of Ghana]], wey he go study Fine Arts. He further go study ein masters for Dramatic Arts for Wits University wey dey Johannesburg.<ref name=":0" /> == Ein career == Anang star for Ghanaian TV series Yolo insyd wey dey advice den direct de youth for adolescence, etc.<ref>Ayub, Simon (2020-06-23). [https://yen.com.gh/160103-yolo-cast-full-list-real-names-photos.html "A comprehensive overview of YOLO cast: names, images"]. ''Yen.com.gh - Ghana news''. Retrieved 2021-02-27.</ref> == Ein life matter == Anang marry Elom Anang wey dem get son.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ein filmography == * ''Broken Heart'' (1999) * ''Things We Do For Love'' (2000) * ''Life and Living it (2009)''<ref>[https://www.talkafricanmovies.com/life-and-living-it/ "LIFE AND LIVING IT"]. ''Talk African Movies''. 2013-09-13. Retrieved 2021-03-06.</ref> * ''The Perfect Picture'' (2009)<ref>''[[imdbtitle:1929410|The Perfect Picture]]'', retrieved 2018-11-20</ref><ref>[https://www.bellanaija.com/2009/04/the-perfect-picture-breaks-new-ground-in-ghanaian-cinema/ "'The Perfect Picture' breaks new ground in Ghanaian Cinema - BellaNaija"]. ''www.bellanaija.com''. 6 April 2009. Retrieved 2018-11-20.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181120180623/http://africa-archive.com/gh/the-perfect-picture "The Perfect Picture | African Film"]. ''africa-archive.com''. Retrieved 2018-11-20.</ref> * ''A sting in a tale'' (2009)<ref>''[[imdbtitle:1571963|A Sting in a Tale]]'', retrieved 2018-11-20</ref> * ''Adams Apples :The Family Ties'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples :Musical Chairs'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples :Torn'' (2011) * ''Adam Apples :Twisted connections'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples :Duplicity'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples :Confessions'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples :Showdown'' (2011) * ''Adams Apples :Fight or Flight'' (2012) * ''Adams Apples :New Beginnings'' (2012) * ''Adams Apples :Rescue Mission'' (2012) * ''The pledge :Ghana will not burn'' (2012) * ''Potomanto'' (2013)<ref>''[[imdbtitle:3455108|Potomanto]]'', retrieved 2018-11-20</ref> * ''Double Cross'' (2014)<ref>''[[imdbtitle:4962276|Double-Cross]]'', retrieved 2018-11-20</ref> * ''Devil in the Detail'' (2014)<ref>''[[imdbtitle:3568084|Devil in the Detail]]'', retrieved 2018-11-20</ref> * ''Kintampo'' (2017) * ''Sink or Swim :The Perilous Journey'' (2017) * ''Potomanto''<ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/sparrow-productions-bounces-back-with-four-big-things/ "Sparrow Productions bounces back with 'Four Big Things' - MyJoyOnline.com"]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 2021-02-03.</ref> * My Very Ghanaian Wedding (2017)<ref>[https://newsghana.com.gh/my-very-ghanaian-wedding-to-hit-screens-soon/ ""My Very Ghanaian Wedding" to hit Screens soon | News Ghana"]. ''Ghana News''. Retrieved 2022-02-20.</ref> * ''Potato Potahto'' (2017)<ref>''[[imdbtitle:6950250|Potato Potahto]]'', retrieved 2018-11-20</ref><ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/shirley-frimpong-mansoaes-potato-potahto-makes-it-to-netflix/ "Shirley Frimpong-Manso's 'Potato Potahto' makes it to Netflix - MyJoyOnline.com"]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 2021-02-03.</ref> * ''Keteke'' (2017)<ref>''[[imdbtitle:7613260|Keteke]]'', retrieved 2018-11-20</ref> * ''[[Sidechic Gang]]'' (2018)<ref>''[[imdbtitle:7859254|Sidechic Gang]]'', retrieved 2018-11-20</ref> * Yolo * ''Sin City (2019)''<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Yvonne-Nelson-premieres-Sin-City-on-Val-s-Day-715025 "Yvonne Nelson premieres Sin City on Val's Day"]. 14 January 2019.</ref> * ''Sugar'' * ''Gold Coast Lounge'' (2019)<ref>''[[imdbtitle:10508774|Gold Coast Lounge (2020)]] - IMDb'', retrieved 2021-03-06</ref> * ''Citation'' (2020) * ''Aloe Vera'' (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter Sedufia premieres new movie 'Aloe Vera' on March 6|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/03/peter-sedufia-premieres-new-movie-aloe-vera-on-march-6/|date=2020-03-02|access-date=2025-03-15|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Our Jesus Story'' (2020) * ”Dede” (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shirley Frimpong-Manso tells the Ghanaian love story with her first telenovela, Dede - MyJoyOnline|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/shirley-frimpong-manso-tells-the-ghanaian-love-story-with-her-first-telenovela-dede/|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=2025-03-15|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ein awards == Adjetey Anang chop chaw fans secof ein role for ''Things We Do For Love'' insyd. He sanso chop awards wey dey include An Arts Critique and Review Association of Ghana (ACRAG) Talent Award den Ghana Union of Theatre Societies (GUTS) Best Actor Award.<ref name=":0" /> Dem nominate am for de Best Supporting Actor category insyd for de 8th Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards insyd sake of ein role for ''Gold Coast Lounge'' insyd.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-60818021/ "2022 Africa Magic Awards Nominees don land- See who dey list"]. ''BBC News Pidgin''. Retrieved 2022-03-26.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Ghana celeb]] [[Category:Ghanaian actors]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:Ghanaian male film actors]] [[Category:Best Supporting Actor Africa Movie Academy Award winners]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian male actors]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] b0nle5t96takl8lg8dokmgmy0aacw2b 0 1175 115469 103835 2026-11-01T19:05:44Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q50828855}} De '''African Continental Free Trade Area''' ('''AfCFTA''')<ref>Loes Witschge (March 20, 2018). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta-180317191954318.html "African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know"]. ''Al Jazeera''.</ref> be free trade area wey edey encompass most of Africa.<ref name=":7">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43489255 "African states agree massive trade bloc"]. ''BBC News''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-21/africa-set-to-agree-3-trillion-trade-bloc-without-key-economy "Africa Set to Agree $3 Trillion Trade Bloc, Without Key Economy"]. ''Bloomberg.com''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.</ref><ref>AfricaNews. [http://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement/ "Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement | Africanews"]. ''Africanews''. Retrieved March 21, 2018</ref> Dem establish am insyd 2018 by de '''African Continental Free Trade Agreement''', wey get 43 parties den another 11 signatories, wey emake am de largest free-trade area plus ein number of member states, after de World Trade Organization,<ref>Justina Crabtree (March 20, 2018). [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/20/africa-leaders-to-form-largest-free-trade-area-since-the-wto.html "Africa is on the verge of forming the largest free trade area since the World Trade Organization"]. ''CNBC''.</ref> den de largest as we dey talk for population den geographic size wey edey span 1.3 billion manners across de worlds second largest continent. De agreement wey come found AfCFTA dem broke am by de African Union (AU) den sign am by 44 of ein 55 member states for Kigali, Rwanda on 21 March 2018.<ref name=":0">[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21739224-nigeria-among-protectionist-holdouts-forty-four-african-countries-sign "Forty-four African countries sign a free-trade deal"]. ''The Economist''. March 22, 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.arabnews.com/node/1270936/business-economy "44 African nations sign pact establishing free trade area"]. ''Arab News''. March 21, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2019.</ref> Dema proposal come into after 30 days of ratification by 22 of de signatory states.<ref name=":0" /> Insyd 29 April 2019,<ref>Abdi Latif Dahir (April 3, 2019). [https://qz.com/africa/1586526/africa-free-trade-deal-gets-gambia-signature-to-go-into-force/ "Africa's historic free trade deal now has enough countries signed up to go into force"]. ''Quartz Africa''.</ref> de Saharawi Republic make de 22 deposit for instruments of ratification, wey dem carry de agreement into effect for May 30; ego enter ein operational phase as edey follow a summit for 7 July 2019,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190602063054/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190429/afcfta-agreement-secures-minimum-threshold-22-ratification-sierra-leone-and "AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments"]. African Union. April 29, 2019.</ref> den officially dem start am for 1 January 2021. AfCFTA ein negotiations den implementation dem oversee am by a permanent secretariat wey dey insyd Accra, Ghana.<ref name=":1">[https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/african-continental-free-trade-area U.S. International Trade Administration, African Continental Free Trade Area] (3 January 2022).</ref><ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/akufo-addo-commissions-and-hands-over-afcfta-secretariat-to-au-commission/ "Akufo-Addo commissions and hands-over AfCFTA secretariat to AU commission"]. ''Joy online''. Retrieved December 2, 2020.</ref> Under dema agreement, AfCFTA members be commit say dem go eliminate tariffs for most goods den services for a period of 5, 10, or 13 years, wey edey depend on de country ein level of development or ein nature of products.<ref name=":1" /> Dema general long-term objectives dey include creating a single, liberalized market; reduce barriers give dema capital and labour wey ego facilitate investment; develop regional infrastructure; den establish continental customs union.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230520213136/https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/2162-afcfta-agreement-legally-scrubbed-version-signed-16-may-2018/file.html "Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area"]</ref> De overall aims wey AfCFTA dey carry be increase for socioeconomic development, reduce poverty, den make Africa more competitive for de global economy. Insyd January 13, 2022, AfCFTA dey take a major step towards ein objective plus de establishment of de Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS) wey dey allow payment plus companies wey dey insyd Africa gonna be done for ein local currency.<ref name=":1" /> == Dema History == === Dema Background === For 1963 insyd, de Organization of Africa Unity dem establish am by de independent state for Africa. De OAU dey aim say ego promote cooperation give African states. De 1980 Lagos Plan of Action wey dem adopt am by de organization. De plan dem suggest be say Africa go minimize ein reliance for de West as dem dey promote intra-African trade. Dis dem start as dem dey create number of regional cooperation organization give different regions for Africa, wey de Southern African Development Coordination Conference. Dis lead am go Abuja Treaty insyd 1991, wey dem create de African Economic Community, ebe organization wey dey promote development for free trade areas, customs unions, African Central Bank den African common currency union.<ref name=":2">[https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/webditc2016d7_en.pdf "African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods"] (PDF). ''unctad.org''. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230423210920/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190704/african-union-will-launch-operational-phase-afcfta-summit-niger "African Union will launch operational phase of the AfCFTA at Summit in Niger"]. ''African Union''. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</ref> Insyd 2002, de OAU dem change am wey e cam turn African Union (AU) wey eget one of ein goals be say ego accelerate de "economic integration for de continent".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200415235637/https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf "Constitutive Act of the African Union"] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. Retrieved July 8, 2019. <q>Article 3c: "accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;"</q></ref> Dema second goal be "coordinate den harmonise de policies between dema existing den future Regional Economic Communities for de gradual attainment give objective for de Union."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200415235637/https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf "Constitutive Act of the African Union"] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. Retrieved July 8, 2019. <q>Article 3 (l): "coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;"</q></ref> === Dema Negotiations === For de 2012 African Union summit for Addis Ababa, leaders for Africa agree say dem go create a new Continental Free Trade Area by 2017. At de 2015 AU summit for Johannesburg, de summit agree say edey start ein negotiations. Dis come start plenty of ein ten negotiating sessions wey etake place for over ein next three years.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Signé, Landry; van der Ven, Colette (May 2019). [https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Keys_to_success_for_AfCFTA.pdf "Keys to success for the AfCFTA negotiations"] (PDF). ''Brookings''. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</ref> Dema first negotiation forum dem do am insyd February 2016 den do dema eight meetings wey until de Summit insyd March 2018 for Kigali. From February 2017, de technical working groups go organize four meetings, wey de technical issues wey dem discuss den implement insyd de draft. On March 8-9, 2018 de African Union Ministers of Trade Union Ministers of Trade approved de draft.<ref>tralac, trade law centre. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190507061138/https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents"]. ''tralac.org''. Retrieved March 28, 2018.</ref> === 2018 Kigali Summit === Insyd March 2018, insyd dema 10th Extraordinary Session for de African Union on AfCFTA, three separate agreements wey dey signed: de African Continental Free Trade Agreement, de Kigali Declaration; den de Protocol on Free Movement of Persons. De Protocol give de Free Movement for Persons wey dey seek say dem go establish visa-free zone within de AfCFTA countries, den support de creation for African Union Passport.<ref>Gwatiwa, Tshepo T.; Sam, Michael Noel (March 14, 2018). [https://theconversation.com/how-the-free-movement-of-people-could-benefit-africa-92057 "How the free movement of people could benefit Africa"]. ''The Conversation''. Retrieved July 7, 2019.</ref> At de summit insyd Kigali on 21 March 2018, 44 countries go sign de AfCFTA , 47 sign de Kigali Declaration, den 30 sign de Protocol for Free Movement for People. While emake successful, wey two notable holdout: Nigeria den South Africa, de two largest economies insyd Africa.<ref>Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (March 21, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604203539/https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/21/forty-four-countries-sign-historic-africa-union-free-trade-agreement/ "Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement"]. ''AfricaNews''. Retrieved July 7, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230604073152/https://www.tralac.org/resources/our-resources/6730-continental-free-trade-area-cfta.html "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents"]. ''Tralac''. Tralac Trade Law Centre. Retrieved July 7, 2019.</ref><ref name=":8">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230520052416/https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/african-union-resources.html "African Union Legal Resources and Policy Documents"]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</ref> One complicating factor insyd de negotiations be dat Africa gey already dem divide am into eight separate free trade areas den/or customs unions, each plus different regulations. Dese regional bodies wey continue go exist; de African Continental Free Trade Agreement initially dey seek say ego reduce trade barriers between de different pillars wey African Economic Community, den eventually use regional organisation as dema building blocks for de ultimate goal for an Africa-wide customs union.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>Balima, Boureima (July 8, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-trade/economic-game-changer-african-leaders-launch-free-trade-zone-idUSKCN1U20BX "Economic 'game changer'? African leaders launch free-trade zone"]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</ref><ref name=":4">Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191214041329/https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?"]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Declaration signed at de 2018 Kigali Summit<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240419022613/https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african-union/1831-legal-instruments-signed-at-10th-extraordinary-summit-on-afcfta-21-march-2018/file.html "INDICATION OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS SIGNED AT THE 10TH EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY ON THE LAUNCH OF THE AFCFTA"]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</ref> !Country !Signed By !AfCFTA Consolidated Text (signature) !Kigali Declaration !Free Movement Protocol |- |[[Algeria]] |Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia |Yes |Yes |No |- |[[Angola]] |President João Lourenço |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Central African Republic]] |President Faustin Archange Touadéra |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Chad]] |President Idriss Déby |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Comoros]] |President Azali Assoumani |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Djibouti]] |President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh |Yes |Yes |No |- |[[Equatorial Guinea]] |Prime Minister Francisco Pascual Obama Asue |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Eswatini]] |Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini |Yes |Yes |No |- |[[Gabon]] |President Ali Bongo Ondimba |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Gambia]] |President Adama Barrow |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Ghana]] |President [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Ivory Coast]] |Vice President Daniel Kablan Duncan |Yes |No |No |- |[[Kenya]] |President Uhuru Kenyatta |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Lesotho]] |Prime Minister Tom Thabane |No |Yes |Yes |- |[[Mauritania]] |President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Morocco]] |Prime Minister Saadeddine Othmani |Yes |No |No |- |[[Mozambique]] |President Filipe Nyusi |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Niger]] |President Mahamadou Issoufou |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Republic of the Congo]] |President Denis Sassou Nguesso |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Rwanda]] |President Paul Kagame |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic |President Brahim Ghali |Yes |Yes |No |- |[[Senegal]] |President Macky Sall |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Seychelles]] |Vice President Vincent Meriton |Yes |Yes |No |- |[[South Africa]] |President Cyril Ramaphosa |No |Yes |No |- |[[Sudan]] |Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Tanzania]] |Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa |No |Yes |No |- |[[Uganda]] |President Yoweri Museveni |Yes |Yes |Yes |- |[[Zimbabwe]] |President Emmerson Mnangagwa |Yes |Yes |No |} === Drafting of further protocols === Negotiations go continue for insyd 2018 plus Phase II, wey edey include policies for investment, competition den intellectual property rights.<ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190403214541/https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33984-doc-qa_cfta_en_rev15march.pdf "African Continental Free Trade Area - Questions & Answers"] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 15, 2018. Archived from [https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33984-doc-qa_cfta_en_rev15march.pdf the original] (PDF) on April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2018.</ref> Insyd January 2020, AU Assembly negotiations dem see am as dem conclude am.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180629105428/https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/34055-ext_assembly_dec_1x_e26_march.pdf "Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)"] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 21, 2018.</ref> Dem expect de draft for January 2020 AU Assembly.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180629105428/https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/34055-ext_assembly_dec_1x_e26_march.pdf "Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)"] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. March 21, 2018.</ref> == Dema Institutions == Dem establish de following institutions say ego facilitate de implementation of de free trade area. For ein Phase II negotiations, dem go establish plenty committees as dem dey use dema protocols.<ref>Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191214041329/https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12869-how-will-the-afcfta-be-established-and-its-legal-instruments-be-implemented.html "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?"]. ''tralac Discussion''. trade law centre. Retrieved March 28, 2018.</ref> De AfCFTA Secretariat go be responsible for dema coordination for de implementation give de agreement den dem go be autonomous body wey dey insyd de AU system. Ego gey independent legal personality buh ego work plus de AU Commission den esan go receive ein budget from de AU. De Council of Ministers go be responsible for trade wey dem go decide de location for ein headquarters, ein structure, ein role den ein responsibilities.<ref name=":5" /> De Assembly of de African Union Heads of State den Government be ein highest decision-making body. Ebe likely say dem go meet during de AU Summits.<ref name=":6">Chidede, Talkmore (March 15, 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190531234057/https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/12838-the-legal-and-institutional-architecture-of-the-agreement-establishing-the-african-continental-free-trade-area.html "The legal and institutional architecture of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area"]. ''tralac Discussion''. trade law centre. Retrieved March 28, 2018.</ref> De Council of Ministers who be responsible for Trade de provide strategic trade policy oversight den esan dey ensure say dem implement den enforce de AfCFTA Agreement.<ref name=":6" /> Dem establish plenty committees for trade insyd goods, trade insyd services, rules of origin, trade remedies, non-tariff barriers, technical barriers to trade den on sanitary den phytosanitary measures. Dispute resolution rules den procedures dem still dey negotiate am, buh dem go add designation for de dispute resolution body. De Committee for Senior Trade Officials dey implement de Council's decisions. De Committee be responsible for ein development for de programs den action plans wey dem implement am for de AfCFTA Agreement.<ref name=":6" /> == Dema Implementation == De AfCFTA see say dem go implement am in phases, den some of de future phases still dey under negotiation.<ref name=":4" /> Phase I dey cover trade insyd goods den trade for services. Phase II dey cover intellectual property rights, investment den competition policy. Phase III dey cover E-Commerce. At de 2018 Kigali summit, areas of agreement wey dey find be trade protocols, dispute settlement procedures, customs cooperation, trade facilitation, den rules of origin. Dem san gey agreement say dem go reduce tariff for 90% for all goods. Each nation dey permit 3% goods from dis agreement.<ref name=":3" /> Dis be part of de Phase I of de agreement, wey dey cover goods den services liberalization. Some of de Phase I dey issues dey remain as dem dey negotiate say ego include de schedule de tariff concessions den other specific commitments.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> De 12th Extraordinary Session for de African Union on AfCFTA be call am to launch de new agreement as dem come operate de phase, wey dem host am for Niamey on 7 July 2019.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190602063054/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190429/afcfta-agreement-secures-minimum-threshold-22-ratification-sierra-leone-and "AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments"]. ''African Union''. April 29, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.</ref><ref name=":9">Meldrum, Andrew (July 7, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/e5ab779ada5e40c2a2ae782f844e519a "African leaders to launch continent-wide free trade zone"]. ''AP News''. Associated Press. Retrieved July 7, 2019.</ref> For de launch, five operational instruments wey dey govern de AfCFTA wey dem activate am: "de rules of origin; de online negotiating forum; de monitoring den elimination of non-tariff barriers; a digital payment system; den de African Trade Observatory."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230609151728/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190707/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched-niger-summit "Operational phase of the African Continental Free Trade Area is launched at Niger Summit of the African Union"]. ''African Union''. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</ref> Phase II den III negotiations dem expect am to be initiate am by all AU member countries den hold am in successive rounds. Insyd February 2020, de AU Assembly of Heads of State den Government decide say de Phase III dem go begin am immediately de conclusion of Phase II negotiations, wey dem initially schedule am to conclude insyd December 2020.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Buh, dema deadline delay sake of de COVID-19 pandemic in Africa, den new date be (December 31, 2021) be de new set deadline for de conclusion for Phase II den III negotiations. De AfCFTA officially buh largely symbolically launch am for January 1, 2021.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/1/after-months-of-covid-delays-african-free-trade-bloc-launches "After months of COVID delays, African free trade bloc launches"]. ''aljazeera.com''. Al Jazeera English. January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.</ref> == Dema Membership == Among de 55 AU member states, 44 sign de African Continental Free Trade Agreement (wey dem consolidate text), 47 sign de Kigali Declaration den 30 sign de Protocol on Free Movement of People for de end of de 2018 Kigali Summit. Benin, Botswana, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria den Zambia be among de 11 countries wey no sign dema initial agreement.<ref>Uwiringiyimana, Clement (March 21, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-trade/nigeria-keen-to-ensure-africa-trade-bloc-good-for-itself-president-idUSKBN1GX29V "Nigeria keen to ensure Africa trade bloc good for itself: president"]. Reuters.</ref> After de 2018 Kigali Summit insyd Nouakchott on 1 July 2018, South Africa (de second largest economy of Africa), Sierra Leone, Namibia, Lesotho den Burundi join de agreement.<ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/African-free-trade-area-agreement-signing/2560-4644458-nutmsnz/index.html "More countries sign the African free trade area agreement"]. ''The East African''. Retrieved April 7, 2019.</ref> Insyd February 2019, Guinea-Bissau, Zambia den Botswana san join. Kenya den Ghana be de first nations wey ratify de agreement, depositing dema ratification on 10 May 2018.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180511144610/https://au.int/en/newsevents/20180510/kenya-and-ghana-ratify-instruments-african-continental-free-trade-area "Kenya and Ghana to ratify instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area | African Union"]. ''au.int''. Archived from [https://au.int/en/newsevents/20180510/kenya-and-ghana-ratify-instruments-african-continental-free-trade-area the original] on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.</ref> Of de signatories, 22 need am to deposit de instrument of ratification for de agreement for am to come into effect, den dis occur am 29 April 2019 wen both Sierra Leone den de Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic de agreement.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190507061138/https://www.tralac.org/resources/by-region/cfta.html "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents"]. Retrieved October 30, 2019.</ref> As a result, de agreement come into force 30 days later on 30 May 2019. At dis point, only Nigeria (de continent ein largest economy), Eritrea den Benin no sign de agreement. President of Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari no dey feel say he go join de AfCFTA, he dey fear say ego hurt de Nigerian entrepreneurship den local industries,<ref>Giles, Chris (March 22, 2018). [https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/22/africa/african-trade-agreement-world/index.html "44 African countries agree free trade agreement, Nigeria yet to sign"]. CNN.</ref> den ein decision dem no praise by ein local groups wey edey include de Manufacturers Association of Nigeria<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190705085802/https://www.africanews.com/2018/03/23/nigeria-s-buhari-explains-failure-to-sign-continental-free-trade-agreement/ "Nigeria's Buhari explains failure to sign continental free trade agreement"]. Retrieved December 24, 2018.</ref> den de Nigeria Labour Congress.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190624221812/https://www.pulse.ng/bi/strategy/strategy-why-nigeria-south-africa-did-not-join-other-nations-to-sign-continental-free/1sfvms6 "Why Nigeria, South Africa did not join other Nations to sign Continental Free Trade agreement"]. Retrieved December 24, 2018.</ref> De Nigerian government make dema mind say dem go talk plus de private sector if dem go agree,<ref>[https://theconversation.com/why-nigeria-had-good-reasons-to-delay-signing-africas-free-trade-deal-100203 "Why Nigeria had good reasons to delay signing Africa's free trade deal"]. Retrieved December 24, 2018.</ref> sake of de key concern say dem go agree or dem go prevent am sake of anti-competitive practices lyk dumping.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201811080199.html "Nigeria: Why We Are Worried Over African Free Trade Agreement - Dangote, MAN, LCCI"]. Retrieved December 24, 2018.</ref> Insyd July 2019, just months afta dem re-elect am into ein new term, Buhari agree say he go adhere to de Africa free trade at dema 12th extraordinary session of de assembly of de union on AfCFTA.<ref>Kazeem, Yomi (July 3, 2019). [https://qz.com/africa/1657861/nigeria-to-sign-africa-free-trade-agreement-afcfta/ "Africa's largest economy is finally backing the continent's plans for a single free trade market"]. ''Quartz Africa''.</ref> At de same meeting, Benin san commit wey dem come sign de agreement, leaving Eritrea as de only of de 55 African Union Member States wey no sign up to de deal.<ref name=":9" /><ref>AfricaNews (July 6, 2019). [https://www.africanews.com/2019/07/06/eritrea-now-sole-outsiders-of-free-trade-deal-as-nigeria-benin-sign-up/ "Eritrea now sole outsiders of free trade deal as Nigeria, Benin sign up"]. ''Africanews''. Retrieved July 7, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250703072308/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/nigeria-finally-commits-to-signing-the-africa-free-trade-agreement/ "Nigeria finally commits to signing the Africa free trade agreement"]. ''The South African''. July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.</ref> Formally, Eritrea no be part of de initial agreement sake of de ongoing state of war, buh de 2018 peace agreement between Ethiopia den Eritrea come end de conflict den de barrier for Eritrean participation insyd de free trade agreement.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48899701 "Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement"]. BBC. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.</ref><ref>Jones, Mayeni (July 7, 2019). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48899701 "Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement"]. ''BBC News''. BBC. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</ref><ref>Ighobor, Kingsley (August–November 2018). [https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/august-november-2018/africa-set-massive-free-trade-area "Africa set for a massive free trade area"]. ''Africa Renewal''. United Nations. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240714192856/https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographics/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html "Status of AfCFTA Ratification"]. ''Tralac''. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</ref> As of May 2022, dem gey 54 signatories wey 43 (80%) gey deposite for dema ratification instruments.<ref>Ndlovu, Sitshengisiwe (July 23, 2020). [https://www.herald.co.zw/afcfta-establishment-pushed-to-2021-by-covid-19/ "AfCFTA establishment pushed to 2021 by Covid-19"]. ''The Herald''. Retrieved August 21, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220715192327/https://au.int/en/speeches/20200319/statement-he-mr-wamkele-mene-occasion-swearing-secretary-general-afcfta "Statement of H.E. Mr. Wamkele Mene on the Occasion of Swearing-in as the Secretary General of the AfCFTA Secretariat"]. African Union. March 19, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230603150556/https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html "AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area"]. ''Tralac''. May 6, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.</ref> Additionally, one country (Somalia) plete ein domestic ratification, buh no get dema deposit ratification plus de depository by May 2020.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230603150556/https://www.tralac.org/resources/infographic/13795-status-of-afcfta-ratification.html "AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area"]. ''Tralac''. May 6, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230520211205/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/14/c_139291333.htm "Somalia approves Africa free trade area treaty for ratification - Xinhua &#x7C; English.news.cn"]. ''www.xinhuanet.com''.</ref> Eritrea be de only AU member state wey no gey sign de agreement by 2019.<ref name=":10" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Ratification Status of African Nations<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190417104917/https://au.int/en/treaties/agreement-establishing-african-continental-free-trade-area "Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area"]. ''African Union''. October 8, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.</ref> !Country !Signed !Date of Signing !Ratified !Date of Ratification !Deposited !Date of Deposit |- |Algeria |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |June 7, 2021 |Yes |June 23, 2021<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162033/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-06/25/c_1310026264.htm "UNECA announces initiative to spur role of AfCFTA in Africa's post-COVID-19 economic recovery"]. June 25, 2021.</ref> |- |Angola |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |October 6, 2020 |Yes |November 4, 2020<ref>Abdulrahman Olagunju (November 4, 2020). [https://www.africannewspage.net/2020/11/angola-becomes-30th-state-party-to-the-afcfta-by-depositing-instruments-of-ratification/ "Angola becomes 30th state party to the AfCFTA by depositing instruments of ratification"].</ref> |- |[[Benin]] |Yes |July 7, 2019 |No | |No | |- |[[Botswana]] |Yes |February 10, 2019 |Yes | |Yes | |- |[[Burkina Faso]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |May 27, 2019 |Yes |May 29, 2019<ref>[http://northafricapost.com/31338-africas-free-trade-zone-kicks-off.html "Africa's Free Trade Zone Kicks-Off"]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |- |[[Burundi]] |Yes |July 2, 2018 |Yes |June 17, 2021 |Yes |August 26, 2021 |- |[[Cameroon]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |January 31, 2020 |Yes |December 1, 2020 |- |Central African Republic |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |April 9, 2020 |Yes |September 22, 2020 |- |[[Cape Verde]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |November 13, 2020 |Yes |February 5, 2022 |- |Chad |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |June 29, 2018 |Yes |July 2, 2018<ref name=":11">[http://en.igihe.com/news/five-more-countries-sign-two-ratify-afcfta-at-au.html "Five more countries sign, two ratify AfCFTA at AU Summit"]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |- |Ivory Coast |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |November 13, 2018 |Yes |November 23, 2018 |- |Comoros |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes | |Yes | |- |Republic of the Congo |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |February 7, 2019 |Yes |February 10, 2019 |- |[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |January 28, 2022 |Yes |February 23, 2022 |- |Djibouti |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |February 5, 2019 |Yes |February 11, 2019 |- |[[Egypt]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |February 27, 2019 |Yes |April 8, 2019<ref>[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/68092/Egypt-is-18th-AfCFTA-ratification-instrument-depositor "Egypt is 18th AfCFTA ratification instrument depositor"]. April 8, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |- |Equatorial Guinea |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |June 28, 2022 |Yes |July 2, 2019<ref name=":12">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190707143303/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/07/c_138206491.htm "Gabon, Equatorial Guinea submit AfCFTA ratification to AU"]. Archived from [http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/07/c_138206491.htm the original] on July 7, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |- |[[Eritrea]] |No | |No | |No | |- |Eswatini |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |June 21, 2018 |Yes |July 2, 2018<ref name=":11" /> |- |[[Ethiopia]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |March 23, 2019 |Yes |April 10, 2019<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240702135651/https://au.int/ar/node/36361 "Ethiopia deposits instruments of ratification of AfCFTA"]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |- |Gabon |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |July 2, 2019 |Yes |July 7, 2019<ref name=":12" /> |- |Gambia |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |April 11, 2019 |Yes |April 16, 2019 |- |Ghana |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |May 7, 2018 |Yes |May 10, 2018<ref name=":13">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162812/https://www.tralac.org/news/article/13033-kenya-and-ghana-ratify-instruments-of-african-continental-free-trade-area.html "Kenya and Ghana deposit instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area ratification"]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |- |[[Guinea]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |July 31, 2018 |Yes |October 16, 2018 |- |[[Guinea-Bissau]] |Yes |February 8, 2019 |Yes |August 31, 2022<ref>Lusa. [https://www.macaubusiness.com/guinea-bissau-country-is-44th-member-of-african-continental-free-trade-area/ "Guinea-Bissau: Country is 44th member of African Continental Free Trade Area"]. Macau Business. Retrieved January 24, 2023.</ref> |Yes |August 31, 2022 |- |Kenya |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |May 6, 2018 |Yes |May 10, 2018<ref name=":13" /> |- |Lesotho |Yes |July 2, 2018 |Yes |October 20, 2020 |Yes |November 27, 2020 |- |[[Liberia]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |No | |No | |- |[[Libya]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |No | |No | |- |[[Madagascar]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |No | |No | |- |[[Malawi]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |November 1, 2020<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162501/https://www.mitc.mw/index.php/media-centre/latest-news/190-free-trade-area.html "Malawi Ratifies AfCFTA after Submitting Instruments of Ratification"]. Retrieved February 22, 2021.</ref> |Yes |January 15, 2021<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162449/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-01/15/c_139671191.htm "Malawi deposits AfCFTA ratification to AU"]. January 15, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.</ref> |- |[[Mali]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |January 11, 2019 |Yes |February 1, 2019 |- |Mauritania |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |January 31, 2019 |Yes |February 11, 2019<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240705024825/https://au.int/sw/node/35799 "Deposit of the instrument of Ratification of the AfCFTA Agreement by Mauritania"]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |- |[[Mauritius]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |September 30, 2019 |Yes |October 7, 2019 |- |Morocco |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |February 24, 2022 |Yes |April 18, 2022 |- |Mozambique |Yes |March 21, 2018 |No | |No | |- |[[Namibia]] |Yes |July 2, 2018 |Yes |January 25, 2019 |Yes |February 1, 2019 |- |Niger |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |May 28, 2018 |Yes |June 19, 2018<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162808/https://www.tralac.org/news/article/13137-niger-deposits-its-instrument-of-ratification-of-the-agreement-on-the-afcfta.html "Niger deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA"]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |- |[[Nigeria]] |Yes |July 7, 2019 |Yes |December 3, 2020<ref>[https://qz.com/africa/1932390/nigeria-ratifies-afcfta-despite-closed-benin-cameroon-borders/ "Nigeria has ratified Africa's historic free trade agreement—but its land borders remain closed"]. November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.</ref> |Yes |December 5, 2020<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250703073723/https://www.uneca.org/storys/nigeria-becomes-34th-country-ratify-afcfta-agreement "Nigeria becomes 34th country to ratify AfCFTA agreement"]. December 5, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.</ref> |- |Rwanda |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |May 25, 2018 |Yes |May 26, 2018<ref>[http://www.africanews.com/2018/05/27/rwanda-becomes-third-country-to-ratify-au-free-trade-pact/ "Rwanda becomes third country to ratify A.U. free trade pact"]. May 27, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |- |Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |April 27, 2019 |Yes | |- |[[São Tomé and Príncipe]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |May 28, 2019 |Yes |April 30, 2019<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/africanunion.ecosocc/posts/2381006718834255/ "African Union ECOSOCC"]. ''Facebook''. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |- |Senegal |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |March 12, 2019 |Yes |June 27, 2019 |- |Seychelles |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |July 8, 2021 |Yes |September 15, 2021 |- |[[Sierra Leone]] |Yes | |Yes |April 19, 2019 |Yes |April 30, 2019 |- |[[Somalia]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes | |No | |- |South Africa |Yes |July 2, 2018 |Yes |January 31, 2019 |Yes |February 10, 2019<ref>[https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/president-deposits-sas-afcfta-instrument-ratification "President deposits SA's AfCFTA instrument of ratification"]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |- |[[South Sudan]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |No | |No | |- |Sudan |Yes |March 21, 2018 |No | |No | |- |Tanzania |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |January 17, 2022 |Yes |January 27, 2022<ref>Tanzania Embassy in Ethiopia [@tanzaniainaddis] (January 17, 2022). [https://twitter.com/tanzaniainaddis/status/1482988442338439168 "Ambassador deposits instrument of accession"] (Tweet). Addis Ababa. Retrieved January 26, 2022 – via Twitter.</ref> |- |[[Togo]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |January 9, 2019 |Yes |April 2, 2019 |- |[[Tunisia]] |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |September 7, 2020 |Yes |November 27, 2020 |- |Uganda |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |November 20, 2018 |Yes |February 9, 2019<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231008162035/https://www.tralac.org/news/article/13750-uganda-deposits-its-instrument-of-ratification-of-the-agreement-on-the-afcfta.html "Uganda deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA"]. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |- |[[Zambia]] |Yes |February 10, 2019 |Yes |January 28, 2021<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230927182940/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-10/27/c_139471320.htm "Zambian cabinet approves ratification of African free trade agreement"]. October 27, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.</ref> |Yes |February 5, 2021<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250703073723/https://www.uneca.org/stories/zambia-latest-country-ratify-african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta-agreement "Zambia is latest country to ratify the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement"]. February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.</ref> |- |Zimbabwe |Yes |March 21, 2018 |Yes |April 25, 2019 |Yes |May 24, 2019<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190814122820/https://www.uneca.org/stories/zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-national-consultative-forum-african-continental-free-trade-area-slated-19-june "Zimbabwe's National Consultative Forum on the African continental free trade area slated for 19 June"]. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/stories/zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-national-consultative-forum-african-continental-free-trade-area-slated-19-june the original] on August 14, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</ref> |} === Oda AU member states === Eritrea no sign sake of tension wey between dem den Ethiopia, buh as of 2019, as dem follow de 2018 Eritrea-Ethiopia summit, de AU Commissioner for Trade den Industry dey expect say Eritrea go eventually sign de agreement.<ref name=":10" /> == Dema Human right assessment == July 2017 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa report talk say de CFTA go help fight poverty den inequality as edey bolar for de continent top as ego change plenty insyd Africa economies. Dem san talk say ebe lyk ego help make African Union go achieve ein Agenda 2063 den de Sustainable Development Goals. De document dem target say ego tackle human rights as edey de negotiation insyd.<ref>''[https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/24089 Report: the Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) in a human rights perspective]''. UN Economic Commission for Africa. July 2017. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9783958618596|9783958618596]]</bdi>. Retrieved June 6, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180719173611/https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_building_sustainable_and_inclusive.pdf "Building a Sustainable and Inclusive Continental Free Trade Area - Nine Priority Recommendations from a Human Rights Perspective"] (PDF). UN Economic Commission for Africa. July 2017. Archived from [https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_building_sustainable_and_inclusive.pdf the original] (PDF) on July 19, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2020.</ref> According to de Food den Agriculture Organization, dem recognize de intersection wey dey de gender, agriculture, den trade, say ebe critical say ego ensure say dem implement de AfCFTA ein address de nuance den vary de challenges dat women plenty tyms dey face.<ref name=":14">[[doi:10.4060/cb6966en|''Seizing the opportunities of the African Continental Free Trade Area for the economic empowerment of women in agriculture''.]] Accra: FAO. 2021. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/cb6966en|10.4060/cb6966en]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-135021-8|978-92-5-135021-8]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244712893 244712893].</ref> Ebe vital say dem go operationlise de AfCFTA agreement wey ego ensure say de future trade policies, practices den regulation wey go promote gender equality den empower women den girls for de African continent, especially in support of women to make dem seize new opportunities as de AfCFTA present for de agriculture insyd.<ref name=":14" /> Implementation for de agreement dat no be inclusive for women wey fi result in widening gender gap by negatively affect women-led micro, small or medium-sixed enterprises den those who dey rely on de informal trade (wey dey include cross border) for dema livelihoods.<ref name=":14" /> == San see == * ASEAN Free Trade Area * Caribbean Community (CARICOM) * Central European Free Trade Agreement * Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa * Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area * Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership * Council of Arab Economic Unity * Free trade agreement * Free-trade area * Free trade areas in Europe * Market access * [[Single African Air Transport Market]] * Rules of Origin * Tariffs * Tourism in Africa * [[Tripartite Free Trade Area]] == References == <references /> [[Category:African Continental Free Trade Agreement]] [[Category:African Union]] [[Category:Economy of de African Union]] [[Category:Free trade agreements]] [[Category:2018 insyd economics]] [[Category:2018 insyd international relations]] [[Category:2018 establishments insyd Africa]] [[Category:Trade blocs]] [[Category:Politics of Africa]] [[Category:March 2018 events insyd Africa]] c5fgjba68lfrez6dzjw4eimgxf4v1n5 0 1302 115473 110284 2026-11-01T19:52:23Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q108046168}} '''Beatrice Agyeman Abbey''' be Ghanaian Chief Executive Officer den General manager give Media General de people wey dey own TV3, Onua FM, 3FM, Connect FM, Akoma FM den MG Digital.<ref>Omega, Kwesi (2018-09-14). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20220702000435/https://gbafrica.net/media-general-appoints-beatrice-agyemang-abbey-as-new-group-c-e-o/ Media General Appoints Beatrice Agyemang Abbey As New Group C.E.O]." ''GBAfrica''. Retrieved 2021-08-11.</ref><ref>" [https://upsa.edu.gh/grow-from-average-to-exceptional-ceo-of-media-general-to-upsa-graduates/ 'Grow from average to exceptional' - CEO of Media General to UPSA graduates]". ''UPSA''. 2020-09-06. Retrieved 2021-08-11.</ref><ref>"[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Media-General-celebrates-all-farmers-1101754 Media General celebrates all farmers]". ''GhanaWeb''. 2020-11-05. Retrieved 2021-08-11.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Truth-must-never-take-a-back-seat-in-the-serious-business-of-reporting-Media-General-Group-CEO-895690?gallery=1 "Truth must never take a back seat in the serious business of reporting - Media General Group CEO"]. ''GhanaWeb''. Retrieved 2021-08-11.</ref><ref>MyNewsGH (2018-09-13). [https://www.mynewsgh.com/ceo-of-tv3-resigns-beatrice-agyemang-takes-over-in-acting-capacity/ "CEO of TV3 RESIGNS; Beatrice Agyemang takes over in acting capacity"]. ''MyNewsGh''. Retrieved 2021-08-11.</ref><ref>"[https://www.graphic.com.gh/?view=article&id=139789:ghana-s-most-beautiful-2019-launched-in-kumasi&catid=261 Ghana's Most Beautiful 2019 launched in Kumasi]". ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 2021-08-11.</ref><ref>[https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ghanas-most-beautiful-2019-launched/ "Ghana's Most Beautiful 2019 Launched"]. ''DailyGuide Network''. 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2021-08-11.</ref> For 2021 insyd, she chop award for de Outstanding Broadcast Media CEO of de Year for de Ghana Entrepreneur den Corporate Executive Awards insyd.<ref name=":1">Denis, Pwaberi (2021-05-23). [https://3news.com/news/video-media-generals-beatrice-agyemang-is-the-outstanding-broadcast-media-ceo-of-the-year/ "&#x5B;Video&#x5D; Media General's Beatrice Agyemang is the Outstanding Broadcast Media CEO of the year | 3NEWS.COM"]. ''3news.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-04.</ref> == Ein educational life == Beatrice obtain both ein bachelor's degree den master's degree for GIMPA.<ref name=":0">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210811114700/https://news.thedistin.com/2021/02/12/from-a-news-anchor-to-being-tv3s-ceo-the-inspiring-story-of-beatrice-agyemang-abbey-photos/ From A News Anchor To Being TV3's CEO, The Inspiring Story Of Beatrice Agyemang Abbey | Photos – Thedistin]". Retrieved 2021-08-11.</ref> == Ein career == Beatrice start ein career as reporter for 2000 insyd, wey she turn Broadcast Journalist den News Anchor.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210811114659/https://www.inewsghana.com/beatrice-agyemang-abbey-the-ink-of-a-media-success-story-akwaaba-woman-of-excellence-2020/ Beatrice Agyemang Abbey – The "Ink" of a Media Success Story, Akwaaba Woman of Excellence, 2020]". ''inewsghana''. 2021-04-02. Archived from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-08-11.</ref> For 2017 insyd, she cam turn de General Manager give de Media General. Na she be de head of de Media General Digital year pass den General Manager of Media General Radio for samtym.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210811114655/https://newsofafrica.org/ghana-media-general-group-ceo-steps-down.html "Ghana: Media General Group CEO Steps Down"]. ''News of Africa - Online Entertainment - Gossip - Celebrity Newspaper - Breaking News''. 2018-09-13. Retrieved 2021-08-11.</ref> She interview notable persons lyk [[John Kufuor|John Agyekum Kufuor]], [[John Mahama]], den Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. She job plus major news houses lyk BBC, Sky TV, Citizen TV, CNN, VOA, den Kiss TV for [[Kenya]] insyd.<ref name=":0" /> == Ein awards == For September 2020 insyd, dem award am for Excellence in Media for de Ghana Women of de Year. Glitz Africa wey organize am.<ref>Nartey, Laud (27 September 2020). [https://3news.com/group-ceo-of-media-general-berla-mundi-honoured-at-ghana-women-of-the-year-event/ "Group CEO of Media General Beatrice Agyemang Abbey honoured at Ghana Women of the Year event"]. ''3news''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201007234321/https://3news.com/group-ceo-of-media-general-berla-mundi-honoured-at-ghana-women-of-the-year-event/ Archived] from the original on 2020-10-07. Retrieved 11 August 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/TV3/1/97110/ "Group CEO of Media General Beatrice Agyemang Abbey honoured"]. ''www.modernghana.com''. Retrieved 2021-08-11.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210513183145/https://www.glitzafrica.com/ghana-women-of-the-year-honours-2020-here-are-the-honourees/ "Ghana Women of the Year Honours 2020 – Here are the honourees – Glitz Africa Magazine"]. Retrieved 2021-08-11.</ref> For May 2021 insyd, dem award am as de Outstanding Broadcast Media CEO of de Year for de Ghana Entrepreneur and Corporate Executive Awards. Entrepreneurs Foundation of Ghana (EFG) wey organize am.<ref name=":1" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Ghanaian journalists]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaian chief executives]] [[Category:Ghanaian radio presenters]] [[Category:Ghanaian television presenters]] [[Category:Ghanaian business executives]] [[Category:Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration alumni]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Ghanaian women radio presenters]] [[Category:Ghanaian women journalists]] m68im7yd82u255nb90juwgg6gyyl2ol 0 1429 115482 87407 2026-11-01T20:38:29Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q977}} '''Djibouti''', alias '''Republic of Djibouti''', be sam country for de Horn of Africa insyd, wey edey share border plus [[Somalia]] go de south, [[Ethiopia]] go de southwest, [[Eritrea]] for de north insyd, den de Red Sea den de Gulf of Aden go de east. De country get sam area of 23,200 km² (8,958 sq mi).<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109085133/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti "Djibouti"]. ''The World Factbook''. CIA. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</ref> Djibouti be multi-ethnic nation plus population of ova 920,000 (de smallest for mainland Africa insyd). French den Arabic be ein two official languages, Afar den Somali be national languages. About 94% of Djiboutians dey adhere to [[Islam]],<ref name=":0" /> wey be de official religion wey na ebe predominant insyd de region for more dan 1,000 years. De Somalis den Afar dey make up de two largest ethnic groups, plus de former dey comprise de majority of de population. Both dey speak language of de Cushitic branch of de Afroasiatic languages.<ref name=":0" /> == Politics == === Foreign relations === De Djiboutian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation dey manage foreign relations of Djibouti. Djibouti dey maintain close ties plus de governments of Somalia, Ethiopia, France den de United States. Ebe lykwise active participant insyd [[African Union]], United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation den Arab League affairs. Since de 2000s, Djiboutian authorities sanso get strengthened relations plus Turkey. Djibouti be member of The Forum of Small States (FOSS) since de group ein founding for 1992 insyd.<ref>''50 Years of Singapore and the United Nations''. World Scientific. 2015. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-981-4713-03-0|978-981-4713-03-0]]</bdi>.access-date=28 March 2024</ref> === Administrative divisions === [[File:The_Regions_of_Djibouti.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Regions_of_Djibouti.png|thumb|Map of Djibouti ein regions]] Dem partition Djibouti into six administrative regions, wey Djibouti city dey represent one of de official regions. Dem further subdivide am into twenty districts. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Regions of Djibouti !Region !Area (km²) !Population 2009 census !Population 2018 estimate !Capital |- |Ali Sabieh | align="right" |2,200 | align="right" |86,949 | align="right" |96,500 |Ali Sabieh |- |Arta | align="right" |1,800 | align="right" |42,380 | align="right" |72,200 |Arta |- |Dikhil | align="right" |7,200 | align="right" |88,948 | align="right" |105,300 |Dikhil |- |Djibouti | align="right" |200 | align="right" |475,322 | align="right" |603,900 |Djibouti City |- |Obock | align="right" |4,700 | align="right" |37,856 | align="right" |50,100 |Obock |- |Tadjourah | align="right" |7,100 | align="right" |86,704 | align="right" |121,000 |Tadjoura |} == Geography == <gallery mode="packed" caption="Landscapes of Djibouti"> File:Djib 003.JPG|Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Assal File:Traditional houses on the Mabla Mountains.jpg|Traditional houses for de Mabla Mountains top File:Lac Abbe-02.JPG|Lake Abbe File:The mountains near Dasbiyo.png|De mountains near Dasbiyo File:South Djibouti Beach.png|Beach south of Djibouti City, dey overlook de Gulf of Aden </gallery> === Climate === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Average daily temperatures for de ten cities insyd Djibouti !Location !July (°C) !July (°F) !January (°C) !January (°F) |- |Djibouti City |41/31 |107/88 |28/21 |83/70 |- |Ali Sabieh |36/25 |96/77 |26/15 |79/60 |- |Tadjoura |41/31 |107/88 |29/22 |84/72 |- |Dikhil |38/27 |100/81 |27/17 |80/63 |- |Obock |41/30 |105/87 |28/22 |84/72 |- |Arta |36/25 |97/78 |25/15 |78/60 |- |Randa |34/23 |94/73 |23/13 |74/56 |- |Holhol |38/28 |101/81 |26/17 |79/62 |- |Ali Adde |38/27 |100/82 |26/16 |80/61 |- |Airolaf |31/18 |88/66 |22/9 |71/49 |} == Demographics == === Largest cities === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="7" |Largest cities anaa towns insyd Djibouti According to de 2009 Census<ref>[http://citypopulation.de/Djibouti.html "Djibouti: Regions, Major Cities & Towns – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"]. ''citypopulation.de''.</ref> |- !Rank !Name !Region !Pop. |- |1 |Djibouti |Djibouti |475,322 |- |2 |Ali Sabieh |Ali Sabieh |37,939 |- |3 |Dikhil |Dikhil |24,886 |- |4 |Tadjoura |Tadjourah |14,820 |- |5 |Arta |Arta |13,260 |- |6 |Obock |Obock |11,706 |- |7 |Ali Adde |Ali Sabieh |3,500 |- |8 |Holhol |Ali Sabieh |3,000 |- |9 |Airolaf |Tadjourah |1,023 |- |10 |Randa |Tadjourah |1,023 |} == References == [[Category:Djibouti]] <references /> === Sources === * Dis article dey incorporate [https://web.archive.org/web/20211230131611/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/ public domain material] from [https://web.archive.org/web/20210104183935/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ The World Factbook] (2024 ed.) CIA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240917150932/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2016.zip (Archived 2016 edition)] * Ebsworth, W. A. (1953). "Jibouti and Madagascar in the 1939–45 War". ''Journal of the Royal United Service Institution''. '''98''' (592): 564–68. doi:[[doi:10.1080/03071845309422199|10.1080/03071845309422199]]. * Imbert-Vier, Simon (2008). ''[https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00736163 Frontières et limites à Djibouti durant la période coloniale (1884–1977)]'' (PhD thesis). Université de Provence–Aix-Marseille I. == External links == '''Djibouti''' for Wikipedia ein sister projects * [[wiktionary:Special:Search/Djibouti|Definitions]] from Wiktionary * [[c:جيبوتي_/_Djibouti|Media]] from Commons * [[wikinews:Category:Djibouti|News]] from Wikinews * [[wikiversity:Special:Search/Djibouti|Resources]] from Wikiversity * [[wikivoyage:Djibouti|Travel information]] from Wikivoyage ; Government * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205080506/http://www.presidence.dj/ "Site Officiel de la République de Djibouti"] [Official website of the Republic of Djibouti] (insyd French). Government of Djibouti. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211915/http://visitdjibouti.dj/ "Office National de Tourisme de Djibouti"]. National Official of Tourism of Djibouti. Archived from [http://www.visitdjibouti.dj/ the original] on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2013. ; Profile * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109085133/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti Djibouti]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13231761 Djibouti profile] from de BBC News. * [http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=djibouti Djibouti] web resources GovPubs provide for de University of Colorado Boulder Libraries * [[dmoz:Regional/Africa/Djibouti|Djibouti]] at Curlie ; Odas * [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Djibouti_SoWMy_Profile.pdf The State of the World's Midwifery – Djibouti Country Profile] from UNFPA * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DJ Key Development Forecasts for Djibouti] from International Futures. * [[c:Atlas_of_Djibouti|Wikimedia Atlas of Djibouti]] * [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/166928 Djibouti] at the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' [[Category:1977 establishments insyd Djibouti]] [[Category:Countries den territories wer Arabic be official language]] [[Category:Countries for Africa insyd]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Former French colonies]] [[Category:French-speaking countries den territories]] [[Category:Gulf of Aden]] [[Category:Horn African countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of de Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of de African Union]] [[Category:Member states of de Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of de Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of de United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Countries den territories wer Somali be official language]] [[Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 1977]] b89b9gvjdylq0313ppp1sk791y7ekpv 0 1774 115490 42594 2026-11-01T22:44:38Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Melody Millicent Danquah''' (dem born am 6 January 1937 – wey she die 18 March 2016) be Ghanaian pilot den de first female pilot for Ghana as well as one of de earliest for [[Africa]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/features/features/61268-melody-takes-her-last-flight.html|title=Melody takes her last flight|last=|first=|website=Graphic Online|date=2 April 2016|access-date=2016-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Myjoyonline.com|title=Ghana News – Professor Angela Lamensdorf Loses Mother|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/services/2016/March-31st/professor-angela-lamensdorf-loses-mother.php|access-date=2016-04-09|website=MyJoyOnline.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Melody Millicent Danquah|url=https://maakola.com/sheroes/melody-millicent-danquah/|access-date=2023-01-18|website=Maakola|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118222646/https://maakola.com/sheroes/melody-millicent-danquah/|archive-date=2023-01-18}}</ref> She follow de footsteps of Lotfia Elnadi wey na she be de first Egyptian woman as well as de first woman from Africa wey earn pilot license for 27 September 1933 insyd.<ref name="ahram">{{cite news|last1=Habib|first1=Nader|title=Once upon a time – She wanted to be free|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/7520/30/Once_upon_a_time_-_She_wanted_to_be_free.aspx|access-date=14 March 2022|agency=Al-Ahram|issue=1218|date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216071128/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/7520/30/Once%20upon%20a%20time%20-%20She%20wanted%20to%20be%20free.aspx|archive-date=16 December 2016|location=Cairo}}</ref><ref name="ayed">{{cite news|last1=Ayed|first1=Nahlah|title=Nahlah Ayed: The renewed fight for women's rights in Egypt|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/nahlah-ayed-the-renewed-fight-for-women-s-rights-in-egypt-1.1362514|access-date=14 March 2022|agency=CBC News|date=6 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129110147/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/nahlah-ayed-the-renewed-fight-for-women-s-rights-in-egypt-1.1362514|archive-date=29 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.primenewsghana.com/general-news/meet-melody-millicent-danquah-ghana-s-first-female-pilot.html "Meet Melody Millicent Danquah: Ghana's first female pilot"]. ''Prime News Ghana''. 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2023-01-18.</ref><ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230118221150/https://www.ghanaweb.com/education/historicaccount/Meet-Ghana-s-first-female-pilot-Squadron-leader-21497 "Meet Ghana's first female pilot & Squadron leader"]. ''GhanaWeb''. Retrieved 2023-01-18.</ref> == Ein Early life == Dem born Melody Danquah for Larteh Akuapem, for 6 January 1937 insyd by Ibinijah Rexford Addo-Danquah, wey na he be de illustrious Court Registrar den Arbitrator of Larteh. Na ein mummie be Selina Gyamfi. Na Melody be de sixth of 10 siblings.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">[https://ghanaianmuseum.com/melody-millicent-danquah-first-female-pilot-in-africa/ "Melody Millicent Danquah, first female Ghanaian pilot"]. ''Ghanaian Museum''. 2023-01-06. Retrieved 2023-01-18.</ref> == Ein Education == Danquah educate for Methodist Primary den Middle schools wey dey Larteh den [[Wesley Girls' Senior High School|Wesley Girls High School]] insyd [[Cape Coast]]. Na she sanso be a product of de Government Secretarial School.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/education/government-secretarial-school-gets-hostel-120070|title=Government Secretarial School gets hostel|website=www.ghananewsagency.org|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref> == Ein Acknowledgements == Na dem honour Melody plus de Companion of de Order of the Volta insyd 2006, by Presido [[John Kufuor]] secof she be courageous pacesetter.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://face2faceafrica.com/article/look-melody-millicent-dankwa-first-female-pilot-africa "A look at Melody Millicent Dankwa, the first female pilot in Africa"]. ''Face2Face Africa''. 2018-04-05. Retrieved 2019-05-25.</ref> Na Mrs. [[Rebecca Akufo-Addo|Rebeca Akufo-Addo]], de first lady of Ghana mention am during de 2017 International Women's Day celebrations secof she be an inspiration to women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adjorlolo |first=Ruth Abla |title=First Lady Mrs. Akufo-Addo pledges to champion women's advancement |url=https://gbcghana.com/1.10864842 |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=GBC Ghana. |language=en}}</ref> De "Melody" be an ultramodern building facility for de Psychiatry Department of de University of Ghana Medical School at Korle-Bu insyd Accra. Na dem name am after ein, as she experience some level of depression both during den after ein active service.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Enhancing general healthcare delivery: NHIS to cover mental health …President assures |url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/enhancing-general-healthcare-delivery-nhis-to-cover-mental-health-president-assures/ |access-date= |website=GBC Ghana. |date= 7 June 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Nana Opens KBTH, UGMC Psychiatric Centre |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/nana-opens-kbth-ugmc-psychiatric-centre/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:1937 births]] [[Category:2016 deaths]] [[Category:Ghanaian aviators]] [[Category:Women aviators]] [[Category:Aviation pioneers]] [[Category:Ghana Air Force personnel]] [[Category:Recipients of de Order of de Volta]] 4go00i4oy3wv73eqa5k09dkc976rool 0 6056 115518 115003 2026-11-01T23:48:28Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pwani University''' be public university<ref>[http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/status-of-universities-universities-authorized-to-operate-in-kenya-1 "Commission for University Education - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya)"]. ''www.cue.or.ke''. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> insyd de Kilifi County insyd de coastal region of [[Kenya]], wey dey locate 60&nbsp;km north of Mombasa insyd de resort town of Kilifi, within de larger Kilifi County. Prior to de award of charter, na de university be constituent college of [[Kenyatta University]]. De college, formerly de Kilifi Institute of Agriculture, na dem establish am for 23 August 2007 by order sign by H.E Presido Mwai Kibaki.<ref>PU, Pwani University. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20250613011221/https://www.pu.ac.ke/forms/Pwani%20University%20Strategic%20Plan%202014-2024.pdf Strategic Plan 2014-2024]'' (PDF). Pwani University. p. 5.</ref> <mapframe latitude="-3.616388888888889" longitude="39.84388888888889" zoom="5" width="400" height="300" align="right" /> == Location == Pwani University dey position close to de Kilifi bay along de Mombasa-Malindi highway. E dey occupy approximately 239&nbsp;hectares of land, dey give room for future expansion. Na dem establish Pwani University for 23 August 2007. Dem register de first group of around 200 students for 20 October 2007, mainly insyd de field of Education (Science) den Education (Arts).<ref>PU, Pwani University. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20250613011221/https://www.pu.ac.ke/forms/Pwani%20University%20Strategic%20Plan%202014-2024.pdf Strategic Plan 2014-2024]'' (PDF). Pwani University. p. 1.</ref> == Schools == * School of Education<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200611230746/http://soe.pu.ac.ke/ "Home"]. ''soe.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Humanities den Social Sciences<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200513134331/http://shhs.pu.ac.ke/ "SHHS"]. ''shhs.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Business den Economics<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102328/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/academics/schools-at-pu/sbe "School of Business and Economics"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * school of Pure den Applied Sciences (SPAS)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200602185058/http://spas.pu.ac.ke/ "SPAS"]. ''spas.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Agricultural Sciences den Agribusiness Studies<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200513115049/http://sasa.pu.ac.ke/ "SASA"]. ''sasa.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Environmental den Earth Sciences<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200611230730/http://sees.pu.ac.ke/ "SEES"]. ''sees.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Graduate Studies (SGS)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102318/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/academics/schools-at-pu/sgs "School of Graduate Studies"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Health and Human Sciences<ref>[https://www.pu.ac.ke/ "Pwani University"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</ref> == Research == Pwani University sign MOUs, wey dey touch for diverse areas of interest top as way of make dem dey enhance beneficial interactions.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241115214207/http://mailto:j.chege@pu.ac.ke/forms/Strategic%20Plan%202014%20-%202024%20(RE2020).pdf "Strategic plan"] (PDF). ''Pwani University''. Retrieved 20 February 2024.</ref> De University get collaboration plus research institutions insyd Kenya den around de world.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240620231920/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations "Collaborations"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 15 May 2023.</ref> Dese dey include: * Kenya Agricultural Research Institution, * Kenya Medical Research Institute, * National Council for Science and Technology, * Florida State University, * Technische Universitat Dortmund<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102317/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/technische-universitat-dortmund "Collaborations"]. ''Pwani University''. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</ref> * University of East Anglia, * The John Innes Centre in the UK, * The University of Glasgow, * International Livestock Research Institute * Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service. * [[University of Eldoret]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102326/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/university-of-eldoret "Collaborations"]. ''Pwani University''. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</ref> * Sun Yet Sen University<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240624112804/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/sun-yet-sen-university "Collaboration"]. ''Pwani University''. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</ref> For collaboration plus de National Council for Science and Technology, de university convene stakeholders forum make e address de problem of poor performance insyd sciences subjects for KSCE examinations den low conversion rates from primary to secondary den University level for Coastal Kenya insyd. Make e reach more people plus de message of development insyd de region, de university dey participate insyd de Mombasa International Agricultural Show since 2008. For dis trade fair insyd, de university dey display scientific research findings den applied technologies wich dem fi use by farmers make dem address challenges insyd agricultural productivity, food insecurity den agribusiness.<ref>[https://www.pu.ac.ke/ "Pwani University"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</ref> == References == [[Category:Education insyd Kenya]] <references /> == External links == * [http://www.pu.ac.ke/ Pwani University webpage] [[Category:Universities insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2007]] [[Category:2007 establishments insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2007]] [[Category:Kenyatta University]] 517dmjzmxsqgt0yutpoetqka0lghtbn 0 7303 115488 112516 2026-11-01T22:35:21Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marta Vieira da Silva''' (born 19 February 1986), dem know am as '''Marta''', be Brazilian professional footballer wey dey play as forward give de Orlando Pride insyd de National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) den de Brazil national team.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marta "Marta | Biography & Facts | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://artsandculture.google.com/story/meet-marta-the-record-breaking-brazilian-football-player/UAWxrX7MR4XIfg "Meet Marta: The Record-Breaking Brazilian Football Player"]. ''Google Arts & Culture''. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</ref> Dem widely dey regard Marta as one of de greatest female footballers of all time.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/aug/03/the-20-greatest-female-football-players-soccer "The 20 greatest female football players of all time"]. ''The Guardian''. 3 August 2016.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20161013111955/http://www.sportsmuntra.com/10-best-female-footballers-time/ "10 Best Female Footballers of All Time"]. 27 October 2014.</ref><ref name=":2">[http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/womens-world-cup-2015-meet-marta-the-best-of-all-time-who-stands-in-the-way-of-australia/story-e6frf423-1227405275137 "Women's World Cup 2015: who is Marta, who is the greatest footballers of all time, Marta, Matildas - Fox Sports"]. ''www.foxsports.com.au''.</ref><ref name=":3">Panja, Tariq (8 June 2015). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-08/best-ever-female-player-marta-misses-out-on-soccer-s-millions "Best-Ever Female Player Marta Misses Soccer's Millions"]. ''Bloomberg''.</ref> Na dem name am FIFA World Player of de Year six times, five of them be consecutive (from 2006 thru 2010) den de latest award cam insyd 2018. Marta dey hold de record for Brazil ein top goalscorer plus 119 goals. Plus 17 goals, Marta sanso dey hold de record for most goals dem score insyd any World Cup, women’s anaa men's.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/18/football/marta-brazil-italy-australia-jamaica-womens-world-cup-spt-intl/index.html "Marta: Brazil great makes history with 17th World Cup goal"]. ''CNN''. 18 June 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/20190618-marta-record-17-world-cup-goals-brazil-italy "Marta scores record 17th World Cup goal as Brazil advance to knockouts"]. ''France 24''. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2021.</ref> Moreover, na she be de first footballer of any gender make she score for five different World Cups,<ref name=":0">[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48629040 "Women's World Cup: Marta has record to rival Brazil legends Ronaldo and Pele"]. ''BBC Sport''. 13 June 2019.</ref> feat match by Christine Sinclair insyd 2019 den Cristiano Ronaldo insyd 2022,<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49925779 "Christine Sinclair: Canada striker beats all-time record"]. ''BBC Sport''. 30 January 2020.</ref> den sanso be de first footballer, female anaa male, make she score for five consecutive Olympic Games.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2020-fbl-marta-idUSKBN2ER0ZS "Olympics: Soccer - Brazil's Marta scores in fifth Games running, Britain beat Chile"]. ''Reuters''. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</ref> Na she be member of de Brazilian national teams wey win de silver medal for de 2004 den 2008 Summer Olympics. Na den sanso award am de Golden Ball (MVP) for de 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship wey she win both de Golden Ball award as de best player den de Golden Boot award as de top scorer insyd de 2007 Women's World Cup after she lead Brazil to de final of de tournament. For de club level, Marta win de UEFA Women's Cup for Swedish club Umeå IK insyd 2004 wey she win seven Swedish league championships during ein time dey play give various teams insyd de country. Insyd January 2013, na dem name am one of de six Ambassadors of de 2014 FIFA World Cup insyd Brazil, alongsyd Amarildo, Bebeto, Carlos Alberto Torres, Ronaldo den Mario Zagallo.<ref>FIFA.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090228213104/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/ambassador/overview.html "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia"]. ''www.fifa.com''. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/ambassador/overview.html the original] on 28 February 2009.</ref> She sanso appear insyd de Sveriges Television television documentary series ''The Other Sport'' from 2013. Insys August 2016, na Marta be one of de eight make dem carry de Olympic Flag insyd de Olympic Games for Rio de Janeiro insyd. Na dem appoint am by de Secretary-General of de United Nations as Sustainable Development Goals advocate. Insyd 2017, Marta receive Swedish citizenship wey now she get dual citizenship insyd both Brazil den Sweden.<ref>[https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2017-03-14/nu-ar-varldens-genom-tiderna-basta-fotbollsspelare-svensk-medborgare "Nu är världens genom tiderna bästa fotbollsspelare svensk medborgare"]. ''Sydsvenskan'' (insyd Swedish). 14 March 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</ref> == Club career == === Career start === Na Brazilian female coach Helena Pacheco discover Marta wen na she be 14 years old. After she play give de CSA youth team, Marta start ein professional career for Vasco da Gama insyd 2000. After two years, na dem transfer am to Santa Cruz, small club insyd de state of Minas Gerais,<ref>[https://www.hojeemdia.com.br/esportes/com-passagem-por-clube-de-belo-horizonte-marta-%C3%A9-esperan%C3%A7a-da-sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o-feminina-1.402629/marta-na-%C3%A9poca-em-que-defendeu-o-santa-cruz-de-bh-1.402636 "Marta na época em que defendeu o Santa Cruz de BH"]. ''HOME''. 2 August 2016.</ref> wer na she go play for two more seasons, before she join Umeå IK of Sweden. === Umeå IK === Marta join Umeå IK before de 2004 season, during wich Umeå reach de final of de UEFA Women's Cup, wey win 8–0 for aggregate against Frankfurt, plus Marta score three goals over de two legs. Insyd de league, despite she amass total of 106 goals, wich na ebe 32 more dan de champions, Umeå fini second, Djurgården beat dem by single point. Marta score 22 league goals wey she get on de scoresheet top for de cup final against Djurgården, wey she score de goal per insyd 2–1 Umeå loss. Ein second season (2005) end plus Marta wey score 21 goals den Umeå win de league, wey go undefeated. Once again, na Djurgården beat Umeå insyd de cup, dem lose by score of 3–1 insyd de final, thus dem avenge 7–0 league defeat to Umeå sam three weeks earlier. Insyd 2006, Umeå san win de league widout losing, wey Marta, as insyd de previous year, na she be de league ein top scorer plus 21 goals. Umeå cruise to 11–1 aggregate win over Norwegian side Kolbotn FK insyd de UEFA Women's Cup, wey Marta score twice insyd both matches. For de third time for row, na she dey for de losing side top insyd de Swedish cup final wen na Linköpings FC defeat ein side 3–2. Na de 2007 season be relatively successful give Umeå, plus de club win both de league, for wich dem fini nine points ahead of Djurgården,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120912023220/http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t3damre.aspx?p=1408601&scr=table&ftid=643 "Tabell och resultat – Damallsvenskan"]. ''svenskfotboll.se'' (insyd Swedish). Svenska Fotbollförbundet. Archived from [http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t3damre.aspx?p=1408601&scr=table&ftid=643 the original] on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2009.</ref> den de Swedish Cup, wey dem beat AIK 4–3 for match insyd wich Marta score hat-trick, de last (winning) goal dey cam three minutes from time. Marta score 25 goals insyd de league, wey dem fini one goal behind de top scorer Lotta Schelin.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071225070600/http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t2dam.aspx?p=287911 "Skytteliga 2007"]. ''svenskfotboll.se'' (insyd Swedish). Svenska Fotbollförbundet. Archived from [http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t2dam.aspx?p=287911 the original] on 25 December 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2009.</ref> Insyd de UEFA Women's Cup dem reach de final for de fourth time buh dem suffer disappointment, wey dem lose 1–0 on aggregate to Arsenal. De 2008 season see Umeå den Marta win anoda Swedish championship title. After de end of de season, speculation arise wey dey concern de future of Marta wey couple of months later, for de day of de FIFA World Player of the Year Awards insyd January 2009, Marta announce say she go play for de American side Los Angeles Sol for de next three years.<ref>Wåhlin, Johan (12 January 2009). [http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=647&a=873009 "Marta bäst i världen – flyttar till LA"]. ''dn.se'' (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 January 2009.</ref> For de request of Marta, de Los Angeles side sanso purchase Johanna Frisk from Umeå IK,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081024002513/http://www.fotbollsexpressen.se/Internationell%2Bfotboll/1.1343544/martas-krav-till-usa-ta-med-frisk "Martas krav till USA: Ta med Frisk"] (insyd Swedish). Fotbollsexpressen.se. 23 October 2008. Archived from [http://www.fotbollsexpressen.se/Internationell%2Bfotboll/1.1343544/martas-krav-till-usa-ta-med-frisk the original] on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2009.</ref> wich lead to report by Swedish TV4 sports presenter Patrick Ekwall dat na Marta den Frisk be lesbian couple.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101113022029/http://arbetaren.se/articles/kultur20090120-4 "Ekwalls rekord"] (insyd Swedish). Arbetaren.se. 2 January 2009. Archived from [http://www.arbetaren.se/articles/kultur20090120-4 the original] on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2009.</ref> Both players deny dis to be true.<ref>[https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotbollsbladet/sverige/damallsvenskan/article4172741.ab "Frisk: Vi är inget par"] (insyd Swedish). Aftonbladet.se. 13 January 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2009.</ref> Na Marta ein life den football prowess be depicted insyd de 2005 Swedish television documentary "Marta – Pelés kusin" ("Marta – Pelé ein cousin"). === Los Angeles Sol === [[File:Marta_star.jpg|left|thumb|Marta insyd 2009 WPS All-Stars match against Umeå IK.]] For de day dem name am FIFA World Player of the Year insyd January 2009, Marta announce say she go join Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) team Los Angeles Sol give de league ein inaugural season for three-year contract.<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2009/01/brazilian-stand.html "The Fabulous Forum"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. 12 January 2009.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090402071802/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=991996.html "Newly crowned Marta to join US league"]. FIFA. 12 January 2009. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=991996.html the original] on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2012.</ref> Of ein signing, she say, "For me, the most important thing is to be in a place where the best players in the world are playing, and this is what they are trying to do here. The American League is being considered one of the best in the world, so I had to come now."<ref>[http://www.espnfc.com/news/story?id=625114&cc=5901 "Marta bringing star power to the L.A. Sol"]. ESPN. The Associated Press. 5 March 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</ref> Na Marta be de league ein top scorer for de 2009 season plus ten goals den three assists.<ref>[http://bleacherreport.com/articles/312695-marta-marta-marta-sol-star-named-fifa-womens-player-of-the-year "Marta! Marta! Marta!: LA Sol Star Named FIFA Women's Player of the Year"]. Bleacher Report. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</ref> Na de Sol be regular season champions wey dem reach de WPS Championship Final, wer na e lost 1–0 to Sky Blue FC.<ref>Herbert, Steven (7 January 2010). [http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/sports/LA-Sol-Loses-1-0-in-Womens-Pro-Soccer-Championship-Game-54184762.html "NJ Sky Blue Eclipse LA Sol 1–0 in Championship"]. NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</ref> === Santos === During de off-season plus Los Angeles Sol, she sign three-month loan contract plus Santos make dem play insyd de Copa Libertadores den insyd de Copa do Brasil,<ref>Adilson Barros (1 August 2009). [http://globoesporte.globo.com/Esportes/Noticias/Times/Santos/0,,MUL1251318-9874,00-PEIXE+ANUNCIA+MARTA+QUE+DEVERA+RECEBER+A+CAMISA+DAS+MAOS+DE+PELE.html "Peixe anuncia Marta, que deverá receber a camisa 10 das mãos de Pelé"] (insyd Portuguese). GloboEsporte.com. Retrieved 5 August 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/general/091009-off-season-loand.aspx womensprosoccer.com] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091019031514/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/general/091009-off-season-loand.aspx Archived] 19 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine; International Report: WPS Stars Head Overseas in the Off-Season</ref> wey she help ein club win both competitions, wey she score goal insyd de Libertadores final den two insyd de Copa do Brasil final.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120227040321/http://esporte.ig.com.br/futebol/2009/10/18/sereias+da+vila+dao+show+e+santos+e+campeao+da+libertadores+8865945.html "'Sereias da Vila' dão show e Santos é campeão da Libertadores"] (insyd Portuguese). iG. 18 October 2009. [http://esporte.ig.com.br/futebol/2009/10/18/sereias+da+vila+dao+show+e+santos+e+campeao+da+libertadores+8865945.html Archived] from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/esportes,santos-bate-botucatu-e-fatura-a-copa-do-brasil-feminina,475189,0.htm "Santos bate Botucatu e conquista a Copa do Brasil feminina"] (insyd Portuguese). Estadão. 1 December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.</ref> === FC Gold Pride === [[File:Marta_at_2010_WPS_Championship_5.JPG|right|thumb|Marta dey play give FC Gold Pride for de 2010 WPS Championship]] Insyd January 2010, de Sol cease operations<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110130190134/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2010/01/28/los-angeles-sol-wps-folds-season/ foxnews.com]; Los Angeles Sol of WPS folds after first season</ref> wey de rights to Marta, den ein teammates na dem make available insyd de 2010 WPS Dispersal Draft. Na de FC Gold Pride acquire de rights to Marta as dema first pick.<ref>"Four-Time FIFA World Player of the Year Marta to Join the Pride". ''FC Gold Pride''. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010.</ref> She appear insyd all of de Pride ein 24 games wey she score 19 goals, wey earn am de WPS MVP den WPS Golden Boot for de second year for row. Marta sanso appear insyd de WPS All-Star 2010, wer na she captain one of de teams as de top international vote-getter. She lead de Gold Pride to de regular-season championship wey she get two assists den goal insyd de WPS Championship against de Philadelphia Independence, wey earn am MVP honors.<ref>"Marta named MVP of 2010 WPS Championship". 27 September 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.</ref> She cam turn free agent after de Gold Pride folded for 17 November 2010. === Return to Santos === For 16 December 2010, Santos san present Marta. Na ebe two-month contract wey fi cam turn link of year, buh e no do. De board of directors confirm e dey finalize negotiations give de club to dispute de women's football league insyd de United States insyd 2011. However, under de competition regulation, de club go get five Brazilian players per – Marta den four. === Western New York Flash === For 25 January 2011, Marta join ein third WPS team insyd three years, de expansion team Western New York Flash, wey take over de third year of ein contract plus de Gold Pride.<ref>[http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/general/110125-wny-marta.aspx womensprosoccer.com] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718075536/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/general/110125-wny-marta.aspx Archived] 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine; Western New York Flash acquire Marta; 25 January 2011.</ref> Na Marta ein two goals den four assists be key part of de 3–0–1 start give de team ein 2011 season. Western New York Flash forward Marta help ein team to de Regular Season Championship title, wey she score ein tenth goal of de season insyd 2–0 victory over de Atlanta Beat for Sunday, en route to make she earn ein third consecutive PUMA Golden Boot award. De Brazilian soccer star edge out fellow Flash forward Christine Sinclair insyd de tiebreaker, she have greater production rate base for goals per game average.<ref>"Flash Forward Marta Captures Third Consecutive PUMA Golden Boot Award". ''svenskfotboll.se''. womensprosoccer. Retrieved 13 January 2009.</ref> === Tyresö FF === [[File:Marta_Vieira_da_Silva_2013.jpg|left|thumb|Marta insyd 2013]] As WPS cancell de 2012 season, Marta decide make she return to Damallsvenskan insyd Sweden. For 22 February 2012 she sign two-year contract plus Tyresö FF.<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/women/news/newsid=1757170.html "Marta returns to Sweden with Tyresö"]. UEFA. 22 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</ref> Na ein extraordinary salary of about $400,000<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120427141751/http://bigapplesoccer.com/sections/wps2.php?article_id=29817 "Marta signs with Tyreso FF"]. bigapplesoccer.com. 22 February 2012. Archived from [http://www.bigapplesoccer.com/sections/wps2.php?article_id=29817 the original] on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221003075703/http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/profiles/blog/show?id=3074237%3ABlogPost%3A164624&commentId=3074237%3AComment%3A165526&xg_source=activity "Marta's agent in talks with four Swedish clubs Tyresö FF, Malmö, Linköping and Umeå"]. womenssoccerunited.com. 26 January 2012. Archived from [http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/profiles/blog/show?id=3074237%3ABlogPost%3A164624&commentId=3074237%3AComment%3A165526&xg_source=activity the original] on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</ref> per season dem pay by external sponsors wey e no be de club, ein owners state.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190409230855/https://www.womensoccer.de/2012/02/22/marta-wechselt-zu-tyreso-ff/ "Marta transfers to Tyresö FF"] (insyd German). womensoccer.de. 22 February 2012. Archived from [http://www.womensoccer.de/2012/02/22/marta-wechselt-zu-tyreso-ff/ the original] on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</ref> Tyresö win de Damallsvenskan title for de first time insyd de 2012 season den Marta collect ein fifth league winner's medal.<ref>Cleris, Johannes (3 November 2012). [http://www.dn.se/sport/fotboll/tyreso-vann-sm-guld-efter-dramatik/ "Tyresö vann SM-guld efter dramatik"]. ''Dagens Nyheter'' (insyd Swedish). Retrieved 27 June 2013.</ref> Marta score twice insyd Tyresö ein 4–3 defeat by Wolfsburg insyd de 2014 UEFA Women's Champions League Final.<ref>Saffer, Paul (22 May 2014). [http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/season=2014/matches/round=2000498/match=2014107/postmatch/report/ "Müller the hero again as Wolfsburg win classic final"]. UEFA. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</ref> Na Tyresö suffer financial implosion insyd 2014 wey dem withdraw from de 2014 Damallsvenskan season, dey erase all dema results den dey make all dema players free agents. De Stockholm County Administrative Board publish de players dema salaries, wey dey show Marta be de highest earner for SEK 168 000 per month.<ref>Jönsson, Fredrik; Nordmark, Kajsa (5 June 2014). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/damallsvenskan/article19010400.ab "Tyresö lämnar damallsvenskan"] (insyd Swedish). Aftonbladet. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</ref> As news of Tyresö ein financial difficulties spread, Marta link plus transfer to Avaldsnes IL. Buh de Norwegian Toppserien club ein chairmo warn say she go for take substantial pay cut.<ref>Bråstedt, Mats (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190626203229/http://www.damfotboll.com/nyheter/2014/04/norsk-klubb-vill-ha-marta "Norsk klubb vill ha Marta"] (insyd Swedish). Damfotboll.com. Archived from [http://www.damfotboll.com/nyheter/2014/04/norsk-klubb-vill-ha-marta the original] on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</ref> Na dem sanso report Paris Saint-Germain Féminines approach Marta den Tyresö teammate Caroline Seger.<ref>Bråstedt, Mats (9 April 2014). [http://www.expressen.se/sport/fotboll/damallsvenskan/seger-och-marta-nara-en-flytt-till-paris-sg/ "Seger och Marta nära en flytt till Paris SG"] (insyd Swedish). Expressen. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</ref> === Rosengård === Insyd July 2014, she sign six-month contract plus defending champion FC Rosengård insyd Sweden.<ref>Kassouf, Jeff (21 July 2014). [https://equalizersoccer.com/2014/07/21/marta-signs-fc-rosengard-contract/ "Marta stays in Sweden, signs with FC Rosengård – Equalizer Soccer"].</ref> While plus de Swedish club, Marta win de Damallsvenskan league title insyd 2014 den 2015, de Svenska Cupen insyd 2016, den de Svenska Supercupen insyd 2015 den 2016. === Orlando Pride === After Rosengård lost to Barcelona insyd de quarterfinals of de UEFA Women's Champions League, Marta join Orlando Pride for free transfer from Rosengård, wich dem agree make dem terminate ein contract. Na ein fresh contract plus Orlando be for two years, plus de option for third.<ref>Wahl, Grant. [https://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2017/04/07/marta-orlando-pride-nwsl-brazil "Brazil star Marta signs with NWSL's Orlando Pride"]. ''SI.com''. Retrieved 20 May 2017.</ref> For ein first season for Orlando, she fini second insyd de league for both goals den assists wey na dem vote am MVP by ein teammates.<ref>[https://www.themaneland.com/2017/12/4/16731392/2017-orlando-pride-season-in-review-marta "2017 Orlando Pride Season in Review: Marta"]. ''The Mane Land''. Retrieved 13 May 2018.</ref> De Pride end de season insys third place wey earn dem dema first-ever playoff appearance wer na dem lost insyd de semi-finals to de Portland Thorns. Ahead of de 2022 season, na dem name Marta captain wey dey follow de offseason departure of Ashlyn Harris. She suffer ACL tear for ein left knee insyd for March 26 during de second game of de 2022 NWSL Challenge Cup wey na dem place am for de club ein season-ending injury list after surgery.<ref>[https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/orlando-pride-forward-marta-placed-on-season-ending-injury-list "Orlando Pride forward Marta placed on Season Ending Injury list"]. ''www.orlandocitysc.com''.</ref> For 2 October 2023, Marta cam turn de first player make she reach 100 appearances for de Pride insyd 1–0 win over Angel City FC.<ref>[https://www.orlandocitysc.com/pride/news/martas-moments-a-look-at-the-orlando-pride-captain-s-top-moments-in-her-100-app "Marta's moments: A look at the Orlando Pride captain's top moments in her 100 appearances"]. ''www.orlandocitysc.com''.</ref> Insyd de first home game of de 2024 season, Marta score de equalizer insyd de 88th minute of de 1–1 draw plus Angel City.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240323084428/https://digitaledition.orlandosentinel.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=441788c0-8e17-4662-8dcb-d9ca6ba72ecf "Marta delivers late goal on free kick to help Pride come away with draw - Orlando Sentinel"]. ''digitaledition.orlandosentinel.com''. Retrieved 23 March 2024.</ref> Insyd de away game against Utah Royals, she score insyd de 68th minute of de 1–0 victory wey she claim Orlando Pride ein 200th goal.<ref>[https://kslsports.com/514974/utah-royals-orlando-pride-match-recap-april-2024/#:~:text=In%20the%2068th%20minute%2C%20Marta,midway%20through%20the%20second%20half.&text=Like%20the%20first%20half%2C%20both,45%20minutes%20of%20game%20time. "Utah Royals Shutout, Downed By Marta, Orlando Pride"]. 12 April 2024.</ref> == International career == For 26 July 2007, Marta den de Brazilian women's team beat de US U-20 national team make dem win de Pan American Games for de Estádio do Maracanã in front of crowd of 68,000. Na dem compare am, by de Brazilian fans, plus Brazilian great Pelé, dem dey bell am "Pelé with skirts." Pelé ein self agree plus de comparison. Marta say he bell am make he congratulate am for de win den dat na she be extremely happy make she hear dat one of de greatest players ever follow ein team's games.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080322070347/http://pan2007.globo.com/PAN/Noticias/0,,MUL78950-3873,00.html "GloboEsporte.com > Pan2007 > Futebol Pan2007 - NOTÍCIAS - Pelé diz que Marta é Pelé de saias"]. ''pan2007.globo.com''.</ref> Afterward, na dem record de imprint of her feet insyd cement for de stadium, wey make am de first woman make dem honor am. Marta participate insyd de 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup plus Brazil, wey stroll thru de group stage, wey dem win all three games plus Marta score four goals. Insyd de quarter-final, Brazil win 3–2 against Australia, plus Marta net from de penalty spot. Insyd de semi-final, Marta score twice Brazil win 4–0 against de United States— na de second goal she score spectacularly. Insyd de final, Brazil lost 2–0 to Germany. Marta get penalty kick dem save midway thru de second half, wich na e go tie de match. She fini de 2007 Women's World Cup as de winner of both de Golden Ball as de top individual player den de 'Golden Boot' as de competition ein top scorer plus seven goals. [[File:Marta2.png|right|thumb|Marta wear de Brazil number 10 during match insyd de 2007 Pan American Games]] Marta sanso play insyd de 2008 Summer Olympics, wey earn am silver medal. After ein personal duel insyd de final plus United States goalkeeper Hope Solo, 1–0 defeat consign Marta to ein third consecutive runners–up medal insyd major international tournaments.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110901015009/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/10/156992.html "US women hope Solo keeps Brazil's Marta from finding the net"]. Al Arabiya. 10 July 2011. Archived from [http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/10/156992.html the original] on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2011.</ref> Na Marta be part of de Brazil team for de 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, wer de United States eliminate Brazil insyd de quarter-finals. She record four goals den two assists insyd de tournament make she move joint top of de all-time women's World Cup goalscorer list alongsyd Birgit Prinz for 14.<ref>[http://www.kansascity.com/2011/07/10/3005451/recap-brazil-vs-united-states.html "Recap: Brazil vs. United States"]. Retrieved 10 July 2011.</ref> E sanso earn am de Silver Boot as de tournament ein second-leading goal scorer. From ein first touch insyd de tournament against Australia, na Marta be heavily jeered by local den opposing fans.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714060259/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gzpgy1H_NC_-LjrNHgwJakEJanaA?docId=CNG.011479171ac142806e7888ecf0eeb397.151 "Boos for Marta bemuse Brazil coach Lima"]. AFP. 10 July 2011. Archived from [https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gzpgy1H_NC_-LjrNHgwJakEJanaA?docId=CNG.011479171ac142806e7888ecf0eeb397.151 the original] on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111010005315/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/solo-soars-as-marta-is-jeered/1179856 "Solo soars as Marta is jeered"]. ''St Petersburg Times''. 10 July 2011. Archived from [http://www.tampabay.com/sports/solo-soars-as-marta-is-jeered/1179856 the original] on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.</ref> During ein fourth World Cup insyd 2015, Marta cam turn de all-time top scorer of de women's tournament plus 15 goals once she score de second goal insyd Brazil ein debut against South Korea.<ref>[http://esporte.uol.com.br/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2015/06/09/marta-faz-de-penalti-e-se-torna-a-maior-goleadora-da-historia-das-copas.htm Marta faz de pênalti e se torna a maior goleadora da história das Copas, Universo Online] (insyd Portuguese)</ref> Brazil lost to Australia insyd de round-of-16. During de 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, she cam turn de first player, male anaa female, make she score for five FIFA World Cup tournaments wen she score penalty against Australia insyd Brazil ein second group game. Insyd de next match, she score anoda penalty, dis time against Italy, make she cam turn de outright goalscorer wey dey lead, male anaa female, for de World Cup plus 17 goals for total.<ref name=":0" /> After na dem knock Brazil out by hosts France insyd de Round of 16,<ref>Fisher, Bethany (2 August 2023). [https://herfootballhub.com/jamaica-south-africa-world-cup-brazil-marta-farewell/ "Jamaica and South Africa make World Cup history, Marta bids an emotional farewell"]. ''Her Football Hub''. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</ref> Marta give emotional interview to television cameras wer na she plead plus Brazilian girlies make dem continue de legacy of ageing legends such as ein self, Formiga, den Cristiane. She implore dem make dem "value [women's football] more" den make dem "cry at the beginning so you can smile at the end." Na de interview go viral during de tournament, plus videos get tens of thousands of retweets for Twitter top.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48739925 "Brazil's Marta gives emotional speech to next generation"]. ''BBC Sport''. BBC. 23 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.</ref> For dat period of time, Marta enter top 10 de most popular footballer insyd de global ranking of de Wikipedia. For 21 July 2021, she score twice insyd 5–0 win against China make she cam turn de first player make she score for five straight Olympics insyd.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/21/sport/marta-formiga-brazil-2020-tokyo-olympics-china-spt-intl/index.html "Brazil football legends Marta and Formiga create Olympic history"]. ''CNN''. 21 July 2021.</ref> For 26 April 2024, Marta announce ein retirement from international football dey follow de [[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Summer Olympics]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/brazil-great-marta-retire-international-football-end-year-2024-04-26/ "Brazil great Marta to retire from international football at end of year"]. ''Reuters''. 26 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</ref><ref>Fisher, Bethany (2 August 2023). [https://herfootballhub.com/jamaica-south-africa-world-cup-brazil-marta-farewell/ "Jamaica and South Africa make World Cup history, Marta bids an emotional farewell"]. ''Her Football Hub''. Retrieved 6 August 2024.</ref> Na dem send am off insyd de first half stoppage time of Brazil ein final group play match against Spain, wey lef am ineligible give dema quarter-final match against France. == Style of play == [[File:Football_against_poverty_2014_-_Marta.jpg|right|thumb|Marta dey play insyd de Match Against Poverty insyd March 2014]] Small, quick, yet sturdy den tenacious player,<ref>Stephanie Nolen (14 June 2015). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/soccer/a-vicious-circle-plagues-the-world-of-womens-soccer-in-brazil/article24954058/ "A 'vicious circle' plaguing the world of women's soccer in Brazil"]. ''The Globe and Mail''. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref> wey dem dey regard am by chaw people insyd de sport as de greatest female footballer of all time, Marta be renowned for ein flair, quick feet, den exceptional skill for de ball top, wich earn am comparisons plus Ronaldinho,<ref>[https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/2006-12/21/content_764247.htm "Marta inspired by Ronaldinho"]. ''www.chinadaily.com.cn''.</ref> Romário,<ref name=":4">Alex Bellos (3 June 2007). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/jun/03/womensfootball.football "Chilled to perfection"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> den sanso [[Pelé]], wey ein self dubb am as ''Pelé with skirts''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140326144433/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/international-athletes/9427375/Marta-Vieira-da-Silva-Marta.html "Marta Vieira da Silva (Marta)"]. ''The Telegraph''. Archived from [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/international-athletes/9427375/Marta-Vieira-da-Silva-Marta.html the original] on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> For addition to ein vision den technical skills,<ref name=":4" /> dem sanso know Marta for ein pace wen she dey dribble at speed.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Bonnie D. Ford (10 June 2015). [https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/2015worldcup/story/_/id/13041656/women-world-cup-marta-quest-soccer-glory "Marta's quest for soccer glory"]. ESPN. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref><ref name=":6">Joanne C. Gerstner (24 June 2011). [https://www.espn.com/espnw/news/story/_/id/6696649/ten-watch-2011-women-world-cup "Ten to watch in Women's World Cup"]. ESPN. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> Marta be capable make she play insyd chaw offensive positions: she begin ein career insyd offensive midfield role as classic number 10,<ref name=":5">Michael T. Shepard (25 September 2003). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/2003/09/25/brazils-marta-is-a-10/7b15ba31-ab88-494a-952d-a92239e33e2a/ "Brazil's Marta Is a 10"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref><ref>Paul Saffer (22 April 2007). [http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/newsid=530128.html "Marta ready to work for Umeå"]. UEFA.com. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> although na dem later deploy am insyd more advanced role,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160215061248/http://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2014/m=7/news=marta-makes-latest-swedish-move-2407799.html "Marta makes latest Swedish move"]. FIFA.com. 24 July 2014. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2014/m=7/news=marta-makes-latest-swedish-move-2407799.html the original] on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> both as supporting forward<ref>Wade, Stephen (27 September 2007). [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/usa-0-brazil-4-martas-masterclass-humbles-us-403718.html "USA 0 Brazil 4: Marta's masterclass humbles US"]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> den as main striker,<ref>Reem Abulleil (21 May 2015). [https://news.yahoo.com/interview-marta-aiming-end-her-010200417.html "INTERVIEW: Brazil striker Marta aiming to end her long wait for World Cup glory"]. Yahoo.com. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref> anaa even for de wing top, position wich dey allow am make she cut into de middle den shoot for goal plus ein stronger left foot.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/sep/27/newsstory.sport "US women crash out of World Cup 4–0 to Brazil"]. ''The Guardian''. 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160804012854/http://www.ottawasun.com/2011/07/03/marta-leads-brazil-into-quarters "Marta leads Brazil into quarters"]. The Ottawa Sun. 3 July 2011. Archived from [http://www.ottawasun.com/2011/07/03/marta-leads-brazil-into-quarters the original] on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref> Although dem primarily know am for ein creativity, chance creation, den ability make she play off of ein teammates as advanced playmaker,<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160215061248/http://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2004/m=10/news=2003-magical-marta-ups-the-tempo-the-states-94471.html "2003: Magical Marta ups the tempo in the States"]. FIFA.com. 15 October 2004. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2004/m=10/news=2003-magical-marta-ups-the-tempo-the-states-94471.html the original] on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref><ref>Jeff Carlisle (9 July 2011). [https://www.espn.com/sports/soccer/news/_/columnist/carlisle_jeff/id/6745985/us-defeat-marta-co "Will the U.S. defeat Marta & Co.?"]. ESPN. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> Marta be prolific goalscorer, wey be renowned for ein striking ability;<ref>Hughes, Rob (11 January 2011). [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/12/sports/soccer/12iht-SOCCER12.html?_r=0 "The Best Player on Earth Is Looking for a Job"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> she sanso be accurate from penalties den set-pieces.<ref>Paolo Bandini (10 July 2011). [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jul/10/brazil-usa-live-womens-world-cup "Brazil v USA – as it happened]". ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref> For addition to ein footballing abilities, Marta sanso stand out give ein leadership.<ref>Bobby Ilich (6 December 2015). [http://www.ibtimes.com/womens-world-cup-2015-one-foreign-soccer-player-stands-out-above-rest-get-know-1965166 "Women's World Cup 2015: One Foreign Soccer Player Stands Out Above The Rest – Get To Know Brazil's Marta"]. ''International Business Times''. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref> == Ein life matter == Marta get three siblings, José, Valdir, den Angela. Ein parents be Aldário den Tereza. Ein poppie lef de family while na Marta be baby.<ref>[https://www.theplayerstribune.com/articles/marta-brazil-letter-to-my-younger-self "Letter to My Younger Self - By Marta"]. ''The Players' Tribune''. 24 August 2017.</ref> Insyd 2010, na dem name Marta United Nations Development Programme goodwill ambassador<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104124454/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/10/11/marta.un.ap/index.html "Brazilian star Marta to be UN goodwill ambassador"]. SI.com. 11 October 2010. Archived from [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/10/11/marta.un.ap/index.html the original] on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2010.</ref> den insyd 2018 UN Women goodwill ambassador.<ref>[https://www.unwomen.org/en/partnerships/goodwill-ambassadors/marta-vieira-da-silva "Marta Vieira da Silva"]. ''UN Women''. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</ref> Marta be fluent insyd Portuguese, Swedish den English.<ref>L. Jones, Grahame (25 February 2009). [http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/25/sports/sp-marta25 "Marta has come a long way, takes on new challenge in U.S."] ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved 21 September 2018.</ref> She be Catholic wey dey state say God be very important to am, although she no dey go church often.<ref>[http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/abbey-road-sunday-guest-marta-vieira-da-silva-english-translation/ "Abbey Road – Sunday Guest Marta Vieira Da Silva (English Translation)"]. Women's Soccer United. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2015.</ref> Insyd 2016, na dem list am as one of BBC ein 100 Women.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38012048 "BBC 100 Women 2016: Who is on the list?"]. ''BBC News''. 21 November 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2019.</ref> Insyd March 2017, Marta receive Swedish citizenship. She retain ein Brazilian citizenship den, she already cap by Brazil; e no make am eligible make she represent Sweden.<ref>Svensson, Elin Öhlund (14 March 2017). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/9aM7p "Rosengårds Marta Da Silva svensk medborgare"] [Rosengård's Marta Da Silva Swedish citizen]. ''Aftonbladet'' (insyd Swedish). Retrieved 7 May 2021.</ref> She gain U.S. green card insyd February 2021, wey dey give am permanent residency status wey sanso dey qualify am as domestic player give NWSL roster purposes.<ref>[https://www.orlandocitysc.com/post/2021/02/17/brazilian-legend-marta-orlando-pride-agree-new-contract "Brazilian Legend Marta, Orlando Pride Agree to New Contract"]. ''www.orlandocitysc.com''.</ref> == Career statistics == === Club === : ''As of 14 April 2024'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances den goals by club, season den competition ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Club ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Season ! colspan="3" scope="col" |League ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Cup ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Continental ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Total |- ! scope="col" |Division ! scope="col" |Apps ! scope="col" |Goals ! scope="col" |Apps ! scope="col" |Goals ! scope="col" |Apps ! scope="col" |Goals ! scope="col" |Apps ! scope="col" |Goals |- |Los Angeles Sol |2009 |WPS |20 |10 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |20 |10 |- |Santos |2009 |Série A | colspan="2" |– |7 |18 |6 |7 |13 |25 |- |Gold Pride |2010 |WPS |25 |20 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |25 |20 |- |Santos |2011 |Série A | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |4 |2 |4 |2 |- |Western New York Flash |2011 |WPS |15 |10 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |15 |10 |- | rowspan="3" |Tyresö |2012 | rowspan="6" |Damallsvenskan |21 |12 |4 |4 | colspan="2" |– |25 |16 |- |2013 |15 |12 |1 |1 |8 |7 |24 |20 |- |2014 |2 |3 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |– |3 |4 |- | rowspan="3" |Rosengård |2014 |9 |5 |5 |2 |6 |4 |20 |11 |- |2015 |21 |8 |5 |5 |6 |5 |32 |18 |- |2016 |19 |13 |4 |0 |6 |0 |29 |13 |- | rowspan="8" |Orlando Pride |2017 | rowspan="8" |NWSL |24 |13 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |24 |13 |- |2018 |17 |4 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |17 |4 |- |2019 |14 |6 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |14 |6 |- |2020 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |4 |0 |- |2021 |19 |4 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |– |23 |4 |- |2022 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– |2 |0 |- |2023 |18 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |18 |4 |- |2024 |4 |2 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |4 |2 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !247 !126 !33 !31 !36 !25 !316 !182 |} # '''^''' NWSL Fall Series == Honours == [[File:Football_against_poverty_2014_-_Marta_(2).jpg|right|thumb|Marta during de 2014 Match Against Poverty insyd Bern, Switzerland]] '''Umeå IK''' * Damallsvenskan: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008<ref name=":7">[https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/0238-0e167cb9c836-242258439f23-1000--how-brilliant-is-marta/ "How brilliant is Marta?"]. ''UEFA.com''. 7 April 2017.</ref> * Svenska Cupen: 2007<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231022075523/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/aik-umea-ik-svenska-cupen-damer/719751/ "AIK - Umeå IK - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll"]. ''www.svenskfotboll.se'' (insyd Swedish).</ref> * UEFA Women's Cup: 2003–04;<ref name=":7" /> runner-up: 2006–07, 2007–08<ref name=":7" /> '''Santos''' * Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Femenino: 2009<ref name=":7" /> * Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino: 2009<ref name=":7" /> '''FC Gold Pride''' * WPS Championship: 2010<ref name=":7" /> '''Western New York Flash''' * WPS Championship: 2011<ref name=":7" /> '''Tyresö FF''' * Damallsvenskan: 2012<ref name=":7" /> * UEFA Women's Champions League runner-up: 2013–14<ref name=":7" /> '''FC Rosengård''' * Damallsvenskan: 2014, 2015<ref name=":7" /> '''Brazil''' * Pan American Games: 2003, 2007<ref name=":7" /> * Sudamericano Femenino: 2003, 2010, 2018<ref name=":7" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210807202325/http://www.cafemchile2018.cl/noticia/96/brasil-se-corono-campeon-invicto-de-la-copa-america-femenina-2018 "Brasil se coronó campeón invicto de la Copa América Femenina 2018"]. ''cafemchile2018.cl''. 19 December 2023.</ref> * FIFA Women's World Cup runner-up: 2007<ref name=":7" /> * Summer Olympics runner-up: 2004, 2008<ref name=":7" /> '''Individual''' * FIFA World Player of de Year/The Best FIFA Women's Player<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/45631205 "Luka Modric named best male player and Marta best female player at Fifa awards"]. ''BBC News/Sport/Football''. 24 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.</ref> – Winner (6): 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2018 * The Best FIFA Women's Player – runner-up: 2016<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170110091615/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/ballon-dor/general/02/86/27/26/thebest_rankingpresslist2016_neutral.pdf "The Best FIFA Football Awards - Results"] (PDF). ''FIFA.com''. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 9 January 2017. Archived from [http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/ballon-dor/general/02/86/27/26/thebest_rankingpresslist2016_neutral.pdf the original] (PDF) on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2020.</ref> * FIFPro World XI: 2016, 2017, 2019,<ref>Beaard, Raymond. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203723/https://www.fifpro.org/noticias/las-mejores-futbolistas-del-mundo-el-once-mundial/es/ "Las mejores futbolistas: el Once Mundial - FIFPro World Players' Union"]. Archived from [https://www.fifpro.org/noticias/las-mejores-futbolistas-del-mundo-el-once-mundial/es/ the original] on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.</ref> 2021<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220118145524/https://fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/2020-2021-women-s-fifa-fifpro-world-11-revealed "The FIFA FIFPRO Women's World 11 Of 2021 - FIFPRO World Players' Union"]. ''FIFPRO''.</ref> * Damallsvenskan Top Scorer: 2004, 2005, 2008<ref>[https://svenskfotboll.se/damallsvenskan/historik/skyttedrottningar-1982-/ "Allsvenska skyttedrottningar 1982–."] Svenskfotboll.se. Retrieved 28 March 2012. (insyd Swedish)</ref> * FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Ball: 2004<ref name=":7" /> * FIFA Women's World Cup Golden Boot: 2007<ref name=":8">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190608151628/https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/marta-sweeps-the-board-609039 "FIFA Women's World Cup 2007™ - News - Marta sweeps the board"]. ''www.fifa.com''. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/marta-sweeps-the-board-609039 the original] on 8 June 2019.</ref> * FIFA Women's World Cup Golden Ball: 2007<ref name=":8" /> * FIFA Best Special Award: 2023<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/articles/incredible-marta-honoured-with-special-award "Incredible Marta honoured with FIFA Special Award"]. ''FIFA.com''. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 15 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.</ref> * WPS Golden Boot: 2009,<ref name=":7" /> 2010,<ref name=":7" /> 2011<ref name=":7" /> * Michelle Akers Player of the Year Award: 2009,<ref>[https://bleacherreport.com/articles/312695-marta-marta-marta-sol-star-named-fifa-womens-player-of-the-year "Marta! Marta! Marta!: LA Sol Star Named FIFA Women's Player of the Year"]. ''Bleacher Report''. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.</ref> 2010<ref>[https://www.mercurynews.com/2010/09/16/fc-gold-prides-marta-is-wps-most-valuable-player/ "FC Gold Pride's Marta is WPS most valuable player"]. ''The Mercury News''. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</ref> * Sudamericano Femenino Golden Boot: 2010<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/news/brazil-reign-again-colombia-make-history-1339135 "Brazil reign again, Colombia make history"]. ''www.fifa.com''.</ref> * ''Sports Illustrated'' Top 20 Female Athletes of de Decade (2000–2009) (#7)<ref>Lawrence, Andrew (22 December 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103091018/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/magazine/specials/2000s/12/19/top.female.athletes/index.html "2000s: Top 20 Female Athletes"]. ''Sports Illustrated''. Retrieved 29 December 2009.</ref> * IFFHS World's Best Woman Playmaker: 2012<ref>[http://iffhs.de/former-results/ "Former Results"]. IFFHS. Retrieved 13 January 2016.</ref> * IFFHS Women's World Team: 2018<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190515040509/https://iffhs.de/iffhs-awards-2018-the-women-world-team-2018/ "IFFHS AWARDS – THE WOMEN WORLD TEAM 2018"]. IFFHS.de. 1 December 2018. Archived from [https://iffhs.de/iffhs-awards-2018-the-women-world-team-2018/ the original] on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2018.</ref> * IFFHS World's Best Woman Player of de Decade 2011–2020<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211108044318/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/953 "IFFHS WORLD'S BEST WOMAN PLAYER OF THE DECADE 2011-2020"]. ''IFFHS''. 7 February 2021.</ref> * IFFHS CONMEBOL Best Woman Player of de Decade 2011–2020<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211106171304/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/939 "IFFHS BEST WOMAN PLAYER - CONMEBOL - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020"]. ''IFFHS''. 2 February 2021.</ref> * IFFHS World's Woman Team of de Decade 2011–2020<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250218231349/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/918 "IFFHS WORLD'S WOMAN TEAM OF THE DECADE 2011-2020"]. ''IFFHS''. 25 January 2021.</ref> * IFFHS CONMEBOL Woman Team of de Decade 2011–2020<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210612130225/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/920 "IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - CONMEBOL - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020"]. ''IFFHS''. 26 January 2021.</ref> '''Records''' * FIFA Women's World Cup all-time record goalscorer (17)<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48685664 "Women's World Cup: Brazil forward Marta breaks men's and women's tournament goal record"]. ''BBC Sport''. 19 June 2019.</ref> == References == <references /> == Read further == * Friedman, Ian C. (2007), ''Latino Athletes'', Infobase Publishing, ISBN 1438107846 * Grainey, Timothy (2012), ''Beyond Bend It Like Beckham: The Global Phenomenon of Women's Soccer'', University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0803240368 * Kassouf, Jeff (2011), ''Girls Play to Win Soccer'', Norwood House Press, ISBN 1599534649 * McDougall, Chrös (2012), ''Soccer'', ABDO,ISBN 1614785554 * Richards, Ted (2013), ''Soccer and Philosophy: Beautiful Thoughts on the Beautiful Game'', Open Court, ISBN 0812696824 * Stevens, Dakota (2011), ''A Look at the Women's Professional Soccer Including the Soccer Associations, Teams, Players, Awards, and More'', BiblioBazaar, ISBN 1241047464 * Velázquez de León, Mauricio (2010), ''20 Soccer Superstars'', The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 1615329471 == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Marta_Vieira_da_Silva|Marta Vieira da Silva]]'''''. * [http://www.marta10.com/ Official website] * [https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/6006/ Marta] at Soccerway.com * [https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/marta/ Marta] at WorldFootball.net * [https://www.kicker.de/marta/spieler Marta] at kicker (insyd German) * [https://fbref.com/en/players/3857e361/ Marta] at FBref.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230407082211/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/0edd6716-d09c-4d9d-9cc1-7e3f0fac277f/ Marta] at de Swedish Football Association (insyd Swedish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=190358/index.html Marta] – FIFA competition record (archived) * [https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/93137/ Marta] – UEFA competition record (archive) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240227061008/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/players/marta-vieira-da-silva-veiga Marta] at de National Women's Soccer League * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110630071623/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/wny/players/bios/marta "WPS profile"]. Archived from [http://www.womensprosoccer.com/wny/players/bios/marta the original] on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011. [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Footballers]] [[Category:Brazilian women's footballers]] [[Category:Women's association football forwards]] [[Category:Olympic footballers for Brazil]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Brazil]] [[Category:Umeå IK players]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2008 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2012 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Footballers wey komot Alagoas]] [[Category:Brazilian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:FIFA World Player of de Year winners]] [[Category:Los Angeles Sol players]] [[Category:Expatriate women's soccer players insyd de United States]] [[Category:Santos FC (women) players]] [[Category:FC Gold Pride players]] [[Category:Western New York Flash players]] [[Category:Expatriate women's footballers insyd Sweden]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2007 Pan American Games]] [[Category:2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:Olympic medalists insyd football]] [[Category:Tyresö FF players]] [[Category:Damallsvenskan players]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2008 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Brazil women's international footballers]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriate women's footballers]] [[Category:FC Rosengård players]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople insyd Sweden]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople insyd de United States]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:FIFA Women's Century Club]] [[Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for Brazil]] [[Category:Pan American Games medalists insyd football]] [[Category:Orlando Pride players]] [[Category:National Women's Soccer League players]] [[Category:2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:2003 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:Swedish women's footballers]] [[Category:Swedish Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2007 Pan American Games]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Women's Professional Soccer players]] [[Category:CR Vasco da Gama (women) players]] [[Category:2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:UN Women Goodwill Ambassadors]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] oxw1x0ukvur1s1qgnpu7tcrtjknpo05 0 7338 115491 36818 2026-11-01T22:46:30Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Menna Fitzpatrick''' MBE (born 5 May 1998) be British alpine skier.<ref name=":0">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/wales/42609799 "Menna Fitzpatrick: Paralympic call-up 'means everything'"]. ''BBC Sport''. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180127143243/http://www.snowsportwales.co.uk/news/menna-fitzpatrick-makes-history/ "Menna Fitzpatrick Makes History"]. ''Snowsport Cymru Wales''. 31 March 2016. Archived from [http://www.snowsportwales.co.uk/news/menna-fitzpatrick-makes-history/ the original] on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.</ref> She be visually impaired wey get 5% vision per wey she formerly ski plus guide Jennifer Kehoe til 2021.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/disability-sport/58326720 "Menna Fitzpatrick and Jen Kehoe: Para-skiiers [''sic''<nowiki>] call time on partnership"</nowiki>]. ''BBC Sport''. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref> Dem compete for de 2018 Winter Paralympics insyd Pyeongchang insyd March 2018<ref name=":0" /> wer na dem take four medals, wey dey include gold insyd de slalom, wey dey make Fitzpatrick Team GB ein most decorated Winter Paralympian.<ref name=":2">Belam, Martin (18 March 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/mar/18/winter-paralympics-menna-fitzpatrick-britains-first-gold "Winter Paralympics: Menna Fitzpatrick wins Britain's first gold on final day"]. ''theguardian.com''. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</ref> == Early life den training == Na dem born am insyd Macclesfield,<ref>[https://gbsnowsport.com/athlete/menna-fitzpatrick/ "Menna Fitzpatrick – GB Snowsport"]. ''gbsnowsport.com''. Retrieved 8 August 2024.</ref> Cheshire, wey she study Media Production for de Macclesfield College.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084409/https://www.paralympic.org/asp/lib/theasp.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=581&personid=1206582&refreshauto=1 "FITZPATRICK Menna"]. ''Paralympic.org''. International Paralympic Committee. Archived from [https://www.paralympic.org/asp/lib/theasp.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=581&personid=1206582&refreshauto=1 the original] on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.</ref> Fitzpatrick get congenital retinal folds, wey dey mean say she get no vision for ein left eye insyd den limited sight insyd ein right eye since birth. Despite dis, she learn make she ski whilst on family holidays from de age of five plus ein poppie dey act as ein guide. Na sam coach discover am whilst she dey ski for de Chill Factore indoor slope insyd Manchester for 2010 insyd, wey she subsequently start dey train plus de British Para Snowsport team. She make ein international debut give Great Britain insyd 2012.<ref name=":3">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/wales/46276055 "BBC Cymru Wales Sports Personality of the Year 2018: Menna Fitzpatrick profile"]. ''bbc.co.uk''. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</ref> == Skiing career == Insyd 2016, na Fitzpatrick den Kehoe be de first British winners of de overall World Cup Visually Impaired title for de International Paralympic Committee ein World Cup insyd Aspen.<ref name=":1" /> Na ebe Fitzpatrick ein first season she compete for World Cup level: she den Kehoe sanso win de discipline title for giant slalom dat season, as well as she place second insyd de super-G classification den third insyd de downhill den slalom standings.<ref name=":3" /> Insyd 2016, na dem award am de Ski Club of Great Britain ein annual Evie Pinching award "which celebrates the next generation of young, up-and-coming snow sports athletes".<ref>[http://www.thesportfeed.com/tag/menna-fitzpatrick/ "Ski Club of Great Britain announces winner of the Evie Pinching emerging talent award"]. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2018.</ref> Insyd October 2016, Fitzpatrick break ein hand during super-G training ahead of de 2016–17 season, wey keep am off de snow for two months wey require am make she get surgery. Despite dis, na she den Kehoe be able make dem claim bronze medal insyd de giant slalom for de 2017 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships insyd Tarvisio. De season wey dey follow de pair take de discipline World Cup title for super-G.<ref name=":3" /> For de 2018 Winter Paralympics, Fitzpatrick den Kehoe take bronze insyd de super-G den two silvers insyd de combined den de giant slalom before dem take slalom gold for de final day of de Games.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Belam, Martin (14 March 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/mar/14/britains-menna-fitzpatrick-wins-third-medal-winter-paralympics "Britain's Menna Fitzpatrick wins her third medal at Winter Paralympics"]. ''theguardian.com''. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</ref> Na dem appoint Fitzpatrick Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) insyd de 2018 Birthday Honours give "Services to Paralympic Winter Olympic Sport".<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62310/supplement/B17 "No. 62310"]. ''The London Gazette'' (Supplement). 9 June 2018. p. B17.</ref> For de 2019 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships Fitzpatrick den Kehoe take five medals, wey dem secure bronze insyd de giant slalom den silver insyd de slalom<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/disability-sport/46989944 "Para Alpine World Championships: Menna Fitzpatrick and Jen Kehoe win slalom silver"]. ''bbc.co.uk''. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</ref> before dem win gold insyd de downhill ahead of compatriots Kelly Gallagher den Gary Smith, wey dem cam turn de first British skiers make dem win both Paralympic den World Para titles.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/disability-sport/47058282 "Para Alpine World Championships: Menna Fitzpatrick & Jen Kehoe win women's downhill gold"]. ''bbc.co.uk''. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</ref> Dem then take second gold insyd de super-G before dem round off dema championships plus second silver insyd de combined.<ref>Hanna, Gareth (31 January 2019). [https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/paralympics/kelly-gallagher-wins-three-medals-in-two-days-at-world-championships-37767388.html "Kelly Gallagher wins three medals in two days at World Championships"]. ''Belfast Telegraph''. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</ref> For 25 August 2021, she announce de end of ein partnership plus Kehoe den dat she dey seek fresh guide.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/disability-sport/58326720 "Menna Fitzpatrick and Jen Kehoe: Para-skiiers call time on partnership"]. ''BBC Sport''. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref> Insyd 2022, she win de silver medal insyd de women's visually impaired super combined event for de 2021 World Para Snow Sports Championships dem hold insyd Lillehammer, Norway alongsyd fresh guide, Katie Guest (sisto of British Alpine World Cup skier, Charlie Guest).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241012225221/https://gbsnowsport.com/athlete/katie-guest-2/ "Katie Guest (Guide) – GB Snowsport"]. ''gbsnowsport.com''. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.paralympic.org/news/magnificent-monday-millie-knight-and-rene-de-silvestro-super-combined "Magnificent Monday for Millie Knight and Rene De Silvestro in the Super-Combined"]. ''Paralympic.org''. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</ref><ref>Houston, Michael (17 January 2022). [https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1117924/world-para-snow-sports-champs-5 "France twice strike Alpine Combined gold at World Para Snow Sports Championships"]. ''InsideTheGames.biz''. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</ref> She win two medals insyd alpine skiing for de 2022 Winter Paralympics dem hold insyd Beijing, China.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220313113641/https://results.beijing2022.cn/beijing-2022/paralympic-games/static/pwg2022/pdf/PWG2022/ALP/PWG2022_ALP_B99_ALP-------------------------------.pdf "Alpine Skiing Results Book"] (PDF). ''2022 Winter Paralympics''. Archived from [https://results.beijing2022.cn/beijing-2022/paralympic-games/static/pwg2022/pdf/PWG2022/ALP/PWG2022_ALP_B99_ALP-------------------------------.pdf the original] (PDF) on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://paralympics.org.uk/athletes/menna-fitzpatrick Menna Fitzpatrick] at de British Paralympic Association * [https://www.paralympic.org/menna-fitzpatrick Menna Fitzpatrick] at de International Paralympic Committee * [https://web.archive.org/web/1/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=-1&personid=1206582 Menna Fitzpatrick] at IPC.InfostradaSports.com (archived) [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1998 births]] [[Category:British female alpine skiers]] [[Category:Visually impaired category Paralympic competitors]] [[Category:Paralympic alpine skiers for Great Britain]] [[Category:Paralympic gold medalists for Great Britain]] [[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for Great Britain]] [[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for Great Britain]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at de 2018 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2018 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Macclesfield]] [[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd alpine skiing]] [[Category:British blind people]] [[Category:Members of de Order of the British Empire]] bgxtez2ynfdbgip7ouxdpa50nt2dcio 0 8028 115476 115396 2026-11-01T20:12:30Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Senegal_film_clapperboard.png|right|thumb|Film icon for Senegal]] De '''cinema of Senegal''' (French: ''Cinéma du Sénégal'') be small film industry wey get ein best time from 1960s to early 1980s, buh now e dey decline, as dem no produce reach five feature films for de last ten years.<ref name="Atelier">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707182152/http://www.atelierfiwe.com/Actualite/actu2007/Cannes/Cannes2007.htm "Independent Study Project School for International Training, Dakar, Senegal & l'Atelier FIWE Bénin & Madagascar Fall 2007"]. Cannes Film Festival. 2007. Archived from [http://www.atelierfiwe.com/Actualite/actu2007/Cannes/Cannes2007.htm the original] on July 7, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</ref> [[Senegal]] be de capital of African cinema, and de most important place wey dem dey produce African film, after dem get independence from France for 1960. == Cinematic ein history == === Early films: 1955–1969 === De first Senegalese film, wey be Paulin Vieyra ein ''Afrique-sur-Seine'', dem produce am for 1955. Vieyra go follow up plus more short films like ''Afrique à Moscou'' (1957), ''Le Niger aujourd’hui'' (1958), ''Les présidents Senghor et Modibo Keita'', ''Avec les Africaines à Vienne'' den ''"Présence Africaine" à Rome'' (1959), den ''Indépendance du Cameroun, Togo, Congo, Madagascar'' (1960), wey be documentary about how dese countries get dema independence. But e no be until Senegal get independence dat de industry start to grow. Writer Ousmane Sembène cam turn one of de top directors for de country during dis time, by turning many of ein short stories into films. Ein dey worry about how to change society, wey he dey see film as way to reach more people. For 1963, Sembène produce ein first film, 20-minute short call ''Barom Sarret'' (The Wagoner). People dey consider dis film as de first film ever dem make insyd Africa by Black African, wey e show how people still dey suffer for Senegal after dem get independence, thru de daily life of cab driver.<ref>David Bordwell and Kriston Thompson, ''Film History: An Introduction'', 2e (McGraw Hill, 2003), p. 548.</ref> For 1964, Sembène make anoda short film call ''Niaye''. For 1966, he produce ein first feature film, den Senegal ein first feature film too, ''La Noire de...'', wey be based on one of ein own short stories: wey e sanso cam turn de first feature film wey sub-Saharan African director ever release.<ref name="Atelier" /> Though e no reach one hour, de French film win am Prix Jean Vigo,<ref name=":0">[https://archive.today/20130103144930/http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-sembene14jun14,1,4130153.story?track=rss "Ousmane Sembene, 84; Senegalese hailed as 'the father of African film'"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. June 14, 2007. Archived from [http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-sembene14jun14,1,4130153.story?track=rss the original] on January 3, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</ref> wey bring attention from all over de world to film industry for Senegal den [[Cinema of Africa|African cinema]]. Sembène follow dis success plus ''Mandabi'' for 1968, wey achieve ein goal of making film for ein native language Wolof.<ref name=":0" /> === 1970s: "The Golden Years" === For 1970s, de film industry grow. For 1971, Sembène make film insyd Diola den French, Emitaï. Director Djibril Diop Mambéty release many films during dis time wey get deep meaning den show de reality of society. Like many of ein colleagues, Djibril Diop Mambéty use film to talk about politics den society for Africa, den like Sembène, ein films no be normal, dem be surrealist, fast-fast, plus stories wey show de real life of people. Mambéty use ein films talk about de hard things den contradictions for de new society wey dey come up for Senegal, den how different cultures dey mix. Ein first film, short one dem bell ''Contras City'' (1968), show how de big city Dakar get some fancy buildings, buh some areas dey very poor. For 1970, Mambéty release anoda short film, [[Badou Boy]], wey sanso dey look at Senegal ein capital plus eye wey no dey fear, wey dey show one person wey no dey follow rules, den one policeman wey dey follow am, wey dem dey do some funny things wey no dey possible. Mambéty ein first big film, ''Touki Bouki'' (''The Hyena's Journey'') for 1973, wey people say be ein best film to show how different cultures mix den how people dey isolate for Senegal, dem make am plus small money, $30,000, den ironically, de Senegalese government help fund am. De film show two lovers, Mory den Anta, wey dey dream of running away from Dakar to France, wey dem think be heaven, wey dis represent how tings dey change for Senegal den how dem dey enter new era. Sheila Petty, one scholar for African Studies, talk about Mambéty ein work for Senegalese film during dis time, say "unlike other African filmmakers for late 1960s den early 1970s wey dey focus on African values versus foreign culture, Mambéty try to show de real life wey diverse".<ref>Petty, Sheila (September 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006002032/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4106/is_200309/ai_n9241344/ "Djibril Diop Mambety: un cinéaste à contre-courant"]. Find Articles. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</ref> De film industry start to dey move fast for 1975, plus de release of some big films, like ''Kaddu Beykat'', wey Safi Faye direct, den ''Xala'', wey Sembène sanso direct, den New Yorker Films fund am. ''Xala'' be black comedy film, wey tell de story of El Hadji, one politician for Senegal, wey no fit get erection, from de day he marry ein third wife. De film use satire to talk about how corrupt African politics be, since dem get independence, plus El Hadji ein impotence wey dey show how many governments fail to overcome greed den selfishness.<ref>[http://film.guardian.co.uk/Century_Of_Films/Story/0,4135,414318,00.html "Ousmane Sembene: Xala"]. ''The Guardian''. December 21, 2000. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</ref> E follow dis film plus ''Ceddo'' (1977), one film wey get plenty censorship for Senegal because of de tings dem dey talk about for insyd. Safi Faye, wey first come out for 1972 plus ein short film ''La Passante'' (''The Passerby''), wey she sanso act for insyd, get encouragement from French man Jean Rouch, wey be expert for culture den film, to use film making as way to show culture. He persuade am make she go school for film production. She go study culture at École pratique des hautes études den then at Lumière Film School wey she find money to make films by working as model, actor den insyd film sound effects. She get PhD insyd culture from University of Paris for 1979 wey she immediately start dey study video production for Berlin. She get money from French Ministry of Cooperation to make ''Kaddu Beykat'' wey e cam turn de first big film wey Sub-Saharan African woman make, wey dem dey sell for market wey e get recognition from all over de world.<ref>Ukadike, p.30</ref> Dem ban am as dem release am for Senegal insyd.<ref name="bbc">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200512010442/http://www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/ "Africa Beyond"]. BBC. 2007. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200512010442/http://www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/ the original] on October 21, 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</ref> For 1976, ''Kaddu Beykat'' win two important awards: FIPRESCI Prize from International Federation of Film Critics den OCIC Award. After dat, Safi Faye release two more films, ''Fad'jal'' den ''Goob na nu'' for 1979. Also for 1970s, one journalist man, Ben Diogaye Bèye, start to dey make short films for Senegal. Ein first film, ''Les Princes Noirs de Saint Germain-des-Près'', wey he release for 1972, be ein most popular one.<ref name="whoswho">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1349_whoswho/page3.shtml "Who's Who at Fespaco: Ben Diogaye Bèye"]. ''BBC World Service''. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-09.</ref> De film be joke on one young African man wey no get work, dey try to live life differently for Paris, de capital of France.<ref name=":1">[https://archive.today/20130102122917/http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=affiche_artiste&no=5795 "Bèye Ben Diogaye"]. ''Africultures'' (insyd French). 2007-10-20. Archived from [http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=affiche_artiste&no=5795 the original] on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2008-10-09.</ref> Ein second film, ''Samba Tali'', na dem release am insyd early 1975.<ref name=":1" /> De film win Best Short Film Prize for Festival International du Film de l'Ensemble Francophone for Geneva for 1975, wey e sanso win for Carthage Festival for 1976.<ref name=":1" /> === 1980s to present: the decline for film production === By 1980, Senegal dey produce five big films every year den plenty short films. Bèye go produce den direct ein first big film, ''Sey, Seyti'', for 1980, wey be film wey dey criticize polygamy for Senegal.<ref name=":1" /> De film come second for Best Screenplay Prize for one contest wey Agency for Technical plus Cultural Cooperation organize for all Francophone countries.<ref name=":1" /> De film get special mention for Locarno Film Festival wey e sanso win Prix de la Coplusne for Pan-African Film Festivals for 1980 den 1981, respectively.<ref name=":1" /> Safi Faye continue direct film for 1980s, plus ''Man Sa Yay'' for 1980 den ''Les âmes au soleil'' for 1981. For 1983, Faye direct one documentary film, ''Selbé: One Among Many'', wey follow 39-year-old woman, Sélbe, wey dey work hard to take care of her eight children since her husband leave their village go find work.<ref>Thackway (2003), p.153</ref> Selbé dey talk regular plus Safi Faye, wey no dey show face for screen, wey she dey tell am about ein marriage life plus ein husby den how she dey live for de village every day.<ref>Thackway (2003), p.154</ref> Even though Safi Faye continue direct films for 1980s, plus films like ''Racines noires'' den ''Elsie Haas'', ''femme peintre et cinéaste d'Haiti'' for 1985 den ''Tesito'' for 1989, ein films, wey often cause controversy for Senegal, dem show am for Europe buh dem no show am for Senegal anaa Africa. After 1983, Senegalese film industry start decline, partly secof dem no get money for Senegal. Some directors like Sembene get money to continue make films, like ''Camp de Thiaroye'' (1987) den ''Guelwaar'' (1992) buh Senegal no get resources den money to make film industry grow den reach e full potential. Even today, many people wey know about film production, especially for Dakar, no get resources. Any films wey dem produce since den, dem mostly use foreign money to make am den dem show am for international film festivals instead of for Senegal.<ref name="Atelier" /> Sembène go continue direct plenty feature films, buh secof American film companies like New Yorker Films per dey invest for ein films. For 2000, he direct ''Faat Kiné'', wey give important eye-open for modern Senegal after dem get independence den how women dey live for dat society. De film talk about pregnancy outsyd marriage den adultery, den sanso dey look at how middle class den poor people dey live different lives, plus some people dey get rich den odas poor, den how people dey struggle plus old den new ways for Senegal. Sembène direct ein last film for 2004, ''Moolaadé'', wey win awards for Cannes Film Festival den FESPACO Film Festival for [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burkina Faso]]. De film, wey happen for small village for Burkina Faso, talk about female genital mutilation, wey be big controversy. Valerio Truffa be anoda big film director for Senegal. He sanso be de head of film schools for [[Benin|Bénin]] den [[Madagascar]], den odas. Amadou Tidiane Niagane be de person wey dey in charge of cinematography for Senegal Ministry of Culture for 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190112171755/https://au-senegal.com/dakar-sans-grand-ecran-le-cinema-est-il-mort,1386.html?lang=fr "Dakar sans grand écran : Le cinéma est-il mort ?"]. ''Au Sénégal, le cœur du Sénégal'' (insyd French). 12 January 2019. Archived from [https://au-senegal.com/dakar-sans-grand-ecran-le-cinema-est-il-mort,1386.html the original] on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.</ref> == Notable film directors == * Ben Diogaye Beye * Alassane Diago * Ababacar Samb Makharam * [[Djibril Diop Mambéty]] * Safi Faye * Ousmane Sembène * Khady Sylla * Mahama Johnson Traoré * Paulin Soumanou Vieyra * Mansour Sora Wade * Moussa Sene Absa * Alain Gomis == Notable films == * ''Afrique-sur-Seine'' (1955) * ''Borom Sarret'' (1963) * ''Niaye'' (1964) * ''La Noire de...''(1966) * ''Mandabi'' (1968) * ''Contras City'' (1968) * ''Badou Boy'' (1970) * ''Touki Bouki'' (1973) * ''Xala'' (1974) * ''Ceddo'' (1977) * ''Jom or the History of a people'' (1982) * ''Camp de Thiaroye'' (1988) * ''Guelwaar'' (1992) * ''Faat Kiné'' (2000) * ''Moolaadé'' (2004) * ''Les Feux de Mansaré'' (2009) * ''Yoolé'' (2011) * ''La Pirogue'' (2012) * ''Tey'' (2012) * ''Des Étoiles'' (2013) * ''Félicité'' (2017) * ''Tirailleurs'' (2022) == Sana spy == * Media of Senegal * Cinema of the world * [[Cinema of Africa]] == References == <references /> === Bibliography === * Şaul, Mahir "Art, Politics and Commerce in Francophone African Cinema," in Mahir Şaul and Ralph Austen, eds. ''Viewing African Cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Art Films and the Nollywood Video Revolution'', pp.&nbsp;133–159. Ohio University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8214-1931-1 * Schmidt, Nancy J. (1999). "Sub-Saharan African Woman Filmmakers". In Harrow, Kenneth W. (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kRR2fBv2NhUC African Cinema: Postcolonial and Feminist Readings]''. Africa World Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-697-8|978-0-86543-697-8]]</bdi>. *  Thackway, Melissa (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=__PzjrAIUtYC Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone]''. James Currey Publishers. pp. 151–155. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-85255-576-8|0-85255-576-8]]</bdi>. *  Ukadike, Nwachukwu Frank; Teshome H. Gabriel (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=G-JqZSK9T6IC Questioning African Cinema: Conversations with Filmmakers]''. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 29–40. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8166-4004-1|0-8166-4004-1]]</bdi>. * Christopher, Michael (2011). "A Bustrip to Postcoloniality: On the road with the TGV-Express". In: ''manycinemas 2/2011'', pp.&nbsp;68–81. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001083803/http://www.manycinemas.org/TGV-Express.html Online at manycinemas.org] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001083803/http://www.manycinemas.org/TGV-Express.html Archived] 2021-10-01 at the Wayback Machine. [[Category:Cinema of Senegal]] t8dqpo3g37v7z8xtkopmmkkiu5abcwk 0 8075 115486 40451 2026-11-01T22:03:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''King Ampaw''' be one Ghanaian filmmaker and actor wey born for Kukurantumi for [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] of Ghana. Dem know am for act as second lead role plus late Hollywood actor, Klaus Kinski for Werner Herzog ein big film Cobra Verde (1987) wey he sanso co-produce.<ref name="honoured">"King Ampaw Honoured". ''www.modernghana.com''. Retrieved 26 February 2015.</ref> He sana co-produce de film ''African Timber'' (1989) wey Peter F. Bringmann direct am.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226182511/http://africa-archive.com/gh/african-timber-1989 "African Timber"]. ''www.african-archive.com''. Retrieved 26 February 2015.</ref> == Ein Biography == King Ampaw born 25 July 1940 for Kukurantumi, Eastern Region of Ghana. He go Academy of Film for Potsdam, Germany for 1965. For 1966, he sanso go Academy of Music and Performing Arts for Vienna, Austria, den Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film München, Germany (HFF Munich) from 1967 to 1972, wey he study plus Werner Herzog den Wim Wenders. He graduate as film director plus ein first film, ''They Call it Love''.<ref name="honoured" /> After ein return to Ghana, he cam turn senior director for Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) from 1979 to 1982, wen he lef GBC make he start ein own film company, Afro Movies Ltd.<ref name="honoured" /> King Ampaw write, direct den produce ein own films like ''Kukurantumi, Road to Accra'' (1983), ''Juju'' (1985) den ''No Time to Die'' (2006).<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200806060737.html "Ghana: King Ampaw to Premier "No Time to Die" in Atlanta"]. ''allafrica.com''. Retrieved September 25, 2020.</ref> Chaw of ein films get funding from ein own company, Afromovies Ltd, den international agencies den governments, like ''No Time to Die'' wey get funding from European Union den French Government.<ref>"'No Time to Die' - King Ampaw's Latest Film". ''www.modernghana.com''. Retrieved 26 February 2015.</ref> Ein films get praise from all over de world wey dem win chaw awards, wey dey include Film Critics Award for ''Kukurantumi, Road to Accra'' at FESPACO, Input Film Award for ''Juju'' insyd Czech Republic, den Talifa Film Festival Award for ''No Time to Die'' insyd Spain. He be de first Filmmaker wey dem give Honorary Award for de [[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] (AMAA) for [[Nigeria]].<ref name="African Film festival: New York">[http://www.africanfilmny.org/2013/king-ampaw/ "African Film festival: New York"]. ''www.africanfilmny.org''. Retrieved 26 February 2015.</ref> For de 2012 [[National Film and Television Institute|NAFTI]] Film Lectures, dem honour am for ein immense contribution put de film industry plus cross-cultural collaborations between [[Ghana]] den Germany.<ref name="thechronicle.com.gh">"Government votes GHc 2m for creative Industry". ''thechronicle.com.gh''. Retrieved 26 February 2015</ref> He sana receive another Lifetime Achievement Award for 2013 for Accra International Film Festival.<ref>[http://www.m.gbcghana.com/1.1444016 "King Ampaw receives lifetime achievement award"]. ''www.gbcghana.com''. Retrieved 26 February 2015.</ref> He be one of de founding members of FEPACI (Union of African Filmmakers), FESPACO, Ghana Academy of Film and Television Arts (GAFTA), den Directors' Guild of Ghana (DGG).<ref name="honoured" /> King Ampaw dey work on one film now, wey dey titled "The Son and Sun of Africa", wey dey talk about de life of de legendary Pan-Africanist, [[Kwame Nkrumah]], wey dis one go be ein last film, make he plete ein creative works.<ref name="honoured" /><ref name="thechronicle.com.gh" /> == Filmography == * ''They Call it Love'' (1972)<ref name=":0">[https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/filmmaker-king-ampaw-turns-80.html "Filmmaker King Ampaw turns 80"]. ''www.graphic.com.gh''. Retrieved September 25, 2020.</ref> * ''Kukurantumi, Road to Accra'' (1983)<ref name=":0" /> * ''Juju (Nana Akoto)'' (1985)<ref>[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/king-ampaw/#:~:text=Biography&text=King%20Ampaw%20was%20born%20in,Verde%20(1987)%20among%20others. "King Ampaw Biography, Born 1987 among others"]. ''africanfilmny.org''. Retrieved September 25, 2020.</ref> * ''No Time to Die'' (2006)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201209024332/https://www.ghanaonline.com/entertainment/no-time-to-die-king-ampaws-latest-film/ "'No Time To Die' - King Ampaw's Latest Film"]. ''MyJoyOnline.com''. 2007-01-27. Archived from [https://www.ghanaonline.com/entertainment/no-time-to-die-king-ampaws-latest-film/ the original] on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2020-08-07.</ref> * ''Cobra Verde'' (1987)<ref>[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/king-ampaw/ "Ampaw, King | African Film Festival, Inc"]. Retrieved 2024-09-04.</ref> == Ein Awards den nomination == For 2007, dem award am "Best Actor award for de 4th African ''Film Festival of Tarifa'' for Spain.<ref name=":0" /> He go present for de 20th anniversary of de "Pan-African Film and Arts Festival" for Georgia, Atlanta, for 2008.<ref name=":0" /> He sana win de Film Critics Award for ''Kukurantumi'' for Fespaco in [[Ouagadougou]] plus Input Film Award for ''Nana Akoto'' in Czechoslovakia.<ref name=":0" /> He sana be de winner of Honorary Award give an edition for de [[Africa Movie Academy Awards|''Africa Movie Academy Awards'' (''AMAA'')]], for [[Nigeria]].<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, dem award am Lifetime Achievement Award for de ''Accra International Film Festival'' (''AIFF'') insyd 2013.<ref name=":0" /> == Ein life matter == He marry wey he get two sons.<ref name="African Film festival: New York" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Ghanaian film producers]] [[Category:Ghanaian film directors]] [[Category:Ghanaian male actors]] [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Ghanaian expatriates insyd Germany]] [[Category:Ghanaian expatriates insyd Austria]] [[Category:People wey komot Eastern Region (Ghana)]] 9yhe6upi4hmx0ao1nt24kce7p5szhxu 0 8422 115485 38690 2026-11-01T21:58:47Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Julyana Al-Sadeq''' (Arabic: جوليانا الصادق; born 9 December 1994) be Jordanian taekwondo athlete.<ref>[http://www.taekwondodata.com/julyana-al-sadeq.afh0.html "TaekwondoData"]. ''TaekwondoData''. Retrieved 20 August 2018.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180830002952/http://jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordans-juliana-al-sadeq-makes-taekwondo-history "Jordan's Juliana Al Sadeq makes taekwondo history"]. ''Jordan Times''. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.</ref><ref>[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%8C_%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A1%D9%A8.jpg/220px-%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%8C_%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A1%D9%A8.jpg "Julyana Al-Sadeq reaches taekwondo Olympic quarterfinals"]. ''cdnimgen.royanews.tv''. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref> She win de gold medal for de 2018 Asian Games for de women's 67 kg weight category top.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180820172922/https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/AL-SADEQ-Julyana-3000404/ "AL SADEQ Julyana | Asian Games 2018 Jakarta Palembang"]. ''Asian Games 2018 Jakarta Palembang''. Archived from [https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/AL-SADEQ-Julyana-3000404/ the original] on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.</ref> Insyd December 2022, she cam turn de first Jordanian den Arab woman make dem rank am world number one dey follow ein victory for de Saudi Grand Prix.<ref name=":0">[https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1135822/taekwondo-profile-julyana-al-sadeq "Julyana Al-Sadeq - Making a mark for Arab and Muslim women"]. ''www.insidethegames.biz''. 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref><ref>[https://www.thenewsmarket.com/news/jordanian-taekwondo-star-julyana-al-sadeq-determined-to-break-new-ground-at-paris-2024/s/68894e99-e50d-49f8-91ab-97077825dcf1 "Jordanian taekwondo star Julyana Al−Sadeq determined to break new ground at Paris 2024"]. ''The NewsMarket''. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref><ref>[https://jordantimes.com/news/local/jordans-juliana-al-sadiq-tops-world-taekwondo-ranking "Jordan's Juliana Al Sadiq tops world taekwondo ranking"]. ''Jordan Times''. 2023-01-04. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref> == Early life den education == Al-Sadeq dey hail from Amman.<ref>Lewis, Andy. [https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/olympics/2024/07/03/jordans-julyana-al-sadeq-hopes-to-inspire-as-she-chases-olympic-taekwondo-dream/ "Jordan's Julyana Al Sadeq hopes to inspire as she chases Olympic taekwondo dream"]. ''The National''. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref> She obtain bachelor’s degree insyd physical education from de University of Jordan.<ref>[https://hbtf.com/en/news/supports-taekwondo-champion "Housing Bank Supports the National Taekwondo Champion Julyana Al Sadeq - Housing Bank"]. ''hbtf.com''. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref> == Ein life matter == Al-Sadeq get older bro Yazan Al Sadeq, wey get success for de 2010 Youth Olympic Games insyd Singapore.<ref name=":0" /> Insyd 2021, Al-Sadeq go viral for social media top for ein perceived resemblance to Lady Gaga.<ref>Colombo, Charlotte. [https://www.businessinsider.com/lady-gaga-julyana-al-sadeq-taekwondo-viral-photo-twitter-trend-2021-7?r=US&IR=T "A taekwondo Olympian from Jordan has gone viral after an image appeared to show an uncanny resemblance to Lady Gaga"]. ''Business Insider''. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref> == References == [[Category:Living people]] <references /> == External links == * [https://web.worldtaekwondo.martial.services/profile/b1fed9f7-9ef5-49ed-870a-2b04c04225d3 Julyana Al-Sadeq] profile at World Taekwondo * [https://worldtkd.simplycompete.com/playerProfileV2?month=8&year=2024&userId=11e6eef5-9a8f-27b0-92b4-12f817a4f090 Julyana Al-Sadeq] ranking at World Taekwondo * [https://www.taekwondodata.com/julyana-al-sadeq.afh0.html Julyana Al-Sadeq] at TaekwondoData.com * [https://olympics.com/en/athletes/julyana-al-sadeq Julyana Al-Sadeq] at Olympics.com * [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/144280 Julyana Al-Sadeq] at Olympedia [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Jordanian female taekwondo practitioners]] [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Amman]] [[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at de 2014 Asian Games]] [[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at de 2018 Asian Games]] [[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Jordan]] [[Category:Asian Games medalists insyd taekwondo]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2018 Asian Games]] [[Category:Asian Taekwondo Championships medalists]] [[Category:Islamic Solidarity Games medalists insyd taekwondo]] [[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic taekwondo practitioners for Jordan]] [[Category:21st-century Jordanian sportswomen]] [[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at de 2022 Asian Games]] [[Category:Islamic Solidarity Games bronze medalists]] [[Category:Islamic Solidarity Games medalists for Jordan]] [[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:University of Jordan alumni]] [[Category:Jordanian Muslims]] rszi9hse9ouiy667uqpsy3tz0kxt7rc 0 10184 115528 113590 2026-11-02T00:38:45Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Terry Roger Adkins''' (May 9, 1953 – February 8, 2014) na he be American artist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon94.com/artists/detail/terry-adkins |title=Salon 94 profile |access-date=2024-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131083224/https://www.salon94.com/artists/detail/terry-adkins |archive-date=2016-01-31}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.driskellcenter.umd.edu/narratives/exhibition/artists/bio.htm |title=Artist's Biographies |publisher=Driskellcenter.umd.edu |access-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905111448/http://www.driskellcenter.umd.edu/narratives/exhibition/artists/bio.htm |archive-date=5 September 2015}}</ref> Na he be Professor of Fine Arts insyd de School of Design at de University of Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.design.upenn.edu/people/adkins_terry |title=PennDesign &#124; Terry Adkins |publisher=Design.upenn.edu |access-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629031242/http://www.design.upenn.edu/people/adkins_terry |archive-date=June 29, 2012 }}</ref> == Early life == Na dem born Adkins insyd Washington, D.C., for May 9, 1953, into a musical household. Na ein poppie, Robert H. Adkins, a chemistry den science teacher den Korean War veteran, sing den play de organ; ein mommie, Doris Jackson, a nurse, na she be amateur clarinetist den pianist.<ref name=":2" /> Na Adkins ein grand poppie be de Rev. Andrew Adkins, pastor of de historic Alfred Street Baptist Church insyd Alexandria, Virginia. Na ein aunt Alexandra Alexander be a mathematician den National Security Agency code breaker. Na ein uncle Dr. Rutherford Adkins, a former Tuskegee Airman plus de 100th Fighter Squadron of de 332nd Fighter Group, fly 14 combat missions wey he eventually cam turn Fisk University ein 11th presido.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.salon94.com/assets/press/TA_Internation_Center_of_African_American_Art.pdf|title=Artist Terry Adkins and the Fisk University Legacy|last=Pinson|first=Hermine|date=April 1, 2014|website=Salon94, International Center of African American Art|access-date=March 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626102708/http://www.salon94.com/assets/press/TA_Internation_Center_of_African_American_Art.pdf|archive-date=June 26, 2015}}</ref> As a young man, Adkins plan make he be a musician, buh insyd college na he find einself drawn increasingly to visual art. Aaron Douglas den Martin Puryear wey mentor am,<ref name=":1" /> he earn a B.S. insyd printmaking from Fisk University insyd Nashville, follow by an M.S. insyd de field from Illinois State University den an M.F.A. insyd sculpture from de University of Kentucky.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/arts/terry-adkins-composer-of-art-sculptor-of-music-dies-at-60.html|title=Terry Adkins, Composer of Art, Sculptor of Music, Dies at 60|date=February 22, 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref> == Career == Na Adkins be interdisciplinary artist wey ein practice include sculpture, performance, video, den photography.<ref name="whitney.org">{{cite web|url=http://whitney.org/Exhibitions/2014Biennial/TerryAdkins|title=Terry Adkins|work=whitney.org|access-date=November 4, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024011954/http://whitney.org/Exhibitions/2014Biennial/TerryAdkins|archive-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://observer.com/2014/02/terry-adkins-artist-musician-and-educator-dies-at-60/|title=Terry Adkins, artist, Musician and educator, Dies at 60|author=Andrew Russeth|work=Observer|date=February 9, 2014|access-date=November 4, 2015}}</ref> Na ein artworks often be inspired by, dem dedicate to, anaa dem refer to musicians anaa musical instruments; na specific installations den exhibitions sam times dem label "recitals."<ref name="whitney.org" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/16/arts/design/review-art-for-the-planets-sake-at-the-venice-biennale.html|title=Review: Art for the Planet's Sake at the Venice Biennale|date=May 16, 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/arts/terry-adkins-composer-of-art-sculptor-of-music-dies-at-60.html|title=Terry Adkins, Composer of Art, Sculptor of Music, Dies at 60|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 23, 2014|last1=Fox|first1=Margalit}}</ref> Samtimes, na dese arrangements of sculptures be "activated" insyd performances by Adkins ein collaborative performance group, de Lone Wolf Recital Corps. He lead de Lone Wolf Recital Corps wey dey premier works at Institute of Contemporary Arts London, Rote Fabrik, Zurich, New World Symphony, Miami, MoMA PS1 MOMA, den Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newmuseum.org/events/358|title=Charles Gaines/Terry Adkins Collaborative|date=August 6, 2009|publisher=NewMuseum.org|access-date=9 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224014652/http://www.newmuseum.org/events/358|archive-date=February 24, 2012}}</ref> Chaw of ein works draw from de biographies of little known historical figures; ein 2011 exhibition ''Nutjuitok (Polar Star)'' dey base for de life of a black Arctic explorer dem name Matthew Henson top wey reach de North Pole plus Robert Peary at de turn of de 20th century. Insyd oda cases, Adkins ein works dey focus for obscure details insyd de lives of seminal figures such as de African American writer, activist den sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois, wey ein famous speech "Socialism and the American Negro" (1960) dem invoke insyd de 2003–2008 installation ''Darkwater Record''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/arts/terry-adkins-composer-of-art-sculptor-of-music-dies-at-60.html|title=Terry Adkins, Composer of Art, Sculptor of Music, Dies at 60|last=Fox|first=Margalit|date=February 22, 2014|work=The New York Times|access-date=20 March 2017|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> === Exhibition === === Work insyd Exhibition === === Awards === * 2009 Rome Prize<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aarome.org/sites/sofa/2009-2010/terry-adkins |title= Terry Adkins &#124; School of Fine Arts Index|website=www.aarome.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703020828/http://www.aarome.org/sites/sofa/2009-2010/terry-adkins |archive-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/penn-school-design-professor-terry-adkins-wins-rome-prize-visual-arts|title=Penn School of Design Professor Terry Adkins Wins Rome Prize in Visual Arts &#124; Penn News|date=April 20, 2009|publisher=Upenn.edu|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010133242/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/penn-school-design-professor-terry-adkins-wins-rome-prize-visual-arts|archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> * 2008 USA Fellows<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedstatesartists.org/Public2/USAFellows/2008Fellows/Alphabetically/TerryAdkins/index.cfm|title=Terry Adkins – Profile – Visual Arts – USA Projects – Artist Fundraising & Advocacy|last=Moyemont|first=Terry|publisher=Unitedstatesartists.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812082559/http://www.unitedstatesartists.org/Public2/USAFellows/2008Fellows/Alphabetically/TerryAdkins/index.cfm|archive-date=August 12, 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> == References == [[Category:African-American artists]] [[Category:1953 births]] [[Category:Artists wey komot Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Fisk University alumni]] [[Category:Illinois State University alumni]] [[Category:University of Kentucky alumni]] [[Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty]] [[Category:2014 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century African-American artists]] [[Category:21st-century African-American artists]] [[Category:21st-century African-American academics]] [[Category:21st-century American academics]] <references /> == External links == * [http://www.danaroc.com/inspiring_020606terryadkins.html "Terry Adkins"], ''Dana Roc'' * [http://www.artnet.com/artist/424005686/terry-adkins.html "Terry Adkins"], ''Artnet'' * [http://sofaarome.wordpress.com/2009/10/17/at-the-aar-gallery-meteor-stream-recital-in-four-dominions-by-terry-adkins-after-john-brown/ "At the AAR Gallery, Meteor Stream: Recital in Four Dominions"], by Terry Adkins After John Brown * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220122203606/http://web.mta.info/mta/aft/permanentart/permart.html?agency=mnr&line=harlemline&artist=2&station=1 Public artwork at the Harlem – 125 Street train station, commissioned by MTA Arts for Transit] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150920153802/http://bombmagazine.org/article/4547318/terry-adkins "Terry Adkins, Oral history"], ''Bomb'' 6480atqsn3mkwayf52reexpzigzsir3 0 11023 115530 108607 2026-11-02T01:24:13Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zarina Bhimji''' (dem born am 1963<ref name="Phaidon Editors">{{cite book |title=Great women artists |date=2019 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=9780714878775 |page=62 |editor-first1=Rebecca |editor-last1=Morrill |editor-first2=Karen |editor-last2=Wright |editor-first3=Louisa |editor-last3=Elderton}}</ref>) be a Ugandan Indian photographer, wey base insyd London. Na dem nominate am for de Turner Prize insyd 2007,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/press/press-releases/turner-prize-2007-shortlist-announced|title=Turner Prize 2007 shortlist announced – Press Release {{!}} Tate|last=Tate|work=Tate|access-date=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> wey she exhibit for Documenta 11 insyd 2002,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zarinabhimji.com/biography_groupshows_02.htm |title=Zarina Bhimji |website=zarinabhimji.com |access-date=2018-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429141605/http://www.zarinabhimji.com/biography_groupshows_02.htm |archive-date=2015-04-29}}</ref> wey dem represent am insyd de public collections of Tate, de Museum of Contemporary Art insyd Chicago den Moderna Museet insyd Stockholm. ==Life and work== Dem born am insyd Mbarara, [[Uganda]], na Bhimji educate for Leicester Polytechnic (1982–1983), Goldsmiths' College (1983–1986) den Slade School of Fine Art, University College London (1987–1989).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zarinabhimji.com/biography_education.htm |title=Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514015055/http://www.zarinabhimji.com/biography_education.htm |archive-date=May 14, 2007 |access-date=2023-10-05}}</ref> Ein work appear insyd ''Creative Camera'' insyd April 1990,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zarinabhimji.com/biography_reviews_04.htm|title=Zarina Bhimji|website=www.zarinabhimji.com|access-date=2019-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902122342/https://www.zarinabhimji.com/biography_reviews_04.htm|archive-date=2019-09-02}}</ref> den insyd a landmark issue of ''Ten.8'' magazine as early as 1992.<ref>'Critical Decade: Black British Photography in the 80s', ''Ten.8'' vol. 2, no. 3, 1992</ref> Insyd 2001, Bhimji get ein first solo exhibition insyd de [[United States|U.S.]], ''Cleaning the Garden'', for Talwar Gallery, New York<ref>{{cite web|url=http://talwargallery.com/zarinagarden-pr/|title=Zarina Garden-Press Release|website=talwargallery.com|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref> wey she win de EAST award for EASTinternational dem select by Mary Kelly den Peter Wollen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Radio 4 - Woman's Hour -Zarina Bhimji's|url=https://www.bbc.com/radio4/womanshour/2001_31_tue_05.shtml|access-date=2024-12-13|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref> She participate insyd documenta 11 insyd June to September 2002 plus ein 16&nbsp;mm film.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://frieze.com/article/documenta-11-2|title=Documenta 11|journal=Frieze|date=9 September 2002|issue=69|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13|last=Mercer|first=Kobena}}</ref> From 2003 to 2007, she travel widely insyd India, East Africa den Zanzibar, wey she dey study legal documents den de stories of those wey form British power insyd those countries, wey she dey carry out interviews den dey take photographs.<ref name="short2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/liverpool/exhibitions/turnerprize2007/artists.shtm#zarina|title=Turner Prize: The shortlisted artists|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121003757/http://www.tate.org.uk/liverpool/exhibitions/turnerprize2007/artists.shtm#zarina|archive-date=November 21, 2007|website=tate.org.uk}}</ref> Insyd 2003 Bhimji receive de International Center for Photography ein Infinity Award insyd de Art Photography category.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icp.org/infinity-awards/zarina-bhimji|title=2003 Infinity Award: Art|date=2016-02-23|website=International Center of Photography|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref> Insyd 2007, na dem shortlist am for de Turner Prize for photographs of [[Uganda]]. Na dema theme be de expulsion of Asians from de country by Idi Amin den de subsequent loss den grief e cause.<ref name="Iraq2">Reynolds, Nigel, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070508194637/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/08/nturner108.xml "Iraq protest camp shortlisted for Turner Prize"] ''The Daily Telegraph'' online, 10 May 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2007.</ref> Na dem exhibit de photographs for Haunch of Venison gallery insyd London den Zurich.<ref name="short2" /> Ein Turner Prize display include a film, ''Waiting'', wich na dem shoot insyd a sisal-processing factory. ==Exhibitions== === Solo exhibitions === * 1992: ''Zarina Bhimji: I Will Always Be Here'', Ikon Gallery, Birmingham<ref name="RASB2">{{Cite book |title=Recordings, a select bibliography of contemporary African, Afro-Caribbean and Asian British art |url=https://archive.org/details/recordingsselect0000keen |first1=Melanie |last1=Keen |first2=Elizabeth |last2=Ward |date=1996 |publisher=Institute of International Visual Arts and Chelsea College of Art and Design |isbn=9781899846061 |location=London |oclc=36076932}}</ref> * 1995: ''Zarina Bhimji'', Kettle's Yard, Cambridge (introduction by Marina Warner)<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1998: ''Cleaning the Garden,'' Harewood House, Terrace Gallery, Leeds<ref name="auto">Bhimji, Zarina (2012). ''Zarina Bhimji''. Whitechapel Art Gallery. London. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781905464517|9781905464517]]</bdi>. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779254824 779254824].</ref> * 2006: ''Zarina Bhimji,'' Haunch of Venison, London<ref name="auto"/> * 2007: ''Zarina Bhimji,'' Haunch of Venison, Zurich<ref name="auto"/> * 2009: ''Zarina Bhimji, Out of Blue,'' Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, [[United States|USA]]<ref name="auto"/> * 2010: ''Who Knows Tomorrow,'' Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin, Germany<ref name="auto"/> * 2012: Zarina Bhimji, Whitechapel Gallery, London and Kunstmuseum Bern, Switzerland<ref name="auto"/> * 2018: ''Lead White,'' Tate [[United Kingdom|Britain]]<ref>Tate. [https://www.tate.org.uk/visit/tate-britain/display/spotlights/zarina-bhimji-lead-white "Zarina Bhimji: Lead White: Until 2 June 2019 – Display at Tate Britain"]. ''Tate''. Retrieved 29 May 2019.</ref> === Group exhibitions === * 1985: ''f.stops'', Chelsea School of Art, London<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1985: ''Mirror Reflecting Darkly'', Brixton Art Gallery, London<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1986: ''Darshan: An Exhibition by Ten Asian Photographers,'' Camerawork, London<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1986: ''From Two Worlds'', Whitechapel Art Gallery, London<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1986: ''Jagrati'', Greenwich Citizens Gallery, London<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1987: ''The Image Employed: the Use of Narrative in Black Art'', Cornerhouse, Manchester<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1987: ''Polareyes'', Camden Arts Centre, London<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1987: ''The Devils Feast'', Chelsea School of Art, London<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1987: ''Dislocations'', Kettle's Yard, Cambridge<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1988: ''Spectrums Women's Photography Festival Open Exhibition'', South London Gallery<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1988: ''The Essential Black Art,'' Chisenhale Gallery, London and UK tour<ref name="auto"/> * 1989: ''Fabled Territories'', City Art Gallery, Leeds (toured)<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1989: Intimate Distance, the Photographers' Gallery, London<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1990: ''In Focus'', Horizon Gallery, London<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1990: ''Passing Glances: Works by 5 Artists Presented by Artangel in Collaboration with the British Library'', British Library, Euston Road, London<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1990: ''The Women in My Life'', the Small Mansions Arts Centre, London<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1991: ''Shocks to the System: Social and Political Issues in Recent British Art from the Arts Council Collection'', South Bank Centre, London (toured)<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1993: ''On Taking a Normal Situation'', Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst, Antwerpen<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1994: Iniva inauguration exhibition, Iniva London<ref name="auto"/> * 1995: ''The Impossible Science of Being'', the Photographers' Gallery, London<ref name="RASB2" /> * 1996: ''In/Sight'', Guggenheim Museum, New York<ref name="auto"/> * 1997: ''No place (like home),'' Walker Arts Centre, Minneapolis<ref name="auto"/> * 2002: ''Documenta 11,'' Kassel<ref name="auto"/> * 2003: Istanbul Biennale, Istanbul<ref name="auto"/> * 2005: ''British Art Show 6,'' Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art, Gateshead and UK tour<ref name="auto"/> == Collections == Dem hold Bhimji ein work insyd de public collections wey dey follow: * Tate<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/zarina-bhimji-5469|title=Zarina Bhimji born 1963|last1=Tate|website=tate.org.uk|access-date=2023-10-05}}</ref> * Museum of Contemporary Art insyd Chicago * Moderna Museet insyd Stockholm<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernamuseet.se/malmo/en/exhibitions/moderna-museet-cinema/zarina-bhimji-out-of-blue/|title=Zarina Bhimji: Out of Blue – Moderna Museet i Malmö|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185635/https://www.modernamuseet.se/malmo/en/exhibitions/moderna-museet-cinema/zarina-bhimji-out-of-blue/|archive-date=2019-04-13|publisher=Moderna Museet i Malmö|website=modernamuseet.se|access-date=2023-10-05|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhimji, Zarina}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:Ugandan people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ugandan people of Indian descent]] [[Category:British Ismailis]] [[Category:Alumni of De Montfort University]] [[Category:Alumni of de Slade School of Fine Art]] [[Category:Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London]] [[Category:Ugandan women artists]] [[Category:English women photographers]] [[Category:Journalists wey komot London]] [[Category:Ugandan emigrants to de United Kingdom]] [[Category:People wey komot Mbarara]] [[Category:Gujarati people]] [[Category:Khoja Ismailis]] [[Category:Ugandan photographers]] <references /> ==External links== * Official website {{Authority control}} [[Category:Artists wey komot London]] nfu6kfcyq87dp5az52nw4lnipkq4jab 0 13706 115487 113144 2026-11-01T22:33:46Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Saura_Script_invented_by_Mangei_Gomango.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Saura Script wey Mangei Gomango invent]] '''Mangei Gomango''' (dem born am 16 June 1916 – he die 1980), alias '''Pandita Sabara Mangei Gamango''' na he be Indian language activist wey devise<ref>{{cite web|url=http://as1.ori.nic.in/atlcdemo/?refid=Activities&pgid=publication|title=Academy Of Tribal Languages And Culture: Publication|publisher=As1.ori.nic.in|date=|accessdate=2015-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052852/http://as1.ori.nic.in/atlcdemo/?refid=Activities&pgid=publication|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/zide1999three.pdf|title=Three Munda Scripts|author=Norman Zide|publisher=Sealang.net|accessdate=2015-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150943/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/zide1999three.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-02}}</ref> de tribal language of Rayagada district.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&q=Mangei+Gomango&pg=PA901|title=The World's Writing Systems - Peter T. Daniels, William Bright - Google Books|isbn=9780195079937|accessdate=2015-04-16|last1=Daniels|first1=Peter T.|last2=Bright|first2=William|year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ko.cyclopaedia.asia/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_alphabet|title=Sorang Sompeng alphabet &#124; 인터넷 사이트 &#124; cyclopaedia.net|publisher=Ko.cyclopaedia.asia|date=2008-01-02|accessdate=2015-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115202/http://ko.cyclopaedia.asia/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_alphabet|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> Odisha Sahitya Academy award am.<ref name="Sambadepaper">{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Nilanchala|title=Saura Script & Saura Cult|url=http://sambadepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=174748&boxid=5617284|accessdate=30 June 2015|publisher=Sambadepaper|date=30 June 2015}}</ref> == Ein Early life == Dem born Gomango for 16 June 1916 insyd Marichaguda, Jeypore Estate, British India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inpr.odisha.gov.in/Download/index-or.pdf|title=Orissa Review : Index 1948-2005|publisher=Inpr.odisha.gov.in|accessdate=2015-04-16}}</ref> Dem dey regard am as de inventor of Soura Lipi (script). Mangei Gamang wey develop de Saura script Sorang Sompeng<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&q=Sorang+Sompeng&pg=PA612|title=The World's Writing Systems - Peter T. Daniels, William Bright - Google Books|isbn=9780195079937|accessdate=2015-04-16|last1=Daniels|first1=Peter T.|last2=Bright|first2=William|year=1996}}</ref> insyd 1966 so say de de language go spread.<ref name="New Indian Express">{{cite news|title=Government agrees to conduct survey on Saura script|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1516329.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227130216/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1516329.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 February 2015|accessdate=25 June 2015|agency=Express News Service|newspaper=New Indian Express|date=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Alan Wood|url=http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/sora-sompeng.html|title=Sora Sompeng – Test for Unicode support in Web browsers|publisher=Alanwood.net|date=|accessdate=2015-04-16}}</ref> As mark of respect, na menners dey bell am "Pandita Sabara" (scholar).<ref>Dash, Bimalashankar. [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=983599125005390&set=a.192735864091724.45220.100000659360641&type=1&theater "Akhara bramha in Metra Hill"] (June 16–30, 2015): 04. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref> == Ein Works == De temple of Matarabnam insyd Marichaguda play great role insyd de invention of de script. Ebe believe say de Sorang Sompeng alphabet cam ein der insyd sam vision for 18 June 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sorangsompeng.htm|title=Sorang Sompeng script|publisher=Omniglot.com|date=1936-06-18|accessdate=2015-04-16}}</ref> Na he be poet, Arurvedic scholar den reformer too. Insyd 1936, he establish press insyd Puthasahi of Gunupur Sub division so ego spread de script wey he invent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/in-danger-of-extinction/article1818261.ece|title=In danger of extinction|publisher=Thehindu.com|date=2007-03-31|accessdate=2015-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/anukumar/3645/64936/my-fathers-circles-of-life.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113162248/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/anukumar/3645/64936/my-fathers-circles-of-life.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-13|title=Anu Kumar's Blog : My father's Circles of Life|publisher=Ibnlive.in.com|date=2013-11-11|accessdate=2015-04-16}}</ref> == Ein life matter == Gomango die insyd 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title=ବୁରୁ ମଙ୍ଗେଇ ଗମାଙ୍ଗ|url=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB2058942X?l=en|website=CiNii|access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Language activists]] [[Category:1916 births]] [[Category:1980 deaths]] [[Category:Creators of writing systems]] <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://orissa.gov.in/ Govt. portal of Orissa] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:People wey komot Rayagada district]] 836xl8r9gglqhg0wtk7ylylvkvj9rpc 0 14016 115506 107566 2026-11-01T23:29:24Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Omotola Jalade Ekeinde''' (dem born '''Omotola Jalade''', 7 February 1978) be Nigerian actress, singer, philanthropist den former model.<ref name=":0">[http://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/17/showbiz/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-queen-nollywood/index.html "Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde: 10 things to know about 'Omosexy'"]. ''CNN Entertainment''. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</ref><ref>Okafor, Kelvin (3 February 2021). [https://www.legit.ng/1102269-omotola-jalade-biography.html "Omotola Jalade Ekeinde biography: Age, husband, children, movies"]. ''legit.ng''. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</ref> Since ein Nollywood film debut insyd 1995, Ekeinde appear insyd over 300 films, dey sell millions of copies.<ref name=":0" /> Omotola be de second Nigerian den first Nigerian celebrity wey receive over 1 million likes for ein Facebook page top.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201302181875.html "Nigeria: Omotola Hits 1 Million Facebook Likes"]. ''Leadership''. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013 – via All Africa.</ref><ref>Alonge, Osagie (10 February 2013). [https://thenet.ng/omotola-surpasses-1m-likes-on-facebook/ "Omotola surpasses 1m 'likes' on Facebook"]. ''Nigeria Entertainment Today''.</ref> Rydee, she get a total of 3 million followers for Facebook top.<ref>Odumade, Omotolani. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160718224358/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-actress-celebrates-3m-followers-on-facebook-id5258216.html "Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde: Actress celebrates 3m followers on Facebook"]. ''Pulse Nigeria''. Retrieved 20 July 2016.</ref> Insyd 2013, na dem include am insyd ''Time'' magazine ein list of de 100 most influential people insyd de world.<ref name=":3">Corliss, Richard (18 April 2013). [https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/omotola-jalade-ekeinde/ "The 2013 Time 100: Omotola Jalade Ekeinde"]. ''Time magazine''. London. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref> Insyd 2013, na Ekeinde make a brief appearance for VH1 ein scripted series, ''Hit the Floor''.<ref>A. Obenson, Tambay (24 June 2013). [https://www.imdb.com/news/ni55839009/ "Nigerian Actress Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Will Make USA TV Debut On 'Hit The Floor' Tonight"]. ''IMDb''. IndieWire. Retrieved 28 June 2013.</ref> For 2 November 2013, na she speak at de 2013 edition of de WISE- Summit, wey dem hold insyd Doha, Qatar.<ref>Omolewa, Mufutau (3 November 2013). [http://www.modernghana.com/movie/25209/3/gorgeous-omotola-speaks-at-the-wise-summit-in-doha.html "Gorgeous Omotola speaks at the WISE Summit in Doha,Qatar(PHOTOS)"]. ''ModernGhana''. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</ref> Insyd 2014, na dem honour am by de Nigerian government, wey she cam turn a Member of de Order of de Federal Republic (MFR) give ein contributions to Nigerian cinema.<ref>Mojeed, Musikilu (18 September 2014). [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/headlines/168316-jonathans-steward-taxi-driver-traffic-warden-304-other-nigerians-get-national-honours.html "Jonathan's steward, taxi driver, traffic warden, 304 other Nigerians get National Honours"]. ''Premium Times''. Retrieved 24 September 2014.</ref> == Ein early life den education == Omotola Jalade, wey be of Ondo descent, dem born am insyd Lagos State. Na she grow up plus ein parents den two younger brothers, Tayo den Bolaji Jalade. Na ein mommie, Oluwatoyin Jalade née Amori Oguntade, Husby Captain Matthew Ekeinde, work at J.T Chanrai Nigeria, den ein poppie, Oluwashola Jalade, work for de YMCA den de Lagos Country Club.<ref name=":1">[https://heelsofinfluence.com/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-2/ "Omotola Jalade Ekeinde"]. ''Heels of Influence''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</ref> She attend Chrisland School, Opebi (1981–1987), Oxford Children School (1987), Santos Layout, den Command Secondary School, Kaduna (1988–1993).<ref name=":2">The360reporters (20 April 2020). [https://www.the360report.com/2020/04/20/omotola-jalade-ekeide-biography-and-net-worth/ "Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Net Worth 2020_Biography, Age, Marriage, Movies And Endorsements Deals"]. ''Latest News and Entertainment Updates''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</ref> She get a brief stint at [[Obafemi Awolowo University]] wey she plete ein studies at [[Yaba College of Technology]] (1996–2004), wey she study Estate Management. Na originally she wan a career insyd business management.<ref name=":1" /> However, as she dey await for ein results from university, she begin dey model make she earn a living.<ref name=":1" /> == Ein career == '''<big>Acting career</big>''' Na dem introduce Ekeinde to acting while dey accompany a friend to an audition. Na ein first acting role be insyd de 1995 film ''Venom of Justice'',<ref>[https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/05/17/omosexy-celebrates-25-years-in-entertainment-with-sexy-look/ "Omosexy celebrates 25 years in entertainment with sexy look - P.M. News".].</ref> wey Reginald Ebere direct am.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201030233237/https://www.insidenolly.ng/reginald-ebere/ "Reginald Ebere (Writer, Director) | Movies | INSIDENOLLY"]. ''www.insidenolly.ng''.</ref> na dem give am de lead role insyd de film. Ein first major role be insyd de film ''Mortal Inheritance'' (1995), wey she play a sickle-cell patient wey fight for ein life against small odds of survival.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/17/showbiz/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-queen-nollywood/ "Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde: 10 things to know about 'Omosexy'"]. January 2014.</ref> Since den, she star insyd chaw films, wey dey include ''Games Women Play'',<ref>izuzu, chibumga (19 June 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241201023114/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/throwback-thursday-throwback-to-the-movie-games-women-play/hsx4b2z "Throwback to the Movie "Games Women Play""]. ''Pulse Nigeria''.</ref> ''Blood Sisters'',<ref>''[[oclc:558658799|Blood sister]]''. 31 March 2003. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/558658799 558658799] – via Open WorldCat.</ref> ''All My Life'', ''Last Wedding'', ''My Story'', ''The Woman in Me'' den others. For ein role insyd ''Mortal Inheritance'', she win "Best Actress in an English Speaking Movie" den "Best Actress Overall" at de 1997 Movie Awards. She be de youngest actress insyd Nigeria for dat time make she win dis.<ref>[https://nigerianfinder.com/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-biography-career-age-husband-children-movies/ "Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Biography: Career, Husband, Children, Movies"]. ''nigerianfinder.com''. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</ref> Insyd de late 1990s den early 2000s, she star insyd chaw sequel films, wey dey include ''Lost Kingdom II'', ''Kosorogun II'', den ''Blood Sister II'', dey lead to a grand achiever award from de Global Excellence Recognition Awards insyd 2004. Na dem award am best Actress insyd a supporting role during de Africa Movie Academy Awards insyd 2005.<ref>Folaranmi, Femi (13 May 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060909132636/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/showtime/2005/may/13/showtime-13-05-2005-006.htm "Rhythm of a new world of movies As Nollywood stars storm Yenagoa for AMAA"]. ''The Daily Sun''. Archived from [http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/showtime/2005/may/13/showtime-13-05-2005-006.htm the original] on 9 September 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2013.</ref> After she shoot roughly three hundred video movies, Ekeinde receive ein first cinematic movie role insyd de 2010 film "''Ije".''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130117085830/http://ijethemovie.com/ "IJE"]. Vow Foundation. Archived from [http://ijethemovie.com/ the original] on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</ref> Dem shoot dis film at locations insyd Jos den de [[United States]]. "''Ije"'' be de highest grossing Nollywood film at de time – A feat wey later ''Phone Swap (2012)'' break am. Insyd 2012, she star insyd de Nollywood thriller, ''Last Flight to Abuja'' wey cam turn de second-highest-grossing movie insyd [[West Africa|West African]] cinemas insyd 2012''.''<ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/last-flight-to-abuja-grosses-n8m-in-the-box-office/ "Last Flight to Abuja grosses N8m in the box office"]. ''Vanguard Newspaper''. Vanguard. 18 August 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.informationng.com/2012/11/omotola-clinches-actress-of-the-year-award.html "Omotola Clinches Actress of the Year Award"]. ''The Daily Sun''. 26 November 2012.</ref> She go on go win over forty domestic den international awards.<ref>James, Osaremen Ehi (11 November 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130313063016/http://nigeriafilms.com/news/19501/2/omotola-emerges-biggest-box-office-actress-of-the-.html "Omotola Emerges Biggest Box-Office Actress of the Year ...As Last Flight To Abuja Becomes 2012 Best Box-Office Hit"]. Nigeria films. Archived from [http://nigeriafilms.com/news/19501/2/omotola-emerges-biggest-box-office-actress-of-the-.html the original] on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</ref><ref>[https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/omotola-jalade-ekeinde/ "The 2013 Time 100: Omotola Jalade Ekeinde"]. ''Shout-Africa''. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref><ref>Media, Bigsam (8 August 2012). [http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvmovie/96039/3/last-flight-to-abuja-is-the-number-2-film-in-west-.html "Last Flight to Abuja is the number 2 film in West African Cinemas"]. ''The Nigerian Voice''. Retrieved 26 May 2013.</ref> Insyd 2015, Ekeinde celebrate ein 20th anniversary insyd de entertainment industry, wey she appear insyd about two hundred films.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150114183207/http://pulse.ng/movies/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-omosexy-is-a-nollywood-cornerstone-yahoo-id3399022.html ""Omosexy is a Nollywood cornerstone" – Yahoo"]. ''Pulse Nigeria''. Chidumga Izuzu. 11 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</ref> Insyd June 2018, Ekeinde den fellow Nigerian Femi Odugbemi receive invitations to be voting members for de Academy Awards.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200122131241/https://guardian-ng.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/guardian.ng/news/meet-voting-members-of-oscars-2018-odugbemi-omotola/amp?usqp=mq331AQCCAE=&amp_js_v=0.1#referrer=https://www.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&ampshare=https://guardian.ng/news/meet-voting-members-of-oscars-2018-odugbemi-omotola/ "Meet voting members of Oscars 2018: Odugbemi, Omotola"]. Retrieved 25 July 2018.</ref> === Music career === Ekeinde launch a music career insyd 2005 plus de release of ein debut album dem title am "gba". De album don produce de singles "Naija Lowa" den "The Things You Do To Me."<ref>''[http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/omotola/album/gba-blue-pie/track/honey-boy Honey Boy]'', 1 January 2006, retrieved 3 January 2018</ref><ref>[https://buzznigeria.com/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-biography-family/ "Omotola Jalade Ekeinde's Biography and Age Accomplishments"]. ''BuzzNigeria.com''. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</ref> Ein unreleased second album – ''Me, Myself, and Eyes'', bring insyd production from Paul Play den Del B. Na e be supported by de songs "Feel Alright", dey feature Harrysong, den "Through the Fire", dey feature Uche.<ref>Media, Bigsam. [http://www.modernghana.com/ghanahome/photos/event_album.asp?parent_id=27252&action=view "HOW CELEBRITIES AND DIGNITARIES MINGLED AT OMOTOLA'S ALBUM LAUNCH"]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 19 July 2013.</ref> Insyd late 2012, Ekeinde begin dey work on ein third album wey enlist de help of The Bridge Entertainment. She go to Atlanta, Georgia insyd de United States make she work plus producers den songwriters wey fi help am create a sound wey go resonate plus American audiences. She get studio sessions plus Kendrick Dean, Drumma Boy den Verse Simmonds<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130123020201/http://www.nigerianmonitor.com/2013/01/18/2015/ "Omotola Jalade features top foreign acts in new album as she returns to music"]. ''Nigerian Monitor''. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.</ref> wey she record a song plus singer Bobby V.<ref>Eta, Philip (28 January 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140104155845/http://dailypost.com.ng/2013/01/28/photospeak-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-records-with-bobby-v-in-atlanta/ "PHOTOSPEAK: Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde records with Bobby V in Atlanta"]. ''Daily Post''. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref><ref>James, Osaremen Ehi (28 January 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130202190808/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/20300/2/updated-omotola-storms-atlanta-studio-with-bobby-v.html <nowiki>"UPDATED: Omotola Storms Atlanta Studio With Bobby V [Picture]"</nowiki>]. ''Nigeria Films.com''. Archived from [http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/20300/2/updated-omotola-storms-atlanta-studio-with-bobby-v.html the original] on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.</ref> === Reality show === Insyd 2012, Ekeinde sana launch a reality television show, ''Omotola: The Real Me'', for Africa Magic Entertainment top, a M-Net subsidiary broadcast for DStv top. She be de first Nigerian celebrity make she star insyd ein own reality show.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140319065204/http://africamagic.dstv.com/category/shows/omotola-the-real-me/ "Omotola:The Real Me"]. ''Africa Magic Dstv''. MultiChoice Ltd. Archived from [http://africamagic.dstv.com/category/shows/omotola-the-real-me/ the original] on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2013.</ref> == Ein philanthropy == Ekeinde can turn a United Nations World Food Programme Ambassador insyd 2005, dey go to missions insyd [[Sierra Leone|Sierra- Leone]] den [[Liberia]]. She sana dey support organisations wey dey include Charles Odii ein SME100 Africa wey empower youth den young women for society insyd. She be active insyd the Walk the World project wey she participate insyd de Walk the World campaign insyd Liberia plus President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.<ref>Hunger, fight (7 March 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064627/http://www.movingtheworld.org/cordelia_salternour/blog/2007/03/07/gearing_up_for_walk_the_world_in_liberia "Gearing up for Walk the World in Liberia"]. ''TNT Corporate Responsibility''. Archived from [http://www.movingtheworld.org/cordelia_salternour/blog/2007/03/07/gearing_up_for_walk_the_world_in_liberia the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2012.</ref> Ein human rights campaign work be centered for ein NGO project, dem call am de Omotola Youth Empowerment Program (OYEP). Dis undertaking bring hundreds of youths togeda give de Empowerment Walk den Convention.<ref>Aiki, Damilare (24 January 2012). [http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/01/24/bn-exclusive-in-loving-memory-of-her-mother-omotola-jalade-ekeindes-foundation-oyep-gives-20-widows-amazing-makovers-must-see-photos/ "BN Exclusive: In Loving Memory of her Mother, Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde's Foundation OYEP gives 20 Widows AMAZING Makeovers – Must See Photos!"]. ''Bella Naija''. Retrieved 2 May 2013.</ref> She lend ein voice insyd 2010 to de "Rewrite The Future" campaign of Save The Children [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref name=":2" /> She cam turn an Amnesty International campaigner insyd 2011 wey she participate insyd campaigns insyd Sierra-Leone (Maternal Mortality) den a 2012 campaign give de Niger Delta insyd Nigeria, wey she shoot a video dey ask Shell plc den de government to "own up, clean up, pay up| den take responsibility give de oil spills insyd de Niger Delta.<ref>Macnamara, Lucy (17 April 2012). [https://www.amnesty.org/en/blog/art-for-amnesty/nollywood-star-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-calls-shell-clean-niger-delta "'Nollywood' Star Omotola Jalade Ekeinde calls on Shell to clean up the Niger Delta"]. Amnesty International. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref><ref>Akintayo, Opeoluwani (7 January 2012). [https://www.amnesty.org/en/blog/art-for-amnesty/nollywood-star-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-calls-shell-clean-niger-delta "'Nollywood' Star Omotola Jalade Ekeinde calls on Shell to clean up the Niger Delta"]. ''All Africa''. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref> Insyd June 2020, she visit an orphanage home insyd [[Tanzania]] run by Tanzania Mitindo House wey dey focus on HIV infected kiddies, plus Tanzanian actress Wema Sepetu.<ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/omotola-storms-tanzania-for-charity/ "Omotola storms Tanzania for charity"]. ''Vanguard News''. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2021.</ref> To promote de 2021 World No Tobacco Day den de #SmokeFreeNollywood campaign, Ekeinde den actors (Dakore Egbuson-Akande, Daniel Effiong, Meg Otanwa, Michelle Dede, Osas Ighodaro) pledge make dem stop smoking insyd dema movie scenes, as e get a negative influence on young kiddies wey look up to dem.<ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/world-no-tobacco-day-2021-nollywood-celebrities-pledge-to-stop-smoking-scenes/ "World No Tobacco Day 2021: Nollywood celebrities pledge to stop smoking scenes"]. ''Vanguard News''. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</ref> De campaign be backed by US non-profit organization Tobacco-Free Kids den a sub-Saharan public strategy firm - Gatefield.<ref>"Omotola, Dakore, Nollywood artistes pledge to stop smoking scenes in movies". ''Daily Trust''. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</ref><ref>[https://tribuneonlineng.com/omotola-dakore-others-pledge-to-stop-smoking-scenes-in-movies/ "Omotola, Dakore, others pledge to stop smoking scenes in movies"]. ''Tribune Online''. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</ref> == Ein awards den recognition == Ekeinde get a regular column insyd ''OK! Nigeria Magazine'' dem title am "Omotola's Diary", wey dey feature writings about ein life den experiences.<ref>Aiki, Damilare (26 August 2012). [http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/Cocktails-With-Omotola-Jalade-Ekeinde_12345893 "Nollywood's Omotola; Cocktails with Omotola Jalade Ekeinde"]. ''Jamaica Observer''. Retrieved 2 May 2013.</ref> For 5 November 2013, she receive de Ebony Vanguard Award at de Music Video and Screen Awards (MVISA) wey dem hold am insyd Birmingham, England.<ref>Alonge, Osagie (7 November 2013). [https://thenet.ng/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-honoured-at-music-video-and-screen-awards/ "Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde honoured at Music Video and Screen Awards"]. Nigerian Entertainment Today. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140313235131/http://thenet.ng/2013/11/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-honoured-at-music-video-and-screen-awards/ Archived] from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref> For 9 November 2013, Oba Victor Kiladejo, de Royal king of Ondo Kingdom confer on Omotola a chieftaincy title insyd ein hometown of Ondo State.<ref>[http://news.naij.com/51433.html "Omotola Jalade, David Mark, Others Receive Chieftaincy Title in Ondo Kingdom"]. Naij News. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref> Insyd 2012, CNN Travel include Ekeinde ein accent on dema list of de "world's twelve sexiest accents".<ref>Burchette, Jordan (30 November 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140915152446/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/life/worlds-sexiest-accents-130333 "World's 12 sexiest accents"]. CNN. Retrieved 20 July 2013.</ref> De Nigerian accent rank fifth for de list. Insyd 2013, na dem include insyd ''Time'' magazine ein list of de 100 most influential people insyd de world.<ref name=":3" /> Na dem include Ekeinde insyd de list of Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine insyd 2013.<ref>[https://newsghana.com.gh/top-100-influential-people-in-africa-see-the-nigerian-list/ "Top 100 Influential People In Africa: See the Nigerian list"]. ''News Ghana''. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</ref> Insyd 2015, dem list am among de highest-grossing movie actors. Others for de list dey include Shah Rukh Khan, Frank Welker, Bob Bergen, Jack Angel, Mickie McGowan, Michael Papajohn, Martin Klebba, Clint Howard den Chris Ellis. Dis listing be compiled den researched by Yahoo!.<ref>[https://uk.yahoo.com/movies/the-highest-grossing-movie-stars-youve-never-107601608266.html "The Highest-Grossing Movie Stars You've Probably Never Heard Of"]. ''Yahoo Movies UK''. Retrieved 9 January 2015.</ref> == Ein life matter == Jalade marry Captain Matthew Ekeinde insyd 1996. Togeda, dem get four kiddies.<ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/03/how-omotola-hubby-kept-the-nuptial-fire-burning-for-25-years/ "How Omotola, hubby kept the nuptial fire burning for 25 years"]. ''Vanguard News''. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2022.</ref> == Ein selected filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Actor |- |'''Title''' |'''Year''' |'''Role''' |'''Notes''' |- |''Iva'' |1993 | |Plus Francis Duru, Olu Jacobs |- |''Venom of Justice'' |1995 | | |- |''Mortal Inheritance'' |1996 |Kemi Johnson |Plus Fred Amata, Kunle Bamtefa, Abiola Atanda |- |''Scores to Settle'' |1998 | |Plus Liz Benson, Richard Mofe-Damijo, Teco Benson |- |''Lost Kingdom'' |1999 | |Plus Pete Edochie, Enebeli Elebuwa |- |''Kosorogun'' |2002 | |Plus Faithia Balogun, Shan George |- |''When Love Dies'' | rowspan="5" |2003 |Mary | |- |''Under Fire'' | |Plus Chiege Alisigwe, Charles Awurum |- |''The Outsider'' | | |- |''Rescue'' | | |- |''Blood Sisters'' |Gloria |Plus Genevieve Nnaji |- |''Royal Family'' | rowspan="3" |2004 | | |- |''Die Another Day'' |Queen | |- |''A Kiss from Rose'' | |Plus Desmond Elliot, Fred Amata |- |''Games Women Play'' | rowspan="2" |2005 |Yvonne | |- |''Brave Heart'' | |Plus Zack Orji, Emma Ayalogu |- |Taste of Sin |2006 |Debbie |Plus Funke Adewusi, Uduak Akrah |- |''The Revelation'' | rowspan="3" |2007 | | |- |''Sand in My Shoes'' | |Plus Tchidi Chikere, Mike Ezuruonye |- |''Careless Soul'' | |Plus Emeka Ike, Ralph Onu |- |''Yankee Girls'' | rowspan="2" |2008 |Immaculate |Plus Suen Akindele, Musa Abudu |- |''Temple of Justice'' | |Plus Nonso Diobi, Queen Nwokoye |- |''My Last Ambition'' |2009 |Amanda |Plus Nonso Diobi, Nadia Buari |- |''Ije: The Journey'' |2010 |Anya Opara Michino |Plus Genevieve Nnaji, Odalys Garcia, Ulrich Que |- |''A Private Storm'' |2010 |Gina |Plus Ramsey Nouah, Ufuoma Ejenobor, John Dumelo |- |''Ties That Bind'' |2011 |Adobea Onyomena |Plus Ama K. Abebrese, Kimberly Elise |- |''Last Flight to Abuja'' | rowspan="2" |2012 |Suzie |Plus Hakeem Kae-Kazim, Jim Iyke, Jide Kosoko |- |''Amina'' |Amina |Plus Charlie Buck, Alison Carroll, Jonathan Cohen |- |''Hit The Floor'' |2013 |Omotola | |- |''Blood on the Lagoon'' |2014<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160203092059/http://pulse.ng/movies/blood-in-the-lagoon-watch-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-okey-uzoeshi-in-trailer-id4634404.html ""Blood in the Lagoon" Watch Omotola Jalade Ekeinde, Okey Uzoeshi in trailer"]. ''Pulse.ng''. Chidumg Izuzu. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.</ref> |Scarlett Belo |Plus Stephen Abeng, Akuma Agu, Niran Aladetan |- |''My Only Inheritance'' | | | |- |''Alter Ego'' | rowspan="3" |2017 |Ada Igwe |Plus Wale Ojo den Kunle Remi |- |The Island |Mrs Tokunbo Bowe Cole |TV series |- |The Tribunal | | |- |''Up Creek a Paddle'' |TBA |Desiye |Post production |- |''RattleSnake: The Ahanna Story'' |2020 |Maimuna Atafo |Plus Stan Nze, Osas Ighodaro |- |Shadow Parties |2021<ref>[[imdbname:2122395|"Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde | Actress, Writer, Producer"]]. ''IMDb''. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</ref> |as Princess Fadekemi |Plus Toyin Abraham, Ayanfe Adekunle |- |Lockdown |2021 |Dr Njoku |Plus Omini Aho, Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha |} == Ein discography == === Studio albums === * ''GBA'' (2005) * ''Me, Myself, and Eyes'' (unreleased) === Singles === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Album |- |2014 |"Barren Land"<ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/omotola-releases-single-upcoming-album/ "Omotola releases single from upcoming album"]. Vanguard. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.</ref> |''Me, Myself, and Eyes'' |- |2015 |"Strong Girl (Remix)"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150927215700/http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/dbanj-bono-waje-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-star-in-conscious-strong-girl-remix-id4200409.html "D'banj Bono, Waje, Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde star in conscious 'Strong girl' remix"]. ''Pulse.com.gh''. David Mawuli. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2016.</ref> <small>As featured artiste</small> |— |} == Ein awards den nominations == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Award !Category !Recipient !Result !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |1997 | rowspan="2" |The Movie Awards (THEMA) |Best Actress English | rowspan="2" |''Mortal Inheritance'' |She win | |- |Best Actress Overall |She win | |- | rowspan="4" |2004 |City People awards for Excellence |Best Actress | rowspan="8" |Einself |She win | |- |Global Excellence Recognition Awards |Best Actress & Grand Achiever |She win | |- |Civil Enlightenment Organization of Nigeria (CEON) |Best Individual & Symbol of Creativity |She win | |- |NUSEC Awards |Best Actress |She win | |- |2005 |1st Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) |Best Actress in a Supporting Role |She win | |- |2006 |Youths Benefactor's Award |Most friendly Actress |She win | |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |2009 Best of Nollywood Awards |Best Actress Leading Role (Yoruba) |Dem nominate am | |- |2009 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Actress |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |2010 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Actress Film/Short Story |''Deepest of Dreams'' |Dem nominate am | |- |2010 Ghana Movie Awards |Best Actress-Africa Collaboration |''A Private Storm'' |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="4" |2011 |8th Africa Movie Academy Awards |Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role | rowspan="2" |''Ties That Bind'' |Dem nominate am | |- |2011 Ghana Movie Awards |Best Actress-Africa Collaboration |She win | |- |2011 Best of Nollywood Awards |Best Actress Leading Role (English) |''A Private Storm'' |Dem nominate am | |- |2011 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Actress Film/Short Story |''Ijé'' |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="7" |2012 |Eloy Awards |Actress of the Year |''Ties That Bind'' |She win | |- |Screen Nation Awards |Pan African Best Actress | rowspan="2" |Einself |She win | |- |Black Entertainment Film Fashion Television and Arts Awards (BEFFTA) |Film Actress Icon |She win | |- | rowspan="2" |2012 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards |GIAMA Humanitarian Award |Omotola Youth Empowerment Foundation |She win | |- |Viewers Choice -Female |Einself |Dem nominate am | |- |2012 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Actress in A Film |''Ties That Bind'' |Dem nominate am | |- |2012 Nollywood Movies Awards |Best Actress in a Leading Role |''A Private Storm'' |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |2013 Nollywood Movies Awards |Popular Online Choice | rowspan="2" |Einself |She win | |- |Music Video and Screen Awards (MVISA) |Ebony Vanguard Award |She win |<ref>[https://thenet.ng/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-honoured-at-music-video-and-screen-awards/ "Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde honoured at Music Video and Screen Awards"]. Nigerian Entertainment Today. 7 November 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131210235616/http://thenet.ng/2013/11/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-honoured-at-music-video-and-screen-awards/ Archived] from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</ref> |- |2013 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Lead Actress in a Film |''Last Flight to Abuja'' |Dem nominate am | |- |2014 |MTV Africa Music Awards 2014 |Personality of the Year |Einself |Dem nominate am |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140420073700/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2014/04/17/mafikizolo-uhuru-davido-lead-nominations-for-mtv-africa-music-awards "Mafikizolo, Uhuru, Davido lead nominations for MTV Africa Music Awards"]. Sowetan LIVE. Retrieved 17 April 2014.</ref> |- |2016 |City People Social Media Awards |Female Entertainment Personality |Einself |She win |<ref>[http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-wins-award-as-female-entertainment-personality.html "Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Wins Award as 'Female Entertainment Personality'"]. 14 March 2016.</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2017 |Nollywood Travel Film Festival | rowspan="2" |Best Actress | rowspan="2" |''Alter Ego'' |She win |<ref>[https://guardian.ng/life/film/omotola-jalade-wins-best-actress-award-at-nollywood-travel-film-festival/ "Omotola Jalade, wins best actress award at Nollywood Travel Film Festival"]. ''The Guardian (Nigeria)''. 18 September 2017.</ref> |- |Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival |She win | |- | rowspan="3" |Best of Nollywood Awards |Lifetime Achievement Award |Einself |She win | rowspan="3" |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211007214920/https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award "BON Awards 2017: Kannywood's Ali Nuhu receives Special Recognition Award"]. ''Daily Trust''. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2021.</ref> |- |Best Kiss in a Movie |Einself and Kunle Remmy |Dem nominate am |- | rowspan="2" |Best Actress Leading Role (English) | rowspan="3" |''Alter Ego'' |- |City People Movie Awards |Dem nominate am | |- |2018 |Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards (AMVCA) |Best Actress in a Movie/TV Series |She win |<ref>[https://allnews.ng/news/25yearsofomosexy-celebrating-the-achievements-of-nollywood-sweetheart "25YearsOfOmosexy: Celebrating Achievements Of Omot... - All News Nigeria"]. ''allnews.ng''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</ref> |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q3511530|c=Category:Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [[imdbname:2122395|Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde]] at IMDb * [https://www.facebook.com/Realomosexy Omotola Jalade Ekeinde] on Facebook * [https://x.com/Realomosexy Omotola Jalade Ekeinde] on Twitter {{DEFAULTSORT:Ekeinde, Omotola Jalade}} [[Category:21st-century Nigerian women singers]] [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Yoruba actresses]] [[Category:Actresses wey komot Lagos]] [[Category:Nigerian philanthropists]] [[Category:Nigerian women philanthropists]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian actresses]] [[Category:Yoruba women philanthropists]] [[Category:Nigerian Christians]] [[Category:Best Supporting Actress Africa Movie Academy Award winners]] [[Category:Yaba College of Technology alumni]] [[Category:Members of de Order of the Federal Republic]] [[Category:Actresses insyd Yoruba cinema]] [[Category:English-language singers wey komot Nigeria]] [[Category:Obafemi Awolowo University alumni]] [[Category:Models wey komot Lagos]] [[Category:Yoruba women musicians]] [[Category:Yoruba female models]] [[Category:Actresses wey komot Ondo State]] l5x0m5k0uhwktu33345iy6gfxz4mht8 0 15778 115529 113600 2026-11-02T00:40:48Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Thirteenth Amendment''' ('''Amendment XIII''') to de United States Constitution dem abolish slavery den involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. Na dem pass de amendment by de Senate on April 8, 1864, by de House of Representatives on January 31, 1865, wey be ratified by de required 27 of de then 36 states on December 6, 1865, wey na dem proclaim on December 18. N e be de first of de three Reconstruction Amendments dem adopt dey follow de American Civil War. Na Presido [[Abraham Lincoln]] ein [[Emancipation Proclamation]], effective on January 1, 1863, na dem declare dat de enslaved insyd Confederate-controlled areas (den thus almost all slaves) be free. Wen na dem escape to Union lines anaa federal forces (wey dey include now-former slaves) dem advance south, na emancipation occur widout any compensation to de former owners. Na Texas be de last Confederate slave state, wer na enforcement of de proclamation dem declare on June 19, 1865. Insyd de slave-owning areas wey be controlled by Union forces on January 1, 1863, na dem use state action take abolish slavery. Na de exceptions be Kentucky den Delaware, den to a limited extent New Jersey, wer na chattel slavery den indentured servitude be finally ended by de Thirteenth Amendment insyd December 1865. Insyd contrast to de other Reconstruction Amendments, de Thirteenth Amendment has rarely been cited insyd case law, but it has been used to strike down peonage den some race-based discrimination as "badges and incidents of slavery". De Thirteenth Amendment has sana been invoked to empower Congress to make laws against modern forms of slavery, such as sex trafficking. From its inception insyd 1776, de United States was divided into states dat allowed slavery den states dat prohibited it. Na [[Slavery in Africa|Slavery]] be implicitly recognized insyd de original Constitution insyd provisions such as de Three-fifths Compromise (Article I, Section 2, Clause 3), which provided dat three-fifths of each state's enslaved population ("other persons") be to be added to its free population for de purposes of apportioning seats insyd de United States House of Representatives, its number of Electoral votes, den direct taxes among de states. De Fugitive Slave Clause (Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3) provided dat slaves held under de laws of one state who escaped to another state did not become free, but remained slaves. Though three million Confederate slaves were eventually freed as a result of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, their postwar status be uncertain. To ensure dat abolition be beyond legal challenge, an amendment to de Constitution to dat effect was drafted. On April 8, 1864, de Senate passed an amendment to abolish slavery. After one unsuccessful vote den extensive legislative maneuvering by de Lincoln administration, de House followed suit on January 31, 1865. De measure was swiftly ratified by nearly all Northern states, along plus a sufficient number of border states up to de assassination of President Lincoln. However, de approval come via ein successor, President Andrew Johnson, who encouraged the "reconstructed" Southern states of Alabama, North Carolina, den Georgia to agree, which brought de count to 27 states, leading to its adoption before de end of 1865. Though de Amendment abolish slavery throughout de United States, some black Americans, particularly insyd de South, were subjected to oda forms of involuntary labor, such as under de Black Codes. Na they sana be victims of white supremacist violence, selective enforcement of statutes, den oda disabilities. Many such abuses were given cover by de Amendment's penal labor exception. == Text == {{blockquote|'''Section 1.''' Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. '''Section 2.''' Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.amendmentxiii.html|title=13th Amendment|publisher=Cornell University Law School|work=Legal Information Institute|date=November 20, 2012|access-date=November 30, 2012|archive-date=November 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124154844/http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.amendmentxiii.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}} == Slavery insyd de United States == Na Slavery exist den be legal insyd de United States of America upon ein founding insyd 1776. Na e be establish by European colonization insyd all of de original thirteen American colonies of British America. Prior to de Thirteenth Amendment, de United States Constitution do not expressly use de words ''slave'' or ''slavery'' but included several provisions about unfree persons. De Three-Fifths Compromise, Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of de Constitution, allocated Congressional representation based "on de whole Number of free Persons" den "three-fifths of all oda Persons". Na dis clause be a compromise between Southern politicians who wished for enslaved African-Americans to be counted as 'persons' for congressional representation den Northern politicians rejecting these out of concern of too much power for de South, because representation insyd de new Congress would be based on population insyd contrast to de one-vote-for-one-state principle insyd de earlier Continental Congress.<ref>[[:en:Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Allain2012|Allain, 2012]], pp. 116-117</ref> Under de Fugitive Slave Clause, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3, "No person held to Service or Labour insyd one State" would be freed by escaping to anoda. Article I, Section 9, Clause 1 allowed Congress to pass legislation outlawing de "Importation of Persons", which would not be passed until 1808. However, for purposes of de Fifth Amendment—which states dat "No person shall ... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"—slaves understand as property.<ref>[[:en:Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Allain2012|Allain, 2012]], pp. 119–120</ref> Na although abolitionists use de Fifth Amendment to argue against slavery, e become part of de legal basis insyd ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'' (1857) for treating slaves as property.<ref>Tsesis, ''The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom'' (2004), p. 14.</ref> Stimulated by de philosophy of de Declaration of Independence, between 1777 den 1804 every Northern state provided for de immediate or gradual abolition of slavery. (Slavery was never legal in Vermont; na e be prohibited insyd de 1777 constitution creating Vermont, to become de fourteenth state.) Most of de slaves who were emancipated by such legislation be household servants. No Southern state do so, den de enslaved population of de South continue to grow, peaking at almost four million in 1861. An abolitionist movement, headed by such figures as William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore Dwight Weld, den Angelina Grimké, grow insyd strength insyd de North, calling for de immediate end of slavery nationwide and exacerbating tensions between North den South. De American Colonization Society, an alliance between abolitionists who felt de "races" should be kept separated den slaveholders who feared de presence of freed blacks will encourage slave rebellions, called for de emigration of both free blacks den slaves to Africa, where they would establish independent colonies. Na ein views be endorsed by politicians such as Henry Clay, who feared dat de American abolitionist movement would provoke a civil war.<ref>[[:en:Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], pp. 20–22</ref> Proposals to eliminate slavery by constitutional amendment be introduced by Representative Arthur Livermore insyd 1818 den by John Quincy Adams insyd 1839, but failed to gain significant traction.<ref name="Vile">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2003|title=Thirteenth Amendment|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues: 1789–2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|editor-first=John R.|editor-last=Vile|pages=449–52}}</ref> As de country continue to expand, de issue of slavery inside ein new territories became de dominant national issue. De senatorial votes of new states could break de deadlock insyd de Senate over slavery. Na de Southern position be dat slaves be property den therefore can be moved to de territories like all oda forms of property.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], p. 123</ref> De 1820 Missouri Compromise provided for de admission of Missouri as a slave state den Maine as a free state, preserving de Senate's equality between de regions. Insyd 1846, de Wilmot Proviso be introduced to a war appropriations bill to ban slavery insyd all territories acquired insyd de Mexican–American War; de Proviso repeatedly passed de House, buh no be de Senate.<ref name=":0" /> The Compromise of 1850 temporarily defused de issue by admitting California as a free state, instituting a stronger Fugitive Slave Act, banning de slave trade insyd Washington, D.C., den allowing New Mexico den Utah self-determination on de slavery issue.<ref>[[:en:Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], p. 59</ref> Despite de compromise, tensions between North den South continue to rise over de subsequent decade, inflamed by, among oda things, de publication of de 1852 anti-slavery novel ''Uncle Tom's Cabin''; fighting between pro-slavery den abolitionist forces insyd Kansas, beginning insyd 1854; de 1857 ''Dred Scott'' decision, wey dey struck down de Missouri Compromise den provisions of de Compromise of 1850; abolitionist John Brown's 1859 attempt to start a slave revolt at Harpers Ferry; den de 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, who opposed allowing slavery to expand into de Western territories, to de presidency. De Southern states seceded from de Union insyd de months following Lincoln ein election, forming de Confederate States of America, wey na e begin de American Civil War.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 4, 2017|title=The Gathering Storm: The Secession Crisis|url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/gathering-storm-secession-crisis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217210042/https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/gathering-storm-secession-crisis|archive-date=December 17, 2021|access-date=July 4, 2020|website=American Battlefield Trust}}</ref> == Proposal den ratification == === Crafting de amendment === Acting under presidential war powers, Lincoln issue de Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, plus effect on January 1, 1863, which proclaimed de freedom of slaves insyd de ten states dat e be still inyd rebellion.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Emancipation Proclamation|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607051115/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/|archive-date=June 7, 2007|access-date=2013-06-27|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration}}</ref> Insyd ein State of de Union message to Congress on December 1, 1862, Lincoln sanso presented a plan for "gradual emancipation den deportation" of slaves. Dis plan envisioned three amendments to de Constitution. De first would have required de states to abolish slavery by January 1, 1900.<ref>Lind, Michael, ''What Lincoln believed. The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President'' (2004). Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc. New York {{ISBN|1-4000-3073-0|978-1-4000-3073-6}}. Chapter Six ''Race and Restoration'', pp. 205–212.</ref> Lincoln ein Emancipation Proclamation then proceeded immediately freeing slaves insyd January 1863 but do not affect de status of slaves insyd de border states dat had remained loyal to de Union.<ref>[[:en:Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#CITEREFMcPherson1988|McPherson, 1988]], p. 558</ref> By December 1863, Lincoln again used ein war powers den issued a "Proclamation for Amnesty den Reconstruction", which offered Southern states a chance to peacefully rejoin de Union if they immediately abolished slavery den collected loyalty oaths from 10% of dema voting population.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 47.</ref> Na Southern states no readily accept de deal, den de status of slavery remained uncertain. Insyd de final years of de Civil War, Union lawmakers debated various proposals for Reconstruction.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 48–51.</ref> Some of these called for a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery nationally den permanently. On December 14, 1863, a bill proposing such an amendment be introduced by Representative James Mitchell Ashley of Ohio.<ref>Leonard L. Richards, ''Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Who-Freed-Slaves-Thirteenth-Amendment-ebook/dp/B00SLVOLU0/ excerpt] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160504191736/http://www.amazon.com/Who-Freed-Slaves-Thirteenth-Amendment-ebook/dp/B00SLVOLU0 Archived] May 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=James Ashley|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=129|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305102746/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=129|archive-date=March 5, 2013|access-date=December 5, 2012|work=Ohio History Central|publisher=Ohio Historical Society}}</ref> Representative James F. Wilson of Iowa soon followed plus a similar proposal. On January 11, 1864, Senator John B. Henderson of Missouri submitted a joint resolution for a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery. De Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by Lyman Trumbull of Illinois, become involved insyd merging different proposals for an amendment. Radical Republicans led by Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner den Pennsylvania Representative Thaddeus Stevens sought a more expansive version of de amendment.<ref>Tsesis, ''The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom'' (2004), (2001), pp. 38–42.</ref> On February 8, 1864, Sumner submitted a constitutional amendment stating: All persons be equal before de law, so dat no person can hold another as a slave; den de Congress shall have power to make all laws necessary den proper to carry dis declaration into effect everywhere insyd de United States.<ref>Stanley, "Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment" (2010), pp. 741–742.</ref><ref name="SocietyCommission1901">{{cite book|author=Michigan State Historical Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx0zAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA582|title=Historical collections|publisher=Michigan Historical Commission|year=1901|page=582|access-date=December 5, 2012}}</ref> Sumner tried to have ein amendment sent to ein committee, rather than de Judiciary Committee, controlled by Trumbull, but de Senate refused.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), pp. 52–53. "Sumner made his intentions clearer on February 8, when he introduced his constitutional amendment to the Senate and asked that it be referred to his new committee. So desperate was he to make his amendment the final version that he challenged the well-accepted custom of sending proposed amendments to the Judiciary Committee. His Republican colleagues would hear nothing of it.</ref> On February 10, de Senate Judiciary Committee presented de Senate plus an amendment proposal based on drafts of Ashley, Wilson den Henderson.<ref>{{Cite web|title=13th Amendment Site|url=https://13thamendment.harpweek.com/hubpages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=05ProposalPassage|access-date=2025-06-03|website=13thamendment.harpweek.com}}</ref><ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 53. "It was no coincidence that Trumbull's announcement came only two days after Sumner had proposed his amendment making all persons 'equal before the law'. The Massachusetts senator had spurred the committee into final action."</ref> De committee ein version use text from de Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which stipulates, "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude insyd de said territory, otherwise than insyd de punishment of crimes whereof de party shall have been duly convicted."<ref>{{cite web|title=Northwest Ordinance; July 13, 1787|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/nworder.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810205304/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/nworder.asp|archive-date=August 10, 2011|access-date=February 17, 2014|work=Avalon Project|publisher=Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School}}</ref><ref name="McAward_McCulloch">{{cite journal |last=McAward |first=Jennifer Mason |date=November 2012 |title=''McCulloch'' and the Thirteenth Amendment |url=http://columbialawreview.org/mcculloch-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/ |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1769–1809 |jstor=41708164 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030315/http://columbialawreview.org/mcculloch-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/ |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |df=mdy-all}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205538/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1769-1810.pdf Pdf.]</ref> Though using Henderson ein proposed amendment as de basis for ein new draft, de Judiciary Committee removed language dat would have allowed a constitutional amendment to be adopted plus only a majority vote insyd each House of Congress den ratification by two-thirds of de states (instead of two-thirds den three-fourths, respectively).<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 54. "Although it made Henderson's amendment the foundation of the final amendment, the committee rejected an article in Henderson's version that allowed the amendment to be adopted by the approval of only a simple majority in Congress and the ratification of only two-thirds of the states."</ref> === Passage by Congress === De Senate passed de amendment on April 8, 1864, by a vote of 38 to 6; two Democrats, Oregon Senators Benjamin F Harding den James Nesmith voted for de amendment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Voteview {{!}} Plot Vote: 38th Congress > Senate > 134|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0380134|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126202456/https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0380134|archive-date=November 26, 2022|access-date=2023-01-07|website=voteview.com}}</ref> However, just over two months later on June 15, de House failed to do so, plus 93 insyd favor den 65 against, thirteen votes short of de two-thirds vote needed for passage; de vote split largely along party lines, plus Republicans supporting den Democrats opposing.<ref>[[:en:Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], p. 686</ref> Insyd de 1864 presidential race, former Free Soil Party candidate John C. Frémont threatened a third-party run opposing Lincoln, dis time on a platform endorsing an anti-slavery amendment. De Republican Party platform had, as yet, failed to include a similar plank, though Lincoln endorsed de amendment insyd a letter accepting ein nomination.<ref name="Goodwin—2005——624&amp;ndash;25">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], pp. 624–625</ref><ref name="Foner—2010——299">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], p. 299</ref> Frémont withdrew from de race on September 22, 1864, den endorsed Lincoln.<ref name="Goodwin—2005——639">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], p. 639</ref> Plus no Southern states represented, few members of Congress pushed moral den religious arguments insyd favor of slavery. Democrats who opposed de amendment generally made arguments based on federalism den states' rights.<ref>Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 179.</ref> Some argued dat de proposed change so violated de spirit of de Constitution it will not be a valid "amendment" but will instead constitute "revolution".<ref>Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), pp. 179–180. Benedict quotes Senator Garrett Davis: "there is a boundary between the power of revolution and the power of amendment, which the latter, as established in our Constitution, cannot pass; and that if the proposed change is revolutionary it would be null and void, notwithstanding it might be formally adopted." The full text of Davis's speech, with comments from others, appears in ''[https://archive.org/stream/greatdebatesina17millgoog/greatdebatesina17millgoog_djvu.txt Great Debates in American History]'' (1918), ed. Marion Mills Miller.</ref> Representative Chilton A. White, among oda opponents, warned dat de amendment would lead to full citizenship for blacks.<ref name="Colbert, 1995 p. 10">Colbert, "Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment" (1995), pp. 10–11.</ref> Republicans portrayed slavery as uncivilized den argued for abolition as a necessary step insyd national progress.<ref>Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 182.</ref> Amendment supporters sana argue dat de slave system dey have negative effects on white people. These include de lower wages resulting from competition plus forced labor, as well as repression of abolitionist whites insyd de South. Advocates say ending slavery will restore de First Amendment den oda constitutional rights violated by censorship den intimidation insyd slave states.<ref name="Colbert, 1995 p. 10" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=tenBroek |first=Jacobus |date=June 1951 |title=Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Consummation to Abolition and Key to the Fourteenth Amendment |url=https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1109320 |journal=California Law Review |volume=39 |issue=2 |page=180 |doi=10.2307/3478033 |jstor=3478033 |url-access=subscription |quote=''It would make it possible for white citizens to exercise their constitutional right under the comity clause to reside in Southern states regardless of their opinions. It would carry out the constitutional declaration "that each citizen of the United States shall have equal privileges in every other state". It would protect citizens in their rights under the First Amendment and comity clause to freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion and freedom of assembly''}}</ref> White, Northern Republicans den some Democrats become excited about an abolition amendment, holding meetings den issuing resolutions.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 61.</ref> Many blacks though, particularly insyd de South, focus more on land ownership den education as de key to liberation.<ref name="TreleaseXvii">Trelease, ''White Terror'' (1971), p. xvii. "Negroes wanted the same freedom that white men enjoyed, with equal prerogatives and opportunities. The educated black minority emphasized civil and political rights more than the masses, who called most of all for land and schools. In an agrarian society, the only kind most of them knew, landownership was associated with freedom, respectability, and the good life. It was almost universally desired by Southern blacks, as it was by landless peasants the world over. Give us our land and we can take care of ourselves, said a group of South Carolina Negroes to a Northern journalist in 1865; without land the old masters can hire us or starve us as they please."</ref> As slavery began to seem politically untenable, an array of Northern Democrats successively announced their support for de amendment, include Representative James Brooks,<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 73. "The first notable convert was Representative James Brooks of New York, who, on the floor of Congress on February 18, 1864, declared that slavery was dying if not already dead, and that his party should stop defending the institution."</ref> Senator Reverdy Johnson,<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 74. "The antislavery amendment caught Johnson's eye, however, because it offered an indisputable constitutional solution to the problem of slavery."</ref> den de powerful New York political machine known as Tammany Hall. Na President Lincoln get concerns dat de Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 might be reversed or found invalid by de judiciary after de war.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Reputation of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?298113-1/reputation-abraham-lincoln|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217210042/https://www.c-span.org/video/?298113-1%2Freputation-abraham-lincoln|archive-date=December 17, 2021|access-date=August 18, 2018|website=C-SPAN.org}}</ref> He see constitutional amendment as a more permanent solution.<ref name="Foner—2010——312&amp;ndash;14">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], pp. 312–14</ref><ref name="Donald—1996——396">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFDonald1996|Donald, 1996]], p. 396</ref> He had remained outwardly neutral on de amendment because he consider am politically too dangerous.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 48. "The president worried that an abolition amendment might foul the political waters. The amendments he had recommended in December 1862 had gone nowhere, mainly because they reflected an outdated program of gradual emancipation, which included compensation and colonization. Moreover, Lincoln knew that he did not have to propose amendments because others more devoted to abolition would, especially if he pointed out the vulnerability of existing emancipation legislation. He was also concerned about negative reactions from conservatives, particularly potential new recruits from the Democrats."</ref> Nonetheless, Lincoln ein 1864 election platform resolved to abolish slavery by constitutional amendment.<ref>{{cite web|author=Willis, John C.|title=Republican Party Platform, 1864|url=http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/willis/Civil_War/documents/republican.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329015755/http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/documents/republican.html|archive-date=March 29, 2013|access-date=2013-06-28|publisher=University of the South|quote=Resolved, That as slavery was the cause, and now constitutes the strength of this Rebellion, and as it must be, always and everywhere, hostile to the principles of Republican Government, justice and the National safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the soil of the Republic; and that, while we uphold and maintain the acts and proclamations by which the Government, in its own defense, has aimed a deathblow at this gigantic evil, we are in favor, furthermore, of such an amendment to the Constitution, to be made by the people in conformity with its provisions, as shall terminate and forever prohibit the existence of Slavery within the limits of the jurisdiction of the United States.|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2004|title=1864: The Civil War Election|url=http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/vote/1864/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607064739/http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/vote/1864/index.html|archive-date=June 7, 2013|access-date=2013-06-28|work=Get Out the Vote|publisher=Cornell University|quote=Despite internal Party conflicts, Republicans rallied around a platform that supported restoration of the Union and the abolition of slavery.}}</ref> After winning reelection insyd de election of 1864, Lincoln make de passage of de Thirteenth Amendment ein top legislative priority. He begin plus ein efforts insyd Congress during ein "lame duck" session, insyd which many members of Congress had already seen their successors dey elect; most will be concerned about unemployment den lack of income, den none dey need to fear de electoral consequences of cooperation.<ref name="Goodwin—2005——686&amp;ndash;87">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], pp. 686–87</ref><ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), pp. 176–177, 180.</ref> Popular support for de amendment mounted den Lincoln urged Congress on insyd ein December 6, 1864 State of de Union Address: "there is only a question of ''time'' as to when the proposed amendment will go to the States for their action. And as it is to so go, at all events, may we not agree that the sooner the better?"<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 178.</ref> Na Lincoln instruct Secretary of State William H. Seward, Representative John B. Alley den odas to procure votes by any means necessary, den they promised government posts den campaign contributions to outgoing Democrats willing to switch sides.<ref name="Foner—2010——312&amp;ndash;13">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], pp. 312–13</ref><ref name="Goodwin—2005——687">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], p. 687</ref> Seward had a large fund for direct bribes. Ashley, who reintroduced de measure into de House, sana lobbied several Democrats to vote insyd favor of de measure.<ref name="Goodwin—2005——687&amp;ndash;689">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], pp. 687–689</ref> Representative Thaddeus Stevens later commented dat "the greatest measure of the nineteenth century was passed by corruption aided and abetted by the purest man in America"; however, Lincoln ein precise role insyd making deals for votes remains unknown.<ref name="Donald—1996——554">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFDonald1996|Donald, 1996]], p. 554</ref> Republicans insyd Congress claim a mandate for abolition, having gained insyd de elections for Senate den House.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 187. "But the clearest sign of the people's voice against slavery, argued amendment supporters, was the recent election. Following Lincoln's lead, Republican representatives like Godlove S. Orth of Indiana claimed that the vote represented a 'popular verdict{{nbsp}}... in unmistakable language' in favor of the amendment."</ref> De 1864 Democratic vice-presidential nominee, Representative George H. Pendleton, dey lead opposition to de measure.<ref name="Goodwin—2005——688">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFGoodwin2005|Goodwin, 2005]], p. 688</ref> Republicans toned down their language of radical equality insyd oda to broaden de amendment ein coalition of supporters.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 191. "The necessity of keeping support for the amendment broad enough to secure its passage created a strange situation. At the moment that Republicans were promoting new, far-reaching legislation for African Americans, they had to keep this legislation detached from the first constitutional amendment dealing exclusively with African American freedom. Republicans thus gave freedom under the antislavery amendment a vague construction: freedom was something more than the absence of chattel slavery but less than absolute equality."</ref> Insyd oda to reassure critics worried dat de amendment will tear apart de social fabric, some Republicans explicitly promised de amendment will leave broader American society ein patriarchal traditions intact.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), pp. 191–192. "One of the most effective methods used by amendment supporters to convey the measure's conservative character was to proclaim the permanence of patriarchal power within the American family in the face of this or ''any'' textual change to the Constitution. In response to Democrats who charged that the antislavery was but the first step in a Republican design to dissolve all of society's foundations, including the hierarchical structure of the family, the Iowa Republican John A. Kasson denied any desire to interfere with 'the rights of a husband to a wife' or 'the right of [a] father to his child'."</ref> Insyd mid-January 1865, Speaker of de House Schuyler Colfax dey estimate de amendment to be five votes short of passage. Ashley postponed de vote.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), pp. 197–198.</ref> At dis point, Lincoln dey intensify ein push for de amendment, making direct emotional appeals to particular members of Congress.<ref>Vorenberg, ''Final Freedom'' (2001), p. 198. "It was at this point that the president wheeled into action on behalf of the Amendment [...] Now he became more forceful. To one representative whose brother had died in the war, Lincoln said, 'your brother died to save the Republic from death by the slaveholders' rebellion. I wish you could see it to be your duty to vote for the Constitutional amendment ending slavery.</ref> On January 31, 1865, de House called another vote on de amendment, plus neither side being certain of de outcome. Plus a total of 183 House members (one seat was vacant after Reuben Fenton be elected governor), 122 would have to vote "aye" to secure passage of de resolution; however, eight Democrats abstained, reducing the number to 117. Every Republican (84), Independent Republican (2), den Unconditional Unionist (16) supported the measure, as well as fourteen Democrats, almost all of them lame ducks, den three Unionists. De amendment finally passed by a vote of 119 to 56,<ref>{{cite web|title=TO PASS S.J. RES. 16. (p. 531-532).|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/38-2/h480|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002062655/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/38-2/h480|archive-date=October 2, 2013|access-date=September 29, 2013|work=GovTrack.us}}</ref> narrowly reaching de required two-thirds majority.<ref name="Foner—2010——313">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], p. 313</ref> De House exploded into celebration, plus some members openly weeping.<ref name="Foner—2010——314">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFFoner2010|Foner, 2010]], p. 314</ref> Black onlookers, who had only been allowed to attend Congressional sessions since de previous year, cheered from de galleries.<ref name="McPherson—1988——840">[[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#CITEREFMcPherson1988|McPherson, 1988]], p. 840</ref> While de Constitution do not provide de President any formal role insyd de amendment process, de joint resolution was sent to Lincoln for ein signature.<ref>Harrison, "Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments" (2001), p. 389. "For reasons that have never been entirely clear, the amendment was presented to the President pursuant to Article I, Section 7, of the Constitution, and signed.</ref> Under de usual signatures of de Speaker of de House den de President of de Senate, President Lincoln wrote de word "Approved" den added ein signature to de joint resolution on February 1, 1865.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 1, 1865|title=Joint Resolution Submitting 13th Amendment to the States; signed by Abraham Lincoln and Congress|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mal&fileName=mal3/436/4361100/malpage.db&recNum=0|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208175447/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mal&fileName=mal3/436/4361100/malpage.db&recNum=0|archive-date=Feb 8, 2022|work=The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress|series=Series 3. General Correspondence. 1837–1897}}</ref> On February 7, Congress passed a resolution affirming dat de Presidential signature be unnecessary.<ref>Thorpe, ''Constitutional History'' (1901), p. 154. "But many held that the President's signature was not essential to an act of this kind, and, on the fourth of February, Senator Trumbull offered a resolution, which was agreed to three days later, that the approval was not required by the Constitution; 'that it was contrary to the early decision of the Senate and of the Supreme Court; and that the negative of the President applying only to the ordinary cases of legislation, he had nothing to do with propositions to amend the Constitution.</ref> De Thirteenth Amendment was the first of two ratified amendments to be signed by a President, the second being the Twenty-Sixth Amendment, de certification of which be signed by Richard Nixon on de 5th of July 1971<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 26th Amendment|url=https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/news/26th-amendment|access-date=2024-10-31|website=Richard Nixon Museum and Library}}</ref> den plus three 18-year-olds signing on as ein witnesses,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephenson|first=Cassandra|title=Election Day 2018: Meet the woman who signed the amendment allowing 18-year-olds to vote|url=https://www.jacksonsun.com/story/news/local/2018/11/06/meet-woman-who-signed-amendment-allowing-18-year-olds-vote/1905213002/|access-date=2024-10-31|website=The Jackson Sun|language=en-US}}</ref> although James Buchanan had signed de Corwin Amendment dat de 36th Congress had adopted den sent to de states insyd March 1861.<ref>Thorpe, ''Constitutional History'' (1901), p. 154. "The President signed the joint resolution on the first of February. Somewhat curiously the signing has only one precedent, and that was in spirit and purpose the complete antithesis of the present act. President Buchanan had signed the proposed amendment of 1861, which would make slavery national and perpetual."</ref><ref>Lincoln's struggle to get the amendment through Congress, while bringing the war to an end, is portrayed in ''Lincoln''.</ref> === Ratification by de states === On February 1, 1865, when de proposed amendment be submitted to de states for ratification, there were 36 states insyd de U.S., wey include those dat had been insyd rebellion; at least 27 states had to ratify de amendment for it to come into force. By de end of February, 18 states had ratified de amendment. Among them were de ex-Confederate states of Virginia den Louisiana, where ratifications were submitted by Reconstruction governments. These, along plus subsequent ratifications from Arkansas den Tennessee raise de issues of how many seceded states had legally valid legislatures;<ref>Harrison (2001), ''Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments'', p. 390.</ref> if there were fewer legislatures than states, if Article V required ratification by three-fourths of de states or three-fourths of de legally valid state legislatures. President Lincoln insyd ein last speech, on April 11, 1865, called de question about whether de Southern states were insyd or out of de Union a "pernicious abstraction". He declared they were not "insyd their proper practical relation plus de Union"; whence everyone ein object should be to restore dat relation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Samuel Eliot Morison|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryof00mori|title=The Oxford History of the American People|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1965|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryof00mori/page/710 710]|url-access=registration}}</ref> Na dem assassinate Lincoln three days later. Plus Congress out of session, de new president, Andrew Johnson, began a period known as "Presidential Reconstruction", insyd which he personally oversaw de creation of new state governments throughout de South. He oversee de convening of state political conventions populated by delegates whom he deemed to be loyal. Three leading issues come before de conventions: secession itself, de abolition of slavery, den de Confederate war debt. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina held conventions in 1865, while Texas' convention did not organize until March 1866.<ref>Harrison, "Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments" (2001), pp. 394–397.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Eric L. McKitrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqL8lmT74HEC&pg=PA178|title=Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction|publisher=U. Chicago Press|year=1960|isbn=9780195057072|page=178}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Clara Mildred Thompson|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_i5shAQAAIAAJ|title=Reconstruction in Georgia: economic, social, political, 1865–1872|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1915|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_i5shAQAAIAAJ/page/n162 156]}}</ref> Johnson hoped to prevent deliberation over whether to re-admit de Southern states by accomplishing full ratification before Congress reconvened insyd December. He believed he could silence those who wished to deny de Southern states their place insyd de Union by pointing to how essential their assent had been to de successful ratification of de Thirteenth Amendment.<ref>Vorenberg (2001), ''Final Freedom'', pp. 227–228.</ref> Direct negotiations between state governments den de Johnson administration ensued. As de summer wear on, administration officials begin giving assurances of de measure ein limited scope their demands for ratification. Johnson einself suggest directly to de governors of Mississippi den North Carolina dat they could proactively control de allocation of rights to freedmen. Though Johnson obviously expected de freed people to enjoy at least some civil rights, include, as he specified, de right to testify insyd court, he want state lawmakers to know dat de power to confer such rights would remain plus de states.<ref name="Vorenberg, 2001 p. 229">Vorenberg (2001), ''Final Freedom'', p. 229.</ref> When South Carolina provisional governor Benjamin Franklin Perry objected to de scope of de amendment ein enforcement clause, Secretary of State Seward responded by telegraph dat insyd fact de second clause "be really restraining insyd ein effect, instead of enlarging de powers of Congress".<ref name="Vorenberg, 2001 p. 229" /> Politicians throughout de South were concerned dat Congress might cite de amendment ein enforcement powers as a way to authorize black suffrage.<ref>[[W. E. B. Du Bois|Du Bois]] (1935), ''Black Reconstruction'', p. 208.</ref> When South Carolina ratified de Amendment insyd November 1865, it issued ein own interpretive declaration dat "any attempt by Congress toward legislating upon de political status of former slaves, or their civil relations, would be contrary to de Constitution of de United States."<ref name="McAward_McCulloch" /><ref>Thorpe (1901), ''Constitutional History'', p. 210.</ref> Alabama den Louisiana sana declare dat their ratification did not imply federal power to legislate on de status of former slaves.<ref name="McAward_McCulloch" /><ref>Tsesis (2004), ''The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom'', p. 48.</ref> During de first week of December, North Carolina den Georgia give de amendment de final votes needed for it to become part of de Constitution. Na de first 27 states make dem ratify de Amendment be:<ref name="U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 2013 30">{{cite web|last=U.S. Government Printing Office|first=112th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Document No. 112–9|date=2013|title=The Constitution of the United States Of America Analysis And Interpretation Centennial Edition Interim Edition: Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To June 26, 2013s|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225114303/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf|archive-date=February 25, 2014|access-date=February 17, 2014|page=30}}</ref> # Illinois: February 1, 1865 # Rhode Island: February 2, 1865 # Michigan: February 3, 1865 # Maryland: February 3, 1865 # New York: February 3, 1865 # Pennsylvania: February 3, 1865 # West Virginia: February 3, 1865 # Missouri: February 6, 1865 # Maine: February 7, 1865 # Kansas: February 7, 1865 # Massachusetts: February 7, 1865 # Virginia: February 9, 1865 # Ohio: February 10, 1865 # Indiana: February 13, 1865 # Nevada: February 16, 1865 # Louisiana: February 17, 1865 # Minnesota: February 23, 1865 # Wisconsin: February 24, 1865 # Vermont: March 9, 1865 # Tennessee: April 7, 1865 # Arkansas: April 14, 1865 # Connecticut: May 4, 1865 # New Hampshire: July 1, 1865 # South Carolina: November 13, 1865 # Alabama: December 2, 1865 # North Carolina: December 4, 1865 # Georgia: December 6, 1865 Having been ratified by de legislatures of three-fourths of de states (27 of de 36 states, include those dat had been insyd rebellion), Secretary of State Seward, on December 18, 1865, certified dat de Thirteenth Amendment had become valid, to all intents den purposes, as a part of de Constitution.<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013/llsl013.db&recNum=803 Seward certificate] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210318085717/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013%2Fllsl013.db&recNum=803 Archived] March 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine proclaiming the Thirteenth Amendment to have been adopted as part of the Constitution as of December 6, 1865.</ref> Included on de enrolled list of ratifying states were de three ex-Confederate states dat had given their assent, but plus strings attached. Seward accepted their affirmative votes den brushed aside their interpretive declarations without comment, challenge or acknowledgment. De Thirteenth Amendment be subsequently ratified by de other states, as follows:<ref name="U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 2013 30" /> # Oregon: December 8, 1865 # California: December 19, 1865 # Florida: December 28, 1865 (reaffirmed June 9, 1868) # Iowa: January 15, 1866 # New Jersey: January 23, 1866 (after rejection March 16, 1865) # Texas: February 18, 1870 # Delaware: February 12, 1901 (after rejection February 8, 1865) # Kentucky: March 18, 1976<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kentucky.com/2013/02/23/2528807/kentucky-supported-lincolns-efforts.html|title=Kentucky supported Lincoln's efforts to abolish slavery—111 years late|access-date=February 17, 2014|first=Greg|last=Kocher|newspaper=Lexington Herald-Leader|date=February 23, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140220035343/http://www.kentucky.com/2013/02/23/2528807/kentucky-supported-lincolns-efforts.html|archive-date=February 20, 2014}}</ref> (after rejection February 24, 1865) # Mississippi: March 16, 1995 (after rejection December 5, 1865; not certified until February 7,2013)<ref name="Mississippi13thAmendmentABCNews">{{cite web|author=Ben Waldron|date=February 18, 2013|title=Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery, Ratifies 13th Amendment|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627203637/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/mississippi-officially-abolishes-slavery-ratifies-13th-amendment/|archive-date=June 27, 2013|access-date=April 23, 2013|publisher=ABC News}}</ref> Plus de ratification by Mississippi insyd 1995, den certification thereof insyd 2013, de amendment be finally ratified by all states having existed at de time of ein adoption insyd 1865. == Effects == === Freeing slaves === De immediate impact of de amendment was to make de entire pre-war system of chattel slavery insyd de U.S. illegal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Greene |first1=Jamal |last2=Mason McAward |first2=Jennifer |title=Constitutional Law. Thirteenth Amendment. |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/amendment-xiii/interps/137#:~:text=The%201865%20ratification%20of%20the,in%20the%20southern%20United%20States. |url-status=live |volume=55 |doi=10.2307/1071811 |jstor=1071811 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082441/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/amendment-xiii/interps/137#:~:text=The%201865%20ratification%20of%20the,in%20the%20southern%20United%20States. |archive-date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=2020-07-04 |website=National Constitution Center}}</ref> De impact of the abolition of slavery was felt quickly. When de Thirteenth Amendment became operational, de scope of Lincoln ein 1863 Emancipation Proclamation was widened to include de entire nation. Although de majority of Kentucky ein slaves had been emancipated, 65,000–100,000 people remain to be legally freed when de amendment went into effect on December 18.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harrison|first=Lowell H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdTIIEZ1k2QC&pg=PA180|title=A New History of Kentucky|last2=Klotter|first2=James C.|date=1997-03-27|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-2621-0|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Forehand82">Forehand, "Striking Resemblance" (1996), p. 82.</ref> Insyd Delaware, where a large number of slaves had escaped during de war, nine hundred people become legally free.<ref name="Forehand82" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=2011|title=Delaware|encyclopedia=Black America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|editor-first=Alan|editor-last=Hornsby|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fB3rQefP8wQC&q=%22thirteenth+amendment%22+Delaware+hundred&pg=PA139|isbn=9781573569767}}</ref> == References == <references /> === Bibliography === * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/legalunderstandi0000unse/mode/2up|title=The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0199660469|editor-last=Allain|editor-first=Jean|editor-link=|location=Oxford, UK}} * {{cite book|last=Belz|first=Herman|url=https://archive.org/details/emancipationequa0000belz|title=Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era|publisher=W.W. Norton|year=1978|location=New York|url-access=registration}} * {{cite journal |last=Benedict |first=Michael L. |date=2011 |title=Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment |url=http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr/vol71/iss1/9/ |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=163–188}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3535&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{cite book|last=Blackmon|first=Douglas A.|url=https://archive.org/details/slaverybyanother00blac_0|title=Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II|date=March 25, 2008|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=9780385506250}} [[iarchive:slaverybyanother00blac_0|Preview.]] * {{cite journal |last=Colbert |first=Douglas L. |date=Winter 1995 |title=Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment |url=https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/384/ |journal=Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review |publisher=Harvard Law School |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–55}} * {{cite book|last=Cramer|first=Clayton E.|url=https://archive.org/details/blackdemographic00clay|title=Black Demographic Data, 1790–1860: A Sourcebook|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1997|isbn=9780313302435|ref=Cramer}} * {{cite book|last=Donald|first=David Herbert|title=Lincoln|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1996|isbn=9780684825359}}<!--|access-date=June 5, 2013--> [https://books.google.com/books?id=fuTY3mxs9awC Preview.] * {{cite book|last=Du Bois|first=W.E.B.|url=https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruct0000dubo|title=Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880'|publisher=New York: Russell & Russell|year=1935|oclc=317424|author-link=W. 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Flores'' |url=http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol88/iss1/2/ |journal=Washington University Law Review |publisher=Washington University School of Law |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=77–147}} [http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=law_lawreview Pdf.] :* ''Response to McAward:'' {{cite journal |last=Tsesis |first=Alexander |date=2011 |title=Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=7&id=&page= |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=40–59 |ssrn=1753224}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3532&context=mlr Pdf.] ::* ''Response to Tsesis:'' {{Cite journal |last=McAward |first=Jennifer Mason |date=2011 |title=Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment: a response to Professor Tsesis |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=8&id=&page= |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=60–82 |ssrn=2271791}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3533&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{cite journal |last=McConnell |first=Joyce E. |date=Spring 1992 |title=Beyond metaphor: battered women, involuntary servitude and the Thirteenth Amendment |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/yjfem4&div=23&id=&page= |journal=Yale Journal of Law and Feminism |publisher=Yale Law School |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=207–253}} [http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=yjlf Pdf.] * {{cite book|last=McPherson|first=James M.|url=https://archive.org/details/battlecryoffreed00mcph|title=Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1988|isbn=9780195038637}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=a3nX48n4oeIC Preview.] * {{cite book|last=Novak|first=Daniel A.|url=https://archive.org/details/wheelofservitude00dani|title=The Wheel of Servitude: Black Forced Labor after Slavery|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=1978|isbn=0813113717|location=Kentucky}} * {{cite book|last=Richards|first=Leonard L.|title=Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment|url=https://archive.org/details/whofreedslavesfi0000rich|year=2015}} [https://www.amazon.com/Who-Freed-Slaves-Thirteenth-Amendment-ebook/dp/B00SLVOLU0/ Excerpt.] Emphasis on the role of Congressman James Ashley. * Samito, Christian G., ''Lincoln and the Thirteenth Amendment'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 2015) xii, 171 pp. * {{cite journal |last=Stanley |first=Amy Dru |date=June 2010 |title=Instead of waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment: the war power, slave marriage, and inviolate human rights |journal=The American Historical Review |publisher=Oxford Journals for the American Historical Association |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=732–765 |doi=10.1086/ahr.115.3.732 |jstor=10.1086/ahr.115.3.732 |doi-access=free}} [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20190412042254/https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/115/3/732/41294?redirectedFrom=PDF Pdf.] * {{cite journal |last=tenBroek |first=Jacobus |date=June 1951 |title=Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Consummation to Abolition and Key to the Fourteenth Amendment |url=https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1109320 |journal=California Law Review |publisher=California Law Review, Inc. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=171–203 |doi=10.2307/3478033 |jstor=3478033 |url-access=subscription}} * {{cite web|last=Thorpe|first=Francis Newton|date=1901|title=The Constitutional History of the United States, vol. 3: 1861–1895|url=https://archive.org/stream/constitutionalh00thorgoog|url-status=live|location=Chicago}} * {{cite book|last=Trelease|first=Allen W.|url=https://archive.org/details/whiteterrorkuklu0000trel/page/n5/mode/2up|title=White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1971|isbn=9780807119532|location=New York|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Tsesis|first=Alexander|title=The Thirteenth Amendment and American freedom: a legal history|url=https://archive.org/details/thirteenthamendm0000tses|publisher=New York University Press|year=2004|isbn=0814782760|location=New York}} * {{cite book|last1=Vicino|first1=Thomas J.|title=Global Migration The Basics|url=https://archive.org/details/globalmigrationb0000hanl|last2=Hanlon|first2=Bernadette|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=9781134696871|ref=Hanlon}} * {{cite book|last=Vorenberg|first=Michael|title=Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment|url=https://archive.org/details/finalfreedomcivi0000vore|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=9781139428002|location=Cambridge}} [[iarchive:finalfreedomcivi0000vore/page/n7/mode/2up|Preview.]] * {{cite journal |last=Barrington Wolff |first=Tobias |date=May 2002 |title=The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy |url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3712&context=faculty_scholarship |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=973–1050 |doi=10.2307/1123649 |jstor=1123649 |s2cid=155279033 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217210033/https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3712&context=faculty_scholarship |archive-date=2021-12-17 |access-date=2025-06-03}} * {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Gordon S|url=https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh00wood|title=Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780195039146|ref=Wood}}, [[iarchive:empireoflibertyh00wood|Book]] '''''Maryland Law Review'', special issue: Symposium—the Maryland Constitutional Law Schmooze''' * {{cite journal |last=Garber |first=Mark A. |date=2011 |title=Foreword: Plus or minus one: the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=5&id=&page= |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=12–20}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3530&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{cite journal |last=Carter |first=William M. Jr. |date=2011 |title=The Thirteenth Amendment, interest convergence, and the badges and incidents of slavery |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=6&id=&page= |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=21–39 |ssrn=1932762}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3531&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{cite journal |last=Tsesis |first=Alexander |date=2011 |title=Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=7&id=&page= |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=40–59 |ssrn=1753224}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3532&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=McAward |first=Jennifer Mason |date=2011 |title=Congressional authority to interpret the Thirteenth Amendment: a response to Professor Tsesis |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=8&id=&page= |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=60–82 |ssrn=2271791}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3533&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=McClain |first=Linda C. |date=2011 |title=Involuntary servitude, public accommodations laws, and the legacy of Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=9&id=&page= |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=83–162 |ssrn=2188939}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3534&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=Benedict |first=Michael Les |date=2011 |title=Constitutional politics, constitutional law, and the Thirteenth Amendment |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=10&id=&page= |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=163–188}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3535&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=Pope |first=James Gray |date=2011 |title=What's different about the Thirteenth Amendment, and why does it matter? |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=11&id=&page= |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=189–202 |ssrn=1894965}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3536&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=Novkov |first=Julie |date=2011 |title=The Thirteenth Amendment and the meaning of familial bonds |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=12&id=&page= |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=203–228}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3537&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=Kersch |first=Ken I. |date=2011 |title=Beyond originalism: conservative declarationism and constitutional redemption |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=13&id=&page= |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=229–282}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3538&context=mlr Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=Zietlow |first=Rebecca E. I. |date=2011 |title=Conclusion: the political Thirteenth Amendment |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mllr71&div=14&id=&page= |journal=Maryland Law Review |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=283–294 |ssrn=2000929}} [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3539&context=mlr Pdf.] '''''Columbia Law Review'', special issue: Symposium: The Thirteenth Amendment: Meaning, Enforcement, and Contemporary Implications''' * ''Introduction'' :* {{cite journal |last=Tsesis |first=Alexander |date=November 2012 |title=Into the light of day: relevance of the Thirteenth Amendment to contemporary law |url=http://columbialawreview.org/into-the-light-of-day/ |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1447–1458 |jstor=41708155 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024639/https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024639/http://columbialawreview.org/into-the-light-of-day/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2025-06-03}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015649/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1447-1458.pdf Pdf.] * ''Panel I: Thirteenth Admendment in Context'' :* {{cite journal |last1=Balkin |first1=Jack M. |last2=Levinson |first2=Sanford |date=November 2012 |title=The dangerous Thirteenth Amendment |url=http://columbialawreview.org/the-dangerous-thirteenth-amendment/ |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1459–1499 |jstor=41708156 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030325/https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030325/http://columbialawreview.org/the-dangerous-thirteenth-amendment/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2025-06-03}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030331/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1459-1500.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal |last=Graber |first=Mark A. |date=November 2012 |title=Subtraction by addition?: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments |url=http://columbialawreview.org/subtraction-by-addition-the-thirteenth-and-fourteenth-amendments/ |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1501–1549 |jstor=41708157 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030319/https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030319/http://columbialawreview.org/subtraction-by-addition-the-thirteenth-and-fourteenth-amendments/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2025-06-03}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203113/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1501-1550.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal |last=Rutherglen |first=George |date=November 2012 |title=The Thirteenth Amendment, the power of Congress, and the shifting sources of civil rights law |url=http://columbialawreview.org/the-thirteenth-amendment-the-power-of-congress-and-the-shifting-sources-of-civil-rights-law/ |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1551–1584 |jstor=41708158 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063232/https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063232/http://columbialawreview.org/the-thirteenth-amendment-the-power-of-congress-and-the-shifting-sources-of-civil-rights-law/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2025-06-03}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021725/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1551-1584.pdf Pdf.] * ''Panel II: Reconstruction Revisited'' :* {{cite journal |last=Foner |first=Eric |date=November 2012 |title=The Supreme Court and the history of reconstruction—and vice-versa |url=http://columbialawreview.org/the-supreme-court-and-the-history-of-reconstruction-and-vice-versa/ |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1585–1606 |jstor=41708159 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015834/https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015834/http://columbialawreview.org/the-supreme-court-and-the-history-of-reconstruction-and-vice-versa/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2025-06-03}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015028/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1585-1606.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal |last=Soifer |first=Aviam |date=November 2012 |title=Federal protection, paternalism, and the virtually forgotten prohibition of voluntary peonage |url=http://columbialawreview.org/federal-protection-paternalism-and-the-virtually-forgotten-prohibition-of-voluntary-peonage/ |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1607–1639 |jstor=41708160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015332/https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015332/http://columbialawreview.org/federal-protection-paternalism-and-the-virtually-forgotten-prohibition-of-voluntary-peonage/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2025-06-03}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140316183615/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1607-1640.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal |last=Tsesis |first=Alexander |date=November 2012 |title=Gender discrimination and the Thirteenth Amendment |url=http://columbialawreview.org/gender-discrimination-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/ |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1641–1695 |jstor=41708161 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128003532/https://web.archive.org/web/20141128003532/http://columbialawreview.org/gender-discrimination-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/ |archive-date=November 28, 2014 |access-date=June 3, 2025}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023921/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1641-1696.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal |last=Zietlow |first=Rebecca E. |date=November 2012 |title=James Ashley's Thirteenth Amendment |url=http://columbialawreview.org/james-ashley-thirteenth-amendment/ |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1697–1731 |jstor=41708162 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023749/https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023749/http://columbialawreview.org/james-ashley-thirteenth-amendment/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2025-06-03}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030329/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1697-1732.pdf Pdf.] * ''Panel III: The Limits of Authority'' :* {{cite journal |last=Greene |first=Jamal |date=Nov 2012 |title=Thirteenth Amendment optimism |url=http://columbialawreview.org/thirteenth-amendment-optimism |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1733–1768 |jstor=41708163 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107063310/http://columbialawreview.org/thirteenth-amendment-optimism |archive-date=2015-01-07 |access-date=2025-06-03}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023919/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1733-1768.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal |last=McAward |first=Jennifer Mason |date=November 2012 |title=''McCulloch'' and the Thirteenth Amendment |url=http://columbialawreview.org/mcculloch-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/ |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1769–1809 |jstor=41708164 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030315/http://columbialawreview.org/mcculloch-and-the-thirteenth-amendment/ |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |df=mdy-all |access-date=June 3, 2025}} (link: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205538/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1769-1810.pdf Pdf]) :* {{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Darrell A.H. |date=November 2012 |title=The Thirteenth Amendment and the regulation of custom |url=http://columbialawreview.org/regulation-of-custom |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1811–1854 |jstor=41708165 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063516/http://columbialawreview.org/regulation-of-custom |archive-date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2025-06-03}} (link: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063353/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Miller-D.A.H..pdf Pdf]) * ''Panel IV: Contemporary Implications'' :* {{cite journal |last=Carter |first=William M. Jr. |date=November 2012 |title=The Thirteenth Amendment and pro-equality speech |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1855–1881 |jstor=41708166 |ssrn=2166859}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021729/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Carter-W.M..pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal |last=Delgado |first=Richard |date=November 2012 |title=Four reservations on civil rights reasoning by analogy: the case of Latinos and other Nonblack groups |url=http://www.columbialawreview.org/four-reservations-on-civil-rights-reasoning-by-analogy/ |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1883–1915 |jstor=41708167 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115164847/http://www.columbialawreview.org/four-reservations-on-civil-rights-reasoning-by-analogy/ |archive-date=2013-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-03}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024114/http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1883-1916.pdf Pdf.] :* {{cite journal |last=Koppelman |first=Andrew |date=November 2012 |title=Originalism, abortion, and the Thirteenth Amendment |url=http://www.columbialawreview.org/originalism-abortion-and-the-thirteenth-amendment |url-status=dead |journal=Columbia Law Review |publisher=Columbia Law School |volume=112 |issue=7 |pages=1917–1945 |jstor=41708168 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115140706/http://www.columbialawreview.org/originalism-abortion-and-the-thirteenth-amendment |archive-date=2013-01-15 |access-date=2025-06-03}} (link: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141029130128/http://www.columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/1917-1946.pdf Pdf]) ==Read further== * Ripley, C. Peter et al., eds. (1993). [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=37435583 ''Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation'']; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816095051/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=37435583 Archived] August 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q175613|c=Category:Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html Thirteenth Amendment and related resources at the Library of Congress] * [https://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt13toc_user.html CRS Annotated Constitution: Thirteenth Amendment] * [http://www.footnote.com/viewer.php?image=4346710 Original Document Proposing Abolition of Slavery] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040723201255/http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/crim/model_state_law.pdf Model State Anti-trafficking Criminal Statute—U.S. Dept of Justice] * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210421092632/http://www.sethkaller.com/freedomdocuments/13th-amendment/ Abolishing Slavery: The Thirteenth Amendment Signed by Abraham Lincoln]"; website of Seth Kaller, a dealer who has sold six Lincoln-signed copies of the Thirteenth Amendment. * [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013/llsl013.db&recNum=803 Seward certificate] announcing the Amendment's passage and affirming the existence of 36 States * [http://www.aleksandreia.com/2012/05/07/when-was-the-thirteenth-amendment-ratified/ When Was The Thirteenth Amendment Ratified?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210312092343/http://www.aleksandreia.com/2012/05/07/when-was-the-thirteenth-amendment-ratified/ Archived] March 12, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:13}} [[Category:Reconstruction Amendments]] [[Category:1865 insyd American politics]] [[Category:1865 insyd American law|Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] [[Category:Amendments to de United States Constitution|13]] [[Category:Economic history of de United States]] [[Category:Reconstruction Era]] [[Category:Aftermath of de American Civil War]] [[Category:Forced labour by country]] [[Category:United States slavery law]] [[Category:1864 insyd American law]] [[Category:1864 insyd American politics]] [[Category:Schuyler Colfax]] bop0eo89zhxz8718ups0by325o4omm4 0 16836 115508 114740 2026-11-01T23:32:55Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pan-Africanism''' be a nationalist movement wey dey aim make dem encourage den strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous peoples den diasporas of [[Africa]]n ancestry. Based on a common goal wey dey date back to de [[Atlantic slave trade]], de Trans-Saharan slave trade, de Indian Ocean slave trade, de Red Sea slave trade, slavery insyd de Cape Colony (now [[South Africa]]), along plus slavery insyd [[Mauritius]], de movement dey extend beyond continental Africans plus a substantial support base among de African diaspora insyd de Americas den Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Austin |first1=David |date=Fall 2007 |title=All Roads Led to Montreal: Black Power, the Caribbean and the Black Radical Tradition in Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-american-history_fall-2007_92_4/page/516 |journal=Journal of African American History |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=516–539 |doi=10.1086/JAAHv92n4p516 |s2cid=140509880}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Oloruntoba-Oju |first=Omotayo |date=December 2012 |title=Pan Africanism, Myth and History in African and Caribbean Drama |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-316072934/pan-africanism-myth-and-history-in-african-and-caribbean |journal=Journal of Pan African Studies |volume=5 |pages=190 ff |number=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527191641/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-316072934/pan-africanism-myth-and-history-in-african-and-caribbean |archive-date=2019-05-27 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> Na dem say Pan-Africanism get ein origins insyd de struggles of de African people against enslavement den colonization<ref>Abdul-Raheem, Tajudeen (ed.), ''Pan Africanism: Politics, Economy and Social Change in the Twenty-first Century'', New York University Press, 1996.</ref> wey na dis struggle fi be traced back to de first resistance on slave ships—rebellions den suicides—thru de constant plantation den colonial uprisings den de "Back to Africa" movements of de 19th century. Based on de belief say unity be vital to economic, social, den political progress, e dey aim to unify den uplift people of African ancestry.<ref>Frick, Janari, et al. (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_UA27TyBO0kC&pg=PA235 ''History: Learner's Book''], p. 235, South Africa: New Africa Books.</ref> At ein core, pan-Africanism be a belief dat "African people, both on de continent den insyd de diaspora, dem no dey share merely a common history, buh a common destiny."<ref>{{cite web|last=Makalani|first=Minkah|year=2011|title=Pan-Africanism|url=http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-pan-africanism.html|work=Africana Age}}</ref> Pan-Africanism dey posit a sense of a shared historical fate give Africans insyd de Americas, de West Indies, den on de continent, na einself center on de Atlantic trade insyd slaves, [[Slavery in Africa|African slavery]], den European imperialism.<ref>{{Cite book|title=New Dictionary of the History of Ideas|publisher=The Gale Group|year=2005}}</ref> Na Pan-African thought influence de establishment of de Organisation of African Unity (since be succeeded by de [[African Union]]) insyd 1963.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abrahamsen |first1=Rita |date=January 2020 |title=Internationalists, sovereigntists, nativists: Contending visions of world order in Pan-Africanism |journal=Review of International Studies |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=56–74 |doi=10.1017/S0260210519000305 |s2cid=210466747}}</ref><ref>[http://www.au.int/en/about/nutshell "AU in a Nutshell"], African Union. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110129055921/http://www.au.int/en/about/nutshell Archived] January 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine).</ref> De African Union Commission get ein seat insyd Addis Ababa den de Pan-African Parliament get ein seat insyd Midrand, Johannesburg.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pan-Africanism|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Africanism|access-date=May 24, 2020|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> == Overview == Pan-Africanism dey stress de need for "collective self-reliance".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120626085723/http://www.pan-africanparliament.org/ "The objectives of the PAP"], The Pan-African Parliament – 2014 and beyond.</ref> Pan-Africanism dey exist as a governmental den grassroots objective. Pan-African advocates dey include leaders such as Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Henri Christophe, François Duvalier, Aimé Césaire, [[Haile Selassie]], [[Jomo Kenyatta]], Edward Wilmot Blyden, [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], [[Patrice Lumumba]], [[Julius Nyerere]], Robert Sobukwe, [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]], [[Kwame Nkrumah]], King Sobhuza II, [[Robert Mugabe]], [[Thomas Sankara]], Kwame Ture, Dr. John Pombe Magufuli, [[Muammar Gaddafi]], Walter Rodney, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, grassroots organizers such as [[Joseph Robert Love]], [[Marcus Garvey]], den [[Malcolm X]], academics such as [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], Anténor Firmin den odas insyd de diaspora.<ref name="Pan-Africanism">{{cite book|last1=Falola|first1=Toyin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VlHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|title=Pan-Africanism, and the Politics of African Citizenship and Identity|last2=Essien|first2=Kwame|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135005191|location=London|pages=71–72|access-date=September 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>Goebel, [http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor ''Anti-Imperial Metropolis''], pp. 250–278.</ref><ref>Maguire, K., [http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/ghana/090925/ghana-honors-nkrumah-statue-moammar-gadhafi "Ghana re-evaluates Nkrumah"], GlobalPost, October 21, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2012.</ref><ref name="Pan-Africanism: A Brief History of An Idea in the African World">{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=John Henrik |date=1988 |title=Pan-Africanism: A Brief History of An Idea in the African World |journal=Présence Africaine |publisher=Editions Présence Africaine |volume=145 |issue=145 |pages=26–56 |doi=10.3917/presa.145.0026 |jstor=24351577}}</ref> Na Pan-Africanists believe say solidarity go enable de continent make e fulfil ein potential to independently provide for all ein people. Crucially, an all-African alliance go empower African people globally. De realization of de pan-African objective go lead to "power consolidation insyd Africa", wich na "go compel a reallocation of global resources, as well as unleashing a fiercer psychological energy den political assertion&nbsp;... wey na go unsettle social den political (power) structures...insyd de Americas".<ref name="Agyeman [in] Mawere">Agyeman, O., ''Pan-Africanism and Its Detractors: A Response to Harvard's Race Effacing Universalists'', Harvard University Press (1998), cited in Mawere, Munyaradzi; Tapuwa R. Mubaya, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SrqACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 ''African Philosophy and Thought Systems: A Search for a Culture and Philosophy of Belonging''], Langaa RPCIG (2016), p. 89. {{ISBN|9789956763016}}. Retrieved August 23, 2018.</ref> People wey dey support pan-Africanism—dem dey call dem 'pan-Africans' or 'pan-Africanists'—dem sabi dey push socialist way and no dey really like make outside people control our politics and money matter for Africa. Some people they talk say this ideology dey make everybody life look alike, no be true for all wey get African blood. Dem sef dey talk say e no easy to join all di current divisions wey de happen for different countries and communities wey dey outside Africa.<ref name="Agyeman [in] Mawere" /> == History == {{stack|[[File:Invitation to Pan-African Conference at Westminster Town Hall July 1900.png|thumb|Invitation to [[First Pan-African Conference|Pan-African Conference]] at [[Caxton Hall|Westminster Town Hall]], London, July 1900]] [[File:Marcus Garvey (1922).jpg|alt=|thumb|Jamaican [[Marcus Garvey]] in a military uniform as the "Provisional President of Africa" during a parade on the opening day of the annual Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World on [[Lenox Avenue]] in [[Harlem]], New York City, 1922]]}} Jamaican Marcus Garvey in a military uniform as the "Provisional President of Africa" during a parade on the opening day of the annual Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World on Lenox Avenue in Harlem, New York City, 1922 As a philosophy, pan-Africanism dey represent de aggregation of de historical, cultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific, den philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to de present. Pan-Africanism as an ethical system dey trace ein origins from ancient times, den dey promote values wey be de product of de African civilisations den de struggles against slavery, racism, colonialism, den neocolonialism.<ref name="Pan-Africanism" /> Dey coincide plus chaw New World slave insurrections (hallmark by de [[Haitian Revolution]]), na de end of de 19th century birth an intercontinental pro-African political movement wey seek make e unify disparate campaigns insyd de goal to end oppression. Na e be diasporic Africans dema removal from de continent wey enable dem make dem view am as a whole.<ref>Reid, Richard; Parker, John (October 1, 2013), Parker, John; Reid, Richard (eds.), [https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28187/chapter-abstract/213093103?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false "Introduction African Histories: Past, Present, and Future"], ''The Oxford Handbook of Modern African History'', Oxford University Press, p.&nbsp;0, [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957247-2|978-0-19-957247-2]]</bdi>, retrieved January 26, 2025</ref> ==Important women insyd pan-Africanism== Na Pan-Africanism see de contribution of chaw female African activists thru out ein lifespan, despite de systemic lack of attention dem pay to dem by scholars den male pan-Africanist alike.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Important women in pan-Africanism and their contributions to the Unity of Africa – The Africa we want e.V Germany |url=https://theafrikawewant.com/important-women-in-pan-africanism-and-their-contributions-to-the-unity-of-africa/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609144125/https://theafrikawewant.com/important-women-in-pan-africanism-and-their-contributions-to-the-unity-of-africa/ |archive-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> * Amy Jacques Garvey, wey found de international newspaper ''Negro World.''<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last1=Nangwaya|first1=Ajamu|date=May 26, 2016|title=Pan-Africanism, feminism, and finding missing Pan-Africanist women|url=https://www.pambazuka.org/pan-africanism/pan-africanism-feminism-and-finding-missing-pan-africanist-women|access-date=September 28, 2022|website=Pambazuka News|publisher=}}</ref> * Na Claudia Jones be anoda pan-Africanist. In order to fight against racism towards black people insyd Britain, na Jones set up de ''West Indian Gazette.''<ref name="auto" /> * Insyd de United States, na [[Queen Mother Moore|Audley Moore]] den Dara Abubakari play a vital role in developing Pan-African thought.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Farmer |first1=Ashley D. |date=2016 |title=Mothers of Pan-Africanism: Audley Moore and Dara Abubakari |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.2.0274 |journal=Women, Gender, and Families of Color |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=274–295 |doi=10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.2.0274 |jstor=10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.2.0274 |s2cid=157178972 |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 15, 2021}}</ref> * Peggy Antrobus * Na dem born Alice Victoria Alexander Kinloch insyd 1863 insyd Cape Town, South Africa, before na ein family move to Kimberley. * Na Jeanne Martin Cissé be instrumental insyd de independence of [[Guinea]]. * Na dem born [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] (FRK) insyd 1900 wey na she study insyd England insyd 1922.<ref name="Shonekan, Fela's Foundation, page 135">{{cite journal |last1=Shonekan |first1=Stephanie |date=Spring 2009 |title=Fela's Foundation: Examining the Revolutionary Songs of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Abeokuta Market Women's Movement in 1940s Western Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20640673 |journal=Black Music Research Journal |volume=29 |issue=1 |page=135 |jstor=20640673 |access-date=November 16, 2021}}</ref> ==Political parties den organizations== ===Insyd Africa=== ==== Formal political bodies ==== * Organisation of African Unity, wey de [[African Union]] succeed am * Pan-African Parliament, [[African Union]] ====Political groups den organizations==== * African Unification Front * ''Rassemblement Démocratique Africain'', defunct * All-African People's Revolutionary Party * Pan-African Women's Organization<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100019754|title=Pan African Women's Organization &#124; UIA Yearbook Profile &#124; Union of International Associations}}</ref> * All Africa Conference of Churches (Kenya) * All-African Trade Union Federation, defunct * Convention People's Party (Ghana) * African National Congress ([[South Africa]]) === Insyd de Caribbean === * De Pan-African Affairs Commission for Pan-African Affairs, a unit within de Office of de Prime Minister of Barbados.<ref name="Worrell2005">{{cite book|last=Worrell|first=Rodney|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQkLVIdJ2g0C&pg=PA99|title=Pan-Africanism in Barbados: An Analysis of the Activities of the Major 20th-century Pan-African Formations in Barbados|publisher=New Academia Publishing, LLC|year=2005|isbn=978-0-9744934-6-6|pages=99–102}}</ref> * African Society for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa, defunct (Guyana) * Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (Antigua den Barbuda) * Clement Payne Movement (Barbados) * Marcus Garvey People's Political Party (Jamaica) * Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (Jamaica) === Insyd Europe === * Pan-African Federation ([[United Kingdom]]), defunct * Pan-African Women's Association (Norway)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pawa.no/ |title=Pan African Women Association. |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618024209/https://www.pawa.no/ |archive-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> === Insyd de United States === * De Council on African Affairs (CAA): dem found insyd 1937 by Max Yergan den Paul Robeson.<ref name="Duberman 296-297">Duberman, Martin. ''Paul Robeson'', 1989, pp. 296–97.</ref> * Na dem found de US Organization insyd 1965 by Maulana Karenga, dey follow de Watts riots.<ref name="The US Organization">{{cite web|title=Philosophy, Principles, and Program|url=http://www.us-organization.org/30th/ppp.html|website=The Organization Us}}</ref> * TransAfrica be a non-profit organization dem found insyd 1977 by Randall Robinson.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TransAfrica|url=https://africanactivist.msu.edu/organization.php?name=TransAfrica|publisher=African Activist Archive}}</ref> ==Pan-African concepts den philosophies== ===Maafa studies=== ===Afrocentric pan-Africanism=== ===Kawaida=== ===Hip-hop=== == Pan-African art den media == * ''Les Afriques'', a weekly African financial newspaper. E dey claim e be de first pan-African<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gbadamassi|first=Falila|date=July 11, 2007|title='Les Afriques': le nouveau journal de la finance africaine|url=https://www.afrik.com/les-afriques-le-nouveau-journal-de-la-finance-africaine|website=Afrik.com}}</ref> financial newspaper. * Pan African Writers' Association == References == <references /> ==Bibliography== {{Library resources box}} * Kemi Séba, ''Philosophie de la panafricanité fondamentale'' – Édition Fiat Lux, 2023 {{ISBN| 9791091157391}} * Hakim Adi, ''Pan-Africanism: A History.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2018 * Hakim Adi & Marika Sherwood, ''Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora Since 1787'', London: Routledge, 2003 * Wendell Nii Laryea Adjetey, ''Cross-Border Cosmopolitans: The Making of a Pan-African North America'', Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023, {{ISBN|978-1-4696-6992-2}} * Imanuel Geiss, ''Panafrikanismus. Zur Geschichte der Dekolonisation.'' Habilitation, EVA, Frankfurt am Main, 1968, English as: ''The Pan-African Movement'', London: Methuen, 1974, {{ISBN|0-416-16710-1}}, and as: ''The Pan-African Movement. A history of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa'', New York: Africana Publ., 1974, {{ISBN|0-8419-0161-9}} * Blain N. Keisha, Asia Leeds, and Ula Y. Taylor, ''Women, Gender Politics and Pan-Africanism'', Vol. 4, Issue 2 (Fall 2016), pp.&nbsp;139–145 * Colin Legum, [http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/Black%20Liberation%20Disk/Black%20Power!/SugahData/Books/Legum.S.pdf ''Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide''], revised edition, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965 * Tony Martin, ''Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond'', Dover: The Majority Press, 1985 * Willie Molesi, ''Black Africa versus Arab North Africa: The Great Divide'', {{ISBN|979-8332308994}} * Willie Molesi, ''Relations Between Africans and Arabs: Harsh Realities'', {{ISBN|979-8334767546}} ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q282739|c=Category:Pan-Africanism|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pan-Africanism| ]] [[Category:Pan-nationalism|Africanism]] [[Category:African den Black nationalism]] [[Category:African diaspora]] [[Category:Africana philosophy]] [[Category:Identity politics]] [[Category:Political ideologies]] [[Category:Political movements]] [[Category:Politics den race]] [[Category:Regionalism (international relations)]] q0m7s7rnjv4yl96jn7d02ged69ivdkq 0 17723 115526 71754 2026-11-02T00:13:53Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samuel George Morton''' (January 26, 1799 – May 15, 1851) na he be American physician, naturalist, den writer. As one of de early figures of scientific racism, na he argue against monogenism, de single creation story of de Bible, instead dey support polygenism, a theory of multiple racial creations. Na he be a prolific writer of books on chaw subjects from 1823 to 1851. Na he wrep ''Geological Observations'' insyd 1828, den both ''Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group of the United States'' and ''Illustrations of Pulmonary Consumption'' insyd 1834. Na dem publish ein first medical essay, on de use of cornine insyd intermittent fever insyd de ''Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences'' insyd 1825.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wood|first=George Bacon|title=Introductory lectures and addresses on medical subjects : delivered chiefly before the medical classes of the University of Pennsylvania / by George B. Wood.|publisher=J. B. Lippincott|year=1859|location=Philadelphia|page=443|chapter=A memoir of the Dr. Samuel George Morton|oclc=4402287|quote=His first medical essay was on the user of cornine in intermittent fever, and was published in the ''Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences'' (xi. 195, A.D. 1825).|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/introductorylec01woodgoog}}</ref> Ein bibliography dey include ''Hybridity in Animals and Plants'' (1847), ''Additional Observation on Hybridity'' (1851), den ''An Illustrated System of Human Anatomy'' (1849). == Early life den career == Dem born am insyd Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, na dem raise Morton as a Quaker wey he educate at Westtown School den de University of Pennsylvania, from wer na he graduate insyd 1820.<ref>[https://www.penn.museum/sites/morton/life.php Life of Morton] at penn.museum</ref> He then earn an advanced degree from de University of Edinburgh, insyd Scotland, wey na he begin dey practice medicine insyd Philadelphia insyd 1824. Na he be one of de founders of de Pennsylvania Medical College insyd Philadelphia<ref name="extinct">{{cite web|title=Extinct Philadelphia Medical Schools|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/medical/extinct.html|access-date=April 27, 2015|work=Philadelphia Medical History and the University of Pennsylvania|publisher=University of Pennsylvania, University Archives and Records Center}}</ref> wey na he serve as ein professor of anatomy from 1839 til ein resignation insyd 1843. Na dem elect am a member of de American Philosophical Society insyd 1828<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1828&year-max=1828&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-04-07|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> den de American Antiquarian Society insyd 1844.<ref>[https://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistm American Antiquarian Society Members Directory]</ref> Dem bury am at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fabian|first=Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GL4lEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|title=The Skull Collectors: Race, Science, and America's Unburied Dead|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2020|isbn=9780226760575|pages=12&ndash;13}}</ref> == Works == * “Observations on Cornine, (an Alkaline Principle, recently obtained from the bark of Cornus Florida, By George W. Carpenter of Philadelphia).” ''The Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences'' 11 [n. s. 2]:195–198, 1825. * “Description of the Fossil Shells characterizing the Atlantic Secondary Formation of New-Jersey and Delaware; including four new species.” Read on December 11, 1827, and January 1, 1828. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 6 (1): 72–73, 1829. * “Geological Observations on the Secondary, Tertiary, and Alluvial Formations of the Atlantic Coast of the United States of America arranged from the notes of Lardiner Vanuxem,” Read on January 8, 1828. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 6 (1): 59–71, 1829. * “On the analogy which exists between the Marl of New Jersey, Etc. and the Chalk formation of Europe,” Letter from S. G. Morton, MD to the Editor, dated February 14, 1832. ''American Journal of Science and Arts'' 22 (1): 90–91, 1832. * ''Illustrations of Pulmonary Consumption: Its Anatomical Characters, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment''. Philadelphia: Key & Biddle, 1834. * ''Crania Americana; or, A Comparative View of the Skulls of Various Aboriginal Nations of North and South America: To which is Prefixed An Essay on the Varieties of the Human Species.'' Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1839. * ''Catalogue of the Skulls of Man and the Inferior Animals in the Collection of Samuel George Morton'', Philadelphia: Turner and Fisher, 1840. * ''A Memoir of William Maclure, Esq''. Philadelphia: T. K. and P. G. Collins, 1841. * Editor for Benjamin Ellis. ''The Medical Formulary: Being a Collection of Prescriptions Derived from the Writings and Practice of Many of the Most Eminent Physicians in America and Europe''. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1842. * Editor for John Makintosh. ''Principles of Pathology and Practice of Medicine'', 4th American Ed. Philadelphia, Lindsay and Blakiston, 1844. * ''An Inquiry into the Distinctive Characteristics of the Aboriginal Race of America''. Philadelphia: John Penington, 1844. * ''Catalogue of the Skulls of Man and the Inferior Animals in the Collection of Samuel George Morton'', 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1843. * ''Crania Aegyptiaca; or Observations on Egyptian Ethnography Derived from Anatomy, History and the Monuments''. Philadelphia: John Pennington, 1844. * “On a supposed new species of Hippopotamus,” Meeting of February 27, 1844. ''Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 2 (2): 14–17, 1844. * ''Hybridity in Animals and Plants, Considered in Reference to the Question of the Unity of the Human Species''. New Haven: B.L. Hamlen, 1847. * ''An Illustrated System of Human Anatomy''. Philadelphia: Grigg, Elliot and Co., 1849. * ''Catalogue of the Skulls of Man and the Inferior Animals in the Collection of Samuel George Morton'', 3rd Ed. Philadelphia: Merrihew and Thompson, 1849. * “On the Size of the Brain in the Various Races and Families of Man.” In ''Types of Mankind'', 8th Ed. Josiah Nott and George Gliddon, eds. Pp.&nbsp;298–327. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippencott - London: Trübner and Co., 1850. * “Physical Type of the American Indians.” In ''Historical and Statistical Information Respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States''. Vol. II, Pp.&nbsp;315–335. Henry Schoolcraft. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, 1851. * “Exerpta from Morton’s Inedited Manuscripts.” In ''Types of Mankind''. Josiah Knot and George Gliddon, eds., pp.&nbsp;298–327. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippencott - London: Trübner and Co., 1855. == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q920542|c=Category:Samuel George Morton|n=no|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Author:Samuel George Morton|wikt=no|species=Samuel George Morton}} * [https://www.remembermyjourney.com/Search/27?q=first:%20Samuel%20middle:%20George%20last:%20Morton&searchCemeteryId=&birthYear=&deathYear=#deceased=1740405 Grave] * [http://www.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.B.M843-ead.xml;query=Samuel%20George%20Morton;brand=default Samuel George Morton Papers at American Philosophical Society] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220706053753/http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_LCP_LCPMorton Samuel George Morton Papers at the University of Pennsylvania] * [https://archive.org/stream/typesmankindore01pattgoog#page/n10/mode/2up ''Types of Mankind''] preserved at the Internet Archive {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Morton, Samuel George}} [[Category:1799 births]] [[Category:1851 deaths]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:19th-century American physicians]] [[Category:Alumni of de University of Edinburgh]] [[Category:American birth control activists]] [[Category:American science writers]] [[Category:Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)]] [[Category:Physicians wey komot Philadelphia]] [[Category:Proponents of scientific racism]] [[Category:Quakers wey komot Pennsylvania]] [[Category:People dem involve insyd race den intelligence controversies]] [[Category:Reproductive rights insyd de United States]] [[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]] [[Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty]] [[Category:Westtown School alumni]] [[Category:Writers wey komot Philadelphia]] [[Category:Members of de American Philosophical Society]] rydqh1eixxiftyfvxfnr96wbfnaid60 0 25100 115472 112760 2026-11-01T19:45:59Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bambara''', dem sanso know as '''Malian''', '''Bamana''' (N'Ko script: ߓߡߊߣߊ߲) anaa '''Bamanankan''' (N'Ko script: ߓߡߊߣߊ߲ߞߊ߲; Arabic script: بَمَنَنكَن), be a lingua franca den national language of [[Mali]] wey perhaps 14 million people, natively by 4.2 million Bambara people den about 10 million second-language users dey speak. E be estimated say about 80 percent of de population of Mali dey speak Bambara as a first anaa second language. E get a subject–object–verb clause structure den two lexical tones. == Classification == Bambara be a variety of a group of closely related languages dem call Manding, wey ein native speakers dey trace dema cultural history to de medieval Mali Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Note on current use of Manding and Mande ethnonyms and linguonyms |url=http://mandelang.kunstkamera.ru/files/mandelang/mandekan.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408104148/http://mandelang.kunstkamera.ru/files/mandelang/mandekan.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2012 |access-date=20 April 2012}}</ref> Varieties of Manding generally be considered (among native speakers) to be mutually intelligible – dependent on exposure anaa familiarity plus dialects between speakers – wey 9.1 million people dey speak am insyd de countries [[Burkina Faso]], [[Senegal]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Guinea]], [[Liberia]], [[Ivory Coast]] den [[the Gambia]].<ref name="Man">{{Cite web |title=Mandingo |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/man/ |access-date=12 March 2024 |publisher=Ethnologue}}</ref> Manding be part of de larger Mandé family of languages. == Geographical distribution == Dem dey speak Bambara thru out Mali as a lingua franca. Dem most widely dey speak de language insyd de areas east, south, den north of Bamako, wer native speakers den/anaa those wey identify as members of de Bambara ethnic group most densely be populated. Dese regions sanso usually be considered to be de historical geographical origin of Bambara people, particularly Ségou, after dem diverge from oda Manding groups.<ref name="autogenerated2000">{{Cite web |title=Mandé Language Family: Maps of Manding-East, North-Eastern Manding, Bamana, Urban koine |url=http://www.sil.org/SILESR/2000/2000-003/Manding/Bamana.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122172907/http://www.sil.org/SILESR/2000/2000-003/Manding/Bamana.htm |archive-date=22 January 2013 |access-date=1 January 2018 |website=www.sil.org}}</ref> == Phonology == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ! colspan="2" |Labial ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! colspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar !Glottal |- !Nasal | colspan="2" |m | colspan="2" |n | colspan="2" |ɲ | colspan="2" |ŋ | |- !Plosive | style="border-right:0" |p | style="border-left:0" |b | style="border-right:0" |t | style="border-left:0" |d | style="border-right:0" |t͡ʃ ⟨c⟩ | style="border-left:0" |d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ | style="border-right:0" |k | style="border-left:0" |ɡ | |- !Fricative | colspan="2" |f | style="border-right:0" |s | style="border-left:0" |z | colspan="2" |(ʃ) ⟨sh⟩ | colspan="2" |(ɣ) ⟨kh⟩ |h |- !Approximant | colspan="2" |w | colspan="2" |l | colspan="2" |j ⟨y⟩ | colspan="2" | | |- !Trill | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |r | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | |} === Vowels === {| class="wikitable" ! !Front !Central !Back |- align="center" !Close |i iː ĩ | |u uː ũ |- align="center" !Close-mid |e eː ẽ | |o oː õ |- align="center" !Open-mid |ɛ ɛː ɛ̃ | |ɔ ɔː ɔ̃ |- align="center" !Open | |a aː ã | |} == Writing == [[File:Delaforge_-_Grammaire_et_méthode_Bambara_-_p184.jpg|thumb|Page from Francis Delaforge ein ''Grammaire et méthode Bambara'' (1949)]] === Alphabet === * A – a – [a] * B – be – [b] * C – ce – [t͡ʃ] * D – de – [d] * E – e – [e] * Ɛ – ɛ – [ɛ] * F – ef – [f] * G – ge – [g] * H – ha – [h] * I – i – [i] * J – je – [d͡ʒ] * K – ka – [k] * L – ɛl – [l] * M – ɛm – [m] * N – ɛn – [n] * Ɲ – ɲe – [ɲ] * Ŋ – ɛŋ – [ŋ] * O – o – [o] * Ɔ – ɔ – [ɔ] * P – pe – [p] * R – ɛr – [r] * S – ɛs – [s] * T – te – [t] * U – u – [u] * W – wa – [w] * Y – ye – [j] * Z – ze – [z] === Oda letters === * kh – [ɣ] (dem use for loanwords from oda African languages) * -n – nasalises vowel * sh – she – [ʃ] (regional variant of s)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bambara alphabet, pronunciation, and language |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/bambara.htm |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=Omniglot}}</ref> === N'ko orthography === ==== Vowels ==== * ߊ – a – [a] * ߋ – e – [e] * ߌ – i – [i] * ߍ – ɛ – [ɛ] * ߎ – u – [u] * ߏ – o – [o] * ߐ – ɔ – [ɔ] ==== Consonants ==== * ߓ – ba – [b] * ߔ – pa – [p] * ߕ – ta – [t] * ߖ – ja – [d͡ʒ] * ߗ – ca – [t͡ʃ] * ߘ – da – [d] * ߚ/ߙ – ra – [r] * ߛ – sa – [s] * ߜ? – ga – [g/ʀ/ɣ] * ߜ – gba – [ɡ͡b] * ߝ – fa – [f] * ߞ – ka – [k] * ߟ – la – [l] * ߡ – ma – [m] * ߢ – nya or ɲa – [ɲ] * ߒ – nga or ŋa – [ŋ] * ߣ – na – [n] * ߥ – wa – [w] * ߦ – ya – [j] * ߤ – ha – [h] * ߲ – nasal vowel – [-̃] ==== Tones ==== * ߫ – short high * ߬ – short low * ߯ – long high * ߰ – long low<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bambara alphabet, pronunciation, and language |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/bambara.htm |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Omniglot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2019 |title=Bambara Alphabet and Pronunciation (N'ko and Latin) |url=https://www.ankataa.com/blog/bambara-alphabet |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=An ka taa}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q33243|c=Category:Bambara language|n=no|q=no|b=Bambara|v=no|voy=Bambara phrasebook|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Bambara|species=no}} === Descriptions === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115094600/http://mali.pwnet.org/history/history_language.htm Mali – History – Language] === Dictionaries === * [https://www.maliyiri.com/ Maliyiri.com] is a website which provides English-Bambara-French translations and is a community-based project where users can add new words, comments, provide feedback and follow one another. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141202133643/http://cormand.huma-num.fr/bamadaba.html Corpus Bambara de Référence - Etiquetage] online and downloadable Bambara-French Dictionary (about 11,500 entries by the end of 2014), with a French-Bambara index, linked with the Corpus Bambara de Référence * An ka taa's [http://dictionary.ankataa.com Mobile-friendly Bambara-English dictionary] that includes French and Jula. * [[wikt:fr:Catégorie:bambara|Bambara entries (mouse) (>2300) in the French Wiktionary]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081004120230/http://www.bambara.org/en/ Bambara-French-English dictionary] online and downloadable lexicons for language learners * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081108005847/http://www.bisharat.net/Demos/jiriwso.htm Bambara tree names (scientific name -> common name)] === Learning materials === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181226225516/http://www.iub.edu/~celtie/bambara.html Online Bambara Course from the Indiana University] * {{cite web |url=http://www.peacecorp.gov/wws/multimedia/language/transcripts/ML_Bambara_Language_Lessons.pdf |title=AN INTRODUCTION TO BAMBARA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721061045/https://web.archive.org/web/20110721061045/http://www.peacecorp.gov/wws/multimedia/language/transcripts/ML_Bambara_Language_Lessons.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=23 March 2026 }}&nbsp;{{small|(168&nbsp;KB)}} on peacecorps.gov === Oda === * [http://cormand.huma-num.fr/ Corpus Bambara de Référence] Corpus Bambara de Référence, an electronic corpus of Bambara texts (about 2,000,000 words end 2014) * Maliyiri.com's [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ml.maliyiri.bambaradictionary&hl=en_US Android application], with thousands of daily users, provides English-Bambara-French translations and users can choose to get daily/weekly word notifications for continuous learning. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170617224934/http://cormand.huma-num.fr/biblio/index.jsp Bambara Electronic Library, AMALAN – LLACAN] * [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24248-masaba.pdf Proposal for encoding the Masaba script], Unicode * [http://www.ankataa.com An ka taa]: a website with a dictionary, resources and media for learning Bambara and Manding more generally. * [http://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bambara Bambara at French Wikibooks] contains more material * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140703141254/http://www.vjf.cnrs.fr/clt/php/va/Page_revue.php?ValCodeRev=MDK Mandenkan Journal] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130516204859/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Manding PanAfriL10n page on Manding] (includes information on Bambara) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090916112516/http://www.maneno.org/bam/ Maneno in Bambara] (a blogging platform with a full Bambara interface) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bambara Language}} [[Category:Bambara language| ]] [[Category:Languages of Burkina Faso]] [[Category:Languages wey dey Ghana]] [[Category:Languages of Guinea]] [[Category:Languages of Ivory Coast]] [[Category:Languages of Mali]] [[Category:Languages of Senegal]] [[Category:Languages of the Gambia]] [[Category:Languages of Mauritania]] [[Category:Languages of Niger]] [[Category:Manding languages]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]] [[Category:Lingua francas]] 0ap6edz2raqevv5clqazm27mx1dvkq2 0 25106 115527 97283 2026-11-02T00:31:09Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Her Honour Susanna Nyakotey''' be Ghanaian District Magistrate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Circuit Court Judges |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/index.php/about-the-judiciary/judges-and-magistrates/circuitcourt-judges |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=judicial.gov.gh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305092945/https://judicial.gov.gh/index.php/about-the-judiciary/judges-and-magistrates/circuitcourt-judges |archive-date=2026-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Judicial |title=Leave an Indelible Mark – CJ Tells Judges and Magistrates |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/jsweb/index.php/publications/js-latest-news/item/402-leave-an-indelible-mark-cj-tells-judges-and-magistrates |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=judicial.gov.gh |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407062404/https://judicial.gov.gh/jsweb/index.php/publications/js-latest-news/item/402-leave-an-indelible-mark-cj-tells-judges-and-magistrates |archive-date=2026-04-07}}</ref> den de current Secretary of de International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ) [[Ghana]] Chapter.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=HER WORSHIP SUSANNA NYAKOTEY - IAWJ, Ghana Chapter.|url=https://iawjghana.org/about/6561d666b1393/team|access-date=2026-03-17|website=iawjghana.org}}</ref> She currently dey preside over de Madina District Court II for [[Accra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Sunday |date=2025-11-14 |title=Two Nigerians jailed for using forged documents to obtain Ghana card |url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/11/14/two-nigerians-jailed-for-using-forged-documents-to-obtain-ghana-card/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Nigerians jailed for using false documents to obtain Ghana cards |url=https://www.dennislawnews.com/article/two-nigerians-jailed-for-using-false-documents-to-obtain-ghana-cards |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=www.dennislawnews.com |language=en}}</ref> == Education == Nyakotey Susanna dey carry Bachelor of laws (LLB) degree from de University of London.<ref name=":02" /> She subsequently obtain ein Qualifying Certificate in Law from de Ghana School of Law, qualifying am to be admitted to de Ghana Bar.<ref name=":02" /> == Career == Nyakotey ein career dey start am ein Judiciary work insyd 2008, dat be wen she work insyd de Circuit Court as an interpreter, a position she hold til 2015.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=From An Interpreter To A Lawyer |url=https://www.modernghana.com/lifestyle/9997/from-an-interpreter-to-a-lawyer.html |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Dis experience foundationally provide am plus practical exposure to court proceedings plus judicial administration. She take gain additional experience thru an internship plus de Office of de Attorney General and Ministry of Justice.<ref name=":02" /> She sanso plete ein pupillage plus Torpey and Associates, a private legal firm.<ref name=":02" /> From 2018-2022, Nyakotey serve am as a Legal Officer insyd de Legal Department of de Judicial Service of Ghana.<ref name=":02" /> Insyd dis period, she sanso hold de positions of Recorder for de Judicial Council plus Recorder for de General Legal Council, wey dey contribute to de administrative den regulatory functions of Ghana ein legal profession.<ref name=":02" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Ghanaian women judges]] [[Category:Alumni of de University of London]] [[Category:Ghana School of Law alumni]] k3mn86lgbtbno6fz7y9sqg8tjhaq826 0 25284 115466 113998 2026-11-01T18:56:41Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Her Worship Abena Amponsah Buansi''' be Ghanaian judge wey dey serve am as de Justice of de High Court of Ghana since February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=21 new High Court Justices sworn into office |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/politics/21-new-high-court-justices-sworn-into-office/2023/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Association of Magistrates and Judges elect new leadership today |url=https://www.thelawplatform.online/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=The Law Platform |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cudjoe |first=Emmanuel |title=21 New Justices of the High Court Sworn-in |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/index.php/publications/news-publications/js-latest-news/item/441-21-new-justices-of-the-high-court-sworn-in |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=judicial.gov.gh |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422082101/https://judicial.gov.gh/index.php/publications/news-publications/js-latest-news/item/441-21-new-justices-of-the-high-court-sworn-in |archive-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> She be a member of de International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ) den currently dey serve as de Treasurer of ein Ghana Chapter.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Justice Abena Amponsah Buansi - IAWJ, Ghana Chapter.|url=https://iawjghana.org/about/6561d81eefb2b/team|access-date=2026-03-18|website=iawjghana.org}}</ref> Ein judicial career, wey dey span over a decade, be marked by rulings wey dey include a decision against Ecobank Ghana Limited for abuse of court process.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-29|title=Ecobank abusing process of Court – High Court judge rules in Dan Ofori case|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ecobank-abusing-process-of-Court-ndash-High-Court-judge-rules-in-Dan-Ofori-case-1853219|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241219021221/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ecobank-abusing-process-of-Court-ndash-High-Court-judge-rules-in-Dan-Ofori-case-1853219|archive-date=2024-12-19|access-date=2026-03-18|work=GhanaWeb|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA|date=2023-09-28|title=Ecobank Ghana Limited abusing court processes — court rules|url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/09/ecobank-ghana-limited-abusing-court-processes-court-rules/|access-date=2026-03-18|website=Ghana News Agency|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court Scolds Ecobank …For Abusing Process – The New Crusading Guide Online|url=https://thenewcrusadingguideonline.com/high-court-scolds-ecobank-for-abusing-process/|access-date=2026-03-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Education == Justice Amponsah Buansi gain ein legal education at de Ghana School of Law, wer she obtain ein professional law qualifications.<ref name=":02" /> Dem subsequently call am to de Ghana Bar insyd 2010, wey she cam be an enrolled lawyer qualified to practice law insyd de [[Ghana|Republic of Ghana]].<ref name=":02" /> == Career == Justice Amponsah Buansi ein journey to de bench begin insyd 2014, wen dem dey appoint am as a magistrate, dey mark de beginning of ein formal judicial service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Magistrates |url=https://www.glc.gov.gh/resources/list-of-judges/district-magistrates/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=General Legal Council |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206100055/https://www.glc.gov.gh/resources/list-of-judges/district-magistrates/ |archive-date=2025-12-06}}</ref> After ein first appointment, dem elevate am to de position of circuit judge, a role she hold for approximately nine years til ein promotion to de High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=OFORI |first=MAXWELL |date=2023-02-08 |title=21 High Court judges sworn into office |url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/21-high-court-judges-sworn-into-office/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=The Ghanaian Chronicle |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Superlaw |last2=admin |date=2024-10-07 |title=JUSTICES OF THE HIGH COURT - AS AT OCTOBER 2024 - |url=https://superlawgh.com/justice-of-the-high-court-october-2024/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |language=en-UK}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaian women judges]] [[Category:Ghanaian judges]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian judges]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women lawyers]] [[Category:Ghana School of Law alumni]] [[Category:Ghanaian women insyd politics]] [[Category:Women judges]] [[Category:21st-century women judges]] bh6e90v38j42dvt6zt6x7ibw7sdor3t 0 25488 115492 94607 2026-11-01T22:58:38Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mouna Osman Aden''' be Djiboutian politician wey she be de Minister of Women and family for Djibouti since 2021. Before, between 2019 den 2021, she sana be de Minister For Social Affairs and Solidarity. She be de same person wey link up government programs to fight [[malaria]] den [[Tuberculosis|TB]]. She work as technical advisor give de Health Minister too, specially for [[HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder|HIV]], malaria, plus TB ein mata. == Early Career == Mouna Osman Aden start ein hustle for de Ministry of Health for de year 200. That time, na she be de "paddie" wey dey oversee de National Malaria Control Programme. From 2005 enter 2006, she take over de Expanded Immunisation Programme matters for one year. After dat, dem pick am make she be de "Oga" (director) for de Anti-Tuberculosis Centre from 2006 reach 2009.<ref name="gov">{{cite web|title=Famille. Biographie synthétique de Madame Mouna Osman Aden, ministre de la Femme et de la Famille|url=https://famille.gouv.dj/pages/DetailPages/105?|website=[[Ministry of Women and Family (Djibouti)|Ministry of Women and Family]]|access-date=15 February 2026|language=fr|trans-title=Family. Brief biography of Ms Mouna Osman Aden, Minister for Women and Family Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612053422/https://famille.gouv.dj/pages/DetailPages/105|archive-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> After dat, for a solid five year, Aden catch de Executive Secretary position for de Ministry of Health ein committee wey dey fight HIV/AIDS, malaria, plus TB. She be de main person wey dey give de Health Minister technical fans (advice) for those same sick-sick matters. Small time, she move go de Ministry of Social Affairs. Over there, she be de brain behind de big Vision 2035 plan for de country.<ref name="gov" /> Mouna first enter President Gulleh ein government for 2016 wen dem pick am as de Secretary of State For Social Affairs. She start some programs to shatta poverty, plus dat PASS thing wey dey give free health coverage. She sanso set up ways make people catch basic social services, plus that big 2018-2022 national social protection strategy wey dey align with the UN ein Sustainable Development Goals. Dis same plan focus on how dem go change sam laws to fix de social economy, give poor households "beta" assistance, den make am easy for people to catch microfinance. She even link up some solid improvements for people wey dey get disability plus de elderly folks too.<ref name="gov" /> == Political Career == When dem do de cabinet reshuffle for 5 May 2019, dem pick Aden make she be de Minister of Social Affairs and Solidarity, wey dat time, na dat ministry be fresh one wey dem just create.<ref name="africa24">{{cite news |title=Mouna Osman Aden promotes social protection and gender equality|url=https://africa24tv.com/mouna-osman-aden-promotes-social-protection-and-gender-equality|access-date=15 February 2026|work=[[Africa 24]]|date=8 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="jeune">{{cite news |last1=Caslin|first1=Olivier|title=Djibouti : Ismaïl Omar Guelleh procède à un remaniement dans la continuité|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/771259/politique/djibouti-ismail-omar-guelleh-procede-a-un-remaniement-dans-la-continuite/|access-date=15 February 2026|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|date=6 May 2019|language=fr|trans-title=Djibouti: Ismaïl Omar Guelleh carries out a reshuffle in line with continuity}}</ref> For de time she take de office, Aden be de "pioneer" wey lead de new social protection strategy, wey she make sure say de country see am as basic right for everybody. She sanso fight de [[COVID-19]] pandemic gidigidi, plus she create de first national social registry make dem fi identify den support de people wey suppose catch de social programs. She even coordinate de National Social Action Week den expand de social assistance programs, especially for de villages (rural areas) insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Building Human Capital: Shaping the Future of Djibouti's Youth|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2020/11/25/developing-human-capital-in-djibouti-shaping-the-future-of-young-people|website=[[World Bank]]|access-date=15 February 2026|date=December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=En aparté avec…Mouna Osman Aden Ministre des Affaires Sociales et des Solidarités|url=https://www.lanation.dj/en-aparte-avecmouna-osman-aden-ministre-des-affaires-sociales-et-des-solidarites/|access-date=15 February 2026|work={{ill|La Nation|fr|La Nation (journal djiboutien)}}|date=1 March 2021|language=fr|trans-title=In conversation with... Mouna Osman Aden, Minister of Social Affairs and Solidarity}}</ref> Dem carry Aden ein name for Ministry for Women and Family on 24 May 2021, wey she swear de oath de very next day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cérémonie de passation|url=https://famille.gouv.dj/Articles/DetailArticles/112|website=Ministry of Women and Family|access-date=15 February 2026|language=fr|trans-title=Handover ceremony|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422112525/https://famille.gouv.dj/Articles/DetailArticles/112|archive-date=22 April 2026}}</ref> Since dat time, she be de one wey dey coordinate de whole plan make dem fi stop dat [[female genital mutilation]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zamzam|first1=Osman|title=Djibouti Renews Fight Against Female Genital Mutilation|url=https://www.dawan.africa/news/djibouti-renews-fight-against-female-genital-mutilation|website=Dawan Africa|access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref> For April 2025 insyd, she sign dat African Union Convention wey dey talk about how dem go stop all de "vawulence" against women plus girls for de continent.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 April 2025 |title=Signature la Convention de l'Union Africaine sur l'élimination de la violence à l'égard des femmes et des filles (CEVAWG). |trans-title=Signing of the African Union Convention on the Elimination of Violence against Women and Girls (CEVAWG). |url=https://famille.gouv.dj/Articles/DetailArticles/137 |access-date=15 February 2026 |website=Ministry of Women and Family |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429183303/https://famille.gouv.dj/Articles/DetailArticles/137 |archive-date=29 April 2026}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Djiboutian people]] [[Category:Djiboutian women insyd politics]] [[Category:Women government ministers of Djibouti]] [[Category:Women's ministers of Djibouti]] [[Category:Human]] 9fnsar6uallhfwjr1bbsd0owsrjs8sq 0 25529 115484 112908 2026-11-01T20:59:16Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Her Ladyship Justice Eudora Christina Dadson''' be High Court Judge for Ghana insyd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Superlaw |last2=admin |date=2024-10-07 |title=JUSTICES OF THE HIGH COURT - AS AT OCTOBER 2024 - |url=https://superlawgh.com/justice-of-the-high-court-october-2024/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-UK}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Accra – GhaLII|url=https://ghalii.org/judgments/GHAHC/GHAHC-accra/?page=2|access-date=2026-03-20|website=ghalii.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122035844/https://ghalii.org/judgments/GHAHC/GHAHC-accra/?page=2|archive-date=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2019-12-17|title=Akufo-Addo to swear in 40 judges today|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-to-swear-in-40-judges-today-817879|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241217054719/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-to-swear-in-40-judges-today-817879|archive-date=2024-12-17|access-date=2026-03-20|work=GhanaWeb|language=en-US}}</ref> Right now, she dey chop chair for Human Rights Division for High Court inside Accra.<ref name=":02" /> Dem appoint am for court for December 2019. Before dat, she work as Acting Deputy Registrar (Legal Services) for [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Head of Legal Services appointed High Court Judge {{!}} Registrar's Offices |url=https://reg.knust.edu.gh/news/news-items/head-legal-services-appointed-high-court-judge |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=reg.knust.edu.gh}}</ref> == Ein Education == Justice Dadson, she get ein LLB degree from [[University of Ghana]]. From der, she go Ghana School of Law go collect ein Barrister at Law certificate. Dat one make she fi be Barrister den Solicitor for Ghana Supreme Court insyd. Later, she go get ein Master's for Development Policy and Planning from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology for 2019 insyd.<ref name=":12" /> == Ein Career == She start ein work for university admin for Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology for April 2010. Dem appoint am as Assistant Registrar.<ref name=":12" /> Dem give am Senior Assistant Registrar position for October 2010, wer she serve insyd de Legal and Welfare Service division. Ein leadership qualities lead to ein appointment as Acting Deputy Registrar of de Legal and Welfare Services of de University insyd November 2016.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Three KNUST Deputy Registrars Appointed Registrars of various Universities {{!}} Registrar's Offices |url=https://reg.knust.edu.gh/news/news-items/three-knust-deputy-registrars-appointed-registrars-various-universities |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=reg.knust.edu.gh}}</ref> On December 17 2019, Former Presido [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo]] swear Mrs. Eudora Christiana Dadson into office as a Justice of de High Court of Ghana at Jubilee House.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court Judges |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/jsfiles/highjudges.html |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=judicial.gov.gh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407105619/https://judicial.gov.gh/jsfiles/highjudges.html |archive-date=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President Akufo-Addo swears in 34 High Court and 11 Court of Appeal Judges |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-17 |title=Akufo-Addo swears in 46 judges |url=https://www.classfmonline.com/news/general/Akufo-Addo-swears-in-46-judges-8996 |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=www.classfmonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Don’t Be Corrupt — Akufo-Addo Cautions New Judges |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/974430/dont-be-corrupt-akufo-addo-cautions-new-judges.html |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> As a High Court Justice, she preside over various divisions of de court, wey dey include de Family Law Division den currently de Human Rights Division insyd Accra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-17 |title=Eight years on, state seeks settlement in Latif Iddrisu police assault sase - The Herald ghana |url=https://theheraldghana.com/eight-years-on-state-seeks-settlement-in-latif-iddrisu-police-assault-sase/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latif Iddrisu vs. IGP trial delayed again as state says police witness is unavailable - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/latif-iddrisu-vs-igp-trial-delayed-again-as-state-says-police-witness-is-unavailable/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Ghana School of Law alumni]] [[Category:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian lawyers]] jc7108m7cy007mxu28yf8gefkyh185z 0 25708 115503 113323 2026-11-01T23:26:36Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Olufunmilayo I. Olopade''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Olufunmilayo Olopade.wav|Listen|help=no}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, M.D., F.A.C.P., O.O.N. {{!}} Office of Research |url=https://www.vumc.org/oor/person/olufunmilayo-i-olopade-md-facp-oon |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.vumc.org}}</ref> dem born insyd de year 1957,<ref name="scientist20132">{{cite news|url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/36681/title/Cancer-Knows-No-Borders/|work=The Scientist|title=Cancer Knows No Borders|last=Scudellari|first=Megan|date=August 1, 2013|access-date=September 27, 2013|language=en}}</ref> be a Nigerian hematology oncologist, Associate Dean for Global Health and Walter L. Palmer, Distinguished Service Professor insyd Medicine den Human Genetics at de University of Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uchospitals.edu/physicians/olufunmilayo-olopade.html|title=Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, MD, FACP|publisher=The University of Chicago Medicine|access-date=July 26, 2013|archive-date=October 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023091654/http://www.uchospitals.edu/physicians/olufunmilayo-olopade.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genes.uchicago.edu/olopade.html|title=Olufunmilayo Olopade, Ph.D. Research & Selected Publications|publisher=The University of Chicago Biological Sciences; Department of Human Genetics|access-date=July 27, 2013|archive-date=September 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927110550/http://www.genes.uchicago.edu/olopade.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She sanso dey serve as director of de University of Chicago Hospital's Cancer Risk Clinic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-25 |title=Dr. Olufunmilayo Olopade: Closing Disparities Through Genetic Testing {{!}} Leading Discoveries Magazine |url=https://leadingdiscoveries.aacr.org/dr-olufunmilayo-olopade-closing-disparities-through-genetic-testing/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Life == Dem born Olufunmilayo Olopade insyd Nigeria insyd 1957 wey she be de fifth of six kiddies dem born to an Anglican musician. She attend St Anne's School insyd Ibadan for ein secondary school education. Olopade first express ein interest insyd make she cam be a doctor at a young age secof de Nigerian villages be scarce for doctors den medical resources wich be both insyd high demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olopade, Olufunmilayo Falusi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/olopade-olufunmilayo-falusi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> She graduate from de [[University of Ibadan]] insyd Nigeria plus an MBBS insyd 1980.<ref name="cancerbio.uchicago.edu">{{Cite web|title=Olufunmilayo Olopade {{!}} Committee on Cancer Biology|url=https://cancerbio.uchicago.edu/program/faculty/olufunmilayo-olopade|website=cancerbio.uchicago.edu|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> She dey work closely plus de Breast Cancer Research Foundation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcrfcure.org/action_meetres_funmi.html|title=Olufunmilayo Olopade, MD, FACP :: Profile|publisher=The Breast Cancer Research Foundation|access-date=July 26, 2013|archive-date=October 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002075700/http://www.bcrfcure.org/action_meetres_funmi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> wey she perform extensive clinical work wey dey surround de role of de ''BRCA1'' den ''BRCA2'' genes insyd de incidence of breast cancer insyd women of African descent.<ref name="scientist20132" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asco.org/about-asco/dr-olufunmilayo-olopade-receives-asco-acs-award-pioneering-research-breast-cancer|title=Dr. Olufunmilayo Olopade Receives ASCO ACS Award for Pioneering Research in Breast Cancer Genetics|publisher=American Society of Clinical Oncology|access-date=June 26, 2013|archive-date=July 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705102631/http://www.asco.org/about-asco/dr-olufunmilayo-olopade-receives-asco-acs-award-pioneering-research-breast-cancer|url-status=dead}}</ref> She be a member of de American Association for Cancer Research,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aacr.org/home/scientists/aacr-academy/inaugural-class/olufunmilayo-olopade.aspx |title= Olufunmilayo I. Olopade |publisher= American Association for Cancer Research |year= 2001 |website= AACR |access-date= June 6, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130929235550/http://www.aacr.org/home/scientists/aacr-academy/inaugural-class/olufunmilayo-olopade.aspx |archive-date= September 29, 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> de American College of Physicians, de Nigerian Medical Association, de American Philosophical Society,<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Olufunmilayo+Olopade&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-04-02|website=search.amphilsoc.org|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522194658/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Olufunmilayo+Olopade&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|url-status=dead}}</ref> den de Institute of Medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.aspx?id=0020018661|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802223645/http://www.iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.aspx?id=0020018661|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 2, 2012|title=Directory: IOM Member - Olufunmilayo F. Olopade, M.D., FACP, OON|publisher=Institute of Medicine|access-date=June 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2011/03/02/president-obama-names-olopade-national-cancer-advisory-board|title=President Obama names Olopade to National Cancer Advisory Board|last=Easton|first=John|date=2 March 2011|work=The University of Chicago News|access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> == Early career == Olufunmilayo start ein career insyd 1980 as a medical officer insyd de Nigerian Navy Hospital. She move go de US insyd 1983 wey she work at Cook County Hospital insyd Chicago til 1987.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/culture-magazines/olopade-olufunmilayo|title=Olopade, Olufunmilayo {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> Insyd 1991, Olufunmilayo join de University of Chicago as an assistant professor insyd hematology den oncology, Dean of Global Health, den Director of de Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics at de University of Chicago.<ref name="cancerbio.uchicago.edu" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojigbo|first=Solomon|date=2017-07-04|title=Prof. Olufunmilayo Olopade: Pacesetter and Game-changer In Breast Cancer Treatment|url=https://www.pharmanewsonline.com/prof-olufunmilayo-olopade-pacesetter-and-game-changer-in-breast-cancer-treatment/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Pharmanewsonline|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Awards == * 1975: Nigerian Federal Government Merit Award<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=You can't ignore these 10 awardees of national honours|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/you-cant-ignore-these-10-awardees-of-national-honours.html|last=Abbah|first=Theophilus|date=2012-09-16|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=2020-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607190529/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/you-cant-ignore-these-10-awardees-of-national-honours.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1978: Nigerian Medical Association Award for Excellence in Pediatrics<ref name="Admin">{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2019-02-21 |title=OLOPEDE, Prof (Mrs) Olufunmilayo |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/olopede-prof-mrs-olufunmilayo/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> * 1980: Nigerian Medical Association Award for Excellence in Medicine <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, MD |url=https://www.aacr.org/professionals/membership/aacr-academy/fellows/olufunmilayo-i-olopade-md/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) |language=en}}</ref> * 1990: Ellen Ruth Lebow Fellowship<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Olufunmilayo I. Olopade – H3Africa |url=https://h3africa.org/index.php/about/founding-working-group/dr-olufunmilayo-i-olopade/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416134126/https://h3africa.org/index.php/about/founding-working-group/dr-olufunmilayo-i-olopade/ |archive-date=2026-04-16}}</ref> * 1991: American Society for Clinical Oncology Young Investigator Award <ref name="Admin"/> * 1992: James S. McDonnell Foundation Scholar Award <ref name="Admin"/> * 2000:Doris Duke Distinguished Clinical Scientist Award <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Olufunmilayo I. Olopade – H3Africa |url=https://h3africa.org/index.php/about/founding-working-group/dr-olufunmilayo-i-olopade/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=h3africa.org |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416134126/https://h3africa.org/index.php/about/founding-working-group/dr-olufunmilayo-i-olopade/ |archive-date=2026-04-16}}</ref> * 2003: Phenomenal Woman Award for work within de African-American Community <ref name="Admin"/> * 2005: Access Community Network's Heroes in Healthcare Award <ref name="Admin"/> * 2005 MacArthur Fellows Program<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macfound.org/fellows/769/|publisher=MacArthur foundation|title=MacArthur Fellows Program:Olufunmilayo Olopade|access-date=July 27, 2013|date= September 1, 2005}}</ref> *2015: Four Freedoms Award * 2017: Villanova University Mendel Medal *On Saturday, May 18, 2019, The Lincoln Academy of Illinois grant Olopade de Order of Lincoln award, de highest honor wey de State of Illinois bestow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/2019-laureates-announced-gov-rauner/|title=2019 Laureates Announced by Gov. Rauner|website=The Lincoln Academy of Illinois|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827194444/https://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/2019-laureates-announced-gov-rauner/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2021: Member of de U. S. National Academy of Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2021-nas-election.html|title=News from the National Academy of Sciences|date=April 26, 2021|access-date=July 5, 2021|quote=Newly elected members and their affiliations at the time of election are: ... Olopade, Olufunmilayo F.; Walter L. Palmer Distinguished Service Professor of Medicine and Human Genetics, department of medicine, and director, Center for Clinical Genetics and Global Health, University of Chicago, Chicago|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613132749/https://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2021-nas-election.html|archive-date=June 13, 2024}}, entry in member directory:{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20018661.html|title=Member Directory|access-date=July 5, 2021|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182713/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20018661.html|archive-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> === MacArthur Fellows Program === Olufunmilayo Olopade be one of de three African-Americans to receive de $500,000 award. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation wey appoint dis award. Dem dey give dis "no strings attached" stipend grant as support for up to five years wey e be referred to as de "genius grant."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macfound.org/programs/fellows/|title=MacArthur Fellows|website=MacArthur Foundation|access-date=January 2, 2022}}</ref> Dis grant allow Olopade to continue ein research on ein groundbreaking discoveries on diseases den health concerns. == Family == Insyd 1983, she marry Christopher Sola Olopade wey sanso be a physician at de University of Chicago. Dem get two daughters, wey dey include journalist Dayo Olopade, den one son.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2006-Le-Ra/Olopade-Olufunmilayo.html|publisher=Encyclopedia of World Biography|title=Olufunmilayo Olopade:Physician, oncologist and geneticist|access-date= July 27, 2013}}</ref> == Research == Na chaw of ein research be on de susceptibility to cancer wich go then be used to adopt a more effective way of treating breast cancer among de African den African-American individuals den populations.<ref name=":0" /> Insyd 1987 at de University of Chicago, she find a gene wey help suppress tumor growth. Insyd 1992, Olopade help found de University of Chicago ein Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics. Hie, she find say African-American women often develop breast cancer at younger ages dan white women.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Olopade|first1=Olufunmilayo I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4aqm3_v_3cC&pg=PA24 |title=Breast Cancer in Women of African Descent|last2=Falkson|first2=Carla I.|date=2010-05-28|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-3664-4|language=en}}</ref> Insyd 2003, she begin a new study wey dey look at breast cancer den genetics from African women from Nigeria to [[Senegal]] den also African-American women insyd Chicago. By 2005, she find say 80% of tumors insyd African women no dey hia estrogen to grow dem compare to 20% of tumors insyd de Caucasian women. She sanso find say na dis be due to a different pattern of gene expression between de African women den de Caucasian women.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Ikpatt|first1=Offiong Francis|title=Genetics of Breast Cancer in Women of African Descent: An Overview|date=2006|work=Breast Cancer in Women of African Descent|pages=23–37|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Christopher Kwesi O.|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-3664-4_2|isbn=978-1-4020-3664-4|last2=Olopade|first2=Olufunmilayo I.|editor2-last=Olopade|editor2-first=Olufunmilayo I.|editor3-last=Falkson|editor3-first=Carla I.}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q7088836|c=Category:Olufunmilayo Olopade|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} *[https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/find-a-physician/physician/olufunmilayo-i-olopade "Olufunmilayo Olopade, MD, Physician Profile"] ''UChicago Medicine'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100603092050/http://scicom.ucsc.edu/QandA/AAAS08/Olopade "The SciCom Interview: Olufunmilayo Olopade"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603092050/http://scicom.ucsc.edu/QandA/AAAS08/Olopade |date=2010-06-03 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090726221959/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/tavissmiley/archive/200907/20090710_olopade.html "Dr. Olufunmilayo Olopade"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726221959/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/tavissmiley/archive/200907/20090710_olopade.html |date=2009-07-26 }}, ''Tavis Smiley'', July 10, 2009 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190701043132/http://www.portofharlem.net/archives/coverstories/febapr2008.html " Is the Answer in Your Genes?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701043132/http://www.portofharlem.net/archives/coverstories/febapr2008.html |date=2019-07-01 }}, ''Port of Harlem'', Feb - Apr 2008 *[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080317164342.htm "Breast Cancer In Black Women May Be Connected To Neighborhood Conditions, Study Suggests"], '''ScienceDaily'', Mar. 20, 2008 *"Olopade, Olufunmilayo ." Newsmakers 2006 Cumulation . . Retrieved February 27, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/culture-magazines/olopade-olufunmilayo. *https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-1599 {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Olopade, Olufunmilayo}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian scientists]] [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Nigerian oncologists]] [[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:University of Chicago faculty]] [[Category:MacArthur Fellows]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Nigerian women medical doctors]] [[Category:Nigerian emigrants to de United States]] [[Category:21st-century African-American scientists]] [[Category:American scientists]] [[Category:Yoruba women medical doctors]] [[Category:Yoruba medical doctors]] [[Category:American women scientists]] [[Category:Cancer researchers]] [[Category:Nigerian women biologists]] [[Category:American women medical doctors]] [[Category:Nigerian women academics]] [[Category:St Anne's School, Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:Members of de American Philosophical Society]] [[Category:Members of de United States National Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Members of de National Academy of Medicine]] [[Category:Cancer insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:21st-century African-American academics]] [[Category:21st-century American academics]] jcz00835lt4yl4rw2r1hpelli4lhwow 0 25747 115489 115407 2026-11-01T22:41:58Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Her Ladyship Justice Mavis Akua Andoh''' be [[Ghanaian]] judge wey dey serve on de High Court of Ghana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Akufo-Addo to swear in 40 judges today {{!}} Starr Fm |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/12/akufo-addo-to-swear-in-40-judges-today/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305141408/https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/12/akufo-addo-to-swear-in-40-judges-today/ |archive-date=2020-03-05 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=starrfm.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court Judges |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/jsfiles/highjudges.html |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=judicial.gov.gh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407105619/https://judicial.gov.gh/jsfiles/highjudges.html |archive-date=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-17 |title=Akufo-Addo swears in 45 Judges |url=https://www.primenewsghana.com/general-news/akufo-addo-swears-in-40-judges.html |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Prime News Ghana |language=en-us}}</ref> Dem appoint am to de bench for December 2019 den right now she dey preside over de Commercial Division of de High Court for Accra.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=emmakd |date=2025-06-18 |title=Court to hear matter between Dram Oil, Alfapetro Ghana Limited in October |url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2025/06/18/court-to-hear-matter-between-dram-oil-alfapetro-ghana-limited-in-october/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Ghana Business News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Justices of the High Court |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/jsweb/index.php/justices-of-the-high-court |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=judicial.gov.gh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407043521/https://judicial.gov.gh/jsweb/index.php/justices-of-the-high-court |archive-date=2026-04-07}}</ref> Dem know am well for handling high-value commercial disputes den high-profile criminal cases, wey dey include de Abesim murder case.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title=Abesim Murder Case: High Court Finally Brings Judgement But People Aren’t Happy. {{!}} Ghanamma.com |url=https://www.ghanamma.com/2022/08/05/abesim-murder-case-high-court-finally-brings-judgement-but-people-arent-happy/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Education == Justice Mavis Andoh obtain ein Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree from de [[University of Ghana|University of Ghana School of Law]], Legon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don’t Be Corrupt — Akufo-Addo Cautions New Judges |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/974430/dont-be-corrupt-akufo-addo-cautions-new-judges.html |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> She subsequently proceed to de Ghana School of Law in [[Accra]], wer she plete de Professional Law Course wey na dem award am de Barrister-at-Law (BL) certificate. Upon successful completion, dem call am to de Bar as a Barrister den Solicitor of de [[Supreme Court of Ghana]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Superlaw |last2=admin |date=2024-10-07 |title=JUSTICES OF THE HIGH COURT - AS AT OCTOBER 2024 - |url=https://superlawgh.com/justice-of-the-high-court-october-2024/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |language=en-UK}}</ref> wey she cam be entitled to practice law insyd all courts insyd de country. == Career == Justice Andoh be among de 33 High Court Judges wey dem swear into office by de former President [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo]] on December 17 2019, insyd a ceremony at de Banquet Hall of Jubilee House insyd Accra.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Justice Andoh currently dey preside over de Commercial Division of de High Court insyd Accra. Insyd dis capacity, she dey handle complex commercial disputes wey dey involve significant claims.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=$2.3M oil contract dispute between Dram Oil and Alfapetro adjourned to October 13 |url=https://dennislawnews.com/article/-2-3m-oil-contract-dispute-between-dram-oil-and-alfapetro-adjourned-to-october-13 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=dennislawnews.com |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Andoh, Mavis Akua}} [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaian women judges]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian lawyers]] [[Category:21st-century women judges]] [[Category:Ghanaian women lawyers]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Ghana School of Law alumni]] pwt2duvo8nx3xsybfekei0pdnnu8gqi 0 27232 115477 114734 2026-11-01T20:15:13Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|upright=1.33|Graph wey dey show temperature change insyd Africa between 1901 den 2021, plus red colour be warmer den blue being colder dan average (De average temperature during 1971–2000 be taken as de reference point for dese changes.)]] '''Climate change in Africa''' be a serious threat as Africa be one of de most vulnerable regions to de effects of climate change, despite contributing de least to causing am. Climate change be causing increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, more frequent extreme weather events wey dey include droughts, [[Flood|floods]], den rising sea surface temperatures insyd Africa. Dese changes dey threaten chow den water security, biodiversity, public health, den economic development.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |chapter=Africa |pages=1285–1456 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |first=UNEP |date=2017 |title=Responding to climate change |url=http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=UNEP – UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> Africa be currently warming faster dan de rest of de world on average.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Meterological Organization |date=2024-09-02 |title=Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> Na Climate change dey intensify existing socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Large segments of de African population depend on climate-sensitive livelihoods such as agriculture (55 - 62% of de workforce insyd sub-Saharan Africa)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |pages=1289 |chapter=Africa |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}</ref> den already live insyd poverty, wey dey heighten dema exposure to shocks. Health outcomes worsen as heat stress, vector borne - diseases (such as [[malaria]] den [[Dengue fever|dengue]]), den [[malnutrition]] becam more prevalent. Over half (56%) of de over 2,000 recorded public health incidents insyd Africa between 2001 den 2021 dey connect to climate change.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Africa CDC |url=https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ |title=Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025 |date=7 July 2025 |pages=vii}}</ref> Resources scarcity dey contribute to displacement den conflict, particularly insyd fragile regions. Urban areas, often be characterized by informal settlements, face heightened risks from flooding den extreme heat.<ref name=":02" /> Agriculture be one of de most vulnerable sectors, as most African farmers rely on rainfed crops. Reduced den unpredictable rainfall, combined plus higher temperatures, drives soil moisture loss, desertification (especially insyd de Sahara) den shifts suitable growing areas. Dese changes lower yields of staple crops, wey dey undermine food security den worsening hunger. Livestock health be increasingly compromised by heat stress den shifting disease patterns. Coastal den marine ecosystems face warming seas den rising levels, wich threaten fisheries den densely populated coastal settlements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fonjong |first1=Lotsmart |last2=Matose |first2=Frank |last3=Sonnenfeld |first3=David A. |date=2024-12-01 |title=Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=89 |article-number=102912 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912 |bibcode=2024GEC....8902912F |issn=0959-3780}}</ref> De economic toll of climate change be severe. On average African countries face climate-related losses wey dey amount to 2-5% of GDP annually, while adaptation costs insyd sub-Saharan Africa be projected at USD 30-50 billion per year over de next decade. Dis dey threaten development gains den places pressure on governments den international institutions to mobilise [[climate finance]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=World Meteorological Organization |url=https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf |title=State of the Climate in Africa: 2023 |date=2024 |isbn=978-92-63-11360-3 |location=Geneva |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714183937/https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf |archive-date=2026-07-14 |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=European Investment Bank |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times |title=Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times |date=2022-10-19 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5382-2 |language=EN}}</ref> Africa ein climate change adaptation strategies dey focus on building resilience thru climate - smart agriculture, sustainable water management, ecosystem conservation, den strengthening health den infrastructure systems. Dese approaches prioritise enhancing governance, mobilising [[climate finance]] den investment, den fostering community participation to address vulnerability holistically.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tadesse |first=Debay |date=1 December 2010 |title=The impact of climate change in Africa |url=https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Badji |first1=Arfang |last2=Ibanda |first2=Angele |last3=Akello |first3=Sarah |last4=Ekwamu |first4=Adipala |date=2022 |title=Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies |url=https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 |journal=African Journal of Rural Development |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=209–274 |issn=2415-2838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ngongolo |first1=Kelvin |last2=Gayo |first2=Leopody |date=2025-05-21 |title=Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review |journal=Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice |language=English |volume=15 |article-number=14225 |doi=10.3389/past.2025.14225 |bibcode=2025PRPP...1514225N |doi-access=free |issn=2041-7136}}</ref> Continental den national frameworks emphasise multi-sectoral coordination, technology adoption, den capacity building to support sustainable development den reduce climate risk.<ref>{{Cite book |last=African Union |url=https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan |title=African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032) |date=28 June 2022 |publisher=African Union}}</ref> ==Greenhouse gas emissions== Africa ein per person greenhouse gas emissions be low compared to oda continents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_Africa.pdf|title=Fact sheet - Africa|accessdate=4 August 2024}}</ref> Emissions from land use change be uncertain, especially insyd [[Central Africa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Mostefaoui |first1=Mounia |last2=Ciais |first2=Philippe |last3=McGrath |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Peylin |first4=Philippe |last5=Patra |first5=Prabir K. |last6=Ernst |first6=Yolandi |date=2024-01-11 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions and their trends over the last 3 decades across Africa |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/245/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=245–275 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-245-2024 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024ESSD...16..245M |issn=1866-3516}}</ref> De main source of uncertainty dey cam from carbon dioxide fluxes insyd de LULUCF sector (dis acronym dey stand for land use, land-use change, den forestry).<ref name=":0" /> == Impacts == ===Temperature den weather changes=== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | total_width = 300 | image1 = Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg | caption1 = Köppen climate classification map for Africa for 1991–2020 | image2 = Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg | caption2 = 2071–2100 map under de most intense climate change scenario. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely.<ref name="HausfatherPeters2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Schuur2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Schuur |first1=Edward A.G. |last2=Abbott |first2=Benjamin W. |last3=Commane |first3=Roisin |last4=Ernakovich |first4=Jessica |last5=Euskirchen |first5=Eugenie |last6=Hugelius |first6=Gustaf |last7=Grosse |first7=Guido |last8=Jones |first8=Miriam |last9=Koven |first9=Charlie |last10=Leshyk |first10=Victor |last11=Lawrence |first11=David |last12=Loranty |first12=Michael M. |last13=Mauritz |first13=Marguerite |last14=Olefeldt |first14=David |last15=Natali |first15=Susan |last16=Rodenhizer |first16=Heidi |last17=Salmon |first17=Verity |last18=Schädel |first18=Christina |last19=Strauss |first19=Jens |last20=Treat |first20=Claire |last21=Turetsky |first21=Merritt |year=2022 |title=Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=47 |pages=343–371 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 |quote="Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement..." |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ARER...47..343S }}</ref><ref name="Phiddian2022">{{Cite web |last=Phiddian |first=Ellen |date=5 April 2022 |title=Explainer: IPCC Scenarios |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |website=[[Cosmos (magazine)|Cosmos]] |access-date=30 September 2023 |quote="The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. [[The Australian Academy of Science]], for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. [[Climate Action Tracker]] predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C. |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |url-status=live }}</ref> }} Observed surface temperatures generally increase over Africa since de late 19th century to de early 21st century by about 1°C, buh locally as much as 3°C for minimum temperature insyd de Sahel at de end of de dry season.<ref name="IRD-2017">{{Cite book |title=Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa |date=2017 |publisher=IRD éditions |isbn=978-2-7099-2424-5 |location=Marseille |oclc=1034784045 |id=Impr. Jouve}}</ref> De warming of Africa increase by +0.3 C from 1991 to 2021 versus +0.2 during 1961 to 1910. E be estimated dat by 2030, de people of Africa go be exposed to a rise insyd sea level secof an increase insyd temperature. Na dis go then cause agricultural productivity to decrease<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engel |first=Ulf |title=Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022) |date=2024 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-68308-2 |editor-last=Engel |editor-first=Ulf |location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar}}</ref>.Observed precipitation trends dey indicate spatial den temporal discrepancies as expected.<ref name="Collins-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=Jennifer M. |date=15 July 2011 |title=Temperature Variability over Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=24 |issue=14 |pages=3649–3666 |bibcode=2011JCli...24.3649C |doi=10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Niang-2014">Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265.</ref> De observed changes insyd temperature den [[precipitation]] vary regionally.<ref name="Conway-2009">{{cite journal |last1=Conway |first1=Declan |last2=Persechino |first2=Aurelie |last3=Ardoin-Bardin |first3=Sandra |last4=Hamandawana |first4=Hamisai |last5=Dieulin |first5=Claudine |last6=Mahé |first6=Gil |date=February 2009 |title=Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=41–59 |bibcode=2009JHyMe..10...41C |doi=10.1175/2008JHM1004.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Collins-2011" /> Current climate models (as dem summarise insyd de IPCC Sixth Assessment Report) predict increases insyd frequency den intensity of drought den heavy rainfall events.<ref name="Armstrong-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Armstrong |first1=Andrew |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Hope |first4=Rob |date=2022 |title=Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa |journal=Global Environmental Change |language=en |volume=76 |article-number=102592 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022GEC....7602592A }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Dem sanso predict decreases insyd mean precipitation almost everywhere insyd Africa, plus medium to high confidence. However, local rainfall trends den socio-climatic interactions be likely to manifest insyd mixed patterns. Therefore, de converging impacts of climate change go vary across de continent. Insyd rural areas, rainfall patterns influence water usage.<ref name="Armstrong-2022" /> A study insyd 2019 dey predict increased dry spell length during wet seasons den increased extreme rainfall rates insyd Africa.<ref name="Kendon-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Kendon |first1=Elizabeth J. |last2=Stratton |first2=Rachel A. |last3=Tucker |first3=Simon |last4=Marsham |first4=John H. |last5=Berthou |first5=Ségolène |last6=Rowell |first6=David P. |last7=Senior |first7=Catherine A. |date=2019 |title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9 |pmc=6478940 |pmid=31015416 |article-number=1794}}</ref> Insyd other words: "both ends of Africa's weather extremes fi get more severe".<ref name="Weather Channel-2022">{{Cite news |title=More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says |url=https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood |access-date=2022-07-01 |work=The Weather Channel |language=en-US}}</ref> De research find say most climate models no go be able to capture de extent of dese changes secof dem no be conviction-permitting at dema coarse grid scales.<ref name="Kendon-2019" /> === Sea level rise === [[File:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of de Tanzanian capital Dar es Salaam]] Insyd [[Africa]], future population growth dey amplify risks from sea level rise. Sam 54.2million people dey live insyd de highly exposed low elevation coastal zones (LECZ) around 2000. Dis number fi effectively double to around 110 million people by 2030. By 2060 e fi be around 185 to 230million people, wey dey depend on de extent of population growth. De average regional sea level rise go be around 21cm by 2060. At dat point climate change scenarios go make little difference. Buh local geography den population trends interact to increase de exposure to hazards like 100-year floods insyd a complex way.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[File:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, de economic powerhouse of Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Populations within 100-year floodplains.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter9" /> !|Country !|2000 !|2030 !|2060 !|Growth 2000–2060 |- |[[Egypt]] || 7.4 || 13.8 || 20.7 || 0.28 |- |[[Nigeria]] || 0.1 || 0.3 || 0.9 || 0.84 |- |[[Senegal]] || 0.4 || 1.1 || 2.7 || 0.76 |- |[[Benin]] || 0.1 || 0.6 || 1.6 || 1.12 |- |[[Tanzania]] || 0.2 || 0.9 || 4.3 || 2.3 |- |[[Somalia]] || 0.2 || 0.6 || 2.7 || 1.7 |- |[[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]]|| 0.1 || 0.3 || 0.7 || 0.65 |- |[[Mozambique]] || 0.7 || 1.4 || 2.5 || 0.36 |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231005135809/https://futureclimateafrica.org/ Future Climate For Africa programme] * [https://www.uneca.org/acpc African Climate Policy Centre] (ACCP) goal is to contribute to poverty reduction through successful mitigation and adaptation to climate change in Africa and to improve the capacity of African countries to participate effectively in multilateral climate negotiations. * [https://www.amma2050.org/ African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050] (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region. * (CARIAA) builds resilience by supporting collaborative research on climate change adaptation to inform adaptation policy and practice. * [https://wascal.org/ West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use] (WASCAL) is a research-focused Climate Service Centre designed to help tackle this challenge and thereby enhance the resilience of human and environmental systems to climate change and increased variability in West Africa. [[Category:Climate change by continent|Africa]] [[Category:Environment of Africa]] [[Category:Climate change insyd Africa]] ejj8r5n095bvm0spg4i7hd3bowre17u 0 27980 115465 106960 2026-11-01T18:51:40Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''2007 Mozambican flood''' start for late December 2006 wen Cahora Bassa Dam overflow secof heavy rain wey fall for Southern Africa. E later turn worse on February 22, 2007, wen Category 4 Cyclone Favio make landfall for central province of Inhambane; experts wey dey track de cyclone talk say e go make de flooding for [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] valley worse.<ref>Beatty, Sean. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070228131611/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/news/23022007news.shtml Tropical cyclone slams into flood-stricken Mozambique]. BBC News, February 24, 2007</ref> De Zambezi River overflow ein bank, flood all surrounding areas for Mozambique.<ref name="SABC12">[http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0,2172,143636,00.html Mozambique floods displace 68 000, more at risk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131346/http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0,2172,143636,00.html |date=2007-09-29 }} SABC News, February 12, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/world/w110020007.html Mozambique issues flood warning as Zambezi breaches banks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004234224/http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/world/w110020007.html |date=2007-10-04 }} Vanguard Online, February 10, 2007.</ref> Chire River den Rivubue River sanso flood.<ref name ="WFP"/> 80,600 people dem evacuate komot from dema houses for Tete Province, Manica Province, Sofala Province den Zambezia Province by February 14.<ref name ="washingtonpost">{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/14/AR2007021401206.html | work=The Washington Post | first=Michelle | last=Faul | title=Some Refuse to Flee Mozambique Flood | date=February 14, 2007}}</ref> By February 22, United Nations Office for de Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs report say about 121,000 people already displaced secof de flood.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071215153735/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EGUA-6YNPGE?OpenDocument Mozambique: Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 7]. OCHA, February 22, 2007</ref> Some people still refuse to komot for dema houses den livestock.<ref name ="washingtonpost"/> Der be 29 confirmed death cases den anoda 10 wey still no confirm.<ref name = "BBC14">{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6361957.stm | work=BBC News | title=Mozambique seeks urgent flood aid | date=February 14, 2007}}</ref> For early February, Mozambican authorities no expect say de flooding go serious reach like de 2000 den 2001 floods. Paulo Zucula, wey be head of Mozambique national relief agency, talk say: ''"We expect more water than we had in 2001. The situation is deteriorating and it will get worse but this time we are better prepared than in 2001"''.<ref name ="SABC12"/> World Food Programme (WFP) estimate say fit be up to 285,000 people go need food aid.<ref name="WFP">[http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&Key=2367 Floods wreak havoc in parts of southern Africa, billions need help] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213190957/http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&Key=2367 |date=2007-02-13 }}. World Food Programme. February 9, 2007</ref> WFP start to deliver food aid on February 15.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091111204147/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L15816589.htm Helicopters aid Mozambique flood victims]. Reuters. February 15, 2007</ref> One single United Nations helicopter dem give am to help carry aid go evacuation centres.<ref>[http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&Key=2371 WFP starts helicopter rescue and food deliveries to victims of Mozambique floods] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314014544/http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&Key=2371 |date=2007-03-14 }}. World Food Programme. February 15, 2007</ref> However, plenty people still never receive chow anaa drinking water, wey disease outbreak risk sanso increase; Paulo Zucula later change ein earlier talk about readiness, talk say "We were not prepared... it's another disaster".<ref>{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6377427.stm | work=BBC News | title=Flood aid struggle in Mozambique | date=February 19, 2007}}</ref> ==References== <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2007 Mozambican Flood}} [[Category:Floods insyd Mozambique]] [[Category:2007 insyd Mozambique|Flood]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:December 2006 insyd Africa]] [[Category:January 2007 insyd Africa]] [[Category:March 2007 insyd Africa]] [[Category:2007 floods]] [[Category:2000s floods insyd Africa]] [[Category:2006 floods]] [[Category:2006 insyd Mozambique]] [[Category:2006 disasters insyd Africa]] [[Category:21st-century disasters insyd Mozambique]] [[Category:2007 disasters insyd Africa]] ttjmk9eag1l65nssll0qwimzjs210ph 0 31118 115523 115124 2026-11-01T23:54:59Z DaSupremo 9 added [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 115523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dystonia''' be a [[movement disorder]] insyd wich involuntary muscle contractions result in slow repetitive movements anaa abnormal postures.<ref name=NINDS2023>{{cite web |title=Dystonias Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216230258/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Bal2018>{{cite journal |last1=Balint |first1=B |last2=Mencacci |first2=NE |last3=Valente |first3=EM |last4=Pisani |first4=A |last5=Rothwell |first5=J |last6=Jankovic |first6=J |last7=Vidailhet |first7=M |last8=Bhatia |first8=KP |title=Dystonia. |journal=Nature reviews. Disease primers |date=20 September 2018 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1038/s41572-018-0023-6 |pmid=30237473}}</ref> Pain anaa a [[tremor]] sanso fi occur.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Insyd sam, symptoms only occur plus exercise, stress, anaa tiredness.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Complications fi include [[depression]] anaa [[anxiety]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> E fi be [[Heredity|inherited from a persons parents]], anaa caused by [[birth injury]], [[stroke]], [[infection]], [[lead poisoning]], [[Carbon monoxide poisoning|CO poisoning]], den as a side effect of certain [[medication]]s such as [[antidopaminergic agents]].<ref name=NINDS2023/><ref name=BMJ2022>{{cite web | title=Dystonia | website=BMJ Best Practice | url=https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/ | access-date=2020-05-21 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=5 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905201412/https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/ | url-status=live }}</ref> De underlying mechanism dey involve certain areas of de [[brain]], often de [[basal ganglia]].<ref name=NINDS2023/><ref name=BMJ2022/> E fi be categorized as generalized, [[focal dystonia|focal]], multifocal, segmental, anaa hemidystonia; anaa by de part of de body affected such as [[cervical dystonia|cervical]], [[blepharospasm]], [[writer's cramp]], den [[musician's dystonia]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> Diagnosis fi involve [[genetic testing]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], den blood tests.<ref name=BMJ2022/> Wen e occur as a result of medication, stopping de medication fi result in resolution.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Otherwise treatment fi include medication such as [[anticholinergics]], [[benzodiazepines]] anaa [[dopaminergic agents]]; [[botulinum toxin]] injections; [[physical therapy]]; anaa surgery, such as [[deep brain stimulation]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> Dystonia dey affect up to 250,000 people insyd de United States.<ref name=AANS2023>{{cite web |title=Dystonia – Classifications, Symptoms and Treatment |url=https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Dystonia |website=www.aans.org |access-date=17 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216222426/https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Dystonia |url-status=live }}</ref> E be less common dan de movement disorders [[essential tremor]] den [[Parkinson]].<ref name=AANS2023/> All ages fi be affected.<ref name=AANS2023/> Na dem coin de term insyd 1911.<ref name=Bal2014>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/WCO.0000000000000114 |pmid=24978640 |title=Dystonia |journal=Current Opinion in Neurology |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=468–76 |year=2014 |last1=Balint |first1=Bettina |last2=Bhatia |first2=Kailash P. }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/a-boston-marathon-record-is-about-to-be-set--by-a-man-with-a-movement-disorder/2017/04/07/57523230-18a2-11e7-bcc2-7d1a0973e7b2_story.html A Boston Marathon record is about to be set – by a man with a movement disorder] in [[The Washington Post]] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1155/ GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Dystonia Overview] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1492/ GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Early-Onset Primary Dystonia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070202004244/http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/twisted/film.html Film on Dystonia] from [[Public Broadcasting Service]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231061329/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19265007/ A story of one woman's struggle with dystonia] at MSNBC.com {{Authority control}} [[Category:Dystonia| ]] [[Category:Extrapyramidal den movement disorders]] [[Category:Adverse effects of psychoactive drugs]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] nffsgjswxgdws0woii4fqk3mllg0azp 0 31121 115494 115253 2026-11-01T23:19:55Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501530|Dermatitis]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115494 wikitext text/x-wiki der ems2j5n5e2c7ckfpnn7tl98l85nt3ef 115495 115494 2026-11-01T23:21:16Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dermatitis''' be a term dem use for different types of skin inflammation, typically characterized by itchiness, redness den a rash.<ref name="Ned2012">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&pg=PA1 |title=Generalized Dermatitis in Clinical Practice |vauthors=Nedorost ST |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-2897-7 |pages=1–3, 9, 13–14 |language=en |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233710/https://books.google.ca/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd cases of short duration, der fi be small blisters, while insyd long-term cases de skin fi cam be thickened.<ref name="Ned2012" /> De area of skin wey involve fi vary from small to covering de entire body.<ref name="Ned2012" /><ref name="NIH2013">{{Cite web |date=May 2013 |title=Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis (A type of eczema) |url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530092344/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=NIAMS}}</ref> Dermatitis sanso be called '''eczema''', buh "eczema" often be used for de most common type of skin inflammation, [[atopic dermatitis]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, Motala C, Ortega Martell JA, Platts-Mills TA, Ring J, Thien F, Van Cauwenberge P, Williams HC |date=May 2004 |title=Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003 |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=832–836 |bibcode=2004JACI..113..832J |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.591 |pmid=15131563 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De exact cause of de condition often be unclear.<ref name=NIH2013/> Cases fi involve a combination of [[allergy]] den [[venous stasis|poor venous return]].<ref name=Ned2012/> De type of dermatitis generally be determined by de person ein history den de location of de rash.<ref name=Ned2012/> For example, irritant dermatitis often dey occur on de hands of those wey frequently get dem wet.<ref name=Ned2012/> Allergic contact dermatitis dey occur upon exposure to an [[allergen]], wey dey cause a [[hypersensitivity]] reaction insyd de skin.<ref name=Ned2012/> Prevention of atopic dermatitis typically be plus [[essential fatty acid]]s,<ref name="Andrews2">{{cite book |last1=James |first1=William D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA482 |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology |last2=Elston |first2=Dirk |last3=Treat |first3=James R. |last4=Rosenbach |first4=Misha A. |last5=Neuhaus |first5=Isaac |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-323-55188-5 |page=482}}</ref> wey fi be treated plus [[moisturizer]]s den [[steroid]] creams.<ref name="Mc2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = McAleer MA, Flohr C, Irvine AD | title = Management of difficult and severe eczema in childhood | journal = BMJ | volume = 345 | article-number = e4770 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22826585 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e4770 | url = http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/75991/1/PMID%2022826585%20Difficult%20and%20severe%20AD%20in%20childhood.pdf | hdl = 2262/75991 | s2cid = 36038433 | hdl-access = free | archive-date = 17 February 2021 | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210217144954/http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/75991/PMID }}</ref> De steroid creams generally for be of mid to high strength den used for less dan two weeks at a time, as side effects fi occur.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Habif TP |title=Clinical Dermatology|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-26607-9 |page=171 |edition=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160817173537/https://books.google.it/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|archive-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> [[Antibiotic]]s fi be required if der be signs of [[skin infection]].<ref name="NIH2013" /> Contact dermatitis typically be treated by avoiding de allergen anaa irritant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mowad CM, Anderson B, Scheinman P, Pootongkam S, Nedorost S, Brod B | title = Allergic contact dermatitis: Patient management and education | url = https://archive.org/details/american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_2016-06_74_6/page/1043 | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 74 | issue = 6 | pages = 1043–1054 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27185422 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1144 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lurati AR | s2cid = 40077567 | title = Occupational risk assessment and irritant contact dermatitis | journal = Workplace Health & Safety | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–87; quiz 88 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25881659 | doi = 10.1177/2165079914565351 }}</ref> [[Antihistamine]]s fi help plus sleep den decrease nighttime scratching.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Na dermatitis be estimated to affect 245 million people globally insyd 2015,<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref> anaa 3.34% of de world population. Atopic dermatitis be de most common type den generally dey start insyd kiddie time.<ref name=Ned2012/><ref name=NIH2013/> Insyd de United States, e dey affect about 10–30% of people.<ref name=NIH2013/> Contact dermatitis twice be as common insyd females as insyd males.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Adkinson NF |title=Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-08593-9|page=566 |edition=8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vT9YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA566 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815222715/https://books.google.ca/books?id=vT9YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA566 |archive-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> Allergic contact dermatitis dey affect about 7% of people at sam point insyd dema lives.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Wilkinson M, Orton D |title=Rook's Textbook of Dermatology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons| isbn=978-1-118-44117-6|edition=9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA99-PA868|access-date=29 July 2016|chapter=Allergic Contact Dermatitis | veditors = Barker J, Bleiker TO, Chalmers R, Creamer D |page=128.4|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815214618/https://books.google.ca/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA99-PA868 |archive-date=15 August 2016 }}</ref> Irritant contact dermatitis be common, especially among people plus certain occupations, exact rates be unclear.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Frosch PJ |title=Textbook of Contact Dermatitis|date=2013|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-03104-9 |page=42 |edition=2nd |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hgXtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816002717/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hgXtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |archive-date=16 August 2016 }}</ref> ==References== <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q229256|c=Category:Dermatitis|n=no|b=no|v=no|q=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Dermatitis|species=no}} * [https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema Eczema Resource Center]. American Academy of Dermatology. <!-- ==============================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================== --> <!-- DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS --> <!-- If you think that your link might be useful, instead of placing it here, put --> <!-- it on this article's discussion page first. Links that have not been verified --> <!-- WILL BE DELETED --> <!-- ============================================================================= -->{{Authority control}} [[Category:Dermatitis| ]] [[Category:Autoimmune diseases]] [[Category:Eczema| ]] [[Category:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] qpauvvmfle8i3wwwp6xgsr4nq7cvq8y 0 31123 115524 115176 2026-11-02T00:00:46Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502583|Hydroxychloroquine]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115524 wikitext text/x-wiki huu l6smqsk7qaju0mix49eztanmultly98 115525 115524 2026-11-02T00:02:05Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydroxychloroquine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Plaquenil''' among odas, be a medication dem use to prevent den treat [[malaria]] insyd areas wer malaria remain sensitive to chloroquine. Oda uses dey include treatment of [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[lupus]], den porphyria cutanea tarda. Dem dey take am by mouth, often insyd de form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate.<ref name="AHFS2020">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320234847/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Common side effects fi include [[vomiting]], [[headache]], [[blurred vision]], den [[muscle weakness]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> Severe side effects fi include [[allergic reactions]], [[retinopathy]], den [[irregular heart rate]].<ref name=AHFS2020/><ref name="mayoclinic12">{{cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Guidance on patients at risk of drug-induced sudden cardiac death from off-label COVID-19 treatments |url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-provides-urgent-guidance-approach-to-identify-patients-at-risk-of-drug-induced-sudden-cardiac-death-from-use-of-off-label-covid-19-treatments/ |website=newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org}}</ref> Although all risk no fi be excluded, e dey remain a treatment give [[rheumatic disease]] during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Flint J, Panchal S, Hurrell A, van de Venne M, Gayed M, Schreiber K, Arthanari S, Cunningham J, Flanders L, Moore L, Crossley A, Purushotham N, Desai A, Piper M, Nisar M, Khamashta M, Williams D, Gordon C, Giles I | title = BSR and BHPR guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding-Part I: standard and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids | journal = Rheumatology | location = Oxford, England | volume = 55 | issue = 9 | pages = 1693–1697 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 26750124 | doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/kev404 | doi-access = free | collaboration = BSR and BHPR Standards, Guidelines and Audit Working Group }}</ref> Hydroxychloroquine dey insyd de [[antimalarial]] den [[4-aminoquinoline]] families of medication.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Na dem approve hydroxychloroquine for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1955.<ref name=AHFS2020/> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | year = 2023 | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 131st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 4{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300 of 2023">{{cite web | vauthors = Kane SP | title = The Top 300 of 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | access-date = 12 August 2025 | archive-date = 12 August 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Kane SP | title = Hydroxychloroquine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydroxychloroquine | access-date = 25 August 2025 }}</ref> Na hydroxychloroquine be studied for an ability to prevent den treat coronavirus disease 2019 ([[COVID-19]]), buh na [[clinical trial]]s find am ineffective for dis purpose den a possible risk of dangerous [[side effect]]s.<ref name="nih">{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|access-date=14 February 2021|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|archive-date=28 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among studies wey deem hydroxychloroquine intake to cause harmful side effects, na a publication by ''[[The Lancet]]'' be retracted secof data flaws.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Edwards E | date = 4 June 2020 | title = The Lancet retracts large study on hydroxychloroquine | website = NBC News | publisher = NBC News | url = https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/lancet-retracts-large-study-hydroxychloroquine-n1225091 | access-date = 4 January 2021 }}</ref> De speculative use of hydroxychloroquine give COVID-19 dey threaten ein availability for people plus established indications.<ref name="Juurlink20202">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juurlink DN |date=April 2020 |title=Safety considerations with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection |journal=CMAJ |volume=192 |issue=17 |pages=E450–E453 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.200528 |pmc=7207200 |pmid=32269021}}</ref> ==References== <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q421094|c=Category:Hydroxychloroquine|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Antimalarial agents]] [[Category:Antirheumatic products]] [[Category:Chloroarenes]] [[Category:HERG blockers]] [[Category:Hydroxyethyl compounds]] [[Category:Quinolines]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] tpvclru7cd8e12ic02mff5arv96subo 0 31126 115522 115184 2026-11-01T23:54:33Z DaSupremo 9 added [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 115522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Exploding head syndrome''' ('''EHS''') be classified as a [[sleep disorder]] anaa headache disorder. E dey occur wen someone falls asleep anaa wakes up to loud auditory hallucinations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Alkhateeb |first=Wasef |last2=Krishnaraj |first2=Abhinaya |last3=Saini |first3=Vishal |date=August 2023 |title=Single Patient Multiple Explosions: A Case Report on Exploding Head Syndrome |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10543998/ |journal=Cureus |volume=15 |issue=8 |doi=10.7759/cureus.44437 |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=10543998 |pmid=37791153 |doi-access=free |article-number=e44437}}</ref> Dese noises fi sound like explosions anaa thunder wey e no dey tend to last long, buh dem still fi be frightening den fi make am harder to sleep. Der typically be no pain associated plus EHS, wey e no dey lead to oda conditions, so e be considered harmless.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=JCDR - Auditory hallucinations, Parasomnias, Psychological stress, Temporal lobe seizures, Sleep disorders, Sleep-wake transition |url=https://www.jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2025&month=March&volume=19&issue=3&page=VE01-VE04&id=20723 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.jcdr.net}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Tsovoosed |first=Uyanga |last2=Sumi |first2=Yukiyoshi |last3=Ozeki |first3=Yuji |last4=Harada |first4=Akiko |last5=Kadotani |first5=Hiroshi |date=2025-05-12 |title=Prevalence and impact of exploding head syndrome in a Japanese working population |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12068057/ |journal=Sleep |volume=48 |issue=5 |doi=10.1093/sleep/zsaf007 |issn=1550-9109 |pmc=12068057 |pmid=39792308 |article-number=zsaf007}}</ref> While in general EHS be a rare occurrence, sam people dey hear de loud noises multiple times a night. Oda symptoms of EHS dey include seeing a flash of light, feeling a tingling sensation run thru de body, anaa suddenly feeling hot.<ref name=":2" /> Der currently no be known cause of EHS.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Wróbel-Knybel |first=Paulina |last2=Kister |first2=Klaudia |date=2025-10-02 |title=Exploding Head Syndrome – A puzzling parasomnia: A literature review |url=https://czasopisma.umlub.pl/cpp/article/view/3145 |journal=Current Problems of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=26 |pages=85–99 |doi=10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0008 |issn=2353-8627 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lack of sleep, anxiety, stress, den medication wey dey affect de central nervous system be shown to trigger episodes insyd people plus EHS.<ref name=":52" /> E sanso be possible say drinking caffeinated anaa alcoholic beverages at night fi cause EHS.<ref name=":4" /> [[Hypnic jerk]]s be anoda possibility, buh de most commonly proposed cause of EHS be say de part of de brain wich be responsible for de transition between awake den asleep be malfunctional.<ref name=":4" /> Oda links between ear problems, [[Temporal lobe epilepsy|temporal lobe seizures]], nerve dysfunction, [[sleep position]], supernatural beliefs, specific [[Mutation|genetic changes]], den EHS be investigated, though dem no establish correlation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sharpless |first=Brian A. |date=2014-12-01 |title=Exploding head syndrome |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214000227 |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=489–493 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.001 |issn=1087-0792|url-access=subscription }}</ref> People often dey go undiagnosed anaa misdiagnosed.<ref name=":0" /> Cutting caffeine intake dEN screen time sometimes FI help to reduce EHS episode frequency. Improving [[sleep hygiene]] like setting a sleep schedule anaa working on calming your body fi help.<ref name=":4" /> Several oda treatment methods be studied. Na dem try [[Clomipramine]], [[calcium channel blockers]] den [[anticonvulsant]]s as a method to alleviate EHS symptoms. Insyd sam cases, dese treatments see positive results, buh those results fi be secof something else.<ref name=":0" /> Anoda possibility for reducing de occurrence of EHS be treating oda sleep problems before treating EHS. A non-medical treatment route fi be making sure EHS patients know de condition generally no be medically concerning.<ref name=":0" /> ==References== <references /> == External links == {{Commons}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Exploding Head Syndrome}} [[Category:Sleep disorders]] [[Category:Sleep physiology]] [[Category:Lucid dreams]] [[Category:Neurological disorders]] [[Category:Hallucinations]] [[Category:Syndromes of unknown causes]] [[Category:Parasomnias]] [[Category:Syndromes wey dey affect de nervous system]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9plikxu2zw5n7ysj8lqvnvi95w3r4yq 0 31139 115474 115276 2026-11-01T20:08:03Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1510639|Bismuth_subsalicylate]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115474 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bismuth subsalicylate''', dem sell 1zs57x7y2u93tjs7gn6asvtw06skihx 115475 115474 2026-11-01T20:10:01Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bismuth subsalicylate''', dem sell generically as '''pink bismuth''' den under brand names wey dey include '''Pepto-Bismol''', '''Pepti-Calm''', den '''BisBacter''', be a medication dem use to treat temporary discomfort of de stomach den gastrointestinal tract. Dis dey include an upset stomach, heartburn,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bismuth Salts Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/bismuth-salts.html |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref> anaa oda similar symptoms. Common side effects dey include a [[black tongue]] anaa dark [[stool]].<ref name=":1" /> Severe side effects fi include [[Reye syndrome|Reye's syndrome]] den neurological problems.<ref name=":1" /> E for no be used insyd people wey be allergic to [[aspirin]] den insyd large doses fi result in [[salicylate poisoning]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=BNF79>{{cite book |title=BNF 79 : March 2020. |date=2020 |publisher=Royal Pharmaceutical Society |location=London |isbn=9780857113658|page=73}}</ref> Ein use insyd de last third of pregnancy fi harm de baby.<ref name=":1" /> E dey work by forming a protective coating insyd de stomach.<ref name=Sn2005/> Bismuth subsalicylate cam into medical use insyd de 1910s.<ref name=Sn2005>{{cite book |last1=Sneader |first1=Walter |title=Drug Discovery: A History |date=2005 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-01552-0 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&lpg=PA71&dq=Bismuth%20subsalicylate%20discovery&pg=PA59 |language=en |access-date=2020-10-09 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828004336/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&lpg=PA71&dq=Bismuth+subsalicylate+discovery&pg=PA59 |url-status=live }}</ref> E be available as a [[generic medication]] den [[over the counter]].<ref name=Bro1998>{{cite book |last1=Brodin |first1=Michael |title=The Over-The-Counter Drug Book |date=1998 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-01380-6 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=xyJw_aLOM9sC&pg=PA48 |language=en |access-date=2020-10-09 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828004335/https://books.google.ca/books?id=xyJw_aLOM9sC&pg=PA48 |url-status=live }}</ref> While e often be described as an "[[antacid]]", e no get antacid properties.<ref name=Bro1998/> Insyd de [[United States]] 30 tabs of 262 mg dey cost about 11 USD.<ref name="ref">{{cite web |title=Bismuth subsalicylate Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs |url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/bismuth-subsalicylate |website=Drugs.com |access-date=9 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119095716/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/bismuth-subsalicylate |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category|Bismuth subsalicylate}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Andrews PC, Deacon GB, Forsyth CM, Junk PC, Kumar I, Maguire M | title = Towards a structural understanding of the anti-ulcer and anti-gastritis drug bismuth subsalicylate | journal = Angewandte Chemie | volume = 45 | issue = 34 | pages = 5638–42 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16865763 | doi = 10.1002/anie.200600469 }} [[Category:Antidiarrhoeals]] [[Category:Drugs wey dey act on de gastrointestinal system den metabolism]] [[Category:Salicylates]] [[Category:Bismuth-based drugs]] [[Category:Antacids]] [[Category:Heterocyclic compounds plus 2 rings]] [[Category:Over-the-counter drugs insyd de United States]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 1uffyvl80oomghkexkdq6yougjqkxra 0 31147 115478 115295 2026-11-01T20:15:24Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456455|Doxepin]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115478 wikitext text/x-wiki Doxepin be 49vd6er0x9ax29t5l8wf7xh7xfgj2v3 115479 115478 2026-11-01T20:16:57Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Doxepin''' be a [[medication]] wey dey belong to de tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)<ref name="AHFS2019" /> class of drugs dem use to treat [[major depressive disorder]], [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety disorders]], difficult-to-treat chronic [[Hives|urticaria]], den [[insomnia]].<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web |title=Doxepin Hydrochloride |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/doxepin-hydrochloride.html |access-date=20 March 2019 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref><ref name="FDAInsomnia">{{Cite web |date=17 March 2010 |title=Silenor (doxepin) label |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/022036lbl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331025021/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/022036lbl.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2010 |access-date=25 October 2017 |publisher=FDA}} For label updates see [https://web.archive.org/web/20170430181932/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022036 FDA index page for NDA 022036]</ref> For hives e be a less preferred alternative to antihistamines.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> E get a mild to moderate benefit for sleeping problems.<ref name="pmid25047681">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yeung WF, Chung KF, Yung KP, Ng TH |date=February 2015 |title=Doxepin for insomnia: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=19 |pages=75–83 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2014.06.001 |pmid=25047681}}</ref> E be used as a cream for itchiness secof [[atopic dermatitis]] anaa lichen simplex chronicus.<ref name="Creamlabel">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2002 |title=Doxepin hydrochloride cream |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/20126slr006_Zonalon_lbl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005144636/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/20126slr006_Zonalon_lbl.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=25 October 2017 |publisher=FDA}} For label updates see [https://web.archive.org/web/20170501044429/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=020126 FDA index page for NDA 020126]</ref> Common [[side effect]]s dey include sleepiness, dry mouth, [[constipation]], nausea, den blurry vision.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Serious side effects fi include increased risk of [[suicide]] insyd those under de age of 25, [[mania]], den [[urinary retention]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> A [[antidepressant discontinuation syndrome|withdrawal syndrome]] fi occur if de dose be rapidly decreased.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Ein use during [[pregnancy]] den [[breastfeeding]] no be generally recommended.<ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=372|edition=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Doxepin Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/doxepin.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=21 March 2019 }}</ref> Although how e dey work for treating depression remain an area of active inquiry, e fi involve increasing de levels of [[norepinephrine]], along plus blocking [[histamine]], [[acetylcholine]], den [[serotonin]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> Na doxepin be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1969.<ref name=AHFS2019/> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=BNF76/><ref>{{cite web | title=Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=29 June 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals | access-date=29 June 2023 | archive-date=29 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629233651/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=First Generic Drug Approvals 2023 | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=30 May 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630003621/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals | archive-date=30 June 2023 | access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 166th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 3{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Doxepin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Doxepin | access-date = 19 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Alpha-1 blockers]] [[Category:Alpha-2 blockers]] [[Category:Antihistamines]] [[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]] [[Category:D2 antagonists]] [[Category:Dibenzoxepins]] [[Category:Dimethylamino compounds]] [[Category:Embryotoxicants]] [[Category:Hypnotics]] [[Category:M1 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M2 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M3 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M4 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M5 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Sedatives]] [[Category:Serotonin receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors]] [[Category:Sodium channel blockers]] [[Category:Tricyclic antidepressants]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] msjhk5fxv8mnjt40sa5sibc5gc8ao2s 0 31150 115480 115327 2026-11-01T20:20:51Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458552|Donepezil]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115480 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donepezil''', dem sell sco4i1dqcn3q4txbzal60gg14l0hzl0 115481 115480 2026-11-01T20:22:28Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Donepezil''', dem sell under de brand name '''Aricept''' among odas, be a [[medication]] dem use to treat [[dementia]] of de [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's type]].<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web |title=Donepezil Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/donepezil.html |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref><ref name="AHFS20192">{{cite web |title=Donepezil Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/donepezil.html |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> E dey appear to result in a small benefit insyd mental function den ability to function.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Birks JS, Harvey RJ |date=June 2018 |title=Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001190.pub3 |pmc=6513124 |pmid=29923184 |article-number=CD001190}}</ref> Ein use, however, no be shown to change de progression of de disease.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swedish Council on Health Technology Assessment |date=June 2008 |title=Dementia – Caring, Ethics, Ethnical and Economical Aspects: A Systematic Review |journal=SBU Systematic Reviews |pmid=28876770}}</ref> Treatment for be stopped if dem see no benefit.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |page=300 |ref={{harvid | BNF76 |2018 }}}}</ref><ref name="NICE2018">{{Cite web |date=20 June 2018 |title=Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence and interpretation § 4.3.44 |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta217/chapter/4-Evidence-and-interpretation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909201154/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta217/chapter/4-Evidence-and-interpretation |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=[[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]]}}</ref> Dem dey take am by mouth anaa via a transdermal patch.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="AHFS20192" /> Donepezil be a [[central nervous system|centrally]] wey dey act reversible [[acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]] den structurally unrelated to oda [[anticholinesterase|anticholinesterase agents]].<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Kum20202">{{cite book |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513257/ |title=StatPearls |vauthors=Kumar A, Sharma S |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |year=2020 |location=Treasure Island (FL) |chapter=Donepezil |pmid=30020629 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> Common side effects dey include nausea, trouble sleeping, aggression, diarrhea, feeling tired, den muscle cramps.<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Donepezil Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/donepezil.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=4 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name=BNF76>{{cite book| ref = {{harvid | BNF76 |2018 }} | title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|page=300|edition=76}}</ref> Serious side effects fi include [[arrhythmia|abnormal heart rhythms]], [[urinary incontinence]], den [[seizure]]s.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Na donepezil be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1996.<ref name=AHFS2019/> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=BNF76/> Insyd 2023, na e be de 126th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 4{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Donepezil Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Donepezil | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite book | vauthors = Brenner GD, Brenner GM |title=Pharmacology |publisher=W. B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7216-7757-6 }} * {{cite book |title=Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialities |publisher=Canadian Pharmacists Association |year=2000 |edition=25th |isbn=978-0-919115-76-7 | vauthors = Welbanks L }} [[Category:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors]] [[Category:Antidementia agents]] [[Category:Lewy body dementia]] [[Category:Treatment of Alzheimer's disease]] [[Category:Nootropics]] [[Category:Drugs wey Pfizer develop]] [[Category:Piperidines]] [[Category:Catechol ethers]] [[Category:Indanes]] [[Category:Sigma agonists]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] p39vhdrs7y3hvqgt0hb0ljbn7x9ee9i 0 31154 115497 115334 2026-11-01T23:21:54Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1481925|Stillbirth]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115497 wikitext text/x-wiki stillb l9tzzi955wsk7q51kbx63bmeiy8gswc 115499 115497 2026-11-01T23:23:14Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stillbirth''' typically be defined as de death of a fetus at anaa after 20 anaa 28 weeks of [[pregnancy]], wey dey depend on de source.<ref name="NIH2014Def">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=Stillbirth: Overview |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016 |website=NICHD}}</ref><ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web |title=Stillbirth |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/stillbirth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019060412/https://www.who.int/health-topics/stillbirth |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Stillbirth? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/stillbirth/facts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804024108/https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/stillbirth/facts.html |archive-date=2015-08-04 |access-date=17 Sep 2020 |publisher=Center of Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> E dey result in a baby born widout signs of life.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Keeling's Fetal and Neonatal Pathology |vauthors=Bamber AR |date=2022 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-84168-3 |veditors=Khong TY, Malcomson RD |location=Cham |pages=345–368 |chapter=Macerated Stillbirth |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-84168-3_15}}</ref> A stillbirth often fi result in de feeling of guilt anaa grief insyd de mommie.<ref name="Rob2014" /> De term dey in contrast to miscarriage, wich be an early pregnancy loss,<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Devall AJ, Melo P, Coomarasamy A |date=2022-03-01 |title=Progesterone for the prevention of threatened miscarriage |journal=Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine |language=English |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=44–47 |doi=10.1016/j.ogrm.2022.01.005 |s2cid=246689049}}</ref> den [[sudden infant death syndrome]], wer de baby die a short time after being born alive.<ref name="Rob2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Robinson GE |date=January 2014 |title=Pregnancy loss |journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=169–178 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012 |pmid=24047642 |s2cid=32998899}}</ref> Often de cause be unknown.<ref name=NIH2014Def/><ref>{{cite news |last=Edeib |first=Duaa |date=29 November 2022 |title=After a Stillbirth, an Autopsy Can Provide Answers. Too Few of Them Are Being Performed. |work=[[ProPublica]] |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/stillbirths-autopsy-placenta-exams-pregnancy |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref> Causes fi include [[pregnancy complications]] such as [[pre-eclampsia]] den [[birth complications]], problems plus de [[placenta]] anaa [[umbilical cord]], [[birth defects]], infections such as [[malaria]] den [[syphilis]], den poor health insyd de mommie.<ref name=WHO2016/>{{Rp|location=Causes tab,}}<ref name=NIH2014Cau>{{cite web|title=What are possible causes of stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/causes|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005123557/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Lawn2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, Amouzou A, Mathers C, Hogan D, Flenady V, Frøen JF, Qureshi ZU, Calderwood C, Shiekh S, Jassir FB, You D, McClure EM, Mathai M, Cousens S | display-authors = 6 | title = Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030 | journal = Lancet | volume = 387 | issue = 10018 | pages = 587–603 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26794078 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5 | bibcode = 2016Lanc..387..587L | doi-access = free }}</ref> Risk factors dey include a mommie ein age over 35, smoking, drug use, use of [[assisted reproductive technology]], den first pregnancy.<ref name=NIH2014Risk>{{cite web|title=What are the risk factors for stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/risk|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005132231/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/risk.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Stillbirth fi be suspected wen no fetal movement be felt.<ref name=NIH2014Diag/> Confirmation be by [[ultrasound]].<ref name=NIH2014Diag>{{cite web|title=How is stillbirth diagnosed?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/diagnosed|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131840/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Worldwide prevention of chaw stillbirths be possible plus improved health systems.<ref name=WHO2016/>{{Rp|location=Overview tab,}}<ref name=Lancet2016>{{cite journal|title=Ending preventable stillbirths An Executive Summary for The Lancet's Series|journal=The Lancet|date=Jan 2016|url=http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/stories/series/stillbirths2016-exec-summ.pdf}}</ref> Around half of stillbirths dey occur during [[childbirth]], plus dis be more common insyd de [[developing world|developing]] dan [[developed world]].<ref name=WHO2016/>{{Rp|location=Info panel,}} Otherwise, dey depend on how far along de pregnancy be, [[induction of labor|medications fi be used to start labor]] anaa a type of surgery dem know as [[dilation and evacuation]] fi be carried out.<ref name=NIH2014Tx>{{cite web|title=How do health care providers manage stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/managed|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005133645/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/managed.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Following a stillbirth, women be at higher risk of anoda one; however, most subsequent pregnancies no get similar problems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stillbirth: Other FAQs|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/more_information/other-faqs|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005133552/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/questions.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> [[Depression (mood)|Depression]], [[Pure economic loss|financial loss]], den [[Marital breakdown|family breakdown]] be known complications.<ref name=Lancet2016/> Worldwide insyd 2021, na der be an estimated 1.9 million stillbirths wey occur after 28 weeks of pregnancy (about 1 for every 72 births).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Stillbirths |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/stillbirths/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=UNICEF Data |language=en-US}}</ref> More dan three-quarters of estimated stillbirths insyd 2021 occur insyd sub-Saharan Africa den South Asia, plus 47% of de global total insyd sub-Saharan Africa den 32% insyd South Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stillbirths and stillbirth rates |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/stillbirths/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> Stillbirth rates decline, though more slowly since de 2000s.<ref name=Dra2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, Amouzou A, Mathers C, Hogan D, Flenady V, Frøen JF, Qureshi ZU, Calderwood C, Shiekh S, Jassir FB, You D, McClure EM, Mathai M, Cousens S | display-authors = 6 | title = Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030 | journal = Lancet | volume = 387 | issue = 10018 | pages = 587–603 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26794078 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5 | bibcode = 2016Lanc..387..587L | doi-access = free }}</ref> According to UNICEF, de total number of stillbirths decline by 35%, from 2.9 million insyd 2000 to 1.9 million insyd 2021.<ref name=":1" /> E be estimated say if de stillbirth rate for each country stay at de 2021 level, 17.5 million babies go be stillborn.<ref name=":1" /> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * G. J. Barker-Benfield, "Stillbirth and Sensibility The Case of Abigail and John Adams", ''Early American Studies, An Interdisciplinary Journal,'' Spring 2012, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp 2–29. * [https://www.thelancet.com/series/ending-preventable-stillbirths Lancet series on stillbirth 2016] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Stillbirth| ]] [[Category:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth den de puerperium]] [[Category:Fertility]] [[Category:Medical aspects of death]] [[Category:Midwifery]] sq3ej70wro60pnq6jw3ucsx1cwpecai 115521 115499 2026-11-01T23:53:32Z DaSupremo 9 added [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 115521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stillbirth''' typically be defined as de death of a fetus at anaa after 20 anaa 28 weeks of [[pregnancy]], wey dey depend on de source.<ref name="NIH2014Def">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=Stillbirth: Overview |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016 |website=NICHD}}</ref><ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web |title=Stillbirth |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/stillbirth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019060412/https://www.who.int/health-topics/stillbirth |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Stillbirth? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/stillbirth/facts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804024108/https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/stillbirth/facts.html |archive-date=2015-08-04 |access-date=17 Sep 2020 |publisher=Center of Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> E dey result in a baby born widout signs of life.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Keeling's Fetal and Neonatal Pathology |vauthors=Bamber AR |date=2022 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-84168-3 |veditors=Khong TY, Malcomson RD |location=Cham |pages=345–368 |chapter=Macerated Stillbirth |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-84168-3_15}}</ref> A stillbirth often fi result in de feeling of guilt anaa grief insyd de mommie.<ref name="Rob2014" /> De term dey in contrast to miscarriage, wich be an early pregnancy loss,<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Devall AJ, Melo P, Coomarasamy A |date=2022-03-01 |title=Progesterone for the prevention of threatened miscarriage |journal=Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine |language=English |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=44–47 |doi=10.1016/j.ogrm.2022.01.005 |s2cid=246689049}}</ref> den [[sudden infant death syndrome]], wer de baby die a short time after being born alive.<ref name="Rob2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Robinson GE |date=January 2014 |title=Pregnancy loss |journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=169–178 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012 |pmid=24047642 |s2cid=32998899}}</ref> Often de cause be unknown.<ref name=NIH2014Def/><ref>{{cite news |last=Edeib |first=Duaa |date=29 November 2022 |title=After a Stillbirth, an Autopsy Can Provide Answers. Too Few of Them Are Being Performed. |work=[[ProPublica]] |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/stillbirths-autopsy-placenta-exams-pregnancy |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref> Causes fi include [[pregnancy complications]] such as [[pre-eclampsia]] den [[birth complications]], problems plus de [[placenta]] anaa [[umbilical cord]], [[birth defects]], infections such as [[malaria]] den [[syphilis]], den poor health insyd de mommie.<ref name=WHO2016/>{{Rp|location=Causes tab,}}<ref name=NIH2014Cau>{{cite web|title=What are possible causes of stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/causes|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005123557/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Lawn2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, Amouzou A, Mathers C, Hogan D, Flenady V, Frøen JF, Qureshi ZU, Calderwood C, Shiekh S, Jassir FB, You D, McClure EM, Mathai M, Cousens S | display-authors = 6 | title = Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030 | journal = Lancet | volume = 387 | issue = 10018 | pages = 587–603 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26794078 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5 | bibcode = 2016Lanc..387..587L | doi-access = free }}</ref> Risk factors dey include a mommie ein age over 35, smoking, drug use, use of [[assisted reproductive technology]], den first pregnancy.<ref name=NIH2014Risk>{{cite web|title=What are the risk factors for stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/risk|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005132231/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/risk.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Stillbirth fi be suspected wen no fetal movement be felt.<ref name=NIH2014Diag/> Confirmation be by [[ultrasound]].<ref name=NIH2014Diag>{{cite web|title=How is stillbirth diagnosed?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/diagnosed|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131840/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Worldwide prevention of chaw stillbirths be possible plus improved health systems.<ref name=WHO2016/>{{Rp|location=Overview tab,}}<ref name=Lancet2016>{{cite journal|title=Ending preventable stillbirths An Executive Summary for The Lancet's Series|journal=The Lancet|date=Jan 2016|url=http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/stories/series/stillbirths2016-exec-summ.pdf}}</ref> Around half of stillbirths dey occur during [[childbirth]], plus dis be more common insyd de [[developing world|developing]] dan [[developed world]].<ref name=WHO2016/>{{Rp|location=Info panel,}} Otherwise, dey depend on how far along de pregnancy be, [[induction of labor|medications fi be used to start labor]] anaa a type of surgery dem know as [[dilation and evacuation]] fi be carried out.<ref name=NIH2014Tx>{{cite web|title=How do health care providers manage stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/managed|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005133645/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/managed.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Following a stillbirth, women be at higher risk of anoda one; however, most subsequent pregnancies no get similar problems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stillbirth: Other FAQs|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/more_information/other-faqs|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005133552/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/questions.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> [[Depression (mood)|Depression]], [[Pure economic loss|financial loss]], den [[Marital breakdown|family breakdown]] be known complications.<ref name=Lancet2016/> Worldwide insyd 2021, na der be an estimated 1.9 million stillbirths wey occur after 28 weeks of pregnancy (about 1 for every 72 births).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Stillbirths |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/stillbirths/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=UNICEF Data |language=en-US}}</ref> More dan three-quarters of estimated stillbirths insyd 2021 occur insyd sub-Saharan Africa den South Asia, plus 47% of de global total insyd sub-Saharan Africa den 32% insyd South Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stillbirths and stillbirth rates |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/stillbirths/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> Stillbirth rates decline, though more slowly since de 2000s.<ref name=Dra2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, Amouzou A, Mathers C, Hogan D, Flenady V, Frøen JF, Qureshi ZU, Calderwood C, Shiekh S, Jassir FB, You D, McClure EM, Mathai M, Cousens S | display-authors = 6 | title = Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030 | journal = Lancet | volume = 387 | issue = 10018 | pages = 587–603 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26794078 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5 | bibcode = 2016Lanc..387..587L | doi-access = free }}</ref> According to UNICEF, de total number of stillbirths decline by 35%, from 2.9 million insyd 2000 to 1.9 million insyd 2021.<ref name=":1" /> E be estimated say if de stillbirth rate for each country stay at de 2021 level, 17.5 million babies go be stillborn.<ref name=":1" /> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * G. J. Barker-Benfield, "Stillbirth and Sensibility The Case of Abigail and John Adams", ''Early American Studies, An Interdisciplinary Journal,'' Spring 2012, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp 2–29. * [https://www.thelancet.com/series/ending-preventable-stillbirths Lancet series on stillbirth 2016] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Stillbirth| ]] [[Category:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth den de puerperium]] [[Category:Fertility]] [[Category:Medical aspects of death]] [[Category:Midwifery]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] k5mu5u7efsg98kbutv5wzpz56n6rtfh 0 31157 115500 115342 2026-11-01T23:24:40Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504313|Phentermine]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115500 wikitext text/x-wiki ph gkzuj4nileonbdjwh42n2366k1itjqw 115502 115500 2026-11-01T23:26:12Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phentermine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Adipex-P''' among odas, be a [[medication]] dem use togeda plus diet den exercise to treat [[obesity]].<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web |title=Phentermine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phentermine.html |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> E be available by einself anaa as de combination phentermine/topiramate.<ref name="MTM2019">{{Cite web |title=Phentermine and topiramate Uses, Side Effects & Warnings |url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/phentermine-and-topiramate.html |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=Drugs.com}}</ref> Dem dey take phentermine by mouth.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Common [[side effect]]s dey include a [[Tachycardia|fast heart beat]], [[high blood pressure]], [[trouble sleeping]], [[dizziness]], den [[Psychomotor agitation|restlessness]].<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Serious side effects fi include [[substance abuse|abuse]], buh no dey include [[pulmonary hypertension]] anaa [[valvular heart disease]], as de latter complications be caused by de [[fenfluramine]] component of de "[[Fenfluramine/phentermine|fen-phen]]" combination.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Phentermine be a [[norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent|norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agent]] (NDRA) den dey produce [[stimulant]], [[euphoriant|rewarding]], den [[appetite suppressant]] effects..<ref name="RothmanBaumann2003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothman RB, Baumann MH |date=October 2003 |title=Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant drugs |url= |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=479 |issue=1–3 |pages=23–40 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.054 |pmid=14612135}}</ref><ref name="RothmanBaumann2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothman RB, Baumann MH |date=2006 |title=Therapeutic potential of monoamine transporter substrates |url= |journal=Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry |volume=6 |issue=17 |pages=1845–1859 |doi=10.2174/156802606778249766 |pmid=17017961}}</ref><ref name="RothmanBaumann2000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothman RB, Baumann MH |date=2000 |title=Neurochemical mechanisms of phentermine and fenfluramine: Therapeutic and adverse effects |journal=Drug Development Research |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=52–65 |doi=10.1002/1098-2299(200010)51:2<52::AID-DDR2>3.0.CO;2-H |issn=0272-4391}}</ref> Chemically, e be a [[substituted amphetamine]].<ref name="Hag2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ | title = Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants | journal = Trends in Plant Science | volume = 17 | issue = 7 | pages = 404–412 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22502775 | doi = 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004 | bibcode = 2012TPS....17..404H }}</ref> Na phentermine be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1959.<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Phentermine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phentermine.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=13 April 2019 }}</ref> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> Insyd 2023, na e be de 168th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 3{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Phentermine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Phentermine | access-date = 19 August 2025 }}</ref> Na dem withdraw phentermine from de market insyd de [[United Kingdom]] insyd 2000, while de [[combination medication]] [[fen-phen]], of wich na e be a part, na dem withdraw from de market insyd 1997, secof side effects of fenfluramine.<ref name=Bag2012>{{cite book | vauthors = Bagchi D, Preuss HG | date = 2012 | title = Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention | publisher = CRC Press | edition = Second | page = 314 | isbn = 978-1-4398-5425-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pvE3I22KhNoC&pg=PA314 }}</ref> ==Society den culture== ===Etymology=== De term ''phentermine'' be contracted from [[phenyl|<u>phen</u>yl]]-[[Butyl#Nomenclature|<u>ter</u>tiary-butyl]] [[amine|a<u>mine</u>]]. === Brand names === Phentermine be sold under chaw brand names den formulations worldwide, wey dey include Acxion, Adipex, Adipex-P, Duromine, Elvenir, Fastin, Ionamin, Lomaira (phentermine hydrochloride), Panbesy, Qsymia (phentermine den topiramate), Razin, Redusa, Sentis, Suprenza, den Terfamex.<ref name=drugs.com>{{cite web|title=International brands for phentermine|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/phentermine.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite web | url = https://telescope.ac/yusleep/phenterminevsphenQ | publisher = International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) | title = Phentermine }} * {{cite web | title=Phentermine | publisher=Inxight Drugs | url=https://drugs.ncats.io/substance/C045TQL4WP }} * {{cite web | title=Phentermine ( Code - C61890 ) | publisher=EVS Explore | url=https://evsexplore.semantics.cancer.gov/evsexplore/concept/ncit/C61890 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:5-HT2C agonists]] [[Category:Amphetamine]] [[Category:Anorectics]] [[Category:Anti-obesity drugs]] [[Category:Carbonic anhydrase activators]] [[Category:Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents]] [[Category:Phentermines]] [[Category:TAAR1 agonists]] [[Category:Withdrawn drugs]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] a7sgfpiytn090ojfe94rym255180pvi 0 31159 115520 115351 2026-11-01T23:53:04Z DaSupremo 9 added [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 115520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lymphedema''' (USA), '''lymphoedema''' (UK)<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Lymphoedema |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lymphoedema/ |website=NHS}}</ref> dem sanso know as '''lymphatic edema''' (US)/'''oedema''' (UK),<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2026 |title=Swollen ankles, feet and legs (oedema) |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/oedema/ |website=NHS}}</ref> be a condition of localized [[Edema|swelling]] wey a compromised lymphatic system cause.<ref name="Lymphedema Diagnostic workup">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grada AA, Phillips TJ |date=December 2017 |title=Lymphedema: Diagnostic workup and management |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=995–1006 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.021 |pmid=29132859}}</ref> De lymphatic system dey function as a critical portion of de body ein immune system den dey return interstitial fluid to de bloodstream. E frequently dey occur secof [[cancer]] den ein treatment anaa [[parasitic infection]]s ([[lymphatic filariasis]]), buh sanso fi be seen in a number of [[genetic disorder]]s.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Nimmana |first=Bala K. |title=Lymphedema |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537239/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30725924 |last2=Kimyaghalam |first2=Ali |last3=Manna |first3=Biagio}}</ref> Risk factors dey include [[obesity]].<ref name=PQI2021/> De underlying mechanism dey involve a cycle of [[inflammation]] den [[fibrosis]].<ref name=Grad2017b/> Diagnosis generally be based on symptoms, after oda potential causes be ruled out.<ref name=Grad2017a/> While der no be cure, treatment fi improve outcomes.<ref name=Grad2017a/> Dis commonly dey include compression therapy, good skin care, [[exercise]], den [[manual lymphatic drainage]] (MLD), dem know togeda as combined decongestive therapy.<ref name=Grad2017a/> Exercise sanso fi be useful.<ref name=PQI2021>{{cite web |title=Lymphedema (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version - National Cancer Institute |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/lymphedema/lymphedema-hp-pdq |website=www.cancer.gov |access-date=20 February 2021 |language=en |date=30 June 2008 |archive-date=6 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406030241/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/lymphedema/healthprofessional/page3 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406030241/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/lymphedema/healthprofessional/page3 |date=6 April 2015 }}</ref> [[Diuretic|Diuretics]] no be useful.<ref name=Grad2017a/> Surgery generally be only used insyd those wey no be improved plus oda measures.<ref name=Grad2017a>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grada AA, Phillips TJ | title = Lymphedema: Diagnostic workup and management | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 77 | issue = 6 | pages = 995–1006 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29132859 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.021 }}</ref> Lymphedema dey affect approximately 200 million people worldwide.<ref name=Grad2017b>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grada AA, Phillips TJ | title = Lymphedema: Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 77 | issue = 6 | pages = 1009–1020 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29132848 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.022 }}</ref> Women be more commonly affected dan men.<ref name=Grad2017b/> About 1 insyd 5 women wey survive [[breast cancer]] den 40% of women plus [[gynecologic cancer]] develop lymphedema.<ref name=":1" /> Genetic causes be much less common, wey dey occur insyd about 1 insyd 100,000 people.<ref name=":1" /> Na de condition be described thru out [[ancient history]].<ref name=Ty2-16>{{cite book |last1=Tyring |first1=Steven K. |last2=Lupi |first2=Omar |last3=Hengge |first3=Ulrich R. |title=Tropical Dermatology E-Book |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-33914-8 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=_GdjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |language=en |access-date=2021-02-20 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828152809/https://books.google.ca/books?id=_GdjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016170440/https://books.google.ca/books?id=_GdjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |date=2022-10-16 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category}} [[Category:Diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels den lymph nodes]] [[Category:Lymphatic vessel diseases]] [[Category:Parasitic diseases]] [[Category:Radiation health effects]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] bwkzobwr34km64dr1tuy1tlrwsw0umy 0 31161 115504 115358 2026-11-01T23:27:45Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513771|Phenylketonuria]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115504 wikitext text/x-wiki pjy 4ko27s4nx9lvtv4e7ezyt1d7qp1ko6t 115505 115504 2026-11-01T23:29:01Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phenylketonuria''' ('''PKU''') be an inborn error of metabolism wey dey result in decreased metabolism of de amino acid phenylalanine.<ref name="Al2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al Hafid N, Christodoulou J |date=October 2015 |title=Phenylketonuria: a review of current and future treatments |journal=Translational Pediatrics |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=304–17 |doi=10.3978/j.issn.2224-4336.2015.10.07 |pmc=4728993 |pmid=26835392}}</ref> Untreated PKU fi lead to [[intellectual disability]], [[Epileptic seizure|seizures]], behavioral problems, den [[Mental disorder|mental disorders]].<ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2016 |title=phenylketonuria |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/phenylketonuria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727233812/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria |archive-date=27 July 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=Genetics Home Reference}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cannon Homaei S, Barone H, Kleppe R, Betari N, Reif A, Haavik J |date=November 2021 |title=ADHD symptoms in neurometabolic diseases: Underlying mechanisms and clinical implications |journal=[[Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews]] |volume=132 |pages=838–856 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.012 |hdl=11250/2833487 |pmid=34774900 |s2cid=243983688 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> E sanso fi result in a musty smell den lighter skin.<ref name="NIH2016" /> A baby born to a mommie wey get poorly treated PKU fi get heart problems, a small head, den low birth weight.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Phenylketonuria be an [[Heredity|inherited]] genetic disorder. E be caused by mutations insyd de ''[[PAH gene|PAH]]'' gene, wich fi result in inefficient anaa nonfunctional [[phenylalanine hydroxylase]], an [[enzyme]] responsible for de metabolism of excess phenylalanine. Dis dey result in de buildup of dietary phenylalanine to potentially toxic levels. E be [[autosomal recessive]], wey dey mean say both copies of de gene for be mutated for de condition to develop. De two main types be classic PKU den variant PKU, wey dey depend on whether any enzyme function remain. Those plus one copy of a mutated gene typically no get symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2016 |title=phenylketonuria |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/phenylketonuria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727233812/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria |archive-date=27 July 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=Genetics Home Reference}}</ref> Chaw countries get [[newborn screening program]]s for de disease.<ref name=Al2015/> Treatment be plus a diet low insyd chows wey dey contain phenylalanine den dey include special supplements. Babies for use a special [[infant formula|formula]] plus a small amount of [[breast milk]]. De diet for begin as soon as possible after birth den continue for life.<ref name="NIH2013Tx">{{Cite web |date=2013-08-23 |title=What are common treatments for phenylketonuria (PKU)? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pku/conditioninfo/treatments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005121620/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pku/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=NICHD}}</ref> People wey be diagnosed early den maintain a strict diet fi get normal health den a normal [[Longevity|lifespan]]. Effectiveness be monitored thru periodic blood tests.<ref name="NIH2000">{{Cite web |date=October 16–18, 2000 |title=National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement Phenylketonuria: Screening and Management |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/pku/sub3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005002837/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/pku/pages/sub3.aspx |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=NICHD}}</ref> De medication [[sapropterin dihydrochloride]] fi be useful insyd sam.<ref name=NIH2013Tx/> Phenylketonuria dey affect about one insyd 12,000 babies.<ref name="Bern2015">{{Cite book |last1=Bernstein |first1=Laurie E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1LMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |title=Nutrition Management of Inherited Metabolic Diseases: Lessons from Metabolic University |last2=Rohr |first2=Fran |last3=Helm |first3=Joanna R. |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319146218 |page=91 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010922/https://books.google.ca/books?id=q1LMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |archive-date=2017-09-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> Males den females be affected equally.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marcdante |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsY0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |title=Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics |last2=Kliegman |first2=Robert M. |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9780323226981 |edition=7 |page=150 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010922/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hsY0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |archive-date=2017-09-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> Na de disease be discovered insyd 1934 by [[Ivar Asbjørn Følling]], plus de importance of diet dem determine insyd 1935.<ref name="Kal2010">{{Cite book |last=Kalter |first=Harold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DykKlVU0V-oC&pg=PA89 |title=Teratology in the Twentieth Century Plus Ten |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9789048188208 |pages=89–92 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010922/https://books.google.ca/books?id=DykKlVU0V-oC&pg=PA89 |archive-date=2017-09-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, [[Gene therapy|genetic therapies]] wey aim to directly restore liver PAH activity be a promising den active research field.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martinez |first1=Michael |last2=Harding |first2=Cary O. |last3=Schwank |first3=Gerald |last4=Thöny |first4=Beat |date=January 2024 |title=State-of-the-art 2023 on gene therapy for phenylketonuria |journal=Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=80–92 |doi=10.1002/jimd.12651 |issn=0141-8955 |pmc=10764640 |pmid=37401651 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Intellectual disability]] [[Category:Autosomal recessive disorders]] [[Category:Amino acid metabolism disorders]] [[Category:Skin conditions wey dey result from errors insyd metabolism]] [[Category:Disorders wey dey cause seizures]] [[Category:Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Newborn screening]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4b4uq54md0qhcmm46hrjt53z0weuyr6 0 31163 115510 115368 2026-11-01T23:37:21Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1473728|Hypospadias]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115510 wikitext text/x-wiki hy dsw7a2zpujh99cp1vo5cma17wax83vp 115511 115510 2026-11-01T23:38:44Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hypospadias''' be a common malformation insyd fetal development of de penis insyd wich de urethra no dey open from ein usual location on de head of de penis. E be de second-most common birth defect of de male reproductive system, wey dey affect about one of every 250 males at birth,<ref name="Snodgrass">{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Warren |title=Campbell-Walsh Urology, Tenth Edition |publisher=Elsevier |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4160-6911-9 |editor-last=Wein |editor-first=Allan |pages=3503–3536 |chapter=Chapter 130: Hypospadias |editor-last2=Campbell |editor-first2=Meredith F |editor-last3=Walsh |editor-first3=Patrick C |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> although wen e dey include milder cases, be found insyd up to 4% of newborn males.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Boisen |first=K. A. |last2=Chellakooty |first2=M. |last3=Schmidt |first3=I. M. |last4=Kai |first4=C. M. |last5=Damgaard |first5=I. N. |last6=Suomi |first6=A.-M. |last7=Toppari |first7=J. |last8=Skakkebaek |first8=N. E. |last9=Main |first9=K. M. |date=July 2005 |title=Hypospadias in a Cohort of 1072 Danish Newborn Boys: Prevalence and Relationship to Placental Weight, Anthropometrical Measurements at Birth, and Reproductive Hormone Levels at Three Months of Age |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2005-0302 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |language=en |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=4041–4046 |doi=10.1210/jc.2005-0302 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=15870122 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Roughly 90% of cases be de less serious distal hypospadias, insyd wich de urethral opening (de [[Urinary meatus|meatus]]) be on anaa near de head of de penis ([[Glans penis|glans]]). De remainder get proximal hypospadias, insyd wich de meatus dey locate on de shaft of de penis, near anaa within de [[scrotum]]. Shiny tissue anaa anything wey typically dey form de urethra instead dey extend from de meatus to de tip of de glans; dis tissue be called de [[urethral plate]]. Insyd chaw cases, de [[foreskin]] be less developed den no dey wrap completely around de penis, leaving de underside of de glans uncovered. Also, a downward bending of de penis, dem commonly refer to as [[chordee]], fi occur.<ref name="south">{{cite book |vauthors=King S, Beasley S |veditors=South M |title=Practical Paediatrics, Seventh Edition |publisher=Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier |year=2012 |orig-date=1st. Pub. 1986 |pages=266–267 |chapter=Chapter 9.1:Surgical Conditions in Older Children |isbn=978-0-702-04292-8}}</ref> Chordee be found insyd 10% of distal hypospadias<ref name="Snodgrass" /> den 50% of proximal hypospadias<ref name="pmid19692004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Snodgrass W, Prieto J |title=Straightening ventral curvature while preserving the urethral plate in proximal hypospadias repair |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=182 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=1720–5 |date=October 2009 | pmid = 19692004 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.02.084}}</ref> cases at de time of surgery. Also, de scrotum fi be higher dan usual on either side of de penis (dem call [[penoscrotal transposition]]). De cause of hypospadias be unknown; scientists investigate both genetic den [[File:Urethral_variations_in_a_vulva.png|thumb|Urethral variations insyd a vulva]] environmental mechanisms, such as prenatal hormones.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hypospadias - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=[[Mayo Clinic]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715193226/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148 |archive-date=2024-07-15}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Bouty |first1=Aurore |last2=Ayers |first2=Katie L. |last3=Pask |first3=Andrew |last4=Heloury |first4=Yves |last5=Sinclair |first5=Andrew H. |date=2015-11-28 |title=The Genetic and Environmental Factors Underlying Hypospadias |journal=Sexual Development |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=239–259 |doi=10.1159/000441988 |issn=1661-5425 |pmc=5012964 |pmid=26613581}}</ref> Anoda model dey suggest hypospadias dey arise as a result of unerased epigenetic markers wich canalize sexual development.<ref name=":1" /> E most often dey occur by einself, widout oda variations, although insyd about 10% of cases e fi be part of a [[disorder of sex development]] condition anaa a medical syndrome plus multiple abnormalities.<ref name="pmid2231648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stoll C, Alembik Y, Roth MP, Dott B |title=Genetic and environmental factors in hypospadias |journal=[[Journal of Medical Genetics]] |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=559–63 |date=September 1990 |pmid=2231648 |pmc=1017217 |doi=10.1136/jmg.27.9.559}}</ref><ref name="pmid3746833">{{cite journal |vauthors=Calzolari E, Contiero MR, Roncarati E, Mattiuz PL, Volpato S |title=Aetiological factors in hypospadias |journal=[[Journal of Medical Genetics]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=333–7 |date=August 1986 |pmid=3746833 |pmc=1049700 |doi=10.1136/jmg.23.4.333}}</ref> De most common associated difference be an [[undescended testicle]], wich be reported insyd around 3% of infants plus distal hypospadias den 10% plus proximal hypospadias.<ref name=Wu2002>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Hongfei |last2=Wei |first2=Zhang |last3=M. |first3=Gu |name-list-style=vanc |year=2002 |title=Hypospadias and enlarged prostatic utricle |journal=Chinese Journal of Urology |volume=12 |pages=51–3 |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZHMN200212028.htm |access-date=2015-04-11 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053005/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZHMN200212028.htm }}</ref> De combination of hypospadias den an undescended testicle sometimes dey indicate a kiddie get a [[Disorders of sex development|disorder of sex development]], so additional testing fi be recommended to make sure de kiddies no get [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] plus salt-wasting (missed diagnoses of salt-wasting CAH be related to an increased risk of neonatal morbidity) anaa a similar condition wer immediate medical intervention be needed.<ref name="pmid9120962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaefer M, Tobin MS, Hendren WH, Bauer SB, Peters CA, Atala A, Colodny AH, Mandell J, Retik AB |display-authors=6 |title=Continent urinary diversion: the Children's Hospital experience |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=157 |issue=4 |pages=1394–9 |date=April 1997 |pmid=9120962 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64998-X}}</ref><ref name="pmid11796295">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarman GJ, Kaplan GW, Lerman SL, McAleer IM, Losasso BE |title=Lower genitourinary injury and pelvic fractures in pediatric patients |journal=Urology |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=123–6; discussion 126 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11796295 |doi=10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01526-6}}</ref> Otherwise no blood tests anaa X-rays be routinely needed insyd newborns plus hypospadias.<ref name="Snodgrass"/> Hypospadias fi be a symptom of a [[disorder of sex development]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Explaining-Disorders-of-Sex-Development-Intersexuality.aspx |title=Explaining Disorders of Sex Development & Intersexuality |date=21 November 2015}}</ref> buh insyd most cases, hypospadias no be associated plus any oda condition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patient.info/health/penis-problems/hypospadias |title=Hypospadias |last=Tidy |first=Colin |date=January 19, 2016 |website=Patient |publisher=Patient Platform Ltd |access-date= October 18, 2018}}</ref> Hypospadias sometimes be counted under de intersex umbrella by intersex rights activist groups, wey consider de repositioning of a working urethra on a kiddie too young to consent to be a [[Intersex human rights|human rights]] violation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://interactadvocates.org/faq/ |title=What is intersex? Frequently Asked Questions and Intersex Definitions |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=interACT |access-date= May 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-14 |title=Alice Dreger: Do you have to pee standing up to be a real man? – Intersex Human Rights Australia |url=https://ihra.org.au/21870/alice-dreger-hypospadias/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=ihra.org.au |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526012336/https://ihra.org.au/21870/alice-dreger-hypospadias/ |archive-date=2024-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-04 |title=IGM |url=https://oiieurope.org/igm/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=OII Europe |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622021814/https://www.oiieurope.org/igm/ |archive-date=2024-06-22}}</ref> ==Causes== === Associated conditions === De following conditions sometimes fi cause hypospadias: * [[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]] * [[5α-Reductase 2 deficiency]] * [[17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency]] * [[Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency]] * [[Cytochrome b5 deficiency|Cytochrome b₅ deficiency]] * [[Klinefelter syndrome]] * [[Mixed gonadal dysgenesis|Mixed gonadal dysgensis]] * [[Ovotesticular syndrome]] * [[Hypogonadism]] * [[Aromatase excess syndrome]] * [[Inborn errors of steroid metabolism#Androgen- and estrogen-specific|Inborn errors of steroid metabolism]] * [[Testicular dysgenesis syndrome]] ==Society den culture== Notable individuals plus hypospadias:<!--Sources and citations required.--> * [[Henry II of France]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The "infertility" of Catherine de Medici and its influence on 16th century France |url=https://www.canjurol.com/pdfs/DrGordetsky.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413223559/https://www.canjurol.com/pdfs/DrGordetsky.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-13}}</ref> * [[Brendan Cole]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brendan Cole hints at why he was axed from 'Strictly' |date=5 November 2018 |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/brendan-cole-im-strictly-143915021.html}}</ref> *[[Tiger Devore]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-14459843 |title=Male or female? Babies born on the sliding sex scale |work=[[BBC News]] |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=2016-05-12 }}</ref><ref name="rewire2018">{{Cite news |last=Littlefield |first=Amy |title =Intersex People Want to End Nonconsensual Surgeries. A California Resolution Is Their 'Warning Shot.' |work=[[Rewire.News]] |access-date=2018-11-30 |date=August 13, 2018 |url=https://rewire.news/article/2018/08/13/intersex-people-want-to-end-nonconsensual-surgeries-a-california-resolution-is-their-warning-shot/ }}</ref> * [[Troy Kinne]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrity Vox Pop Troy Kinne |url=https://thecelebritywhisperer.com.au/2023/03/09/troy-kinne/}}</ref> * [[Gabriel J. Martín]]<ref name="abc">[https://www.abc.es/sociedad/20141020/abci-intersexualidad-cuerpos-enganan-201410170853.html Intersexualidad: «Nunca me sentí niña y mi comportamiento masculino era un problema».] ''ABC''. 20 October 2014.</ref><ref name="verne">[https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2016/06/24/articulo/1466781342_404833.html La barba me dio la razón: aunque me criaran como una niña, yo era un niño.] ''El País''. 30 June 2016.</ref> * [[Shooting of Scout Schultz|Scout Schultz]]<ref name="atavist2018">{{Cite news |issue=82 |last=Lieberman |first=Hallie |title=The Trigger Effect |work=The Atavist Magazine |access-date=2018-08-31 |date=2018-08-29 |url=https://magazine.atavist.com/the-trigger-effect-scout-schultz-georgia-tech |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113216/https://magazine.atavist.com/the-trigger-effect-scout-schultz-georgia-tech |archive-date=2018-09-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Lil Dicky]]<ref>Heifetz, Danny, [https://www.theringer.com/tv/2020/3/4/21164450/dave-lil-dicky-fxx-interview When a Dick Joke Isn't a Joke], theringer.com, March 2020</ref> * [[Sa Bangji]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=조선왕조실록 |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/main/main.do;jsessionid=4xGQQuQUt7BeodVL2IbdYtsZLNOJ6A5cD_RIbVfb.node20 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=sillok.history.go.kr}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category|Hypospadias}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Austin PF, Siow Y, Fallat ME, Cain MP, Rink RC, Casale AJ |title=The relationship between müllerian inhibiting substance and androgens in boys with hypospadias |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=168 |issue=4 Pt 2 |pages=1784–8; discussion 1788 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12352359 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64413-8}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Patel RP, Shukla AR, Snyder HM |title=The island tube and island onlay hypospadias repairs offer excellent long-term outcomes: a 14-year followup |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=172 |issue=4 Pt 2 |pages=1717–9; discussion 1719 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15371798 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000138903.20136.22}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Retik AB, Atala A |title=Complications of hypospadias repair |journal=The Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=329–39 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12371224 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(02)00026-5}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Shukla AR, Patel RP, Canning DA |title=Hypospadias |journal=The Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=445–60, viii |date=August 2004 |pmid=15313054 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2004.04.020}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Paulozzi LJ |title=International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism |journal=Environ Health Perspect |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=297–302 |date=April 1999 |pmid=10090709 |pmc=1566511 |doi=10.1289/ehp.99107297 |bibcode=1999EnvHP.107..297P }} * {{cite journal |journal=Indian Journal of Urology |year=2008 |volume=24 |issue=2 |title=Special issue on hypospadias |url=http://www.indianjurol.com/showBackIssue.asp?issn=0970-1591;year=2008;volume=24;issue=2;month=April-June}} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Congenital disorders of urinary system]] [[Category:Congenital disorders of male genital organs]] [[Category:Penis]] [[Category:Intersex variations]] [[Category:Human penis]] hhrb4ecvo1y6wegbzdudtfnq9pawq9a 115519 115511 2026-11-01T23:48:29Z DaSupremo 9 added [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 115519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hypospadias''' be a common malformation insyd fetal development of de penis insyd wich de urethra no dey open from ein usual location on de head of de penis. E be de second-most common birth defect of de male reproductive system, wey dey affect about one of every 250 males at birth,<ref name="Snodgrass">{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Warren |title=Campbell-Walsh Urology, Tenth Edition |publisher=Elsevier |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4160-6911-9 |editor-last=Wein |editor-first=Allan |pages=3503–3536 |chapter=Chapter 130: Hypospadias |editor-last2=Campbell |editor-first2=Meredith F |editor-last3=Walsh |editor-first3=Patrick C |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> although wen e dey include milder cases, be found insyd up to 4% of newborn males.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Boisen |first=K. A. |last2=Chellakooty |first2=M. |last3=Schmidt |first3=I. M. |last4=Kai |first4=C. M. |last5=Damgaard |first5=I. N. |last6=Suomi |first6=A.-M. |last7=Toppari |first7=J. |last8=Skakkebaek |first8=N. E. |last9=Main |first9=K. M. |date=July 2005 |title=Hypospadias in a Cohort of 1072 Danish Newborn Boys: Prevalence and Relationship to Placental Weight, Anthropometrical Measurements at Birth, and Reproductive Hormone Levels at Three Months of Age |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2005-0302 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |language=en |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=4041–4046 |doi=10.1210/jc.2005-0302 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=15870122 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Roughly 90% of cases be de less serious distal hypospadias, insyd wich de urethral opening (de [[Urinary meatus|meatus]]) be on anaa near de head of de penis ([[Glans penis|glans]]). De remainder get proximal hypospadias, insyd wich de meatus dey locate on de shaft of de penis, near anaa within de [[scrotum]]. Shiny tissue anaa anything wey typically dey form de urethra instead dey extend from de meatus to de tip of de glans; dis tissue be called de [[urethral plate]]. Insyd chaw cases, de [[foreskin]] be less developed den no dey wrap completely around de penis, leaving de underside of de glans uncovered. Also, a downward bending of de penis, dem commonly refer to as [[chordee]], fi occur.<ref name="south">{{cite book |vauthors=King S, Beasley S |veditors=South M |title=Practical Paediatrics, Seventh Edition |publisher=Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier |year=2012 |orig-date=1st. Pub. 1986 |pages=266–267 |chapter=Chapter 9.1:Surgical Conditions in Older Children |isbn=978-0-702-04292-8}}</ref> Chordee be found insyd 10% of distal hypospadias<ref name="Snodgrass" /> den 50% of proximal hypospadias<ref name="pmid19692004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Snodgrass W, Prieto J |title=Straightening ventral curvature while preserving the urethral plate in proximal hypospadias repair |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=182 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=1720–5 |date=October 2009 | pmid = 19692004 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.02.084}}</ref> cases at de time of surgery. Also, de scrotum fi be higher dan usual on either side of de penis (dem call [[penoscrotal transposition]]). De cause of hypospadias be unknown; scientists investigate both genetic den [[File:Urethral_variations_in_a_vulva.png|thumb|Urethral variations insyd a vulva]] environmental mechanisms, such as prenatal hormones.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hypospadias - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=[[Mayo Clinic]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715193226/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148 |archive-date=2024-07-15}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Bouty |first1=Aurore |last2=Ayers |first2=Katie L. |last3=Pask |first3=Andrew |last4=Heloury |first4=Yves |last5=Sinclair |first5=Andrew H. |date=2015-11-28 |title=The Genetic and Environmental Factors Underlying Hypospadias |journal=Sexual Development |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=239–259 |doi=10.1159/000441988 |issn=1661-5425 |pmc=5012964 |pmid=26613581}}</ref> Anoda model dey suggest hypospadias dey arise as a result of unerased epigenetic markers wich canalize sexual development.<ref name=":1" /> E most often dey occur by einself, widout oda variations, although insyd about 10% of cases e fi be part of a [[disorder of sex development]] condition anaa a medical syndrome plus multiple abnormalities.<ref name="pmid2231648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stoll C, Alembik Y, Roth MP, Dott B |title=Genetic and environmental factors in hypospadias |journal=[[Journal of Medical Genetics]] |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=559–63 |date=September 1990 |pmid=2231648 |pmc=1017217 |doi=10.1136/jmg.27.9.559}}</ref><ref name="pmid3746833">{{cite journal |vauthors=Calzolari E, Contiero MR, Roncarati E, Mattiuz PL, Volpato S |title=Aetiological factors in hypospadias |journal=[[Journal of Medical Genetics]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=333–7 |date=August 1986 |pmid=3746833 |pmc=1049700 |doi=10.1136/jmg.23.4.333}}</ref> De most common associated difference be an [[undescended testicle]], wich be reported insyd around 3% of infants plus distal hypospadias den 10% plus proximal hypospadias.<ref name=Wu2002>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Hongfei |last2=Wei |first2=Zhang |last3=M. |first3=Gu |name-list-style=vanc |year=2002 |title=Hypospadias and enlarged prostatic utricle |journal=Chinese Journal of Urology |volume=12 |pages=51–3 |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZHMN200212028.htm |access-date=2015-04-11 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053005/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZHMN200212028.htm }}</ref> De combination of hypospadias den an undescended testicle sometimes dey indicate a kiddie get a [[Disorders of sex development|disorder of sex development]], so additional testing fi be recommended to make sure de kiddies no get [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] plus salt-wasting (missed diagnoses of salt-wasting CAH be related to an increased risk of neonatal morbidity) anaa a similar condition wer immediate medical intervention be needed.<ref name="pmid9120962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaefer M, Tobin MS, Hendren WH, Bauer SB, Peters CA, Atala A, Colodny AH, Mandell J, Retik AB |display-authors=6 |title=Continent urinary diversion: the Children's Hospital experience |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=157 |issue=4 |pages=1394–9 |date=April 1997 |pmid=9120962 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64998-X}}</ref><ref name="pmid11796295">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarman GJ, Kaplan GW, Lerman SL, McAleer IM, Losasso BE |title=Lower genitourinary injury and pelvic fractures in pediatric patients |journal=Urology |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=123–6; discussion 126 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11796295 |doi=10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01526-6}}</ref> Otherwise no blood tests anaa X-rays be routinely needed insyd newborns plus hypospadias.<ref name="Snodgrass"/> Hypospadias fi be a symptom of a [[disorder of sex development]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Explaining-Disorders-of-Sex-Development-Intersexuality.aspx |title=Explaining Disorders of Sex Development & Intersexuality |date=21 November 2015}}</ref> buh insyd most cases, hypospadias no be associated plus any oda condition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patient.info/health/penis-problems/hypospadias |title=Hypospadias |last=Tidy |first=Colin |date=January 19, 2016 |website=Patient |publisher=Patient Platform Ltd |access-date= October 18, 2018}}</ref> Hypospadias sometimes be counted under de intersex umbrella by intersex rights activist groups, wey consider de repositioning of a working urethra on a kiddie too young to consent to be a [[Intersex human rights|human rights]] violation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://interactadvocates.org/faq/ |title=What is intersex? Frequently Asked Questions and Intersex Definitions |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=interACT |access-date= May 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-14 |title=Alice Dreger: Do you have to pee standing up to be a real man? – Intersex Human Rights Australia |url=https://ihra.org.au/21870/alice-dreger-hypospadias/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=ihra.org.au |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526012336/https://ihra.org.au/21870/alice-dreger-hypospadias/ |archive-date=2024-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-04 |title=IGM |url=https://oiieurope.org/igm/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=OII Europe |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622021814/https://www.oiieurope.org/igm/ |archive-date=2024-06-22}}</ref> ==Causes== === Associated conditions === De following conditions sometimes fi cause hypospadias: * [[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]] * [[5α-Reductase 2 deficiency]] * [[17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency]] * [[Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency]] * [[Cytochrome b5 deficiency|Cytochrome b₅ deficiency]] * [[Klinefelter syndrome]] * [[Mixed gonadal dysgenesis|Mixed gonadal dysgensis]] * [[Ovotesticular syndrome]] * [[Hypogonadism]] * [[Aromatase excess syndrome]] * [[Inborn errors of steroid metabolism#Androgen- and estrogen-specific|Inborn errors of steroid metabolism]] * [[Testicular dysgenesis syndrome]] ==Society den culture== Notable individuals plus hypospadias:<!--Sources and citations required.--> * [[Henry II of France]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The "infertility" of Catherine de Medici and its influence on 16th century France |url=https://www.canjurol.com/pdfs/DrGordetsky.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413223559/https://www.canjurol.com/pdfs/DrGordetsky.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-13}}</ref> * [[Brendan Cole]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brendan Cole hints at why he was axed from 'Strictly' |date=5 November 2018 |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/brendan-cole-im-strictly-143915021.html}}</ref> *[[Tiger Devore]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-14459843 |title=Male or female? Babies born on the sliding sex scale |work=[[BBC News]] |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=2016-05-12 }}</ref><ref name="rewire2018">{{Cite news |last=Littlefield |first=Amy |title =Intersex People Want to End Nonconsensual Surgeries. A California Resolution Is Their 'Warning Shot.' |work=[[Rewire.News]] |access-date=2018-11-30 |date=August 13, 2018 |url=https://rewire.news/article/2018/08/13/intersex-people-want-to-end-nonconsensual-surgeries-a-california-resolution-is-their-warning-shot/ }}</ref> * [[Troy Kinne]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrity Vox Pop Troy Kinne |url=https://thecelebritywhisperer.com.au/2023/03/09/troy-kinne/}}</ref> * [[Gabriel J. Martín]]<ref name="abc">[https://www.abc.es/sociedad/20141020/abci-intersexualidad-cuerpos-enganan-201410170853.html Intersexualidad: «Nunca me sentí niña y mi comportamiento masculino era un problema».] ''ABC''. 20 October 2014.</ref><ref name="verne">[https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2016/06/24/articulo/1466781342_404833.html La barba me dio la razón: aunque me criaran como una niña, yo era un niño.] ''El País''. 30 June 2016.</ref> * [[Shooting of Scout Schultz|Scout Schultz]]<ref name="atavist2018">{{Cite news |issue=82 |last=Lieberman |first=Hallie |title=The Trigger Effect |work=The Atavist Magazine |access-date=2018-08-31 |date=2018-08-29 |url=https://magazine.atavist.com/the-trigger-effect-scout-schultz-georgia-tech |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113216/https://magazine.atavist.com/the-trigger-effect-scout-schultz-georgia-tech |archive-date=2018-09-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Lil Dicky]]<ref>Heifetz, Danny, [https://www.theringer.com/tv/2020/3/4/21164450/dave-lil-dicky-fxx-interview When a Dick Joke Isn't a Joke], theringer.com, March 2020</ref> * [[Sa Bangji]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=조선왕조실록 |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/main/main.do;jsessionid=4xGQQuQUt7BeodVL2IbdYtsZLNOJ6A5cD_RIbVfb.node20 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=sillok.history.go.kr}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category|Hypospadias}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Austin PF, Siow Y, Fallat ME, Cain MP, Rink RC, Casale AJ |title=The relationship between müllerian inhibiting substance and androgens in boys with hypospadias |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=168 |issue=4 Pt 2 |pages=1784–8; discussion 1788 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12352359 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64413-8}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Patel RP, Shukla AR, Snyder HM |title=The island tube and island onlay hypospadias repairs offer excellent long-term outcomes: a 14-year followup |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=172 |issue=4 Pt 2 |pages=1717–9; discussion 1719 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15371798 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000138903.20136.22}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Retik AB, Atala A |title=Complications of hypospadias repair |journal=The Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=329–39 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12371224 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(02)00026-5}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Shukla AR, Patel RP, Canning DA |title=Hypospadias |journal=The Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=445–60, viii |date=August 2004 |pmid=15313054 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2004.04.020}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Paulozzi LJ |title=International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism |journal=Environ Health Perspect |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=297–302 |date=April 1999 |pmid=10090709 |pmc=1566511 |doi=10.1289/ehp.99107297 |bibcode=1999EnvHP.107..297P }} * {{cite journal |journal=Indian Journal of Urology |year=2008 |volume=24 |issue=2 |title=Special issue on hypospadias |url=http://www.indianjurol.com/showBackIssue.asp?issn=0970-1591;year=2008;volume=24;issue=2;month=April-June}} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Congenital disorders of urinary system]] [[Category:Congenital disorders of male genital organs]] [[Category:Penis]] [[Category:Intersex variations]] [[Category:Human penis]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] p3fxvk2cn4ixig6w86rfhvd2n3e685o 0 31170 115464 115427 2026-11-01T17:31:54Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fournier gangrene''' ('''FG''') be a type of [[necrotizing fasciitis]] wey dey affect de [[perineum]].<ref name=Am2020>{{cite journal |last1=El-Qushayri |first1=AE |last2=Khalaf |first2=KM |last3=Dahy |first3=A |last4=Mahmoud |first4=AR |last5=Benmelouka |first5=AY |last6=Ghozy |first6=S |last7=Mahmoud |first7=MU |last8=Bin-Jumah |first8=M |last9=Alkahtani |first9=S |last10=Abdel-Daim |first10=MM |title=Fournier's gangrene mortality: A 17-year systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases |date=March 2020 |volume=92 |pages=218-225 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.030 |pmid=31962181}}</ref><ref name=Ham2017/> Initial symptoms often be non specific; though rapidly worsen.<ref name=Lew2021>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=GD |last2=Majeed |first2=M |last3=Olang |first3=CA |last4=Patel |first4=A |last5=Gorantla |first5=VR |last6=Davis |first6=N |last7=Gluschitz |first7=S |title=Fournier's Gangrene Diagnosis and Treatment: A Systematic Review. |journal=Cureus |date=October 2021 |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e18948 |doi=10.7759/cureus.18948 |pmid=34815897}}</ref> Dis fi include [[scrotum]] anaa [[labia]] pain den swelling, fever, den redness.<ref name=Lew2021/> De infection dey spread at about 2.5 cm per hour.<ref name=Lew2021/> Complications fi include [[sepsis]].<ref name=Ham2017/> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], [[alcoholism]], being [[immunocompromised]], long term [[urinary catheters]].<ref name=Am2020/><ref name=Ham2017/> Insyd diabetes [[sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors]] (SGLT2 inhibitors) fi be a particular risk.<ref name=Lew2021/> Infection be by multiple types of bacteria insyd more dan 80% of cases.<ref name=Am2020/> Often de infection dey spread from de [[gastrointestinal tract]], [[urinary tract]], anaa skin.<ref name=CP2012/> Diagnosis be based on symptoms den fi be supported by [[medical imaging]].<ref name=Am2020/> Treatment dey involve [[antibiotics]], surgical removal of infected tissue, den [[supportive care]].<ref name=Am2020/> Oda options fi include [[hyperbaric oxygen therapy]] den [[negative-pressure wound therapy]].<ref name=Lew2021/> De risk of death be high at 20 to 80%, though e dey vary base on oda health problems.<ref name=Lew2021/><ref name=Am2020/> Insyd those wey survive [[reconstructive surgery]] be required.<ref name=Lew2021/> Fournier gangrene dey affect about one per 62,500 males per year.<ref name=Ham2017>{{cite book|last1=Hamdy|first1=Freddie C.|last2=Eardley|first2=Ian|title=Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191022524|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|language=en|access-date=2021-06-15|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828091044/https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref> Older people den males be more commonly affected plus males affected 40 times more often dan females.<ref name=Ham2017/> Na e first be described by Baurienne insyd 1764 wey na dem name am after [[Jean Alfred Fournier]], following five cases he present insyd 1883.<ref name=CP2012>{{cite journal |first1= MN |last1= Mallikarjuna |first2= A |last2= Vijayakumar |first3= VS |last3= Patil |first4= BS |last4= Shivswamy |display-authors= 2 |date= 2012 |title= Fournier's gangrene: Current practices |journal= ISRN Surgery |volume= 2012 |pmc= 3518952 |doi= 10.5402/2012/942437 |pmid= 23251819 |page= 942437 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{WhoNamedIt2|synd|2521|Fournier gangrene}} and {{WhoNamedIt|doctor|2209|Jean Alfred Fournier}} [[Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] [[Category:Gangrene]] [[Category:Urological conditions]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0rwxnpaz16hppyofz6029xdd9t2d52b 115512 115464 2026-11-01T23:39:29Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502088|Fournier gangrene]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115512 wikitext text/x-wiki fo 2x9i7984mswf36zq5ud769cgxae1m6o 115513 115512 2026-11-01T23:40:51Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fournier gangrene''' ('''FG''') be a type of [[necrotizing fasciitis]] wey dey affect de [[perineum]].<ref name=Am2020>{{cite journal |last1=El-Qushayri |first1=AE |last2=Khalaf |first2=KM |last3=Dahy |first3=A |last4=Mahmoud |first4=AR |last5=Benmelouka |first5=AY |last6=Ghozy |first6=S |last7=Mahmoud |first7=MU |last8=Bin-Jumah |first8=M |last9=Alkahtani |first9=S |last10=Abdel-Daim |first10=MM |title=Fournier's gangrene mortality: A 17-year systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases |date=March 2020 |volume=92 |pages=218-225 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.030 |pmid=31962181}}</ref><ref name=Ham2017/> Initial symptoms often be non specific; though rapidly worsen.<ref name=Lew2021>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=GD |last2=Majeed |first2=M |last3=Olang |first3=CA |last4=Patel |first4=A |last5=Gorantla |first5=VR |last6=Davis |first6=N |last7=Gluschitz |first7=S |title=Fournier's Gangrene Diagnosis and Treatment: A Systematic Review. |journal=Cureus |date=October 2021 |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e18948 |doi=10.7759/cureus.18948 |pmid=34815897}}</ref> Dis fi include [[scrotum]] anaa [[labia]] pain den swelling, fever, den redness.<ref name=Lew2021/> De infection dey spread at about 2.5 cm per hour.<ref name=Lew2021/> Complications fi include [[sepsis]].<ref name=Ham2017/> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], [[alcoholism]], being [[immunocompromised]], long term [[urinary catheters]].<ref name=Am2020/><ref name=Ham2017/> Insyd diabetes [[sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors]] (SGLT2 inhibitors) fi be a particular risk.<ref name=Lew2021/> Infection be by multiple types of bacteria insyd more dan 80% of cases.<ref name=Am2020/> Often de infection dey spread from de [[gastrointestinal tract]], [[urinary tract]], anaa skin.<ref name=CP2012/> Diagnosis be based on symptoms den fi be supported by [[medical imaging]].<ref name=Am2020/> Treatment dey involve [[antibiotics]], surgical removal of infected tissue, den [[supportive care]].<ref name=Am2020/> Oda options fi include [[hyperbaric oxygen therapy]] den [[negative-pressure wound therapy]].<ref name=Lew2021/> De risk of death be high at 20 to 80%, though e dey vary base on oda health problems.<ref name=Lew2021/><ref name=Am2020/> Insyd those wey survive [[reconstructive surgery]] be required.<ref name=Lew2021/> Fournier gangrene dey affect about one per 62,500 males per year.<ref name=Ham2017>{{cite book|last1=Hamdy|first1=Freddie C.|last2=Eardley|first2=Ian|title=Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191022524|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|language=en|access-date=2021-06-15|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828091044/https://books.google.com/books?id=qpc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref> Older people den males be more commonly affected plus males affected 40 times more often dan females.<ref name=Ham2017/> Na e first be described by Baurienne insyd 1764 wey na dem name am after [[Jean Alfred Fournier]], following five cases he present insyd 1883.<ref name=CP2012>{{cite journal |first1= MN |last1= Mallikarjuna |first2= A |last2= Vijayakumar |first3= VS |last3= Patil |first4= BS |last4= Shivswamy |display-authors= 2 |date= 2012 |title= Fournier's gangrene: Current practices |journal= ISRN Surgery |volume= 2012 |pmc= 3518952 |doi= 10.5402/2012/942437 |pmid= 23251819 |page= 942437 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{WhoNamedIt2|synd|2521|Fournier gangrene}} and {{WhoNamedIt|doctor|2209|Jean Alfred Fournier}} [[Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] [[Category:Gangrene]] [[Category:Urological conditions]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0rwxnpaz16hppyofz6029xdd9t2d52b 0 31174 115516 115431 2026-11-01T23:44:55Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513803|Saline (medicine)]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115516 wikitext text/x-wiki sa 6b810djel5fq9wfx8ohvx9ne5m3iwvr 115517 115516 2026-11-01T23:47:14Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saline''' (dem sanso know as '''saline solution''') be a mixture of sodium chloride (salt) den [[water]].<ref name="Pro2017">{{Cite web |title=Sodium Chloride Injection - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-chloride-injection.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041708/https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-chloride-injection.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=www.drugs.com}}</ref> E get several uses insyd medicine wey dey include cleaning wounds, removal den storage of contact lenses, den help plus dry eyes.<ref name="BNF69" /> By injection into a vein, e be used to treat hypovolemia such as dat from [[gastroenteritis]] den diabetic ketoacidosis.<ref name="BNF69" /><ref name="Pro2017" /> Large amounts fi result in fluid overload, [[Edema|swelling]], acidosis, den high blood sodium.<ref name="Pro2017" /><ref name="BNF69">{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 69 |date=2015 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |edition=69th |pages=683, 770}}</ref> Insyd those plus long-standing low blood sodium, excessive use fi result in osmotic demyelination syndrome.<ref name="BNF69" /> Saline dey insyd de [[Volume expander#Crystalloids|crystalloid]] family of medications.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Marini JJ, Wheeler AP |title=Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials |date=2010 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-9839-6 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmxl0ERFvYgC&pg=PA54 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=jmxl0ERFvYgC&pg=PA54 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> E be most commonly used as a [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterile]] 9&nbsp;g of salt per litre (0.9%) solution, dem know as ''normal saline''.<ref name=Pro2017/> Higher den lower concentrations sanso occasionally fi be used.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hypertonic Saline - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/hypertonic-saline.html |website=www.drugs.com |access-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041321/https://www.drugs.com/pro/hypertonic-saline.html |archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Pestana C |title=Fluids and Electrolytes in the Surgical Patient |date=2000 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-2425-8 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfCuIUwv3pEC&pg=PA11 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=CfCuIUwv3pEC&pg=PA11 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> Saline be acidic, plus a [[pH]] of 5.5 (secof mainly dissolved carbon dioxide).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reddi BA | title = Why is saline so acidic (and does it really matter?) | journal = International Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 747–750 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23630439 | pmc = 3638298 | doi = 10.7150/ijms.5868 }}</ref> De medical use of saline begin around 1831.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Bozzetti F, Staun M, van Gossum A |title=Home Parenteral Nutrition |date=2014 |edition=2nd |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78064-311-3 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnYXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=fnYXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 |year=2019 |hdl=10665/325771 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva |id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na sodium salts be de 227th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Sodium Salts Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/SodiumSalts | access-date = 20 August 2025 }}</ref> ==References== <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:1831 introductions]] [[Category:Intravenous fluids]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Salts]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 752fh69dm0v30fw1zpa6qxqy04q8faf 0 31178 115460 115448 2026-11-01T17:11:10Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Duchenne muscular dystrophy''' ('''DMD''') be a severe type of [[muscular dystrophy]] wey predominantly dey affect males.<ref name="NIH2016Re2">{{cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 2013 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193837/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>[https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research.pdf nih.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193903/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research.pdf|date=31 March 2024}} </ref> De onset of muscle weakness typically dey begin around age four, plus rapid progression.<ref>{{Citation |title=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |date=2026-04-25 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke&oldid=1351092619 |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> Initially, muscle loss dey occur insyd de thighs den pelvis, wey dey extend to de arms,<ref name="NIH2016Re3">{{cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> wich fi lead to difficulties in standing up.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> By de age of 12, chaw individuals plus Duchenne muscular dystrophy be unable to walk. Affected muscles fi appear larger secof an increase insyd fat content,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> den [[scoliosis]] be common.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Sam individuals fi experience [[intellectual disability]],<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> den females wey dey carry a single copy of de mutated gene fi show mild symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be caused by mutations anaa deletions insyd any of de 79 [[exon]]s encoding de large [[dystrophin]] [[protein]], wich be essential for maintaining de muscle fibers dema [[cell membrane]] integrity.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> De disorder dey follow an [[X-linked recessive inheritance]] pattern, plus approximately two-thirds of cases [[Heredity|inherited]] from de mommie den one-third wey dey result from a new [[mutation]].<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Diagnosis frequently fi be made at birth thru [[genetic testing]], den elevated [[creatine kinase]] levels insyd de [[blood]] be indicative of de condition.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> While der be no known cure, management strategies such as [[physical therapy]], [[Orthopaedic brace|braces]], den corrective surgery fi alleviate symptoms. [[Assisted ventilation]] fi be required insyd those plus weakness of [[muscles of respiration|breathing muscles]].<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Several drugs dem design to address de root cause be currently available wey dey include [[gene therapy]] ([[Delandistrogene moxeparvovec|Elevidys]]), den [[Antisense therapy|antisense drugs]] ([[Ataluren]], [[Eteplirsen]] etc.).<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Oda medications dem use dey include [[glucocorticoid]]s ([[Deflazacort]], [[Vamorolone]]); [[calcium channel blockers]] ([[Diltiazem]]); to slow skeletal den cardiac muscle degeneration, [[anticonvulsants]] to control [[seizure]]s den sam muscle activity, den [[Histone deacetylase inhibitor]]s ([[Givinostat]]) to delay damage to dying [[muscle cell]]s.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Various figures of de occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy be reported. One source dey report say e dey affect about one insyd 3,500 to 6,000 males at birth insyd de U.S.,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> (anaa 17 to 29 per 100,000 U.S. male births). Anoda source dey report Duchenne muscular dystrophy be a rare disease wey e get an occurrence of 7.1 per 100,000 male births globally.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Crisafulli S, Sultana J, Fontana A, Salvo F, Messina S, Trifirò G |title=Global epidemiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=141 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32503598 |pmc=7275323 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01430-8 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> A number of sources dem reference insyd dis article dey indicate an occurrence of 6 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2017 |title=Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) |url=https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Muscular Dystrophy Association |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174432/https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |url-status=live}}</ref> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be de most common type of muscular dystrophy,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> plus a median [[life expectancy]] of 27–31 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Landfeldt |first=Erik |last2=Thompson |first2=Rachel |last3=Sejersen |first3=Thomas |last4=McMillan |first4=Hugh J. |last5=Kirschner |first5=Janbernd |last6=Lochmüller |first6=Hanns |date=2020-07 |title=Life expectancy at birth in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7387367/ |journal=European Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=643–653 |doi=10.1007/s10654-020-00613-8 |issn=1573-7284 |pmc=7387367 |pmid=32107739}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Broomfield |first=Jonathan |last2=Hill |first2=Micki |last3=Guglieri |first3=Michela |last4=Crowther |first4=Michael |last5=Abrams |first5=Keith |date=2021-12-07 |title=Life Expectancy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Reproduced Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8665435/ |journal=Neurology |volume=97 |issue=23 |pages=e2304–e2314 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000012910 |issn=1526-632X |pmc=8665435 |pmid=34645707}}</ref> However, plus comprehensive care, sam individuals fi live into dema 30s anaa 40s.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be considerably rarer insyd females, wey dey occur insyd approximately one insyd 50,000,000 live female births.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nozoe |first=Karen T. |last2=Akamine |first2=Ricardo T. |last3=Mazzotti |first3=Diego R. |last4=Polesel |first4=Daniel N. |last5=Grossklauss |first5=Luís F. |last6=Tufik |first6=Sergio |last7=Andersen |first7=Monica L. |last8=Moreira |first8=Gustavo A. |date=2016 |title=Phenotypic contrasts of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in women: Two case reports |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5241604/ |journal=Sleep Science |location=Sao Paulo, Brazil |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=129–133 |doi=10.1016/j.slsci.2016.07.004 |issn=1984-0659 |pmc=5241604 |pmid=28123647}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == 1dy3wdocijkb6pkjlfk75rxonlv341g 115461 115460 2026-11-01T17:16:15Z DaSupremo 9 Fix references 115461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Duchenne muscular dystrophy''' ('''DMD''') be a severe type of [[muscular dystrophy]] wey predominantly dey affect males.<ref name="NIH2016Re2">{{cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 2013 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193837/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>[https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research.pdf nih.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193903/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research.pdf|date=31 March 2024}} </ref> De onset of muscle weakness typically dey begin around age four, plus rapid progression.<ref>{{Citation |title=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |date=2026-04-25 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke&oldid=1351092619 |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> Initially, muscle loss dey occur insyd de thighs den pelvis, wey dey extend to de arms,<ref name="NIH2016Re3">{{cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} </ref> wich fi lead to difficulties in standing up.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> By de age of 12, chaw individuals plus Duchenne muscular dystrophy be unable to walk. Affected muscles fi appear larger secof an increase insyd fat content,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> den [[scoliosis]] be common.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Sam individuals fi experience [[intellectual disability]],<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> den females wey dey carry a single copy of de mutated gene fi show mild symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be caused by mutations anaa deletions insyd any of de 79 [[exon]]s encoding de large [[dystrophin]] [[protein]], wich be essential for maintaining de muscle fibers dema [[cell membrane]] integrity.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> De disorder dey follow an [[X-linked recessive inheritance]] pattern, plus approximately two-thirds of cases [[Heredity|inherited]] from de mommie den one-third wey dey result from a new [[mutation]].<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Diagnosis frequently fi be made at birth thru [[genetic testing]], den elevated [[creatine kinase]] levels insyd de [[blood]] be indicative of de condition.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> While der be no known cure, management strategies such as [[physical therapy]], [[Orthopaedic brace|braces]], den corrective surgery fi alleviate symptoms. [[Assisted ventilation]] fi be required insyd those plus weakness of [[muscles of respiration|breathing muscles]].<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Several drugs dem design to address de root cause be currently available wey dey include [[gene therapy]] ([[Delandistrogene moxeparvovec|Elevidys]]), den [[Antisense therapy|antisense drugs]] ([[Ataluren]], [[Eteplirsen]] etc.).<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Oda medications dem use dey include [[glucocorticoid]]s ([[Deflazacort]], [[Vamorolone]]); [[calcium channel blockers]] ([[Diltiazem]]); to slow skeletal den cardiac muscle degeneration, [[anticonvulsants]] to control [[seizure]]s den sam muscle activity, den [[Histone deacetylase inhibitor]]s ([[Givinostat]]) to delay damage to dying [[muscle cell]]s.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Various figures of de occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy be reported. One source dey report say e dey affect about one insyd 3,500 to 6,000 males at birth insyd de U.S.,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> (anaa 17 to 29 per 100,000 U.S. male births). Anoda source dey report Duchenne muscular dystrophy be a rare disease wey e get an occurrence of 7.1 per 100,000 male births globally.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Crisafulli S, Sultana J, Fontana A, Salvo F, Messina S, Trifirò G |title=Global epidemiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=141 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32503598 |pmc=7275323 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01430-8 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> A number of sources dem reference insyd dis article dey indicate an occurrence of 6 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2017 |title=Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) |url=https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Muscular Dystrophy Association |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174432/https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |url-status=live}}</ref> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be de most common type of muscular dystrophy,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> plus a median [[life expectancy]] of 27–31 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Landfeldt |first=Erik |last2=Thompson |first2=Rachel |last3=Sejersen |first3=Thomas |last4=McMillan |first4=Hugh J. |last5=Kirschner |first5=Janbernd |last6=Lochmüller |first6=Hanns |date=July 2020 |title=Life expectancy at birth in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7387367/ |journal=European Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=643–653 |doi=10.1007/s10654-020-00613-8 |issn=1573-7284 |pmc=7387367 |pmid=32107739}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Broomfield |first=Jonathan |last2=Hill |first2=Micki |last3=Guglieri |first3=Michela |last4=Crowther |first4=Michael |last5=Abrams |first5=Keith |date=2021-12-07 |title=Life Expectancy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Reproduced Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8665435/ |journal=Neurology |volume=97 |issue=23 |pages=e2304–e2314 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000012910 |issn=1526-632X |pmc=8665435 |pmid=34645707}}</ref> However, plus comprehensive care, sam individuals fi live into dema 30s anaa 40s.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be considerably rarer insyd females, wey dey occur insyd approximately one insyd 50,000,000 live female births.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nozoe |first=Karen T. |last2=Akamine |first2=Ricardo T. |last3=Mazzotti |first3=Diego R. |last4=Polesel |first4=Daniel N. |last5=Grossklauss |first5=Luís F. |last6=Tufik |first6=Sergio |last7=Andersen |first7=Monica L. |last8=Moreira |first8=Gustavo A. |date=2016 |title=Phenotypic contrasts of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in women: Two case reports |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5241604/ |journal=Sleep Science |location=Sao Paulo, Brazil |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=129–133 |doi=10.1016/j.slsci.2016.07.004 |issn=1984-0659 |pmc=5241604 |pmid=28123647}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == ixws5as3yq5pyv6kxl06wpsps6mqcm3 115462 115461 2026-11-01T17:19:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Duchenne muscular dystrophy''' ('''DMD''') be a severe type of [[muscular dystrophy]] wey predominantly dey affect males.<ref name="NIH2016Re2">{{cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 2013 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193837/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>[https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research.pdf nih.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193903/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research.pdf|date=31 March 2024}} </ref> De onset of muscle weakness typically dey begin around age four, plus rapid progression.<ref>{{Citation |title=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |date=2026-04-25 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke&oldid=1351092619 |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> Initially, muscle loss dey occur insyd de thighs den pelvis, wey dey extend to de arms,<ref name="NIH2016Re3">{{cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} </ref> wich fi lead to difficulties in standing up.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> By de age of 12, chaw individuals plus Duchenne muscular dystrophy be unable to walk. Affected muscles fi appear larger secof an increase insyd fat content,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> den [[scoliosis]] be common.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Sam individuals fi experience [[intellectual disability]],<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> den females wey dey carry a single copy of de mutated gene fi show mild symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be caused by mutations anaa deletions insyd any of de 79 [[exon]]s encoding de large [[dystrophin]] [[protein]], wich be essential for maintaining de muscle fibers dema [[cell membrane]] integrity.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> De disorder dey follow an [[X-linked recessive inheritance]] pattern, plus approximately two-thirds of cases [[Heredity|inherited]] from de mommie den one-third wey dey result from a new [[mutation]].<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Diagnosis frequently fi be made at birth thru [[genetic testing]], den elevated [[creatine kinase]] levels insyd de [[blood]] be indicative of de condition.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> While der be no known cure, management strategies such as [[physical therapy]], [[Orthopaedic brace|braces]], den corrective surgery fi alleviate symptoms. [[Assisted ventilation]] fi be required insyd those plus weakness of [[muscles of respiration|breathing muscles]].<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Several drugs dem design to address de root cause be currently available wey dey include [[gene therapy]] ([[Delandistrogene moxeparvovec|Elevidys]]), den [[Antisense therapy|antisense drugs]] ([[Ataluren]], [[Eteplirsen]] etc.).<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Oda medications dem use dey include [[glucocorticoid]]s ([[Deflazacort]], [[Vamorolone]]); [[calcium channel blockers]] ([[Diltiazem]]); to slow skeletal den cardiac muscle degeneration, [[anticonvulsants]] to control [[seizure]]s den sam muscle activity, den [[Histone deacetylase inhibitor]]s ([[Givinostat]]) to delay damage to dying [[muscle cell]]s.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Various figures of de occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy be reported. One source dey report say e dey affect about one insyd 3,500 to 6,000 males at birth insyd de U.S.,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> (anaa 17 to 29 per 100,000 U.S. male births). Anoda source dey report Duchenne muscular dystrophy be a rare disease wey e get an occurrence of 7.1 per 100,000 male births globally.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Crisafulli S, Sultana J, Fontana A, Salvo F, Messina S, Trifirò G |title=Global epidemiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=141 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32503598 |pmc=7275323 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01430-8 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> A number of sources dem reference insyd dis article dey indicate an occurrence of 6 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2017 |title=Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) |url=https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Muscular Dystrophy Association |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174432/https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |url-status=live}}</ref> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be de most common type of muscular dystrophy,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> plus a median [[life expectancy]] of 27–31 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Landfeldt |first=Erik |last2=Thompson |first2=Rachel |last3=Sejersen |first3=Thomas |last4=McMillan |first4=Hugh J. |last5=Kirschner |first5=Janbernd |last6=Lochmüller |first6=Hanns |date=July 2020 |title=Life expectancy at birth in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7387367/ |journal=European Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=643–653 |doi=10.1007/s10654-020-00613-8 |issn=1573-7284 |pmc=7387367 |pmid=32107739}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Broomfield |first=Jonathan |last2=Hill |first2=Micki |last3=Guglieri |first3=Michela |last4=Crowther |first4=Michael |last5=Abrams |first5=Keith |date=2021-12-07 |title=Life Expectancy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Reproduced Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8665435/ |journal=Neurology |volume=97 |issue=23 |pages=e2304–e2314 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000012910 |issn=1526-632X |pmc=8665435 |pmid=34645707}}</ref> However, plus comprehensive care, sam individuals fi live into dema 30s anaa 40s.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be considerably rarer insyd females, wey dey occur insyd approximately one insyd 50,000,000 live female births.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nozoe |first=Karen T. |last2=Akamine |first2=Ricardo T. |last3=Mazzotti |first3=Diego R. |last4=Polesel |first4=Daniel N. |last5=Grossklauss |first5=Luís F. |last6=Tufik |first6=Sergio |last7=Andersen |first7=Monica L. |last8=Moreira |first8=Gustavo A. |date=2016 |title=Phenotypic contrasts of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in women: Two case reports |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5241604/ |journal=Sleep Science |location=Sao Paulo, Brazil |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=129–133 |doi=10.1016/j.slsci.2016.07.004 |issn=1984-0659 |pmc=5241604 |pmid=28123647}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy}} [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Muscular dystrophy]] [[Category:X-linked recessive disorders]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 6y7q03idqwl70ng5lu6sd62du9my6r4 115463 115462 2026-11-01T17:21:25Z DaSupremo 9 added [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 115463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Duchenne muscular dystrophy''' ('''DMD''') be a severe type of [[muscular dystrophy]] wey predominantly dey affect males.<ref name="NIH2016Re2">{{cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 2013 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193837/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>[https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research.pdf nih.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193903/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research.pdf|date=31 March 2024}} </ref> De onset of muscle weakness typically dey begin around age four, plus rapid progression.<ref>{{Citation |title=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |date=2026-04-25 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke&oldid=1351092619 |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> Initially, muscle loss dey occur insyd de thighs den pelvis, wey dey extend to de arms,<ref name="NIH2016Re3">{{cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} </ref> wich fi lead to difficulties in standing up.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> By de age of 12, chaw individuals plus Duchenne muscular dystrophy be unable to walk. Affected muscles fi appear larger secof an increase insyd fat content,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> den [[scoliosis]] be common.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Sam individuals fi experience [[intellectual disability]],<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> den females wey dey carry a single copy of de mutated gene fi show mild symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be caused by mutations anaa deletions insyd any of de 79 [[exon]]s encoding de large [[dystrophin]] [[protein]], wich be essential for maintaining de muscle fibers dema [[cell membrane]] integrity.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> De disorder dey follow an [[X-linked recessive inheritance]] pattern, plus approximately two-thirds of cases [[Heredity|inherited]] from de mommie den one-third wey dey result from a new [[mutation]].<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Diagnosis frequently fi be made at birth thru [[genetic testing]], den elevated [[creatine kinase]] levels insyd de [[blood]] be indicative of de condition.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> While der be no known cure, management strategies such as [[physical therapy]], [[Orthopaedic brace|braces]], den corrective surgery fi alleviate symptoms. [[Assisted ventilation]] fi be required insyd those plus weakness of [[muscles of respiration|breathing muscles]].<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Several drugs dem design to address de root cause be currently available wey dey include [[gene therapy]] ([[Delandistrogene moxeparvovec|Elevidys]]), den [[Antisense therapy|antisense drugs]] ([[Ataluren]], [[Eteplirsen]] etc.).<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Oda medications dem use dey include [[glucocorticoid]]s ([[Deflazacort]], [[Vamorolone]]); [[calcium channel blockers]] ([[Diltiazem]]); to slow skeletal den cardiac muscle degeneration, [[anticonvulsants]] to control [[seizure]]s den sam muscle activity, den [[Histone deacetylase inhibitor]]s ([[Givinostat]]) to delay damage to dying [[muscle cell]]s.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Various figures of de occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy be reported. One source dey report say e dey affect about one insyd 3,500 to 6,000 males at birth insyd de U.S.,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> (anaa 17 to 29 per 100,000 U.S. male births). Anoda source dey report Duchenne muscular dystrophy be a rare disease wey e get an occurrence of 7.1 per 100,000 male births globally.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Crisafulli S, Sultana J, Fontana A, Salvo F, Messina S, Trifirò G |title=Global epidemiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=141 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32503598 |pmc=7275323 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01430-8 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> A number of sources dem reference insyd dis article dey indicate an occurrence of 6 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2017 |title=Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) |url=https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Muscular Dystrophy Association |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174432/https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |url-status=live}}</ref> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be de most common type of muscular dystrophy,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> plus a median [[life expectancy]] of 27–31 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Landfeldt |first=Erik |last2=Thompson |first2=Rachel |last3=Sejersen |first3=Thomas |last4=McMillan |first4=Hugh J. |last5=Kirschner |first5=Janbernd |last6=Lochmüller |first6=Hanns |date=July 2020 |title=Life expectancy at birth in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7387367/ |journal=European Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=643–653 |doi=10.1007/s10654-020-00613-8 |issn=1573-7284 |pmc=7387367 |pmid=32107739}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Broomfield |first=Jonathan |last2=Hill |first2=Micki |last3=Guglieri |first3=Michela |last4=Crowther |first4=Michael |last5=Abrams |first5=Keith |date=2021-12-07 |title=Life Expectancy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Reproduced Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8665435/ |journal=Neurology |volume=97 |issue=23 |pages=e2304–e2314 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000012910 |issn=1526-632X |pmc=8665435 |pmid=34645707}}</ref> However, plus comprehensive care, sam individuals fi live into dema 30s anaa 40s.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be considerably rarer insyd females, wey dey occur insyd approximately one insyd 50,000,000 live female births.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nozoe |first=Karen T. |last2=Akamine |first2=Ricardo T. |last3=Mazzotti |first3=Diego R. |last4=Polesel |first4=Daniel N. |last5=Grossklauss |first5=Luís F. |last6=Tufik |first6=Sergio |last7=Andersen |first7=Monica L. |last8=Moreira |first8=Gustavo A. |date=2016 |title=Phenotypic contrasts of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in women: Two case reports |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5241604/ |journal=Sleep Science |location=Sao Paulo, Brazil |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=129–133 |doi=10.1016/j.slsci.2016.07.004 |issn=1984-0659 |pmc=5241604 |pmid=28123647}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy}} [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Muscular dystrophy]] [[Category:X-linked recessive disorders]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] bby3h0n7lsk144rs4rzz8eafiw5dby6 115483 115463 2026-11-01T20:43:37Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Duchenne muscular dystrophy''' ('''DMD''') be a severe type of [[muscular dystrophy]] wey predominantly dey affect males.<ref name="NIH2016Re2">{{cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 2013 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193837/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193903/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research.pdf nih.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193903/https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/muscular-dystrophy-hope-through-research.pdf|date=31 March 2024}}</ref> De onset of muscle weakness typically dey begin around age four, plus rapid progression.<ref>{{Citation |title=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |date=2026-04-25 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke&oldid=1351092619 |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> Initially, muscle loss dey occur insyd de thighs den pelvis, wey dey extend to de arms,<ref name="NIH2016Re3">{{cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]] (NINDS)}} </ref> wich fi lead to difficulties in standing up.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> By de age of 12, chaw individuals plus Duchenne muscular dystrophy be unable to walk. Affected muscles fi appear larger secof an increase insyd fat content,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> den [[scoliosis]] be common.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Sam individuals fi experience [[intellectual disability]],<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> den females wey dey carry a single copy of de mutated gene fi show mild symptoms.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be caused by mutations anaa deletions insyd any of de 79 [[exon]]s encoding de large [[dystrophin]] [[protein]], wich be essential for maintaining de muscle fibers dema [[cell membrane]] integrity.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> De disorder dey follow an [[X-linked recessive inheritance]] pattern, plus approximately two-thirds of cases [[Heredity|inherited]] from de mommie den one-third wey dey result from a new [[mutation]].<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Diagnosis frequently fi be made at birth thru [[genetic testing]], den elevated [[creatine kinase]] levels insyd de [[blood]] be indicative of de condition.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> While der be no known cure, management strategies such as [[physical therapy]], [[Orthopaedic brace|braces]], den corrective surgery fi alleviate symptoms. [[Assisted ventilation]] fi be required insyd those plus weakness of [[muscles of respiration|breathing muscles]].<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Several drugs dem design to address de root cause be currently available wey dey include [[gene therapy]] ([[Delandistrogene moxeparvovec|Elevidys]]), den [[Antisense therapy|antisense drugs]] ([[Ataluren]], [[Eteplirsen]] etc.).<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Oda medications dem use dey include [[glucocorticoid]]s ([[Deflazacort]], [[Vamorolone]]); [[calcium channel blockers]] ([[Diltiazem]]); to slow skeletal den cardiac muscle degeneration, [[anticonvulsants]] to control [[seizure]]s den sam muscle activity, den [[Histone deacetylase inhibitor]]s ([[Givinostat]]) to delay damage to dying [[muscle cell]]s.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Various figures of de occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy be reported. One source dey report say e dey affect about one insyd 3,500 to 6,000 males at birth insyd de U.S.,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> (anaa 17 to 29 per 100,000 U.S. male births). Anoda source dey report Duchenne muscular dystrophy be a rare disease wey e get an occurrence of 7.1 per 100,000 male births globally.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Crisafulli S, Sultana J, Fontana A, Salvo F, Messina S, Trifirò G |title=Global epidemiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=141 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32503598 |pmc=7275323 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01430-8 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> A number of sources dem reference insyd dis article dey indicate an occurrence of 6 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2017 |title=Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) |url=https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Muscular Dystrophy Association |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174432/https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |url-status=live}}</ref> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be de most common type of muscular dystrophy,<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> plus a median [[life expectancy]] of 27–31 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Landfeldt |first=Erik |last2=Thompson |first2=Rachel |last3=Sejersen |first3=Thomas |last4=McMillan |first4=Hugh J. |last5=Kirschner |first5=Janbernd |last6=Lochmüller |first6=Hanns |date=July 2020 |title=Life expectancy at birth in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7387367/ |journal=European Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=643–653 |doi=10.1007/s10654-020-00613-8 |issn=1573-7284 |pmc=7387367 |pmid=32107739}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Broomfield |first=Jonathan |last2=Hill |first2=Micki |last3=Guglieri |first3=Michela |last4=Crowther |first4=Michael |last5=Abrams |first5=Keith |date=2021-12-07 |title=Life Expectancy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Reproduced Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8665435/ |journal=Neurology |volume=97 |issue=23 |pages=e2304–e2314 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000012910 |issn=1526-632X |pmc=8665435 |pmid=34645707}}</ref> However, plus comprehensive care, sam individuals fi live into dema 30s anaa 40s.<ref name="NIH2016Re3" /> Duchenne muscular dystrophy be considerably rarer insyd females, wey dey occur insyd approximately one insyd 50,000,000 live female births.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nozoe |first=Karen T. |last2=Akamine |first2=Ricardo T. |last3=Mazzotti |first3=Diego R. |last4=Polesel |first4=Daniel N. |last5=Grossklauss |first5=Luís F. |last6=Tufik |first6=Sergio |last7=Andersen |first7=Monica L. |last8=Moreira |first8=Gustavo A. |date=2016 |title=Phenotypic contrasts of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in women: Two case reports |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5241604/ |journal=Sleep Science |location=Sao Paulo, Brazil |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=129–133 |doi=10.1016/j.slsci.2016.07.004 |issn=1984-0659 |pmc=5241604 |pmid=28123647}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy}} [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Muscular dystrophy]] [[Category:X-linked recessive disorders]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] 7p3htphkrs19qovmpxw0b75blb5r7dw 0 31184 115514 115453 2026-11-01T23:41:33Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501167|Chlorhexidine]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115514 wikitext text/x-wiki ch 8fht0dgt71287horh4xookwqdaoglo9 115515 115514 2026-11-01T23:44:14Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chlorhexidine'''<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Varoni E, Tarce M, Lodi G, Carrassi A |date=September 2012 |title=Chlorhexidine (CHX) in dentistry: state of the art |journal=Minerva Stomatologica |volume=61 |issue=9 |pages=399–419 |pmid=22976567}}</ref> be a disinfectant den antiseptic wich be used for skin disinfection before surgery den to disinfect surgical instruments.<ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book |title=WHO Model Formulary 2008 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-92-4-154765-9 |veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR |pages=321–22 |hdl=10665/44053}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alqarni H, Jamleh A, Chamber MS |date=2022-10-03 |title=Chlorhexidine as a Disinfectant in the Prosthodontic Practice: A Comprehensive Review |journal=Cureus |volume=14 |issue=10 |doi=10.7759/cureus.30566 |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=9676089 |pmid=36415428 |doi-access=free |article-number=e30566}}</ref> E sanso be used for cleaning wounds, preventing dental plaque, treating yeast infections of de mouth, den to keep urinary catheters from blocking.<ref name="BNF69">{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 69 |date=2015 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |edition=69 |pages=568, 791, 839}}</ref> E be used as a liquid anaa a powder.<ref name="WHO2008" /><ref name="BNF69" /> E commonly be used insyd salt form, either de gluconate<ref name="PubChem CG">{{Cite web |title=Chlorhexidine Gluconate |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chlorhexidine-Gluconate |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=PubChem}}</ref> anaa de acetate.<ref name="PubChem CA">{{Cite web |title=Chlorhexidine Acetate |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chlorhexidine-Acetate |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=PubChem}}</ref> Side effects fi include skin irritation, [[Human tooth|tooth]] discoloration, den [[allergic reactions]],<ref name="BNF69">{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 69|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0-85711-156-2|pages=568, 791, 839|edition=69}}</ref> although, apart from discoloration, de risk dey appear to be de same as that for [[povidone-iodine]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wade RG, Bourke G, Wormald JC, Totty JP, Stanley GH, Lewandowski A, Rakhra SS, Gardiner MD | title = Chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine skin antisepsis before upper limb surgery (CIPHUR): an international multicentre prospective cohort study | journal = BJS Open | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | article-number = zrab117 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34915557 | pmc = 8677347 | doi = 10.1093/bjsopen/zrab117 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wade RG, Burr NE, McCauley G, Bourke G, Efthimiou O | title = The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis | journal = Annals of Surgery | volume = 274 | issue = 6 | pages = e481–e488 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 32773627 | doi = 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076 | s2cid = 225289226 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Chlorhexidine rinse sanso be known to have a bitter metallic aftertaste. Rinsing plus water no be recommended as e be known to increase de bitterness.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chlorhexidine (Oral Route) Precautions |website=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/chlorhexidine-oral-route/precautions/drg-20068551 |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref> E fi cause eye problems if direct contact occur.<ref name=AHFS2017>{{cite web|title=Chlorhexidine Gluconate topical|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chlorhexidine-gluconate-topical.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113023435/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chlorhexidine-gluconate-topical.html|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tabor E, Bostwick DC, Evans CC | title = Corneal damage due to eye contact with chlorhexidine gluconate | journal = JAMA | volume = 261 | issue = 4 | pages = 557–558 | date = January 1989 | pmid = 2909794 | doi = 10.1001/jama.1989.03420040091021 }}</ref> Ein use insyd [[pregnancy]] dey appear to be safe.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ |title=Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-60831-708-0|page=252|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA252|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113121448/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA252|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Chlorhexidine fi cam mixed insyd [[ethanol|alcohol]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Prevantics Swab- chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol solution | website=DailyMed | date=26 October 2022 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=db61e7fd-c421-4e3c-bc88-0343230273de | access-date=24 January 2023 | archive-date=24 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124030815/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=db61e7fd-c421-4e3c-bc88-0343230273de | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Prevantics Swab- chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol solution | website=DailyMed | date=26 October 2022 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ff999b50-0b6b-404e-b4f1-c6694fe47a9b | access-date=24 January 2023 | archive-date=24 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124030813/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ff999b50-0b6b-404e-b4f1-c6694fe47a9b | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Prevantics Maxi Swabstick- chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol solution | website=DailyMed | date=26 October 2022 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=93ca3c07-40b4-3a91-e053-2995a90a0afd | access-date=24 January 2023 | archive-date=24 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124030820/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=93ca3c07-40b4-3a91-e053-2995a90a0afd | url-status=live }}</ref> water, anaa [[surfactant solution]].<ref name=BNF69/> E be effective against a range of [[microorganisms]], buh no dey inactivate [[spores]].<ref name=WHO2008/> Chlorhexidine cam into medical use insyd de 1950s<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Schmalz G, Bindslev DA |title=Biocompatibility of Dental Materials|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-77782-3|page=351|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrreTHuo54wC&pg=PA351|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113080904/https://books.google.ca/books?id=mrreTHuo54wC&pg=PA351|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-06 |title=FDA & OTC Antiseptics |url=https://www.contractpharma.com/fda-otc-antiseptics/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Contract Pharma |language=en-US}}</ref> wey be available [[over the counter]] insyd de [[United States]].<ref name=AHFS2017 /> E be on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free |author = <!--none given-->}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 270th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 900,000 prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=17 August 2025 | archive-date=17 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817043812/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Chlorhexidine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Chlorhexidine | access-date = 17 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Antiseptics]] [[Category:Biguanides]] [[Category:4-Chlorophenyl compounds]] [[Category:Disinfectants]] [[Category:Oral hygiene]] [[Category:Otologicals]] [[Category:Over-the-counter drugs insyd de United States]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 06yvpgpqdweg3yyfkeccjdcl5enbk43 0 31185 115534 115459 2026-11-02T09:28:27Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1514524|Urinary tract infection]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115534 wikitext text/x-wiki uni svj2uwbdw9sk2hntzszm23al4skek6t 115535 115534 2026-11-02T09:29:39Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 115535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''urinary tract infection''' ('''UTI''') be an infection wey dey affect a part of de urinary tract, wich dey include de bladder, urethra and the kidney.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-04-24 |title=Urinary Tract Infection Basics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/uti/about/index.html |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Urinary Tract Infection |language=en-us}}</ref> Lower UTIs dey affect de bladder ('''cystitis''') anaa urethra while upper UTIs dey affect de kidney (pyelonephritis).<ref name="EM2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lane DR, Takhar SS |date=August 2011 |title=Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=539–552 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2011.04.001 |pmid=21782073}}</ref> Symptoms from a lower UTI dey include burning anaa pain during urination, pain insyd de lower abdomen den de urge to urinate even wen de bladder be empty.<ref name="cdc" /> Symptoms of a kidney infection be more systemic den dey include [[fever]] anaa flank pain, usually in addition to de symptoms of a lower UTI.<ref name="EM2011" /> Rarely, de urine fi appear bloody.<ref name="Sal2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Salvatore S, Salvatore S, Cattoni E, Siesto G, Serati M, Sorice P, Torella M |date=June 2011 |title=Urinary tract infections in women |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology |volume=156 |issue=2 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.01.028 |pmid=21349630}}</ref> Symptoms fi be less clear insyd very young anaasxy old people.<ref name="CDC2015">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2015 |title=Urinary Tract Infection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/uti.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222034940/http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/uti.html |archive-date=22 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref><ref name="Elder2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Woodford HJ, George J |date=February 2011 |title=Diagnosis and management of urinary infections in older people |journal=Clinical Medicine |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=80–83 |doi=10.7861/clinmedicine.11-1-80 |pmc=5873814 |pmid=21404794}}</ref> De most common cause of infection be ''[[E. coli]]'', though oda [[bacteria]] anaa [[fungi]] sometimes fi be de cause.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flores-Mireles |first=Ana L. |last2=Walker |first2=Jennifer N. |last3=Caparon |first3=Michael |last4=Hultgren |first4=Scott J. |date=May 2015 |title=Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/ |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=269–284 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro3432 |issn=1740-1534 |pmc=4457377 |pmid=25853778}}</ref> Risk factors dey include being female, [[sexual intercourse]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], using a [[catheter]], den family history.<ref name=cdc/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Urinary tract infections (UTIs) |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/urinary-tract-infections-utis/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=NHS |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kranz-20242">{{Cite journal |last1=Kranz |first1=Jennifer |last2=Bartoletti |first2=Riccardo |last3=Bruyère |first3=Franck |last4=Cai |first4=Tommaso |last5=Geerlings |first5=Suzanne |last6=Köves |first6=Bela |last7=Schubert |first7=Sören |last8=Pilatz |first8=Adrian |last9=Veeratterapillay |first9=Rajan |last10=Wagenlehner |first10=Florian M E |last11=Bausch |first11=Kathrin |last12=Devlies |first12=Wout |last13=Horváth |first13=József |last14=Leitner |first14=Lorenz |last15=Mantica |first15=Guglielmo |date=2024 |title=European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urological Infections: Summary of the 2024 Guidelines |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0302283824022632 |journal=European Urology |language=en |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=27–41 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2024.03.035 |pmid=38714379}}</ref> Additional factors wey na dem find to increase de risk of infection dey include urinary retention (delaying urination), insufficient water intake, use of spermicides as a contraceptive method, den poor genital hygiene.<ref name="Jagtap2022">{{cite journal | last1 = Jagtap | first1 = S. | last2 = Harikumar | first2 = S. | last3 = Vinayagamoorthy | first3 = V. | last4 = Mukhopadhyay | first4 = S. | last5 = Dongre | first5 = A. | title = Comprehensive assessment of holding urine as a behavioral risk factor for UTI in women and reasons for delayed voiding | journal = BMC Infectious Diseases | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | page = 521 | date = 2022 | doi = 10.1186/s12879-022-07501-4 | doi-access = free | pmid = 35668379 | pmc = 9172065 }}</ref><ref name="Renko2022">{{cite journal | last1 = Renko | first1 = M. | last2 = Salo | first2 = J. | last3 = Ekstrand | first3 = M. | last4 = Pokka | first4 = T. | last5 = Pieviläinen | first5 = O. | last6 = Uhari | first6 = M. | last7 = Tapiainen | first7 = T. | title = Meta-analysis of the risk factors for urinary tract infection in children | journal = The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal | volume = 41 | issue = 10 | pages = 787–792 | date = 2022 | doi = 10.1097/INF.0000000000003628 | pmid = 35788126 | pmc = 9508987 }}</ref><ref name="Review082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nicolle LE |date=February 2008 |title=Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis |journal=The Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–12, v |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004 |pmid=18061019}}</ref><ref name="Mavi2024">{{cite journal| last1 = Mavi | first1 = A.| last2 = Rathi | first2 = I.| last3 = Shannawaz | first3 = M.| last4 = Saeed | first4 = S.| last5 = Hasan | first5 = S.| title = Correlates of urinary tract infections among women of reproductive age in India: a systematic review| journal = Cureus| volume = 16| issue = 4| date = 2024}}</ref><ref name="Corrales2025">{{cite journal| last1 = Corrales-Acosta | first1 = E.| last2 = Cuartiella Zaragoza | first2 = E.| last3 = Monzó Pérez | first3 = M.| last4 = Benítez Perdomo | first4 = S.| last5 = Corrales-Riveros | first5 = J. G.| last6 = Corrales | first6 = M.| title = Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Women: An Update| journal = Microbiology Research | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | page = 66 | date = 2025| doi = 10.3390/microbiolres16030066| doi-access = free}}</ref> Kidney infections dey usually occur wen a bladder infection spread, buh sanso fi cam from [[Bloodstream infection|bacteria insyd de blood]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-7641-2|page=909|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mi3uBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA909|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111182932/https://books.google.com/books?id=mi3uBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA909|url-status=live}}</ref> Diagnosis insyd young healthy women fi be based on symptoms alone.<ref name="Review082" /> Insyd those plus vague symptoms, diagnosis fi be harder secof bacteria fi be present even if der no be infection.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Jarvis WR |title=Bennett & Brachman's hospital infections.|date=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6383-7|page=474|edition=5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuy4zw5G4v4C&pg=PA474|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216175245/https://books.google.com/books?id=tuy4zw5G4v4C&pg=PA474|archive-date=16 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pylo20112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Colgan R, Williams M, Johnson JR |date=September 2011 |title=Diagnosis and treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women |journal=American Family Physician |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=519–526 |pmid=21888302}}</ref> Insyd uncomplicated cases, UTIs usually be treated plus a short course of [[antibiotic]]s.<ref name="kranz-2024" /> [[Antibiotic resistance|Resistance]] to chaw of de antibiotics dem use to treat dis condition dey increase.<ref name="CDC2015" /> Insyd complicated cases, a longer course anaa [[intravenous]] antibiotics fi be needed.<ref name="Sal2011" /> If symptoms no dey improve insyd two anaa three days, further diagnostic testing fi be needed.<ref name="Pylo2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Colgan R, Williams M, Johnson JR | title = Diagnosis and treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 84 | issue = 5 | pages = 519–526 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21888302 }}</ref> People plus bacteria anaa white blood cells insyd dema urine buh no symptoms usually no dey need antibiotics.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferroni M, Taylor AK | title = Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Noncatheterized Adults | journal = The Urologic Clinics of North America | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 537–545 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26475950 | doi = 10.1016/j.ucl.2015.07.003 }}</ref> For people plus recurrent infections, [[methenamine]] fi be prescribed. Postmenopausal women sanso fi be offered [[Vaginal estrogen|vaginal estrogen replacement]]. If dese no dey work, preventative antibiotics fi be considered.<ref name="kranz-2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Kranz |first1=Jennifer |last2=Bartoletti |first2=Riccardo |last3=Bruyère |first3=Franck |last4=Cai |first4=Tommaso |last5=Geerlings |first5=Suzanne |last6=Köves |first6=Bela |last7=Schubert |first7=Sören |last8=Pilatz |first8=Adrian |last9=Veeratterapillay |first9=Rajan |last10=Wagenlehner |first10=Florian M E |last11=Bausch |first11=Kathrin |last12=Devlies |first12=Wout |last13=Horváth |first13=József |last14=Leitner |first14=Lorenz |last15=Mantica |first15=Guglielmo |date=2024 |title=European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urological Infections: Summary of the 2024 Guidelines |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0302283824022632 |journal=European Urology |language=en |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=27–41 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2024.03.035 |pmid=38714379 }}</ref> Approximately 400 million UTI cases dey occur each year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=He |first=Yining |last2=Zhao |first2=Jing |last3=Wang |first3=Lanhui |last4=Han |first4=Chao |last5=Yan |first5=Ruxue |last6=Zhu |first6=Peiqi |last7=Qian |first7=Tianyang |last8=Yu |first8=Siyao |last9=Zhu |first9=Xiaolin |last10=He |first10=Weiming |date=2025-02-08 |title=Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11807111/ |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=4702 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-89240-5 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=11807111 |pmid=39922870}}</ref> Dem be more common insyd women dan men,<ref name="Sal2011" /> wey be de most common bacterial infection insyd women.<ref name="AFP2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Colgan R, Williams M | title = Diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 84 | issue = 7 | pages = 771–776 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 22010614 }}</ref> Up to 10% of women get a urinary tract infection insyd a given year, den half of women get at least one infection at sam point insyd dema lifetime.<ref name="Sal2011" /><ref name="Review082" /> Dem dey occur most frequently between de ages of 16 den 35{{nbsp}}years.<ref name="Sal2011" /> Recurrences be common.<ref name="Sal2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Salvatore S, Salvatore S, Cattoni E, Siesto G, Serati M, Sorice P, Torella M | title = Urinary tract infections in women | journal = European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology | volume = 156 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–136 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21349630 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.01.028 }}</ref> Urinary tract infections be described since ancient times plus de first documented description insyd de [[Ebers Papyrus]] dem date to c. 1550 BC.<ref name="His2008">{{cite book| vauthors = Al-Achi A |title=An introduction to botanical medicines: history, science, uses, and dangers|year=2008|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-313-35009-2|page=126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMzxKua4_rcC&pg=PA126|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528215426/https://books.google.com/books?id=HMzxKua4_rcC&pg=PA126|archive-date=28 May 2016}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Urinary Tract Infection}} [[Category:Infectious diseases]] [[Category:Urological conditions]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 7zy0c9uy4wavw4d2u3cv8boubz1ukzx 0 31186 115467 2026-11-01T19:04:06Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500269|Allopurinol]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115467 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allopurinol''' {{Reflist}} m1f6rfy0anxztu82ylln402jc4w8vfy 115470 115467 2026-11-01T19:09:08Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allopurinol''' be a [[medication]] dem use to decrease [[hyperuricemia|high blood uric acid levels]].<ref name=Patcher2006rev>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C | title = Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol | journal = Pharmacological Reviews | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–114 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16507884 | pmc = 2233605 | doi = 10.1124/pr.58.1.6 }}</ref> E specifically be used to prevent [[gout]], prevent specific types of [[kidney stones]] den for de high uric acid levels wey fi occur plus [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | hdl-access=free | page = 39}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2016/> Dem dey take am [[Oral administration|orally]] (by mouth) anaa [[intravenously]] (dem inject into a vein).<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Allopurinol|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/allopurinol.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429134301/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/allopurinol.html|archive-date=29 April 2016}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 83sszhzw9cen4uiosy1swkla6y37f7n 115471 115470 2026-11-01T19:11:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allopurinol''' be a [[medication]] dem use to decrease [[hyperuricemia|high blood uric acid levels]].<ref name=Patcher2006rev>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C | title = Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol | journal = Pharmacological Reviews | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–114 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16507884 | pmc = 2233605 | doi = 10.1124/pr.58.1.6 }}</ref> E specifically be used to prevent [[gout]], prevent specific types of [[kidney stones]] den for de high uric acid levels wey fi occur plus [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | hdl-access=free | page = 39}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2016/> Dem dey take am [[Oral administration|orally]] (by mouth) anaa [[intravenously]] (dem inject into a vein).<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Allopurinol|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/allopurinol.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429134301/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/allopurinol.html|archive-date=29 April 2016}}</ref> Common side effects wen dem use orally dey include itchiness den rash.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Common side effects wen dem use by injection dey include [[vomiting]] den [[kidney problems]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> While e no be recommended historically, starting allopurinol during an attack of gout dey appear to be safe.<ref name=Rob2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robinson PC, Stamp LK | title = The management of gout: Much has changed | journal = Australian Family Physician | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 299–302 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27166465 }}</ref><ref name="Satpanich">{{cite journal | vauthors = Satpanich P, Pongsittisak W, Manavathongchai S | title = Early versus Late Allopurinol Initiation in Acute Gout Flare (ELAG): a randomized controlled trial | journal = Clinical Rheumatology | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 213–221 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 34406530 | doi = 10.1007/s10067-021-05872-8 | ref = 6 | s2cid = 237156638 }}</ref> Insyd those already on de medication, e for be continued even during an acute gout attack.<ref name=Rob2016/><ref name=WHO2008/> While ein use during [[pregnancy]] no dey appear to result in harm, dis use no be well studied.<ref name="Drugs.com Pregnancy">{{cite web|title=Allopurinol Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/allopurinol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031050/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/allopurinol.html|archive-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> Allopurinol dey insyd de [[xanthine oxidase inhibitor]] family of medications.<ref name=AHFS2016/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] czf361ynuwng47ji4deretn6b3ixhwa 0 31187 115493 2026-11-01T23:10:15Z ~2026-58394-02 8650 Added biographical information about Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde 115493 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde''', popularly known as '''ALINATION''', is a Nigerian entrepreneur and digital content creator. He is associated with Alinationrecord and FAHMDOQSTV, brands involved in music and entertainment. == Early life == Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde was born in Lagos, Nigeria. He developed an interest in business, entertainment, digital technology, and creative activities. He uses the name ALINATION in his creative and business activities. His interests include music, filmmaking, internet content creation, and technology. Through his activities, he has developed an interest in various areas of the entertainment industry. == Education == Babatunde attended Olomu Community School in the Ajah area of Lagos State, where he received his secondary education. He later attended Lagos State University (LASU). Details about his specific course of study and graduation year require verification from reliable sources. == Career and business == === Business and digital technology === Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde is associated with Alinationrecord, a brand focused on music distribution and support for musicians. The work involves using digital platforms to help musicians distribute their music to audiences. He is also interested in internet-based services, content creation, and the development of digital platforms. === Film and entertainment === Babatunde is associated with FAHMDOQSTV, an entertainment brand involved in filmmaking and online video content. Film titles associated with his work include ''Moba Boys'' and ''OT Business''. Details about his role in each film and their release dates require verification from reliable sources. == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" ! Film title ! Association |- | ''Moba Boys'' | FAHMDOQSTV |- | ''OT Business'' | Film associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde |} == Awards and nominations == No reliable evidence of confirmed awards or nominations has been established in this article. Information may be added to this section when verified by reliable sources. leboakcwcq5twog9wfb0ehq9ewx2ozv 115496 115493 2026-11-01T23:21:23Z ~2026-58394-02 8650 Added biographical information about Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. 115496 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 115498 115496 2026-11-01T23:22:35Z ~2026-58394-02 8650 Added biographical information about Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. 115498 wikitext text/x-wiki Who Is Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde? Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION, is a Nigerian entrepreneur, digital content creator, music distributor, filmmaker, editor, and entertainment professional. He is associated with Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV, creative brands and projects connected with music, digital media, entertainment, and content production. Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde has developed an interest in music, entrepreneurship, digital technology, filmmaking, and online content creation. Through his creative identity, ALINATION, he is building a digital presence that connects entertainment, technology, and creative business. He is interested in developing digital platforms, supporting music distribution, creating online entertainment content, and exploring opportunities within the Nigerian entertainment industry. Age and Personal Background Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde is Nigerian and was born in Lagos, Nigeria. - Full name: Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde - Professional name: ALINATION - Date of birth: December 23, 2007 (reported; verify) - Age: 18 years old as of November 2026 - Nationality: Nigerian - Place of birth: Lagos, Nigeria - Profession: Entrepreneur, digital content creator, music distributor, filmmaker, and entertainment professional - Known for: ALINATION, Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV His professional identity reflects an interest in creative entrepreneurship, digital entertainment, and the development of online platforms. Early Life and Education Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde was born and raised in Lagos, Nigeria. His early interests include entertainment, music, business, and digital technology. He attended Olomu Community School in the Ajah area of Lagos State, where he received his secondary education. He has also been associated with Lagos State University (LASU). Further information about his course of study, academic qualifications, and graduation status should be confirmed through reliable sources. His educational background forms part of his personal development and interest in entrepreneurship and digital creativity. Career and Entrepreneurship Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde is developing his professional identity through entrepreneurship, entertainment, and digital content creation. Under the name ALINATION, he is associated with projects that explore music distribution, online media, video production, digital services, and creative technology. His entrepreneurial interests include building digital brands, developing online platforms, supporting musicians, and creating opportunities within the entertainment industry. His activities reflect an interest in combining technology with creative work and establishing a recognizable digital identity. Alinationrecord Alinationrecord is a music-related brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. The brand focuses on music distribution, digital music services, and support for musicians seeking to share their work with audiences. Through Alinationrecord, ALINATION is associated with the development of a digital music identity and the exploration of opportunities within the music industry. The brand represents his interest in music, creative entrepreneurship, and the use of digital platforms to connect artists with listeners. Alination Edit Alination Edit is a creative identity associated with digital editing and content production. The project reflects an interest in visual creativity, digital media, and the production of online content. Editing and digital production are important areas within the modern entertainment industry, particularly for social media creators, filmmakers, musicians, and online brands. Through Alination Edit, ALINATION is associated with creative digital work and the development of content-related skills. FAHMDOQSTV and Film Entertainment Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde is associated with FAHMDOQSTV, a brand connected with entertainment and online video content. His entertainment-related activities include projects associated with filmmaking, digital media, and online content production. Film titles associated with his work include Moba Boys and OT Business. Further details about the individual productions, release dates, and his specific roles should be confirmed through reliable sources. His interest in film and entertainment reflects his broader involvement in creative media and digital content. Digital Content Creation Digital content creation is an important part of ALINATION's professional identity. His interests include creating and developing online content, exploring digital platforms, and engaging with the entertainment industry. Content creation provides opportunities for musicians, filmmakers, entrepreneurs, and other creatives to share their work with audiences through social media and digital services. ALINATION's activities reflect an interest in these opportunities and in developing a recognizable online presence. Music and Entertainment Interests Music is one of the creative fields associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. His connection with Alinationrecord reflects an interest in music distribution and the development of digital music services. He is also interested in filmmaking, video production, entertainment technology, and online media. His creative interests extend across different areas of entertainment, including music, film, editing, and digital content. Online Presence and Official Social Media Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde uses the professional identity ALINATION across his digital activities. His official social media profiles include: - TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@realalination - X (formerly Twitter): https://x.com/realalination These platforms are associated with his public digital identity and provide channels for sharing content, updates, and entertainment-related activities. Professional Vision ALINATION's professional interests focus on the relationship between entertainment, technology, and entrepreneurship. His activities reflect an interest in developing creative brands, supporting music distribution, producing digital content, and exploring opportunities in online entertainment. Through Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV, he is associated with different areas of the creative and digital economy. His long-term professional interests include developing his digital presence, expanding his creative projects, and exploring opportunities within the Nigerian and international entertainment industries. Conclusion Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION, is a Nigerian entrepreneur and digital content creator associated with music, entertainment, filmmaking, and digital technology. His creative identity is connected with Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV. Through his interests in entrepreneurship, music distribution, online content creation, and entertainment, he continues to develop his professional identity as ALINATION. r8amqwzy4oe3zkiy2pxslaby5uciye1 115501 115498 2026-11-01T23:24:57Z ~2026-58394-02 8650 Added biographical information about Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. 115501 wikitext text/x-wiki Who Is Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde? Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION, is a Nigerian entrepreneur, digital content creator, music distributor, filmmaker, editor, and entertainment professional. He is associated with Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV, creative brands and projects connected with music, digital media, entertainment, and content production. Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde has developed an interest in music, entrepreneurship, digital technology, filmmaking, and online content creation. Through his creative identity, ALINATION, he is building a digital presence that connects entertainment, technology, and creative business. He is interested in developing digital platforms, supporting music distribution, creating online entertainment content, and exploring opportunities within the Nigerian entertainment industry. Age and Personal Background Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde is Nigerian and was born in Lagos, Nigeria. - Full name: Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde - Professional name: ALINATION - Date of birth: December 23, 2007 (reported; verify) - Age: 18 years old as of November 2026 - Nationality: Nigerian - Place of birth: Lagos, Nigeria - Profession: Entrepreneur, digital content creator, music distributor, filmmaker, and entertainment professional - Known for: ALINATION, Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV His professional identity reflects an interest in creative entrepreneurship, digital entertainment, and the development of online platforms. Early Life and Education Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde was born and raised in Lagos, Nigeria. His early interests include entertainment, music, business, and digital technology. He attended Olomu Community School in the Ajah area of Lagos State, where he received his secondary education. He has also been associated with Lagos State University (LASU). Further information about his course of study, academic qualifications, and graduation status should be confirmed through reliable sources. His educational background forms part of his personal development and interest in entrepreneurship and digital creativity. Career and Entrepreneurship Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde is developing his professional identity through entrepreneurship, entertainment, and digital content creation. Under the name ALINATION, he is associated with projects that explore music distribution, online media, video production, digital services, and creative technology. His entrepreneurial interests include building digital brands, developing online platforms, supporting musicians, and creating opportunities within the entertainment industry. His activities reflect an interest in combining technology with creative work and establishing a recognizable digital identity. Alinationrecord Alinationrecord is a music-related brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. The brand focuses on music distribution, digital music services, and support for musicians seeking to share their work with audiences. Through Alinationrecord, ALINATION is associated with the development of a digital music identity and the exploration of opportunities within the music industry. The brand represents his interest in music, creative entrepreneurship, and the use of digital platforms to connect artists with listeners. Alination Edit Alination Edit is a creative identity associated with digital editing and content production. The project reflects an interest in visual creativity, digital media, and the production of online content. Editing and digital production are important areas within the modern entertainment industry, particularly for social media creators, filmmakers, musicians, and online brands. Through Alination Edit, ALINATION is associated with creative digital work and the development of content-related skills. FAHMDOQSTV and Film Entertainment Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde is associated with FAHMDOQSTV, a brand connected with entertainment and online video content. His entertainment-related activities include projects associated with filmmaking, digital media, and online content production. Film titles associated with his work include Moba Boys and OT Business. Further details about the individual productions, release dates, and his specific roles should be confirmed through reliable sources. His interest in film and entertainment reflects his broader involvement in creative media and digital content. Digital Content Creation Digital content creation is an important part of ALINATION's professional identity. His interests include creating and developing online content, exploring digital platforms, and engaging with the entertainment industry. Content creation provides opportunities for musicians, filmmakers, entrepreneurs, and other creatives to share their work with audiences through social media and digital services. ALINATION's activities reflect an interest in these opportunities and in developing a recognizable online presence. Music and Entertainment Interests Music is one of the creative fields associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. His connection with Alinationrecord reflects an interest in music distribution and the development of digital music services. He is also interested in filmmaking, video production, entertainment technology, and online media. His creative interests extend across different areas of entertainment, including music, film, editing, and digital content. Online Presence and Official Social Media Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde uses the professional identity ALINATION across his digital activities. His official social media profiles include: - TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@realalination - X (formerly Twitter): https://x.com/realalination These platforms are associated with his public digital identity and provide channels for sharing content, updates, and entertainment-related activities. Professional Vision ALINATION's professional interests focus on the relationship between entertainment, technology, and entrepreneurship. His activities reflect an interest in developing creative brands, supporting music distribution, producing digital content, and exploring opportunities in online entertainment. Through Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV, he is associated with different areas of the creative and digital economy. His long-term professional interests include developing his digital presence, expanding his creative projects, and exploring opportunities within the Nigerian and international entertainment industries. Conclusion Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION, is a Nigerian entrepreneur and digital content creator associated with music, entertainment, filmmaking, and digital technology. His creative identity is connected with Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV. Through his interests in entrepreneurship, music distribution, online content creation, and entertainment, he continues to develop his professional identity as ALINATION. tu1phsqkmvs2bnd0nk8jgjybsmua9sk 115507 115501 2026-11-01T23:30:35Z ~2026-58394-02 8650 Added biographical information about Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. 115507 wikitext text/x-wiki ABOUT AJANAKU ALIU BABATUNDE (ALINATION) Personal Profile Full Name: Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Professional Name: ALINATION Nationality: Nigerian Place of Birth: Lagos, Nigeria Date of Birth: December 23, 2007 (reported; verify) Age: 18 years old (as of November 2026, if the reported birth date is correct) Profession: Entrepreneur, Music Artist, Digital Content Creator, Filmmaker, Music Distributor, and Entertainment Professional Associated Brands: Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, FAHMDOQSTV --- Who Is Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde? Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, popularly known as ALINATION, is a Nigerian entrepreneur, music artist, digital content creator, and entertainment professional with interests in music, filmmaking, digital technology, and online media. He is associated with Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV, creative brands connected with music distribution, digital content creation, editing, and entertainment. Through his professional identity, ALINATION is developing a presence in the digital entertainment industry while exploring opportunities in entrepreneurship, music, and creative media. Early Life and Background Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde was born in Lagos, Nigeria. From an early stage, he developed an interest in entertainment, business, technology, and creative activities. His interests include music, filmmaking, digital content creation, online media, and entrepreneurship. He uses the name ALINATION as his professional identity across his creative and business-related activities. Education Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde attended Olomu Community School in the Ajah area of Lagos State, where he received his secondary education. He has also been associated with Lagos State University (LASU). Further details about his course of study and academic qualifications should be verified through reliable sources. Career and Entrepreneurship ALINATION is associated with various creative and entrepreneurial activities involving music, digital technology, entertainment, and content production. His professional interests include building digital brands, developing online platforms, supporting music distribution, and creating entertainment-related content. His activities reflect an interest in combining creativity with technology and entrepreneurship. Alinationrecord Alinationrecord is a music-related brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. The brand focuses on music distribution and digital music services, with an interest in helping musicians share their work with audiences. Through Alinationrecord, ALINATION is associated with the development of a music-related digital identity and the exploration of opportunities within the music industry. Alination Edit Alination Edit is a creative identity associated with digital editing and content production. The project reflects an interest in visual creativity, online media, and digital content development. Editing and digital production are important parts of the modern entertainment industry, particularly for musicians, filmmakers, social media creators, and online brands. FAHMDOQSTV and Entertainment Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde is associated with FAHMDOQSTV, an entertainment-related brand connected with filmmaking and online video content. His entertainment interests include film production, digital media, and online content creation. Film titles associated with his work include Moba Boys and OT Business. Additional information about his specific roles in these productions should be confirmed through reliable sources. Music and Creative Interests Music is one of the creative fields associated with ALINATION. His interests include music distribution, entertainment, filmmaking, editing, and digital content creation. Through his associated brands, he is involved in exploring opportunities across different areas of the creative industry. Digital Content Creation Digital content creation is an important part of ALINATION's professional identity. His interests include creating online content, exploring digital platforms, and developing entertainment-related projects. Digital media provides opportunities for artists, entrepreneurs, filmmakers, and content creators to reach audiences through social media and online services. Official Social Media Links TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@realalination X (Twitter): https://x.com/realalination These are the official social media links provided for ALINATION. Professional Vision ALINATION's professional interests focus on the relationship between entertainment, technology, and entrepreneurship. His activities are associated with music distribution, digital content creation, editing, and entertainment-related projects. Through Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV, he is developing a creative identity connected with different areas of the digital entertainment industry. His interests include expanding his digital presence, developing creative projects, and exploring opportunities within the Nigerian and international entertainment industries. Conclusion Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION, is a Nigerian entrepreneur and digital content creator associated with music, entertainment, filmmaking, and digital technology. His professional identity is connected with Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV. Through his interests in entrepreneurship, music distribution, online content creation, and entertainment, he continues to develop his creative and professional identity as ALINATION. afgkqwt6zmplsr0uroml3iptrmrm24m 115509 115507 2026-11-01T23:34:55Z DaSupremo 9 Article not in Ghanaian Pidgin and written in a form of CV 115509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete}} ABOUT AJANAKU ALIU BABATUNDE (ALINATION) Personal Profile Full Name: Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Professional Name: ALINATION Nationality: Nigerian Place of Birth: Lagos, Nigeria Date of Birth: December 23, 2007 (reported; verify) Age: 18 years old (as of November 2026, if the reported birth date is correct) Profession: Entrepreneur, Music Artist, Digital Content Creator, Filmmaker, Music Distributor, and Entertainment Professional Associated Brands: Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, FAHMDOQSTV --- Who Is Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde? Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, popularly known as ALINATION, is a Nigerian entrepreneur, music artist, digital content creator, and entertainment professional with interests in music, filmmaking, digital technology, and online media. He is associated with Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV, creative brands connected with music distribution, digital content creation, editing, and entertainment. Through his professional identity, ALINATION is developing a presence in the digital entertainment industry while exploring opportunities in entrepreneurship, music, and creative media. Early Life and Background Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde was born in Lagos, Nigeria. From an early stage, he developed an interest in entertainment, business, technology, and creative activities. His interests include music, filmmaking, digital content creation, online media, and entrepreneurship. He uses the name ALINATION as his professional identity across his creative and business-related activities. Education Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde attended Olomu Community School in the Ajah area of Lagos State, where he received his secondary education. He has also been associated with Lagos State University (LASU). Further details about his course of study and academic qualifications should be verified through reliable sources. Career and Entrepreneurship ALINATION is associated with various creative and entrepreneurial activities involving music, digital technology, entertainment, and content production. His professional interests include building digital brands, developing online platforms, supporting music distribution, and creating entertainment-related content. His activities reflect an interest in combining creativity with technology and entrepreneurship. Alinationrecord Alinationrecord is a music-related brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. The brand focuses on music distribution and digital music services, with an interest in helping musicians share their work with audiences. Through Alinationrecord, ALINATION is associated with the development of a music-related digital identity and the exploration of opportunities within the music industry. Alination Edit Alination Edit is a creative identity associated with digital editing and content production. The project reflects an interest in visual creativity, online media, and digital content development. Editing and digital production are important parts of the modern entertainment industry, particularly for musicians, filmmakers, social media creators, and online brands. FAHMDOQSTV and Entertainment Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde is associated with FAHMDOQSTV, an entertainment-related brand connected with filmmaking and online video content. His entertainment interests include film production, digital media, and online content creation. Film titles associated with his work include Moba Boys and OT Business. Additional information about his specific roles in these productions should be confirmed through reliable sources. Music and Creative Interests Music is one of the creative fields associated with ALINATION. His interests include music distribution, entertainment, filmmaking, editing, and digital content creation. Through his associated brands, he is involved in exploring opportunities across different areas of the creative industry. Digital Content Creation Digital content creation is an important part of ALINATION's professional identity. His interests include creating online content, exploring digital platforms, and developing entertainment-related projects. Digital media provides opportunities for artists, entrepreneurs, filmmakers, and content creators to reach audiences through social media and online services. Official Social Media Links TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@realalination X (Twitter): https://x.com/realalination These are the official social media links provided for ALINATION. Professional Vision ALINATION's professional interests focus on the relationship between entertainment, technology, and entrepreneurship. His activities are associated with music distribution, digital content creation, editing, and entertainment-related projects. Through Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV, he is developing a creative identity connected with different areas of the digital entertainment industry. His interests include expanding his digital presence, developing creative projects, and exploring opportunities within the Nigerian and international entertainment industries. Conclusion Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION, is a Nigerian entrepreneur and digital content creator associated with music, entertainment, filmmaking, and digital technology. His professional identity is connected with Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, and FAHMDOQSTV. Through his interests in entrepreneurship, music distribution, online content creation, and entertainment, he continues to develop his creative and professional identity as ALINATION. 119coqru999ls7bwsncy47hran8u481 115531 115509 2026-11-02T07:49:32Z Anittasluch 8651 Added biographical info insyd Ghanaian Pidgin 115531 wikitext text/x-wiki Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, wey dem popularly know as '''ALINATION''', be Ghanaian/Nigerian entrepreneur, digital content creator, music distributor, filmmaker, den entertainment professional. E dey associated plus Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, den FAHMDOQSTV, wey be creative brands connected plus music, entertainment, digital media, den content production. == Who Be Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde? == ALINATION dey develop ein identity for de entertainment industry insyd through entrepreneurship, music, filmmaking, digital technology, den online content creation. Ein professional interests dey include to build digital brands, support music distribution, produce online content, den explore opportunities for de creative industry insyd. == Personal Info == * '''Full Name:''' Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde * '''Professional Name:''' ALINATION * '''Date of Birth:''' December 23, 2007 (reported; verify before publishing) * '''Age:''' 18 years old as of November 2026, if de reported birth date be correct. * '''Nationality:''' Nigerian * '''Place of Birth:''' Lagos, Nigeria * '''Profession:''' Entrepreneur, Digital Content Creator, Music Distributor, Filmmaker, den Entertainment Professional * '''Known For:''' ALINATION, Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, den FAHMDOQSTV == Early Life den Background == Dem born Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde for Lagos, Nigeria insyd. From early stage, e develop interest for entertainment, entrepreneurship, music, den digital technology insyd. E dey use de professional name ALINATION across ein creative den business activities. Ein interests dey extend across music, filmmaking, online content creation, digital editing, den technology. == Education == Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde attend Olomu Community School for Ajah area of Lagos State insyd, whesso e get ein secondary education. Dem also associate am plus Lagos State University (LASU). Further details about ein specific course of study den graduation status suppose confirm before dem go present am as established facts. == Career den Entrepreneurship == ALINATION dey associated plus several creative den digital projects. Ein professional interests include music distribution, digital content creation, entertainment, filmmaking, den online media. Through ein activities, e dey develop professional identity wey dey connect creative work plus entrepreneurship den digital technology. === Alinationrecord === Alinationrecord be music-related brand wey dey associated plus Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. De brand dey focus on music distribution den digital music services to help musicians share dema work plus audiences through digital platforms. === Alination Edit === Alination Edit be creative identity associated plus digital editing den content production. De project dey reflect interest for visual creativity, digital media, den online content creation insyd. === FAHMDOQSTV === FAHMDOQSTV be entertainment-related brand wey dey connected plus filmmaking, online video content, den entertainment projects. Film titles associated plus ein work include ''Moba Boys'' den ''OT Business''. [[Category:People from Lagos]] [[Category:Nigerian entrepreneurs]] rj5nlmep082ime8xl9720t4e7ddq61g 115532 115531 2026-11-02T08:02:07Z Anittasluch 8651 Added biographical info insyd Ghanaian Pidgin 115532 wikitext text/x-wiki Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, wey dem popularly know as '''ALINATION''', be Ghanaian/Nigerian entrepreneur, digital content creator, music distributor, filmmaker, den entertainment professional. E dey associated plus Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, den FAHMDOQSTV, wey be creative brands connected plus music, entertainment, digital media, den content production. == Who Be Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde? == ALINATION dey develop ein identity for de entertainment industry insyd through entrepreneurship, music, filmmaking, digital technology, den online content creation. Ein professional interests dey include to build digital brands, support music distribution, produce online content, den explore opportunities for de creative industry insyd. == Personal Info == * '''Full Name:''' Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde * '''Professional Name:''' ALINATION * '''Date of Birth:''' December 23, 2007 (reported; verify before publishing) * '''Age:''' 18 years old as of November 2026, if de reported birth date be correct. * '''Nationality:''' Nigerian * '''Place of Birth:''' Lagos, Nigeria * '''Profession:''' Entrepreneur, Digital Content Creator, Music Distributor, Filmmaker, den Entertainment Professional * '''Known For:''' ALINATION, Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, den FAHMDOQSTV == Early Life den Background == Dem born Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde for Lagos, Nigeria insyd. From early stage, e develop interest for entertainment, entrepreneurship, music, den digital technology insyd. E dey use de professional name ALINATION across ein creative den business activities. Ein interests dey extend across music, filmmaking, online content creation, digital editing, den technology. == Education == Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde attend Olomu Community School for Ajah area of Lagos State insyd, whesso e get ein secondary education. Dem also associate am plus Lagos State University (LASU). Further details about ein specific course of study den graduation status suppose confirm before dem go present am as established facts. == Career den Entrepreneurship == ALINATION dey associated plus several creative den digital projects. Ein professional interests include music distribution, digital content creation, entertainment, filmmaking, den online media. Through ein activities, e dey develop professional identity wey dey connect creative work plus entrepreneurship den digital technology. === Alinationrecord === Alinationrecord be music-related brand wey dey associated plus Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. De brand dey focus on music distribution den digital music services to help musicians share dema work plus audiences through digital platforms. === Alination Edit === Alination Edit be creative identity associated plus digital editing den content production. De project dey reflect interest for visual creativity, digital media, den online content creation insyd. === FAHMDOQSTV === FAHMDOQSTV be entertainment-related brand wey dey connected plus filmmaking, online video content, den entertainment projects. Film titles associated plus ein work include ''Moba Boys'' den ''OT Business''. [[Category:People from Lagos]] [[Category:Nigerian entrepreneurs]] Https://www.vanguardngr.com/2007/12/Ajanaku-aliu-babatunde https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanaku_Aliu_Babatunde https://www.wiki.name.ng/public_figure/meet-ajanaku-aliu-babatunde-the-nigeria-entrepreneur-exploring-music-entertainment-and-technology/ https://musicinafrica.net/directory-professional/alinationrecord/ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm18981299/ t13z3mhcul0rip8hfeaqoub4x79lh0n 115533 115532 2026-11-02T09:17:53Z Anittasluch 8651 Ajout d'informations biographiques sur Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. 115533 wikitext text/x-wiki Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, wey dem popularly know as '''ALINATION''', be Nigerian entrepreneur, digital content creator, music distributor, filmmaker, den entertainment professional. E dey associated plus Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, den FAHMDOQSTV, wey be creative brands connected plus music, entertainment, digital media, den content production. == Who Be Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde? == ALINATION dey develop ein identity for de entertainment industry insyd through entrepreneurship, music, filmmaking, digital technology, den online content creation. Ein professional interests dey include to build digital brands, support music distribution, produce online content, den explore opportunities for de creative industry insyd. == Personal Info == * '''Full Name:''' Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde * '''Professional Name:''' ALINATION * '''Date of Birth:''' December 23, 2007 (reported; verify before publishing) * '''Age:''' 18 years old as of November 2026, if de reported birth date be correct. * '''Nationality:''' Nigerian * '''Place of Birth:''' Lagos, Nigeria * '''Profession:''' Entrepreneur, Digital Content Creator, Music Distributor, Filmmaker, den Entertainment Professional * '''Known For:''' ALINATION, Alinationrecord, Alination Edit, den FAHMDOQSTV == Early Life den Background == Dem born Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde for Lagos, Nigeria insyd. From early stage, e develop interest for entertainment, entrepreneurship, music, den digital technology insyd. E dey use de professional name ALINATION across ein creative den business activities. Ein interests dey extend across music, filmmaking, online content creation, digital editing, den technology. == Education == Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde attend Olomu Community School for Ajah area of Lagos State insyd, whesso e get ein secondary education. Dem also associate am plus Lagos State University (LASU). Further details about ein specific course of study den graduation status suppose confirm before dem go present am as established facts. == Career den Entrepreneurship == ALINATION dey associated plus several creative den digital projects. Ein professional interests include music distribution, digital content creation, entertainment, filmmaking, den online media. Through ein activities, e dey develop professional identity wey dey connect creative work plus entrepreneurship den digital technology. === Alinationrecord === Alinationrecord be music-related brand wey dey associated plus Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. De brand dey focus on music distribution den digital music services to help musicians share dema work plus audiences through digital platforms. === Alination Edit === Alination Edit be creative identity associated plus digital editing den content production. De project dey reflect interest for visual creativity, digital media, den online content creation insyd. === FAHMDOQSTV === FAHMDOQSTV be entertainment-related brand wey dey connected plus filmmaking, online video content, den entertainment projects. Film titles associated plus ein work include ''Moba Boys'' den ''OT Business''. [[Category:People from Lagos]] [[Category:Nigerian entrepreneurs]] Https://www.vanguardngr.com/2007/12/Ajanaku-aliu-babatunde https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanaku_Aliu_Babatunde https://www.wiki.name.ng/public_figure/meet-ajanaku-aliu-babatunde-the-nigeria-entrepreneur-exploring-music-entertainment-and-technology/ https://musicinafrica.net/directory-professional/alinationrecord/ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm18981299/ crx74xeuvjzxledxm6n7povhyi02fcr 0 31188 115536 2026-11-02T09:30:09Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502901|Lactose intolerance]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115536 wikitext text/x-wiki la 7cvsr9bmhi3q7bql6930jpe2ea39uv5 115541 115536 2026-11-02T10:07:17Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lactose intolerance''' be a lessened ability anaa a complete inability to digest [[lactose]], a sugar dem find insyd [[dairy product]]s.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Humans dey vary insyd de amount of lactose dem fi tolerate before symptoms develop.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Symptoms fi include [[abdominal pain]], [[bloating]], [[diarrhea]], [[flatulence]], den [[nausea]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Dese symptoms typically dey start thirty minutes to two hours after eating anaa drinking something wey dey contain lactose,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> plus de severity wey typically dey depend on de amount consumed.<ref name=NIH2014Dig>{{cite web|title=Lactose Intolerance|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance?dkrd=hispt0264|website=NIDDK|access-date=25 October 2016|date=June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025111752/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Lactose intolerance no dey cause damage to de [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name=Heyman2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heyman MB | s2cid = 2996092 | title = Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 1279–86 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16951027 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-1721 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006Pedia.118.1279H }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] b6oefidow5cuigrgbk7f0tju3v06ubm 115542 115541 2026-11-02T10:14:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lactose intolerance''' be a lessened ability anaa a complete inability to digest [[lactose]], a sugar dem find insyd [[dairy product]]s.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Humans dey vary insyd de amount of lactose dem fi tolerate before symptoms develop.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Symptoms fi include [[abdominal pain]], [[bloating]], [[diarrhea]], [[flatulence]], den [[nausea]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Dese symptoms typically dey start thirty minutes to two hours after eating anaa drinking something wey dey contain lactose,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> plus de severity wey typically dey depend on de amount consumed.<ref name=NIH2014Dig>{{cite web|title=Lactose Intolerance|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance?dkrd=hispt0264|website=NIDDK|access-date=25 October 2016|date=June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025111752/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Lactose intolerance no dey cause damage to de [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name=Heyman2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heyman MB | s2cid = 2996092 | title = Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 1279–86 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16951027 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-1721 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006Pedia.118.1279H }}</ref> Lactose intolerance be secof de lack of de [[enzyme]] [[lactase]] insyd de [[small intestines]] to break lactose down into [[glucose]] den [[galactose]].<ref name=Stat2020>{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=TF |last2=Panuganti |first2=KK |chapter=Lactose Intolerance |title=(StatPearls [Internet]) |publisher=StatPearls |date=January 2020 |pmid=30335318 |id=NBK532285 }}</ref> Der be four types: primary, secondary, developmental, den congenital.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Primary lactose intolerance dey occur as de amount of lactase dey decline as people dey grow up.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Secondary lactose intolerance be secof injury to de small intestine. Such injury fi be de result of infection, [[celiac disease]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], anaa oda diseases.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=BerniCananiPezzella2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berni Canani R, Pezzella V, Amoroso A, Cozzolino T, Di Scala C, Passariello A | title = Diagnosing and Treating Intolerance to Carbohydrates in Children | journal = Nutrients | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | page = 157 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26978392 | pmc = 4808885 | doi = 10.3390/nu8030157 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Developmental lactose intolerance fi occur insyd [[premature babies]] den usually dey improve over a short period of time.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Congenital lactose intolerance be an extremely rare [[genetic disorder]] insyd wich little anaa no lactase be made from birth.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> De reduction of lactase production dey start typically insyd late kiddie time anaa early adulthood,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> den prevalence dey increase plus age. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] e3rs38i3e4mydamwi1ih15nb2flxa25 115543 115542 2026-11-02T10:17:41Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lactose intolerance''' be a lessened ability anaa a complete inability to digest [[lactose]], a sugar dem find insyd [[dairy product]]s.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Humans dey vary insyd de amount of lactose dem fi tolerate before symptoms develop.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Symptoms fi include [[abdominal pain]], [[bloating]], [[diarrhea]], [[flatulence]], den [[nausea]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Dese symptoms typically dey start thirty minutes to two hours after eating anaa drinking something wey dey contain lactose,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> plus de severity wey typically dey depend on de amount consumed.<ref name=NIH2014Dig>{{cite web|title=Lactose Intolerance|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance?dkrd=hispt0264|website=NIDDK|access-date=25 October 2016|date=June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025111752/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Lactose intolerance no dey cause damage to de [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name=Heyman2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heyman MB | s2cid = 2996092 | title = Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 1279–86 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16951027 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-1721 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006Pedia.118.1279H }}</ref> Lactose intolerance be secof de lack of de [[enzyme]] [[lactase]] insyd de [[small intestines]] to break lactose down into [[glucose]] den [[galactose]].<ref name=Stat2020>{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=TF |last2=Panuganti |first2=KK |chapter=Lactose Intolerance |title=(StatPearls [Internet]) |publisher=StatPearls |date=January 2020 |pmid=30335318 |id=NBK532285 }}</ref> Der be four types: primary, secondary, developmental, den congenital.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Primary lactose intolerance dey occur as de amount of lactase dey decline as people dey grow up.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Secondary lactose intolerance be secof injury to de small intestine. Such injury fi be de result of infection, [[celiac disease]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], anaa oda diseases.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=BerniCananiPezzella2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berni Canani R, Pezzella V, Amoroso A, Cozzolino T, Di Scala C, Passariello A | title = Diagnosing and Treating Intolerance to Carbohydrates in Children | journal = Nutrients | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | page = 157 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26978392 | pmc = 4808885 | doi = 10.3390/nu8030157 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Developmental lactose intolerance fi occur insyd [[premature babies]] den usually dey improve over a short period of time.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Congenital lactose intolerance be an extremely rare [[genetic disorder]] insyd wich little anaa no lactase be made from birth.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> De reduction of lactase production dey start typically insyd late kiddie time anaa early adulthood,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> den prevalence dey increase plus age. Diagnosis fi be confirmed if symptoms resolve dey follow eliminating lactose from de diet.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Oda supporting tests dey include a [[hydrogen breath test]] den a [[stool acidity test]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Oda conditions wey fi produce similar symptoms dey include [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], den [[inflammatory bowel disease]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Lactose intolerance be different from a [[milk allergy]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Management be typically by decreasing de amount of lactose insyd de diet, taking [[lactase supplements]] (de amount of supplements for be based on de amount of lactose consumed), anaa treating de underlying disease.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=Vandenplas2015 /> People typically be able to drink at least one cup of milk widout developing symptoms, plus greater amounts tolerated if dem drink plus a meal anaa thru out de day.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=SuchyBrannon2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suchy FJ, Brannon PM, Carpenter TO, Fernandez JR, Gilsanz V, Gould JB, Hall K, Hui SL, Lupton J, Mennella J, Miller NJ, Osganian SK, Sellmeyer DE, Wolf MA | title = NIH consensus development conference statement: Lactose intolerance and health | journal = NIH Consensus and State-Of-The-Science Statements | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–27 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20186234 | url = https://consensus.nih.gov/2010/lactosestatement.htm | type = Consensus Development Conference, NIH. Review | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161218125118/https://consensus.nih.gov/2010/lactosestatement.htm | archive-date = 2016-12-18 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4bh6yr4j3sdzelbw8h0nojqklhl1f5u 115544 115543 2026-11-02T10:20:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lactose intolerance''' be a lessened ability anaa a complete inability to digest [[lactose]], a sugar dem find insyd [[dairy product]]s.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Humans dey vary insyd de amount of lactose dem fi tolerate before symptoms develop.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Symptoms fi include [[abdominal pain]], [[bloating]], [[diarrhea]], [[flatulence]], den [[nausea]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Dese symptoms typically dey start thirty minutes to two hours after eating anaa drinking something wey dey contain lactose,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> plus de severity wey typically dey depend on de amount consumed.<ref name=NIH2014Dig>{{cite web|title=Lactose Intolerance|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance?dkrd=hispt0264|website=NIDDK|access-date=25 October 2016|date=June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025111752/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Lactose intolerance no dey cause damage to de [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name=Heyman2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heyman MB | s2cid = 2996092 | title = Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 1279–86 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16951027 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-1721 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006Pedia.118.1279H }}</ref> Lactose intolerance be secof de lack of de [[enzyme]] [[lactase]] insyd de [[small intestines]] to break lactose down into [[glucose]] den [[galactose]].<ref name=Stat2020>{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=TF |last2=Panuganti |first2=KK |chapter=Lactose Intolerance |title=(StatPearls [Internet]) |publisher=StatPearls |date=January 2020 |pmid=30335318 |id=NBK532285 }}</ref> Der be four types: primary, secondary, developmental, den congenital.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Primary lactose intolerance dey occur as de amount of lactase dey decline as people dey grow up.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Secondary lactose intolerance be secof injury to de small intestine. Such injury fi be de result of infection, [[celiac disease]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], anaa oda diseases.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=BerniCananiPezzella2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berni Canani R, Pezzella V, Amoroso A, Cozzolino T, Di Scala C, Passariello A | title = Diagnosing and Treating Intolerance to Carbohydrates in Children | journal = Nutrients | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | page = 157 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26978392 | pmc = 4808885 | doi = 10.3390/nu8030157 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Developmental lactose intolerance fi occur insyd [[premature babies]] den usually dey improve over a short period of time.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Congenital lactose intolerance be an extremely rare [[genetic disorder]] insyd wich little anaa no lactase be made from birth.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> De reduction of lactase production dey start typically insyd late kiddie time anaa early adulthood,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> den prevalence dey increase plus age. Diagnosis fi be confirmed if symptoms resolve dey follow eliminating lactose from de diet.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Oda supporting tests dey include a [[hydrogen breath test]] den a [[stool acidity test]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Oda conditions wey fi produce similar symptoms dey include [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], den [[inflammatory bowel disease]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Lactose intolerance be different from a [[milk allergy]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Management be typically by decreasing de amount of lactose insyd de diet, taking [[lactase supplements]] (de amount of supplements for be based on de amount of lactose consumed), anaa treating de underlying disease.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=Vandenplas2015 /> People typically be able to drink at least one cup of milk widout developing symptoms, plus greater amounts tolerated if dem drink plus a meal anaa thru out de day.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=SuchyBrannon2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suchy FJ, Brannon PM, Carpenter TO, Fernandez JR, Gilsanz V, Gould JB, Hall K, Hui SL, Lupton J, Mennella J, Miller NJ, Osganian SK, Sellmeyer DE, Wolf MA | title = NIH consensus development conference statement: Lactose intolerance and health | journal = NIH Consensus and State-Of-The-Science Statements | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–27 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20186234 | url = https://consensus.nih.gov/2010/lactosestatement.htm | type = Consensus Development Conference, NIH. Review | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161218125118/https://consensus.nih.gov/2010/lactosestatement.htm | archive-date = 2016-12-18 }}</ref> Worldwide, around 65% of adults be affected by lactose malabsorption.<ref name=Bayless2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bayless TM, Brown E, Paige DM | s2cid = 2941077 | title = Lactase Non-persistence and Lactose Intolerance | journal = Current Gastroenterology Reports | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | article-number = 23 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28421381 | doi = 10.1007/s11894-017-0558-9 }}</ref> Oda [[mammals]] usually dey loose de ability to digest lactose after [[weaning]]. Lactose intolerance be de [[ancestral state]] of all humans before de [[Recent human evolution|recent evolution]] of [[lactase persistence]] insyd sam populations, wich dey extend lactose tolerance into adulthood.<ref name="Genetics of lactase persistence and"/> Lactase persistence evolve insyd several populations independently, probably as an adaptation to de [[domestication]] of [[dairy animals]] around 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ségurel L, Bon C | title = On the Evolution of Lactase Persistence in Humans | journal = Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 297–319 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28426286 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-genom-091416-035340 }}</ref><ref name="Lactose digestion and the evolution">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ingram CJ, Mulcare CA, Itan Y, Thomas MG, Swallow DM | s2cid = 3329285 | title = Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 124 | issue = 6 | pages = 579–91 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19034520 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-008-0593-6 }}</ref> Today de prevalence of lactose tolerance dey vary widely between regions den ethnic groups. De ability to digest lactose most be common insyd people of Northern European descent, den to a lesser extent insyd sam parts of [[Central Asia]], [[West Asia]], den [[Africa]].<ref name=Bayless2017/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] j5okerpjszbbicqdu37j3y7hd013swh 115545 115544 2026-11-02T10:23:00Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lactose intolerance''' be a lessened ability anaa a complete inability to digest [[lactose]], a sugar dem find insyd [[dairy product]]s.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Humans dey vary insyd de amount of lactose dem fi tolerate before symptoms develop.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Symptoms fi include [[abdominal pain]], [[bloating]], [[diarrhea]], [[flatulence]], den [[nausea]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Dese symptoms typically dey start thirty minutes to two hours after eating anaa drinking something wey dey contain lactose,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> plus de severity wey typically dey depend on de amount consumed.<ref name=NIH2014Dig>{{cite web|title=Lactose Intolerance|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance?dkrd=hispt0264|website=NIDDK|access-date=25 October 2016|date=June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025111752/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Lactose intolerance no dey cause damage to de [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name=Heyman2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heyman MB | s2cid = 2996092 | title = Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 1279–86 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16951027 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-1721 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006Pedia.118.1279H }}</ref> Lactose intolerance be secof de lack of de [[enzyme]] [[lactase]] insyd de [[small intestines]] to break lactose down into [[glucose]] den [[galactose]].<ref name=Stat2020>{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=TF |last2=Panuganti |first2=KK |chapter=Lactose Intolerance |title=(StatPearls [Internet]) |publisher=StatPearls |date=January 2020 |pmid=30335318 |id=NBK532285 }}</ref> Der be four types: primary, secondary, developmental, den congenital.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Primary lactose intolerance dey occur as de amount of lactase dey decline as people dey grow up.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Secondary lactose intolerance be secof injury to de small intestine. Such injury fi be de result of infection, [[celiac disease]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], anaa oda diseases.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=BerniCananiPezzella2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berni Canani R, Pezzella V, Amoroso A, Cozzolino T, Di Scala C, Passariello A | title = Diagnosing and Treating Intolerance to Carbohydrates in Children | journal = Nutrients | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | page = 157 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26978392 | pmc = 4808885 | doi = 10.3390/nu8030157 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Developmental lactose intolerance fi occur insyd [[premature babies]] den usually dey improve over a short period of time.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Congenital lactose intolerance be an extremely rare [[genetic disorder]] insyd wich little anaa no lactase be made from birth.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> De reduction of lactase production dey start typically insyd late kiddie time anaa early adulthood,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> den prevalence dey increase plus age. Diagnosis fi be confirmed if symptoms resolve dey follow eliminating lactose from de diet.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Oda supporting tests dey include a [[hydrogen breath test]] den a [[stool acidity test]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Oda conditions wey fi produce similar symptoms dey include [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], den [[inflammatory bowel disease]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Lactose intolerance be different from a [[milk allergy]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Management be typically by decreasing de amount of lactose insyd de diet, taking [[lactase supplements]] (de amount of supplements for be based on de amount of lactose consumed), anaa treating de underlying disease.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=Vandenplas2015 /> People typically be able to drink at least one cup of milk widout developing symptoms, plus greater amounts tolerated if dem drink plus a meal anaa thru out de day.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=SuchyBrannon2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suchy FJ, Brannon PM, Carpenter TO, Fernandez JR, Gilsanz V, Gould JB, Hall K, Hui SL, Lupton J, Mennella J, Miller NJ, Osganian SK, Sellmeyer DE, Wolf MA | title = NIH consensus development conference statement: Lactose intolerance and health | journal = NIH Consensus and State-Of-The-Science Statements | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–27 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20186234 | url = https://consensus.nih.gov/2010/lactosestatement.htm | type = Consensus Development Conference, NIH. Review | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161218125118/https://consensus.nih.gov/2010/lactosestatement.htm | archive-date = 2016-12-18 }}</ref> Worldwide, around 65% of adults be affected by lactose malabsorption.<ref name=Bayless2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bayless TM, Brown E, Paige DM | s2cid = 2941077 | title = Lactase Non-persistence and Lactose Intolerance | journal = Current Gastroenterology Reports | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | article-number = 23 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28421381 | doi = 10.1007/s11894-017-0558-9 }}</ref> Oda [[mammals]] usually dey loose de ability to digest lactose after [[weaning]]. Lactose intolerance be de [[ancestral state]] of all humans before de [[Recent human evolution|recent evolution]] of [[lactase persistence]] insyd sam populations, wich dey extend lactose tolerance into adulthood.<ref name="Genetics of lactase persistence and"/> Lactase persistence evolve insyd several populations independently, probably as an adaptation to de [[domestication]] of [[dairy animals]] around 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ségurel L, Bon C | title = On the Evolution of Lactase Persistence in Humans | journal = Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 297–319 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28426286 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-genom-091416-035340 }}</ref><ref name="Lactose digestion and the evolution">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ingram CJ, Mulcare CA, Itan Y, Thomas MG, Swallow DM | s2cid = 3329285 | title = Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 124 | issue = 6 | pages = 579–91 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19034520 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-008-0593-6 }}</ref> Today de prevalence of lactose tolerance dey vary widely between regions den ethnic groups. De ability to digest lactose most be common insyd people of Northern European descent, den to a lesser extent insyd sam parts of [[Central Asia]], [[West Asia]], den [[Africa]].<ref name=Bayless2017/> Lactose intolerance most be common among people of East Asian descent (plus 90% lactose intolerance), people of Jewish descent, people insyd [[Africa|African]] den [[Arab countries]], den among sam people of Southern European descent. [[Traditional food]] cultures dey reflect local variations insyd tolerance den historically chaw societies adapt to low levels of tolerance by making [[dairy product]]s wey dey contain less lactose dan fresh milk.<ref name="SilanikoveLeitner2015" /> One ethnographic example of dis be ''[[kumis]]'', a fermented milk product wey dey contain little to no lactose, wich be de main source of dairy nutrition insyd [[Mongolia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdel-Salam |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Al-Dekheil |first2=Ali |last3=Babkr |first3=Ali |last4=Farahna |first4=Mohammed |last5=Mousa |first5=Hassan M. |title=High fiber probiotic fermented mare's milk reduces the toxic effects of mercury in rats |journal=North American Journal of Medical Sciences |pages=569–575 |doi=10.4297/najms.2010.2569 |date=December 2010 |volume=2 |issue=12 |pmid=22558569 |pmc=3338224 |quote="Fermentation destroys lactose in milk, converting it into lactic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide. This makes kumis acceptable for lactose intolerant people. Traditional kumis is prepared by mixing fermented milk with fresh raw mares' milk."}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] gzma7zke1rmx1rhoi03oszt8rey71w5 115546 115545 2026-11-02T10:25:38Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lactose intolerance''' be a lessened ability anaa a complete inability to digest [[lactose]], a sugar dem find insyd [[dairy product]]s.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Humans dey vary insyd de amount of lactose dem fi tolerate before symptoms develop.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Symptoms fi include [[abdominal pain]], [[bloating]], [[diarrhea]], [[flatulence]], den [[nausea]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Dese symptoms typically dey start thirty minutes to two hours after eating anaa drinking something wey dey contain lactose,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> plus de severity wey typically dey depend on de amount consumed.<ref name=NIH2014Dig>{{cite web|title=Lactose Intolerance|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance?dkrd=hispt0264|website=NIDDK|access-date=25 October 2016|date=June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025111752/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Lactose intolerance no dey cause damage to de [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name=Heyman2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heyman MB | s2cid = 2996092 | title = Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 1279–86 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16951027 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-1721 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006Pedia.118.1279H }}</ref> Lactose intolerance be secof de lack of de [[enzyme]] [[lactase]] insyd de [[small intestines]] to break lactose down into [[glucose]] den [[galactose]].<ref name=Stat2020>{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=TF |last2=Panuganti |first2=KK |chapter=Lactose Intolerance |title=(StatPearls [Internet]) |publisher=StatPearls |date=January 2020 |pmid=30335318 |id=NBK532285 }}</ref> Der be four types: primary, secondary, developmental, den congenital.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Primary lactose intolerance dey occur as de amount of lactase dey decline as people dey grow up.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Secondary lactose intolerance be secof injury to de small intestine. Such injury fi be de result of infection, [[celiac disease]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], anaa oda diseases.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=BerniCananiPezzella2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berni Canani R, Pezzella V, Amoroso A, Cozzolino T, Di Scala C, Passariello A | title = Diagnosing and Treating Intolerance to Carbohydrates in Children | journal = Nutrients | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | page = 157 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26978392 | pmc = 4808885 | doi = 10.3390/nu8030157 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Developmental lactose intolerance fi occur insyd [[premature babies]] den usually dey improve over a short period of time.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Congenital lactose intolerance be an extremely rare [[genetic disorder]] insyd wich little anaa no lactase be made from birth.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> De reduction of lactase production dey start typically insyd late kiddie time anaa early adulthood,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> den prevalence dey increase plus age. Diagnosis fi be confirmed if symptoms resolve dey follow eliminating lactose from de diet.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Oda supporting tests dey include a [[hydrogen breath test]] den a [[stool acidity test]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Oda conditions wey fi produce similar symptoms dey include [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], den [[inflammatory bowel disease]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Lactose intolerance be different from a [[milk allergy]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Management be typically by decreasing de amount of lactose insyd de diet, taking [[lactase supplements]] (de amount of supplements for be based on de amount of lactose consumed), anaa treating de underlying disease.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=Vandenplas2015 /> People typically be able to drink at least one cup of milk widout developing symptoms, plus greater amounts tolerated if dem drink plus a meal anaa thru out de day.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=SuchyBrannon2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suchy FJ, Brannon PM, Carpenter TO, Fernandez JR, Gilsanz V, Gould JB, Hall K, Hui SL, Lupton J, Mennella J, Miller NJ, Osganian SK, Sellmeyer DE, Wolf MA | title = NIH consensus development conference statement: Lactose intolerance and health | journal = NIH Consensus and State-Of-The-Science Statements | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–27 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20186234 | url = https://consensus.nih.gov/2010/lactosestatement.htm | type = Consensus Development Conference, NIH. Review | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161218125118/https://consensus.nih.gov/2010/lactosestatement.htm | archive-date = 2016-12-18 }}</ref> Worldwide, around 65% of adults be affected by lactose malabsorption.<ref name=Bayless2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bayless TM, Brown E, Paige DM | s2cid = 2941077 | title = Lactase Non-persistence and Lactose Intolerance | journal = Current Gastroenterology Reports | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | article-number = 23 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28421381 | doi = 10.1007/s11894-017-0558-9 }}</ref> Oda [[mammals]] usually dey loose de ability to digest lactose after [[weaning]]. Lactose intolerance be de [[ancestral state]] of all humans before de [[Recent human evolution|recent evolution]] of [[lactase persistence]] insyd sam populations, wich dey extend lactose tolerance into adulthood.<ref name="Genetics of lactase persistence and"/> Lactase persistence evolve insyd several populations independently, probably as an adaptation to de [[domestication]] of [[dairy animals]] around 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ségurel L, Bon C | title = On the Evolution of Lactase Persistence in Humans | journal = Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 297–319 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28426286 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-genom-091416-035340 }}</ref><ref name="Lactose digestion and the evolution">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ingram CJ, Mulcare CA, Itan Y, Thomas MG, Swallow DM | s2cid = 3329285 | title = Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 124 | issue = 6 | pages = 579–91 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19034520 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-008-0593-6 }}</ref> Today de prevalence of lactose tolerance dey vary widely between regions den ethnic groups. De ability to digest lactose most be common insyd people of Northern European descent, den to a lesser extent insyd sam parts of [[Central Asia]], [[West Asia]], den [[Africa]].<ref name=Bayless2017/> Lactose intolerance most be common among people of East Asian descent (plus 90% lactose intolerance), people of Jewish descent, people insyd [[Africa|African]] den [[Arab countries]], den among sam people of Southern European descent. [[Traditional food]] cultures dey reflect local variations insyd tolerance den historically chaw societies adapt to low levels of tolerance by making [[dairy product]]s wey dey contain less lactose dan fresh milk.<ref name="SilanikoveLeitner2015" /> One ethnographic example of dis be ''[[kumis]]'', a fermented milk product wey dey contain little to no lactose, wich be de main source of dairy nutrition insyd [[Mongolia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdel-Salam |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Al-Dekheil |first2=Ali |last3=Babkr |first3=Ali |last4=Farahna |first4=Mohammed |last5=Mousa |first5=Hassan M. |title=High fiber probiotic fermented mare's milk reduces the toxic effects of mercury in rats |journal=North American Journal of Medical Sciences |pages=569–575 |doi=10.4297/najms.2010.2569 |date=December 2010 |volume=2 |issue=12 |pmid=22558569 |pmc=3338224 |quote="Fermentation destroys lactose in milk, converting it into lactic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide. This makes kumis acceptable for lactose intolerant people. Traditional kumis is prepared by mixing fermented milk with fresh raw mares' milk."}}</ref> De [[medicalization]] of lactose intolerance as a disorder be attributed to biases insyd research history, since chaw early studies be conducted amongst populations wich normally be tolerant,<ref name="Genetics of lactase persistence and"/> as well as de cultural den economic importance den impact of milk insyd countries such as de [[United States]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wiley |first1=Andrea S. |title="Drink Milk for Fitness": The Cultural Politics of Human Biological Variation and Milk Consumption in the United States |journal=American Anthropologist |date=2004 |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=506–517 |doi=10.1525/aa.2004.106.3.506 |jstor=3567615 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] pf38shkbpcbtz62ucn45dfr5mmopd0a 115547 115546 2026-11-02T10:26:56Z DaSupremo 9 Fix references 115547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lactose intolerance''' be a lessened ability anaa a complete inability to digest [[lactose]], a sugar dem find insyd [[dairy product]]s.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Humans dey vary insyd de amount of lactose dem fi tolerate before symptoms develop.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Symptoms fi include [[abdominal pain]], [[bloating]], [[diarrhea]], [[flatulence]], den [[nausea]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Dese symptoms typically dey start thirty minutes to two hours after eating anaa drinking something wey dey contain lactose,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> plus de severity wey typically dey depend on de amount consumed.<ref name=NIH2014Dig>{{cite web|title=Lactose Intolerance|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance?dkrd=hispt0264|website=NIDDK|access-date=25 October 2016|date=June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025111752/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Lactose intolerance no dey cause damage to de [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name=Heyman2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heyman MB | s2cid = 2996092 | title = Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 1279–86 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16951027 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-1721 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006Pedia.118.1279H }}</ref> Lactose intolerance be secof de lack of de [[enzyme]] [[lactase]] insyd de [[small intestines]] to break lactose down into [[glucose]] den [[galactose]].<ref name=Stat2020>{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=TF |last2=Panuganti |first2=KK |chapter=Lactose Intolerance |title=(StatPearls [Internet]) |publisher=StatPearls |date=January 2020 |pmid=30335318 |id=NBK532285 }}</ref> Der be four types: primary, secondary, developmental, den congenital.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Primary lactose intolerance dey occur as de amount of lactase dey decline as people dey grow up.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Secondary lactose intolerance be secof injury to de small intestine. Such injury fi be de result of infection, [[celiac disease]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], anaa oda diseases.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=BerniCananiPezzella2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berni Canani R, Pezzella V, Amoroso A, Cozzolino T, Di Scala C, Passariello A | title = Diagnosing and Treating Intolerance to Carbohydrates in Children | journal = Nutrients | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | page = 157 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26978392 | pmc = 4808885 | doi = 10.3390/nu8030157 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Developmental lactose intolerance fi occur insyd [[premature babies]] den usually dey improve over a short period of time.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Congenital lactose intolerance be an extremely rare [[genetic disorder]] insyd wich little anaa no lactase be made from birth.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> De reduction of lactase production dey start typically insyd late kiddie time anaa early adulthood,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> den prevalence dey increase plus age. Diagnosis fi be confirmed if symptoms resolve dey follow eliminating lactose from de diet.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Oda supporting tests dey include a [[hydrogen breath test]] den a [[stool acidity test]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Oda conditions wey fi produce similar symptoms dey include [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], den [[inflammatory bowel disease]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Lactose intolerance be different from a [[milk allergy]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Management be typically by decreasing de amount of lactose insyd de diet, taking [[lactase supplements]] (de amount of supplements for be based on de amount of lactose consumed), anaa treating de underlying disease.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name="Vandenplas20152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vandenplas Y |year=2015 |title=Lactose intolerance |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=24 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S9–13 |doi=10.6133/apjcn.2015.24.s1.02 |pmid=26715083}}</ref> People typically be able to drink at least one cup of milk widout developing symptoms, plus greater amounts tolerated if dem drink plus a meal anaa thru out de day.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=SuchyBrannon2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suchy FJ, Brannon PM, Carpenter TO, Fernandez JR, Gilsanz V, Gould JB, Hall K, Hui SL, Lupton J, Mennella J, Miller NJ, Osganian SK, Sellmeyer DE, Wolf MA | title = NIH consensus development conference statement: Lactose intolerance and health | journal = NIH Consensus and State-Of-The-Science Statements | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–27 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20186234 | url = https://consensus.nih.gov/2010/lactosestatement.htm | type = Consensus Development Conference, NIH. Review | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161218125118/https://consensus.nih.gov/2010/lactosestatement.htm | archive-date = 2016-12-18 }}</ref> Worldwide, around 65% of adults be affected by lactose malabsorption.<ref name=Bayless2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bayless TM, Brown E, Paige DM | s2cid = 2941077 | title = Lactase Non-persistence and Lactose Intolerance | journal = Current Gastroenterology Reports | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | article-number = 23 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28421381 | doi = 10.1007/s11894-017-0558-9 }}</ref> Oda [[mammals]] usually dey loose de ability to digest lactose after [[weaning]]. Lactose intolerance be de [[ancestral state]] of all humans before de [[Recent human evolution|recent evolution]] of [[lactase persistence]] insyd sam populations, wich dey extend lactose tolerance into adulthood.<ref name="Genetics of lactase persistence and2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Swallow DM |year=2003 |title=Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance |journal=Annual Review of Genetics |volume=37 |pages=197–219 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.143820 |pmid=14616060}}</ref> Lactase persistence evolve insyd several populations independently, probably as an adaptation to de [[domestication]] of [[dairy animals]] around 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ségurel L, Bon C | title = On the Evolution of Lactase Persistence in Humans | journal = Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 297–319 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28426286 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-genom-091416-035340 }}</ref><ref name="Lactose digestion and the evolution">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ingram CJ, Mulcare CA, Itan Y, Thomas MG, Swallow DM | s2cid = 3329285 | title = Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 124 | issue = 6 | pages = 579–91 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19034520 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-008-0593-6 }}</ref> Today de prevalence of lactose tolerance dey vary widely between regions den ethnic groups. De ability to digest lactose most be common insyd people of Northern European descent, den to a lesser extent insyd sam parts of [[Central Asia]], [[West Asia]], den [[Africa]].<ref name=Bayless2017/> Lactose intolerance most be common among people of East Asian descent (plus 90% lactose intolerance), people of Jewish descent, people insyd [[Africa|African]] den [[Arab countries]], den among sam people of Southern European descent. [[Traditional food]] cultures dey reflect local variations insyd tolerance den historically chaw societies adapt to low levels of tolerance by making [[dairy product]]s wey dey contain less lactose dan fresh milk.<ref name="SilanikoveLeitner20152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silanikove N, Leitner G, Merin U |date=August 2015 |title=The Interrelationships between Lactose Intolerance and the Modern Dairy Industry: Global Perspectives in Evolutional and Historical Backgrounds |journal=Nutrients |type=Review |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=7312–31 |doi=10.3390/nu7095340 |pmc=4586535 |pmid=26404364 |doi-access=free}}</ref> One ethnographic example of dis be ''[[kumis]]'', a fermented milk product wey dey contain little to no lactose, wich be de main source of dairy nutrition insyd [[Mongolia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdel-Salam |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Al-Dekheil |first2=Ali |last3=Babkr |first3=Ali |last4=Farahna |first4=Mohammed |last5=Mousa |first5=Hassan M. |title=High fiber probiotic fermented mare's milk reduces the toxic effects of mercury in rats |journal=North American Journal of Medical Sciences |pages=569–575 |doi=10.4297/najms.2010.2569 |date=December 2010 |volume=2 |issue=12 |pmid=22558569 |pmc=3338224 |quote="Fermentation destroys lactose in milk, converting it into lactic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide. This makes kumis acceptable for lactose intolerant people. Traditional kumis is prepared by mixing fermented milk with fresh raw mares' milk."}}</ref> De [[medicalization]] of lactose intolerance as a disorder be attributed to biases insyd research history, since chaw early studies be conducted amongst populations wich normally be tolerant,<ref name="Genetics of lactase persistence and2" /> as well as de cultural den economic importance den impact of milk insyd countries such as de [[United States]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wiley |first1=Andrea S. |title="Drink Milk for Fitness": The Cultural Politics of Human Biological Variation and Milk Consumption in the United States |journal=American Anthropologist |date=2004 |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=506–517 |doi=10.1525/aa.2004.106.3.506 |jstor=3567615 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] nfw7oruncbkas35ejyzraoi4up0xtpr 115548 115547 2026-11-02T11:44:43Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lactose intolerance''' be a lessened ability anaa a complete inability to digest [[lactose]], a sugar dem find insyd [[dairy product]]s.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Humans dey vary insyd de amount of lactose dem fi tolerate before symptoms develop.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Symptoms fi include [[abdominal pain]], [[bloating]], [[diarrhea]], [[flatulence]], den [[nausea]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Dese symptoms typically dey start thirty minutes to two hours after eating anaa drinking something wey dey contain lactose,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> plus de severity wey typically dey depend on de amount consumed.<ref name=NIH2014Dig>{{cite web|title=Lactose Intolerance|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance?dkrd=hispt0264|website=NIDDK|access-date=25 October 2016|date=June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025111752/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Lactose intolerance no dey cause damage to de [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name=Heyman2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heyman MB | s2cid = 2996092 | title = Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 1279–86 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16951027 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-1721 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006Pedia.118.1279H }}</ref> Lactose intolerance be secof de lack of de [[enzyme]] [[lactase]] insyd de [[small intestines]] to break lactose down into [[glucose]] den [[galactose]].<ref name=Stat2020>{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=TF |last2=Panuganti |first2=KK |chapter=Lactose Intolerance |title=(StatPearls [Internet]) |publisher=StatPearls |date=January 2020 |pmid=30335318 |id=NBK532285 }}</ref> Der be four types: primary, secondary, developmental, den congenital.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Primary lactose intolerance dey occur as de amount of lactase dey decline as people dey grow up.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Secondary lactose intolerance be secof injury to de small intestine. Such injury fi be de result of infection, [[celiac disease]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], anaa oda diseases.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=BerniCananiPezzella2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berni Canani R, Pezzella V, Amoroso A, Cozzolino T, Di Scala C, Passariello A | title = Diagnosing and Treating Intolerance to Carbohydrates in Children | journal = Nutrients | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | page = 157 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26978392 | pmc = 4808885 | doi = 10.3390/nu8030157 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Developmental lactose intolerance fi occur insyd [[premature babies]] den usually dey improve over a short period of time.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Congenital lactose intolerance be an extremely rare [[genetic disorder]] insyd wich little anaa no lactase be made from birth.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> De reduction of lactase production dey start typically insyd late kiddie time anaa early adulthood,<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> den prevalence dey increase plus age. Diagnosis fi be confirmed if symptoms resolve dey follow eliminating lactose from de diet.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Oda supporting tests dey include a [[hydrogen breath test]] den a [[stool acidity test]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Oda conditions wey fi produce similar symptoms dey include [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], den [[inflammatory bowel disease]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Lactose intolerance be different from a [[milk allergy]].<ref name=NIH2014Dig/> Management be typically by decreasing de amount of lactose insyd de diet, taking [[lactase supplements]] (de amount of supplements for be based on de amount of lactose consumed), anaa treating de underlying disease.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name="Vandenplas20152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vandenplas Y |year=2015 |title=Lactose intolerance |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=24 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S9–13 |doi=10.6133/apjcn.2015.24.s1.02 |pmid=26715083}}</ref> People typically be able to drink at least one cup of milk widout developing symptoms, plus greater amounts tolerated if dem drink plus a meal anaa thru out de day.<ref name=NIH2014Dig/><ref name=SuchyBrannon2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suchy FJ, Brannon PM, Carpenter TO, Fernandez JR, Gilsanz V, Gould JB, Hall K, Hui SL, Lupton J, Mennella J, Miller NJ, Osganian SK, Sellmeyer DE, Wolf MA | title = NIH consensus development conference statement: Lactose intolerance and health | journal = NIH Consensus and State-Of-The-Science Statements | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–27 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20186234 | url = https://consensus.nih.gov/2010/lactosestatement.htm | type = Consensus Development Conference, NIH. Review | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161218125118/https://consensus.nih.gov/2010/lactosestatement.htm | archive-date = 2016-12-18 }}</ref> Worldwide, around 65% of adults be affected by lactose malabsorption.<ref name=Bayless2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bayless TM, Brown E, Paige DM | s2cid = 2941077 | title = Lactase Non-persistence and Lactose Intolerance | journal = Current Gastroenterology Reports | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | article-number = 23 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28421381 | doi = 10.1007/s11894-017-0558-9 }}</ref> Oda [[mammals]] usually dey loose de ability to digest lactose after [[weaning]]. Lactose intolerance be de [[ancestral state]] of all humans before de [[Recent human evolution|recent evolution]] of [[lactase persistence]] insyd sam populations, wich dey extend lactose tolerance into adulthood.<ref name="Genetics of lactase persistence and2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Swallow DM |year=2003 |title=Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance |journal=Annual Review of Genetics |volume=37 |pages=197–219 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.143820 |pmid=14616060}}</ref> Lactase persistence evolve insyd several populations independently, probably as an adaptation to de [[domestication]] of [[dairy animals]] around 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ségurel L, Bon C | title = On the Evolution of Lactase Persistence in Humans | journal = Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 297–319 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28426286 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-genom-091416-035340 }}</ref><ref name="Lactose digestion and the evolution">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ingram CJ, Mulcare CA, Itan Y, Thomas MG, Swallow DM | s2cid = 3329285 | title = Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 124 | issue = 6 | pages = 579–91 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19034520 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-008-0593-6 }}</ref> Today de prevalence of lactose tolerance dey vary widely between regions den ethnic groups. De ability to digest lactose most be common insyd people of Northern European descent, den to a lesser extent insyd sam parts of [[Central Asia]], [[West Asia]], den [[Africa]].<ref name=Bayless2017/> Lactose intolerance most be common among people of East Asian descent (plus 90% lactose intolerance), people of Jewish descent, people insyd [[Africa|African]] den [[Arab countries]], den among sam people of Southern European descent. [[Traditional food]] cultures dey reflect local variations insyd tolerance den historically chaw societies adapt to low levels of tolerance by making [[dairy product]]s wey dey contain less lactose dan fresh milk.<ref name="SilanikoveLeitner20152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silanikove N, Leitner G, Merin U |date=August 2015 |title=The Interrelationships between Lactose Intolerance and the Modern Dairy Industry: Global Perspectives in Evolutional and Historical Backgrounds |journal=Nutrients |type=Review |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=7312–31 |doi=10.3390/nu7095340 |pmc=4586535 |pmid=26404364 |doi-access=free}}</ref> One ethnographic example of dis be ''[[kumis]]'', a fermented milk product wey dey contain little to no lactose, wich be de main source of dairy nutrition insyd [[Mongolia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdel-Salam |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Al-Dekheil |first2=Ali |last3=Babkr |first3=Ali |last4=Farahna |first4=Mohammed |last5=Mousa |first5=Hassan M. |title=High fiber probiotic fermented mare's milk reduces the toxic effects of mercury in rats |journal=North American Journal of Medical Sciences |pages=569–575 |doi=10.4297/najms.2010.2569 |date=December 2010 |volume=2 |issue=12 |pmid=22558569 |pmc=3338224 |quote="Fermentation destroys lactose in milk, converting it into lactic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide. This makes kumis acceptable for lactose intolerant people. Traditional kumis is prepared by mixing fermented milk with fresh raw mares' milk."}}</ref> De [[medicalization]] of lactose intolerance as a disorder be attributed to biases insyd research history, since chaw early studies be conducted amongst populations wich normally be tolerant,<ref name="Genetics of lactase persistence and2" /> as well as de cultural den economic importance den impact of milk insyd countries such as de [[United States]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wiley |first1=Andrea S. |title="Drink Milk for Fitness": The Cultural Politics of Human Biological Variation and Milk Consumption in the United States |journal=American Anthropologist |date=2004 |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=506–517 |doi=10.1525/aa.2004.106.3.506 |jstor=3567615 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite news |first=Nicholas |last=Wade |title=Human Culture, an Evolutionary Force |newspaper=New York Times |date=1 March 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/02/science/02evo.html }} * [https://lactosa.org/en/ Lactose intolerance Global Network] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lactose intolerance}} [[Category:Digestive system]] [[Category:Milk]] [[Category:Conditions wey stool test diagnose]] [[Category:Food sensitivity]] [[Category:Ötzi]] [[Category:Lactose]] [[Category:Finnish heritage disease]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 74aqmstqnpsrj3ty0oai7ubryesppjk 10 31189 115537 2026-11-02T09:57:03Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{1}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 5ehwz00t9r7xcn6sk4y7djdeubzwxkn 828 31190 115538 2026-11-02T09:58:16Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh module 115538 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local getArgs function p.main(frame) if not getArgs then getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs end local args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Gapnum'}) local n = args[1] if not n then error('Parameter 1 is required') elseif not tonumber(n) and not tonumber(n, 36) then -- Validates any number with base ≤ 36 error('Unable to convert "' .. args[1] .. '" to a number') end local gap = args.gap local precision = tonumber(args.prec) return p.gaps(n,{gap=gap,prec=precision}) end -- Not named p._main so that it has a better function name when required by Module:Val function p.gaps(n,tbl) local nstr = tostring(n) if not tbl then tbl = {} end local gap = tbl.gap or '.25em' local int_part, frac_part = p.groups(n,tbl.prec) local ret = mw.html.create('span') :css('white-space','nowrap') -- No gap necessary on first group :wikitext(table.remove(int_part,1)) -- Build int part for _, v in ipairs(int_part) do ret:tag('span') :css('margin-left',gap) :wikitext(v) end if frac_part then -- The first group after the decimal shouldn't have a gap ret:wikitext('.' .. table.remove(frac_part,1)) -- Build frac part for _, v in ipairs(frac_part) do ret:tag('span') :css('margin-left',gap) :wikitext(v) end end return ret end -- Creates tables where each element is a different group of the number function p.groups(num,precision) local nstr = tostring(num) if not precision then precision = -1 end local decimalloc = nstr:find('.', 1, true) local int_part, frac_part if decimalloc == nil then int_part = nstr else int_part = nstr:sub(1, decimalloc-1) frac_part = nstr:sub(decimalloc + 1) end -- only define ret_i as an empty table, let ret_d stay nil local ret_i,ret_d = {} -- Loop to handle most of the groupings; from right to left, so that if a group has less than 3 members, it will be the first group while int_part:len() > 3 do -- Insert in first spot, since we're moving backwards table.insert(ret_i,1,int_part:sub(-3)) int_part = int_part:sub(1,-4) end -- handle any left over numbers if int_part:len() > 0 then table.insert(ret_i,1,int_part) end if precision ~= 0 and frac_part then ret_d = {} if precision == -1 then precision = frac_part:len() end -- Reduce the length of the string if required precision is less than actual precision -- OR -- Increase it (by adding 0s) if the required precision is more than actual local offset = precision - frac_part:len() if offset < 0 then frac_part = frac_part:sub(1,precision) elseif offset > 0 then frac_part = frac_part .. string.rep('0', offset) end -- Allow groups of 3 or 2 (3 first) for v in string.gmatch(frac_part,'%d%d%d?') do table.insert(ret_d,v) end -- Preference for groups of 4 instead of groups of 1 at the end if #frac_part % 3 == 1 then if frac_part:len() == 1 then ret_d = {frac_part} else local last_g = ret_d[#ret_d] or '' last_g = last_g..frac_part:sub(-1) ret_d[#ret_d] = last_g end end end return ret_i,ret_d end return p lj5n3lgypceqtbnvwbvlt9k8birgmdl 828 31191 115539 2026-11-02T09:59:39Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh module 115539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lua|Module:Arguments}} {{high-use}} This module is used by {{tl|val}}. == Use in other modules == ===gaps=== The <code>gaps</code> function can be useful for [[MOS:DIGITS|formatting]] in other modules that work with displaying large numbers. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local gaps = require('Module:Gapnum').gaps </syntaxhighlight> Using the <code>gaps</code> function, the first argument is the number to format. The second argument can be a table with keys that tell the module how to format. The table keys that can be used are: * <code>gap</code> - a number with CSS units (px, em, en, etc) that define the size of the gap between numbers. If blank, the module will use <code>0.25em</code>. * <code>prec</code> - a number that determines the precision of the decimal part of the number. If the precision is less than the number of digits, extra digits will be removed without rounding; if it is more, zeroes will be added to the end to create the desired precision. If blank, the module will use <code>-1</code>, which means the precision will be the same as the number given; no digits added or removed. Note that the return statement is a table. This means more styling or text can be added to the wrapper span tag, but it may also mean that <code>tostring()</code> may be required when used in other modules. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local gaps = require('Module:Gapnum').gaps function example() local n = 123456.78900011 -- Example for just simple formatting of a number -- n_gaps will use the default, .25em gaps and no change in precision -- The result will have its gaps created with inline css -- But the result would look like: -- 123 456.789 000 11 local n_gaps = gaps(n) -- Different gap size -- These will format n into the same groups as above -- But the spaces between the groups will be larger and smaller, respectively local n_big_gaps = gaps(n, {gap='1em'}) local n_small_gaps = gaps(n, {gap='1px'}) -- Different precision -- n_prec_5 will use the number 123456.78900 -- The result would look like: -- 123 456.789 00 local n_prec_5 = gaps(n, {prec=5}) -- n_prec_10 will use the number 123456.7890001100 -- The result would look like: -- 123 456.789 000 1100 local n_prec_10 = gaps(n, {prec=10}) -- Both different gaps and precision can be used: local n_big_5 = gaps(n, {gap='1em', prec=5}) local n_small_10 = gaps(n, {gap='1px', prec=10}) end </syntaxhighlight> ===groups=== The <code>groups</code> function can be used in other modules to separate a number into groups as <code>gaps</code> does, but instead of a formatted <code>string</code>, the function will return tables whose elements are the separated groups. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua"> local groups = require('Module:Gapnum').groups function example() -- This will return one table: -- {123,456} local n1 = groups(123456) -- This will return two tables, each assigned to a different variable: -- n2a will be: -- {1,234} -- n2b will be: -- {567,89} local n2a,n2b = groups(1234.56789) -- This will return two tables: -- An integer part is always returned, even if it is 0 -- n3a will be: -- {0} -- n3b will be: -- {123,4567} local n3a,n3b = groups(0.1234567) -- Just like the other functions, a precision can be defined -- precision is simply the second parameter -- n4a will be: -- {123} -- n4b will be: -- {456,700,00} local n4a,n4b = groups(123.4567,8) end </syntaxhighlight><noinclude> [[Category:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> ovpcvgoj40wqpsbvdc5yjdt8lmfupvk 14 31192 115540 2026-11-02T10:00:49Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115540 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1