Quran

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De '''Quran''',&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Help:IPA/English|/kʊˈrɑːn/]], ''[[:en:Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key|kuurr-AHN]]''; vocalized Arabic: ٱلْقُرْآن‎, Quranic Arabic: ٱلۡقُرۡءَان‎, ''al-Qurʾān'' [[:en:Help:IPA/Arabic|[alqurˈʔaːn]]], &lt;abbr&gt;lit.&lt;/abbr&gt; 'the recitation' or 'the lecture'&lt;/ref&gt; dem sanso romanize am '''Qur'an''' anaa '''Koran''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Alcoran&quot;. ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1888. p. [https://archive.org/stream/oed01arch#page/210/mode/1up 210].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Alcoran%2CKoran%2CQuran%2C+Qur%27an&amp;year_start=1700&amp;year_end=2000&amp;corpus=15&amp;smoothing=3&amp;direct_url=t1%3B%2CAlcoran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKoran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CQuran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CQur%27an%3B%2Cc0t1 &quot;Google Books Ngram Viewer&quot;]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved 16 February 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Koran&quot;. ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Vol. 5 (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1901. p. [https://archive.org/stream/newenglishdict05murrmiss#page/753/mode/1up 753].&lt;/ref&gt; be de central religious text of [[Islam]], believed by Muslims say e be a revelation directly from God (''[[Allah|Allāh]]''). Ebe organized insyd 114 chapters (surah, pl. suwer) wich dey consist of individual verses (''āyah''). Besides ein religious significance, ebe widely regarded as de finest work insyd Arabic literature,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Guillaume|first=Alfred|title=Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KQ-877-432|publisher=Penguin books|year=1954|location=Edinburgh|page=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_KQ-877-432/page/74 74]|quote=It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alpha&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Toropov|first1=Brandon|title=Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu0000toro_m4t7|last2=Buckles|first2=Luke|date=2004|publisher=Alpha|isbn=978-1-59257-222-9|location=|page=[https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu0000toro_m4t7/page/126 126]|oclc=|quote=Muslims believe that Muhammad's many divine encounters during his years in Mecca and Medina inspired the remainder of the Qur'an, which, nearly fourteen centuries later, remains the Arabic language's preeminent masterpiece.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Esposito&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Esposito|first=John|title=Islam: The Straight Path|url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo_e0l3|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-539600-3|edition=4th|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo_e0l3/page/21 21]|quote=Throughout history, many Arab Christians as well have regarded it as the perfection of the Arabic language and literature.}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey e significantly influence de Arabic language. Ebe de object of a modern field of academic research dem know as Quranic studies.

Muslims dey believe na de Quran be orally revealed by God to de final Islamic prophet Muhammad thru de angel Gabriel incrementally over a period of sam 23 years, wey dey begin for de [[Laylat al-Qadr]], wen na Muhammad be 40, wey e conclude insyd 632, de year of ein death. Muslims dey regard de Quran as Muhammad ein most important miracle, a proof of ein prophethood, den de culmination of a series of divine messages wey dey start plus those dem reveal to de first Islamic prophet Adam, wey dey include de holy books of de Torah, Psalms, den Gospel insyd Islam.

== Etymology den meaning ==
De word ''qur'ān'' dey appear about 70 times insyd de Quran einself,&lt;ref name=&quot;Wheeler2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Brannon M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDZIep-GIQC|title=Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis|date=2002|publisher=A&amp;C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-4957-3|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey assume chaw meanings. Ebe a verbal noun (''maṣdar'') of de Arabic verb ''qara'a'' (قرأ‎) wey dey mean 'he read' anaa 'na he recite'. De Syriac equivalent be ''qeryānā'' ({{lang|syc|ܩܪܝܢܐ|}}), wich dey refer to 'scripture reading' anaa 'lesson'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon|url=http://cal.huc.edu/searchroots.php?pos=N&amp;lemma=qryn|publisher=Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion|access-date=31 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134645/http://cal.huc.edu/searchroots.php?pos=N&amp;lemma=qryn|archive-date=18 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; While sam Western scholars dey consider de word e be derived from de Syriac, de majority of Muslim authorities dey hold de origin of de word be ''qara'a'' einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[:en:Quran#CITEREFNasr2007|Nasr 2007]]&lt;/ref&gt; Regardless, na e cam turn an Arabic term by Muhammad ein lifetime.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An important meaning of de word be de 'act of reciting', as dem reflect insyd an early Quranic passage: &quot;''It is for Us to collect it and to recite it'' (''qur'ānahu'').&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Quran]] 75:17&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd oda verses, de word dey refer to 'an individual passage [Muhammad] recite'. Ein liturgical context be seen insyd a number of passages, for example: &quot;''So when al-qur'ān is recited, listen to it and keep silent''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Quran 7:204&lt;/ref&gt; De word sanso fi assume de meaning of a codified scripture wen dem mention plus oda scriptures such as de Torah den Gospel.&lt;ref&gt;See &quot;Ķur'an, al-&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online'' and 9:111&lt;/ref&gt;

== Academic research ==
Studies for de Qur'an rarely go beyond textual criticism.&lt;ref&gt;Religions of the world Lewis M. Hopfe&amp;nbsp;– 1979 &quot;Some Muslims have suggested and practiced textual criticism of the Quran in a manner similar to that practiced by Christians and Jews on their bibles. No one has yet suggested the higher criticism of the Quran.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Egypt's culture wars: politics and practice&amp;nbsp;– Page 278 Samia Mehrez&amp;nbsp;– 2008 Middle East report: Issues 218–222; Issues 224–225 Middle East Research &amp; Information Project, JSTOR (Organization)&amp;nbsp;– 2001 Shahine filed to divorce Abu Zayd from his wife, on the grounds that Abu Zayd's textual criticism of the Quran made him an apostate, and hence unfit to marry a Muslim. Abu Zayd and his wife eventually relocated to the Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt; Til de early 1970s,&lt;ref name=&quot;FMDQiRS2008:30&quot;&gt;[[Quran#FMDQiRS2008|Donner, &quot;Quran in Recent Scholarship&quot;, 2008]]: p.30&lt;/ref&gt; non-Muslim scholars of Islam —while dem no dey accept traditional explanations for divine intervention— accept de above-mentioned traditional origin story insyd chaw details.&lt;ref name=&quot;jecampo&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo|first=Juan E.|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0000camp|year=2009|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0000camp/page/570 570]–574}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Birmingham_mushaf_Bismillah.png|thumb|290x290px|De basmala as dem wrep for de Birmingham mus'haf manuscript, one of de oldest surviving copies of de Qur'an &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Rasm: &quot;ٮسم الله الرحمں الرحىم&quot;]]
University of Chicago professor Fred Donner dey state dat:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Donner|first=Fred M.|date=2014|title=Review: Textual Criticism and Qurʾān Manuscripts, by Keith E. Small|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_2014-04_73_1/page/166|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=73|issue=1|pages=166–169|doi=10.1086/674909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;''[T]here was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission.… After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants—seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established.''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Although dem cease make dem transmit chaw variant readings of de text of de Quran, sam still be.&lt;ref name=&quot;melchert2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Melchert|first=Christopher|title=Ibn Mujahid and the Establishment of Seven Qur'anic Readings|journal=Studia Islamica|year=2000|issue=91|pages=5–22|doi=10.2307/1596266|jstor=1596266}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Warraq, ''Which Koran? Variants, Manuscript, Linguistics'', p. 45. Prometheus Books, 2011. {{ISBN|1-59102-430-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na der no be no critical text dem produce for wich dem fi base a scholarly reconstruction of de Quranic text.&lt;ref&gt;Gilliot, C. (2006). &quot;Creation of a fixed text&quot;. In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). ''The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'ān''. Cambridge University Press. p. 52.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Significance insyd Islam ==

=== Insyd worship ===
{{See also|Salah}}
Surah Al-Fatiha, dem dey recite de first chapter of de Quran, in full for every rakat of [[salah]] insyd den for oda occasions. Dis sura, wich dey consist of seven verses, be de most often recited surah of de Quran:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Jemaah_salat_tarawih.jpg|thumb|While standing insyd prayers, worshipers dey recite de first chapter of de Quran, al-Fatiha, follow by any oda section]]
[[File:Chapter_1,_Al-Fatiha_(Mujawwad)_-_Recitation_of_the_Holy_Qur'an.mp3|right|thumb|Recitation of Al-Fatiha insyd mujawwad.]]
Dem dey read oda sections of de Quran of choice insyd daily prayers. Sura Al-Ikhlāṣ be second in frequency of Qur'an recitation, for according to chaw early authorities, [[Muhammad]] say dat ''Ikhlāṣ'' be equivalent to one-third of de whole Quran.&lt;ref&gt;Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2015), ''The Study Quran'', HarperCollins, p. 1578.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Insyd Islamic art ===
De Quran sanso inspire Islamic arts den specifically de so-called Quranic arts of calligraphy den illumination.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;gallery widths=&quot;180px&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Calligraphy_-_3.jpg|Calligraphy, 18th century, Brooklyn Museum.
File:Quran_inscriptions_on_wall,_Lodhi_Gardens,_Delhi.jpg|Quranic inscriptions, Bara Gumbad mosque, Delhi, India.
File:Mosque_lamp_Met_91.1.1534.jpg|Typical mosque lamp, of enamelled glass, plus de ''Ayat an-Nur'' anaa &quot;Verse of Light&quot; (24:35).
File:Muhammad_ibn_Mustafa_Izmiri_-_Right_Side_of_an_Illuminated_Double-page_Incipit_-_Walters_W5771B_-_Full_Page.jpg|Quran page decoration art, Ottoman period.
File:Mausolées_du_groupe_nord_(Shah-i-Zinda,_Samarcande)_(6016470147).jpg|Quranic verses, Shahizinda mausoleum, Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
File:4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg|De leaves from Quran dem wrep insyd gold den contoured plus brown ink plus a horizontal format dem suit to classical Kufic calligraphy, wich cam turn common under de early Abbasid caliphs.
File:Quran_rzabasi1.JPG|9th-century Quran insyd de Reza Abbasi Museum
File:Shikastah_script.jpg|''Shikasta nastaliq'' script, 18th–19th centuries
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Al-Jallad |first=Ahmad |url=https://brill.com/display/title/61413 |title=The Religion and Rituals of the Nomads of Pre-Islamic Arabia: A Reconstruction Based on the Safaitic Inscriptions |date=2022 |publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-50427-1 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Roger|title=An Introduction to Arabic literature|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoar0000alle|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77657-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bentlage |first1=Björn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ |title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism: A Sourcebook |last2=Eggert |first2=Marion |last3=Krämer |first3=Hans-Martin |last4=Reichmuth |first4=Stefan |publisher=Brill |year=2016 |isbn=9789004329003 }}
* {{cite book| last1 = Berlin| first1 = Adele| title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion| chapter = Cosmology and creation| editor1-last = Berlin| editor1-first = Adele| editor2-last = Grossman| editor2-first = Maxine| year = 2011| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn =9780199730049| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&amp;q=Bible+Cosmology&amp;pg=PA189}}
* {{cite journal |last=Clogg |first=Richard |date=1979 |title=An Attempt to Revive Turkish Printing in Istanbul in 1779 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1979-02_10_1/page/67 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=10 |number=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1017/s0020743800053320 |s2cid=159835641}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Cook|first1=David B.|date=2013|title=Gog and Magog|editor1-last=Fleet|editor1-first=Kate|editor2-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Gudrun|editor3-last=Matringe|editor3-first=Denis|editor4-last=Nawas|editor4-first=John|editor5-last=Rowson|editor5-first=Everett|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27495}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Michael |title=The Koran; A Very Short Introduction |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-285344-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook |url-access=registration |access-date=24 September 2019 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Corbin|first=Henry|title=History of Islamic Philosophy |translator-first1=Liadain |translator-last1=Sherrard |translator-first2=Philip |translator-last2=Sherrard |location=London |publisher=Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies|year=1993|orig-date=1964 (in French)|isbn=978-0-7103-0416-2}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Dost |first=Suleyman |date=2023 |title=Pilgrimage in Pre-Islamic Arabia: Continuity and Rupture from Epigraphic Texts to the Qur'an |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0003/html |journal=Millennium |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=15–32|doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0003 }}
* {{cite book|first=Nidhal |last=Guessoum|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|url=https://archive.org/details/islamsquantu_gues_2011_000_10566528 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamsquantu_gues_2011_000_10566528/page/174 174]|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-517-5|date=2011}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Arthur |title=The Qur'an as Scripture |publisher=Russell F. Moore Company |year=1952 |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Levenson |first=Jon Douglas |title=Inheriting Abraham: The Legacy of the Patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |year=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EUO2Mhd-drcC&amp;q=Inheriting+Abraham |isbn=978-0691155692 }}
* {{cite book|last=Lings|first=Martin |title=Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JAwAAAAYAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Archetype|isbn=978-1-901383-07-2}}
* {{cite journal |first=Miroslav |last=Krek |date=1979 |title=The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed from Movable Type |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1979-07_38_3/page/203 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=38 |number=3 |pages=203–212 |doi=10.1086/372742|s2cid=162374182 }} 
* {{Cite book|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|title=Islam: Religion, History and Civilization|location=San Francisco|publisher=Harper|date=2003|isbn=978-0-06-050714-5|url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |title=Qurʾān |year=2007 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran |access-date=4 November 2007}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|title=The Quest of the Historical Muhammad|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1991-08_23_3/page/291|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=23|issue=3|pages=291–315|date=August 1991|doi=10.1017/S0020743800056312|s2cid=162433825 }}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Rippin |editor-first1=Andrew |display-editors=etal |title=The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an |year=2006 |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-1752-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00ripp_0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Neal |title=Discovering the Qur'an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text |year=1996 |publisher=SCM Press}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tabatabae|first=Mohammad Hosayn|title=The Qur'an in Islam: Its Impact and Influence on the Life of Muslims|publisher=Routledge|year=1988|isbn=978-0-7103-0266-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/quraninislamitsi0000taba}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Watt|first1=W. Montgomery|date=1960–2007|title=al-Iskandar|editor1-last=Bearman|editor1-first=P.|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor2-first=Th.|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor3-first=C.E.|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor4-first=E.|editor5-last=Heinrichs|editor5-first=W.P.|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3630}}
* {{cite journal |last=Watson |first=William J. |date=1968 |title=İbrāhīm Müteferriḳa and Turkish Incunabula |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1968_88_3/page/435 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=88 |number=3 |pages=435–441 |doi=10.2307/596868 |jstor=596868}}
* {{cite book|last=Ziolkowski|first=Jan M.|year=2007|title=Fairy Tales from Before Fairy Tales: The Medieval Latin Past of Wonderful Lies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJ12yPfBL4IC&amp;q=Lucian%27s+True+Story+and+the+Book+of+Jonah&amp;pg=PA80|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-03379-9}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links}}
=== Reference material ===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220317225853/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/themes/islam The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts – Islam] Archived 17 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine

=== Manuscripts ===

* [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/islamic Several digitised Qurans in the Cambridge University Digital Library]
* [http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0031/html/2017_232_1.html 2017-232-1 al-Qurʼān. / القرآن at OPenn]
* [https://corpuscoranicum.de/en/verse-navigator/sura/1/verse/1/manuscripts Digitised Manuscripts Sorted by Verses at Corpus Coranicum]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230723090712/https://www.quranmajeedpdf.com/ Quran Pdf]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090129090725/http://al-quran.info/ Al-Quran.info] Archived 29 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210113112342/https://quran-archive.org/ Quran Archive – Texts and Studies on the Quran]
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a2002.02.0006 Quran text and translation] at Tufts University
* [http://tanzil.net/ Tanzil&amp;nbsp;– Online Quran Navigator]
* [http://quran.com/ Quran.com]
* [https://previous.quran.com/1 Previous.quran.com] –  By clicking Settings and selecting The Bridges’ translation by Fadel Soliman, words that have significant variants among the ten canonical qira'at are highlighted in red, together with a footnote listing the readers or transmitters and an English translation for each of the variant readings
* [http://www.yabiladi.com/coran/ Multilingual Quran (Arabic, English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian)]
* [https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/44967176/Koran-Transliteration.pdf Latin script transliterated Qur'an. Hans Zirker. University of Frankfurt.]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Quran]]
[[Category:7th-century books]]
[[Category:Islamic theology]]
[[Category:Islamic texts]]
[[Category:Medieval literature]]
[[Category:Religious texts]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Literature about literature]]
[[Category:Miracles dem attribute to Muhammad]]
[[Category:7th-century Arabic-language books]]
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'''Hadith'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Hadith &quot;Hadith&quot;]. ''Dictionary.com Unabridged'' (Online). n.d. Retrieved 13 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; be de Arabic word give 'things' like a 'report' anaa an 'account [of an event]'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/HansWehrEnglishArabicDctionarySearchableFormat|title=Hans Wehr English&amp;Arabic Dictionary|accessdate=13 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Modarresi&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi|author-link=|title=The Laws of Islam|date=26 March 2016|publisher=Enlight Press|isbn=978-0994240989|url=http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf|access-date=22 December 2017|ref=Modarresi|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey refer to de Islamic oral anecdotes wey dey contain de purported words, actions, den de silent approvals of de Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] anaa ein immediate circle (companions insyd Sunni Islam,&lt;ref name=&quot;EIMW-2004-285&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Motzki|first1=Harald|title=Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World.1|date=2004|publisher=Thmpson Gale|page=285}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Al-Bukhari|first=Imam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9E4egv4lKEC|title=Moral Teachings of Islam: Prophetic Traditions from Al-Adab Al-mufrad By Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl Bukhārī|publisher=Rowman Altamira|year=2003|isbn=9780759104174}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahl al-Bayt insyd Shiite Islam).&lt;ref name=&quot;Intro-hadith-vii&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=al-Fadli|first1=Abd al-Hadi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-muq9pi0zUC&amp;q=shia+hadith|title=Introduction to Hadith|date=2011|publisher=ICAS Press|isbn=9781904063476|edition=2nd|location=London|page=vii}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Each hadith be associated plus a chain of narrators ''(isnad)''—a lineage of people wey dem reportedly hear den repeat de hadith from wich de source of de hadith fi be traced. De authentication of hadith cam turn a significant discipline, wey dey focus on de ''isnad'' (chain of narrators) den ''matn'' (main text of de report).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Surah Al-Jumu'a, Word by word translation of verse number 2-3 (Tafsir included) {{!}} الجمعة - Quran O|url=https://qurano.com/en/62-al-jumu-a/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-31|website=qurano.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Islahi|first=Amin Ahsan|author-link=|url=http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/DownloadContainer.aspx?id=71|title=Mabadi Tadabbur-i-Hadith (translated as: &quot;Fundamentals of Hadith Interpretation&quot;)|publisher=Al-Mawrid|year=1989|location=Lahore|language=ur|access-date=2 June 2011|orig-year=transl. 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312082950/http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/DownloadContainer.aspx?id=71|archive-date=12 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;/&gt; Dis process aim make e address contradictions den questionable statements within certain narrations.&lt;ref name=&quot;IatW-Lewis-44&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Bernard|title=Islam and the West|date=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0/page/44 44]|url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0|url-access=registration|quote=hadith.|access-date=28 March 2018|isbn=9780198023937}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dey begin one anaa two centuries after Muhammad ein death, Islamic scholars, dem know as muhaddiths, compile hadith into distinct collections wey survive insyd de historical works of writers from de second den third centuries of de Muslim era ({{Circa}} 700−1000 CE).

== Etymology ==

Insyd Arabic, de noun ''ḥadīth'' ({{lang|ar|حديث}}) dey mean 'report', 'account', anaa 'narrative'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=203,ll=567,ls=0,la=796,sg=286,ha=128,br=219,pr=40,aan=125,mgf=199,vi=111,kz=400,mr=146,mn=240,uqw=319,umr=239,ums=186,umj=151,ulq=533,uqa=90,uqq=64|title=Mawrid Reader|work=ejtaal.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''al-Kuliyat'' by Abu al-Baqa’ al-Kafawi, p. 370; Mu'assasah l-Risalah. &lt;/ref&gt; Ein Arabic plural be ({{lang|ar|أحاديث}} ). ''Hadith'' sanso dey refer to de speech of a person.&lt;ref&gt;''Lisan al-Arab'', by Ibn Manthour, vol. &lt;/ref&gt;

== Definition/Evolution of de concept ==

Insyd Islamic terminology, according to Juan Campo, de term ''hadith'' dey refer to reports of statements anaa actions of Muhammad, anaa of ein tacit approval anaa criticism of sam thing dem say anaa dem do insyd ein presence.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;/&gt; Classical hadith specialist Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani dey say dat de intended meaning of ''hadith'' insyd religious tradition be sam thing dem attribute to Muhammad, buh dem no find dat insyd de Quran.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Non-prophetic hadith'''; Scholar Patricia Crone dey include reports by odas dan Muhammad insyd ein definition of hadith: &quot;short reports (sam times just a line anaa two) wey dey record wat an early figure, such as a companion of de prophet anaa Muhammad einself, say anaa he do on a particular occasion, precede by a chain of transmitters&quot;. However, she dey add dat &quot;nowadays, hadith almost always dey mean hadith from Muhammad einself.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crone-wdwakaM-2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Crone|first1=Patricia|title=What do we actually know about Muhammad?|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/Muhammad_3866.jsp|website=Open Democracy|access-date=16 April 2018|date=10 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Joseph Schacht dey quote a hadith of Muhammad wey dem use &quot;to justify reference&quot; insyd Islamic law to de companions of Muhammad as religious authorities—&quot;My companions be like lodestars.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schacht-OoMJ-1959-19&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence|last1=Schacht|first1=Joseph|publisher=Oxford University Press|orig-year=1950|year=1959|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tr-III-57,148&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shafi'i|chapter=Kitab Ikhtilaf Malid wal-Shafi'i, 57, 148|title=Kitab al-Umm vol. vii|pages=248}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;see also {{cite web|url=http://www.livingislam.org/compst_e.html|title=The Hadith: &quot;My Companions Are Like The Stars&quot;|last1=Haddad|first1=GF|last2=Hajj Gibril|website=living islam}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Relationship plus ''sunnah'' ===
D sanso dey use de word sunnah in reference to a normative custom of Muhammad anaa de early Muslim community.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo|first=Juan Eduardo|chapter=Hadith|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|year=2009|publisher=Infobase|isbn=9781438126968|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Joseph Schacht dey describe hadith as providing &quot;de documentation&quot; of de ''sunnah.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Schacht-OoMJ-1959-3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence|last1=Schacht|first1=Joseph|publisher=Oxford University Press|orig-year=1950|year=1959|page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sam sources (Khaled Abou El Fadl) limit hadith to verbal reports, plus de deeds of Muhammad den reports about ein companions be part of de ''sunnah'', buh no be hadith.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC-abu-al-fadl&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Abou El Fadl|first1=Khaled|title=What is Shari'a?|journal=ABC Religion and Ethics|date=22 March 2011|url=http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2011/03/22/3170810.htm|access-date=20 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anoda source (Joseph A. Islam) dey distinguish between de two wey dey say: 
&lt;blockquote&gt;Whereas de 'Hadith' be an oral communication wey allegedly dem derive from de Prophet anaa ein teachings, de 'Sunna' (quite literally: mode of life, behaviour anaa example) dey signify de prevailing customs of a particular community anaa people.  ... A 'Sunna' be a practice wich dem pass on by a community from generation to generation en masse, whereas de hadith be reports dem collect by later compilers often centuries dem remove from de source. ... A practice wich be contained within de Hadith fi well be regarded as Sunna, buh e no be necessary dat a Sunna go get supporting hadith wey dey sanction am.&lt;ref name=&quot;JAI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Islam|first1=Joseph A.|title=THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HADITH AND SUNNA|url=http://quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20and%20sunna%20FM3.htm|website=The Quran and Its Message|access-date=26 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; 

=== Similar literature ===
Islamic literary classifications similar to hadith (buh no be ''sunnah'') be ''maghazi'' den ''sira''. Dem dey differ from hadith insyd dat dem be organized &quot;relatively chronologically&quot; rather dan by subject. 

* ''Sīrat'' (literally 'way of going' anaa 'conduct'), biographies of Muhammad, dem wrep since de middle of de eighth century. Similar writings dem call ''maghazi'' (literally 'raid') precede de ''sīrat'' literature, wey dey focus on military actions of Muhammad, buh sanso include non-military aspects of ein life.&lt;ref name=&quot;pierce-17-18&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Pierce|first1=Matthew|title=Twelve Infallible Men|date=2016|publisher=Harvard University Press.|pages=17–18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjS6CwAAQBAJ&amp;q=difference+between+sira+and+biography&amp;pg=PA17|access-date=26 October 2019|isbn=9780674737075}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oda traditions of Islam wey relate to hadith dey include:

* ''Khabar'' (literally news, information, pl. ''akhbar'') dem fi use am as a synonym for ''hadith'', buh sam scholars dey use am make e refer to traditions about Muhammad ein companions den dema successors from de generation wey dey follow, in contrast to hadith as dem define as traditions about Muhammad einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;IWSoMatRoI2000:66&quot;&gt;[[Hadith#IWSoMatRoI2000|Ibn Warraq, &quot;Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam&quot;, 2000]]: p.66&lt;/ref&gt;
* Conversely, ''athar'' (trace, remnant) usually dey refer to traditions about de companions den successors, though sam times dey connote traditions about Muhammad.

== Compilation den collections ==

[[File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0311_fol_190b-191a.jpg|thumb|A 14/15th-century manuscript of Sahih al-Bukhari]]
De hadith literature dem dey use today dey base on spoken reports for circulation after de death of Muhammad. Na dem no promptly wrep down Hadith during Muhammad ein lifetime anaa immediately after ein death. Hadiths be oral cultural products wey dey consist of words den deeds, de majority of wich na dem document chaw centuries after de time of Muhammad (Sunni sources, approximately 200-300 years den Shiite hadith books 400-500) wey dem attribute to Muhammad thru a chain of narrators over 1-2&amp;nbsp;mi away from wer na dem think Muhammad live.

Different branches of Islam dey refer to different collections of hadith, although na dem fi find de same incident insyd hadith from different collections. For general, de difference between Shi'a den Sunni collections be dat Shia dey give preference to hadiths dem attribute to Muhammad ein family den close companions (''Ahl al-Bayt''), while Sunnis no dey consider family lineage in evaluating hadith den sunnah dem narrate by any of twelve thousand companions of Muhammad.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Religions. Sunni and Shi'a|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/subdivisions/sunnishia_1.shtml|website=BBC|access-date=28 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sunni ===

* Insyd de Sunni branch of Islam, de canonical hadith collections be ''the six books'', of wich Sahih al-Bukhari den Sahih Muslim generally get de highest status. De oda books of hadith be Sunan Abu Dawood, Jami' al-Tirmidhi, Al-Sunan al-Sughra den Sunan ibn Majah. However de Malikis, one of de four Sunni &quot;schools of thought&quot; (''madhhabs''), traditionally reject Sunan ibn Majah den assert de canonical status of Muwatta Imam Malik.

=== Shia ===

* Insyd de Twelver Shi'a branch of Islam, de canonical hadith collections be ''the Four Books'': Kitab al-Kafi, Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, den Al-Istibsar.
* De Ismaili shia sects dey use de Da'a'im al-Islam as dema hadith collection.

=== Ibadi ===

* Insyd de Ibadi branch of Islam, de main canonical collection be de Tartib al-Musnad. Dis be an expansion of de earlier Jami Sahih collection, wich dey retain canonical status insyd ein own right.

=== Odas ===

* Sam minor groups, dem collectively know as Quranists, reject de authority of de hadith collections altogeda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aisha Y. Musa 2013&quot;&gt;Aisha Y. Musa, The Qur’anists, Florida International University, accessed 22 May 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neal Robinson 2013 pp. 85-89&quot;&gt;Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0878402243}}, Chapter 7, pp. 85-89&lt;/ref&gt;

== Impact ==

Na de American-Sunni scholar Jonathan A. C. Brown call de hadith as &quot;de backbone&quot; of Islamic civilization.&lt;ref name=&quot;JACBMM2014:6&quot;&gt;[[Hadith#JACBMM2014|J.A.C. Brown, ''Misquoting Muhammad'', 2014]]: p.6&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw of de early Islamic history available today sanso dey base for de hadith top, although na dem challenge am for ein lack of basis insyd primary source material den de internal contradictions of available secondary material.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last=Sayeed|first=Asma|editor-last=|editor-first=|title=Hadith|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Britannica Online|date=20 October 2023|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hadith#ref351492}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De hadith get a profound den controversial influence for ''tafsir'' top (commentaries of de Quran). De earliest commentary of de Quran dem know as Tafsir Ibn Abbas be sam times attributed to de companion Ibn Abbas. &quot;Chaw thousands of times&quot; more numerous dan de verses of de Quran,&lt;ref name=&quot;JACBMM2014:94&quot;&gt;[[Hadith#JACBMM2014|J.A.C. Brown, ''Misquoting Muhammad'', 2014]]: p.94&lt;/ref&gt; na dem describe hadith as e dey resemble layers wey dey surround de &quot;core&quot; of Islamic beliefs (de Quran). Well-known, widely accepted hadith dey make up de narrow inner layer, plus a hadith wey cam turn less reliable wey be accepted plus each layer wey dey stretch outward.&lt;ref name=&quot;JACBMM2014:8&quot;&gt;[[Hadith#JACBMM2014|J.A.C. Brown, ''Misquoting Muhammad'', 2014]]: p.8&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem use de hadith to form de basis of ''sharia'' (de religious law system wey dey form part of de Islamic tradition), den ''fiqh'' (Islamic jurisprudence). De hadith be at de root of why der be no single ''fiqh'' system, buh rather a collection of parallel systems within Islam. Sam important elements, wich na today dem take am e be a long-held part of Islamic practice den belief dem no mention insyd de Quran, buh dem report insyd hadiths. De reports of Muhammad ein (den sam times ein companions') behavior dem collect by hadith compilers dey include details of ritual religious practice such as de five ''[[Salah|salat]]'' (obligatory Islamic prayers) wey no be found insyd de Quran, as well as everyday behavior such as table manners,&lt;ref name=&quot;GotRMZK1975:100&quot;&gt;[[Hadith#GotRMZK1975|An-Nawawi, ''Riyadh As-Salihin'', 1975]]: chapter 100&lt;/ref&gt; dress,&lt;ref name=&quot;GotRMZK1975:117-122&quot;&gt;[[Hadith#GotRMZK1975|An-Nawawi, ''Riyadh As-Salihin'', 1975]]: chapters 117-122&lt;/ref&gt; den posture.&lt;ref name=&quot;GotRMZK1975:7&quot;&gt;[[Hadith#GotRMZK1975|An-Nawawi, ''Riyadh As-Salihin'', 1975]]: chapters 127,128,310&lt;/ref&gt; Muslims sanso dey regard Hadith as important tools for understanding things dem mention insyd de Quran buh dem no explain, a source for ''tafsir'' (commentaries dem wrep for de Quran top). Der fore, Muslims usually dey maintain dat hadiths be a necessary requirement for de true den proper practice of Islam, as e dey give Muslims de nuanced details of Islamic practice den belief insyd areas wer de Quran be silent. Details of de prescribed movements den words of [[Salah|de prayer]] (dem know as ''[[rak'a]]'') den how many times dem for be performed, be found insyd hadith. However, hadiths dey differ for dese details den consequently ''salat'' be performed differently by different hadithist Islamic sects.&lt;ref&gt;Abu Hibban; Abu Khuzaimah Ansari (28 May 2015). [https://ahlulhadeeth.wordpress.com/2015/05/28/shaikh-shah-waliullahs-dehlawis-1176h-inclination-in-fiqh-and-his-hanafiyyah-al-allamah-shaikh-muhammad-ismaeel-salafi-1378h/ &quot;Shaikh Shah Waliullahs Dehlawi's (1176H) Inclination in Fiqh and his Hanafiyyah – al-Allamah Shaikh Muhammad Ismaeel Salafi (1378H)&quot;]. ''ahl ul hadeeth''. Retrieved 14 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Quranists, for de oda hand, dey believe dat if de Quran be silent on sam matter, e be secof na God no hold ein detail to be of consequence; wey dat sam hadith dey contradict de Quran, wey dey prove dat sam hadith be a source of corruption wey no be a complement to de Quran.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tschalaer-2017-31&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Tschalaer|first1=Mengia Hong|title=Muslim Women's Quest for Justice: Gender, Law and Activism in India|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=31|isbn=9781108225724|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vYnDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=quranists+are+a+minority+of+muslims&amp;pg=PA31|access-date=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem sanso deploy Hadiths make e legitimize Sufism dema more formal structures of brotherhoods (tariqas), hierarchies of initiation, den rituals wey na dem articulate from de 9th century dey go. Sam readings get a ceremonial value wey dey sanctify occasions such as de ascent of a dynast anaa de birth of a kiddie. (a religious scholar, religious anaa political leader)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran/Origin-and-compilation|title=Qurʾān - Islamic Scripture, Compilation, Revelation &amp;#124; Britannica|date=13 February 2025|website=www.britannica.com|accessdate=13 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History, tradition den usage ==

=== History ===
According to British historian of Arab world Alfred Guillaume, e be &quot;certain&quot; dat na &quot;chaw small collections&quot; of hadith be &quot;assembled insyd Umayyad times.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guillaume-1954-89&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Guillaume|first1=Alfred|title=Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KQ-877-432|date=1954|publisher=Penguin|page=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_KQ-877-432/page/89 89]|edition=2nd (Revised)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der be conflicting reports as to whether na recording hadiths from de pre-Umayyad period be recommended&lt;ref&gt;^ Tirmidhi, &quot;‘Ilm,&quot; 12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;^ Collected in the Musnad of Ahmad (10\15-6\ 6510 and also nos. 6930, 7017 and 1720), Sunan Abu Dawud (Mukhtasar Sunan Abi Dawud (5\246\3499) and elsewhere.&lt;/ref&gt; anaa dem prohibit, wey der be no extant collection of hadiths from dis period.&lt;ref&gt;Roman, provincial and Islamic law, Patricia Crone, p2&lt;/ref&gt; 

Insyd Islamic law, de use of hadith as e be understood today (hadith of Muhammad plus documentation, isnads, etc.) cam gradually. According to scholars such as Joseph Schacht, Ignaz Goldziher, den Daniel W. Brown, na early schools of Islamic jurisprudence&lt;ref name=&quot;DWBRTMIT1996:11&quot;&gt;[[Hadith#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.11&lt;/ref&gt; use de rulings of de Prophet ein Companions, de rulings of de Caliphs, den practices wey na &quot;e gain general acceptance among de jurists of dat school&quot;. For ein deathbed top, na Caliph Umar instruct Muslims make dem seek guidance from de Quran, de early Muslims (''muhajirun'') wey na dem emigrate to [[Medina]] plus Muhammad, de Medina residents wey welcam den support de ''muhajirun'' (de ''ansar'') den de people of de desert.&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Sa’d, ''Tabaqat'', III/1, 243. &lt;/ref&gt;

Na ebe Abū ʿAbdullāh Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī (150-204 AH), dem know as al-Shafi'i,&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Schacht, ''The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence'' (Oxford, 1950, repre. 1964) esp. 6-20 and 133-137): Ignaz Goldziher, ''The Zahiris: Their Doctrine and their History'', trans and ed. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DWBRTMIT1996:7&quot;&gt;[[Hadith#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.7&lt;/ref&gt; wey emphasize de final authority of a hadith of [[Muhammad]], so dat even na de Quran be &quot;to be interpreted insyd de light of traditions (i.e. hadith), den no be vice versa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;J. SCHACHT, ''An Introduction to Islamic Law'' (1964),  supra note 5, at 47&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Forte-1978-13&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Forte|first1=David F.|title=Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht|journal=Loyola Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review|date=1978|volume=1|page=13|url=http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf|access-date=19 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; While traditionally de Qur'an be considered superior in authority to de sunna, Al-Shafi'i &quot;forcefully argued&quot; dat na de sunna be &quot;on equal footing plus de Quran&quot;, (according to scholar Daniel Brown) for (as Al-Shafi'i put am) &quot;de command of de Prophet be de command of God.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;al-Shafii ‘’Kitab al-Risala’’, ed. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DWBRTMIT1996:8&quot;&gt;[[Hadith#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.8&lt;/ref&gt; According to de scholars Harald Motzki den Daniel W. Brown de earliest Islamic legal reasonings wey cam down to we na ebe &quot;virtually hadith-free&quot;, buh gradually, over de course of second century A.H. &quot;de infiltration den incorporation of Prophetic hadiths into Islamic jurisprudence&quot; take place.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=Harald|last=Motzki|title=The Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq al-San'ani as a Source of Authentic Ahadith of the First Century A.H.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1991-01_50_1/page/21|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=50|year=1991|page=21|doi=10.1086/373461|s2cid=162187154}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DWBRTMIT1996:12&quot;&gt;[[Hadith#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.12&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Extent den nature insyd de Sunni tradition ====
Insyd de Sunni tradition, de number of such texts be samwer between seven den thirteen thousand, buh de number of ''hadiths'' be far greater secof chaw ''isnad'' wey dey share de same text be each counted as individual hadith. If, say, ten companions record a text wey dey report a single incident insyd de life of Muhammad, hadith scholars fi count dis as ten hadiths. Thus, Musnad Ahmad, for example, get over 30,000 hadiths—buh dis count dey include texts wey be repeated in order make dem record slight variations within de text anaa within de chains of narrations. Dey identify de narrators of de various texts, wey dey compare dema narrations of de same texts make e identify both de soundest reporting of a text den de reporters wey be most sound insyd dema reporting dem occupy experts of hadith thru out de 2nd century. Insyd de 3rd century of Islam (from 225/840 to about 275/889), na hadith experts compose brief works wey dey record a selection of about two- to five-thousand such texts wich na dem feel e be most soundly documented anaa most widely referred to insyd de Muslim scholarly community.Na de 4th den 5th century see dese six works wey e be commented on quite widely. Na dis auxiliary literature contribute to dey make dema study de place of departure give any serious study of hadith. For addition, Bukhari den Muslim for particular, claim dat na dem dey collect de soundest of sound hadiths per. Na dese later scholars test dema claims wey dem agree to dem, so dat today, dem be considered de most reliable collections of hadith.&lt;ref&gt;''Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah'', p. 160 Dar al-Ma’aarif edition&lt;/ref&gt; Toward de end of de 5th century, Ibn al-Qaisarani formally standardize de Sunni canon into six pivotal works, a delineation wich remain to dis day.&lt;ref&gt;Ignác Goldziher, ''Muslim Studies'', vol. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Scott C. Lucas, ''Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam'', p. 106. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, translated by William McGuckin de Slane. &lt;/ref&gt;

Over de centuries, na chaw different categories of collections emerge. Sam be more general, such as de ''muṣannaf'', de ''muʿjam'', den de ''jāmiʿ'', den sam be more specific, characterize either by de subjects dem cover, such as de ''sunan'' (dem restrict to legal-liturgical traditions), anaa by dema composition, such as de ''arbaʿīniyyāt'' (collections of forty hadiths).&lt;ref name=&quot;siddiqi&quot;&gt;Muhammad Zubayr Siddiqi, ''Hadith Literature'', Cambridge, Islamic Texts Society, 1993, edited and revised by Abdal Hakim Murad.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Extent den nature insyd de Shia tradition ====
Shi'a Muslims seldom if ever dey use de six major hadith collections follow by de Sunnis secof dem no dey trust chaw of de Sunni narrators den transmitters. Dem get dema own extensive hadith literature. De best-known hadith collections be The Four Books, wich na dem compile by three authors wey dem be known as de 'Three Muhammads'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Momen, Moojan 1985, p.174&quot;&gt;Momen, Moojan, ''Introduction to Shi'i Islam'', Yale University Press, 1985, p.174.&lt;/ref&gt; De Four Books be: ''Kitab al-Kafi'' by Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni al-Razi (329 AH), ''Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih'' by Muhammad ibn Babuya den ''Al-Tahdhib'' den ''Al-Istibsar'' both by Shaykh Muhammad Tusi. Shi'a clerics sanso make use of extensive collections den commentaries by later authors.

Unlike Sunnis, de majority of Shia no dey consider any of dema hadith collections to be sahih (authentic) insyd dema entirety. Der fore, each individual hadith insyd a specific collection for be investigated separately make e determine ein authenticity. De Akhbari school, however, dey consider all de hadith from de four books dem be authentic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Mohammad A. Shomali|title=Shi'i Islam: Origins, Faith and Practices|date=2003|publisher=ICAS Press|isbn=9781904063117|page=35|edition=reprint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Modern usage ===
[[File:Forty_hadith_nawawi_taught_by_Sheikh_Usama_al_Azhari_in_Sultan_Hassan_Mosque.JPG|thumb|Imam Nawawi's Forty Hadith dem teach insyd de Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan insyd Cairo, [[Egypt]]]]
Hadith as an Interpretation of de Quran:

{{blockquote|Move not your tongue with it, to hasten with recitation of it. Indeed, upon Us is its collection and its recitation. So when We have recited it, then follow its recitation. Then upon Us is Interpretation. Surah Al Qiyamah, verse 16–19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Qiyamah {{!}} 2 of 4 {{!}} al-Q̈iyamah {{!}} Chapter: 75 - Quran O |url=https://qurano.com/en/75-al-qiyama/2/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=qurano.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Modern approaches dey include criticism of de text den content in addition to classical approaches wey no dey go beyond de criticism of de chain of narrators dem call &quot;sanad&quot; in order make dem verify a hadith; Weakness insyd de pronunciation of de text, de strange meaning, contrary to de dalil  syar'i (evidences of sharia), den de mind, wey relate to de priority of de mind, dey contain  abominations, isra'iliyyat den bid'ah, no be found insyd de main hadith book den dey exaggerate de reward anaa punishment give ight deeds etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://journal.unisza.edu.my/jimk/index.php/jimk/article/view/582/461|title=View of &amp;#91;The Criteria of Hadith Mawdu' in the Book of Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da'ifah wa al-Mawdu'ah by al-Albani&amp;#93; Kriteria Hadith Mawdu' dalam Kitab Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da'ifah wa al-Mawdu'ah oleh al-Albani}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Western scholarship ===
Na western scholarly criticism of hadith begin insyd colonial India insyd de mid 19th century plus de works of Aloys Sprenger den William Muir. Na dese works be generally critical of de reliability of hadith, wey dey suggest dat na traditional Muslim scholarship be incapable of determining de authenticity of hadith, wey dat na de hadith tradition be corrupted by widespread fabrication of fraudulent hadith. De late 19th century work of Ignaz Goldziher, ''Muhammedanische Studien'' (''Muslim Studies''), be considered seminal insyd de field of Western hadith studies. Goldziher take de same critical approach as Sprenger den Muir, wey dey suggest dat chaw hadith show anachronistic elements wey dey indicate dat na dem no be authentic, den dat de chaw contradictory hadith make de value of de entire corpus questionable.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, Daniel W. (2 January 2020), Brown, Daniel W. (ed.), [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118638477.ch2 &quot;Western Hadith Studies&quot;], ''The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith'' (1&amp;nbsp;ed.), Wiley, pp.&amp;nbsp;39–56, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/9781118638477.ch2|10.1002/9781118638477]].ch2, [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-118-63851-4|978-1-118-63851-4]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, retrieved 26 June 2024&lt;/ref&gt;

== Studies den authentication ==

De two major aspects of a hadith be de text of de report (de ''matn''), wich dey contain de actual narrative, den de chain of narrators (de ''isnad''), wich na dey document de route by wich de report be transmitted.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;/&gt; Na de isnad be an effort make dem document dat a hadith actually cam from Muhammad, den Muslim scholars from de eighth century to de present never cease make dem repeat de mantra &quot;De isnad be part of de religion—if no be for de isnad, whoever want fi say watever dem want.&quot; De ''isnad'' literally dey mean &quot;support&quot;, wey na dem name am so secof hadith specialists rely for ein top make dem determine de authenticity anaa weakness of a hadith.&lt;ref&gt;''Tadrib al-Rawi'', vol. &lt;/ref&gt; De ''isnad'' dey consist of a chronological list of de narrators, each dey mention de one from whom dem hear de hadith, til dem mention de originator of de ''matn'' along plus de ''matn'' einself.

=== Biographical evaluation ===
Biographical analysis (''‘ilm al-rijāl'', lit. &quot;science of people&quot;, sanso be &quot;science of ''Asma Al-Rijal'' anaa ''‘ilm al-jarḥ wa al-taʻdīl''&quot; (&quot;science of discrediting den accrediting&quot;), insyd wich details about de transmitter be scrutinized. Dis dey include analyzing dema date den place of birth; familial connections; teachers den students; religiosity; moral behaviour; literary output; dema travels; as well as dema date of death. Based upon dese criteria, de reliability (''thiqāt'') of de transmitter be assessed. E sanso determine whether na de individual be actually able to transmit de report, wich be deduced from dema contemporaneity den geographical proximity plus de oda transmitters insyd de chain.&lt;ref&gt;Berg (2000) p. 8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shafi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Shafi|first1=Mohammad|title=The HADITH - How it was Collected and Compiled|url=http://www.daralislam.org/portals/0/Publications/TheHADITHHowitwasCollectedandCompiled.pdf|website=Dar al-Islam|access-date=26 October 2019|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101075824/http://www.daralislam.org/portals/0/Publications/TheHADITHHowitwasCollectedandCompiled.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Examples of biographical dictionaries dey include: Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi ein ''Al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal'', Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani ein ''Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb'' den al-Dhahabi ein ''Tadhkirat al-huffaz''.&lt;ref&gt;See:

* Robinson (2003) pp. 69–70;
* Lucas (2004) p. 15&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Scale of transmission ===
Hadith for matters of importance dem need to cam thru a number of independent chains,&lt;ref name=&quot;Shafi&quot;/&gt; na dis be known as de scale of transmission. Reports wey pass thru chaw reliable transmitters insyd chaw ''isnad'' up til dema collection den transcription be known as ''mutawātir''. Dese reports be considered de most authoritative as dem pass thru chaw different routes wey collusion between all of de transmitters cam turn an impossibility. Reports wey no dey meet dis standard be known as ''aahad'', wey be of chaw different types.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;/&gt;

=== Dey analyze text ===
According to Muhammad Shafi, Hadith wey ein isnad be scrutinized then get dema text anaa ''matn'' examine for:

* contradiction of de Quran;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shafi&quot;/&gt;
* contradiction of reliable hadith;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shafi&quot; /&gt;
* dey make sense, e be logical;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shafi&quot; /&gt;
* ebe a report about de importance of an individual (anaa individuals) wich be transmitted thru dema supporters anaa family per, den wich no be supported by reports from oda independent channels.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shafi&quot; /&gt;

=== Terminology: admissible den inadmissible hadiths ===
If e be evaluated, hadith fi be categorized. Two categories be: 

* ''ṣaḥīḥ'' (sound, authentic),
* ''ḍaʿīf'' (weak)

Oda classifications dey include: 

* ''ḥasan'' (good), wich dey refer to an otherwise ''ṣaḥīḥ'' report wey dey suffer from minor deficiency, anaa a weak report dem strengthen secof oda corroborating reports;
* ''mawḍūʿ'' (dem fabricate),
* ''munkar'' (dem denounce) wich be a report wey be rejected secof de presence of an unreliable transmitter wey dey contradict another more reliable narrator.&lt;ref&gt;See:

* &quot;Hadith,&quot; ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online'';
* &quot;Hadith,&quot; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Both ''sahīh'' den ''hasan'' reports be considered acceptable for usage insyd Islamic legal discourse.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last=Berg | first=H. | title=The development of exegesis in early Islam: the authenticity of Muslim literature from the formative period | url=https://archive.org/details/developmentofexe0000berg | publisher= Routledge | year=2000 | isbn=0-7007-1224-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brown |first1=Daniel W.|title=Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521570778 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown |access-date=10 May 2018 |ref=DWBRTMIT1996}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RPcYgx5u_MC |title=Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65394-7 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Jonathan A. C. |year=2004 |title=Criticism of the Proto-Hadith Canon: Al-daraqutni's Adjustment of the ''Sahihayn'' |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.1093/jis/15.1.1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Jonathan A.C.|title=The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim|date=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=9789004158399|url=https://islaambooks.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/the-canonization-of-al-bukhari-and-muslim-by-jonathan-brown.pdf|access-date=3 October 2017}}
* {{cite book |last1= Brown |first1= Jonathan A.C. |title= Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World ''(Foundations of Islam)'' |url= https://archive.org/details/hadithmuhammadsl0000brow |date=2009 |publisher= Oneworld Publications |isbn= 978-1851686636 }}
* {{cite book|last1 = Brown|first1 = Jonathan A.C.|title = Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|date = 2014|publisher = Oneworld Publications|isbn = 978-1780744209|url=https://archive.org/stream/misquoting-muhammad-pbuh/misquoting-muhammad-pbuh_djvu.txt |access-date=4 June 2018 |ref=JACBMM2014}}
*{{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/1596086| issn = 0585-5292| issue = 89| pages = 75–90| last = Hallaq| first = Wael B.| title = The Authenticity of Prophetic Ḥadîth: A Pseudo-Problem| journal = Studia Islamica| year = 1999| jstor = 1596086| s2cid = 170916710}}
*{{cite book |authorlink1=Ibn Warraq |editor1-last=Ibn Warraq |title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw |date=2000 |publisher=Prometheus |pages=[https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw/page/15 15]–88 |chapter=1. Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam |ref=IWSoMatRoI2000}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Little |first=Joshua |date=2024 |title='Where did you learn to write Arabic?': A Critical Analysis of Some Ḥadīths on the Origins and Spread of the Arabic Script |url=https://academic.oup.com/jis/article-abstract/35/2/145/7619635 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=145–178 |doi=10.1093/jis/etae008}}
* {{cite book | last=Lucas | first=S. | title=Constructive Critics, Hadith Literature, and the Articulation of Sunni Islam | publisher= Brill Academic Publishers | year=2004 | isbn=90-04-13319-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Muhyi ad-Din Abu Zakariyya Yahya bin Sharaf an-Nawawi |title=Riyadh as-Salihin |trans-title= Gardens of the Righteous |url= https://archive.org/stream/GardensOfTheRighteous/Gardens%20of%20the%20Righteous_djvu.txt |others=Mauhammad Zafulla Khan, translator |publisher=Olive Branch Press |location=New York |date=1975 |access-date=18 May 2018 | ref=GotRMZK1975}}
* {{cite book | last=Robinson | first=C. F. | title=Islamic Historiography | url=https://archive.org/details/islamichistoriog0000robi | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=2003 | isbn=0-521-62936-5}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | author = Robson, J. |editor1=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =Encyclopaedia of Islam Online| title = Hadith| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | issn = 1573-3912}}
* Schacht, Joseph (1950). The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon
* {{cite book|last1=Senturk|first1=Recep|title=Narrative Social Structure: Anatomy of the Hadith Transmission Network, 610-1505|url=https://archive.org/details/narrativesocials0000entr|date=2005|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, CA|isbn=9780804752077}}
* {{cite book|last1=Swarup|first1=Ram|title=Understanding Islam through Hadis|date=1983|publisher=Voice of India|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788185990736|url=http://freelyreceive.net/metalogos/files/hadith.html|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010085154/http://freelyreceive.net/metalogos/files/hadith.html|url-status=dead}}
==Read further==

*[Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Hadiths Rejection .. What are the facts ? (17 December 2023). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4666920 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4666920]
* Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari by Arabic Virtual Translation Center (New York 2019, Barnes &amp; Noble {{ISBN|9780359672653}})
* English Translation of over 60,000 Basic Ahadith Books from Ahl Al-Bayt, [https://www.hubeali.com/ Online Shia Islamic Articles, Books, Khutbat, Calendar, Duas] ( including Bihar ul Anwaar)
* ''1000 Qudsi Hadiths: An Encyclopedia of Divine Sayings''; New York: Arabic Virtual Translation Center; (2012) {{ISBN|978-1-4700-2994-4}}
* {{cite book | author = Gauthier H.A. Joynboll (PhD) | url = https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfCanonicalHadith/page/n685 | title = Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith | language = en | via = archive.org | publisher = Brill | location = London and Boston | year = 2013 | pages = 839 | doi = 10.1163/ej.9789004156746.i-804 | isbn =  978-9004156746 | oclc =  315870438 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20181122222436/https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopediaOfCanonicalHadith/Encyclopedia%20of%20Canonical%20Hadith_djvu.txt | archive-date = 22 November 2018 | url-status = live}}
* {{cite book | last=Lucas | first=S. | title=The Arts of Hadith Compilation and Criticism | publisher=University of Chicago |year=2002 |oclc=62284281}}
* Musa, A. Y. ''Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam'', New York: Palgrave, 2008. {{ISBN|0-230-60535-4}}
* Fred M. Donner, ''Narratives of Islamic Origins'' (1998)
* Tottoli, Roberto, &quot;Hadith&quot;, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp.&amp;nbsp;231–236.

=== Online ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221222182540/https://quotescrowd.com/hadith-by-topics-and-advice-of-pbuh-hadees-nabvi-in-urdu/ Hadith by Topics and advice of PBUH] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221222182540/https://quotescrowd.com/hadith-by-topics-and-advice-of-pbuh-hadees-nabvi-in-urdu/ Archived] 22 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine
* [https://wasail-al-shia.net Wasa'il al-Shia] A Comprehensive Treasury of Shia Islamic Jurisprudential Hadith.

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q234343|c=Category:Hadith|n=no|b=no|v=Islam/Hadith|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Portal:Hadith|wikt=Hadith|species=no}}
* '''Hadith search engines''' – Search by keyword(s) to find relevant hadith(s) (including narrator):
** [https://sunnah.com sunnah.com] – find hadith(s) in English and Arabic
** [https://www.islamicity.org/hadith/ islamicity.org] – find hadith(s) in English and Arabic, including quick lesson and explanation
** [http://ahadith.co.uk/ ahadith.co.uk] – find hadith(s) in English (NOTE: after entering keywords, click the &quot;GO&quot; button once or, if needed, twice)
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hadith &quot;Hadith&quot;] in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online''
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'''Dysentery''' be a type of gastroenteritis wey dey result insyd diarrhea plus blood.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dysentery |url=http://www.who.int/topics/dysentery/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205051849/http://www.who.int/topics/dysentery/en/ |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014 |website=who.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Controlling the Spread of Infections{{!}}Health and Safety Concerns |url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/disease/infectevac.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029161200/https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/disease/infectevac.html |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=15 November 2019 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda symptoms fi include fever, abdominal pain, den a feeling of incomplete defecation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dor2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 October 2009 |title=Dorlands Medical Dictionary:dysentery |url=http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three/000033012.htm |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=web.archive.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004113612/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three/000033012.htm |archive-date=4 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tri2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tribble |first=DR |date=September 2017 |title=Antibiotic Therapy for Acute Watery Diarrhea and Dysentery. |journal=Military Medicine |volume=182 |issue=S2 |pages=17–25 |doi=10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00068 |pmc=5650106 |pmid=28885920 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Complications fi include dehydration.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMRO2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO EMRO {{!}} Dysentery {{!}} Health topics |url=http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/dysentery/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115081122/http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/dysentery/index.html |archive-date=15 November 2019 |access-date=15 November 2019 |website=www.emro.who.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efforts make dem prevent dysentery dey include hand washing den food safety measures while traveling insyd areas of high risk.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHS2019&quot; /&gt; While de condition generally dey resolve for ein own within a week, drinking sufficient fluids such as oral rehydration solution be important.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHS2019&quot; /&gt; Antibiotics such as azithromycin anaa ciprofloxacin fi be used take treat severe cases anaa cases wey be associated plus travelling insyd de developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tri2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Book2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240062382 |title=The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book |date=9 December 2022 |language=en |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813134739/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240062382 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; While medications dem use take decrease diarrhea such as loperamide no be recommended for dema own, dem fi be used togeda plus antibiotics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tri2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHS2019&quot; /&gt;

De cause of dysentery be usually de bacteria ''Shigella'', in wich case e be known as shigellosis, anaa de amoeba ''Entamoeba histolytica''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Oda causes fi include certain chemicals, oda bacteria, oda protozoa, anaa parasitic worms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dor2009&quot; /&gt; E fi be spread between people.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dysentery |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dysentery/ |website=nhs.uk |access-date=15 November 2019 |language=en |date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=13 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113075353/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dysentery/Pages/Symptoms.aspx |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Risk factors dey include contamination of chow den water plus feces secof poor sanitation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mar2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last2=Petri WA |first2=Jr |title=Amoebic dysentery. |journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence |date=30 August 2013 |volume=2013 |pmid=23991750|pmc=3758071 |last=Marie|first=C}}&lt;/ref&gt; De underlying mechanism dey involve inflammation of de intestine, especially of de colon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dor2009&quot; /&gt;

''Shigella'' dey result in about 165 million cases of diarrhea den 1.1 million deaths a year plus nearly all cases insyd de developing world.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016Shig&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2016 |title=Dysentery (Shigellosis) |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/21/applications/s6_paed_antibiotics_appendix5_dysentery.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920174136/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/21/applications/s6_paed_antibiotics_appendix5_dysentery.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=15 November 2019 |website=WHO |page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd areas plus poor sanitation nearly half of cases of diarrhea be secof ''Entamoeba histolytica''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mar2013&quot; /&gt; ''Entamoeba histolytica'' dey affect millions of people den dey result insyd greater dan 55,000 deaths a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shir2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shirley |first=DT |last2=Farr |first2=L |last3=Watanabe |first3=K |last4=Moonah |first4=S |date=July 2018 |title=A Review of the Global Burden, New Diagnostics, and Current Therapeutics for Amebiasis. |journal=Open Forum Infectious Diseases |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=ofy161 |doi=10.1093/ofid/ofy161 |pmc=6055529 |pmid=30046644 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; E commonly dey occur in less developed areas of Central den South America, [[Africa]], den Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shir2018&quot; /&gt; Na Dysentery be described at least since de time of Hippocrates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grove |first=David |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Tapeworms_Lice_and_Prions/KpxKAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Dysentery+hippocrates&amp;pg=PT517 |title=Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A compendium of unpleasant infections |date=2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780191653452 |page=PT517 |language=en |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307223906/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Tapeworms_Lice_and_Prions/KpxKAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Dysentery+hippocrates&amp;pg=PT517 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Infobox medical condition
| name            = Dysentery
| synonym         = bloody diarrhea
| image           = Dysentery Patient, Burma Hospital, Siam Art.IWMART1541787.jpg
| image_size      = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| alt             = 
| caption         = A person plus dysentery insyd a Burmese hospital, 1943
| pronounce       = 
| field           = Infectious disease
| symptoms        = Bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Dor2009/&gt;
| complications   = Dehydration&lt;ref name=EMRO2019/&gt;
| onset           = 
| duration        = Less dan a week&lt;ref name=NHS2019/&gt;
| types           = 
| causes          = Usually ''Shigella'' anaa ''Entamoeba histolytica''&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
| risks           = Contamination of food den water plus feces secof poor sanitation&lt;ref name=Mar2013/&gt;
| diagnosis       = 
| differential    = 
| prevention      = Hand washing, food safety&lt;ref name=NHS2019/&gt;
| treatment       = Drinking sufficient fluids, antibiotics (severe cases)&lt;ref name=NHS2019/&gt;
| medication      = 
| prognosis       = 
| frequency       = Common insyd de developing world&lt;ref name=WHO2016Shig/&gt;
| deaths          = &gt; million a year&lt;ref name=WHO2016Shig/&gt;
| named after     = 
}}
==Notable cases==
*'''580''': Childesinda, son of Chilperic I, Frankish king, die of dysentery as a kiddie
* '''580''': Austregilde, Frankish queen, die of dysentery.&lt;ref&gt;Gregory of Tours. ''A History of the Franks'', Pantianos Classics, 1916&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''685''': Constantine IV, de Byzantine emperor, die of dysentery insyd September 685.
* '''1183''': Henry the Young King die of dysentery for de castle of Martel on 11 June 1183.
* '''1216''': John, King of England die of dysentery for Newark Castle on 19 October 1216.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Warren WL |year=1991 |title=King John |location=London |publisher=Methuen |isbn=978-0-413-45520-8 |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5HPgAACAAJ&amp;pg=PA253 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1270''': Louis IX of France die of dysentery insyd Tunis while he dey command ein troops for de Eighth Crusade on 25 August 1270.
* '''1307''': na Edward I of England catch dysentery for ein way to de Scottish border wey he die insyd ein servants ein arms on 7 July 1307.
* '''1322''': Philip V of France die of dysentery for de Abbey of Longchamp (site of de present hippodrome insyd de Bois de Boulogne) insyd Paris while he dey visit ein daughter, Blanche. He die on 3 January 1322.
* '''1376''': Edward the Black Prince, son of Edward III of England den heir to de English throne. He die of apparent dysentery insyd June.
* '''1422''': King Henry V of England die suddenly on 31 August 1422 for de Château de Vincennes, apparently from dysentery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/henry_v_king.shtml|title=BBC – History – Henry V|website=bbc.co.uk|access-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213161713/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/henry_v_king.shtml|archive-date=13 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1536''': Erasmus, Dutch renaissance humanist den theologian. At Basel.
* '''1596''': Sir Francis Drake, vice admiral, die of dysentery on 28 January 1596 whilst he anchor off de coast of Portobelo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/drake_francis.shtml|title=BBC – History – Sir Francis Drake|website=bbc.co.uk|access-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212034636/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/drake_francis.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1605''': Akbar, ruler of de Mughal Empire of South Asia, die of dysentery. 
* '''1675''': Jacques Marquette die of dysentery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |vauthors=Engels A |title=Louis Jolliet (1645-1700) and Jacques Marquette (1637-1675) |work=Discoverers Web  |url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/jolmar.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308110354/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/jolmar.html |archive-date=8 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1676''': Nathaniel Bacon die of dysentery&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Give Me Liberty! An American History |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900393920276 |vauthors=Foner E |year=2012 |publisher=W. W. Norton and Company|location=New York; London|edition=brief|isbn=9780393920321}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1680''': Shivaji, founder den ruler of de Maratha Empire of South Asia, die of dysentery on 3 April 1680.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich|title=Shivaji and His Times|vauthors=Sarkar J|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|year=1920|edition=Second|location=London|ref={{sfnref|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920}}|author-link=|orig-year=1919}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1827''': Queen Nandi kaBhebhe, (Shaka Zulu ein mommie) die of dysentery on 10 October 1827.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Morris DR |title=The washing of the spears : a history of the rise of the Zulu nation under Shaka and its fall in the Zulu War of 1879 |url=https://archive.org/details/washingofspearsh0000morr_l0e3 |date=1998 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-306-80866-1 |edition=1st}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1873''': De explorer David Livingstone die of dysentery on 1 May 1873.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Livingstone D |veditors=Waller H |title=The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi; in Two Volumes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_dgAAAAcAAJ|year=1874|publisher=J. Murray}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1896''': Phan Đình Phùng, a Vietnamese revolutionary wey lead rebel armies against French colonial forces insyd Vietnam, die of dysentery as na de French surround ein forces on 21 January 1896.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Vietnamese anticolonialism, 1885–1925 |vauthors=Marr DG |year=1970 |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-01813-6 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lu_TB0X8B4YC&amp;pg=PA68 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1910''': Luo Yixiu, first wifey of Mao Zedong, die of dysentery on 11 February 1910. Na she be 20 years old.
&lt;!-- Please complete sentence * '''1908''': [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] Qadiani, the founder of Ahmadyya Muslim Community&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/library/links/00000082.html|title=Re-Institution of Khilafat – Islam Ahmadiyya|date=23 February 2000|website=alislam.org|access-date=27 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
* '''1930''': De French explorer den writer Michel Vieuchange die of dysentery insyd Agadir on 30 November 1930.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |vauthors=de Meaux A |year=2004 |title=L'ultime désert: vie et mort de Michel Vieuchange |language=fr |publisher=Phébus |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-85940-997-5 |pages=29, 245–249 &amp; 253 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Smara: The Forbidden City|url=https://archive.org/details/smaraforbiddenci0000vieu|vauthors=Vieuchange M|publisher=Ecco|others=Fletcher Allen, Edgar (translation); Vieuchange, Jean (editor; introduction, notes, postscript); Claudel, Paul (preface).|year=1988|isbn=978-0-88001-146-4|edition=Reprint|location=New York|author-link1=|orig-year=1932}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1942''': De Selarang Barracks incident insyd de summer of 1942 during World War II involve de forced crowding of 17,000 [[United Kingdom|Anglo]]-[[Australia]]n prisoners-of-war (POWs).&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Thompson P |title=The Battle For Singapore—The True Story of the Greatest Catastrophe of World War II |publisher=United Kingdom: Portraits Books |year=2005 |pages=389–390 |isbn=978-0-7499-5085-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==References==
&lt;references /&gt;
===Works dem cite===
* {{cite book|last1=Chang|first1=Jung|last2=Halliday|first2=Jon|author1-link=|author2-link=|title=Mao: The Unknown Story|url=https://archive.org/details/maounknownstory0000chan_d4l5|year=2005|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|isbn=978-0-224-07126-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lü |first=Chun 吕春 |year=2009 |title=Six Women who Influenced Mao Zedong 影响毛泽东一生的六位女性 |journal=Dangshi Wenyuan 党史文苑 |url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/144956/11272977.html }}
* {{cite book|title=The Mughul Empire|first=R.C.|last=Majumdar|authorlink=|year=1984|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|place=Bombay}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pantsov |first1=Alexander V. |last2=Levine |first2=Steven I. |title=Mao: The Real Story |url=https://archive.org/details/maorealstory0000pant |year=2012 |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |location=New York and London |isbn=978-1-4516-5447-9 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conditions dem diagnose by stool test]]
[[Category:Diarrhea]]
[[Category:Intestinal infectious diseases]]
[[Category:Waterborne diseases]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Malaria</title>
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      <text bytes="16408" sha1="r3uuk2rg1undudrr6rnaueukaq3aevr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Malaria
| synonym       = 
| image         = Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg
| image_size    = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = Malaria parasite wey dey connect to a red blood cell
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = Infectious disease
| symptoms      = Fever, vomiting, headache, yellow skin
| onset         = 10–15 days post exposure
| duration      = 
| causes        = ''Plasmodium'' spread by mosquitoes
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = Examination of the blood, malaria antigen detection tests
| differential  = Enteric fever, meningitis, Ebola, yellow fever, dengue, Japanese encephalitis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Buck |first1=E |last2=Finnigan |first2=NA |title=Malaria |date=January 2022 |pmid=31869175|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| prevention    = Mosquito nets, insect repellent, mosquito control, medications
| treatment     = 
| medication    = Antimalarial medication
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 241 million (2020)
| deaths        = 627,000 (2020)
}}
'''Malaria''' be a mosquito-borne infectious disease wey dey affect vertebrates den ''Anopheles'' mosquitoes.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.who.int-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Vector-borne diseases|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001515/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|archive-date=2023-01-04|access-date=2022-04-24|website=www.who.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Dahalan FA, Churcher TS, Windbichler N, Lawniczak MK |date=November 2019 |title=The male mosquito contribution towards malaria transmission: Mating influences the Anopheles female midgut transcriptome and increases female susceptibility to human malaria parasites |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=e1008063 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008063 |pmc=6837289 |pmid=31697788 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-20143&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=March 2014|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903002027/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|archive-date=3 September 2014|access-date=28 August 2014|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Human malaria dey cause [[Signs and symptoms|symptoms]] wey typically dey include fever, fatigue, vomiting, den headaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Caraballo-2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Caraballo H, King K |date=May 2014 |title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus |url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&amp;topic_id=405 |url-status=live |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1–23; quiz 23–24 |pmid=25207355 |s2cid=23716674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801202316/http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&amp;topic_id=405 |archive-date=2016-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Basu S, Sahi PK |date=July 2017 |title=Malaria: An Update |journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics |volume=84 |issue=7 |pages=521–528 |doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2 |pmid=28357581 |s2cid=11461451}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd severe cases, e fi cause jaundice, seizures, coma, anaa death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Caraballo-2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|archive-date=2020-05-02|access-date=2024-05-10|website=www.who.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms usually dey begin 10 to 15 days after an infected ''Anopheles'' mosquito bite person.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.who.int-4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|archive-date=2 May 2020|access-date=28 September 2023|website=www.who.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html &quot;CDC - Malaria - FAQs&quot;]. 28 June 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html Archived] from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; If dem no treat am properly, people fi get recurrences of de disease months later.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-20142&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=March 2014|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903002027/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|archive-date=3 September 2014|access-date=28 August 2014|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd those wey recently dem survive an infection, reinfection usually dey cause milder symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Caraballo-2014&quot; /&gt; Dis partial resistance dey disappear over months to years if de person no get continue exposure to malaria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Caraballo-2014&quot; /&gt; De mosquitoes demaselves be harmed by malaria, wey dey cause reduced lifespans insyd those wey be infected by am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Dawes EJ, Churcher TS, Zhuang S, Sinden RE, Basáñez MG |date=October 2009 |title=Anopheles mortality is both age- and Plasmodium-density dependent: implications for malaria transmission |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=228 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-8-228 |pmc=2770541 |pmid=19822012 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Malaria be caused by single-celled microorganisms of de genus ''Plasmodium''.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.who.int-4&quot; /&gt; E be spread exclusively thru bites of infected female ''Anopheles'' mosquitoes.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.who.int-4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Walter K, John CC |date=February 2022 |title=Malaria |journal=JAMA |volume=327 |issue=6 |pages=597 |doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468 |pmid=35133414 |s2cid=246651569 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; De mosquito bite dey introduce de parasites from de mosquito ein saliva into de blood.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-20143&quot; /&gt; De parasites dey travel to de liver, wer dem mature den reproduce.&lt;ref name=&quot;Caraballo-2014&quot; /&gt; Five species of ''Plasmodium'' commonly dey infect humans.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.who.int-4&quot; /&gt; De three species wey be associated plus more severe cases be ''P.&amp;nbsp;falciparum'' (wich be responsible for de vast majority of malaria deaths), ''P.&amp;nbsp;vivax'', den ''P.&amp;nbsp;knowlesi'' (a simian malaria wey dey spill over into thousands of people a year).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|archive-date=2020-05-02|access-date=2024-02-19|website=www.who.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=World Health Organization|title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222024003/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|archive-date=2024-02-22|access-date=2024-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''P.&amp;nbsp;ovale'' den ''P.&amp;nbsp;malariae'' generally dey cause a milder form of malaria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Caraballo-2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;www.who.int-4&quot; /&gt; Malaria be typically diagnosed by de microscopic examination of blood wey dey use blood films, anaa plus antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests.&lt;ref name=&quot;Caraballo-2014&quot; /&gt; Na dem develop methods wey dey use de polymerase chain reaction take detect de parasite ein DNA, buh dem no be widely used insyd areas wer malaria be common, secof dema cost den complexity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nadjm-2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Nadjm B, Behrens RH |date=June 2012 |title=Malaria: an update for physicians |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2012-06_26_2/page/243 |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=243–259 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010 |pmid=22632637}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Malaria.webm|thumbtime=0:02|thumb|Video summary (script)]]
De risk of disease fi be reduced by preventing mosquito bites thru de use of mosquito nets den insect repellents anaa plus mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides den draining standing water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Caraballo-2014&quot;/&gt; Chaw medications be available make dem prevent malaria for travellers insyd areas wer de disease be common.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-2014&quot;/&gt; Occasional doses of de combination medication sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine be recommended insyd infants den after de first trimester of pregnancy insyd areas plus high rates of malaria.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-2014&quot;/&gt; As of 2023, na dem endorse two malaria vaccines by de World Health Organization.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO recommends R21-2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization |access-date=8 December 2023 |date=2 October 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; De recommended treatment give malaria be a combination of antimalarial medications wey dey include artemisinin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Caraballo-2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rawat-2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Rawat A, Roy M, Jyoti A, Kaushik S, Verma K, Srivastava VK | title = Cysteine proteases: Battling pathogenic parasitic protozoans with omnipresent enzymes | journal = Microbiological Research | volume = 249 | pages = 126784 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 33989978 | doi = 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126784 | s2cid = 234597200 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De second medication either fi be mefloquine (dey note first ein potential toxicity den de possibility of death), lumefantrine, anaa sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Health Organization-2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria |url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesfortre0000unse |date=2010|publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-154792-5 |page=ix |edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt; Quinine, along plus doxycycline, fi be used if artemisinin no be available.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Health Organization-2010&quot;/&gt; Insyd areas wer de disease be common, malaria for be confirmed if possible before dem start treatment secof concerns of increasing drug resistance.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-2014&quot;/&gt; Na resistance among de parasites develop to several antimalarial medications; for example, chloroquine-resistant na ''P.&amp;nbsp;falciparum'' spread to chaw malaria-prone areas, den resistance to artemisinin cam turn a problem insyd sam parts of Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/ |website=WHO |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903002027/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/ |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Sources ===

* {{Cite book|title=Travelers' Malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/travelersmalaria0000unse|vauthors=Schlagenhauf-Lawlor P|date=2008|publisher=PMPH-USA|isbn=978-1-55009-336-0}}
* {{Cite book|title=Humanity's Burden|vauthors=Webb JL|date=2008|isbn=978-0-521-67012-8|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808401}}
* {{Cite book|title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesfortre0000worl|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154912-7|hdl=10665/162441|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2015}}|hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|title=Malaria Eradication: Benefits, Future Scenarios and Feasibility: A Report of the Strategic Advisory Group on Malaria Eradication|date=2020|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-000367-5|hdl=10665/331795|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2020}}|hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|title=World Malaria Report 2022|date=2022|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-006489-8|hdl=10665/365169|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2022}}|hdl-access=free}}

== Read further ==
*{{cite journal |first=Marshall Albert |last=Barber |title=The history of malaria in the United States |journal=Public Health Reports |volume=44 |issue=43 |pages=2575–87 |date=1929 |doi=10.2307/4579430 |jstor=4579430 |url=}}
*{{cite book |first=Gordon |last=Harrison |title=Malaria: Mosquitoes, Malaria and Man. A History of the Hostilities since 1880 |publisher=Dutton |location= |date=1978 |isbn=0-525-16025-6 |oclc=3169237 |url=https://archive.org/details/mosquitoesmalari00harr}} a major worldwide scholarly survey [https://archive.org/details/mosquitoesmalari00harr/page/n4/mode/1up online]
*{{cite magazine |last=Jarvis |first=B. |title=How Mosquitoes Changed Everything |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/08/05/how-mosquitoes-changed-everything |access-date=8 August 2019 |date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807195030/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/08/05/how-mosquitoes-changed-everything |url-status=live }}
*{{cite journal |first=Maurizio |last=Malpede |title=Malaria and economic activity: Evidence from US agriculture |journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics |volume=105 |issue=5 |pages=1516–42 |date=2023 |doi=10.1111/ajae.12363 |url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/ajagec/v105y2023i5p1516-1542.html|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite book |last1=Poser |first1=Charles M. |first2=George W. |last2=Bruyn |title=An Illustrated History of Malaria |publisher=Parthenon |date=1999 |isbn=1-85070-068-0 |oclc=537843745 |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto0000pose}} [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/4623/summary online review of this book]
*{{cite journal |first=Louis L. |last=Williams |title=Malaria Eradication in the United States |journal=American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |date= 1963 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.53.1.17 |pmid=14000898 |pmc=1253858 }}
*{{cite journal | title = Tightening the handle on malaria | journal = Nature Methods | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 271 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30923375 | doi = 10.1038/s41592-019-0390-2 | type = Editorial | doi-access = free | quote = A day dedicated to raising awareness of the disease is a good opportunity to ask how far malaria research has come and which methods are needed for further breakthroughs. }}
*{{cite report |author=WHO |title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria |edition=2nd |year=2010 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-154792-5 |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241547925_eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311024041/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241547925_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 11, 2010 }}
*{{cite book |title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria |date=2023 |publisher=World Health Organization |hdl=10665/373339 |hdl-access=free | vauthors = Organization WH }}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=malaria |commons=Category:Malaria |n=Malaria |q=Malaria |s=Malaria |b=Malaria |voy=Malaria |v=Malaria}}
* [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria WHO site on malaria] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] 2020-05-02 at the Wayback Machine)
* [https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html CDC site on malaria] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20211128151730/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html Archived] 2021-11-28 at the Wayback Machine)
* [https://www.paho.org/en/topics/malaria PAHO site on malaria] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20211128172601/https://www.paho.org/en/topics/malaria Archived] 2021-11-28 at the Wayback Machine)
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Malaria| ]]
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]
[[Category:Insect-borne diseases]]
[[Category:Infectious diseases plus eradication efforts]]
[[Category:Plasmodium|*Malaria]]
[[Category:Protozoal diseases]]
[[Category:Tropical diseases]]
[[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Maroons</title>
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[[File:Body_of_Maroon_child_brought_before_medicine_man,_1955.jpg|thumb|Ndyuka man wey dey bring de body of a kiddie before a shaman. Suriname, 1955]]
'''Maroons''' be some African descendants wey come dey America den Islands of de Indian Ocean as dem comot from slavery, thru flight den manumission, wey na dem form dema own settlements. Dem often mix plus Indigenous peoples, eventually dem dey evolve into separate creole cultures&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Diouf|first=Sylviane A.|title=Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons|url=https://archive.org/details/slaverysexilesst0000diou|publisher=NYU|year=2016|isbn=978-0-8147-2449-1|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/slaverysexilesst0000diou/page/81 81], 171–177, 215, 309|oclc=864551110}}&lt;/ref&gt; such as de Garifuna den de Mascogos.
[[File:Wikibruz23.jpg|thumb|''Maroons surprised by dogs'' (1893) (Brussels) by Louis Samain.]]

== Etymology ==
Maroon be some word insyd de French adjective maroon, wey dey mean  'feral' or 'fugitive, esana dey comot from American Spanish word ''cimarrón'', wey dey mean 'wild, unruly' den 'runaway slave.Dem come enter English around de 1590s','.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroons#cite_note-OED-2&lt;/ref&gt; In de early 1570s, Sir Francis Drake's go raid on de Spanish for Panama inside  wey  &quot;''Symerons''&quot;, thems back dem. Ibe likely sey them spell am wrong  ''cimarrón.''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroons#cite_note-OED-2&lt;/ref&gt; Leo Spitzer wey be the linguist rep for de journal Language, wey de say,  &quot;If connection dey  between Eng. ''maroon'', Fr. ''marron'', then Sp. ''cimarrón'', Spain (or Spanish America) probably give de word directly for England (or English America).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroons#cite_note-Spitzer1938-5&lt;/ref&gt;

Alternatively, den Cuban philologist José Juan Arrom come trace de origins of de word ''maroon'' further dan de Spanish ''cimarrón'', dem use first insyd Hispaniola make e refer to feral cattle,den to Indian slaves wey escape to de hills, den by de early 1530s to African slaves wey na dem do de same. He dey propose dat de American Spanish word dey derive ultimately from de Arawakan root word simarabo, dem construe as 'fugitive', insyd de Arawakan language wey de Taíno people native to de island dey speak.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrom1983&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arrom |first=José Juan |date=1983 |title=Cimarrón: Apuntes sobre sus primeras documentaciones y su probable origen |trans-title=Cimarrón: Notes on its first documentation and probable origin |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/REAA/article/viewFile/REAA8383110047A/25067 |journal=Revista Española de Antropología Americana |language=es |location=Madrid |publisher=Universidad Complutense |volume=XII |page=10 |quote=(Spanish: si prestamos atención al testimonio de Oviedo cuando, después de haber vivido en la Española por muchos años, asevera que cimarrón «quiere decir, en la lengua desta isla, fugitivos», quedaría demostrado que nos hallamos, en efecto, ante un temprano préstamo de la lengua taina.)» English: And if we pay attention to the testimony of Oviedo when, after having lived in Hispaniola for many years, he asserts that cimarrón &quot;means, in the language of this island, fugitives&quot;, it would be demonstrated that we are, in fact, before an early loan of the Taíno language.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ArromArévalo1986&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Arrom|first=José Juan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij5IAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22cimarr%C3%B3n%20es%20un%20indigenismo%22|title=Cimarrón|last2=García Arévalo|first2=Manuel Antonio|publisher=Ediciones Fundación García-Arévalo|year=1986|page=30|quote=(Spanish: En resumen, los informes que aquí aporto confirman que cimarrón es un indigenismo de origen antillano, que se usaba ya en el primer tercio de siglo xvi, y que ha venido a resultar otro de los numerosos antillanismos que la conquista extendió por todo el ámbito del continente e hizo refluir sobre la propia metrópoli.) English: In short, the reports that I am contributing here confirm that ''cimarrón'' is an Indian word of Antillean origin, which was already used in the first third of the sixteenth century, and which has come to be another of the many Antillanisms that the conquest extended throughout the breadth of the continent and made to reflect on the metropolis itself.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Price1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Price|first=Richard|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5496-5|pages=xi–xii|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arrom2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Arrom|first=José Juan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fr4uAAAAYAAJ|title=Estudios de lexicología antillana|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico|isbn=978-0-8477-0374-6|page=128|language=es|trans-title=Antillean Lexicology Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tardieu |first=Jean-Pierre |date=2006 |title=Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, note épistémologique |trans-title=Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, epistemological note |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2006_num_93_350_4201 |journal=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire |language=fr |volume=93 |issue=350 |pages=237–247 |doi=10.3406/outre.2006.4201}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

=== Colonial era ===
Insyd de New World, as early as 1512, African slaves escape from Spanish captors wey  dem either join Indigenous peoples while some come make a living on demma own.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drake1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Drake|first=Frances|url=http://www.bartleby.com/33/34.html|title=Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern|date=1909–1914|publisher=The Harvard Classics|at=para. 21|author-link=|via=Bartleby Great Books Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wen na runaway slaves den Amerindians band together wey dem subsist independently dem be called &quot;Maroons&quot;. For de Caribbean islands, na dem form bands den for sam islands, armed camps.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dinnerstein 1975&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnAKAQAAMAAJ|title=American Vistas: 1607–1877|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1975|editor1-last=Dinnerstein|editor1-first=Leonard|edition=2nd|page=64|editor2-last=Jackson|editor2-first=Kenneth T.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De earliest Maroon communities of de Americas form insyd wat now be de Dominican Republic, dey follow de first slave rebellion on 26 December 1522, for de sugar plantations top of Admiral Diego Columbus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Franco|first=José|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories}}&lt;/ref&gt; A typical Maroon community insyd de early stages usually consist of three types of people:&lt;ref name=&quot;Price3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Price, Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000pric|publisher=Anchor Press|year=1973|isbn=0-385-06508-6|location=Garden City, New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000pric/page/25 25]|oclc=805137}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Na chaw menners be slaves wey na dem boot directly after dem comot de ships. Dem sana refuse say dem go surrender dema freedom as dem try make dem find ways so say dem go go back to [[Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Price3&quot; /&gt;
* De second group be slaves wey dey job for plantations top for a while. Na those slaves usually be sam wat adjusted to de slave system buh na dem be abused by de plantation owners – often plus excessive brutality. Na odas run away wen na dem be sold suddenly to a new owner.&lt;ref name=&quot;Price3&quot; /&gt;
* De last group of Maroons usually be skilled slaves plus particularly strong opposition to de slave system.&lt;ref name=&quot;Price3&quot; /&gt;
Maroon pipo dey face plenty wahala to survive de colonists attack, find food wey go fit help dem survive, and also dey multiply.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dinnerstein 19752&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book |url=&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnAKAQAAMAAJ |title=American Vistas: 1607–1877 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1975 |editor1-last=Dinnerstein |editor1-first=Leonard |edition=2nd |page=64 |editor2-last=Jackson |editor2-first=Kenneth T}.}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ohadike2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Ohadike|first=Don C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_u_6ZA8BYUC|title=Pan-African Culture of Resistance: A History of Liberation Struggles in Africa and the Diaspora|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Global Publications, Binghamton University|isbn=978-1-58684-175-1|page=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;As de planters dem dey take over more land for crops, de Maroons dey lose ground for de small islands. Na only for some big islands, de organized Maroon groups fit thrive by planting crops den hunting. As more slaves dey waka comot from de plantations come join dem, dem come make bunch. Dem dey try make demself separate from di colonisers, so di Maroons dey gather power as di wahala dey increase. Dem dey raid plantations, carry tings wey no be dem own, plus dey disturb di planters till di planters dey fear say big revolt go happen among di black slaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;brief&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Rogozinski|first=Jan|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/155|title=A Brief History of the Caribbean|publisher=Facts on File Inc.|year=1999|isbn=0-8160-3811-2|edition=revised|location=New York|pages=155–168|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 1700, plenty early Maroon communities don vanish or dem don scatter from de small islands. Survival no be easy at all, as de Maroons dey fight attackers while dem dey grow food too.&lt;ref name=&quot;brief2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Rogozinski|first=Jan|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/155|title=A Brief History of the Caribbean|publisher=Facts on File Inc.|year=1999|isbn=0-8160-3811-2|edition=revised|location=New York|pages=155–168|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relationship to colonial authorities ==
Marronage (wey be 'run away') na big wahala for New World slave systems. If dem catch Maroons wey don run, dem go punish am well well, like chopping dem leg, removing dem Achilles tendon, castration, and even roasting dem alive.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Price|first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1979|isbn=0-8018-2247-5|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse/page/1 1]–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maroon people fit no make dem community dey accessible; dem need to find places wey hard to enter. E be like say, Maroon communities dey for far swamps for southern USA; inside deep canyons wey get sinkholes but no plenty water or good soil for Jamaica; and for heavy jungles for Guianas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Price|first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1979|isbn=0-8018-2247-5|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse/page/1 1]–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem Maroons sabi use de hard environment to demma own advantage to hide and protect demself. Dem get disguised paths, false trails, booby traps, underwater ways, quagmires, plus natural things wey help cover demma village.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Price|first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1979|isbn=0-8018-2247-5|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse/page/1 1]–30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:SR245u_(92)_Een_optocht_van_boschneger.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SR245u_(92)_Een_optocht_van_boschneger.jpg|thumb|Maroons in Suriname in the 19th century]]
Maroons use beta guerrilla warfare skills to face their European enemies. Nanny, di famous Jamaican Maroon, sabi use guerrilla tactics wey plenty military still dey use today. European troops dey follow strict strategies while Maroons dey attack and retreat sharp sharp, dey use ambush styles, fight anytime and anywhere dem like.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Price|first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1979|isbn=0-8018-2247-5|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse/page/1 1]–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even as colonial governments dey always dey fight Maroon communities, some people for colonial system dey trade goods and services with dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Price|first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1979|isbn=0-8018-2247-5|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse/page/1 1]–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maroons dey also trade with isolated white settlers and Native American groups. Dem Maroon communities dey play plenty interest groups against one another.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Price|first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1979|isbn=0-8018-2247-5|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse/page/1 1]–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; At di same time, dem dey use Maroon communities as pawns when colonial powers dey clash.&lt;ref name=&quot;:07&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Price|first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1979|isbn=0-8018-2247-5|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse/page/1 1]–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Secrecy and loyalty for members dey very important for their survival. To make sure say loyalty dey, dem dey use serious methods to protect against desertion and spies. New members go come through detours so dem no fit find their way back, dem go serve probation as slaves. Crimes like desertion and adultery fit end for death.&lt;ref name=&quot;:08&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Price|first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1979|isbn=0-8018-2247-5|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000unse/page/1 1]–30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Maroon Wars ==
[[File:The_Maroons_In_Ambush_On_The_Dromilly_Estate_In_The_Parish_Of_Trelawney,_Jamaica_in_1795.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Maroons_In_Ambush_On_The_Dromilly_Estate_In_The_Parish_Of_Trelawney,_Jamaica_in_1795.jpg|thumb|1801 [[:en:Aquatint|aquatint]] of a Maroon raid on the Dromilly estate, Jamaica, during the Second Maroon War of 1795–1796.]]
Maroon people start dey show for plenty places for Caribbean, like St Vincent then dominica, But nobody see say them be great thrat give de British as de Jamacan Maroons&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroons#cite_note-autogenerated2-19&lt;/ref&gt; .From late 17th century, Jamaican Maroons dey fight British colonizers, which lead to First Maroon War (1728–1740). For 1739 and 1740, British governor for Jamaica, Edward Trelawny, sign treaties wey go give Jamaican Maroons 2,500 acres for two places, Cudjoe’s Town for west Jamaica and Crawford’s Town for east Jamaica, to stop the wahala between dem. Dem go still agree to catch other slaves wey don run. Dem dey pay dem small cash of two dollars for each African wey dem bring back.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colonies&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Alan|title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780965037068|date=2001|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Siva2018&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis|first=Michael|last=Siva|title=After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739–1842|type=PhD|location=Southampton, England|publisher=Southampton University|date=2018|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|31–46}}This treaties free the Maroons even before Slavery Abolition Act wey come for 1833 and start for 1838.

Di Second Maroon War wey happen from 1795–1796 na how many months? Eight months o! E be fight wey happen between di Maroons for Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town), wey dem later rename after Governor Edward Trelawny after di First Maroon War. E dey for near Trelawny Parish for Jamaica inside St James Parish, and di British wey dey control di island. Di Windward Maroon communities wey dey Jamaica no pick side during dis wahala, and di treaty wey dem get with di British still dey valid. But Accompong Town, e decide to follow di colonial militias, and dem fight against Trelawny Town.&lt;ref&gt;Mavis Campbell, ''The Maroons of Jamaica'' (Massachusetts: Bergin &amp; Garvey, 1988), pp. 209–49.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Modern era ==
[[File:Body_of_Maroon_child_brought_before_medicine_man,_1955.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Body_of_Maroon_child_brought_before_medicine_man,_1955.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Ndyuka_people|Ndyuka]] man bringing the body of a child before a [[:en:Shaman|shaman]]. Suriname, 1955]]
Some Maroon people dey still exist for di old Spanish Caribbean as of 2006, for places like Viñales, Cuba.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Sartorio|first=Blanchie|date=13 March 2004|title=El Templo de los Cimarrónes|trans-title=The Temple of the Maroons|url=http://www.guerrillero.co.cu/pinardelrio/2004/marzo/eltemplo.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508202938/http://www.guerrillero.co.cu/pinardelrio/2004/marzo/eltemplo.htm|archive-date=8 May 2008|website=Guerrillero: Pinar del Río|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Right now, di Jamaican Maroons dey live dem own life separate from di rest of Jamaica. Di way dem ancestors go hide from dem enemies don help dem, as dem still dey among di hardest places to reach for di island. For dem biggest town, Accompong, in St Elizabeth, di Leeward Maroons get around 600 people wey still dey live strong together. Dem dey carry tourists go di village, and every 6 January dem dey throw big festival to remember when dem sign di peace treaty with di British after di First Maroon War.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Mavis Christine|title=The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: A History of Resistance, Collaboration &amp; Betrayal|date=1988|publisher=Bergin &amp; Garvey|isbn=0-89789-148-1|location=Granby, Massachusetts}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Bryan|title=Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo|date=1801|publisher=J. Stockdale|location=London|pages=303–360|chapter=Observations on the disposition, character, manners, and habits of life, of the Maroons of the island of Jamaica; and a detail of the origin, progress, and termination of the late war between those people and the white inhabitants|orig-date=1796}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndyuka treaty dey very important for Ndyuka people and di modern Surinamese government, e show wetin be di land rights of di Maroons for di gold plenty areas of Suriname.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=van Stipriaan|first=Alex|title=Surinaams Contrast. Roofbouw en Overleven in een Caraïbische Plantagekolonie, 1750–1863|date=1995|publisher=KITLV Uitgeverij|isbn=90-6718-052-1|location=Leiden, Netherlands|language=nl|trans-title=Surinamese Contrast. Robbery and Survival in a Caribbean Plantation Colony, 1750–1863}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Buddingh'|first=Hans|url=https://www.onlinebibliotheek.nl/catalogus/376317221/de-geschiedenis-van-suriname-hans-buddingh-|title=Geschiedenis van Suriname|date=2012|publisher=Nieuw Amsterdam|isbn=978-90-468-1172-6|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|language=nl|trans-title=The History of Suriname}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kunst van Overleven. Marroncultuur uit Suriname|date=2009|publisher=KIT Publishers|isbn=978-94-6022-040-1|editor1-last=van Stipriaan|editor1-first=Alex|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|language=nl|trans-title=Art of Survival. Maroon culture from Suriname|editor2-last=Polimé|editor2-first=Thomas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Culture ==
[[File:Maroon_flag_outside_St_John’s_Church,_Freetown.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maroon_flag_outside_St_John%E2%80%99s_Church,_Freetown.jpg|thumb|Maroon flag in [[:en:Freetown|Freetown]], Sierra Leone]]
Di Maroon cultural groups dey very different because of wetin don happen for dia history, di land wey dem dey, di African nationality, and di culture of di Indigenous people all over di Western Hemisphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kopytoff |first=Barbara |date=1 June 1976 |title=The Development of Jamaican Maroon Ethnicity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_caribbean-quarterly_june-september-1976_22_2-3/page/n35 |journal=Caribbean Quarterly |volume=22 |issue=2–3 |pages=33–50 (37–46) |doi=10.1080/00086495.1976.11671900 |ref={{harvid|Kopytoff|1976}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; Outside di plantation wahala, Maroons fit share, keep and adapt different African, European and Indigenous traditions and cultures, so dem get plenty different Maroon identities.{{sfn|Kopytoff|1976|p=37}} For example, di Jamaican Maroons sabi use di Coromantee language for ceremonies,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite thesis|first1=Milton|last1=Cohen|date=1973|title=Medical beliefs and practices of the Maroons of Moore Town: A study in acculturation|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/28c25d1668b6d45352e7139b3f47e84e/1|pp=36–7|ref={{harvid|Milton|1973}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; and dem still dey practice some herbal medicine wey dey like West African traditions.&lt;ref&gt;For more about Maroon medical practices, see: {{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Sahiensha |title=Social Aspects of Health, Medicine and Disease in the Colonial and Post-colonial Era |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-003-14059-7 |editor-last1=Menke |editor-first1=Henk |chapter=Seeking Health in Multiple Ways |doi=10.4324/9781003140597 |editor-last2=Buckingham |editor-first2=Jane |editor-last3=Gounder |editor-first3=Farzana |editor-last4=Kumar |editor-first4=Ashutosh |editor-last5=Hassankhan |editor-first5=Maurits S.}}{{Cite journal |last1=van't Klooster |first1=Charlotte |last2=van Andel |first2=Tinde |last3=Reis |first3=Ria |date=2 August 2016 |title=Patterns in medicinal plant knowledge and use in a Maroon village in Suriname |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=189 |pages=319–330 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.048 |pmid=27215681}}{{harvnb|Milton|1973|pp=93–100}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Kopytoff|1976|pp=33–50}}
[[File:Maroon_village,_Suriname_River,_1955.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maroon_village,_Suriname_River,_1955.jpg|thumb|Maroon village, [[:en:Suriname_River|Suriname River]], 1955]]
Di jungles wey dey around Caribbean Sea provide food, place to rest, and make dem no go dey disturbed for di escaped slaves. Di Maroons dey manage demself by growing vegetables and hunting. Dem survival depend on dem culture and wetin dem sabi for military, using guerrilla tactics and strong houses wey get traps and distractions. Some pipo see to waka comot from di community as betrayal and dem fit punish you with death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Price&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Price, Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000pric|publisher=Anchor Press|year=1973|isbn=0-385-06508-6|location=Garden City, New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000pric/page/25 25]|oclc=805137}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also dey raid plantations from di beginning. When dem attack, di Maroons go burn crops, carry livestock and tools run, kill slavemasters, and invite other slaves make dem join dem community. Different groups of Maroons dey often join local Indigenous tribes and sometimes fit blend in with dem. Di Maroons play serious role for di stories of Brazil, Suriname, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Jamaica.

Maroons dey form dem own tight-knit community wey no dey blend easy with outsiders. Sometimes, dem go mix European languages with dem original African languages come create Creole languages. For Suriname, Saramaccan be one of dem Maroon Creole. Other times, dem go fit take local European language change am small as dem common language, 'cause plenty people for the community dey speak different mother tongues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Price2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Price, Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000pric|publisher=Anchor Press|year=1973|isbn=0-385-06508-6|location=Garden City, New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocietiesr0000pric/page/25 25]|oclc=805137}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maroons build their own independent societies wey some don survive for years, and till recently, dem dey separate from the main society. For 19th and 20th century, plenty Maroon communities begin vanish as dem dey chop down forest, but some places like Guyana and Suriname still get large Maroon people wey dey live inside the bush. E be like say recently, many of dem don waka go towns and cities as urbanization dey quicken.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=St.-Hilaire |first=Aonghas |date=26 February 2000 |title=Global Incorporation and Cultural Survival: The Surinamese Maroons at the Margins of the World-System |url=https://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/jwsr/article/view/232 |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |language=en |pages=101–131 |doi=10.5195/jwsr.2000.232 |issn=1076-156X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geographical distribution ==

=== Africa ===

==== Mauritius ====
Under governor Adriaan van der Stel for 1642, early Dutch settlers from Dutch East India Company bring 105 slaves from Madagascar and some Asia come work for dem for Dutch Mauritius. But 50 of these first slaves, wey include women, escape go bush for Dutch Mauritius. Only 18 of dem wey escape catch. On 18 June 1695, one gang of Maroons wey be Indonesian and Chinese origin, like Aaron d'Amboine, Antoni (Bamboes), and Paul de Batavia, plus female escapees Anna du Bengale and Espérance, burn the Dutch settlers' Fort Frederick Hendryk (Vieux Grand Port) as dem try take over the island. Dem all catch and dem cut dem head off.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Carter|first1=Marina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SN53oTMjAyMC&amp;q=fort+hendryck+mauritius|title=Abacus and Mah Jong: Sino-Mauritian Settlement and Economic Consolidation|last2=Ng Foong Kwong|first2=James|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17572-3|location=Leiden, Netherlands|page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt; For February 1706, another revolt happen from the remaining Maroons plus some slaves wey dey vex. When Dutch comot for Dutch Mauritius for 1710, the Maroons still dey there.

When dem people wey represent French East India Company land for di island for 1715, dem face wahala from di Mauritian Maroons. Big tins wey happen na di 1724 attack for military post for Savannah area, plus di wahala wey dem bring for military barrack for 1732 for Poste de Flacq. Plenty people die from di attacks. Shortly after Mahé de La Bourdonnais land for 1735, e gather French militia wey get civilians and soldiers to fight di Maroons. For 1739, dem catch Maroon leader Sans Souci near Flacq and dem burn am alive. Some years later, one group of French settlers chase Barbe Blanche, another Maroon leader, but dem misplace am for Le Morne. Other Maroons wey dey de include Diamamouve and Madame Françoise.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Peerthum|first1=Satyendra|title=Histoires du marronage: Les combattants de la liberté|trans-title=Marronage Stories: The Freedom Fighters|url=https://defimedia.info/histoires-du-marronage-les-combattants-de-la-liberte|access-date=24 February 2019|publisher=Defimedia|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=6 February 2018|title=Histoire du marronage|trans-title=History of Maroonage|url=https://histoiresmauriciennes.com/histoires-marronage-marrons-symboles-de-lutte-contre-loppression/|access-date=6 February 2018|publisher=Histoires Mauriciennes|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Réunion ====
Na de most important Maroons for Réunion be Cimendef, Cotte, Dimitile den Maffate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean|chapter=From French Slaves to French Citizens: The African Diaspora in Réunion Island|last=Hintjens|first=Helen|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdpcgy_aopwC&amp;pg=PA99 |page=99|editor1-last=Jayasuriya|editor1-first=Shihan de S.|editor2-first=Richard|editor2-last=Pankhurst|publisher=Africa World Press Inc.|location=Trenton, New Jersey|date=2003|isbn=0-86543-980-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 18th century, Dimitile do small rebellion and run go hide for di island wey he name after.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Payet|first=Marie-Ange|title=Women fugitives in Reunion Island|url=https://www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr/en/documentaires/slavery/resistance-to-slavery/women-fugitives-in-reunion/|access-date=11 June 2025|website=Plantation Society, History and Memory of Slavery in Reunion Island}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Vergès|first=Françoise|title=Domination and Emancipation: Remaking Critique|date=November 2021|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-78660-701-0|editor-last=Benson|editor-first=Daniel|language=en|chapter=Like a Riot: The Politics of Forgetfulness, Relearning the South, and the Island of Dr. Moreau|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLpHEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA166}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 1743, dem talk say Dimitile and him guys free one slave, Jeanneton, wey come from Mozambique, from her master Pierre Hibon hand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ève|first=Prosper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQbTlYslfo4C&amp;pg=PA268|title=Les esclaves de Bourbon: la mer et la montagne|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Karthala|isbn=978-2-84586-456-6|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sierra Leone ====
A group of just under 600 Jamaican Maroons wey komot Cudjoe's Town, de largest of de five Jamaican maroon towns, na dem deport dem by de British authorities insyd Jamaica dey follow de Second Maroon War insyd 1796, first to Nova Scotia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hamilton |first=James Cleland |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_05348 |title=The African in Canada ; The Maroons of Jamaica and Nova Scotia [microform] |date=1890 |publisher=[S.l. : s.n. |others=Canadiana.org |isbn=978-0-665-05348-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Four years later insyd 1800, na dem be transported to [[Sierra Leone]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Bankole Kamara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I__jAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68 |title=Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History |date=2014 |publisher=New Africa Pres |isbn=978-9987-16-038-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Grant, John N (2002). ''The Maroons in Nova Scotia'' (Softcover). Formac. p. 203. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0887805691|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0887805691&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;James Walker, ''The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1783-1870'' (London: Longman, 1976), pp. 240-3.

Michael Sivapragasam, &quot;The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town&quot;, ''Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond'', ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), p. 17.

Simon Schama, ''Rough Crossings'' (London: BBC Books, 2002), p. 382.

Mavis Campbell, ''Back to Africa: George Ross and the Maroons'' (Trenton: Africa World Press, 1993), p. 48.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sierra Leone Company don set Freetown and Sierra Leone Colony for 1792 make dem fit resettle African Americans wey land for Nova Scotia after dem don free dem for United States post American War.&lt;ref&gt;Siva, Michael (Winter 2021). &quot;Why Did the Black Poor of London Not Support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?&quot;. ''History Matters Journal''. '''1''' (2): 25–47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Birchtown Plaque - 'The Black Loyalists at Birchtown' (1997)|url=http://nsgna.ednet.ns.ca/shelburne/main/BirchtownPlaque.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108180429/http://nsgna.ednet.ns.ca/shelburne/main/BirchtownPlaque.php/|archive-date=8 November 2016|access-date=22 May 2025|website=nsgna.ednet.ns.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Jamaican Maroons sabi go back to Jamaica small, but plenty of dem join Sierra Leone Creole people and culture wey get free pipo and slaves wey sabi follow dem when colony just start.&lt;ref&gt;James Walker, ''The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1783-1870'' (London: Longman, 1976), pp. 240-3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schama|first=Simon|url=https://archive.org/details/roughcrossingsbr0000scha_m4s6|title=Rough crossings: Britain, the slaves, and the American Revolution|date=2005|publisher=BBC Books|isbn=978-0-06-053916-0|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/roughcrossingsbr0000scha_m4s6/page/380 380]–383}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Michael Sivapragasam, &quot;The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town&quot;, ''Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond'', ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), pp. 13, 18.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== North America ===

==== Canada ====

===== Nova Scotia =====

Insyd de 1790s, na dem deport about 600 Jamaican Maroons to British settlements insyd Nova Scotia, wer na American slaves wey escape from de United States sanso go resettle. Na dem be unhappy plus conditions, insyd 1800, na a majority emigrate to Freetown, [[West Africa]] wer na dem be identified as de Sierra Leone Creoles.&lt;ref&gt;[https://muse.jhu.edu/book/15655 Robert Baron and Ana C. Cara, ''Creolization as Cultural Creativity''], University Press of Mississippi, 2011; accessed 12 July 2016, available online through Project MUSE&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Caribbean ====

===== Cuba =====

Insyd Cuba, na der be Maroon communities insyd de mountains, wer na African refugees escape de brutality of slavery wey dem join Taínos.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aimes&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Aimes |first=Hubert H. S. |title=A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868 |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-AIW-147 |date=1967 |publisher=Octagon Books |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1538, na runaways help de French make dem sack de city of Havana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco1996&quot; /&gt;

For 1731, slaves wey don rise up for Cobre mines, dem set up their own community for Sierra del Cobre, and dem dey enjoy life till 1781, when population don increase pass 1,000. For 1781, Spanish colonial people agree say dem go recognize the freedom of dis community own people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco19962&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Franco|first=José|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|41}}&lt;ref name=&quot;delaRiva1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Perez de la Riva|first=Francisco|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Cuban Palenques}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|54–55}} For 1797, one leader wey dem catch from palenque near Jaruco na Indian wey from Yucatán.&lt;ref name=&quot;delaRiva19962&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Perez de la Riva|first=Francisco|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Cuban Palenques}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|57}}

For 1810s, Ventura Sanchez wey dem dey call Coba, dey in charge of one palenque wey get plenti Maroons for di mountain wey no too far from Santiago de Cuba. Dem trick am make e go Santiago de Cuba, where e decide say make e take im own life than make dem catch am give back to slavery. After dat, dem give di leadership of di palenque to Manuel Grinan, wey dem dey call Gallo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco19963&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Franco|first=José|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|42–43}}

Bumba palenque dey organised well well, dem even send Maroons for small boats go Jamaica and Santo Domingo to trade. For 1830, Spanish colonial people carry out military waka against Bumba and Maluala palenques. Antonio de Leon finally knack down Bumba palenque finish.&lt;ref name=&quot;delaRiva19963&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Perez de la Riva|first=Francisco|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Cuban Palenques}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|55}}

For 1830s, Maroon towns dey burst for western Cuba, especially around San Diego de Nunez. Di Maroon Capture Office talk say from 1797 go 1846, plenty runaways dey live for dem palenques. But di eastern mountains get di oldest palenques like Moa and Maluala, wey Maroons dey flourish until di First War of Independence for 1868, when many Maroons join di Cuban Liberation Army.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco19964&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Franco|first=José|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|47–48}}&lt;ref name=&quot;delaRiva19964&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Perez de la Riva|first=Francisco|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Cuban Palenques}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|51}}

Dem get 28 archaeological sites for Viñales Valley wey relate to runaway African slaves or Maroons wey dey live for early 19th century; dem find evidence of their presence for caves wey groups stay small-small. People talk say Maroons dey hide for mogotes slope and for the caves; Viñales Municipal Museum dey show archaeological things wey fit talk about life of the runaway slaves, as dem see am through research. Cultural traditions wey dem dey act during Semana de la Cultura (Week of Culture) dey celebrate di town wey start for 1607.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unesco2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Guanche|first1=Jesús|last2=Acosta|first2=Nilson|date=2006–2007|title=Cuba|url=http://www.lacult.unesco.org/sitios_memoria/Sitios.php?nav=idpais&amp;value=2&amp;lan=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904052106/http://www.lacult.unesco.org/sitios_memoria/Sitios.php?nav=idpais&amp;value=2&amp;lan=en|archive-date=4 September 2019|access-date=21 December 2019|website=Places of Memory of the Slave Route in the Latin Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guerrillero2019&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Loraine|last=Morales Pino|title=Viñales celebra semana de la Cultura|language=es|trans-title=Viñales celebrates Culture Week|url=http://www.guerrillero.cu/cultura/3703-vinales-celebra-semana-de-la-cultura.html|access-date=21 December 2019|work=Periódico Guerrillero|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202031329/http://www.guerrillero.cu/cultura/3703-vinales-celebra-semana-de-la-cultura.html|archive-date=2 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Dominica, Saint Lucia, den Saint Vincent =====
Similar Maroon communities dey pop up for islands across Caribbean, like where de Garifuna people dey for Saint Vincent. Plenty of de Garifuna people wey dem carry go America, some land for Mosquito Coast or even Belize. From dem original landing for Roatan Island wey dey off Honduras coast, de Maroons carry waka go Trujillo. Small-small, dem groups waka go south enter Miskito Kingdom and north enter Belize.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roessingh20012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Henning Roessingh|first=Carel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAIjAQAAIAAJ|title=The Belizean Garifuna: Organization of Identity in an Ethnic Community in Central America|date=2001|publisher=Rozenberg|isbn=978-90-5170-574-4|page=71}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Dominica, escaped slaves join Indigenous Kalinago for di dense forest inside di island make Maroon communities, wey always dey jom with British colonial people during dat chattel slavery time.

For Saint Lucia wey be French colony, Maroons and some French soldiers wey run from di Revolution form wetin dem call: Armée Française dans les bois, wey mean 'French army for di bush', wey get like 6,000 men wey dey fight di First Brigand War against di British wey don take ova di island.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helg2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Helg|first1=Aline|title=Slave No More: Self-Liberation before Abolitionism in the Americas|date=2019|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-4963-4|location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina|page=170|translator-last=Vergnaud|translator-first=Lara|chapter=The Shock Waves of the Haitian Revolution|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeaGDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA170}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey led by di French Commissioner, Gaspard Goyrand.&lt;ref name=&quot;Howard2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Howard|first=Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7LjCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA21|title=Death Before Glory: The British Soldier in the West Indies in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1793–1815|date=2015|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-7152-6|page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem fit take back plenty part of di island from di British, but for 26 May 1796, about 2,000 men wey dey defend di fort for Morne Fortune surrender to British troops wey dey under General John Moore. &lt;ref name=&quot;Breen1844&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Hegart Breen|first=Henry|url=https://archive.org/details/stluciahistoric00breegoog|title=St. Lucia: Historical, Statistical, and Descriptive|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|year=1844|page=96|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stark1893&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stark|first=James Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkM6AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA55|title=Stark's History and Guide to Barbados and the Caribbee Islands: Containing a Description of Everything on Or about These Islands of which the Visitor Or Resident May Desire Information ... Fully Illustrated with Maps, Engravings and Photo-prints|publisher=Photo-Electrotype Company|year=1893|page=55}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dem capitulate, over 2,500 French and Afro-Caribbean prisoners plus ninety-nine women and pikin dem carry go Portchester Castle. Eventually, dem send dem go France for prisoner exchange; some stay for Europe while some go back to France.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stark18932&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stark|first=James Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkM6AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA55|title=Stark's History and Guide to Barbados and the Caribbee Islands: Containing a Description of Everything on Or about These Islands of which the Visitor Or Resident May Desire Information ... Fully Illustrated with Maps, Engravings and Photo-prints|publisher=Photo-Electrotype Company|year=1893|page=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown2019&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first1=Mark|last1=Brown|title=Hidden story of 2,000 African-Caribbean PoWs in a medieval castle|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/jul/18/hidden-story-of-2000-african-caribbean-pows-in-a-medieval-castle|access-date=20 December 2019|work=The Guardian|date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520211634/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/jul/18/hidden-story-of-2000-african-caribbean-pows-in-a-medieval-castle|archive-date=20 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Dominican Republic =====

American marronage start for Spain colony wey dey for Hispaniola. Governor Nicolás de Ovando don dey complain say slaves don run away and dey mix with Taíno Indians since 1503. The first slave revolt happen for Hispaniola for sugar plantations wey Admiral Diego Columbus own, on 26 December 1522, and e beat dem well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco19965&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Franco|first=José|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even though di Admiral crush di revolt, plenty of di slaves still find way escape. Di Dominican Maroons go lead di first Maroon activities for di Americas. Sebastián Lemba, wey born for Africa, successfully rebel against di Spaniards for 1532, come gather with other Africans for im 15-year fight against di Spanish colonizers. Lemba later join with other Maroons like Juan Vaquero, Diego del Guzmán, Fernando Montoro, Juan Criollo and Diego del Ocampo for di fight against slavery. As di Maroons dey disturb Spanish trade, di Spanish officials begin dey fear say Maroons fit take over di island.

Maroons join di locals for dem war against di Spanish people and hide with di rebel leader Enriquillo for Bahoruco Mountains. By di 1540s, Maroons don already take over di inside parts of di island, but di east, north, and west areas still dey fall under dem control. Di Maroon gangs dey waka around di island in big groups, dey attack villages wey dem find, dey burn plantations, kill and loot di Spaniards, and free di slaves. Di roads don open so much for attack, di Spaniards sabi say e better make dem move in groups. When Archdeacon Alonso de Castro waka tour Hispaniola for 1542, e estimate di Maroon population to be about 2,000–3,000 people&lt;ref name=&quot;Heywood2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Landers|first=Jane|title=Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-521-00278-3|editor=Linda M. Heywood|page=234|chapter=The Central African Presence in Spanish Maroon Communities|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKd-q4oVHOsC&amp;pg=PA234}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BrownMorgan2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Landers|first=Jane|title=Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age|date=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-13485-8|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Christopher Leslie|page=139, note 17|chapter=Transforming Bondsmen into Vassals|editor2-last=Morgan|editor2-first=Philip D.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-COzq-pz0oC&amp;pg=PA139}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco19966&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Franco|first=José|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories}}&lt;/ref&gt;.{{Rp|38}}

Insyd de 1570s, na Sir Francis Drake enlist chaw ''cimarrones'' during ein raids for de Spanish dema top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drake2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Drake|first=Frances|url=http://www.bartleby.com/33/35.html|title=Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern|date=1909–1914|publisher=The Harvard Classics|at=para. 101|author-link=|via=Bartleby Great Books Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Laviña2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Laviña |first1=Javier |title=Atlantic Transformations: Empire, Politics, and Slavery during the Nineteenth Century |date=2020 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1438477862 |editor1-last=Tomich |editor1-first=Dale W. |pages=183–184 |chapter=Atlantization and the First Failed Slavery: Panama from the Sixteenth to the Seventeenth Century |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BO_cDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA183}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schwaller2021&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Schwaller |first1=Robert C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlkmEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA103 |title=African Maroons in Sixteenth-Century Panama: A History in Documents |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0806176765 |editor1-last=Schwaller |editor1-first=Robert C. |page=103}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dominican Maroons go be present thru out de island til de mid 17th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=López de Cerrato |first=Alonso |title=The Dominican Republic Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822356882 |date=2014 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5688-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822356882/page/66 66]–67 |chapter=Lemba and the Maroons of Hispaniola |doi=10.1215/9780822376521-015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Deive, Carlos Esteban |title=Los guerrilleros negros: esclavos fugitivos y cimarrones en Santo Domingo |date=1997 |publisher=Fundación Cultural Dominicana |oclc=44735015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Haiti =====
Di French wey dey face plenty kind slave wahala for 17th and 18th century for Saint Domingue, wey dem later go call Haiti. Dem African wey don suffer and run go far away mountain area dem dey call dem marron (for French) or mawon (for Haitian Creole), meaning 'people wey don escape from slave life'. Di Maroons gather like family wey dey do small-small farming and hunting. Dem sabi go back to plantation come free dem family and friends. Small small times, dem even join di Taíno people wey don run away from Spanish for di 17th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;StMery19962&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Moreau de Saint-Mery|first=Médéric Louis Élie|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=The Border Maroons of Saint Domingue|author-link=Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For late 17th and early 18th centuries, plenty Maroons dey live for Bahoruco mountains. In 1702, French people come do expedition, dem kill three Maroons and carry 11 go, but over 30 run go hide for di mountains. Dem try do more expeditions, but e no scatter well, sha. Dem catch one of dem leaders, Michel, in 1719. For 1728 and 1733, French forces catch 46 and 32 Maroons. No matter how many soldiers dem send, Maroons still dey attract more runaways. Expeditions for 1740, 1742, 1746, 1757 and 1761 get small success, but dem no fit find dem hideout.&lt;ref name=&quot;StMery1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Moreau de Saint-Mery|first=Médéric Louis Élie|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=The Border Maroons of Saint Domingue|author-link=Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For late 17th and early 18th century, plenty Maroons dey for Bahoruco mountains. For 1702, French dem send squad go fight dem, kill three Maroons and catch 11, but over 30 scatter, run deep inside mountain bush. Dem dey try go after dem small, but no plenty success, as dem capture one leader, Michel, for 1719. After dat, for 1728 and 1733, French catch 46 and 32 Maroons respectively. No matter how many teams wey dem send go after these Maroons, dem still dey gather runaways. Expeditions for 1740, 1742, 1746, 1757 and 1761 get small success against dem, but no fit destroy dem hiding places.&lt;ref name=&quot;StMery19964&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Moreau de Saint-Mery|first=Médéric Louis Élie|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=The Border Maroons of Saint Domingue|author-link=Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1782, de Saint-Larry come decide sey e go offer peace terms to one Maroon leader wey be Santiago. Dem go fit get their freedom if dem go make sure sey all runaways go come back to their owners. Before dem know, by end of 1785, dem don agree terms, and over 100 Maroons under Santiago stop dey disturb French territory. &lt;ref name=&quot;StMery19963&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Moreau de Saint-Mery|first=Médéric Louis Élie|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=The Border Maroons of Saint Domingue|author-link=Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Other slaves wey dey fight French plantation dem dey do am more directly. One of de big Maroons wey sabi be François Mackandal, e be houngan or voodoo priest, wey lead one serious rebellion against white plantation owners for Haiti before Haitian Revolution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The History of Haiti and the Haitian Revolution|url=http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/haiti2004/history.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826170155/http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/haiti2004/history.htm|archive-date=26 August 2007|access-date=16 August 2007|publisher=The City of Miami}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mackandal dey plan to poison de water wey plantation owners dey drink for de 1750s. Then for 1791, Boukman declare war on de French plantation owners, and dat one start de Haitian Revolution. Dem build statue wey dem dey call Le Nègre Marron or Nèg Mawon for de center of Port-au-Prince to sabi how Maroons contribute for Haitian independence.&lt;ref name=&quot;LA Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-apr-27-me-passings27.2-story.html|title=Albert Mangones, 85; His Bronze Sculpture Became Haitian Symbol|author=&lt;!--no byline--&gt;|date=27 April 2002|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=9 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Jamaica =====
People wey run away from slavery when Spanish dey occupy Jamaica go deep for the land go join the Taíno wey dey there, create refugee community. Later, plenty of dem gain freedom during the wahala wey follow the 1655 English Invasion of Jamaica.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunders20052&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Saunders|first=Nicholas J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNbqUR_IoOMC&amp;pg=PA145|title=The Peoples of the Caribbean: An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=978-1-57607-701-6|page=145}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some refugee slaves still dey join dem for years till slavery chop finish for 1838, but generally, after dem sign the treaties for 1739 and 1740, the Maroons dey chase runaway slaves for money from British government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Siva20182&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis|first=Michael|last=Siva|title=After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739–1842|type=PhD|location=Southampton, England|publisher=Southampton University|date=2018|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|45–47}}

For late 17th and 18th century, British dey try grab Maroons because dem dey waka go spoil plantations small small, e make am hard for dem to expand inside.&lt;ref name=&quot;Genovese1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Eugene D. Genovese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d62zVrIQa2QC&amp;pg=PT65|title=From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World|date=1 January 1992|publisher=LSU Press|isbn=978-0-8071-4813-6|page=65|quote=Some maroon communities became powerful enough to force the European powers into formal peace treaties designed to pacify the interior while recognizing the freedom and autonomy of the rebels. Jamaica and Surinam provided the most famous of these cases, which had counterparts in Mexico...}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 18th century, Nanny Town and other Maroon villages for Jamaica begin dey fight make dem recognize dem as independent. Dem wahala increase plenty over years, wey lead to the first Maroon War for 1730s, but British no fit beat dem. Finally, dem settle matter with dem for treaty in 1739 and 1740, wey gree dem make dem get freedom for their obodo, but if dem call dem for military service, dem go come. Some Maroon groups get power well well, wey even fit make treaty with local colonizers,&lt;ref name=&quot;Genovese19922&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Eugene D. Genovese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d62zVrIQa2QC&amp;pg=PT65|title=From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World|date=1 January 1992|publisher=LSU Press|isbn=978-0-8071-4813-6|page=65|quote=Some maroon communities became powerful enough to force the European powers into formal peace treaties designed to pacify the interior while recognizing the freedom and autonomy of the rebels. Jamaica and Surinam provided the most famous of these cases, which had counterparts in Mexico...}}&lt;/ref&gt; sometimes dey dey negotiate their independence just to help catch other slaves wey don run.&lt;ref name=&quot;AccilienAdams2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Accilien|first1=Cécile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-p7qRKl_G0C&amp;pg=PA81|title=Revolutionary Freedoms: A History of Survival, Strength and Imagination in Haiti|last2=Adams|first2=Jessica|last3=Méléance|first3=Elmide|publisher=Educa Vision Inc.|year=2006|isbn=978-1-58432-293-1|page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As wahala dey happen with Maroons wey dey Trelawny Town, Second Maroon War start for 1795. Governor trick Trelawny Maroons make dem surrender, then colonial government carry about 600 Maroons go Nova Scotia. Dem face plenty wahala for Nova Scotia and England after American Revolution. Britain come create colony for West Africa, Sierra Leone. E be chance for ethnic Africans to build their community, wey start for 1792. Around 1800, plenty Jamaican Maroons waka go Freetown, di first settlement for Sierra Leone. Later, for 1840s, about 200 Trelawny Maroons come back Jamaica, settle for Flagstaff village for St James parish, no far from Trelawny Town wey dem now dey call Maroon Town, Jamaica.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Sivapragasam|first=Michael|title=Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond|publisher=University of Curaçao|year=2020|editor1-last=Faraclas|editor1-first=Nicholas|location=Curaçao|pages=18–19|chapter=The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town|display-editors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di only Leeward Maroon place wey still dey free for Jamaica after di Second Maroon War na Accompong for Saint Elizabeth Parish. Di people there follow dem 1739 agreement wey dem make with di British. Di Windward Maroon community dey for Charles Town, Jamaica, for Buff Bay River inside Portland Parish. Anoda one dey for Moore Town (formerly Nanny Town) too for Portland Parish. For 2005, di music of di Moore Town Maroons get recognition from UNESCO as 'Masterpiece of di Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Gleaner2004&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Tanya|last=Batson-Savage|title=A Maroon masterpiece|url=http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20040613/ent/ent1.html|access-date=23 December 2019|work=Jamaica Gleaner|date=13 June 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223053323/http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20040613/ent/ent1.html|archive-date=23 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anoda community dey for Scott's Hall, Jamaica, for St Mary Parish.&lt;ref name=&quot;JIS2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Garfield L. Angus|date=17 July 2015|title=Scott's Hall Maroons Looking to Develop Area as Major Attraction|url=https://jis.gov.jm/scotts-hall-maroons-looking-to-develop-area-as-major-attraction/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426111051/https://jis.gov.jm/scotts-hall-maroons-looking-to-develop-area-as-major-attraction/|archive-date=26 April 2019|access-date=23 December 2019|website=Jamaica Information Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di autonomy of Accompong confirm when di Jamaica government ratify am after di island gain independence for 1962.

The government has tried to encourage the survival of the other Maroon settlements. The Jamaican government and the Maroon communities organised the Annual International Maroon Conference, initially to be held at rotating communities around the island, but the conference has been held at Charles Town since 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;CharlesTownMaroons2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|title=11th Annual International Maroon Conference &amp; Festival Magazine 2019|url=https://www.maroons-jamaica.com/conference-festival-magazine-2019/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223061457/http://www.maroons-jamaica.com/conference-festival-magazine-2019/|archive-date=23 December 2019|access-date=23 December 2019|website=Charles Town Maroons}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maroons from other Caribbean, Central, and South America nations are invited. In 2016, Accompong's colonel and a delegation traveled to the [[:en:Ashanti_Empire|Kingdom of Ashanti]] in [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] to renew ties with the [[:en:Akan_people|Akan]] and Asante people of their ancestors.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghana&quot;&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/newsthread/689367/378154#showcomments &quot;Historical Meeting Between The Kingdom Of Ashanti And The Accompong Maroons In Jamaica&quot;], ''Modern Ghana,'' 2 May 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Puerto Rico =====
For Puerto Rico, Taíno families wey dey Utuado move enter the southwestern mountain ranges, plus escaped African slaves wey marry dem. Before dem build road go the mountains, heavy bush hide plenty escaped Maroons for the southwestern hills. Escaped slaves dey find shelter far from the coastal plantations of Ponce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Knight |first=Franklin W. |date=May 1986 |title=Review of Benjamin Nistal-Moret, ''Esclavos prófugos y cimarrones: Puerto Rico, 1770–1870'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hispanic-american-historical-review_1986-05_66_2/page/381 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=381–382 |jstor=2515149}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Martinique =====
For Martinique, di African slaves wey run come hide for Maroon settlement for di northern bush to jom from di French plantation wahala and di overseers plus white settlers. During di French Revolution, di Igbo slaves dey fight for freedom, and di French National Convention come end slavery for 1794. But e no be until 1848, wey di last slave uprising show face, wey make dem be di first French overseas territory wey abolish slavery, alongside plenty other French colonies.

==== Central America ====

===== Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, den Nicaragua =====

Plenty different Maroon groups dey around Gulf of Honduras. Some dey inside modern-day Honduras, along di trade routes wey dem dey carry silver wey dem mine from di Pacific side come give coastal towns like Trujillo or Puerto Caballos to ship go Europe. When slaves run, dem dey carry go di mountains for safety. For 1548, for wetin we sabi as Honduras, slaves for San Pedro rebel, led by one self-freed slave wey dem call Miguel, wey come create hin own capital. Di Spaniards gatz send soldiers to quench di wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco19967&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Franco|first=José|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|36}}

For 1648, English bishop wey dey Guatemala, Thomas Gage, talk say plenty Maroons dey waka for dis routes, e be hundreds. The Miskito Sambu be one Maroon group wey comot from slaves wey rebel on top Portuguese ship for around 1640, dem come wreck di ship for Honduras-Nicaragua side and run go hide inside bush. Dem marry plenty of di Indigenous people for di next 50 years. Eventually, dem come take charge for Mosquito Coast and dey lead plenty slave raids against di Spanish people for di first half of 18th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cwik |first=Christian |date=1 January 2019 |title=Displaced Minorities: The Wayuu and Miskito People |url=https://www.academia.edu/76859732 |journal=The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity |pages=1593–1609 |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_117 |isbn=978-981-13-2897-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Garifuna be pikin dem wey come from Maroon communities wey don grow for Saint Vincent island. Dem carry dem go Honduras coast for 1797.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roessingh20013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Henning Roessingh|first=Carel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAIjAQAAIAAJ|title=The Belizean Garifuna: Organization of Identity in an Ethnic Community in Central America|date=2001|publisher=Rozenberg|isbn=978-90-5170-574-4|page=71}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Panama =====

Bayano, one Mandinka guy wey dem don slave and carry go Panama for 1552, lead one rebellion that year against Spaniard for Panama. E and him crew run come create village for lowland. Viceroy Canete no fit scatter dem Maroons, so e tell dem say if dem go accept freedom, make dem no carry new people join and make dem return any runaway to him owner.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco19968&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Franco|first=José|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|41}}

Na dese people, dem know as de ''Cimarrón'', assist Sir Francis Drake make dem fight against de Spanish.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drake1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drake2&quot; /&gt;

==== Mexico ====

Na Gaspar Yanga be an African leader of a Maroon colony insyd de Veracruz highlands insyd wat now be [[Mexico]]. Dem dey believe Yanga be a fugitive since de early 1570s, wey na he be de leader of a formidable group of Maroons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davidson1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=David|last=Davidson|chapter=Negro Slave Control and Resistance in Colonial Mexico, 1519–1650|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|date=1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1609, Captain Pedro Gonzalo de Herrera run expedition go confront Yanga and him Maroons, but e be serious wahala for both sides, no body fit win. Instead, Yanga troway negotiation with di Spanish people make dem agree for him Maroon settlement wey dem go call San Lorenzo de los Negros (we later know am as Yanga). Yanga make dem recognize say him Maroons dey free, and dem give him palenque di status of free town. For return, dem tell Yanga say him go bring back any fresh runaway wey go run come meet dem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Jimenez Roman|first1=Miriam|title=Africa's Legacy|url=http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/legacy/almmx.html|access-date=21 December 2019|website=www.smithsonianeducation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Davidson19962&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=David|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Negro Slave Control and Resistance in Colonial Mexico, 1519–1650}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|94–97}}

Di Costa Chica for Guerrero an Oaxaca get plenty areas wey no easy to reach, but dem be safe place for slaves wey dey run away from Spanish ranches an estates for di Pacific coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Agorsalt|first=E. Kofi|title=Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofatl0000unse|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-253-34919-4|editor1-last=Ogundiran|editor1-first=Akinwumi|location=Bloomington, Indiana|page=[https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofatl0000unse/page/340 340]|oclc=87082740|editor2-last=Falola|editor2-first=Toyin}}&lt;/ref&gt; You fit see evidence of dis pipo for di Afro-Mexican population of di area.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccvaughn&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Vaughn|first=Bobby|date=1 September 1998|title=Mexico's Black heritage: the Costa Chica of Guerrero and Oaxaca|url=http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1937-the-costa-chica-of-guerrero-and-oaxaca|access-date=27 April 2012|publisher=Mexconnect newsletter|issn=1028-9089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other Afro-Mexican communities wey come from people wey escape slavery dey for Veracruz an Northern Mexico; some of dis later communities come from people wey run from slavery for di United States through di Southern Underground Railroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Grant|first=Richard|date=July–August 2022|title=The Southbound Underground Railroad Brought Thousands of Enslaved Americans to Mexico|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/southbound-underground-railroad-brought-thousands-enslaved-americans-mexico-180980328/|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=19 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== United States ====

==== Florida ====
Maroons wey escape from Thirteen Colonies come join Seminole Indians be one of di largest and successful Maroon communities for na Florida because dem get better rights and freedom from Spanish Empire. Some of dem marry and chop Seminole culture; some dey hold on to their African culture. Di pikin wey show say dem dey related to dem wey move with Seminole go Indian Territory for 1830s dem sabi as Black Seminoles. Plenty of dem dey part of Seminole Nation for Oklahoma before, but since late 20th century, dem don dey exclude dem with new rules wey require make you show say you get Native American blood from old documents.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jennison2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Watson W. Jennison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImNeFi-wt6IC&amp;pg=PA132|title=Cultivating Race: The Expansion of Slavery in Georgia, 1750-1860|date=18 January 2012|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4021-6|page=132}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=Ray Von |date=2008 |title=Estelusti Marginality: A Qualitative Examination of the Black Seminole |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol2no4/2.4_Estelusti_Marginality.pdf |journal=The Journal of Pan African Studies |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=60, 65–69 |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406143211/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol2no4/2.4_Estelusti_Marginality.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=Ray Von |date=2011 |title=A Pan-Africanist Analysis of Black Seminole Perceptions of Racism, Discrimination, and Exclusion |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol4no5/4.5APan-Africanist.pdf |journal=The Journal of Pan African Studies |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=102–121 |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805232154/https://jpanafrican.org/docs/vol4no5/4.5APan-Africanist.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Georgia ====
Insyd de late 18th century, na dem establish two Maroon settlements for Abercorn Island (then dem call Belleisle), wey dey situate upriver from Savannah along de Savannah River, insyd modern-day Effingham County.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dawers|first=Bill|date=27 October 2022|title=The story of the maroons is another gap in Savannah's history. Let's find ways to tell it.|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/opinion/2022/10/27/city-talk-history-savannah-georgia-maroon-communities-deserves-more-attention/10594799002/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304175825/https://www.savannahnow.com/story/opinion/2022/10/27/city-talk-history-savannah-georgia-maroon-communities-deserves-more-attention/10594799002/|archive-date=4 March 2024|access-date=16 November 2024|website=Savannah Morning News|publisher=Gannett|issn=1047-028X|oclc=51656980}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1787, na dese settlements be destroyed by a local militia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Afterwards, na de Maroons establish anoda settlement for Bear Creek, though na dem san raid dis settlement wey na dem kill ein leader.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== Illinois ====
Na dem establish Lakeview as a Freedmen's town by a group of African-American runaway slaves den freedmen wey dem immigrate from North Carolina shortly after de War of 1812. Na dem arrive between 1818 den 1820. Na dis area be ideal for de remaining Native Americans wey na dem live, hunt, fish, den farm dis region wey na de black community integrate plus de Amerindians.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Memories of Lakeview, Jewell Cofield, 1976&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Louisiana ====
Until around 1760s, Maroon colonies dey line Lake Borgne shore, just downriver New Orleans, Louisiana. Dis escaped enslaved people control plenty canals and back-country routes from Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf, plus the Rigolets. Di San Malo community dey chop life well-well as independent community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Monuments|first1=Paper|last2=Frisbie-Calder|first2=Pippin|last3=artist|last4=Hall|first4=Gwendolyn Midlo|last5=narrative|title=San Malo Maroons|url=https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/1403|access-date=28 January 2023|website=New Orleans Historical|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; But later, militia from Spanish-controlled New Orleans wey Francisco Bouligny dey lead come wipe dem out. Free people wey get color also help catch dem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Din|first1=Gilbert C.|title=Spaniards, Planters, and enslaved people: The Spanish Regulation of Slavery in Louisiana, 1763–1803|url=https://archive.org/details/spaniardsplanter0000ding|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-89096-904-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=Gwendolyn Midlo|title=Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/africansincoloni0000gwen|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-8071-1999-7|author-link=Gwendolyn Midlo Hall}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey na dem escape enslavement insyd ante-bellum America continue make dem find refuge den freedom insyd rural Louisiana, wey dey include insyd areas around New Orleans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Beaver|first=Jessica|last2=Gillette|first2=Jessica|last3=Mason|first3=Kate|last4=O'Dwyer|first4=Kathryn|title=Maroons in Antebellum New Orleans: Independence at Any Cost - Stop 8 of 9 on the Urban Slavery and Everyday Resistance tour|url=https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/1371|access-date=28 January 2023|website=New Orleans Historical|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=More Than A Runaway: Maroons in Louisiana|url=https://www.wwno.org/podcast/tripod-new-orleans-at-300/2015-12-10/more-than-a-runaway-maroons-in-louisiana|access-date=28 January 2023|website=WWNO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Diouf|first=Sylviane A.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qfc3r|title=Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons|date=2014|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-2437-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== North Carolina den Virginia =====
Na de Great Dismal Swamp maroons inhabit de marshlands of de Great Dismal Swamp insyd Virginia den North Carolina. Although na conditions be harsh, research dey suggest say na thousands live der between about 1700 den de 1860s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maris-Wolf |first=Ted |date=2013-09-01 |title=Hidden in Plain Sight: Maroon Life and Labor in Virginia's Dismal Swamp |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144039X.2012.734090 |journal=Slavery &amp; Abolition |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=446–464 |doi=10.1080/0144039X.2012.734090 |issn=0144-039X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-08-15 |title=The Great Dismal Swamp |url=https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/great-dismal-swamp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121121204/https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/great-dismal-swamp/ |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=99% Invisible |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== South America ===

==== Brazil ====
One of di popular quilombos (Maroon settlements) for Brazil na Palmares (di Palm Nation) wey dey near Recife, wey dem start around 1600. Quilombo dos Palmares be community wey get escaped slaves from di Portuguese settlements for Brazil, &quot;na area wey fit be di size of Portugal inside di hinterland of Bahia&quot;. Di massive size of Palmares dey because e dey sit for di middle point between di Atlantic Ocean and Guinea, wey be important place for di African slave trade.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Braudel|first=Fernand|title=Civilization and Capitalism|date=1984|volume=III|page=390|chapter=The Perspective of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt; For di peak, e get over 30,000 free people and dem dey ruled by King Zumbi.{{sfn|Kent|1996|p=185}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Décio|first=Freitas|title=Palmares: A Guerra dos Escravos|date=1982|publisher=Graal|edition=4|location=Rio de Janeiro, Brazil|pages=123–132|language=pt-br|trans-title=Palmares: The Slave War}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zumbi and Ganga Zumba na di two popular warrior-leaders of Palmares wey dey fight off Dutch and later Portuguese colonial authorities.{{sfn|Kent|1996|pp=186–187}}

For 1612, the Portuguese try give am but no fit take Palmares, e cost dem plenty money.{{sfn|Kent|1996|p=175}} For 1640, Dutch wey come check see say the self-freed people dey spread across two towns, with about 6,000 dey one side and another 5,000 dey another side. Dutch wey try fight Palmares for 1640s too no sabi find am.{{sfn|Kent|1996|pp=177–179}} Between 1672 and 1694, Palmares dey face one Portuguese attack almost every year.{{sfn|Kent|1996|p=172}} After dey dey live independent for near one hundred years, dem finally conquer am for 1694.{{sfn|Kent|1996|p=185}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Décio|first=Freitas|title=Palmares: A Guerra dos Escravos|date=1982|publisher=Graal|edition=4|location=Rio de Janeiro, Brazil|pages=123–132|language=pt-br|trans-title=Palmares: The Slave War}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From di 10 big quilombos wey dey colonial Brazil, seven of dem destroy within two years wey dem form. Four fall for Bahia for 1632, 1636, 1646 and 1796. Di odas three meet di same wahala for Rio in 1650, Parahyba in 1731, and Piumhy in 1758.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kent|first=R. K.|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore, Maryland|page=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich/page/172 172]|chapter=Palmares: An African State in Brazil}}&lt;/ref&gt; One quilombo for Minas Gerais last from 1712 to 1719. Anoda one, di 'Carlota' from Mato Grosso, wipe out after 25 years, from 1770 to 1795.{{sfn|Kent|1996|p=172}} Many small quilombos dey too. Di first one wey dem report na 1575 for Bahia. Anoda one for Bahia show up for di start of 17th century. From 1737 to 1787, small quilombo dey enjoy for area of São Paulo. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bastide|first=Roger|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore, Maryland|pages=[https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich/page/191 191]–192|chapter=The Other Quilombos}}&lt;/ref&gt; Campo Grande and São Francisco dey full with quilombos. For 1741, Jean Ferreira organize small team go fight quilombo, but plenty runaways escape. For 1746, dem catch 120 members of di quilombo after anoda attack. In 1752, Pere Marcos lead an expedition but quilombo fighters attack dem, make plenty people lose dem life.{{sfn|Bastide|1996|p=193}}

Quilombos dey form well well for 19th century. For 1810, dem discover one quilombo for Linhares inside São Paulo state. Ten years later, dem find another one for Minas. For 1828, dem discover another quilombo for Cahuca, near Recife, and one year later, dem send expedition go fight another one for Corcovado, near Rio. By 1855, dem scatter Maravilha quilombo for Amazonas.{{sfn|Bastide|1996|p=195}} Plenty descendants of Quilombo residents, wey dem dey call Quilombolas, still dey live for dem historic quilombo place after emancipation. Dem status as 'traditional people' recognized for 1988 Constitution of Brazil, but dem still dey fight for land rights and protection from violence.

==== Colombia ====
For 1529, for where dem dey call Colombia now, rebel slaves scatter Santa Marta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco19969&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Franco|first=José|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|35}}Dem wey waka come out don build their own place along the far Pacific coast, no be where colonial people fit catch dem. At the begin of 17th century, some runaways don set palenque for the edge of Magdalena River. E go reach 1654, governor of Cartegena de Indias, Don Pedro Zapata, come deal with this community of runaway Maroons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Escalante1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Escalante|first=Aquiles|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Palenques in Colombia}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|76–77}}

For where dem dey call Popayán district, the palenque wey dem run-away slaves build come gree well well. For 1732, Spanish people try make peace with the Maroons of Castillo wey dem talk say make dem bring back any run-away, but di leaders of Castillo no gree accept. Then for 1745, di colonial people come wahala dem, and over 200 African and Indian run-aways come surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;Escalante19962&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Escalante|first=Aquiles|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Palenques in Colombia}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|76}}

For de beginning of 17th century, dem form San Basilio de Palenque wey Benkos Biohó lead about 30 people wey run away go into di forest, and dem win all di wahala wey dem try put for dem. Biohó call himself King Benkos, and him palenque for San Basilio dey attract plenty runaways wey wan join him community. Him Maroons beat di first people wey dem send come fight dem, kill dia leader Juan Gomez. Di Spanish people come reach agreement with Biohó, but later dem catch am for 1619, accuse am say e dey plan against dem, and dem hang am. But runaways still dey find way escape to freedom for San Basilio.&lt;ref name=&quot;Escalante19963&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Escalante|first=Aquiles|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Palenques in Colombia}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|79–80}}

For 1696, di colonial oga dem fit scatter anoda wahala for San Basilio de Palenque, an e happen again between 1713 and 1717. Eventually, di Spanish people agree to some peace talk with di San Basilio palenque, an for 1772, dis Maroons community join Mahates area, as long as dem no go accept any more runaways. Di San Basilio community, wey dem dey speak di creole Palenquero language, na one of di many wey still dey for di Caribbean coast.&lt;ref name=&quot;Escalante19964&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Escalante|first=Aquiles|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Palenques in Colombia}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|79–80}}

==== Ecuador ====
On top all di escaped slaves, people wey survive from ship crash come join body form separate communities for di rivers wey dey for northern coast, and dem dey mix with di Indigenous people for areas wey colonial wahala no fit reach. You fit sabi different communities for di cantones Cojimies and Tababuela, Esmeraldas, Limones.

==== The Guianas ====
[[File:Saramaka-1910.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saramaka-1910.jpg|thumb|321x321px|[[:en:Saramaka|Saramaka]] man, photo c. 1910]]
[[File:Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10024950_Portret_van_drie_Marron_mannen_en_een.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10024950_Portret_van_drie_Marron_mannen_en_een.jpg|thumb|Maroon men in Suriname, picture taken between 1910 and 1935]]
Marronage dey happen for British, Dutch, and French Guiana, and today, di pipo wey be Maroons make up around 15% of Suriname population&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuipers2005&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Kuipers|first1=Ank|title=Villagers return to site of 1986 Suriname massacre|url=https://www.forestpeoples.org/en/topics/legal-human-rights/publication/2010/villagers-return-site-1986-suriname-massacre|access-date=14 June 2018|work=Forest Peoples Programme|agency=Reuters|date=30 November 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 22% for French Guiana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=https://s24.q4cdn.com/382246808/files/doc_downloads/2021/06/French-Guiana-Maroons-June-7-2021.pdf|title=Maroons in French Guiana: History, culture, demographics, and socioeconomic development along the Maroni and Lawa Rivers|last1=Bellardie|first1=Tristan|last2=Heemskerk|first2=Marieke|date=May 2019|publisher=Newmont|location=Denver, Colorado}}&lt;/ref&gt; For di Guianas, di slaves wey run away, dem dey call dem 'Bushinengues', hide for di interior, join Indigenous pipo and form plenty independent tribes like Saramaka, Paramaka, Ndyuka (Aukan), Kwinti, Aluku (Boni), and Matawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=The Guianas}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Price|first=Richard|title=The Guiana Maroons: A Historical and Bibliographical Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/guianamaroonshis0000pric|date=1976|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-1840-0|location=Baltimore, Maryland|oclc=2121443}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For di plantation colony wey dem dey call Suriname, wey England hand am over to Netherlands for di Treaty of Breda (1667), escaped slaves don chop knuckle and start to build dem own village from di end of di 17th century. Most of di plantations dey for eastern side of di country, near di Commewijne River and Marowijne River, so di marronage dey happen for di river sides and sometimes cross go French Guiana. By 1740, di Maroons don form clans and dem don strong well-well to challenge di Dutch colonists, make dem gree sign peace treaties. On 10 October 1760, di Ndyuka be di first wey sign peace treaty, wey jamaican slave Adyáko Benti Basiton of Boston draft am, wey gree dem get some land freedom for 1760.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=28 April 2010|title=The Ndyuka Treaty Of 1760: A Conversation with Granman Gazon|url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/ndyuka-treaty-1760-conversation-granman-gazon|access-date=21 July 2020|website=Cultural Survival|language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; For di 1770s, di Aluku too wan peace treaty, but Society of Suriname come start war against dem,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1916|title=Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië - Page 154 - Boschnegers|url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/benj004ency01_01/benj004ency01_01.pdf|access-date=21 July 2020|website=[[Digital Library for Dutch Literature]]|language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; cause dem to run go French Guiana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=September 1989|title=The Aluku and the Communes in French Guiana|url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/aluku-and-communes-french-guiana|access-date=21 July 2020|website=Cultural Survival}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di other tribes come sign peace treaties with Surinamese government, di Kwinti na di last wey sign for 1887.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hoogbergen |first1=Wim |date=1992 |title=Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons |journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids |volume=66 |issue=1–2 |pages=27–59 |doi=10.1163/13822373-90002003 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 25 May 1891, di Aluku finally become French citizens officially.&lt;ref name=&quot;parc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Parcours La Source|url=http://www.parc-amazonien-guyane.fr/fr/download/file/fid/5438|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231090332/https://www.parc-amazonien-guyane.fr/fr/download/file/fid/5438|archive-date=31 December 2022|access-date=1 June 2020|website=Parc-Amazonien-Guyane|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After Suriname collect dem independence from Netherlands, dem waka cancel di old treaties wey dem get with di Bushinengues. By di 1980s, di Bushinengues for Suriname don start dey fight for dem land rights.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_172_ing.pdf Case of the Saramaka People v. Suriname, Judgment of November 28, 2007], Inter-American Court of Human Rights (''La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos''), accessed 21 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Between 1986 and 1992,&lt;ref name=&quot;peace&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Boven|first=Karin M.|url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/15288/full.pdf|title=Overleven in een grensgebied: Veranderingsprocessen bij de Wayana in Suriname en Frans-Guyana - Page 207|publisher=Rozenberg Publishers|year=2006|location=Amsterdam}}&lt;/ref&gt; di Surinamese Interior War begin wey di Jungle Commando, wey be guerrilla group dey fight for di Maroon minority rights, dey tussle with di military rule of Dési Bouterse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=French|first1=Howard W|title=To Suriname Refugees, Truce Means Betrayal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/14/world/to-suriname-refugees-truce-means-betrayal.html|access-date=14 June 2018|work=The New York Times|date=14 April 1991|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2005, after dem saga from Inter-American Court of Human Rights, di Suriname government agree to pay better compensation to di survivors of di 1986 Moiwana village massacre, wey soldiers don kill 39 unarmed Ndyuka people, mostly women and pikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuipers20052&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Kuipers|first1=Ank|title=Villagers return to site of 1986 Suriname massacre|url=https://www.forestpeoples.org/en/topics/legal-human-rights/publication/2010/villagers-return-site-1986-suriname-massacre|access-date=14 June 2018|work=Forest Peoples Programme|agency=Reuters|date=30 November 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 13 June 2020, Ronnie Brunswijk collect di Vice President position for Suriname by crowd ooo, no be contested election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://dwtonline.com/laatste-nieuws/2020/07/13/live-blog-verkiezing-president-en-vicepresident-suriname/|title=Live blog: Verkiezing president en vicepresident Suriname|website=De Ware Tijd|access-date=13 July 2020|language=nl|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115220444/http://dwtonline.com/laatste-nieuws/2020/07/13/live-blog-verkiezing-president-en-vicepresident-suriname/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem swear am in on 16 July&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.waterkant.net/suriname/2020/07/12/inauguratie-nieuwe-president-van-suriname-op-onafhankelijkheidsplein/|title=Inauguratie nieuwe president van Suriname op Onafhankelijkheidsplein|website=Waterkant|access-date=13 July 2020|language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; as di first Maroon for Suriname wey go serve as vice president.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://dwtonline.com/laatste-nieuws/2020/07/12/marronorganisaties-blij-met-brunswijk-als-vp-kandidaat/|title=Marronorganisaties blij met Brunswijk als vp-kandidaat|website=De Ware Tijd|access-date=13 July 2020|language=nl|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124121655/http://dwtonline.com/laatste-nieuws/2020/07/12/marronorganisaties-blij-met-brunswijk-als-vp-kandidaat/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For today Guyana, Dutch people wey dem dey run things for 1744 go do waka against plenty Maroons wey don settle for Northwest Essequibo. Dem Dutch nail di hand wey dem cut from Maroons wey dem kill for di waka to post for di colony to warn other slaves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Thompson|first=Alvin O.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49332819|title=Maroons of Guyana: Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana, {{circa|1750–1814}}|date=1999|publisher=Free Press|isbn=976-8178-03-5|location=Georgetown, Guyana|pages=15, 21|oclc=49332819}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 1782, one French guy wey dey for di area gree say more than 2,000 Maroons dey around Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo.{{sfn|Thompson|1976|p=16}}

==== Venezuela ====
For history, slaves wey dey rebel no be small for wetin we know as Venezuela now. &lt;ref name=&quot;Franco199610&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Franco|first=José|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|37}} Many free and escape slaves come gather for Barlovento area, dem form wetin dem dey call cumbes. One popular settlement be Curiepe, wey dem dey throw big party for Fiesta de San Juan every year. Another one na Ocoyta cumbe, wey runaway guy Guillermo Ribas dey lead, and dem sabi for wahala wey dem dey cause for Chuspa and Panaquire towns. Dis Venezuelan Maroons dey also dey trade cocoa. Guillermo take off for 1768, come form cumbe wey get both African and Indian escapees inside.&lt;ref name=&quot;Acosta1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Acosta Saignes|first=Miguel|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Life in a Venezuelan Cumbe}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|65–67}}

The cumbe of Ocoyta come destroy for 1771. One military team wey German de Aguilera lead scatter the place, kill Guillermo, but dem only fit catch eight adults and two pikin. The rest wey run come hide for surrounding bush, dem still dey free.&lt;ref name=&quot;Acosta19962&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Acosta Saignes|first=Miguel|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Life in a Venezuelan Cumbe}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|64–65}}One of Guillermo's right-hand man, Ubaldo wey be Englishman, wey dem call am Jose Eduardo de la Luz Perera, born as slave for London, sell am to ship captain, and he waka many times before dem finally give am freedom. He be one of the free black people wey join Ocoyta community. For 1772, Spanish people catch am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Acosta19963&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Acosta Saignes|first=Miguel|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Life in a Venezuelan Cumbe}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|70–71}}

Plenty cumbes dey inside di colony. For 1810, when di War of Independence start, plenty pipo from dem cumbes join di rebels, and waka comot from dia village.&lt;ref name=&quot;Acosta19964&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Acosta Saignes|first=Miguel|title=Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/maroonsocieties00rich|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Richard|location=Baltimore|chapter=Life in a Venezuelan Cumbe}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|72–73}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Sources ==
=== Literature ===
*[https://archive.org/details/historyofmaroons02dalliala/page/n8?q=%22halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia%22 History of the Maroons]
* Russell Banks (1980), ''The Book of Jamaica''.
* Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988), ''The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: a history of resistance, collaboration &amp; betrayal'', Granby, Mass.: Bergin &amp; Garvey. {{ISBN|0-89789-148-1}}
* Corzo, Gabino La Rosa (2003), ''Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression'' (translated by Mary Todd), Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-2803-3}}
* Robert Charles Dallas ''The History of the Maroons, from Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone''. 2 vols. London: Longman. 1803.
* De Granada, Germán (1970), ''Cimarronismo, palenques y Hablas &quot;Criollas&quot; en Hispanoamérica'' Instituto Caro y Cuero, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/37821053 OCLC 37821053] (in Spanish)
* Diouf, Sylviane A. (2014), ''Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons'', New York: NYU Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-2437-8}}
* Honychurch, Lennox (1995), ''The Dominica Story'', London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-333-62776-8}} (Includes extensive chapters on the Maroons of Dominica)

* Hoogbergen, Wim S. M. Brill (1997), ''The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname'', Academic Publishers. {{ISBN|90-04-09303-6}}
* Learning, Hugo Prosper (1995), ''Hidden Americans: Maroons of Virginia and the Carolinas'' Garland Publishing, New York, {{ISBN|0-8153-1543-0}}

* Price, Richard (ed.) (1973), ''Maroon Societies: rebel slave communities in the Americas'', Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books. {{ISBN|0-385-06508-6}}
* Schwaller, Robert, ed. ''African Maroons in Sixteenth-Century Panama: A History in Documents.'' University of Oklahoma Press, 2021.
* Thompson, Alvin O. (2006), ''Flight to Freedom: African runaways and maroons in the Americas'' University of West Indies Press, Kingston, Jamaica, {{ISBN|976-640-180-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Alvin O.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJm4AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%222,000%20Maroons%22%20%22French%20official%22|title=Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana, C. 1750-1814|date=1976|publisher=Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies|page=16}}
* van Velzen, H.U.E. Thoden and van Wetering, Wilhelmina (2004), ''In the Shadow of the Oracle: Religion as Politics in a Suriname Maroon Society'', Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. {{ISBN|1-57766-323-3}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite web|author=Chaglar, Alkan |website=toplumpostasi.net |url=http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/9/col/85/art/1008/PageName/English |title=The World of Surinam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061031/http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/9/col/85/art/1008/PageName/English |archive-date=28 September 2007}} (The Maroons, Hindustanis and others of Surinam.)
* {{cite web|url=http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/ethnoatlas/hmar/cult_dir/culture.7834 |title=Society-BUSH-NEGROES: Culture summary |author=Lagace, Robert O. |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212555/http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/ethnoatlas/hmar/cult_dir/culture.7834 |archive-date=12 March 2014 }} A good short history of the &quot;Bush Negroes&quot; of Suriname.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.kingbotho.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040421170257/http://kingbotho.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 April 2004 |website=Kingbotho|author=Mosis, André |title= Articles on Suriname Maroons and their culture in Dutch and English}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Maroon+culture+of+endurance.-a08929661 |title=The Maroon Culture of Endurance |author=Reidell, Helen Reidell|work=Américas |volume= 42|date= January–February 1990|pages=46–49}} (A history of Jamaican Maroons.)

* {{cite web|author=Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) in collaboration with the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, with the support of the Special Exhibition Fund of the Smithsonian Institution|date=March 1999|title=Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas|url=http://www.folklife.si.edu/resources/maroon/presentation.htm|website=Smithsonian}}
* {{cite web|author=Various artists|title=Music from Aluku: Maroon Sounds of Struggle, Solace, and Survival|url=http://www.folkways.si.edu/music-from-aluku-maroon-sounds-of-struggle-solace-and-survival/world/album/smithsonian|website=Smithsonian Folkways}}
* [https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/portchester-castle/history-and-stories/black-prisoners-at-portchester/ ''Black Prisoners of War at Porchester Castle'']
* [https://amazonteam.org/maps/lands-of-freedom ''Lands of Freedom: the oral histories and cultural heritage of the Matawai Maroons in Suriname'']
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[[Category:Maroons (people)| ]]
[[Category:16th century insyd de Colony of Santo Domingo]]
[[Category:People of African descent]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups insyd de Caribbean]] 
[[Category:Ethnic groups insyd Haiti]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups insyd South America]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups insyd Suriname]]
[[Category:People wey komot Saint-Domingue]]
[[Category:People wey komot de Colony of Santo Domingo]]
[[Category:Pre-emancipation African-American history]]
[[Category:Fugitive American slaves]]</text>
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'''Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X''' (born '''Malcolm Little''', later '''el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz'''; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) na he be an African American revolutionary, Muslim minister den human rights activist wey na he be a prominent figure during de civil rights movement til ein assassination insyd 1965. A spokesman give de Nation of Islam (NOI) til 1964, after wich he lef de movement, na he be a vocal advocate give Black empowerment den de promotion of [[Islam]] within de African American community. A controversial figure dem accuse of preaching violence, Malcolm X sanso be a celebrated figure within African American den Muslim communities give ein pursuit of racial justice.

Na Malcolm spend ein adolescence dey live insyd a series of foster homes den plus various relatives, after ein poppie ein death den ein mommie ein hospitalization. Na he commit chaw crimes, wey dem sentence am to eight to ten years insyd prison insyd 1946 for larceny den burglary. Insyd prison, na he join de Nation of Islam, wey he adopt de name Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X make he symbolize ein unknown African ancestral surname while discarding &quot;de white slavemaster name of 'Little'&quot;, den after ein parole insyd 1952, he quickly cam turn one of de organization ein most influential leaders. Na he be de public face of de organization for 12 years, wey he dey advocate Black empowerment den separation of Black den White Americans, as well as he dey criticize [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] den de mainstream civil rights movement for ein emphasis on non-violence den racial integration. Na Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X sanso express pride insyd sam of de Nation ein social welfare achievements, such as ein free drug rehabilitation program. From de 1950s dey go, na Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X be subjected to surveillance by de Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Insyd de 1960s, na Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X begin to grow disillusioned plus de Nation of Islam, as well as plus ein leader, Elijah Muhammad. Na he subsequently embrace Sunni Islam den de civil rights movement after he plete de [[Hajj]] to [[Mecca]] wey he cam be known as &quot;el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz&quot;, wich roughly dey translate to &quot;De Pilgrim Malcolm de Patriarch&quot;. After a brief period of travel across [[Africa]], na he publicly renounce de Nation of Islam wey he found de Islamic Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI) den de Pan-African Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). Thru out 1964, na ein conflict plus de Nation of Islam intensify, wey na dem repeatedly send am death threats. On February 21, 1965, na dem assassinate am insyd New York City. Na dem charge three Nation members plus de murder wey na dem give dem indeterminate life sentences. Insyd 2021, two of na two of de convictions be vacated. Speculation about de assassination den whether na ebe conceived anaa aided by leading anaa additional members of de Nation, anaa plus law enforcement agencies, persist for decades.

He be posthumously honor plus Malcolm X Day, on wich na he be commemorated insyd chaw cities across de United States. Na dem rename hundreds of streets den schools insyd de US for ein honor, while de Audubon Ballroom, de site of ein assassination, na ebe partly redeveloped insyd 2005 make e accommodate de Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center. A posthumous autobiography, for na wich he collaborate plus Alex Haley, na dem publish am insyd 1965.

== Early years ==
Na dem born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925, insyd Omaha, Nebraska, de fourth of seven kiddies of Grenada-born Louise Little (née Langdon) den Georgia-born Earl Little.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Watson|first1=Clarence|title=The African American Experience: Psychoanalytic Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericane0000akht|last2=Akhtar|first2=Salman|publisher=Jason Aronson|year=2012|isbn=978-0-7657-0835-9|editor-last=Akhtar|editor-first=Salman|location=Lanham, Maryland|page=[https://archive.org/details/africanamericane0000akht/page/120 120]|chapter=Ideology and Identity: Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Earl be an outspoken Baptist lay speaker, wey na he den Louise be admirers of Pan-African activist Marcus Garvey. Na Earl be a local leader of de Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) wey na Louise serve as secretary den &quot;branch reporter&quot;, wey dey send news of local UNIA activities to ''Negro World''; na dem inculcate self-reliance den black pride insyd dema kiddies.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Malcolm_X#CITEREFMarable2011|Marable 2011]], pp. 20–30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Malcolm_X#CITEREFPerry1991|Perry 1991]], pp. 2–3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Vincent |first=Ted |date=March–April 1989 |title=The Garveyite Parents of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1989-03-1989-04_20_2/page/10 |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=20 |pages=10–13 |doi=10.1080/00064246.1989.11412923 |issn=0006-4246 |jstor=41067613 |number=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X later say dat na White violence kill four of eon poppie ein bros.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Malcolm_X#CITEREFMalcolm_X1992|Malcolm X 1992]], pp. 3–4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Portrayal insyd film, insyd television, den for stage top ==
Insyd 1986, na composer Anthony Davis ein opera ''X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X'' premier for de New York City Opera. Na e be de first work by Davis, wey go go on make e win de Pulitzer Prize for Music for ein opera ''The Central Park Five'' (2019).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Tsioulcas |first=Anastasia |title=Malcolm X finally arrives at New York's Metropolitan Opera |date=November 23, 2023 |work=National Public Radio |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/03/1210208373/malcolm-x-opera}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2023, na dem perform am for de Metropolitan Opera insyd a production by Robert O'Hara, plus Will Liverman wey dey play de title role. Na e receive positive reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=X: The Life and Times of Malcolm X|url=https://www.metopera.org/season/2023-24-season/x-the-life-and-times-of-malcolm-x/|publisher=Metropolitan Opera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Arnold Perl den Marvin Worth attempt make dem create a drama film wey dey base on ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'', buh na wen people close to de subject decline make dem talk to dem na dem decide make dem make a documentary instead. Na de result be de 1972 documentary film ''Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X''.

Na Denzel Washington play de title role insyd Spike Lee ein film ''Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X'' (1992).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/18/movies/review-film-malcolm-x-as-complex-as-its-subject.html|title='Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X,' as Complex as Its Subject|first=Vincent|last=Canby|date=November 18, 1992|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 19, 2018|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Roger Ebert den Martin Scorsese include am on dema lists of de ten best films of de 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Jeffrey M|title=The Best Films of the 1990s|url=http://www.combustiblecelluloid.com/bestof90s.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010124095600/http://www.combustiblecelluloid.com/bestof90s.shtml|archive-date=January 24, 2001|access-date=November 11, 2017|publisher=Combustible Celluloid}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Washington previously play de part of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X insyd de 1981 Off-Broadway play ''When the Chickens Came Home to Roost''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/15/theater/the-stage-malcolm-x-and-elijah-muhammad.html|title=The Stage: Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X and Elijah Muhammad|access-date=June 19, 2018|last=Rich|first=Frank|date=July 15, 1981|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oda portrayals include:

* James Earl Jones, insyd de 1977 film ''The Greatest''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/21/archives/alis-latest-victory-is-the-greatest.html|title=Ali's Latest Victory Is 'The Greatest'|first=Vincent|last=Canby|date=May 21, 1977|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 19, 2018|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dick Anthony Williams, insyd de 1978 television miniseries ''King''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/09/archives/tv-6hour-king-drama-of-civil-rights-drive.html|title=TV: 6-Hour 'King,' Drama of Civil Rights Drive|first=John J.|last=O'Connor|date=February 9, 1978|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 19, 2018|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; den de 1989 ''American Playhouse'' production of de Jeff Stetson play ''The Meeting''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/03/arts/review-television-an-imaginary-meeting-of-dr-king-and-malcolm-x.html|title=An Imaginary Meeting of Dr.&amp;nbsp;King and Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X|access-date=June 19, 2018|last=Goodman|first=Walter|date=May 3, 1989|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Al Freeman Jr., insyd de 1979 television miniseries ''Roots: The Next Generations''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/25/archives/tv-end-of-roots-ii-delineates-60s.html|title=TV: End of 'Roots II' Delineates 60's|first=Janet|last=Maslin|date=February 25, 1979|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 19, 2018|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Morgan Freeman, insyd de 1981 television movie ''Death of a Prophet''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=August 28, 2011|title=The Deification of Morgan Freeman: An Incomplete Filmography|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9807EFD81638F93BA1575BC0A9679D8B63.html|access-date=June 19, 2018|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ben Holt, insyd de 1986 opera ''X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X'' for de New York City Opera.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/29/arts/opera-anthony-davis-s-x-the-life-and-times-of-malcolm-x.html|title=Opera: Anthony Davis's 'X (The Life and Times of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X)'|access-date=June 19, 2018|last=Henahan|first=Donal|date=September 29, 1986|newspaper=The New York Times|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Gary Dourdan, insyd de 2000 television movie ''King of the World''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Romano|first=Frederick V.|title=The Boxing Filmography: American Features, 1920–2003|url=https://archive.org/details/boxingfilmograph0000roma|publisher=McFarland &amp; Company|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1793-3|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|pages=[https://archive.org/details/boxingfilmograph0000roma/page/138 138]–139}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Joe Morton, insyd de 2000 television movie ''Ali: An American Hero''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gallo|first=Phil|date=August 30, 2000|title=Review: 'Ali: An American Hero'|url=https://variety.com/2000/tv/reviews/ali-an-american-hero-1200463597/|url-status=live|access-date=June 9, 2016|work=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mario Van Peebles, insyd de 2001 film ''Ali''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/25/movies/film-review-master-of-the-boast-king-of-the-ring-vision-of-the-future.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424032830/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/25/movies/film-review-master-of-the-boast-king-of-the-ring-vision-of-the-future.html|archive-date=April 24, 2009|url-status=live|title=Master of the Boast, King of the Ring, Vision of the Future|first=Elvis|last=Mitchell|date=December 25, 2001|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 19, 2018|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lindsay Owen Pierre, insyd de 2013 television movie ''Betty &amp; Coretta''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Lowry|first=Brian|date=January 30, 2013|title=Review: 'Betty &amp; Coretta'|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/reviews/betty-coretta-1117949126/|access-date=June 9, 2016|work=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* François Battiste, insyd de stage play ''One Night in Miami'', dem first perform insyd 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Verini|first=Bob|date=August 5, 2013|title=L.A. Legit Review: 'One Night in Miami…'|url=https://variety.com/2013/legit/reviews/l-a-legit-review-one-night-in-miami-1200574099/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628121147/http://variety.com/2013/legit/reviews/l-a-legit-review-one-night-in-miami-1200574099/|archive-date=June 28, 2017|access-date=March 18, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nigél Thatch, insyd de 2014 film ''Selma''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/arts/in-selma-king-is-just-one-of-the-heroes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224193944/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/arts/in-selma-king-is-just-one-of-the-heroes.html|archive-date=December 24, 2014|url-status=live|title=A 50-Mile March, Nearly 50 Years Later|first=A. O.|last=Scott|date=December 24, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 19, 2018|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; den de 2019 television series ''Godfather of Harlem''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Petski|first=Denise|date=September 21, 2018|title='Godfather Of Harlem': Nigél Thatch To Star As Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X In Epix Drama Series|url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/godfather-of-harlem-nigel-thatch-to-star-as-malcolm-x-in-epix-drama-series-1202468834/|url-status=live|access-date=December 18, 2019|website=Deadline}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kingsley Ben-Adir, insyd de 2020 film ''One Night in Miami'', wey dey base on de play of de same name.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Fleming.|first=Mike Jr.|date=January 7, 2020|title=Regina King Directing Debut 'One Night In Miami' Underway With Kingsley Ben-Adir, Eli Goree, Aldis Hodge &amp; Leslie Odom Jr As '60s Icons|url=https://deadline.com/2020/01/regina-king-directing-debut-one-night-in-miami-kingsley-ben-adir-malcolm-x-eli-goree-cassius-clay-aldis-hodge-jim-brown-leslie-odom-jr-sam-cooke-1202823324/|access-date=January 7, 2020|website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jason Alan Carvell, insyd de 2023 season of de television series ''Godfather of Harlem''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Simons|first=Roxy|date=January 15, 2023|title=Why does Nigél Thatch not play Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X in &quot;Godfather of Harlem&quot; Season 3?|url=https://www.newsweek.com/nigel-thatch-malcolm-x-godfather-harlem-season-3-recast-jason-alan-carvell-1773564|access-date=April 30, 2023|website=Newsweek|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aaron Pierre, insyd de 2024 season of de television series ''Genius'', wich na dem brand am as ''MLK/X''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|date=September 28, 2022|title=''Genius: MLK/X'' Sets 4 Leads, Including Kelvin Harrison Jr. As Martin Luther King Jr., Aaron Pierre As Malcolm X|url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/genius-mlk-x-lead-cast-kelvin-harrison-jr-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-aaron-pierre-malcolm-x-nat-geo-disney-series-1235128485/|url-status=live|access-date=September 28, 2022|website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Works dem publish ==
[[File:The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1st ed dust jacket cover).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'', first edition]]
* ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X''. With the assistance of Alex Haley. New York: Grove Press, 1965. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [[oclc:219493184|219493184]].
* ''Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements''. George Breitman, ed. New York: Merit Publishers, 1965. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [[oclc:256095445|256095445]].
* ''Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X Talks to Young People''. New York: Young Socialist Alliance, 1965. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [[oclc:81990227|81990227]].
* ''Two Speeches by Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X''. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1965. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [[oclc:19464959|19464959]].
* ''Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X on Afro-American History''. New York: Merit Publishers, 1967. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [[oclc:78155009|78155009]].
* ''The Speeches of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X at Harvard''. Archie Epps, ed. New York: Morrow, 1968. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [[oclc:185901618|185901618]].
* ''By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X''. George Breitman, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [[oclc:249307|249307]].
* ''The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X''. Benjamin Karim, ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [[oclc:149849|149849]].
* ''The Last Speeches''. Bruce Perry, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-87348-543-2}}.
* ''Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X Talks to Young People: Speeches in the United States, Britain, and Africa''. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-87348-962-1}}.
* ''February 1965: The Final Speeches''. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-87348-749-8}}.
* ''The Diary of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: 1964''. Herb Boyd and Ilyasah Shabazz, eds. Chicago: Third World Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-88378-351-1}}.

== References ==
=== Citations ===
&lt;references /&gt;
=== Works dem cite ===
* {{cite book |last=Ali |first=Muhammad |author-link= |others=with Hana Yasmeen Ali |title=The Soul of a Butterfly: Reflections on Life's Journey |url=https://archive.org/details/soulofbutterflyr0000alim_w1b7 |year=2004 |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-5569-1 |title-link=}}
* {{cite book |last1=Assensoh |first1=A. B. |last2=Alex-Assensoh |first2=Yvette M. |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X and Africa |location=Amherst, New York |publisher=Cambria Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-60497-924-4}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Ball |editor1-first=Jared A. |editor1-link= |editor2-last=Burroughs |editor2-first=Todd Steven |title=A Lie of Reinvention: Correcting Manning Marable's Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/lieofreinvention0000unse |location=Baltimore |publisher=Black Classic Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-57478-049-9 |title-link=}}
* {{cite book |last=Barboza |first=Steven |title=American Jihad: Islam After Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/americanjihadisl0000unse_c8o6 |year=1994 |publisher=Image Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-385-47694-2}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Boyd |editor1-first=Herb |editor1-link= |editor2-last=Daniels |editor2-first=Ron |editor2-link= |editor3-last=Karenga |editor3-first=Maulana |editor3-link= |editor4-last=Madhubuti |editor4-first=Haki R. |editor4-link= |title=By Any Means Necessary: Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: Real, Not Reinvented |location=Chicago |publisher=Third World Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-88378-336-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/byanymeansnecess0000unse |ref={{harvid|Boyd et al.|2012}} |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Branch |first=Taylor |author-link= |title=Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–65 |url=https://archive.org/details/pillaroffireamer00tayl |year=1998 |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-80819-2 |title-link=}}
* {{cite book |last=Carson |first=Clayborne |author-link= |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: The FBI File |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmxfbifile0000cars |year=1991 |publisher=Carroll &amp; Graf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-88184-758-1}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Clarke |editor-first=John Henrik |editor-link= |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: The Man and His Times |orig-date=1969 |year=1990 |publisher=Africa World Press |location=Trenton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-86543-201-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmx00john}}
* {{cite book |last=Clegg III |first=Claude Andrew |author-link= |title=An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad |year=1997 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-18153-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/originalmanlifet0000cleg}}
* {{cite web |last=Coates |first=Ta-Nehisi |author-link= |title=The Sexuality of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/04/the-sexuality-of-malcolm-x/237086/ |access-date=September 7, 2017 |work=The Atlantic |date=April 11, 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Cone |first=James H. |author-link= |title=Martin &amp; Malcolm &amp; America: A Dream or a Nightmare |year=1991 |publisher=Orbis Books |location=Maryknoll, New York |isbn=978-0-88344-721-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame}}
* {{cite book |last=DeCaro |first=Louis A. |title=On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/onsideofmypeople0000deca_y7j2 |year=1996 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-1864-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Evanzz |first=Karl |title=The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |year=1992 |publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-56025-049-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/judasfactorpl00evan}}
* {{cite book |last=Friedly |first=Michael |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: The Assassination |location=New York |publisher=One World |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-345-40010-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Karim |first=Benjamin |others=with Peter Skutches and David Gallen |title=Remembering Malcolm |year=1992 |publisher=Carroll &amp; Graf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-88184-881-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberingmalco00kari}}
* {{cite news |last=Kihss |first=Peter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/22/archives/malcolm-x-shot-to-death-at-rally-here-three-other-negroes-wounded.html |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X Shot to Death at Rally Here |access-date=June 19, 2018 |date=February 22, 1965 |page=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=limited}}
* {{cite book |last=Kondo |first=Zak A. |title=Conspiracys: &lt;!-- Yes, it's misspelled, but that's the title of the book --&gt; Unravelling the Assassination of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |year=1993 |publisher=Nubia Press |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=28837295}}
* {{cite book |last=Lincoln |first=C. Eric |author-link= |title=The Black Muslims in America |url=https://archive.org/details/blackmuslimsinam0000ceri |year=1961 |publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston |oclc=422580}}
* {{cite book |last=Lomax |first=Louis E.|author-link= |title=When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X, and the Black Muslim World |url=https://archive.org/details/whenwordisgivenr00loma |year=1963 |publisher=World Publishing |location=Cleveland |oclc=1071204}}
* {{cite book |last=Lomax |first=Louis E. |title=To Kill a Black Man: The Shocking Parallel in the Lives of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X and Martin Luther King&amp;nbsp;Jr |url=https://archive.org/details/tokillblackman0000loma |orig-date=1968 |year=1987 |publisher=Holloway House |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-0-87067-731-1}}
* {{cite news |last1=Lord |first1=Lewis |last2=Thornton |first2=Jeannye |last3=Bodipo-Memba |first3=Alejandro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114124627/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm |title=The Legacy of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |date=November 15, 1992 |work=U.S. News&amp;nbsp;&amp; World Report |page=5 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author1=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |last2=Haley |first2=Alex |author2-link= |title=The Autobiography of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyof100xmal |orig-date=1965 |year=1992 |publisher=One World |location=New York |isbn=978-0-345-37671-8 |title-link= |ref={{harvid|Malcolm X|1992}} |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |editor1-last=Breitman |editor1-first=George |editor1-link= |title=By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/byanymeansnecess0000xmal |orig-date=1970 |year=1989 |publisher=Pathfinder Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87348-150-2 |ref={{harvid|Malcolm X|Breitman|1989}} |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |editor1-last=Karim |editor1-first=Benjamin |title=The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/endofwhiteworlds0000xmal |orig-date=1971 |year=1989 |publisher=Arcade |location=New York |isbn=978-1-55970-006-1 |ref={{harvid|Malcolm X|Karim|1989}} |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |editor1-last=Perry |editor1-first=Bruce |title=The Last Speeches |year=1989 |publisher=Pathfinder Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87348-543-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmxlastspee00xmal |ref={{harvid|Malcolm X|Perry|1989}} |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |others=George Breitman, ed |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements |orig-date=1965 |year=1990 |publisher=Grove Weidenfeld |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3213-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmxspeaksse00xmal}}
* {{cite book |author=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |others=Archie Epps, ed |title=The Speeches of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X at Harvard |orig-date=1968 |year=1991 |publisher=Paragon House |location=New York |isbn=978-1-55778-479-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmxspeeches00xmal}}
* {{cite book |last=Marable |first=Manning |author-link= |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: A Life of Reinvention &lt;!--|url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmxlifeofre0000mara |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolm_mar_2011_00_5430 |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolm_mar_2011_00_5430 |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolm_mar_2011_00_5430  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RownbjVryWIC --&gt; |location=New York |publisher=Viking |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-670-02220-5 |title-link=}}
* {{cite book |last=Marable |first=Manning |editor1-last=Marable |editor1-first=Manning |editor2-last=Aidi |editor2-first=Hishaam D |title=Black Routes to Islam |year=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |chapter=Rediscovering Malcolm's Life: A Historian's Adventures in Living History |isbn=978-1-4039-8400-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Marable |first1=Manning |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dNCCGSAtCsC&amp;pg=PT492 |title=The Portable Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X Reader: A Man Who Stands for Nothing Will Fall for Anything |last2=Felber |first2=Garrett |year=2013 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-60294-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Marsh |first=Clifton E. |author-link= |title=The Lost-Found Nation of Islam in America |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2000 |orig-date=1996 |isbn=978-1-57886-008-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/lostfoundnationo00mars}}
* {{Cite book |last=Moore |first=R. Laurence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SG2qNXqdNHsC&amp;pg=PA198 |title=Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans |date=1987 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536399-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Natambu |first=Kofi |title=The Life and Work of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |year=2002 |publisher=Alpha Books |location=Indianapolis |isbn=978-0-02-864218-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeworkofmalcol0000nata}}
* {{cite book |last=Perry |first=Bruce |title=Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America |year=1991 |publisher=Station Hill |location=Barrytown, New York |isbn=978-0-88268-103-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmlifeofman00perr}}
* {{cite book |last=Rickford |first=Russell J. |author-link= |title=Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |year=2003 |publisher=Sourcebooks |location=Naperville, Illinois |isbn=978-1-4022-0171-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick}}
* {{cite book |last=Sales |first=William W. |title=From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity |year=1994 |publisher=South End Press |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-89608-480-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/fromcivilrightst00sale}}
* {{cite book |last=Terrill |first=Robert |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: Inventing Radical Judgment |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmxinventin0000terr |year=2004 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |location=Lansing |isbn=978-0-87013-730-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tuck |first1=Stephen |title=The Night Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X Spoke at the Oxford Union: A Transatlantic Story of Antiracist Protest |url=https://archive.org/details/nightmalcolmxspo0000tuck |date=2014 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-0-520-27933-9}}

== Read further ==
{{Library resources box}}
* {{cite book |last=Abernethy |first=Graeme |title=The Iconography of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |location=Lawrence |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-7006-1920-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/iconographyo_aber_xxxx_000_11074993 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Baldwin |first=James |author-link= |title=One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based on Alex Haley's &quot;The Autobiography of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X&quot; |location=New York |publisher=Vintage |orig-date=1973 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-307-27594-3 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Bailey |first=A. Peter |author-link= |title=Witnessing Brother Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: The Master Teacher |url=https://archive.org/details/witnessingbrothe0000apet |location=Plantation, Florida |publisher=Llumina Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-62550-039-7 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Breitman |first=George |author-link= |title=The Last Year of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary |location=New York |publisher=Pathfinder Press |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-87348-004-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lastyearofmalcol0001brei |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Breitman |first1=George |last2=Porter |first2=Herman |last3=Smith |first3=Baxter |title=The Assassination of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/assassinationofm0000brei |location=New York |publisher=Pathfinder Press |orig-date=1976 |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-87348-632-3 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cleage |first1=Albert B. |author-link1= |last2=Breitman |first2=George |title=Myths About Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: Two Views |url=https://archive.org/details/mythsaboutmalcol0000unse |location=New York |publisher=Merit |year=1968 |oclc=615819 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Collins |first=Rodnell P. |author2=with A. Peter Bailey |title=Seventh Child: A Family Memoir of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |location=Secaucus, New Jersey |publisher=Birch Lane Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-55972-491-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/seventhchildfami00coll |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Conyers |editor1-first=James L. Jr. |editor2-last=Smallwood |editor2-first=Andrew P. |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: A Historical Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780890892282 |location=Durham, North Carolina |publisher=Carolina Academic Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-89089-228-2 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=DeCaro |first=Louis A. |title=Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X, and Christianity |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmcrossnati0000deca |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8147-1932-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dyson |first1=Michael Eric |author-link1= |title=Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-509235-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/makingmalcol_dyso_1995_000_10472271 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Gallen |editor-first=David |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: As They Knew Him |location=New York |publisher=Carroll &amp; Graf |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-88184-850-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmxastheykn00gall |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Peter |title=The Death and Life of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/deathlifeofmalco0000gold |location=Urbana |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=1979 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-252-00774-3 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Jamal |first=Hakim A. |author-link= |title=From The Dead Level: Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X and Me |location=New York |publisher=Random House |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-394-46234-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Robert L. |title=The Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmxencyclop0000unse_k2j9 |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-313-29264-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Kly |editor-first=Yussuf Naim |title=The Black Book: The True Political Philosophy of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X (El Hajj Malik El Shabazz) |location=Atlanta |publisher=Clarity Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-932863-03-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackbooktrue00klyy |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Leader |first=Edward Roland |title=Understanding Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: The Controversial Changes in His Political Philosophy |location=New York |publisher=Vantage Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-533-09520-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Spike |author-link1= |author2=with Ralph Wiley |title=By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of the Making of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |location=New York |publisher=Hyperion |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-56282-913-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/byanymeansnecess00lees |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Marable |editor1-first=Manning |editor1-link= |editor2-last=Felber |editor2-first=Garrett |title=The Portable Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X Reader |location=New York |publisher=Penguin |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-14-310694-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Payne |first1=Les |author-link1= |last2=Payne |first2=Tamara |title=The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/deadarearisingli0000lesp_w8a1 |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-63149-166-5 |publisher=Liveright |location=New York |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Randy |last2=Smith |first2=Johnny |title=Blood Brothers: The Fatal Friendship Between Muhammad Ali and Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-465-07970-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodbrothersfat0000robe |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shabazz |first1=Ilyasah |author-link1= |author2=with Kim McLarin |title=Growing Up X: A Memoir by the Daughter of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/growingupx0000shab |location=New York |publisher=One World |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-345-44495-0 |title-link= |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Sherwood |first=Marika |author-link= |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X Visits Abroad |location=Hollywood, California |publisher=Tsehai Publishers |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59907-050-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Strickland |first1=William |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: Make It Plain |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmxmakeitpl0000stri_k9i8 |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-14-017713-8 |display-authors=etal |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Terrill |editor-first=Robert |title=The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_m8u1 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-73157-7 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=T'Shaka |first=Oba |title=The Political Legacy of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X |location=Richmond, California |publisher=Pan Afrikan Publications |year=1983 |isbn=978-1-878557-01-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Waldschmidt-Nelson |first=Britta |title=Dreams and Nightmares: Martin Luther King&amp;nbsp;Jr., Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X, and the Struggle for Black Equality |url=https://archive.org/details/dreamsnightmares0000wald |location=Gainesville |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8130-3723-3 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolfenstein |first=Eugene Victor |author-link= |title=The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X and the Black Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/victimsofdemocra0000wolf_l7m9 |location=London |publisher=Free Association Books |year=1989 |isbn=978-1-85343-111-1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Wood |editor-first=Joe |title=Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X: In Our Image |year=1992 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-06609-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmxinourown00wood |ref=none}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.malcolmx.com/ Official website of the Estate of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/mxp/ The Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X Project at Columbia University]
* [http://www.brothermalcolm.net/ Malcolm], website on the life and legacy of Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X
* [https://vault.fbi.gov/malcolm-little-malcolm-x Malcolm Little (Malcolm&amp;nbsp;X) file] at Federal Bureau of Investigation
* [[imdbname:0944318|Malcolm X]] at IMDb
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  <page>
    <title>Elgin Marbles</title>
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      <text bytes="76289" sha1="8olyw8ttstq7y5pkz153g0eu9cdok8k" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Elgin Marbles''' (/ˈɛlɡɪn/ ''ELG-in'')&lt;ref&gt;Wells, John C. (2008). ''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary'' (3rd ed.). Longman. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0|978-1-4058-8118-0]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). ''Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary'' (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6|978-0-521-15255-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; be a collection of Ancient Greek sculptures wey komot de Parthenon den oda structures from de Acropolis of Athens, dem remove from Ottoman Greece wey be shipped to Britain by agents of Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, wey now dem hold insyd de [[British Museum]] insyd London. Na de majority of de sculptures be created insyd de 5th century BC under de direction of sculptor den architect Phidias.

De term ''Parthenon Marbles'' anaa ''Parthenon Sculptures'' (Greek: Γλυπτά του Παρθενώνα) dey refer to sculptures—de frieze, metopes den pediments—from de Parthenon dem hold insyd various collections, principally de British Museum den de Acropolis Museum insyd Athens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[:en:Elgin_Marbles#CITEREFJenkins2016|Jenkins 2016]], p. 325, n. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1801 to 1812, na Elgin ein agents remove about half de surviving Parthenon sculptures, as well as sculptures wey komot de Erechtheion, de Temple of Athena Nike den de Propylaia, sending dem to Britain in efforts make dem establish a private museum. Na Elgin state he remove de sculptures plus permission of de Ottoman officials wey exercise authority insyd Athens at de time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles.|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008272383|title=Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's collection of sculptured marbles|date=1816|publisher=Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co.|place=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de legality of Elgin ein actions be disputed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=1–3|author-link=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dema presence insyd de British Museum be de subject of longstanding international controversy. Insyd Britain, na de acquisition of de collection be supported by sam,&lt;ref name=&quot;Casey22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Casey|first=Christopher|date=30 October 2008|title=&quot;Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time&quot;: Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism|url=http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513053304/http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8|archive-date=13 May 2009|access-date=25 June 2009|work=Foundations. Volume III, Number 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; while odas, such as Lord Byron, likened Elgin ein actions to vandalism anaa looting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Beard|first=Mary|title=The Parthenon|publisher=Profile Books|year=2002|isbn=186197292X|location=London|pages=11–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na a British parliamentary inquiry insyd 1816 conclude dat na Elgin acquire de marbles legally.&lt;ref name=&quot;Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|year=1816|title=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles, Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co., 1816|publisher=Google ebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwUFAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=lord+elgin+testified+1816+british+parliamentary+committee&amp;pg=PA35}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Elgin sell dem to de British government insyd dat year, after wich dem pass into de trusteeship of de British Museum. Insyd 1983, na de Greek government formally ask de British government make dem return dem to Greece, wey na dem list de dispute plus [[UNESCO]]. Na de British government den de British Museum decline UNESCO ein offer of mediation. Insyd 2021, UNESCO call upon de British government make dem resolve de issue at de intergovernmental level.&lt;ref name=&quot;:202&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=September 2021|title=Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Countries of Origin or its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation Twenty-Second SessionParis, UNESCO Headquarters, Room XI27-29 September 2021DECISIONS|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379856/PDF/379856eng.pdf.multi|access-date=8 January 2023|website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Greek government den supporters of de marbles dema return to Greece argue say na dem be obtained illegally anaa unethically, dat dem be of exceptional cultural importance to Greece, den dat dema cultural value go be best appreciated insyd a unified public display plus de oda major Parthenon antiquities insyd de Acropolis Museum. Na de British government den de British Museum argue dat na dem be obtained legally, dat dema return go set a precedent wich fi undermine de collections of de major museums of world culture, den dat de British Museum ein collection dey allow dem to be better viewed insyd de context of oda major ancient cultures den thus dey complements de perspective wey be provided by de Acropolis Museum. Discussions between British den Greek officials dey go on.&lt;ref name=&quot;:172&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=3 December 2022|title=Greece in 'preliminary' talks with British Museum about Parthenon marbles|first=Helena|last=Smith|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/dec/03/greece-in-preliminary-talks-with-british-museum-about-parthenon-marbles|access-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208001447/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/dec/03/greece-in-preliminary-talks-with-british-museum-about-parthenon-marbles|archive-date=8 December 2023|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:212&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=British Museum says in 'constructive' discussions over Parthenon marbles|work=Reuters|date=4 January 2023|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/british-museum-says-constructive-discussions-over-parthenon-marbles-2023-01-04/|access-date=10 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201112458/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/british-museum-says-constructive-discussions-over-parthenon-marbles-2023-01-04/|archive-date=1 December 2023|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Name==
De Elgin Marbles be named after de 7th Earl of Elgin, wey, na between 1801 den 1812, oversee dema removal from de Parthenon, de Erechtheion, de Temple of Athena Nike den de Propylaia den dema shipment to England.&lt;ref name=&quot;:233&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Parthenon Sculptures |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/parthenon-sculptures |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=The British Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; By an act of parliament, de British Museum Act 1816, na de collection be transferred to de British Museum on de condition say e be kept togeda den named &quot;the Elgin Marbles&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Jenkins (2016). pp 109–110&lt;/ref&gt; De term &quot;Parthenon Marbles&quot; anaa &quot;Parthenon Sculptures&quot; dey refer to de sculptures den architectural features dem remove specifically from de Parthenon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dese currently be held insyd seven museums around de world, principally de Acropolis Museum den de British Museum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Beard (2002, pp. 11–12) counts nine museums, but this was before the restitutions made by Heidelberg University and the Vatican Museums.&lt;/ref&gt; De term &quot;Parthenon Sculptures&quot; be used insyd dis sense by both de British Museum den de Greek government.&lt;ref name=&quot;:233&quot;/&gt;

Mario Trabucco wey dey for Torretta talk say, even though dem call am 'Elgin Marbles' legally, people wey want am back, dem go prefer say na 'Parthenon Sculptures'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Background ==
Dem build Parthenon for Acropolis of Athens from 447 BCE as temple for goddess Athena. E fit be say na Phidias dey handle di sculptural design. As di years pass, dem turn di building to church and mosque, so di sculptures get plenty damage, but di building still dey intact.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=12–13, 19–20|author-link=}}&lt;/ref&gt; During di Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War (1684–1699), di defending Turks make di Acropolis strong and use di Parthenon as gunpowder store. For 26 September 1687, one Venetian artillery round burst di gunpowder, e make big explosion wey blow away di middle part of di Parthenon. Di cella walls sef scatter join rubble.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Mommsen |first=Theodor E. |year=1941 |title=The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=544–556 |doi=10.2307/499533 |jstor=499533}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathus&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Fichner-Rathus|first=Lois|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPlYOG52w2UC&amp;pg=PT324|title=Understanding Art|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2012|isbn=978-1-111-83695-5|edition=10th|page=305}}&lt;/ref&gt; Three walls dey almost fall down, plus about three-fifths of di sculptures from di frieze don drop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chatziaslani&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Chatziaslani|first=Kornilia|title=Morosini in Athens|url=http://www.eie.gr/archaeologia/En/chapter_more_8.aspx|access-date=14 August 2012|publisher=Archaeology of the City of Athens}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 300 people die for di explosion, as marble fragments dey sprinkle over a significant area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tomkinson2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tomkinson|first=John L.|title=Venetian Athens: Venetian Interlude (1684–1689)|url=http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?la=eng&amp;pageID=217|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221546/http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?la=eng&amp;pageID=217|archive-date=4 October 2013|access-date=14 August 2012|publisher=Anagnosis Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; For next one and half century, dem dey use wetin remain for di structure as building material plus many valuable things sef dem carry go.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grafton&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Grafton|first=Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&amp;pg=PA693|title=The Classical Tradition|author2=Glenn W. Most|author3=Salvatore Settis|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-674-03572-0|page=693}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=20–21|author-link=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acquisition ==
[[File:East_pediment_O_Parthenon_BM_n2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_pediment_O_Parthenon_BM_n2.jpg|thumb|Parthenon Selene Horse]]
[[File:The_Parthenon_sculptures,_British_Museum_(14063376069)_(2)_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Parthenon_sculptures,_British_Museum_(14063376069)_(2)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Metope from de Elgin Marbles depicting a [[:en:Centaur|Centaur]] plus a [[:en:Lapith|Lapith]] fighting]]
For November 1798, di Earl of Elgin dey appointed as 'Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Britannic Majesty to di Sublime Porte of Selim III, Sultan of Turkey' (Greece dey part of Ottoman Empire then). Before e waka go take di post, e don ask di British government officials if dem go want to employ artists to do cast and drawing of di Parthenon sculpture. According to Elgin, 'di answer wey di Government give na negative entirely.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Elgin decide say he go do di work himself, and him bring some artists make dem take casts and drawings under di eye of di Neapolitan court painter, Giovanni Lusieri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Even though him just wan document di sculptures at first, for 1801 Elgin start dey carry material come out from di Parthenon and di structures wey dey surround am, all dis under Lusieri supervision. One local Turkish guy talk say di marble sculptures wey fall, dem dey burnt am to make lime for building, and when dem check di drawings wey dem don publish before, e show how di remains dey decay fast fast.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Dem also carry pieces come out from di Erechtheion, di Propylaia, plus di Temple of Athena Nike, all insyde di Acropolis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:212&quot; /&gt;

Dem carry dem from Greece go Malta, wey e be British protectorate, and dem stay there for many years before dem carry dem go Britain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Busuttil|first1=Cynthia|title=Dock 1 made from ancient ruins?|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090726/local/dock-1-made-from-ancient-ruins.266812|access-date=15 March 2015|work=[[The Times (Malta)|The Times]]|date=26 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di digging and removal complete for 1812, wey e cost Elgin £74,240&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/184554/Elgin-Marbles|title=Elgin Marbles|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; (wey be like £5,670,000 for 2023 pounds). Elgin wan use di marbles to boost art for Britain,&lt;ref&gt;Jenkins (2016). pp. 96, 102&lt;/ref&gt; plus him big dream be make government buy am.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Trabucco della Torretta|first=Mario|date=19 August 2024|title=We mustn't lose our Marbles!|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/daily-express/20240819/282110641929563?srsltid=AfmBOorQtcw0t7cXAs-LtFeYs0OvLCkm-sgXtQ_D2VF6X8IuYIyEJwIr|work=Daily Express|access-date=24 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

To make case for public spending, Elgin buy house for London, set up sculptures dey like private museum, make artists fit see am, and later, public too.&lt;ref&gt;St.Clair (1998), pp. 162–172&lt;/ref&gt; Elgin start talk for sell di collection go British Museum for 1811, but di matter jam when government offer just £30,000; na less than half wetin e spend for dem.&lt;ref&gt;St Clair (1967). pp. 184–186&lt;/ref&gt; Di next few years, plenty people show interest for classical Greece, and Elgin also get testimonials from Ennio Quirino Visconti wey be director for Louvre, plus Antonio Canova from Vatican Museum, wey confirm say di marbles get high artistic value.&lt;ref&gt;St Clair (1967). pp. 220–228&lt;/ref&gt; For 1816, House of Commons Select Committee wey Lord Elgin request, talk say dem get high artistic value and dem recommend make government buy am for £35,000 to boost fine arts for Britain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;St Clair (1967). pp. 250–260&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jenkins (2016). p. 107&lt;/ref&gt; For June 1816, after more debate, parliament give the green light for dem to buy the marbles with vote wey be 82–30. Dem carry de marbles go British Museum for 8 August.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Jenkins (2016). pp. 109–110&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
[[File:Parthenon_section_annotated.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parthenon_section_annotated.svg|thumb|Annotated sectional view of the Parthenon with parts in the British Museum shaded]]
Di marbles wey Elgin get include 21 figures from di statues wey dey east and west pediments, 15 out of 92 metope panels wey show battles between Lapiths den di centaurs, plus 75 metres of di Parthenon frieze wey dey on top di architrave for di temple. E mean say, dem be more than half of wetin dey remain for di sculptural decoration of di Parthenon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 January 2023|title=The Parthenon Sculptures|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/parthenon-sculptures|access-date=9 January 2023|website=The British Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elgin dey collect plenty things wey come from other buildings for Athenian Acropolis – like caryatid wey come from Erechtheion; four slabs wey dey from the parapet frieze of Temple of Athena Nike; plus many other architectural pieces from Parthenon, Propylaia, Erechtheion, plus Temple of Athena Nike – plus the Treasury of Atreus for Mycenae too.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

British Museum dey gather some extra pieces from Acropolis, wey dem get from different collections no related to Elgin, like Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=24 September 2024|title=British Museum Catalogue entry for item 1840.1111.5|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1840-1111-5|website=The British Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=24 September 2024|title=British Museum Catalogue entry for item 1854.0513.1|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1854-0513-1|website=The British Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus de Society of Dilettanti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=24 September 2024|title=British Museum Catalogue entry for item 1816.0610.29-30a|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1816-0610-29-30-a|website=The British Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Legality of removal from Athens ==
For February 1816, one committee for House of Commons gather people talk whether Elgin take the marbles legit or no, and if government go fit buy am.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; When dem ask Elgin for the committee,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's collection of sculptured marbles; &amp;c|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008272383/page/n39/mode/2up|access-date=13 January 2023|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; e talk say the work wey im agents do for Acropolis, and how dem carry the marbles go, na by firman (that one be term wey Western people dey use for any official Ottoman order) wey Ottoman government give dem for July 1801, and dem carry out with approval of voivode (the civil governor for Athens) and dizdar (military commander for Acropolis citadel). For March 1810, another firman land, wey give green light for second shipment of marbles from Athens to Britain.&lt;ref&gt;Williams (2009). p. 23&lt;/ref&gt; Elgin tell the committee, &quot;the thing dey happen in front of everybody... plus all de local leaders dey involved, plus de Turkish government too.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Dyfri |date=2009 |title=Lord Elgin's Firman |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |pages=1–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di committee clear Elgin from all di wahala say he take di marbles by bad means or misuse him power as ambassador.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; But wetin Elgin talk still dey cause palaver. No official record of di July 1801 firman show for Turkish archives.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nation2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=David Rudenstein |date=29 May 2000 |title=Did Elgin Cheat at Marbles? |journal=Nation |volume=270 |issue=21 |page=30 |quote=Yet no researcher has ever located this Ottoman document and when l was in Instanbul I searched in vain for it or any copy of it, or any reference to it in other sorts of documents or a description of its substantive terms in any related official papers. Although a document of some sort may have existed, it seems to have vanished into thin air, despite the fact the Ottoman archives contain an enormous number of similar documents from the period.}}&lt;/ref&gt; One Italian translation of di supposed firman dey for British Museum, plus one English version wey dem carry go 1816 Select Committee.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;St Clair, William: Lord Elgin and the Marbles. Oxford University Press, US, 3rd ed., (1998)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=firman|url=http://www.parthenon.newmentor.net/firman.htm|work=newmentor.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di document talk small for dis part,&lt;ref&gt;Williams (2009). pp. 6–7&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Blockquote|make dem write and order say, the painters wey be Elgin’s men, as dem dey enter and carry go out for Castle gate wey be their observation zone, and as dem dey set up scaffolding for ancient temple of Idols wey be Parthenon, and dey take moulds for lime paste (wey be plaster) of di same ornaments and figures, dey go fit measure any remains of dem old buildings wey don spoil, and if dem wan dig for foundation to find any stone wey get inscripshion, wey fit still dey yam for di rubble, make no body disturb dem, make Commandant of di Castle or anybody no fit disturb dem. Nobody suppose touch their scaffolding or tools wey dem don make there; and if dem wan carry any stone wey get old inscripshion or figures, make nobody stop dem.}}Vassilis Demetriades wey dey from University of Crete talk say dis document no be firman (decree from Sultan), nor be buyuruldi (order from Grand Vizier), na wetin dem dey call mektub (official letter) from de Sultan acting Grand Vizier wey no get force of law.&lt;ref name=&quot;firman23&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Demetriades|first=Vassilis|title=Was the removal of the marbles illegal?|url=http://www.parthenon.newmentor.net/illegal.htm|work=newmentor.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dyfri Williams yan say even though e no be firman for technical matter, dem dey use di term well for diplomatic and court area to mean different kinds of official Ottoman documents. E talk say di document fit be buyuruldi, but &quot;[w]hatever di correct form of di document be, e get so you go follow am, plus people follow am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Williams (2009). pp. 8–12&lt;/ref&gt; Historian Edhem Eldem too dey argue say di document fit be real and e call am firman for di broad meaning of di word.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Eldem|first=Edhem|title=Scramble for the Past. A Story of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire, 1753–1914|date=2011|publisher=Istanbul, SALT|isbn=|editor-last1=Barani|editor-first1=Zainab|pages=281–328|chapter=From Blissful Indifference to Anguished Concern: Ottoman Perceptions of Antiquities, 1799–1869|editor-last2=Celik|editor-first2=Zeynep|editor-last3=Eldem|editor-first3=Edhem}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Parthenon_pediment_statues.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parthenon_pediment_statues.jpg|thumb|Statuary from the east [[:en:Pediment|pediment]]]]
Dem dey argue whether di document gree Elgin people make dem remove di sculptures wey dey attach to di Parthenon and other buildings. Demetriades, David Rudenstine and some folks talk say di document only gree Elgin crew make dem carry artefacts wey dem recover for di excavations wey dem fit do, no be di ones wey still dey on top di buildings.&lt;ref name=&quot;firman23&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rudenstein |first=David |date=29 May 2000 |title=Did Elgin Cheat at Marbles? |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Did+Elgin+Cheat+at+Marbles%3F-a062102045 |journal=The Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Williams talk say the document be dey “rather open ended” and di civil governor gree with how clergyman Philip Hunt—wey dey follow dem as Elgin's chaplain—interpret am, wey fit allow dem remove sculptures wey dem fix for buildings.&lt;ref&gt;Williams (2009). p. 20&lt;/ref&gt; Beard come conclude say, “No matter how you go dey check di text, e no go fit give you di answer. Just like with documents wey dey come from head office, how dem go interpret am go depend on di men wey dey carry di orders on de spot.&lt;ref&gt;Beard (2002). p. 91&lt;/ref&gt;

Legal guy John Henry Merryman dey argue say di document just get small authority to remove di fixed sculptures, but e be say legally, wetin Elgin do don get approval from di Ottoman officials. For 1802, di Ottoman officials for Constantinople release documents give di civil governor and military boss for Athens wey approve wetin dem do, and for March 1810, dem give command make Elgin fit carry shipment of marbles from Greece go Britain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Merryman |first=John |date=1985 |title=Thinking About the Elgin Marbles |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol83/iss8/3/ |journal=Michigan Law Review |volume=83 |issue=8 |pages=1899 |doi=10.2307/1288954 |jstor=1288954 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Legal scholar Catharine Titi talk say Sir Robert Adair report say di Ottomans for 1811 &quot;no gree&quot; say Elgin get any property insyde di sculptures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Titi|first=Catharine|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6|title=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law|date=2023|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-031-26356-9|pages=79–81|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Legal scholar Alexander Herman and historian Edhem Eldem talk say di papers wey dey for di Turkish archives show say dis &quot;no gree&quot; na just strategy to delay matter for diplomatic reason, and di Porte later allow di marbles make dem carry go Britain for late 1811.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=45–46|author-link=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BOA, HAT 1277/49548, AH 1225 (AD 1810), quoted in Eldem (2011), p. 292&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty people wey see dem carry marbles from Acropolis, even pipo from Elgin’s crew, talk say expensive bribes and gifts to local big men dey necessary make dem work go smooth.&lt;ref name=&quot;Edward Daniel Clarke 1818 223ff2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Clarke|first=Edward Daniel|title=Travels in various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa Part the Second Greece Egypt and the Holy Land Section the Second Fourth Edition Volume the Sixth|publisher=T. Cadell|year=1818|location=London|page=223ff}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem say dem pay small money give disdar, just to make am fit continue di work. No money really dey mentioned to start di work, na because of official permission.&lt;ref&gt;Williams (2019). pp. 13, 19&lt;/ref&gt; Merryman talk say bribery no go make taking di marbles illegal for di kind time wey dem dey.&lt;ref&gt;Merryman (1985). p. 1901–1902&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Blockquote|De Ottomans wey dem don bribe na dem be de people wey dey in charge. No matter wetin make dem collect de bribe, dem get de power to do wetin dem do. For dat time, plus for di culture, e get plenty officials wey dey need bribe before dem go fit do dem work (like e still dey happen for many places today), so di fact say bribes dey happen no mean anything for di law matter.}}Rudenstine talk say dem go need check am well to see if, for that time, bribery fit matter for dis kind official transactions under Ottoman or British law.&lt;ref&gt;Rudenstine (1999) p. 370&lt;/ref&gt; Herman dey argue say bribing officials no dey legal for British and Ottoman law back then, but the Porte no do anything to their officials for Athens, so dem just allow wetin dem dey do slide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=46–48|author-link=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For May 2024, one spokesperson wey dey represent Turkey, wey be like the continue state of de Ottoman Empire,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Öktem |first=Emre |date=August 2011 |title=Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire? |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/turkey-successor-or-continuing-state-of-the-ottoman-empire/B3512009F20CED7173E9D27E37A5EE83 |journal=Leiden Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |page=561 |doi=10.1017/S0922156511000252 |issn=1478-9698 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; talk say dem no sabi the firman and dem support make dem return the marbles. Di spokesman come talk say na UK colonialists remove di marbles, him add say: &quot;I no think say we fit talk about di legality, even during dat time plus under di law wey dey then.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Zois|first=Nikolas|date=4 June 2024|title=Turkey denies firman giving Lord Elgin rights to sell Parthenon Sculptures|url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/culture/1240571/turkey-denies-firman-giving-lord-elgin-rights-to-sell-parthenon-sculptures/|access-date=4 June 2024|work=[[Kathimerini]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; For response, archaeologist Mario Trabucco della Torretta talk say scholars dey believe say di British copy of di firman be true plus e fit be say did grant Elgin permission to carry di sculptures comot.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

== Contemporary reaction ==
When Elgin yarn for 1807, he show first shipment of marbles for London,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jenkins 2016. p. 102&quot;&gt;Jenkins (2016). p. 102&lt;/ref&gt; e be ‘instant hit’ for plenty people&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; wey admire di sculptures and dey support their come. Di sculptor John Flaxman talk say dem better pass ‘di treasures of Italy’,&lt;ref name=&quot;:122&quot;&gt;Jenkins (2016). pp. 102–104&lt;/ref&gt; plus Benjamin West call dem ‘sublime specimens of di purest sculpture’.&lt;ref&gt;William St Clair (1967). p. 167&lt;/ref&gt; Henry Fuseli dey enthusiastic, and im friend Benjamin Haydon become tireless fan for their importance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=St. Clair|first=William|title=Lord Elgin and the Marbles|publisher=Oxford|year=1967|edition=1st|location=London|pages=169–172}}&lt;/ref&gt; But di classicist Richard Payne Knight talk say dem be Roman additions or work of inferior craftsmen, while painter Ozias Humphrey call dem ‘a mass of ruins’.&lt;ref name=&quot;:122&quot; /&gt;

Lord Byron, some years later, dey vex well well for dem wey wan carry di marbles go from Greece, he call Elgin vandal.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritA2&quot;&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica, ''The Acropolis'', p. 6/20, 2008, O.Ed.&lt;/ref&gt; For him poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage wey him publish for 1812, he talk about di Parthenon like dis:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=14 July 2014|title=The story of the Elgin Marbles|newspaper=International Herald Tribune|url=http://www.elginism.com/20040720/90/|url-status=dead|access-date=25 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025153529/http://www.elginism.com/20040720/90/|archive-date=25 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;E be eye wey no go cry if e see, 

Dem don spoil your walls, your shrines don dey go, 

Na British hand wey suppose dey protect dem, 

Dem don carry all your relics wey no fit come back. 

This hour wey dem leave their land, 

Dem don come chop your heart again, 

And snatch'd thy shrinking gods to northern climes abhorred!&lt;/blockquote&gt;Byron no be di only person wey dey vex for di removal for dat time. Sir John Newport talk say:&lt;ref name=&quot;newsweek stones22&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=Romancing the Stones|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/200852|magazine=Newsweek|access-date=25 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Honourable Lord don use di worst way wey no dey justified and don do serious theft. E be serious matter say person wey represent our country go carry di things wey di Turks plus other barbarians  don dey consider sacred.

Edward Daniel Clarke see dem take out di metopes and he call di action 'spoliation', he write say 'di form of di temple don suffer pass wetin e don already feel from di Venetian gun dem', and 'no workman wey dey work for di thing ... no one no show say dem dey worry say such wahala dey necessary, after dem don already make moulds and casts of all di sculpture wey dem designed to remove'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Edward Daniel Clarke 1818 223ff2&quot; /&gt; When Sir Francis Ronalds waka go Athens meet Giovanni Battista Lusieri for 1820, e talk say, &quot;If Lord Elgin get real taste instead of greedy heart, e for do di opposite of wetin e don do, e for carry di rubbish comot den leave di ancient things.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ronalds|first=B.F.|title=Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph|url=https://archive.org/details/sirfrancisronald0000rona|publisher=Imperial College Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-78326-917-4|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/sirfrancisronald0000rona/page/60 60]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sir Francis Ronalds' Travel Journal: Athens|url=http://www.sirfrancisronalds.co.uk/athens.html|access-date=22 February 2018|website=Sir Francis Ronalds and his Family}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Temporary_Elgin_Room_at_the_Museum_in_1819.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temporary_Elgin_Room_at_the_Museum_in_1819.jpg|thumb|''De Trustees insyde de Temporary Elgin Room, 1819'', by Archibald Archer, depicts de Elgin Marbles at de [[:en:British_Museum|British Museum]] surrounded by museum staff, a trustee, plus visitors.]]
For 1810, Elgin drop one paper wey e defend im actions, wey e talk say na only when e see say the marbles no dey under correct care from Ottoman people, e decide to carry am come away. E fear say dem fit enter Napoleon army hand if e no act fast.&lt;ref&gt;St Clair (1967). p. 182&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BritB2&quot;&gt;''Encyclopædia Britannica'', &quot;Elgin Marbles&quot;, 2008, online ed.&lt;/ref&gt;

Felicia Hemans gree buy di marbles, and for her Modern Greece: A Poem (1817), defied Byron with the question:

And who go fit cry say, wey dem don save am from dem, &lt;blockquote&gt;Those wey dey spoil fine things and no like art, 

Thy relics, Athens! wey dem carry go other side, 

Still dey get respect from every heart for you?&lt;/blockquote&gt;and she talk about Haydon and other people wey dey support how dem fit reach insyde her notes.&lt;ref&gt;''Modern Greece'', London 1817, [https://books.google.com/books?id=A1QVAAAAQAAJ pp. 45, 65–66]&lt;/ref&gt;

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe dey talk say di British government wey go buy di marbles go bring 'new age of great art'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Beard (2002) p. 16&lt;/ref&gt; Di marbles show for public for temp room inside di British Museum for 1817 and e soon break attendance record for di museum.&lt;ref&gt;Jenkins (2016). p. 110&lt;/ref&gt; John Keats waka go di British Museum too for 1817, him record wetin e dey feel for di sonnet wey dem call 'On Seeing di Elgin Marbles'. Some lines for him 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' dey feel like e inspire from di Elgin Marbles visit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chamberlain |first=Tim |date=2005 |title=The Elusive Urn |url=https://www.academia.edu/1532559 |journal=The British Museum Magazine |issue=52 |pages=36–38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120033515/https://www.academia.edu/1532559 |archive-date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; William Wordsworth sef see di marbles and e talk sweet tings about demma aesthetics for letter wey e write to Haydon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bennett|first=Andrew|title=William Wordsworth in Context|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|page=304}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem go show di marbles for di Elgin Saloon wey dem build specially (1832), and e turn di favorite models wey people dey use train for fine arts. Plaster casts of di marbles dey hot for market and dem share am give museums, private collectors plus big men throughout de world.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Jenkins (2016). p. 111&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Beard (2002). pp. 16–18&lt;/ref&gt; Dem carry am go Duveen Gallery, wey dem name after Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen, for 1939, and dem still dey gather plenty people wey wan see am.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Damage ==

=== Late antiquity plus Byzantine era ===
Some time after dem change Parthenon to Christian church for 6th-century CE, Christians go spoil de metopes for north, west and east side of Parthenon to remove images of pagan gods. Dem damage e too much, we no fit identify the images wey dey for di affected metopes well well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schwab|first=Katherine A|title=The Parthenon, from Antiquity to the Present|url=https://archive.org/details/parthenonfromant0000unse|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-82093-6|editor-last=Neils|editor-first=Jennifer|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/parthenonfromant0000unse/page/165 165]|chapter=Celebrations of Victory: The Metopes of the Parthenon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Robert Ousterhout (2005) &quot;'Bestride the Very Peak of Heaven': The Parthenon after Antiquity.&quot; In Neils (ed). ''The Parthenon, from Antiquity to the Present.'' pp. 306–307&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Venetians ====
[[File:Elgin_Marbles_east_pediment.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elgin_Marbles_east_pediment.jpg|thumb|Statuary from de East Pediment]]
Di Venetian bombardment wey happen for Parthenon for 1687 spoil plenti sculptures, plus some wey Elgin come remove later.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stanford Archaeopedia|url=http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/Archaeopaedia/198|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314025855/http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/Archaeopaedia/198|archive-date=14 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; As dem dey try remove some big sculptures, di Venetian general Francesco Morosini cause more wahala. E no go fit collect dem well, so one sculpture of Poseidon plus two horses from Athena chariot fall down break. Plenti sculptures plus small pieces dem  Venetians don remove.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;

===== Elgin =====
Elgin dey yarn with Italian sculptor Antonio Canova for 1803 how e go fit restore di marbles well well. Dem dey talk say Canova be di best sculptural restorer for di world that time; Elgin write say Canova no wan touch di marbles sekof e dey fear say e go spoil dem more.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

To make dem fit transport by Elgin, dem don chop off di columns' tops and plenty metopes and frieze slabs from di main structure, e don spoil di Parthenon wey no go fit fix back.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greek Ministry of Culture: Memorandum on the Parthenon Marbles&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.yppo.gr/4/marm/memorandum-gr.pdf|title=Greek Government's Memorandum|publisher=Greek Ministry of Culture|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019102204/http://www.yppo.gr/4/marm/memorandum-gr.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/arts/design/28ouro.html?_r=3&amp;pagewanted=1&amp;oref=slogin Where Gods Yearn for Long-Lost Treasures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016235933/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/arts/design/28ouro.html?_r=3&amp;pagewanted=1&amp;oref=slogin|date=16 October 2015}}, ''[[The New York Times]]''&lt;/ref&gt; One ship wey carry marbles on di British brig Mentor&lt;ref name=&quot;The Wreck of the Mentor on the Coast of the Island of Kythera and the Operation to Retrieve, Salvage, and Transport the Parthenon Sculptures to London&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Leontsinis|first1=George|title=The Wreck of the Mentor on the Coast of the Island of Kythera and the Operation to Retrieve, Salvage, and Transport the Parthenon Sculptures to London (1802–1805)|url=https://www.academia.edu/376886|publisher=Arts Books, Athens}}&lt;/ref&gt; catch rain for Cape Matapan wey dey south Greece plus sink near Kythera, but di Earl come use im own money save am;&lt;ref name=&quot;British Museum releases&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Parthenon Sculptures|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/news_and_press_releases/statements/parthenon_sculptures/parthenon_-_facts_and_figures.aspx|publisher=British Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; e take dem two years to bring dem back come up.

===== British Museum =====
[[File:Tools_used_for_the_cleaning_of_the_Elgin_Marbles.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tools_used_for_the_cleaning_of_the_Elgin_Marbles.JPG|thumb|Tools dem dey use to clean de marbles for 1937–38&lt;ref&gt;[[William Andrew Oddy|Oddy, Andrew]], [http://www.iiconservation.org/publications/sic/2002/sic47abstracts.php Andrew Oddy The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402032539/http://www.iiconservation.org/publications/sic/2002/sic47abstracts.php|date=2 April 2016}}, '''47'''(3).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Di artefacts wey dey London don suffer from 19th-century pollution wey go on till mid-20th century, plus dem don suffer irreparable damage from di cleaning wey British Museum workers dey use.&lt;ref&gt;[[William Andrew Oddy|Oddy, Andrew]], &quot;The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975&quot;, in ''Studies in Conservation'', vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), pp. 145–146, Quote: &quot;However, for a short time in the late 1930s copper scrapers were used to remove areas of discolouration from the surface of the Elgin Marbles. New information is presented about this lamentable episode.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

E be back as 1838, scientist Michael Faraday don dey asked make e find solution for di wahala wey di marbles dey spoil. Di outcome na wetin e talk for beta letter wey e send give Henry Milman, wey be commissioner for di National Gallery.&lt;ref&gt;[[William Andrew Oddy|Oddy, Andrew]], &quot;The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975&quot;, in ''Studies in Conservation'', vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), p. 146&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jenkins, I., '&quot;Sir, they are scrubbing the Elgin Marbles!&quot;&amp;nbsp;– some controversial cleanings of the Parthenon Sculptures', ''Minerva'' 10(6) (1999) 43–45.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Di marbles wey I see dem, dem really dey dirt ... from dust and soot wey pile on top. ... I see di body of di marble wey dey under di surface, e white. ... When I use water with sponge or soft cloth, e fit wash away di big dirt. ... But when I use fine, gritty powder with water, e fit clear di top dirt quick, but e still left plenty dirt wey dey inside di marble. I come try alkaline, both carbonated and caustic; dem help small to loose di surface dirt ... but e no fit bring back di marble true color and clean state. I finally use diluted nitric acid, but even dat one no work. ... After I check am, I dey feel say e go hard to show di marbles for di British Museum make dem pure and white like as dem be originally before.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Another try to clean di marbles happen for 1858. Richard Westmacott, wey dem appoint as di person wey go supervise di 'moving and cleaning di sculptures' for 1857, write letter wey di British Museum Standing Committee approve on 13 March 1858.&lt;ref&gt;[[William Andrew Oddy|Oddy, Andrew]], &quot;The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975&quot;, in ''Studies in Conservation'', vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), p. 148&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;I go talk am sharp say some of the works don get plenty wahala from people wey no sabi or no care – with oil and lard – plus dem restore am with wax and resin. This kind mistake don make am lose color. I go try fix am without using any small thing wey fit spoil di surface of de marble.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Another effort to clean di marbles happen for 1937-38. Dis time, dem build new Gallery wey go house di collection. Dem mine di Pentelic marble from Mount Pentelicus wey dey north of Athens, di sculptures wey dem make with am dey get brownish colour like honey wen air touch am; dem dey call dis colour di marble's 'patina'.&lt;ref&gt;Gardner, Ernest Arthur: A Handbook of Greek Sculpture. Published 1896 Macmillan; [https://web.archive.org/web/20200220080513/https://books.google.com/books/pdf/A_Handbook_of_Greek_Sculpture.pdf%3Fid%3DFZkCAAAAYAAJ%26output%3Dpdf%26sig%3DSxrIRuctayFp6t99OkFn_OoksOw]&lt;/ref&gt; But Lord Duveen, wey finance di whole thing, think say di marbles be originally white,&lt;ref name=&quot;oddy149&quot;&gt;[[William Andrew Oddy|Oddy, Andrew]], &quot;The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975&quot;, in ''Studies in Conservation'', vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), p. 149&lt;/ref&gt; so e fit don tell di masons wey dey work for di project to remove di discolouration from some of di sculptures. Dem use seven scrapers, one chisel and one piece of carborundum stone. Now dem don store am for British Museum Preservation Department.&lt;ref name=&quot;oddy149&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMScandal&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/543077.stm|title=Museum admits 'scandal' of Elgin Marbles|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=1 December 1999|access-date=3 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; De cleaning wey dem do scratch some detail from plenty carvings.&lt;ref&gt;Paterakis AB. [Untitled]. Studies in Conservation 46(1): 79–80, 2001 [https://web.archive.org/web/20181004151928/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1506885]&lt;/ref&gt; Harold Plenderleith talk say dem remove surface for some places reach one-tenth of an inch (2.5 mm).&lt;ref name=&quot;oddy149&quot; /&gt;

British Museum talk say dem fit make mistakes for dat time.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/parthenon/article/0,,195563,00.html mistakes were made at that time] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605154549/http://www.guardian.co.uk/parthenon/article/0%2C%2C195563%2C00.html|date=5 June 2008}}, ''[[The Guardian]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; Another time, dem also talk say di damage don dey blow too much for political wahala and say di Greeks dey clean di marbles too much before dem carry am go Britain.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMScandal&quot; /&gt; For one big talk wey happen in 1999 about di cleaning of di marbles, curator Ian Jenkins wey be deputy keeper of Greek and Roman old things, talk say, 'British Museum no be perfect, e no be Pope. E history get as e be, with good intentions but wahala plenty, and di cleaning for 1930s na one of di wahala.' Still, im talk say di main reason for di damage wey happen to di marbles na di weather wey don dey happen for Acropolis for 2000 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/dec/01/maevkennedy|title=Mutual attacks mar Elgin Marbles debate|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=29 December 2008|location=London|first=Maev|last=Kennedy|date=1 December 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one newspaper article, American archaeologist Dorothy King talk say the method wey dem use for 1937–1938, Greeks sef dey use am for later years pass British. She still yan say Italians dey find am acceptable.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian faq&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=King|first=Dorothy|date=21 July 2004|title=Elgin Marbles: fact or fiction?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/jul/21/highereducation.parthenon|access-date=25 June 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; British Museum talk say dem do similar clean up for Temple of Hephaestus inside Athenian Agora by de conservation team from American School of Classical Studies at Athens&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;J. M. Cook and John Boardman, &quot;Archaeology in Greece, 1953&quot;, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 74, (1954), p. 147&lt;/ref&gt; for 1953, dem use steel chisels plus brass wire.&lt;ref name=&quot;British Museum releases&quot; /&gt; Greek ministry of Culture talk say dem clean am carefully, just de surface salt crusts.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated7&quot; /&gt; The 1953 American report conclude say the method wey dem use na to clear black dirt wey rain water cause plus e show say carving quality high, revealing at de same time &quot;a few surviving particles of colour&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Elgin_marbles_frieze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elgin_marbles_frieze.jpg|thumb|Section of a frieze from de Elgin (Parthenon) Marbles]]
One study wey Emma Payne do for 2023 talk say di damage wey dem cause from di 1930s cleaning no be too much and we fit consider am based on wetin dey happen that time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=24 August 2023 |title=Casting the Parthenon sculptures: from the eighteenth century to the digital age |url=https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2023/2023.08.24/ |journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Research wey dem do on di surface of di sculptures with archaeometric techniques, like Visible-Induced Luminescence (VIL), show say plenty traces of ancient colors dey still dey for di sculptures, wey go support di idea say di cleaning damage no be as bad like people dey think before.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Verri |first1=Giovanni |last2=Granger-Taylor |first2=Hero |last3=Jenkins |first3=Ian |last4=Sweek |first4=Tracey |last5=Weglowska |first5=Katarzyna |last6=Wootton |first6=William Thomas |date=October 2023 |title=The goddess' new clothes: the carving and polychromy of the Parthenon Sculptures |journal=Antiquity |volume=97 |issue=395 |pages=1173–1192 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2023.130 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Documents wey British Museum release under Freedom of Information Act show say some small accidents, thefts plus people wey dey vandalize don cause more damage for di sculptures.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;&gt;Hastings, Chris. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1490023/Revealed-how-rowdy-schoolboys-knocked-a-leg-off-one-of-the-Elgin-Marbles.html Revealed: how rowdy schoolboys knocked a leg off one of the Elgin Marbles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407143411/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1490023/Revealed-how-rowdy-schoolboys-knocked-a-leg-off-one-of-the-Elgin-Marbles.html|date=7 April 2016}}, ''The Daily Telegraph'', 15 May 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one include one incident for 1961 wey two schoolboys knock part of centaur leg, and for 1966, four shallow lines dey scratch for di back of one figure by some bad guys. For 1970, dem scratch letters for di upper right thigh of another figure. Four years after, thieves spoil di dowel hole for centaur hoof as dem dey try pull lead pieces.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot; /&gt; For June 1981, falling glass skylight make one west pediment figure chop small chip.

== Return controversy ==

=== Greek requests for return ===
For 1836, King Otto wey dey run new Greece, e go ask British government make dem return some Elgin Marbles (the four big stones wey dey show for Temple of Athena Nike). Then for 1846, after Greece talk say dem need am, Britain come send them full set of de Parthenon frieze casts. But for 1890, Athens try beg make dem return the original frieze but e no work. For 1927, the Greek minister wey dey London try ask for dem to bring back some architecture pieces, but e no work at all.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=68|author-link=}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 1983, Greek government dey beg British government make dem return all di sculptures wey dem remove from Acropolis for Athens wey still dey British Museum now, and for 1984, dem go list di wahala with UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|page=71|author-link=}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2000, some group for British parliament gather do inquiry on illegal trade wey dey affect cultural property, and dem sabi talk about the disputes wey dey for de marbles. Dem hear from de Greek foreign minister, George Papandreou, wey talk say the matter of who own am be second to de ethics plus culture wey dey push for make dem return de sculptures. But the committee no give any suggestions about wetin go happen to de marbles insyde de future.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beard 2002. pp. 177–181&quot;&gt;Beard (2002). pp. 177–181&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2000, Greek government sef start build new Acropolis Museum, wey dem open for 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Museum history|url=https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/museum-history|access-date=8 January 2023|website=The Acropolis Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis museum dey try arrange di Parthenon sculptures wey still dey survive (including di ones wey Elgin get) as dem be when dem dey for di Parthenon, plus to reply people wey talk say di Elgin Marbles go be better preserved and displayed if dem dey for British Museum.&lt;ref&gt;Beard (2002). pp. 176, 184&lt;/ref&gt; Acropolis Museum dey showcase small part of di frieze wey remain (around 30% don lost or spoil), dem place am how e suppose be, make e fit see Parthenon well. Di position of de elements  wey dey London dey clearly marked with white casts, plus dem leave space for where di sculptures no dey again.&lt;ref name=&quot;acrop museum2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Frieze &amp;#124; Acropolis Museum|url=https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/content/frieze-0|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206111947/https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/content/frieze-0|archive-date=6 December 2020|access-date=19 August 2018|website=www.theacropolismuseum.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=75–76|author-link=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2013, Greek government shout make UNESCO help dem talk with British people about how dem go return di marbles, but British government plus British Museum no gree listen to UNESCO. Fast forward to 2021, UNESCO don tlak say British government suppose return di sculptures, e don call upon United Kingdom make dem open negotiations with Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles2&quot; /&gt;

Late 2022, dem British and Greek people start talk about the future of di marbles again.&lt;ref name=&quot;:202&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:172&quot; /&gt; When dem ask British Culture Secretary, Michelle Donelan, about if dem go fit return di Marbles, she talk say: &quot;I dey feel some of di points but I believe say e be  very dangerous den slippy road to embark down&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Anita|date=7 December 2022|title=Return of Elgin Marbles to Greece would be a 'dangerous and slippery road', warns Culture Secretary|work=Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/12/06/return-elgin-marbles-greece-would-dangerous-slippery-road-warns/|access-date=7 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; she dey fear say if dem return dem, more cultural things wey dey for Britain go also need to go back to where dem come from.

For November 2023, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak cancel meeting wey him wan do with Greek prime minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis sekof of wetin Mitsotakis talk about di marbles.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM_1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Zakir-Hussain|first=Maryam|title=Elgin Marbles row erupts as Greek PM accuses Sunak of cancelling meeting at 11th hour|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/elgin-marbles-rishi-sunak-kyriakos-mitsotakis-b2454461.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=28 November 2023|language=en-GB|access-date=29 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zeffman|first1=Henry|last2=Jones|first2=Harrison|last3=Mason|first3=Chris|date=28 November 2023|title=Greece denies promising not to raise Parthenon Sculptures on UK visit|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-67551732|access-date=28 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====== Rationale for returning to Athens ======
Dem wey dey argue say make dem return di marbles, dem mention legal, moral, culture, conservation and art reasons. Demma points include:

* Dem marbles dey come from illegal way, or at least no unethical, so e good make dem return am to the owner wey get am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 April 2007|title=Parthenon Fragments Won't Go Back Home|url=http://www.elginism.com/20070401/702/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615183515/http://www.elginism.com/20070401/702/|archive-date=15 June 2009|access-date=20 January 2009|publisher=Elginism}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Di marbles dey carry universal cultural value, but dem too be part of Greece unique cultural heritage, plus dis place na di best spot make dem showcase am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beard 2002. pp. 177–181&quot; /&gt;
* Di Parthenon sculptures wey dey all over di world suppose come together make dem fit restore di 'organic elements' wey 'now dey without any connection, uniformity plus history of di monument wey dem belong to' plus make visitors fit enjoy dem as one whole.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Special Issues|url=http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/12/ea121.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017204203/http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/12/ea121.html|archive-date=17 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nicoletta Divari-Valakou 20082&quot;&gt;Nicoletta Divari-Valakou, (Director of the Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Athens), &quot;Revisiting the Parthenon: National Heritage in the Age of Globalism&quot; in Mille Gabriel &amp; Jens Dahl, (eds.) Utimut : past heritage&amp;nbsp;– future partnerships, discussions on repatriation in the 21st Century, Copenhagen : International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs and Greenland National Museum &amp; Archives, (2008)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;European Parliament Resolution for the return of the Elgin Marbles2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=European Parliament Resolution for the return of the Elgin Marbles|publisher=Greek Ministry of Culture|url=http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/12/ga123_3.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230217/http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/12/ga123_3.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* If we fit show all di Parthenon Marbles wey dey around for dia original history and culture place, plus other Greek old things, e go help people sabi dem better and understand wetin dem be.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nicoletta Divari-Valakou 20082&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Who owns the marbles? The debate hits Sydney2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Debate of the Elgin Marbles|publisher=University of Sydney|url=http://sydney.edu.au/senate/documents/History/Elgin_marbles_articles.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dem go keep the marbles safe for Acropolis Museum, e get beta technology wey go protect and preserve de exhibits well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bernard Tschumi Architects|url=http://www.arcspace.com/architects/Tschumi/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051614/http://www.arcspace.com/architects/Tschumi/|archive-date=28 September 2007|work=arcspace.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Elgin Marbles don chop serious wahala from bad conservation plus accidents for London, e nor sure say dem go de better preserved there.&lt;ref&gt;Beard (2002). pp. 166–178&lt;/ref&gt;
* If dem return Parthenon sculptures, e no go set any standard for other things wey people dey claim back, because Parthenon get special 'universal value' way e different.&lt;ref&gt;Nicoletta Divari-Valakou, (Director of the Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Athens), &quot;Revisiting the Parthenon: National Heritage in the Age of Globalism&quot; in Mille Gabriel &amp; Jens Dahl, (eds.) Utimut : past heritage&amp;nbsp;– future partnerships, discussions on repatriation in the 21st Century, Copenhagen : International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs and Greenland National Museum &amp; Archives, (2008) passim; (see also [http://www.natmus.gl/con2007/pdf/Concluding_summary_Nuuk_2007_revised.pdf Conference summary] )&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Rationale wey de remain insyde London =====
Plenty people dey talk wetin dem tink, like scholars, British leaders plus British Museum, about why dem go keep Elgin Marbles for London.&lt;ref name=&quot;newsweek stones22&quot; /&gt; Dem talk say:

* Elgin buy de marbles correct way, plus no court go side with any Greek wey dey complain.&lt;ref&gt;Jenkins (2016). p 99&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Herman (2023), chapter 3.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elgin save de marbles from wahala, and the ones wey dey British Museum dey better pass the ones wey dem leave behind. British Museum get right to keep and show wetin dem preserve from destruction.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian faq2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=King|first=Dorothy|date=21 July 2004|title=Elgin Marbles: fact or fiction?|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/jul/21/highereducation.parthenon|access-date=25 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* E no go fit bring all di Parthenon sculptures together as one, cause half don lost or destroy by 1800.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Parthenon Sculptures, the Trustees' statement|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/parthenon-sculptures/parthenon|access-date=9 January 2023|website=The British Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* British Museum dey show di marbles beta as dem fit mix with odas big ancient cultures, e go show di whole picture wey Acropolis Museum dey provide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:212&quot; /&gt;
* If we go fulfill all di restitution claims, e go scatter plenty of di big museums for di world – dis one dey make some European and American museums dey fear, and one wahala fit be di Nefertiti Bust wey dey for Berlin's Neues Museum; plus, plenty other European museums dey hold some parts of di Parthenon marbles too.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian faq2&quot; /&gt;
* British Museum dey collect like 6 million people every year, while Acropolis Museum get only 1.5 million visitors. If dem carry di marbles go Greece, e go seriously cut down how many people fit see di marbles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Trend|first=Nick|date=5 June 2018|title=Why returning the Elgin Marbles would be madness|website=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/comment/why-returning-the-elgin-marbles-would-be-madness/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/comment/why-returning-the-elgin-marbles-would-be-madness/|archive-date=12 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elgin Marbles don dey show for public for England since 1807&lt;ref name=&quot;Jenkins 2016. p. 102&quot; /&gt; plus e don turn part of British cultural heritage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Merryman paper|url=https://law.wustl.edu/harris/Conferences/imperialism/Merryman_PAPER_FINALelgin2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422040718/https://law.wustl.edu/harris/Conferences/imperialism/Merryman_PAPER_FINALelgin2.pdf|archive-date=22 April 2018|access-date=20 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Public campaigns for return =====
Biko, outside Greece, di campaign wey wan bring back di marbles start for 1981 when dem form di International Organising Committee – Australia – for di Restitution of di Parthenon Marbles,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 January 2016|title=Committee History|url=https://iocarpm.wordpress.com/about-2/committee-history/|access-date=10 January 2023|website=International Organising Committee – Australia for the Restitution of the Parthenon Marbles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110094932/https://iocarpm.wordpress.com/about-2/committee-history/|archive-date=10 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Den for 1983, dem form di British Committee for di Reunification of di Parthenon Marbles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who We Are|url=https://www.parthenonuk.com/about-bcrpm/who-we-are|access-date=10 January 2023|website=The British Committee for the Reunification of the Parthenon Marbles}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plenty campaign groups de exist for Greece plus everywhere insyde de world too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bring Them Back|url=http://www.bringthemback.org|access-date=17 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty British and international stars like comedian Stephen Fry&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sanderson|first=David|date=30 May 2022|title=Stephen Fry: Be classy and return the Elgin Marbles|url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/art/article/stephen-fry-be-classy-and-return-the-elgin-marbles-mj2zmxgrj|url-access=subscription|access-date=31 May 2022|work=[[The Times]]|language=en|issn=0140-0460|quote=He said the return of the statues from Britain &quot;would be an act that uses a word that we haven't been able to use of Britain's acts lately, much: it would be classy&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus actors Liam Neeson den George Clooney,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Harris|first=Gareth|date=8 March 2021|title=George Clooney wades into Parthenon Marbles debate – again|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/03/08/george-clooney-wades-into-parthenon-marbles-debateagain|access-date=10 January 2023|work=The Art Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt; don talk say dem dey support make dem bring back di marbles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute: Heritage, Law, Politics|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2023|isbn=9781509967179|location=London|pages=4, 78–80|postscript=. Note: In addition to Fry, Neeson and Clooney, Herman also cites Tom Hanks, Judi Dench, Vanessa Redgrave, Ian McKellen, and Joanna Lumley as prominent supporters of the campaign.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Opinion polls =====
One Ipsos MORI poll wey dem do for Britain in 1998 show say 39% dem want make dem send the marbles go Greece, and 15% want make dem dey for Britain; 45% nobody get mind or go fit vote if dem ask am for referendum.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated12&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Public and MPs would return the Elgin Marbles!|url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126092318/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=2001|archive-date=26 January 2013|work=ipsos-mori.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another Mori poll wey dem do for 2002 show same kind results.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Return Of The Parthenon Marbles|url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=1053|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409021725/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=1053|archive-date=9 April 2014|access-date=18 June 2012|publisher=Ipsos MORI}}&lt;/ref&gt; One YouGov poll for 2021 come show say 59% of Britons believe say the Parthenon marbles suppose dey for Greece, 18% say make dem dey for Britain, and 18% no sabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Parthenon Marbles are a collection of Ancient Greek sculptures that were removed from the Acropolis in Athens from 1801–12 (when Greece was ruled by the Ottoman Empire) and have been on display in the British Museum since 1817. The Greek government has requested their permanent return, but the British Museum has refused. Where do you believe the Parthenon Marbles belong? &amp;#124; Daily Question|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/travel/survey-results/daily/2021/11/23/9b053/2|website=yougov.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== British press =====
De Guardian drop one write-up for 2020 wey dem dey back de Parthenon marbles make dem come back.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=23 February 2020|title=The Guardian view on the Parthenon marbles: not just a Brexit sideshow|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/23/the-guardian-view-on-the-parthenon-marbles-not-just-a-brexit-sideshow|access-date=8 January 2023|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For January 2022, De Times change their mind wey dem don dey support make dem keep de marbles, put out one write-up wey dey call make dem return am go Greece.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=11 January 2022|title=The Times view on the Elgin Marbles: Uniting Greece's Heritage|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/the-times-view-on-the-elgin-marbles-uniting-greeces-heritage-spdz5vz6k|access-date=8 January 2023|work=The Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Daily Telegraph come publish one write-up for January 2023 wey dey talk say any decision wey concern de Elgin Marbles make dem return to Greece, e go fit be British parliament wey go decide am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 January 2023|title=The fate of the Elgin marbles can't be George Osborne's choice|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2023/01/06/fate-elgin-marbles-cant-george-osbornes-choice/|access-date=8 January 2023|work=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====== British Museum Act 1963 ======
De British Museum Act 1963&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=British Museum Act 1963, as amended|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/24/contents|access-date=27 August 2023|website=legislation.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; be law wey UK Parliament make wey no allow British Museum sell dem things, unless e get some special case. If dem wan change de law, Parliament go need approve am.

== Loans plus copies ==
De British Museum don make plaster casts of di marbles and dey share am to plenty museums around di whole world.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; For 2022, Institute of Digital Archaeology (IDA) wey dey Oxford ask British Museum make dem scan di Parthenon marbles to fit make robot-chop marble copies. But di museum no gree for di request, and di Greek government no wan talk anything about di project.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=8 July 2022|title=The Robot Guerrilla Campaign to Recreate the Elgin Marbles|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/science/elgin-marbles-3d-print.html/|access-date=19 August 2023|work=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

British Museum don lend river-god figure, wey fit be Ilisus, go Hermitage Museum for Saint Petersburg as dem dey celebrate 250 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Loan to the State Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg|url=http://blog.britishmuseum.org/2014/12/05/loan-of-a-parthenon-sculpture-to-the-hermitage-a-marble-ambassador-of-a-european-ideal/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231192906/http://blog.britishmuseum.org/2014/12/05/loan-of-a-parthenon-sculpture-to-the-hermitage-a-marble-ambassador-of-a-european-ideal/|archive-date=31 December 2014|access-date=8 December 2014|publisher=britishmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey show for there from 6 December 2014 to 18 January 2015. Dis na di first time wey British Museum lend part of Parthenon Marbles, and e cause some controversy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/06/world/europe/elgin-marbles-lent-to-hermitage-museum.html?_r=0|title=Greek Statue Travels Again, but Not to Greece|newspaper=www.nytimes.com|date=5 December 2014|access-date=8 December 2014|last1=Erlanger|first1=Steven}}&lt;/ref&gt; British Museum talk say dem dey open to lend dem marbles go Greece, but Greek government no wan agree to di standard clause wey go accept say British Museum get di ownership of any loan items.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:Pedimental_sculpture|Pedimental sculpture]]
* [[:en:Palermo_Fragment|Palermo Fragment]]
* [[:en:Greece–United_Kingdom_relations|Greece–United Kingdom relations]]
* [[:en:Las_Incantadas|Las Incantadas]], portico taken from [[:en:Thessaloniki|Thessaloniki]]
* [[:en:Caryatids_of_Eleusis|Saint Demetra]], sculpture taken from [[:en:Eleusis|Eleusis]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
==Sources==
* {{cite book |author-link= |first=Mary |last=Beard |title=The Parthenon |url=https://archive.org/details/parthenon0000mbea|publisher=Profile Books |edition=2nd |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84668-349-7}}
* {{cite book |first=Alexander |last=Herman |title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute |publisher=Bloomsbury |place=London|edition= |year=2023 |isbn=978-1509967179 |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/}}
* {{Cite book |first=Tiffany |last=Jenkins |author-link= |title=Keeping Their Marbles: How the Treasures of the Past Ended Up in Museums{{nbsp}}... and Why They Should Stay There |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-965759-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/keepingtheirmarb0000jenk}}
* {{cite book |first=William |last=St Clair |author-link= |title=Lord Elgin and the Marbles |url=https://archive.org/details/lordelginmarbles0000stcl |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford |edition=4th |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-288053-5}}
* {{cite book |author-link= |first=Catharine |last=Titi |title=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |publisher=Springer |edition= |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Dyfri |title=Lord Elgin's firman |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-history-of-collections_2009_21_1/page/49 |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |date=7 January 2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1093/jhc/fhn033}}
==Read further==
* {{cite magazine |first=Marc |last=Fehlmann |url=http://www.apollo-magazine.com/june-2007/63335/casts-and-connoisseurs.thtml |title=Casts and Connoisseurs: the early reception of the Elgin Marbles |magazine=Apollo |date=June 2007 |pages=44–51 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506011222/http://www.apollo-magazine.com/june-2007/63335/casts-and-connoisseurs.thtml |archive-date=6 May 2012}}
* {{cite book |first=Jeanette |last=Greenfield |title=The Return of Cultural Treasures |url=https://archive.org/details/returnofcultural0000gree |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |edition=3rd |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-80216-1}}
* {{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |author-link= |title=Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles |publisher=Chatto &amp; Windus |place=London |isbn=978-0-8090-4189-3 |year=1987 |title-link=}} (with essays by Robert Browning and Graham Binns) 
* {{cite book |first=Ian |last=Jenkins |title=The Parthenon Frieze |publisher=British Museum Press |location=London |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7141-2200-7}}

* {{cite book|last=King|first=Dorothy|title=The Elgin Marbles|url=https://archive.org/details/elginmarbles0000king|title-link=|date=2006|publisher=Hutchinson Heinemann|isbn=978-0-09-180013-0|place=London|author-link=}}
* {{cite book|last=Queyrel|first=François|url=http://www.editions-bartillat.fr/fiche-livre.asp?Clef=281|title=Le Parthénon, Un monument dans l'Histoire|publisher=Éditions Bartillat|year=2008|isbn=978-2-84100-435-5|location=Paris|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929162206/https://web.archive.org/web/20080929162206/http://www.editions-bartillat.fr/fiche-livre.asp?Clef=281|archive-date=29 September 2008|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Stallings|first=A. E.|title=Frieze Frame: How Poets, Painters, and their Friends Framed the Debate Around Elgin and the Marbles of the Parthenon|date=2025|publisher=Paul Dry Books|isbn=9781589882003|place=Philadelphia}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Elgin Marbles |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle=}}
&lt;!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================
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==={{No more links}}=========--&gt;
*[http://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/?pname=Home&amp;la=2 Acropolis Museum]
*[http://www.parthenonfrieze.gr/ The Parthenon Frieze]
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/galleries/ancient_greece_and_rome/rooms_18,_18a,_18b_parthenon.aspx The British Museum Parthenon pages]

===Pros den cons of restitution===
&lt;!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================
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    | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template.         |
===={{No more links}}==========--&gt;
*[http://www.parthenonuk.com/ British Committee for the Reunification of the Parthenon Marbles' site]
*[https://parthenonproject.co.uk/#overview The Parthenon Project]
*[https://classicsforall.org.uk/reading-room/ad-familiares/case-lord-elgin &quot;The Case for Lord Elgin,&quot; Classics for All]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040814225306/http://prometheus.cc.emory.edu/panels/5E/G.Wood.html Gillen Wood, &quot;The strange case of Lord Elgin's nose&quot;]: the cultural context of the early 19th century debate over the marbles, the politics &amp; the aesthetics, imperialism and hellenism
*[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmcumeds/371/371ap20.htm Two memorandums submitted to the UK Parliamentary Select Committee on Culture, Media and Sport in 2000.]
*[https://aothenmagazine.com/#torrettamarbles &quot;Keeping our share&quot;, Aothen Magazine]: Argues for the dismissal of the Greek claim, and for retaining the Marbles as part of cultural history.
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Elgin Marbles| ]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Greek sculptures]]
[[Category:Parthenon]]
[[Category:Art den cultural repatriation]]
[[Category:Greece–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek den Roman sculptures insyd de British Museum]]
[[Category:History of museums]]
[[Category:History of Athens]]
[[Category:Marble sculptures insyd de United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Sculptures by Phidias]]
[[Category:Greek artifacts outsyd Greece]]
[[Category:19th century insyd Athens]]
[[Category:Horses insyd art]]
[[Category:Architectural sculpture]]
[[Category:Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin]]
[[Category:Sculptures of Dionysus]]</text>
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    <title>Marcus Garvey</title>
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'''Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr.''' (17 August 1887 - 10 June 1940) na he be a Jamaican political activist. Na he be de founder den first President-General of de Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) (dem commonly know as UNIA), thru wich na he declare einself Provisional President of Africa. Na Garvey be ideologically a black nationalist den [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanist]]. Na ein ideas cam be known as Garveyism.

Na dem born Garvey into a moderately prosperous Afro-Jamaican family insyd Saint Ann's Bay wey na dem apprentice am into de print trade as a teenager. Working insyd Kingston, he cam be involved insyd trade unionism. Na he later live briefly insyd Costa Rica, Panama, den England. On returning to Jamaica, na he found de UNIA insyd 1914. Insyd 1916, na he move to de United States wey na he establish a UNIA branch insyd New York City ein Harlem district. Emphasising unity between Africans den de African diaspora, na he campaign for an end to European colonial rule insyd Africa wey na he advocate de political unification of de continent. Na he [[United States of Africa|envisioned]] a unified Africa as a one-party state, governed by einself, wey go enact laws to ensure black racial purity. Although na he never visit de continent, na he be committed to de Back-to-Africa movement, wey he dey argue dat part of de diaspora for migrate der. Na Garveyist ideas cam be increasingly popular, wey na de UNIA grow in membership. Na ein black separatist views—den ein relationship plus white racists like de Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in de interest of advancing dema shared goal of racial separatism—cause a division between Garvey den oda prominent African-American civil rights activists such as [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], wey promote racial integration.

Dey believe say black people need to be financially independent from white-dominated societies, na Garvey launch various businesses insyd de U.S., wey dey include de Negro Factories Corporation den ''Negro World'' newspaper. Insyd 1919, na he cam be Presido of de Black Star Line shipping den passenger company, dem design to forge a link between [[North America]] den Africa den facilitate African-American migration to [[Liberia]]. Insyd 1923 na Garvey be convicted of mail fraud for selling de company ein stock, wey na dem imprison am insyd de United States Penitentiary, Atlanta for nearly two years. Na Garvey blame Jews den Catholics, dey claim say na dem be prejudiced against am secof ein links to de KKK. Na ein sentence be commuted by U.S. presido Calvin Coolidge wey na dem deport am to Jamaica insyd 1927. Settling insyd Kingston plus ein wifey Amy Jacques, Garvey establish de People's Political Party insyd 1929, briefly dey serve as a city councillor. Plus de UNIA in increasing financial difficulty, na he relocate to London insyd 1935, wer ein anti-socialist stance distance am from chaw of de city ein black activists. Na he die der insyd 1940, wey insyd 1964 na dem return ein body to Jamaica for reburial insyd Kingston ein National Heroes Park.

Na Garvey be a controversial figure. Na sam insyd de African diasporic community regard am as a pretentious demagogue, wey na dem be highly critical of ein collaboration plus white supremacists, ein violent rhetoric, den ein prejudice against mixed-race people den Jews. Na he receive praise for encouraging a sense of pride den self-worth among Africans den de African diaspora amid widespread poverty, discrimination den colonialism. Insyd Jamaica, he be recognized as a national hero, de first person to be recognized as such.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Order of National Hero – Jamaica Information Service|url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/awards/order-of-national-hero/|access-date=2024-06-18|website=jis.gov.jm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein ideas exert a considerable influence on such movements as Rastafari, de Nation of Islam den de Black Power Movement.

== Early life ==

=== Kiddie time: 1887–1904 ===
[[File:Garvey_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|A statue of Garvey now dey stand insyd Saint Ann's Bay, de town wer na dem born am]]
Na dem born Marcus Mosiah Garvey on 17 August 1887 insyd Saint Ann's Bay, a town insyd de British colony of Jamaica. Insyd de context of colonial Jamaican society, wich get a colourist social hierarchy, na Garvey be considered at de lowest end, he be a black kiddie wey na he be of full [[Africa|African]] descent. However, na later genetic research nevertheless reveal say na he get ancestors wey komot de Iberian Peninsula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=DNA used to reveal MLK and Garvey's European Lineage|website=The Gio|date=13 January 2011|url=https://thegrio.com/2011/01/13/dna-used-to-reveal-mlk-and-garveys-african-lineage/|access-date=16 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem born Garvey ein paternal great- grandpoppie into slavery prior to ein abolition insyd Jamaica. Na ein surname, wich be of Irish origin, na e be inherited from ein family ein former enslavers.

Na ein poppie, Malchus Garvey, be a stonemason; ein mommie, Sarah Richards, be a domestic servant den de daughter of peasant farmers. Na Malchus get two previous wifeys before Sarah, wey he get six kiddies between dem. Na Sarah bear am four additional kiddies, of whom na Marcus be de youngest, although na two die insyd infancy. Secof ein profession, na Malchus ein family be wealthier dan chaw of dema peasant neighbours; wey na dem be petite bourgeoise. Na Malchus however be reckless plus ein money wey over de course of ein life na he lost chaw of de land na he own to meet payments. Na Malchus get a book collection wey na he be self-educated; na he sanso serve as a deacon at a local Wesleyan church.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 February 2020|title=From the Reckord {{!}} The influence of National Hero Marcus Garvey's parents|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20200207/reckord-influence-national-hero-marcus-garveys-parents|access-date=18 April 2025|website=The Gleaner|type=This is a review of a book by Rupert Lewis called &quot;Marcus Garvey&quot; published by University of West Indies Press in 2018. The information is likely to come from that book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Malchus be an intolerant den punitive poppie den husby; na he never get a close relationship plus ein son.

=== Early career insyd Kingston: 1905–1909 ===

Insyd 1905 na he move to Kingston, wer na he board insyd Smith Village, a working-class neighbourhood. Insyd de city, na he secure work plus de printing division of de P.A. Benjamin Manufacturing Company. Na he rise quickly thru de company ranks, wey he cam be dema first Afro-Jamaican foreman. Na ein sisto den mommie, by dis point estrange from ein poppie, move to join am insyd de city. Insyd January 1907, na Kingston be hit by an earthquake wey reduce much of de city to rubble. Na he, ein mommie, den ein sister be lef make dem bed insyd de open for chaw months. Insyd March 1908, na ein mommie die. While insyd Kingston, na Garvey convert to Catholicism.

Na Garvey cam be a trade unionist, vice president of de compositors dema section of de Printers' Union,&lt;ref name=&quot;alexander&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Alexander|first1=Robert J.|title=A History of Organized Labor in the English-Speaking West Indies|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoforganiz0000alex_c7s6|date=2004|publisher=Praeger|isbn=0275977439|location=Westport, Connecticut}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na he take a leading role insyd de November 1908 print workers dema strike. Na dem break de strike chaw weeks later wey na dem sack Garvey. Henceforth na dem brand am a troublemaker, na Garvey be unable make he find work insyd de private sector. Na he then find temporary employment plus a government printer. As a result of dese experiences, na Garvey cam be increasingly angry at de inequalities present insyd Jamaican society.

=== Travels abroad: 1910–1914 ===

Na economic hardship insyd Jamaica lead to growing emigration from de island. Insyd mid-1910, na Garvey travel to Costa Rica, wer na an uncle secure am employment as a timekeeper on a large banana plantation insyd de Limón Province wey be owned by de United Fruit Company (UFC). Shortly after ein arrival, na de area experience strikes den unrest in opposition to de UFC ein attempts make e cut ein workers dema wages. Although as a timekeeper na he be responsible for overseeing de manual workers, na he cam increasingly be angered at how na dem dey treat dem. Insyd de spring of 1911 na he launch a bilingual newspaper, ''Nation''/''La Nación'', wich criticize de actions of de UFC wey e upset chaw of de dominant strata of Costa Rican society insyd Limón. Na ein coverage of a local fire, insyd wich na he question de motives of de fire brigade, result in na dem bring am insyd for police questioning. After na ein printing press break, na he be unable make he replace de faulty part wey he terminate de newspaper.

[[File:British_Museum_from_NE_2_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Insyd London, na Garvey spend time insyd de Reading Room of de [[British Museum]]]]

== Organization of de UNIA ==

=== Forming de UNIA: 1914–1916 ===
Na Garvey arrive back insyd Jamaica insyd July 1914. Der, na he see ein article for ''Tourist'' dem republish insyd ''The Gleaner''. Na he begin dey earn money selling greeting den condolence cards wey na he import from Britain, before he later switch to selling tombstones.

Also insyd July 1914, na Garvey launch de Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, commonly abbreviated as UNIA. Dey adopt de motto of &quot;One Aim. One God. One Destiny&quot;, na e declare ein commitment to &quot;establish a brotherhood among de black race, to promote a spirit of race pride, to reclaim de fallen den to assist insyd civilising de backward tribes of Africa.&quot; Initially, na e get a few members per. Na chaw Jamaicans be critical of de group ein prominent use of de term &quot;Negro&quot;, a term wey na ebe often employ as an insult: na Garvey, however, embrace de term plus reference to black people of African descent.

=== Moving to de United States: 1916–1918 ===

Arriving insyd de United States, na Garvey initially lodge plus a Jamaican expatriate family wey dey live insyd Harlem, a largely black area of New York City. Na he begin dey lecture insyd de city, hoping to make a career as a public speaker, although for ein first public speech na dem heckle am wey he fall off de stage. From New York City, na he embark on a U.S. speaking tour, wey dey cross 38 states. At stopovers on ein journey na he listen to preachers from de African Methodist Episcopal Church den de Black Baptist churches. While insyd Alabama, he visit de Tuskegee Institute wey na he meet plus ein new leader, Robert Russa Moton. After six months dey travel across de U.S. lecturing, na he return to New York City.

=== De growth of UNIA: 1918–1921 ===

Na UNIA membership grow rapidly insyd 1918. Insyd June dat year na ebe incorporated, wey insyd July a commercial arm, de African Communities' League, dem file for incorporation. Na Garvey envision UNIA dey establish an import-den-export business, a restaurant, den a laundry. Na he sanso propose raising de funds to secure a permanent building as a base for de group. Insyd April, na Garvey launch a weekly newspaper, de ''Negro World'', wich na Edmund David Cronon later note e remain &quot;de personal propaganda organ of ein founder&quot;. Financially, na de ''Negro World'' be backed by philanthropists such as Madam C. J. Walker, buh six months after ein launch na e dey pursue a special appeal for donations make e keep am afloat.

==== Success den obstacles ====
[[File:Marcus_Garvey_speaking_at_Liberty_Hall,_Harlem,_1920.png|thumb|Garvey dey speak at Liberty Hall, Harlem, insyd 1920]]
Na UNIA grow rapidly den insyd just over 18 months ma e get branches insyd 25 U.S. states, as well as divisions insyd de West Indies, Central America, den [[West Africa]]. Na de exact membership no be known, although Garvey—wey often exaggerate numbers—claim dat by June 1919 na e get two million members. Na e remain smaller dan de better established National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), although na der be sam crossover insyd membership of de two groups. Na de NAACP den UNIA differ insyd dema approach; while na de NAACP be a multi-racial organization wich promote racial integration, na UNIA get a black-only membership policy. Na de NAACP focus ein attention on wat e term de &quot;talented tenth&quot; of de African-American population, such as doctors, lawyers, den teachers, whereas na UNIA include chaw poorer people den Afro-Caribbean migrants insyd ein ranks, dey seek make e project an image of einself as a mass organization. Make he promote ein views to a wide audience, na Garvey take to shouting slogans from a megaphone as na he dey drive thru Harlem insyd a Cadillac.

==== Assassination attempt, marriage, den divorce ====

Insyd October 1919, George Tyler, a part-time vendor of de ''Negro World'', enter de UNIA office wey na he tell Garvey dat na Kilroe &quot;send am&quot; wey he try make he assassinate Garvey. Na dem shoot Garvey four times plus a .38-calibre revolver, wey n he receive two bullets insyd ein right leg den scalp buh he survive. Na dem soon apprehend Tyler buh he commit suicide by leaping from de third-tier of de Harlem jail; na dem never reveal why na he try make he kill Garvey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Cass|date=3 November 2013|title=Marcus Garvey in His Harlem Office, 1914 – Harlem World Magazine|url=https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/marcus-garvey-in-his-harlem-office-1914/|work=Harlem World Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garvey soon recover from ein wounds; five days later na he give a public speech insyd Philadelphia. After de assassination attempt, na Garvey hire a bodyguard, Marcellus Strong.

Shortly after de incident, na Garvey propose marriage to Amy Ashwood wey na she accept. On Christmas Day, na dem get a private Catholic wedding, wey be followed by a major ceremonial celebration insyd Liberty Hall, wey 3000 UNIA members attend. Na Jacques be Ashwood ein maid of honor. After de wedding, na Garvey move into Ashwood ein apartment. Na de newlyweds embark on a two-week honeymoon insyd [[Canada]], accompanied by a small UNIA retinue, wey dey include Jacques. Der, na Garvey speak at two mass meetings insyd Montreal den three insyd Toronto. After dema return to Harlem, na de couple dema marriage strain soon. Na Ashwood complain of Garvey ein growing closeness plus Jacques. Na Garvey be upset by ein inability make he control ein wifey, particularly ein drinking den ein socializing plus oda men. Na she dey preg, although na de kiddie possibly no be ein own; na she no inform am of dis, wey de pregnancy end insyd miscarriage.

==== De Black Star Line ====
From 56 West 135th Street, na UNIA sanso begin dey sell shares for a new business, de Black Star Line. Dey seek to challenge white domination of de maritime industry, na dr Black Star Line base ein name on de White Star Line. Na Garvey envision a shipping den passenger line wey dey travel between Africa den dr Americas, wich go be black-owned, black-staffed, den utilized by black patrons. Na he think dat de project fi be launched by raising $2 million from African-American donors, wey publicly declare dat any black person wey no buy stock insyd de company &quot;go be worse dan a traitor to de cause of struggling Ethiopia&quot;.

Na Garvey incorporate de company den then set about trying to purchase a ship. Na chaw African Americans take great pride in buying company stock, wey na dem dey see am as an investment insyd dema community ein future; na Garvey sanso promise dat wen de company begin dey turn a profit dem go receive significant financial returns for dema investment top. To advertise dis stock, na he travel to Virginia, den then insyd September 1919 to Chicago, wer na he be accompanied by seven oda UNIA members. Insyd Chicago, na dem arrest den fine am for violating de Blue Sky Laws wey ban de sale of stock insyd de city widout a license.

=== Criminal charges: 1922–1923 ===
[[File:Prinz_Oskar_hapag.jpg|thumb|De steamship ''Orion'']]
Insyd January 1922, na dem arrest den charge Garvey plus mail fraud for having advertise de sale of stocks insyd a ship, ''Orion'', wich na de Black Star Line no yet own. Na dem bail am for $2,500. Na Hoover den de BOI be committed make dem secure a conviction; na dem sanso receive complaints from a small number of de Black Star Line ein stock owners, wey na dem want em make dem pursue de matter further. Na Garvey speak out against de charges he face, buh na he focus on blaming not de state, buh rival African-American groups, for dem. As well as he dey accuse disgruntled former members of UNIA, insyd a Liberty Hall speech, na he imply dat na de NAACP dey behind de conspiracy make dem imprison am. Na de mainstream press pick up on de charge, largely dey present Garvey as a con artist wey na he swindle African-American people.

=== Trial: 1923 ===

== Later years ==

=== Return to Jamaica: 1927–1935 ===
Insyd Kingston, na Garvey be greeted by supporters. Na UNIA members raise $10,000 ($180,000 insyd current dollar terms) make dem help am settle insyd Jamaica, plus wich na he buy a large house insyd an elite neighbourhood, wich na he call de &quot;Somali Court&quot;. Na ein wifey ship over ein belongings—wich na include 18,000 books den hundreds of antiques—before she join am. Insyd Jamaica, na he continue dey give speeches, wey dey include at a building insyd Kingston wey na he sanso name &quot;Liberty Hall&quot;. Na he urge Afro-Jamaicans make dem raise dema standards of living den rally against Chinese den Syrian migrants wey na dem move to de island. Meanwhile, na de U.S. UNIA be taken over by E. B. Knox; na de latter be summoned to Jamaica for a meeting plus Garvey after Laura Kofey, de leader of a group wey na break from UNIA, be killed, wey bring de organization into further disrepute.

=== Life insyd London: 1935–1940 ===
[[File:MARCUS_GARVEY_1887-1940_Pan-Africanist_Leader_lived_and_died_here.jpg|left|thumb|Blue plaque at 53 Talgarth Road, London, dem install insyd 2005]]
Insyd London, na Garvey sought make he rebuild UNIA, although na he find na der be much competition insyd de city from oda black activist groups. Na he establish a new UNIA headquarters insyd Beaumont Avenue, West Kensington wey na he launch a new monthly journal, ''Black Man''. Na Garvey return to speaking at Speakers' Corner insyd Hyde Park. Wen na he speak insyd public, na he increasingly be harangued by socialists for ein conservative stances. Na he sanso get hopes of becoming a Member of Parliament, although na dis amounted to nothing.

Insyd 1935, na de Second Italo-Ethiopian War break out as Italy invade Ethiopia. Na Garvey speak out against de Italians wey he praise de government of [[Haile Selassie]]. 

=== Death den burial: 1940 ===
Insyd January 1940, na Garvey suffer a stroke wich lef am largely paralysed. Na ein secretary, Daisy Whyte, take on responsibility for ein care. At dis point, na [[George Padmore]] spread rumours of Garvey ein death; na dis lead to chaw newspapers publishing premature obituaries insyd late May 1940, chaw of wich na he read. According to ein secretary, on de second day of reading thru ein pile of obituaries, na Garvey suffer anoda massive stroke wey he die two weeks later at de age of 52 on 10 June 1940. Na dem inter ein body insyd a vault insyd de catacombs of de chapel of St Mary's Catholic Cemetery insyd Kensal Green, West London.

Na dem hold various wakes den memorials give Garvey, especially insyd New York City den Kingston. Insyd Harlem, na a procession of mourners parade to ein memorial service. Na sam Garveyites refuse make dem believe Garvey die, even wen na dem confront dem plus photographs of ein body insyd ein coffin, na dem dey insist dat na dis be part of a conspiracy make dem undermine ein movement. Na both Ashwood den Jacques present demaselves as de &quot;widow of Marcus Garvey&quot; wey na Ashwood launch legal action against Jacques insyd an attempt make she secure control over ein body.

Na dem then rebury ein body insyd King George VI Memorial Park on 22 November 1964 plus pomp den ceremony wey dey befit a national hero; na chaw foreign diplomats attend. De monument, wey be designed by G. C. Hodges, consist of a tomb at de center of a raised platform insyd de shape of a black star, a symbol wey often Garvey use. Behind am, a peaked den angled wall houses a bust, by Alvin T. Marriot, of Garvey, wich na dem add to de park insyd 1956 (before ein reinterment) wey na dem relocate after de construction of de monument.&lt;ref name=&quot;garvey&quot;&gt;[http://www.jnht.com/heritage_site.php?id=181 Monument to the Rt. Excellent Marcus Garvey&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071230033359/http://www.jnht.com/heritage_site.php?id=181 Archived] 30 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Georgia Brown, The Jamaica National Heritage Trust, 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ideology ==

Ideologically, na Garvey be a black nationalist. Generally na he dey refer to dark-skinned peoples of African descent as &quot;Negroes&quot;, na he den de UNIA insist dat na dat term for be capitalized, thus affording dignity den respect to those wey e be described. Na ein ideas be influenced by a range of sources. According to Grant, while na he dey live insyd London, na Garvey display &quot;an amazing capacity make he absorb political tracts, theories of social engineering, African history den de Western Enlightenment.&quot; Na Garvey be exposed to de ideas about race wey na e be prevalent at de time; na ein ideas on race sanso heavily be informed by de writings of Edward Wilmot Blyden den by ein work insyd London plus Dusé Mohamed Ali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Egypt and Egyptology in the Pan-Afr&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Davies |first1=Vanessa |date=2022 |title=Egypt and Egyptology in the Pan-African Discourse of Amy Jacques Garvey and Marcus Garvey |journal=Mare Nostrum |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=147–178 |doi=10.11606/issn.2177-4218.v13i1p147-178 |s2cid=257179408 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Views on Colourism/Complexionism within de Black Community ===
Na Garvey believe dat darker-skinned Black people often be marginalized, wey na he sought make he challenge systems dat favour lighter-skinned individuals insyd leadership den social status.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=24 May 2017|title=Colorism as Racism: Garvey, du Bois and the Other Color Line - AAIHS|url=https://www.aaihs.org/colorism-as-racism-garvey-du-bois-and-the-other-color-line/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein philosophy be rooted insyd racial pride den self-reliance, wey dey encourage Black people make dem celebrate dema African features den reject Eurocentric beauty standards.

=== Race den racial separatism ===

Na &quot;Race first&quot; be de adage wich na be widely used insyd Garveyism. Insyd Garvey ein view, &quot;no race insyd de world be so just as to give odas, for de asking, a square deal insyd things economic, political den social&quot;, buh rada each racial group go favor ein own interests, wey dey reject de &quot;melting pot&quot; notion of much 20th century American nationalism. Na he be hostile to de efforts of de progressive movement to agitate for social den political rights for African Americans, wey dey argue dat na dis be ineffective den dat laws never go change de underlying racial prejudice of European Americans.

=== Pan-Africanism ===

Na Garvey be a Pan-Africanist, den an African nationalist. Insyd Jamaica, na he den ein supporters be heavily influenced by de pan-Africanist teachings of [[Joseph Robert Love|Dr Love]] den [[Alexander Bedward]].&lt;ref&gt;Edward White (5 October 2016), [https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2016/10/05/rise-up/ &quot;Rise Up&quot;], ''The Paris Review''. Retrieved 30 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de wake of de First World War, na Garvey call for de formation of &quot;a United Africa for de Africans of de World&quot;. Na de UNIA promote de view dat na Africa be de natural homeland of de African diaspora. While na he be imprisoned, he pen an editorial give de ''Negro World'' dem title &quot;African Fundamentalism&quot;, insyd wich na he call for &quot;de founding of a racial empire wey ein only natural, spiritual den political aims go be God den Africa, at home den abroad.&quot;

=== Economic views ===
Na Garvey believe insyd economic independence for de African diaspora den thru de UNIA, na he attempt make he achieve am by forming ventures like de Black Star Line den de Negro Factories Corporation. Insyd Garvey ein opinion, &quot;widout commerce den industry, a people perish economically. De Negro dey perish secof he get no economic system&quot;. Insyd ein view, European-American employers always go favor European-American employees, so to gain more security, na African Americans need to form dema own businesses. Insyd ein words, &quot;de Negro[...] for becam independent of white capital den white employers if he dey want salvation.&quot; Na he believe dat financial independence for de African-American community go ensure greater protection from discrimination, den provide de foundation for social justice.

=== Black Christianity ===
Na Grant note dat &quot;Garveyism go always remain a secular movement plus a strong under-tow of religion&quot;. Na Garvey envision a form of Christianity wich go specifically be designed give black African people, a sort of black religion. Dey reflect ein own view of religion, na he want dis black-centric Christianity to be as close to Catholicism as possible.

Even so, na he attend de foundation ceremony of de African Orthodox Church insyd Chicago insyd 1921. According to Graves, na dis Church preach &quot;de orthodox Christian tradition plus emphasis on racism&quot;, wey na Cronon suggest dat na Garvey promote &quot;racist ideas about religion&quot;.

== Personality den ein life matter ==

[[File:Marcus_Garvey_(1922).jpg|alt=|thumb|Garvey insyd a military uniform as de &quot;Provisional Presido of Africa&quot; during a parade on de opening day of de annual Convention of de Negro Peoples of the World at Lenox Avenue insyd Harlem, New York City, 1922]]
Physically, na Garvey be short den stocky. Na he suffer from asthma, wey he be prone to lung infections; den thru out ein adult life, na he be affected by bouts of [[pneumonia]]. Na Tony Martin call Garvey a &quot;restless young man&quot;, while na Grant think say na Garvey get a &quot;naïve buh determined personality&quot; insyd ein early years. Na Grant note dat na Garvey &quot;possess a single-mindedness of purpose wey lef no room for de kind of spectacular failure wey na always be a possibility.&quot;

Na he be an eloquent orator, wey na Cronon dey suggest dat ein &quot;peculiar gift of oratory&quot; stem from &quot;a combination of bombast den stirring heroics&quot;. Na Grant describe Garvey ein public speeches as &quot;strange den eclectic – part evangelical […] partly formal King ein English, den part lilting Caribbean speechifying&quot;. Na Garvey enjoy dey argue plus people, wey na he want make dem see am as a learned man; na he read widely, particularly insyd history.

Na Garvey enjoy dressing up insyd military costumes, wey na he sanso adore regal pomp den ceremony; na he believe dat pageantry go stir de black masses out of dema apathy, despite de accusations of buffoonery wich na be made by members of de African-American intelligentsia. Na Grant note dat na Garvey get a &quot;tendency to overstate ein achievements&quot;, buh na Cronon think say na Garvey tend to surround einself plus sycophants rada dan more competent advisors. Insyd 1947, na de Jamaican historian J. A. Rogers include Garvey insyd ein book, de ''World's Great Men of Colour'', wer na he note dat &quot;had [Garvey] ever come to power, na he go be anoda [[Maximilien Robespierre|Robespierre]]&quot;, wey dey resort to violence den terror to enforce ein ideas.

Na Garvey be a Catholic. Insyd 1919, na he marry Amy Ashwood insyd a Catholic ceremony, buh na dem separate after three months. Na de New York court no grant Garvey a divorce, buh later, he obtain a divorce insyd Jackson County, Missouri. Na Ashwood contest de legitimacy of dis divorce, den for de rest of ein life, na she claim say she be Garvey ein legitimate spouse. Na he marry secondly to Amy Jacques Garvey, wey na dem get two sons. Ein first son, Marcus Garvey III (1930 – 8 December 2020), cam be an electrical engineer wey he serve as de seventh president-general of de UNIA-ACL.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=Marcus Garvey Jr dies in Florida|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20201209/marcus-garvey-jr-dies-florida|access-date=2020-12-10|website=jamaica-gleaner.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein second son, Julius Garvey, (born 1933) cam be a cardiovascular surgeon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=The Caribbean Camera Inc|date=23 August 2019|title=Dr. Julius Garvey speaks to the people about emancipation|url=https://thecaribbeancamera.com/dr-julius-garvey-speaks-to-the-people-about-emancipation/|website=The Caribbean Camera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception den legacy ==

A polarizing figure, na Garvey both be revered den reviled. Na Grant note dat na views on am largely divide between two camps, na one camp portray am as a charlatan den de oda camp portray am as a saint; similarly, na Cronon note dat na Garvey be varyingly perceived as a &quot;strident demagogue anaa a dedicated prophet, a martyred visionary anaa a fabulous con man&quot;. Na Martin note dat by de time na Garvey return to Jamaica insyd de 1920s, na he be &quot;just about de best known Black man insyd de whole world&quot;. Na de size den scope of de UNIA sanso attract attention; na Mark Christian describe Garvey as de leader of &quot;de largest Black mass movement insyd modern history&quot;, wey na John Henrik Clarke term am &quot;de first Black mass protest crusade insyd de history of de United States&quot;. Na Garvey ein ideas influence chaw black people wey never cam be paying members of de UNIA, wey Graves dey note dat &quot;more dan anything else, na Garvey give Negroes self-assertion den self-reliance.&quot;

Insyd Jamaica, na Garvey be considered a national hero. Insyd 1969, na Jamaica ein government posthumously confer de Order of the National Hero upon am.&lt;ref name=&quot;JIS&quot;&gt;[https://jis.gov.jm/information/heroes/marcus-mosiah-garvey/ &quot;Marcus Mosiah Garvey&quot;], Jamaica Information Service. Retrieved 22 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
Na de scholar of African-American studies Molefi Kete Asante include Garvey on ein 2002 list of 100 Greatest African Americans, den insyd 2008, de American writer Ta-Nehisi Coates describe Garvey as de &quot;patron saint&quot; of de black nationalist movement. Na Grant think dat Garvey, along plus Du Bois, deserve to be seen as de &quot;father of Pan-Africanism&quot;, den de Nigerian historian B. Steiner Ifekwe call Garvey &quot;one of de greatest Pan-African leaders of de time&quot;. Na Garvey receive praise from people wey believe dat na he be a &quot;race patriot&quot;, wey chaw African Americans believe dat na he encourage black people make dem develop a sense of self-respect den pride. While na he dey live insyd de U.S., na dem frequently refer Garvey —sam times sarcastically—as de &quot;Negro Moses&quot;, wey dey imply dat like de eponymous Old Testament figure, he go lead ein people out of de oppressive situation wich na dem dey live insyd.

Na [[Kwame Nkrumah]], de first presido of [[Ghana]], wrep insyd ein autobiography dat of all de works of literature wich na he study, de book wey na e inspire am more dan any oda book be ''The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey, or Africa for the Africans''.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;&quot;Spirit of Garvey Lives on Even Now&quot;, ''The Voice'', February 2020, p. 13.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Nkrumah go on to name Ghana ein national shipping line de &quot;Black Star Line&quot;, wey der be a Black Star Square insyd [[Accra]], wey de [[Flag of Ghana|Ghanaian flag]] sanso dey contain a black star. Ghana ein national football team sanso be nicknamed de Black Stars.

=== Influence on political movements ===
Insyd de late 1920s, na Garvey get sam ties to de French black movement, especially de group of de ''Comité de Défense de la Race Noire'' den de editor of ein journal, Maurice Satineau. As na de group ve somewat divided between a larger group of colonial reformists den a smaller group of representants of de [[Négritude]], na der be strong concern by moderate members about Garvey as na dem dey fraid of ein radical nationalist approach, wey result in a cut of de ties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sharpley-Whiting |first=T. Denean |date=2000 |title=Femme négritude : Jane Nardal, La Dépêche africaine, and the francophone new negro |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10999940009362232 |journal=Souls |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=8–17 |doi=10.1080/10999940009362232 |issn=1099-9949 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Influence on religious movements ===
Garvey never regard einself as a religious visionary buh na dem perceive am as such by sam of ein followers. Na chaw Bedwardites for example regard am as de reincarnation of Moses. Na de Moorish Science Temple of America regard Garvey as a prophet akin to John de Baptist in relation to dema prophet Noble Drew Ali, wey na dem regard as a Jesus figure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Prophet Noble Drew Ali and Marcus Garvey Connection|url=https://moorishamericannationalrepublic.com/about/the-prophet-noble-drew-ali-and-marcus-garvey-connection/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805135843/https://moorishamericannationalrepublic.com/about/the-prophet-noble-drew-ali-and-marcus-garvey-connection/|archive-date=5 August 2020|access-date=13 May 2020|website=Moorish Science Temple|publisher=The Divine and National Movement of North America, Inc #13 The Moorish American National Republic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Garvey ein ideas be a significant influence on de Nation of Islam, a religious group for African Americans dem establish insyd de U.S. insyd 1930.

=== Memorials ===
[[File:Marcus_Garvey_Statue.JPG|thumb|Statue of Garvey on Harris Promenade insyd San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago]]
Garvey ein birthplace, 32 Market Street, St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, get a marker wey dey signify am as a site of importance insyd de nation ein history.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jnht.com/site_32_market_street.php 32 Market Street], Jamaica National Heritage Trust. 16 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein likeness be on de 20-dollar coin den 25-cent coin of de Jamaican dollar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bank of Jamaica {{!}} Coins|url=http://boj.org.jm/currency/currency_coins.php#%20Bank%20of%20Jamaica%20Coins|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026163022/http://boj.org.jm/currency/currency_coins.php#%20Bank%20of%20Jamaica%20Coins|archive-date=26 October 2017|access-date=2019-02-22|website=Boj.org.jm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2012 de Jamaican government declare 17 August as Marcus Garvey Day. Na de Governor General ein proclamation state &quot;''from here on every year this time, all of us here in Jamaica will be called to mind to remember this outstanding National Hero and what he has done for us as a people, and our children will call this to mind also on this day''&quot; wey he go on to say &quot;''to proclaim and make known that the 17th Day of August in each year shall be designated as Marcus Garvey Day and shall so be observed''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=17 August 2012|title=Gov't Declares August 17 Marcus Garvey Day|url=https://jis.gov.jm/govt-declares-august-17-marcus-garvey-day/|access-date=10 July 2018|website=Jamaican Information Service|publisher=Government of Jamaica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Sources ===

* {{cite book|last=Asante|first=Molefi Kete|title=100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/100greatestafric0000asan|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=2002|isbn=1-57392-963-8|location=Amherst, New York}}
* {{cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Michael |year=2006 |title=Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_2006-07_36_6/page/873 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=36 |pages=873–893 |doi=10.1177/0021934705279611 |jstor=40034350 |s2cid=145012190 |number=6}}
* {{cite book|last=Barrett|first=Leonard E.|title=The Rastafarians|url=https://archive.org/details/rastafarians0000barr|publisher=Beacon Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8070-1039-6|location=Boston|orig-year=1988}}
* {{cite journal |last=Carter |first=Shawn |year=2002 |title=The Economic Philosophy of Marcus Garvey |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-93458247/the-economic-philosophy-of-marcus-garvey |url-status=dead |journal=Western Journal of Black Studies |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |id=ProQuest 200342374 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722114516/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-93458247/the-economic-philosophy-of-marcus-garvey |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020}}
* {{cite book|last=Cashmore|first=E. Ellis|title=Rastaman: The Rastafarian Movement in England|url=https://archive.org/details/rastamanrastafar0000cash|publisher=Counterpoint|year=1983|isbn=978-0-04-301164-5|edition=2nd|location=London}}

* {{cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Thandeka K. |year=2004 |title=Foundations of Multicultural Education: Marcus Garvey and the United Negro Improvement Association |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-negro-education_fall-2004_73_4/page/424 |journal=The Journal of Negro Education |volume=73 |pages=424–434 |doi=10.2307/4129626 |jstor=4129626 |number=4}}
* {{cite book|last=Chevannes|first=Barry|url=https://archive.org/details/rastafarirootsid0000chev|title=Rastafari: Roots and Ideology|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-8156-0296-5|series=Utopianism and Communitarianism Series|location=Syracuse, New York|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite journal |last=Christian |first=Mark |year=2008 |title=Marcus Garvey and African Unity: Lessons for the Future From the Past |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_2008-11_39_2/page/316 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=316–331 |doi=10.1177/0021934708317364 |jstor=40282562 |s2cid=144286771}}
* {{cite journal |last=Clarke |first=John Henrik |year=1974 |title=Marcus Garvey: The Harlem Years |journal=Transition |pages=14–19 |doi=10.2307/2934951 |jstor=2934951 |number=46}}
* {{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Peter B.|title=Black Paradise: The Rastafarian Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/blackparadiseras0000clar|publisher=The Aquarian Press|year=1986|isbn=978-0-85030-428-2|series=New Religious Movements Series|location=Wellingborough}}
* {{cite news|last=Coates|first=Ta-Nehisi|date=May 2008|title=This Is How We Lost to the White Man|website=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/05/-this-is-how-we-lost-to-the-white-man/306774/|access-date=13 June 2019}}

* {{cite book|last=Cronon|first=Edmund David|url=https://archive.org/details/blackmosesstoryo00cron|title=Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=1955|location=Madison|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Dooley|first=Brian|title=Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland &amp; Black America|url=https://archive.org/details/blackgreencivilr0000dool|date=1998|publisher=Pluto Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Edmonds|first=Ennis B.|title=Rastafari: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/rastafariverysho0000edmo|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-958452-9}}
* {{cite journal |last=Elkins |first=W. F. |year=1972 |title=Marcus Garvey, the 'Negro World', and the British West Indies: 1919-1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science-society_spring-1972_36_1/page/63 |journal=Science &amp; Society |volume=36 |pages=63–77 |jstor=40401615 |number=1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fergus |first=Claudius |year=2010 |title=From Prophecy to Policy: Marcus Garvey and the Evolution of Pan-African Citizenship |journal=The Global South |volume=4 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.2979/globalsouth.4.2.29 |s2cid=144306818 |number=2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fierce |first=Milfred C. |year=1972 |title=Economic Aspects of the Marcus Garvey Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1972-03-1972-04_3_7-8/page/n55 |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=50–61 |doi=10.1080/00064246.1972.11658623 |jstor=41206341}}

* {{cite journal |last=Grant |first=Otis B. |year=2003 |title=Social Justice versus Social Equality: The Capitalistic Jurisprudence of Marcus Garvey |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_2003-03_33_4/page/490 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=33 |pages=490–498 |doi=10.1177/0021934702250031 |s2cid=144710693 |number=4}}
* {{cite book|last=Grant|first=Colin|title=Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey|url=https://archive.org/details/negrowithhatrise0000coli|publisher=Jonathan Cape|year=2008|isbn=978-0-09-950145-9|location=London}}
* {{cite journal |last=Graves |first=John L. |year=1962 |title=The Social Ideas of Marcus Garvey |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-negro-education_winter-1962_31_1/page/65 |journal=The Journal of Negro Education |volume=31 |pages=65–74 |doi=10.2307/2294548 |jstor=2294548 |number=1}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hart |first1=Richard |year=1967 |title=The Life and Resurrection of Marcus Garvey |journal=Race |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=217–237 |doi=10.1177/030639686700900206 |s2cid=145291305 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hill |first=Robert A. |year=2013 |title=&quot;Co'radeship of the More Advanced Races': Marcus Garvey and the Brotherhood Movement in Britain, 1913–14 |journal=Small Axe |volume=40 |pages=50–70 |doi=10.1215/07990537-1665434 |s2cid=145278960}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ifekwe |first=B. Steiner |year=2008 |title=Rastafarianism in Jamaica as a Pan-African Protest Movement |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=17 |pages=106–122 |jstor=41857150}}
* {{cite book|last=Martin|first=Tony|title=Marcus Garvey: Hero|url=https://archive.org/details/marcusgarveyhero0000mart|publisher=Majority Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-912469-05-8|location=Dover, Mass.}}

* {{cite book|last=Martin|first=Tony|title=Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association|url=https://archive.org/details/racefirstideolog0000mart_l4l1|publisher=Majority Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-912469-23-2|edition=Revised|location=Dover, Mass.}}
* {{cite journal |last=Moses |first=Wilson S. |year=1972 |title=Marcus Garvey: A Reappraisal |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1972-11-1972-12_4_3/page/38 |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=4 |pages=38–49 |doi=10.1080/00064246.1972.11431283 |jstor=41163608 |number=3}}
* {{cite book|last=Soumahoro|first=Maboula|title=The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-7786-1|editor1-last=Trost|editor1-first=Theodore Louis|location=New York|pages=35–48|chapter=Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOuHDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA35}}
* {{Cite book|last=Silvestri|first=M.|title=Ireland and India: Nationalism, Empire and Memory|date=2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK}}

==Read further==
===Works by Garvey===
* ''The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey''. Edited by Amy Jacques Garvey. 412 pages. Majority Press; Centennial edition, 1 November 1986. {{ISBN|0-912469-24-2}}. Avery edition. {{ISBN|0-405-01873-8}}.
* ''Message to the People: The Course of African Philosophy by Marcus Garvey''. Edited by Tony Martin. Foreword by Hon. Charles L. James, president-general, Universal Negro Improvement Association. 212 pages. Majority Press, 1 March 1986. {{ISBN|0-912469-19-6}}.
* ''The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey''. Compiled and edited by Tony Martin. 123 pages. Majority Press, 1 June 1983. {{ISBN|0-912469-02-1}}.
* Hill, Robert A., editor. ''The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers''. Vols. I–VII, IX. University of California Press, c. 1983– (ongoing). 1146 pages. University of California Press, 1 May 1991. {{ISBN|0-520-07208-1}}. (Volume 1: {{doi|10.1525/9780520342224}}, {{ISBN|9780520342224}})
* Hill, Robert A., editor. ''The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: Africa for the Africans 1921–1922''. 740 pages. University of California Press, 1 February 1996. {{ISBN|0-520-20211-2}}.

=== Books den Articles ===

* {{cite book|last1=Burkett|first1=Randall K.|title=Garveyism as a Religious Movement: The Institutionalization of a Black Civil Religion|url=https://archive.org/details/garveyismasrelig0000burk|date=1978|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-1163-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Horace|title=Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney|url=https://archive.org/details/rastaresistancef0000camp|date=1987|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-86543-034-1}}
* {{cite book|title=Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/marcusgarveyvisi0000clar|date=1974|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-394-71888-0|editor1-last=Clarke|editor1-first=John Henrik|ref=no}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dagnini |first1=Jeremie Kroubo |date=15 March 2008 |title=Marcus Garvey: a controversial figure in the history of Pan-Africanism |url=http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol2no3/MarcusGarveyAControversialFigureInTheHistoryOfPanAfricanism.pdf |journal=Journal of Pan African Studies |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=198–210 |id=Gale A192353347}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ewing|first1=Adam|title=The Age of Garvey: How a Jamaican Activist Created a Mass Movement and Changed Global Black Politics|date=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15779-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Garvey|first1=Amy Jacques|title=Garvey and Garveyism|date=1963|oclc=949351288}}
* Hill, Robert A., editor. ''Marcus Garvey, Life and Lessons: A Centennial Companion to the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

* Hill, Robert A. ''The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers''. Vols. I–VII, IX. University of California Press, c. 1983– (ongoing).
* James, Winston. ''Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-Century America''. London: Verso, 1998.
* Kearse, Gregory S. &quot;Prince Hall's Charge of 1792: An Assertion of African Heritage.&quot; ''Heredom'', Vol. 20. Washington, D.C. Scottish Rite Research Society, 2012, p.&amp;nbsp;275.
* Kornweibel Jr., Theodore. ''Seeing Red: Federal Campaigns Against Black Militancy 1919–1925''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.
* Lemelle, Sidney, and Robin D. G. Kelley. ''Imagining Home: Class, Culture, and Nationalism in the African Diaspora''. London: Verso, 1994.
* Lewis, Rupert, and Maureen Warner-Lewis. ''Garvey: Africa, Europe, The Americas''. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1986, 1994.
* Manoedi, M. Mokete. ''Garvey and Africa''. New York: New York Age Press, 1922, 20 pages.
* Martin, Tony. ''Literary Garveyism: Garvey, Black Arts, and the Harlem Renaissance''. Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983.

* Martin, Tony. ''African Fundamentalism: A Literary and Cultural Anthology of Garvey's Harlem Renaissance''. Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983, 1991.
* Martin, Tony. ''The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond''. Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983.
* Martin, Tony. ''The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey''. Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983.
* Smith-Irvin, Jeannette. ''Marcus Garvey's Footsoldiers of the Universal Negro Improvement Association''. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1989.
* Solomon, Mark. ''The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African-Americans, 1917–1936''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1998.
* Stein, Judith. ''The World of Marcus Garvey: Race and Class in Modern Society''. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986.
* Tolbert, Emory J. ''The UNIA and Black Los Angeles''. Los Angeles: Center of Afro-American Studies, University of California, 1980.
* Vincent, Theodore. ''Black Power and the Garvey Movement''. Berkeley, Calif.: Ramparts Press, 1971.

== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q272504|c=Category:Marcus Garvey|n=no|b=no|s=Author:Marcus Mosiah Garvey|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* BBC Radio 4 programme about Marcus Garvey – [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00y2d8c listen online:]
* Lanset, Andy, [http://www.wnyc.org/story/250329-marcus-garvey-20th-century-pan-africanist/ &quot;Marcus Garvey: 20th Century Pan-Africanist&quot;]. A Public Radio Documentary online
* [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7151131 Marcus Garvey] at Find a Grave
* Ayanna Gillian, [http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/2005/1708.html &quot;Garvey's Legacy in Context: Colourism, Black Movements and African Nationalism&quot;], ''Race and History'', 17 August 2005
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/index.html ''Marcus Garvey: Look for Me in the Whirlwind''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170227011744/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/index.html Archived] 27 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. PBS documentary film
* [http://theunia-acl.com/ UNIA website].
* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/garvey.html Marcus Garvey economic principles] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210411230645/http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/garvey.html Archived] 11 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080502062621/http://www.black-king.net/library%20marcus%20garvey.htm Marcus Garvey speaks – text and audio]
* [http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/ras_nasibu.htm Poem – Ras Nasibu of the Ogaden]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140419211732/http://www.liv.ac.uk/black-atlantic/information/peopled-j/marcus_garvey/ &quot;Information – People: Marcus Garvey&quot;], Black Atlantic Resource, University of Liverpool.
* [http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/Marcus_Garvey_negro_moses_back_to_Africa_article#.XtB7mmhKizk ''Gunning for the Negro Moses'' from ''The Literary Digest'', August 1922]
* [https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/marcus-garvey United Fruit Company letters about Garvey's activities in Panama &amp; Costa Rica] at [https://collections.utm.utoronto.ca/ University of Toronto Mississauga Library]
* [http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/005876 Newspaper clippings about Marcus Garvey] in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250615115920/https://africancollective.org/ African Collective]
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'''Haile Selassie I''' (born '''Tafari Makonnen''' anaa ''Lij'' '''Tafari''';&lt;ref&gt;Atiso, Kodjo. [https://guides.lib.ku.edu/c.php?g=1413002&amp;p=10465656 &quot;Subject &amp; Course Guides: Emperor Haile Selassie Research Guide : Biography of Emperor Haile Selassie&quot;]. ''guides.lib.ku.edu''. Retrieved 30 November 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; 23 July 1892 – 27 August 1975)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Page|first1=Melvin Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&amp;pg=PA247|title=Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia|last2=Sonnenburg|first2=Penny M.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2003|isbn=978-1-57607-335-3|volume=1|page=247}}&lt;/ref&gt; na he be Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. Na he rise to power as de Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia (''Enderase'') under Empress Zewditu between 1916 den 1930. Dem widely consider am he be a defining figure insyd modern Ethiopian history, na he be accorded divine importance insyd Rastafari, an Abrahamic religion wey emerge insyd de 1930s. A few years before na he begin ein reign over de Ethiopian Empire, na Selassie defeat Ethiopian army commander Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, nephew of Empress Taytu Betul, at de Battle of Anchem.&lt;ref&gt;Erlich, Haggai (2002), ''The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. {{ISBN|1-55587-970-5}}, p. 192.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babylon148&quot;&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], p. 148&lt;/ref&gt; Na he belong to de Solomonic dynasty, wey be founded by Emperor Yekuno Amlak insyd 1270.

Selassie, wey dey seek make he modernise Ethiopia, introduce political den social reforms wey dey include de 1931 constitution den de abolition of slavery insyd 1942. Na he lead de empire during de Second Italo-Ethiopian War, den after ein defeat na dem exile am to de [[United Kingdom]]. Wen na de Italian occupation of East Africa begin, he travel to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan make he coordinate de Ethiopian struggle against Fascist Italy; na he return home after de East African campaign of World War II. Na he dissolve de Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea, dem establish by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] insyd 1950, wey he annex Eritrea as one of Ethiopia ein provinces, while he sanso dey fight make he prevent Eritrean secession.&lt;ref name=&quot;Consolidated Laws Vol. I pp. 45-46&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ewing|first1=William H.|title=Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I|last2=Abdi|first2=Beyene|date=1972|publisher=The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University|location=Addis Ababa|pages=45–46}}&lt;/ref&gt; As an internationalist, na Selassie lead Ethiopia ein accession to de [[United Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;Karsh, Efraim (1988), ''Neutrality and Small States''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-00507-8}}, p. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1963, na he preside over de formation of de Organisation of African Unity, de precursor of de [[African Union]], wey he serve as ein first chairmo. By de early 1960s, na prominent African socialists such as [[Kwame Nkrumah]] envision de creation of a &quot;[[United States of Africa]]&quot;. Na dema rhetoric be anti-Western; na Selassie see dis as a threat to ein alliances. Na he attempt make he influence a&amp;nbsp;more moderate posture within de group.&lt;ref name=&quot;EDMOND J. KELLER pp. 92&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Keller|first=Edmond J.|title=Revolutionary Ethiopia, From Empire to People's Republic|date=1988|publisher=Indiana University Press|page=92}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amidst popular uprisings, na dem overthrow Selassie by de Derg insyd de 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état. Plus support from de Soviet Union, na de Derg begin dey govern Ethiopia as a Marxist–Leninist state. Insyd 1994, three years after de fall of de Derg military junta, na dem reveal to de public say na de Derg assassinate Selassie at de Jubilee Palace insyd Addis Ababa on 27 August 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tadese Tele Salvano pp. 81-97&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Salvano|first=Tadese Tele|title=የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት)|date=2018|publisher=Tadese Tele Salvano|isbn=978-0-7915-9662-3|pages=81–97|trans-title=The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/|title=Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=6 November 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/15/ethiopian-court-hears-how-emperor-was-killed/af51020c-547c-4b9c-92df-52be6e2a2241/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 November 2000, na dem bury ein excavated remains at de Holy Trinity Cathedral of Addis Ababa.

Among adherents of Rastafari, dem dey bell Selassie de returned Jesus, although na he be an adherent of de Ethiopian Orthodox Church einself.&lt;ref&gt;[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Nov 2, 1930 CE: Haile Selassie Becomes Emperor of Ethiopia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240323015638/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/haile-selassie-becomes-emperor-ethiopia/ Archived] 23 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine National Geographic&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barrett|first=Leonard E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&amp;pg=PA118|title=The Rastafarians|publisher=Beacon Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-8070-1039-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem criticise am for ein suppression of rebellions among de landed aristocracy (''Mesafint''), wich consistently oppose ein changes. Na odas criticise Ethiopia ein failure to modernise rapidly enough.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Meredith, Martin (2005), ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. Public Affairs. {{ISBN|1-58648-398-6}}, pp. 212–213.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Rebellion and Famine in the North under Haile Selassie|url=http://hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181350/http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c3wollo.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=17 February 2008|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; During ein reign, na de Harari people be persecuted wey chaw lef dema homes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Huurne|first1=Dieneke|url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Hurnneie_thesis.pdf|title='It's like carrying a heavy box with many people.' A study about the contributions of indigenous social security systems to poverty reduction|publisher=Radboud University Nijmegen|page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf|title=History of Harar and Hararis|pages=141–144|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003055338/https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Perspectives&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Feener|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&amp;q=kulub+movement+harar&amp;pg=PA227|title=Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-516-6|page=227|access-date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem criticize ein administration as autocratic den illiberal by groups such as Human Rights Watch.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine&quot;&gt;Dimbleby, Jonathan (8 December 1998), [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html &quot;Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine&quot;], ''The Independent'', UK, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013173119/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html archived] from the original on 13 October 2019, retrieved 29 August 2017 (taken from Chapter 3 of ''Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia'' Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))&lt;/ref&gt; According to sam sources, late into Selassie ein administration,&lt;ref&gt;Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016), [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive &quot;Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive&quot;], ''The Guardian'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214083716/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/14/oromo-childrens-books-keep-once-banned-ethiopian-language-alive archived] from the original on 14 February 2016, retrieved 14 February 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf Language &amp; Culture]'' (PDF), [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/oromo.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo]'', January 2017, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210419062136/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/ethiopians-amhara-oromo/ archived] from the original on 19 April 2021, retrieved 11 February 2021&lt;/ref&gt; na dem ban de Oromo language from education, public speaking den use insyd administration, though na der never be a law wey criminalise any language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Language in Ethiopia pp. 187-190&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bender|first1=M. L.|title=Language in Ethiopia|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_194361020|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-436102-6|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_194361020/page/187 187]–190}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholler 1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Scholler|first1=Heinrich|title=Ethiopia: Revolution, Law and Politics|last2=Brietzke|first2=Paul H.|date=1976|publisher=Weltforum-Verlag|isbn=3-8039-0136-7|location=Munich|page=154}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Consolidated Laws Vol. II p. 1105&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ewing|first1=William H.|title=Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. II|last2=Abdi|first2=Beyene|date=1972|publisher=The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University|location=Addis Ababa|page=1105}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein government relocate chaw Amhara people into southern Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence Oromo Continue to Flee Violence]'', September 1981, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412051237/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/oromo-continue-flee-violence archived] from the original on 12 April 2021, retrieved 17 February 2021&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/ Country Information Report ethiopia]'', 12 August 2020, archived from [http://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-ethiopia.docx the original] on 11 July 2013, retrieved 17 February 2021&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html Ethiopia. Status of Amharas]'', 1 March 1993, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031218/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6077.html archived] from the original on 25 January 2021, retrieved 17 February 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Following de death of Ethiopian civil rights activist [[Hachalu Hundessa]] insyd 2020, na dem destroy ein bust insyd de [[United Kingdom]] by Oromo protesters, wey na dem komot an equestrian monument wey dey depict ein poppie from Harar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409|title=Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park|publisher=BBC News|date=2 July 2020|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155840/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53259409|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hachalu Hundessa protests&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=30 June 2020|title=Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630105152/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53233531|archive-date=30 June 2020|access-date=1 July 2020|publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ Ethiopians Angered at Singer's Death Topple Statue]'', 30 June 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215072940/https://mybrytfmonline.com/ethiopians-angered-at-singers-death-topple-statue/ archived] from the original on 15 December 2020, retrieved 30 June 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

== Name ==

Na dem know Haile Selassie as a kiddie as '''Lij Tafari Makonnen''' (Ge'ez: ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን, &lt;small&gt;romanized:&lt;/small&gt; ''Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən''). ''Lij'' be translated as &quot;kiddies&quot; wey e dey serve to indicate say a youth be of noble blood. Na ein given name ''Tafari'' dey mean &quot;one wey be respected anaa feared&quot;. Like chaw Ethiopians, ein personal name &quot;Tafari&quot; be followed by dat of ein poppie Makonnen den dat of ein grandpoppie Woldemikael. Na ein name ''Haile Selassie'' be given to am at ein infant baptism wey he san adopt as part of ein regnal name insyd 1930.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I &quot;Haile Selassie I&quot;]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241126220719/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haile-Selassie-I Archived] from the original on 26 November 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 November 1905, at de age of 13, na Tafari be appointed by ein poppie as de Dejazmatch of Gara Mulatta (a region sam twenty miles southwest of Harar).&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) p.20&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Selassie|first1=Haile I|title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeethiopiasp0000hail_w5s6|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-713589-7|location=Great Britain|page=[https://archive.org/details/mylifeethiopiasp0000hail_w5s6/page/20 20]}}&lt;/ref&gt; De literal translation of Dejazmatch be &quot;keeper of de door&quot;; e be a title of nobility equivalent to a count.&lt;ref&gt;Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense &amp; Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. {{ISBN|1-892998-00-9}}. p. 115&lt;/ref&gt; On 27 September 1916, na dem proclaime am Crown Prince den heir apparent to de throne (''Alga Worrach''),&lt;ref name=&quot;The Order of Coronation p. 97&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bellizzi|first1=Francesco|title=The Order of Coronation|last2=Wondim|first2=Simeon|last3=Feqade|first3=Ras|date=2013|publisher=Debre Zeyt Books|isbn=978-88-908905-0-5|location=Italy|page=97}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Copley p. 114&quot;&gt;Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense &amp; Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. {{ISBN|1-892998-00-9}}. p. 114&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem appoint am Regent Plenipotentiary (''Balemulu Silt'an Enderase'').&lt;ref name=&quot;The Order of Coronation p. 97&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) pp.48-50&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Selassie|first1=Haile I|title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeethiopiasp0000hail_w5s6|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-713589-7|location=Great Britain|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mylifeethiopiasp0000hail_w5s6/page/48 48]–50}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 February 1917, na dem crown am Le'ul-Ras&lt;ref name=&quot;Steffanson 2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Steffanson|first1=Borg G.|title=Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. I: The Decline of Menelik II to the Emergence of Ras Tafari, later known as Haile Selassie, 1910–1919|last2=Starrett|first2=Ronald K.|date=1976|publisher=Documentary Publications|isbn=0-89712-008-6|location=Salisbury, North Carolina|page=133}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey he cam be known as Ras Tafari Makonnen {{audio|Ras Teferi Mekonnen.ogg|listen}}. ''Ras'' be translated as &quot;head&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Copley p. 114&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murrell, pp. 172-173&lt;/ref&gt; wey ebe a rank of nobility equivalent to a duke,&lt;ref name=&quot;Copley p. 114&quot; /&gt; though dem often render am insyd translation as &quot;prince&quot;. Originally de title ''Le'ul'', wich dey mean &quot;Your Highness&quot;, na dem only ever use am as a form of address;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 325&lt;/ref&gt; however, insyd 1916 na de title ''Le'ul-Ras'' replace de senior office of ''Ras Bitwoded'' den so e cam be de equivalent of a royal duke.&lt;ref&gt;Asserate, p. 350&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense &amp; Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. {{ISBN|1-892998-00-9}}. p. 117&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1928, na Empress Zewditu plan on granting am de throne of Shewa; na however, at de last moment opposition from certain provincial rulers cause a change den ein title ''Negus'' anaa &quot;King&quot; be conferred widout geographical qualification anaa definition.&lt;ref name=&quot;Steffanson&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Steffanson|first1=Borg G.|title=Documents on Ethiopian Politics Vol. II|last2=Starret|first2=Ronald K.|date=1976|publisher=Documentary Publications|isbn=0-89712-008-6|location=North Carolina, U.S.|page=112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bahru Zewde (2001). ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p. 135. {{ISBN|0-85255-786-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 2 November 1930, after de death of Empress Zewditu, na dem crown Tafari ''Negusa Nagast'', literally &quot;King of Kings&quot;, dem render insyd English as &quot;Emperor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;roberts&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Neil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoMLBgAAQBAJ|title=Freedom as Marronage|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-226-20104-7|page=175|access-date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upon ein ascension, na he take as ein regnal name Haile Selassie I. ''Haile'' dey mean insyd Ge'ez &quot;Power of&quot; den ''Selassie'' dey mean trinity – ''Haile Selassie'' roughly dey translate to &quot;Power of de Trinity&quot;. Na Selassie ein full title insyd office be &quot;By de Conquering Lion of de Tribe of Judah, His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Lord of Lords, Elect of God&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Steffanson 2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rubenson |first1=Sven |date=July 1965 |title=The Lion of the Tribe of Judah Christian Symbol and/or Imperial Title |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ethiopian-studies_1965-07_3_2/page/85 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Charles F. Rey&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Rey|first1=Charles F.|title=The Real Abyssinia|date=1935|publisher=J. B. Lippincott Company|isbn=0-8371-2656-8|location=New York City.|page=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hassen|first1=Getachew Makonnen|title=ንጉሥ ነገሥት ከ1884–1967 (&quot;King of Kings b.1892–1975&quot;)|date=1992|location=Addis Ababa|page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis title dey reflect Ethiopian dynastic traditions, wich hold that all monarchs for trace dema lineage to Menelik I, wey be described by de Kebra Nagast (a 14th-century CE national epic) as de son of de tenth-century BCE King Solomon den de Queen of Sheba.&lt;ref&gt;Ghai, Yash P. (2000), ''Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-78642-8}}, p. 176.&lt;/ref&gt;

To Ethiopians, na Selassie be known by chaw names, wey dey include Janhoy (&quot;His Majesty&quot;) Talaqu Meri (&quot;Great Leader&quot;) den Abba Tekel (&quot;Father of Tekel&quot;, ein horse name).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kasuka19&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Kasuka|first=Bridgette|title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence|publisher=Bankole Kamara Taylor|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4700-4358-2|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Rastafari movement dey employ chaw of dese appellations, dem sanso dey refer to am as Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, den HIM (de abbreviation of &quot;His Imperial Majesty&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kasuka19&quot; /&gt;

== Early life ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;170&quot; heights=&quot;170&quot;&gt;
File:Tafari_Makonnen_dressed_in_warrior_garments.jpg|Then Tafari Makonnen wey dey wear a warrior ein dress
File:Lij_Teferi_and_his_father,_Ras_Makonnen.jpg|Ras Makonnen Woldemikael den ein son Lij Tafari Makonnen
&lt;/gallery&gt;Na Tafari ein royal line (thru ein paternal grandmommie) descend from de Shewan Amhara Solomonic king, Sahle Selassie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Pétridès|first1=S. Pierre|title=Le Héros d'Adoua: Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie|date=1963|publisher=Librairie Plon|location=Paris|page=299}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem born am on 23 July 1892, insyd de village of Ejersa Goro, insyd de Hararghe province of Ethiopia. Na Tafari ein mommie, Woizero (&quot;Lady&quot;) Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar, be paternally of Oromo descent den maternally of Silte heritage, while na ein poppie, Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, be maternally of Amhara descent buh ein paternal lineage remain disputed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bridgette|first=Kasuka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2nxqV2R7_8C&amp;dq=kasuka+prominent+african+leaders&amp;pg=PA19|title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence|date=2012|publisher=New Africa Press|isbn=978-1-4700-4358-2|location=Tanzania|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Henze|first=Paul B|title=Layers of time a history of Ethiopia|date=2001|publisher=Palgrave|location=New York|page=189}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Woodward&quot;&gt;Woodward, Peter (1994), ''Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: federalism and its alternatives''. Dartmouth Pub. Co. {{ISBN|1-85521-486-5}}, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Tafari ein paternal grandpoppie belong to a noble family wey komot Shewa wey na he be de governor of de districts of Menz den Doba, wich dey locate insyd Semien Shewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pétridès-28&quot;&gt;S. Pierre Pétridès, ''Le Héros d'Adoua. Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Éthiopie'', &lt;/ref&gt; Na Tafari ein mommie be de daughter of a ruling chief wey komot Were Ilu insyd Wollo province, Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moor&quot;&gt;de Moor, Jaap, and Wesseling, H. L. (1989), ''Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa''. Brill. {{ISBN|90-04-08834-2}}, p. 189.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Ras Makonnen be de grandson of King Sahle Selassie wey na once be de ruler of Shewa. Na he serve as a general insyd de First Italo–Ethiopian War, wey dey play a key role at de Battle of Adwa;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moor&quot; /&gt; na Selassie thus be able to ascend to de imperial throne thru ein paternal grandmommie, Woizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassie, wey na be an aunt of Emperor Menelik II den daughter of de Solomonic Amhara King of Shewa, Negus Sahle Selassie. As such, na Selassie claim direct descent from Makeda, de Queen of Sheba, den King Solomon of ancient Israel.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFShinn|Shinn]], p. 265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Ras Makonnen arrange for Tafari as well as ein first cousin, Imru Haile Selassie, to receive instruction insyd Harar wey komot Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin, an Ethiopian Capuchin friar, den wey komot Dr. Vitalien, a surgeon wey komot Guadeloupe. Na dem name Tafari Dejazmach (literally &quot;commander of de gate&quot;, roughly equivalent to &quot;count&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, p. xii.&lt;/ref&gt; at de age of 13, on 1 November 1905.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFShinn|Shinn]], pp. 193–4.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) p.20&quot; /&gt; Shortly thereafter, na ein poppie Makonnen die at Kulibi, insyd 1906.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFRoberts|Roberts]], p. 712&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Governorship ===

[[File:Tafari_Dejazmatch_Harrar.jpg|left|thumb|236x236px|''Dejazmatch'' Tafari, as governor of Harar]]

Na Tafari assume de titular governorship of Selale insyd 1906, a realm of marginal importance,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFWhite|White]], pp. 34–35.&lt;/ref&gt; buh one wey enable am to continue ein studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Insyd 1907, na dem appoint governor over part of de province of Sidamo. Na ebe alleged dat during ein late teens, na Selassie marry ''Woizero'' Altayech, den dat from dis union, na ein daughter Princess Romanework be born.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Mockler, Anthony, ''Haile Selassie's War'' (2003), p. xxvii&lt;/ref&gt;

Dey follow de death of ein bro Yelma insyd 1907, na dem lef de governorate of Harar vacant,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; wey na dem lef ein administration to Menelik ein loyal general, ''Dejazmach'' Balcha Safo. Na Balcha Safo ein administration of Harar be ineffective, den so during de last illness of Menelik II, den de brief reign of Empress Taytu Betul, na dem make Tafari governor of Harar insyd 1910 anaa 1911.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFRoberts|Roberts]], p. 712.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Marriage ===
[[File:HIM_Selassie_with_his_Wife_Empress_Menen_Asfaw.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Togeda plus ein wifey, Empress Menen Asfaw, 1955]]

On 3 August 1911, na Tafari marry Menen Asfaw of Ambassel, niece of de heir to de throne Lij Iyasu. Na Menen Asfaw be 22 years old while na Tafari be 19 years of age. Na Menen already marry two previous noblemen, while na Tafari get one previous wifey den one kiddie. Na de marriage between Menen Asfaw den Selassie last for 50 years. Although possibly a political match dem design make dem create peace between Ethiopian nobles, na de couple dema family say na dem marry plus mutual consent. Na Selassie describe ein spouse as a &quot;woman widout any malice whatsoever&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Haile Selassie, ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress'' (Chicago: Frontline Distribution International, 1999), pp. 41f.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Regency ==

Na de extent to wich Tafari Makonnen contribute to de movement wey go cam depose Lij Iyasu na dem discuss am extensively, particularly insyd Selassie ein own detailed account of de matter. Na Iyasu be de designated buh uncrowned emperor of Ethiopia from 1913 to 1916. Na Iyasu ein reputation for scandalous behavior den a disrespectful attitude towards de nobles at de court of ein grandpoppie, Menelik II,&lt;ref&gt;Lentakis, Michael B. (2004), ''Ethiopia: Land of the Lotus Eaters''. Janus Pub. Co. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/1-85756-558-4|1-85756-558-4]], p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt; damage ein reputation. Na Iyasu flirtation plus [[Islam]] be considered treasonous among de Ethiopian Orthodox Christian leadership of de empire. On 27 September 1916, na dem depose Iyasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFShinn|Shinn]], p. 228.&lt;/ref&gt;

Contributing to de movement wey na dem depose Iyasu be conservatives such as ''Fitawrari'' Habte Giyorgis, Menelik II ein longtime Minister of War. Na de movement to depose Iyasu prefer Tafari, as na he attract support from both progressive den conservative factions. Ultimately, na dem depose Iyasu on de grounds of conversion to Islam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMurrell|Murrell]], pp. 172–173&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Insyd ein place, na dem name de daughter of Menelik II (de aunt of Iyasu) Empress Zewditu, while na dem elevate Tafari to de rank of ''Ras'' wey na dem make am heir apparent den Crown Prince. Insyd de power arrangement wey follow, Tafari accept de role of Regent Plenipotentiary (''Balemulu 'Inderase'') wey he cam be de ''de facto'' ruler of de Ethiopian Empire (''Mangista Ityop'p'ya''). Na Zewditu go govern while Tafari go administer.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMarcus|Marcus]], p. 126.&lt;/ref&gt;

As Iyasu don fall from power since 27 September 1916, on 8 October e manage waka go hide for Ogaden Desert. Him papa, Negus Mikael wey dey Wollo, come get time to help am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcus, page 127&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Marcus|p=127}}.&lt;/ref&gt; On 27 October, Negus Mikael plus him soldiers meet Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis wey dey loyal to Zewditu den Tafari for battle. For de time of de Battle of Segale,  dem defeat Mikael den catch am. Iyasu no go fit take back him throne again, so e run go hide. For 11 January 1921, after e don dodge capture for like five years, Gugsa Araya Selassie carry Iyasu go custody.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, ''Haile Sellassie'', pp. 25&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chronicle-372&quot;&gt;Gebre-Igzabiher Elyas, ''Chronicle'', p. 372&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Fh_jullien_n18x24_00604_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fh_jullien_n18x24_00604_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Ras Tafari for 1924 at de International Labour Organization]]
For 11 February 1917, dem crown Zewditu. She promise say she go rule well through her regent, Tafari. While Tafari dey show face pass Zewditu,  Zewditu no be just honorary ruler, She get some political wahala wey dey limit her sekof how difficult em position be, e no be like other Ethiopian kings. One of de wahala be say she gatz handle di matter wey dey go on between di rival groups. E be like say, she get di final say. But unlike other kings, Tafari dey face di wahala of everyday administration, but at first, e struggle small because e position no be strong. Him army no dey well-equipped, him money no plenty, and e no get much power to stand against di Empress, di Minister of War, or di governors wey dey manage di regions. But e be like say her power dey fade, as Tafari power dey blow, she just dey pray den fast, plus no dey do much for her official duties wey allow Tafari later gain more power dan even de Empress sef.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcus, page 1272&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Marcus|p=127}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bahru|first=Zewde|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderne00bahr|title=A History of Modern Ethiopia|title-link=|publisher=James Curry|year=2001|isbn=0-85255-786-8|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|page=135|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During him Regency, de new Crown Prince develop de policy of cautious modernisation wey Menelik II initiate. Also, during this time, him survive de 1918 flu pandemic, when him come down with de illness&lt;ref&gt;Marcus, Harold (1996), ''Haile Selassie I: The formative years, 1892–1936''. Trenton: Red Sea Press. {{ISBN|1-56902-007-8}}, pp. 36ff.&lt;/ref&gt; as someone wey dey fairly &quot;prone to&quot; de effects of disease throughout him life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|date=2023|editor-last=Jacobs|editor-first=Sam|editor-link=Samuel Jacobs (journalist)|editor2-last=Rothman|editor2-first=Lily|editor3-last=Benedict|editor3-first=Julie Blume|editor4-last=Cassidy|editor4-first=Catherine|editor4-link=Catherine Cassidy|title=Haile Selassie|magazine=Time Person of the Year: 95 Years of the World's Most Influential People|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Him secure Ethiopia admission to de League of Nations for 1923, promise say e go make slavery no dey again; every emperor after Tewodros II don talk say make dem stop slavery,&lt;ref&gt;Clarence-Smith, W. G. ''The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century''. 1989, p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt; but e no work: dem dey look slavery with bad eye till Selassie reign wey dem gree say e get about 2 million slaves for Ethiopia for early 1930s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Miers|url=http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf|title=Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery|publisher=Yale|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515192003/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2011}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brody, J. Kenneth (2000). ''The Avoidable War''. Transaction Publishers. {{ISBN|0-7658-0498-0}}, p. 209.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Travel abroad ===

[[File:Ras_Regent_Selassie_with_King_George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg|left|thumb|Plus King George V at Buckingham Palace, 1924]]

Insys 1924, na Ras Tafari tour Europe den de Middle East wey he visit Jerusalem, Alexandria, Paris, Luxembourg, Brussels, Amsterdam, Stockholm, London, Geneva, Gibraltar den Athens. Na plus am on ein tour be a group wey include Ras Seyum Mangasha of western Tigray Province; Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam province; Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu of Illubabor Province; Ras Makonnen Endelkachew; den ''Blattengeta'' Heruy Welde Selassie. Na de primary goal of de trip to Europe be for Ethiopia make e gain access to de sea. Insyd Paris, na Tafari for find out from de French Foreign Ministry (''Quai d'Orsay'') say na dem no go realise dis goal.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMarcus|Marcus]], p. 123.&lt;/ref&gt; However, failing dis, na he den ein retinue inspect schools, hospitals, factories, den churches. Although dey pattern chaw reforms after European models, na Tafari remain wary of European pressure. To guard against economic imperialism, na Tafari require say all enterprises get at least partial local ownership.&lt;ref&gt;Gates and Appiah, ''Africana'' (1999), p. 698.&lt;/ref&gt; Of ein modernisation campaign, na he remark, &quot;We dey hia European progress only secof we be surrounded by am. Dat be at once a benefit den a misfortune.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Rogers, Joel Augustus (1936). ''The Real Facts about Ethiopia'', p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;

Thru out Tafari ein travels insyd Europe, de Levant, den Egypt, na he den ein entourage be greeted plus enthusiasm den fascination. Na Seyum Mangasha accompany am den Hailu Tekle Haymanot wey, like Tafari, dem be sons of generals wey contribute to de victorious war against Italy a quarter-century earlier at de Battle of Adwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMockler|Mockler]], pp. 3–4.&lt;/ref&gt; Na anoda member of ein entourage, Mulugeta Yeggazu, actually fight at Adwa as a young man. De &quot;Oriental Dignity&quot; of de Ethiopians&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/17/archives/ethiopian-ruler-wins-plaudits-of-parisians-ras-taffaris-oriental.html &quot;Ethiopian Ruler Wins Plaudits of Parisians; Ras Taffari's Oriental Dignity Impresses Populace -- Government Extends Royal Honors&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. 17 May 1924. p. 3. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922134948/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/17/archives/ethiopian-ruler-wins-plaudits-of-parisians-ras-taffaris-oriental.html?sq=ethiopian&amp;scp=29&amp;st=p Archived] from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; den dema &quot;rich, picturesque court dress&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/05/archives/ethiopian-royalties-don-shoes-in-cairo-prince-and-eight-field.html &quot;Ethiopian Royalties Don Shoes in Cairo; Prince and Eight Field Marshals Submit to Tortures in Tribute to Western Civilization&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. 5 May 1924. p. 3. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180923084042/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/05/archives/ethiopian-royalties-don-shoes-in-cairo-prince-and-eight-field.html?sq=ethiopian&amp;scp=27&amp;st=p Archived] from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; na dem be sensationalised insyd de media; among ein entourage na he even include a pride of lions, wich he distribute as gifts to Presido Alexandre Millerand den Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré of France, to King George V of de United Kingdom, den to de Zoological Garden (''Jardin Zoologique'') of Paris, France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; As na one historian note, &quot;Rarely wey a tour fi inspire chaw anecdotes&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In return for two lions, na de United Kingdom present Tafari plus de imperial crown of Emperor Tewodros II for ein safe return to Empress Zewditu. Na de crown be taken by General Sir Robert Napier during de 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMockler|Mockler]], p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd dis period, na de Crown Prince visit de Armenian monastery of Jerusalem. Der, na he adopt 40 Armenian orphans (አርባ ልጆች ''Arba Lijoch'', &quot;forty kiddies&quot;), wey na dem lost dema parents during de Armenian Genocide. Na Tafari arrange for de musical education of de youths, wey na dem cam form de imperial brass band.&lt;ref&gt;Nidel, Richard (2005), ''World Music: The Basics''. Routledge. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-415-96800-3|0-415-96800-3]], p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reign ==

=== King den Emperor ===
[[File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I.jpg|thumb|Coronation as Emperor on 2 November 1930]]
Na Tafari ein authority be challenged insyd 1928 wen ''Dejazmach'' Balcha Safo go to Addis Ababa plus a sizeable armed force. Wen na Tafari consolidate ein hold over de provinces, na chaw of Menelik ein appointees refuse to abide by de new regulations. Balcha Safo, na de governor (''Shum'') of coffee-rich Sidamo Province, particularly be troublesome. Na de revenues he remit to de central government no reflect de accrued profits wey Tafari recall am to Addis Ababa. Na de old man cam insyd high dudgeon den, insultingly, plus a large army.Na de ''Dejazmatch'' pay homage to Empress Zewditu, buh na he snub Tafari.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFRoberts|Roberts]], p. 723.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMarcus|Marcus]], p. 129.&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 February, while na Balcha Safo den ein personal bodyguard dey insyd Addis Ababa, na Tafari make ''Ras'' Kassa Haile Darge buy off Balcha Safo ein army, wey he arrange make dem replace am as ''Shum'' of Sidamo Province&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMockler|Mockler]], p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; by Birru Wolde Gabriel – wey na he einself be replaced by Desta Damtew.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMarcus|Marcus]], p. 127.&lt;/ref&gt;

Even so, de way Balcha Safo show love help Empress Zewditu gain power for politics, plus she try make dem judge Tafari for treason. Dem try him for how him dey do benevolent things with Italy, plus de 20-year peace deal wey dem sign on 2 August.&lt;ref name=&quot;so193&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Shinn|pp=193–4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; For September, some palace people wey dey do reactionary things, including some Empress court people, make dem last bid to try push Tafari out. De coup wey dem try do be sad from start, but e funny for how e end. When Tafari plus him soldiers catch dem, de bad guys run go hide for palace ground wey be Menelik tomb. Tafari plus him boys trap dem, but dem self get Zewditu personal guard around dem. More of Tafari khaki boys show up, come change de matter for him side with better firepower.{{Sfn|Marcus|pp=127–128}} People dey support Tafari well well, plus police too dey gree am. So, for 7 October 1928, de Empress finally change mind, come crown Tafari as Negus (Amharic: &quot;King&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Brief Biography of His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile Selassie I|url=https://ethiopiancrown.org/biography-emperor-haile-selassie-i/|website=[[Crown Council of Ethiopia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Marcus||pp=128}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Haile_Selassie_I_Coronation_Portrait.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Official coronation painting by Beatrice Playne c. 1950s]]

Di crowning of Tafari as King no be small matter oh. E dey occupy di same land as di Empress, instead of going to one regional kingdom for di empire. Two kings, even if one be vassal den di other be emperor (or Empress for dis matter), never dey rule from di same place before for Ethiopian history. Conservatives dey vex say dem go correct this wahala wey dem fit see as insult to di crown, so na wetin bring Ras Gugsa Welle come start him own rebellion. Gugsa Welle na di husband of di Empress plus di Shum for Begemder Province. Early 1930, he gather army plus march am from im governorate for Gondar go Addis Ababa. For 31 March 1930, Gugsa Welle meet soldiers wey dey follow Negus Tafari plus dem beat am for Anchem battle. Gugsa Welle die for de fight.{{Sfn|Roberts|p=724}} As news say Gugsa Welle don lose den die, na so de Empress come die just like that on 2 April 1930. People don dey talk say dem poison her after her husband lose,&lt;ref&gt;Sorenson, John (2001). ''Ghosts and Shadows: Construction of Identity and Community in an African Diaspora''. University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-8331-5}} p. 34.&lt;/ref&gt; or say she just dey shock as she hear say her husband wey e no dey talk to am again don die,&lt;ref&gt;Brockman, Norbert C. (1994), ''An African Biographical Dictionary''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|0-87436-748-4}}, p. 381.&lt;/ref&gt; but later wey dem check, e show say Zewditu catch paratyphoid fever plus complication from diabetes after de Orthodox pastors put strict diet rule for her during Lent, even though her doctors tell say no.&lt;ref&gt;Henze, Paul B. (2000), ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia''. C. Hurst &amp; Co. Publishers. {{ISBN|1-85065-393-3}}, p. 205.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Negus&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Del Boca|first1=Angelo|title=The Negus: The Life and Death of the Last King of Kings|url=https://archive.org/details/neguslifedeathof0000delb|date=2015|publisher=Arada Books|isbn=978-99944-823-9-9|location=Addis Ababa|page=[https://archive.org/details/neguslifedeathof0000delb/page/107 107]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When Zewditu die, Tafari no dey waste time, him rise to emperor and dem call am Neguse Negest ze-'Ityopp'ya, &quot;King of Kings of Ethiopia&quot;. Dem crown am for 2 November 1930, for Addis Ababa St. George Cathedral. Di coronation be beta wahala, e sweet pass&lt;ref name=&quot;m12&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Mockler|p=12}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Plenty royals plus big men dey come from everywhere. Among dem, we get Duke of Gloucester (King George V pikin), Marshal Louis Franchet d'Espèrey wey come from France, plus Prince of Udine wey represent King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Special Ambassador Herman Murray Jacoby don attend de coronation as de personal representative of U.S. president Herbert Hoover.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=September 1930 |title=Items |url=http://www.afsa.org/sites/default/files/fsj-1930-09-september_0.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The American Foreign Service Journal |volume=VII |issue=9 |pages=327 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228172524/http://www.afsa.org/sites/default/files/fsj-1930-09-september_0.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2nd November ises, Requesting for a femail singer to sing the Queenof England for the Coronation.|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/35185/2nd-november-ises-requesting-for-a-femail-singer-to-sing-th.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314180347/https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/35185/2nd-november-ises-requesting-for-a-femail-singer-to-sing-th.html|archive-date=14 March 2023|access-date=16 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/united-states-of-america-relations-with|title=Sewasew &amp;#124; United States of America, relations with|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228170953/https://en.sewasew.com/p/united-states-of-america-relations-with|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1930/10/24/archives/abyssinian-ruler-honors-americans-special-envoy-for-coronation-pays.html?sq=selassie&amp;scp=2&amp;st=p Abyssinian ruler honors Americans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722190722/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/10/24/archives/abyssinian-ruler-honors-americans-special-envoy-for-coronation-pays.html?sq=selassie&amp;scp=2&amp;st=p|date=22 July 2018}}. ''The New York Times''. 24 October 1930.&lt;/ref&gt; People from Egypt, Turkey, Sweden, Belgium, plus Japan dey there.&lt;ref name=&quot;m12&quot; /&gt; British writer Evelyn Waugh sef show, write wetin happen, plus American travel lecturer Burton Holmes be de only one wey capture film of de whole thing.&lt;ref&gt;Wallace, Irving (1965). &quot;Everybody's Rover Boy&quot;, p. 113 in ''The Sunday Gentleman''. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Coronation of Ras Tafari – 1930 {{!}} Movietone Moments {{!}} 2 Feb 18|date=2 February 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CJsZjXsuHg|language=en|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033434/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CJsZjXsuHg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; One American newspaper yan say di celebration cost pass $3,000,000.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/03/archives/emperor-is-crowned-in-regal-splendor-at-african-capital-coptic.html?sq=selassie&amp;scp=4&amp;st=p &quot;Emperor is Crowned in Regal Splendor at African Capital&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722185322/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/03/archives/emperor-is-crowned-in-regal-splendor-at-african-capital-coptic.html?sq=selassie&amp;scp=4&amp;st=p|date=22 July 2018}}. ''The New York Times''. 3 November 1930.&lt;/ref&gt; Plenty people wey show up collect big gifts;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/12/archives/abyssinias-guests-receive-costly-gifts-each-american-delegate-gets.html?sq=selassie&amp;scp=19&amp;st=p Abyssinia's Guests Receive Costly Gifts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722184856/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/12/archives/abyssinias-guests-receive-costly-gifts-each-american-delegate-gets.html?sq=selassie&amp;scp=19&amp;st=p|date=22 July 2018}}. ''The New York Times''. 12 November 1930.&lt;/ref&gt; one time, di Emperor, or Christian self send gold-wrapped Bible give American bishop wey no show for di coronation but don pray for am on di day wey dem crown am.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1931/01/27/archives/emperor-of-ethiopia-honors-bishop-freeman-sends-goldencased-bible.html?sq=selassie&amp;scp=14&amp;st=p &quot;Emperor of Ethiopia Honors Bishop Freeman; Sends Gold-Encased Bible and Cross for Prayer&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041252/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/01/27/archives/emperor-of-ethiopia-honors-bishop-freeman-sends-goldencased-bible.html?sq=selassie&amp;scp=14&amp;st=p|date=22 July 2018}}. ''The New York Times''. 27 January 1931.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Selassie_on_Time_Magazine_cover_1930.jpg|left|thumb|237x237px|Cover of ''Time'' magazine, 3 November 1930]]Selassie bring Ethiopia first written constitution come 16 July 1931,&lt;ref&gt;Nahum, Fasil (1997), ''Constitution for a Nation of Nations: The Ethiopian Prospect''. Red Sea Press. {{ISBN|1-56902-051-5}}, p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; e get bicameral legislature for insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;vnahum22&quot;&gt;Fasil (1997), ''Constitution for a Nation of Nations'', p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; This constitution dey keep power for de noble people hand, but e still set some democratic standards for dem, dem dey plan small small to change to democratic rule: e go last &quot;until pipo fit elect themselves.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;vnahum22&quot; /&gt; Di constitution yan say only Selassie pikin fit take throne, so e come put other royal pipo for side at de time dem no go fit contest am again (even including Tigrai princes, plus even di Emperor own loyal cousin, Ras Kassa Haile Darge).

For 1932, dem take Jimma Sultanate enter insyde Ethiopia after dem burry Sultan Abba Jifar II of Jimma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcus-121&quot;&gt;Harold G. Marcus, ''The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), p. 121&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Conflict plus Italy ===

Ethiopia cam be de target of renewed Italian imperialist designs insyd de 1930s. Na Benito Mussolini ein Fascist regime be keen make dem avenge de military defeats wey Italy suffer to Ethiopia insyd de First Italo-Abyssinian War, den to efface de failed attempt by &quot;liberal&quot; Italy make dem conquer de country, as epitomised by de defeat at Adwa.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMockler|Mockler]], p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Carlton, Eric (1992), ''Occupation: The Policies and Practices of Military Conquerors''. Taylor &amp; Francis. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-203-14346-9|0-203-14346-9]], pp. 88–89.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Vandervort, Bruce (1998), ''Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830–1914''. Indiana University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-253-21178-6|0-253-21178-6]], p. 158.&lt;/ref&gt; Na a conquest of Ethiopia sanso fi empower de cause of fascism den embolden ein empire ein rhetoric.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Na Ethiopia sanso go provide a bridge between Italy ein Eritrean den Italian Somaliland possessions. Na Ethiopia ein position insyd de League of Nations no dissuade de Italians from invading insyd 1935; de &quot;collective security&quot; envisage by de League prove useless, wey na a scandal erupt wen de Hoare–Laval Pact reveal dat na Ethiopia ein League allies dey scheme make dem appease Italy.&lt;ref&gt;Churchill, Winston (1986). ''The Second World War''. p. 165.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mobilisation ====

Dey follow de Welwel Incident of 5 December 1934, na Selassie join ein northern armies wey dem set up headquarters at Desse insyd Wollo province. Na he issue a generalized mobilization order on 3 October 1935. On 19 October 1935, na he give more precise orders for ein army to ein Commander-in-Chief, Ras Kassa, wey dey instruct de men to choose hidden positions, to conserve ammunition, den to avoid wearing conspicuous clothing for fear of air attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Chapter 35 – We proclaim mobilisation|url=http://www.jah-rastafari.com/autobiography/show-jah-chapter.asp?word_chapter=35|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611043703/http://www.jah-rastafari.com/autobiography/show-jah-chapter.asp?word_chapter=35|archive-date=11 June 2009|access-date=24 April 2014}} in ''Words of RasTafarI, Selassie I''. Jah-rastafari. Retrieved on 24 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Compared to de Ethiopians, na de Italians get an advanced, modern military wey include a large air force. De Italians sanso cam to employ chemical weapons thru out de conflict, even dem dey target Red Cross field hospitals.&lt;ref&gt;Baudendistel, Rainer (2006), ''Between Bombs And Good Intentions: The Red Cross And the Italo-Ethiopian War''. Berghahn Books. {{ISBN|1-84545-035-3}}, p. 168.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Progress of de war ====
Dey start insyd early October 1935, na de Italians invade Ethiopia. Buh, by November, na de pace of invasion slow appreciably, wey na Selassie ein northern armies be able to launch wat na be known as de &quot;Christmas Offensive&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFBarker1971|Barker 1971]], p. 45&lt;/ref&gt; During dis offensive, na de Italians be forced back insyd places wey dem put on de defensive. Insyd early 1936, na de First Battle of Tembien stop de progress of de Ethiopian offensive wey na de Italians be ready make dem continue dema offensive. Dey follow de defeat den destruction of de northern Ethiopian armies at de Battle of Amba Aradam, de Second Battle of Tembien, den de Battle of Shire, na Selassie take de field plus de last Ethiopian army on de northern front. On 31 March 1936, na he launch a counterattack against de Italians einself at de Battle of Maychew insyd southern Tigray. Na dem defeat de Emperor ein army wey na dem retreat insyd disarray. As na ein army withdraw, de Italians attack from de air along plus rebellious Raya den Azebo tribesmen on de ground, wey na dem be armed den paid by de Italians.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFBarker1968|Barker 1968]], pp. 237–238&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAbbinkDe_BruijnVan_Walraven2003|Abbink, De Bruijn &amp; Van Walraven 2003]], p. 95&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Young, John (1997), ''Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia''. Cambridge University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-02606-7|0-521-02606-7]], p. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; Na chaw of de Ethiopian military be obsolete compared to de invading Italian forces, wey mostly be untrained wey dem dey possess non-modern rifles den weaponry.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFPankhurst1968|Pankhurst 1968]], pp. 605–608&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFBarker1971|Barker 1971]], p. 29&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFStapleton2013|Stapleton 2013]], p. 203&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMack_Smith1983|Mack Smith 1983]], pp. 231–232&lt;/ref&gt;

Selassie waka alone go Lalibela go check church wey dey there, him sabi say dem fit catch am but him no mind before e come back to im capital.&lt;ref name=&quot;moc&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Mockler|p=123}}.&lt;/ref&gt; After dem get wahala for council meeting, dem agree say since Addis Ababa no fit defend, dem go move de government go Gore wey be southern town. Dem say for de sake of de royal family, Empress Menen Asfaw plus di whole imperial family go need japa go French Somaliland, then from there dem go continue go Jerusalem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Spencer|first=John H|title=Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years|publisher=Tsehai Publishers|year=2006|isbn=978-1-59907-000-1|pages=63–64|author-link=John H. Spencer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2 May 1936|title=Ethiopian Capital May Move to Gore; Town 220 Miles Southwest of Addis Ababa Reported Chosen on British Advice. Final Stand is Ordered – Emperor Calls Every Able-Bodied Man to Resist Invaders to North of Principal City.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/05/02/archives/ethiopian-capital-may-move-to-gore-town-220-miles-southwest-of.html|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223071730/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/05/02/archives/ethiopian-capital-may-move-to-gore-town-220-miles-southwest-of.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anthony Mockler, ''Haile Selassie's War'' (New York: Olive Branch, 2003), pp. 163–166&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Exile debate ====

[[File:SelassieInJerusalem.jpg|thumb|De Emperor arrive insyd Jerusalem, May 1936.]]

After further debate as to whether Selassie for go to Gore anaa accompany ein family into exile, na dem agree dat he for lef Ethiopia plus ein family den present de case of Ethiopia to de League of Nations at Geneva. Na de decision no be unanimous wey chaw participants, wey dey include de nobleman Blatta Tekle Wolde Hawariat, strenuously object to de idea of an Ethiopian monarch fleeing before an invading force.&lt;ref&gt;Spencer, John (2006). ''Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years''. Tsehai Publishers. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/1-59907-000-6|1-59907-000-6]]. p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Selassie appoint ein cousin Ras Imru Haile Selassie as Prince Regent for ein absence, wey he depart plus ein family for French Somaliland on 2 May 1936.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFMockler|Mockler]], p. 136&lt;/ref&gt;

For 5 May, Marshal Pietro Badoglio carry Italian soldiers enter Addis Ababa, plus Mussolini talk say Ethiopia be Italian province. Victor Emanuel III na di new Emperor wey dem announce for Ethiopia. Before dat day, di Ethiopian exiles don waka from French Somaliland insyde di British cruiser HMS Enterprise. Dem dey go Jerusalem for di British Mandate of Palestine, wey di Ethiopian imperial family get house. Di family land for Haifa den after, dem follow go Jerusalem. Once dem reach, Selassie plus di crew set to make dem matter for Geneva. Dem choose Jerusalem cause e get plenty meaning, as Solomonic Dynasty coz Solomonic Dynasty fit trace dem roots go House of David. When dem de waka comot from Holy Land, Selassie plus him crew jump insyde British cruiser HMS Capetown go Gibraltar, where e chill for Rock Hotel. From Gibraltar, dem take dem go normal liner. This way, United Kingdom government  no go spend money for state reception.&lt;ref&gt;Barker, A. J. (1936), ''The Rape of Ethiopia'', p. 132&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Collective security den de League of Nations, 1936 ====
[[File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_League_of_Nations_speech.png|thumb|At de League of Nations wey he dey appeal Italy ein invasion insyd 1936]]

On 12 May 1936, na de League of Nations allow Selassie make he address de assembly. In response, na Italy withdraw ein League delegation.&lt;ref&gt;Spencer, John (2006). ''Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years''. Tsehai Publishers. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/1-59907-000-6|1-59907-000-6]]. p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt; Although he be fluent insyd French, na Selassie choose make he deliver ein speech insyd ein native Amharic. Na he assert dat na Italy dey employ chemical weapons on military den civilian targets alike.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFSafire|Safire]], pp. 318.&lt;/ref&gt;

For early 1936, Time sabi give Selassie &quot;Man of de Year&quot; for 1935, plus him June 1936 speech make am big icon for anti-fascists all over di world. But e no fit get di diplomatic plus materials support wey e need. Di League just gree do small sanctions on Italy, plus Selassie no fit get di military tools wey e dey find. Only six countries for 1937 no fit recognize di occupation wey Italy dey do: China, New Zealand, di Soviet Union, di Republic of Spain, Mexico plus di United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;carlton&quot;&gt;Carlton, Eric (1992), ''Occupation: The Policies and Practices of Military Conquerors''. Taylor &amp; Francis. {{ISBN|0-203-14346-9}}, pp. 88–89.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Exile ====

[[File:Fairfield_House,_Newbridge,_Bath.jpg|thumb|Na Fairfield House, Bath, be Selassie ein residence for five years during de Second Italo-Ethiopian War den parts of World War II]]

Na Selassie spend ein exile years (1936–1941) insyd Bath, England, insyd Fairfield House, wich na he buy. Na de Emperor den Kassa Haile Darge take morning walks togeda behind de 14-room Victorian house ein high walls. Na ein favorite reading be &quot;diplomatic history&quot;. Na ebe during ein exile insyd England wey na he begin dey wrep ein 90,000-word autobiography.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFTime1937|''Time'' 1937]].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Haile_Selassie,_Emperor_of_Abyssinia,_with_Brigadier_Daniel_Arthur_Sandford_(left)_and_Colonel_Wingate_(right)_in_Dambacha_Fort,_after_it_had_been_captured,_15_April_1941._E2462.jpg|thumb|Haile Selassie plus Brigadier Daniel Sandford (left) den Colonel Wingate (right) insyd Dambacha Fort, after ein capture, 15 April 1941]]

Na Selassie ein activity insyd dis period dey focus on countering Italian propaganda as to de Ethiopian resistance den de legality of de occupation.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, pp. 11–12..&lt;/ref&gt; Na he speak out against de desecration of houses of worship den historical artifacts, wey dey include de theft of a 1,600-year-old imperial obelisk, wey na he condemn de atrocities wey de Ethiopian civilian population suffer.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, pp. 26–27..&lt;/ref&gt; Na he continue dey plead for League intervention den to voice ein certainty dat &quot;God ein judgment go eventually visit de weak den de mighty alike&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFHaile_Selassie_1999|Haile Selassie 1999]], vol. 2, p. 25.&lt;/ref&gt; though na ein attempts to gain support for de struggle against Italy be largely unsuccessful til Italy enter World War II on de German side insyd June 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Ofcansky, Thomas P. and Berry, Laverle (2004), ''Ethiopia: A Country Study''. Kessinger Publishing. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/1-4191-1857-9|1-4191-1857-9]], pp. 60–61.&lt;/ref&gt;

Selassie dey beg for international support wey take root for United States, especially among African-American groups wey dey feel de Ethiopian matter.{{Sfn|Haile Selassie 1999|loc=vol. 2, p. 27}} For 1937, Haile Selassie wan do Christmas Day radio address to American people to thank him supporters but e taxi jam for road wey make him get fractured knee.{{Sfn|Haile Selassie 1999|loc=vol. 2, pp. 40–42}} E still manage deliver de address even though e dey pain am, where e talk say Christianity den goodwill fit join with de Covenant of de League of Nations, plus e insist say dem fit settle war diplomatically.{{Sfn|Haile Selassie 1999|loc=vol. 2, pp. 40–42}}

For dis time, Selassie face plenty wahala. Him two sons-in-law, Ras Desta Damtew plus Dejazmach Beyene Merid, Na Italian kill de two of dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;progress25&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Haile Selassie 1999|loc=vol. 2, p. 25}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Di Emperor's pikin, Princess Romanework, wey be Dejazmach Beyene Merid wife, dem capture am plus her pikins, den she die for Italy for 1941.&lt;ref name=&quot;him170&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Haile Selassie 1999|loc=vol. 2, p. 170}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Him daughter Tsehai too die as she dey born shortly after de restoration for 1942.{{Sfn|Shinn|p=3}}

After Selassie come back to Ethiopia, e don give Fairfield House to Bath city make old people fit dey live.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Haber|first=Lutz|url=http://anglo-ethiopian.org/publications/articles.php?type=O&amp;reference=publications/occasionalpapers/papers/haileselassiebath.php|title=The Emperor Haile Selassie I in Bath 1936–1940|publisher=The Anglo-Ethiopian Society|series=Occasional papers|access-date=16 February 2008|archive-date=30 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130085518/http://anglo-ethiopian.org/publications/articles.php?type=O&amp;reference=publications/occasionalpapers/papers/haileselassiebath.php|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; For 2019, dem show two blue plaques wey dey honor im residence for Fairfield plus him visits to Weston-super-Mare wey dey nearby, na im grandson do am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-49786813|title=Haile Selassie: Blue plaques for emperor unveiled in Somerset|publisher=BBC News|date=22 September 2019|access-date=24 March 2022|archive-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324212236/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-49786813|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Restoration ==

=== World War II den return ===
[[File:Addis_Ababa-8e00855u.jpg|left|thumb|Insyd 1942]]

British forces, wich consist primarily of Ethiopian-backed African den South African colonial troops under de &quot;Gideon Force&quot; of Colonel Orde Wingate, coordinate de military effort to liberate Ethiopia. Na Selassie issue chaw imperial proclamations insyd dis period, wey dey demonstrate dat British military fi den de Emperor ein popular appeal fi be joined insyd de concerted effort to liberate Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

For 18 January 1941, when East African Campaign dey go on, Selassie cross border wey dey between Sudan den Ethiopia, close to Um Iddla village. Dem raise Lion of Judah flag again. Two days later, him plus some Ethiopian patriots join with Gideon Force wey don dey Ethiopia and dey prepare ground.&lt;ref&gt;Barker, A.J. (1936), ''The Rape of Ethiopia'', p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

Italy wey dem beat mix force of United Kingdom, Commonwealth of Nations, Free France, Free Belgium, plus Ethiopian fighters. For 5 May 1941, Selassie enter Addis Ababa come talk to Ethiopian people, exactly five years after fascist forces enter de place. Him beg dem make dem no do back di wahala wey dem don face.{{Sfn|Haile Selassie 1999|loc=vol. 2, p. 165}}

For 27 August 1942, Selassie talk say dem don finally gree say dem go stop di slavery wey Italian soldiers don do anyhow for di empire. Dem go put strong punishment for anybody wey go still dey do slave trade, even death penalty go dey for slave trading.&lt;ref&gt;Hinks, Peter P.; McKivigan, John R. and Williams, R. Owen (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_SeZrcBqt-YC Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703205917/https://books.google.com/books?id=_SeZrcBqt-YC|date=3 July 2023}}'', Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 248. {{ISBN|0-313-33143-X}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Thomas P. Ofcansky, LaVerle Bennette Berry Ethiopia, a Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress (1993) p. 110&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Postwar ===

After World War II, na Ethiopia cam be a charter member of de [[United Nations]]. Insyd 1948, na de Ogaden, a region disputed plus both Italian Somaliland den British Somaliland, na ebe granted to Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFShinn|Shinn]], p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt; After de war, na dem strip of all ein overseas possessions. On 2 December 1950, na de [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] adopt Resolution 390 (V), wich cede de former Italian colony dem know as de federation of Eritrea to de Ethiopian Empire. Na Eritrea for get ein own constitution, wich go provide for ethnic, linguistic, den cultural balance, while na Ethiopia for manage ein finances, defense, den foreign policy.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFShinn|Shinn]], pp. 140–141.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|total_width=250|image1=H.I.M Haile Selassie I with H.M Elizabeth II.webp|caption1=With Queen [[Elizabeth II]] heading to Buckingham Palace, 1954}}
Despite him centralisation policies wey dem make before World War II, Selassie still foind himself not able to push for all de programmes him want. For 1942, e try set one tax way go help everybody, but e no work, nobility no gree; dem just pass only flat tax. Then for 1951, e agree make dem reduce am small too.&lt;ref name=&quot;eth&quot;&gt;Ofcansky, Thomas P. and Berry, Laverle (2004). ''Ethiopia: A Country Study''. Kessinger Publishing. {{ISBN|1-4191-1857-9}}. pp. 63–64.&lt;/ref&gt; Ethiopia still dey on some kind semi-feudal level,&lt;ref&gt;Willcox Seidman, Ann (1990), ''Apartheid, Militarism, and the U.S. Southeast''. Africa World Press. {{ISBN|0-86543-151-5}}, p. 78.&lt;/ref&gt; plus de Emperor try make changes for their social and economic style by reforming taxation, but e face plenty wahala from noble and clergy wey wan hold onto their power after di war.&lt;ref name=&quot;eth2&quot;&gt;Ofcansky, Thomas P. and Berry, Laverle (2004). ''Ethiopia: A Country Study''. Kessinger Publishing. {{ISBN|1-4191-1857-9}}. pp. 63–64.&lt;/ref&gt; Even where Selassie fit bring new land taxes, na still di landowners dey pass di burden go give di peasants.&lt;ref name=&quot;eth&quot; /&gt;

{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|total_width=250|image1=Emperor Haile Selassie I with President FDR.jpg|caption1=With President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] on board the [[USS Quincy (CA-71)|USS ''Quincy'' (CA-71)]] in Egypt after the [[Yalta Conference]], 13 February 1945|image2=Sir Winston Churchill with Emperor H.S the First.ogg|caption2=Selassie with Sir [[Winston Churchill]] at [[Downing Street]], 22 October 1954|align=right}}
From 1941 to 1959, Selassie dey try set de autocephaly for Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.&lt;ref name=&quot;copts&quot;&gt;Watson, John H. (2000), ''Among the Copts''. Sussex Academic Press. {{ISBN|978-1-902210-56-8}}, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; For long time, Abuna wey be bishop wey Pope for Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria choose, dey run am.  For 1942 and 1945, Selassie go meet Holy Synod of Coptic Orthodox Church make dem fit gree say Ethiopian bishops go dey independent den When dem no gree am, him come threaten say e go cut ties with Coptic Church for Alexandria.&lt;ref name=&quot;copts&quot; /&gt; Finally, for 1959, Pope Kyrillos VI make Abuna big man, turn am Patriarch-Catholicos.&lt;ref name=&quot;copts&quot; /&gt; De Ethiopian Church still dey follow de Alexandrian Church.&lt;ref name=&quot;eth&quot; /&gt; On top this matter, Selassie change wetin dey happen between church den state, by fit taxing church lands, plus dey limit de big guy privileges of de clergy, wey dem try before  insyde dem  own courts for civil wahala.&lt;ref name=&quot;eth&quot; /&gt;

For 1956, when him go India on state visit, him meet leaders wey support Ethiopia against Italy wey dey use force from 1935–1941 to occupy the place. Selassie still talk with Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru about how di Asian and African countries fit decolonise, plus how dem fit work together for economy den education sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kamalakaran|first=Ajay|date=28 March 2024|title=When an emperor came calling on a newly independent India to learn from its early successes|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1065881/when-an-emperor-came-calling-on-a-newly-independent-india-to-learn-from-its-early-successes|work=[[Scroll.in]]|access-date=30 March 2024|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033416/https://scroll.in/magazine/1065881/when-an-emperor-came-calling-on-a-newly-independent-india-to-learn-from-its-early-successes|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1948, Harari den Somali Muslims make big waka go rebel against the empire for Harar. Di state no take am easy, dem start dey use violence catch dem. Plenty people land for jail and dem put di whole Harar town under martial law.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Shetler|first1=Jan|title=Building a 'City of Peace' through Intercommunal Association Muslim–Christian Relations in Harar, Ethiopia, 1887–2009|url=https://www.manchester.edu/docs/default-source/academics/by-major/philosophy-and-religious-studies/journal/volume-4-issue-1-fall-2010/building-a-city-of-peace-through-intercommunal-association.pdf?sfvrsn=62628962_2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703102450/https://www.manchester.edu/docs/default-source/academics/by-major/philosophy-and-religious-studies/journal/volume-4-issue-1-fall-2010/building-a-city-of-peace-through-intercommunal-association.pdf?sfvrsn=62628962_2|archive-date=3 July 2020|access-date=3 July 2020|website=Manchester University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di government sef take plenty things plus property wey belong to di people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Muehlenbeck|first1=Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytEC2bOstFUC&amp;q=kulub+harar&amp;pg=PA147|title=Religion and the Cold War: A Global Perspective|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8265-1852-1|page=147|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033416/https://books.google.com/books?id=ytEC2bOstFUC&amp;q=kulub+harar&amp;pg=PA147#v=snippet&amp;q=kulub%20harar&amp;f=false|archive-date=6 July 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Abadir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaCwDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=harar+under+house+arrest&amp;pg=PA134|title=The Role of Civil Society in Africa's Quest for Democratisation|date=8 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-18383-1|page=134|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033423/https://books.google.com/books?id=GaCwDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=harar+under+house+arrest&amp;pg=PA134#v=snippet&amp;q=harar%20under%20house%20arrest&amp;f=false|archive-date=6 July 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one make plenty Hararis waka comot from di area..&lt;ref name=&quot;Perspectives2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Feener|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&amp;q=kulub+movement+harar&amp;pg=PA227|title=Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-516-6|page=227|access-date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Vaughan|first1=Sarah|url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/vaughanphd.pdf/|title=Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia|publisher=The University of Edinburgh|page=235|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/vaughanphd.pdf/|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Harari people dey vex well, as dem no fit get di autonomy wey [[:en:Menelik_II|Menelik II]] promise after e conquer di kingdom. Di promise don spoil as Amhara governors wey dey come dey override am, plus even Selassie himself join am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Endris Ali|first1=Mohammed|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1386532|title=The Ethiopian Revolution : Perceived and Actual Making Factors vis-à-vis the Framing Process|author2=Gonca Bayraktar Durgun|publisher=Dergi Park|page=312|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828014138/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1386532|archive-date=28 August 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC|title=Kulub|date=26 April 2024|publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica|isbn=978-3-447-05607-6|page=450}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to historians Tim Carmicheal plus Roman Loimeier, Selassie sef dey involved for di wahala wey dem dey put on di Harari movement wey come after dem dey press dem wey dey work with Italians when dem occupy Ethiopia from 1935 go 1941.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Carmichael |first1=Tim |date=January 1998 |title=Political Culture in Ethiopia's Provincial Administration: Haile Sellassie, Blata Ayele Gebre and the (Hareri) Kulub Movement of 1948 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2285540 |url-status=live |journal=Personality and Political Culture in Modern Africa: Studies Presented to Professor Harold G Marcus, ed. By M. Page, S. Beswick, T. Carmichael and J. Spaulding |publisher=Boston University African Studies Center Press |pages=198–212 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222200629/https://www.academia.edu/2285540 |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=6 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Loimeier|first1=Roman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDZYDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kulub+harar+somali&amp;pg=PT215|title=Islamic Reform in Twentieth-Century Africa|date=2016|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-1491-3|location=UK|page=215|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405042200/https://books.google.com/books?id=IDZYDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kulub+harar+somali&amp;pg=PT215|archive-date=5 April 2023|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As part of collective security matter wey him dey preach well well, Selassie send Ethiopian soldiers make dem join de Korean War to fight support de United Nations command. Di top Kagnew Battalion, under General Mulugueta Bulli, join American 7th Infantry Division, plus dem fight well for plenty important battles, like di Battle of Pork Chop Hill.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marshall, S.L.A.|title=Pork Chop Hill : the American fighting man in action Korea, Spring, 1953|url=https://archive.org/details/porkchophillamer0000mars_m1s6|date=1986|publisher=Battery Press|isbn=0-89839-090-7|location=Nashville|page=[https://archive.org/details/porkchophillamer0000mars_m1s6/page/164 164]|oclc=13714497}}&lt;/ref&gt; For one speech wey him do for 1954, Selassie talk say Ethiopia participation for Korean War na way to redeem di principles of collective security..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 23, 1951|title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, The Near East and Africa, Volume V|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v05/d704|website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=September 25, 2012|title=An Ethiopian hero of the Korean War|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19639459|work=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Second constitutional period ===

During de celebrations of ein Silver Jubilee insyd November 1955, Selassie introduce a revised constitution,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.country-studies.com/ethiopia/administrative-change-and-the-1955-constitution.html &quot;Ethiopia Administrative Change and the 1955 Constitution&quot;]. Country studies. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140802/http://www.country-studies.com/ethiopia/administrative-change-and-the-1955-constitution.html Archived] from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; wer by he retain effective power, while extending political participation to de people by allowing de lower house of parliament to become an elected body. Na dem no provide for party politics. Na modern educational methods be more widely spread thru out de Empire..&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis 1956 257–268&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=William H. |date=1956 |title=The Ethiopian Empire: Progress and Problems |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322824 |url-status=live |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=257–268 |issn=0026-3141 |jstor=4322824 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209113310/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322824 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=23 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;teferra&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook|date=2003|publisher=Indiana University Press|editor-last=Teferra|editor-first=Damtew|pages=316–325|editor2=Philip G. Altbach}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Keller, ''Revolutionary Ethiopia'', p. 87.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di country dey start some develop plan wey go help modernize am, but still dey respect Ethiopian traditions, all insyde di old monarchy way dem get. Selassie no fit do am all alone, so e gree balance am, when e fit, wit di traditional leaders for di nobility den church. E try make the relationship betweeen di state and di ethnic groups better, plus e gree give Afar land some level of freedom wey dey hard to manage.But di reforms wey go end feudalism dey move slow, plus di deals wey e make with di strong aristocracy wey no wan change don weaken am. Dem don criticize de new constitution wey dem revise for 1955 say e be too strong wey e talk say &quot;de king get power wey no fit argue&quot; plus e still dey keep peasants for ground.&lt;ref name=&quot;mammo&quot;&gt;Mammo, Tirfe (1999). ''The Paradox of Africa's Poverty: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge.'' The Red Sea Press. {{ISBN|1-56902-049-3}}, p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png|thumb|240x240px|Haile Selassie plus Nikita Khrushchev, Moscow, 1959]]
Selassie too dey maintain good relationship with United Kingdom government through some charitable gestures. Him sent help give de British government for 1947 when Britain don get  heavy flooding. Him letter wey he send to Lord Meork, National Distress Fund for London talk say, &quot;even though we dey busy help our pipo wey no fit recover from di wahala of di war, we hear say your fine den fertile country don spoil by di heavy rain, plus your call for help. So we dey send small money, like one thousand pounds, through our embassy make we show say we dey feel for you pipo plus we go fit work together.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Addis Zemen'' newspaper, 3 October 1947.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 1958 famine of Tigray ====

Insyd de summer of 1958, na a widespread famine insyd de Tigray province of northern Ethiopia be already two years old yet na people insyd Addis Ababa hardly know anything about am. Wen na significant reports of death finally reach de Ministry of Interior insyd September 1959 de central government immediately disclose de information to de public wey dem begin dey biz for contributions. Na de Emperor personally donate 2,000 tons of relief grain, na de U.S. send 32,000 tons, wich na be distributed between Eritrea den Tigray, wey na dem raise money for aid thru out de country buh na ebe estimated dat na approximately 100,000 people die before de crisis end insyd August 1961. Na dem attribute de causes of de famine to drought, locusts, hailstone den epidemics of small-pox, typhus, [[measles]] den [[malaria]]..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Zewde|first1=Bahru|title=Bahru Zewde, [London: James Currey, 1991], p. 196. &quot;A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855–1974&quot;|publisher=J. Currey|year=1991|isbn=0-8214-0972-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gill|first=Peter|date=2010|title=Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/peter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516155623/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/peter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2018|access-date=4 March 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=26 &amp; 27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rural vulnerability pp. 35-36&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Wolde Mariam|first1=Mesfin|title=Rural vulnerability to famine in Ethiopia: 1958–1977|date=1986|publisher=Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd.|isbn=0-946688-03-6|location=Great Britain|pages=35–36}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Attempted coup den era of decolonization ===
{{Multiple image|image1=JFKWHP-AR8150-P.jpg|image2=JFKWHP-ST-C307-19-63.jpg|footer=With [[John F. Kennedy]], October 1963|total_width=340}}Na Selassie contribute Ethiopian troops to de United Nations Operation insyd de Congo peacekeeping force during de 1960 Congo Crisis, per United Nations Security Council Resolution 143.

For 13 December 1960, while Selassie dey Brazil for state visit, di imperial guard try do coup but e no work, dem go briefly declare Selassie's elder pikin, Asfa Wossen, as emperor. De regular army and police push dem down sharp sharp. Di coup people no get plenty support from di public, church no like am, and di military and police no wan hear am. But still, some students and educated pipo dey back di move.&lt;ref name=&quot;zewde&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru (2001), ''A History of Modern Ethiopia''. Oxford: James Currey. {{ISBN|0-85255-786-8}}, pp. 220–226.&lt;/ref&gt; dem try Wey dem do be big turn for Ethiopia history, na di time Wey Ethiopians sabi say dem fit question di king power to rule without pipo agree.&lt;ref name=&quot;mammo100&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Mammo|first=Tirfe|title=The Paradox of Africa's Poverty: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge|url=https://archive.org/details/paradoxofafricas0000mamm|publisher=The Red Sea Press|year=1999|isbn=1-56902-049-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/paradoxofafricas0000mamm/page/100 100]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Students dey feel wetin di poor den farmers dey go through plus dem dey stand for dem side.&lt;ref name=&quot;mammo100&quot; /&gt; Di coup make Selassie waka fast for reform, as dem dey give land to military, police den political groups.&lt;ref&gt;Keller, ''Revolutionary Ethiopia'', p. 133&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|total_width=250|image1=Full Emperor Haile Selassie I 1968 UN Speech.webm|image2=Emperor Haile Selassie I's 1968 Speech to the United Nations.ogg|footer=Video of Haile Selassie's 1968 [[United Nations]] speech|alt1=Selassie 1968 Speech to the United Nations|alt2=Emperor Haile Selassie's 1968 Speech to the United Nations|align=right}}Selassie dey stand strong with di West, but him dey pull decolonization matter for Africa wey still dey under Europe hand. Di United Nations come do plenty digging for Eritrea wahala, as di superpowers dey fight choose who go get wetin go happen for di state. Britain wey be di oga at dat time, come talk say make dem split Eritrea between Sudan and Ethiopia, make Christians and Muslims dey separate. Dem no gree at all for dat idea, both Eritrean political parties plus di UN no like am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=HRW Report|page=355|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/e0uspol.pdf|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033415/https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/e0uspol.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Henze, ''Layers of Time'', p. 258&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Eritrean annexation den uprising ====

Na a UN plebiscite vote to have Eritrea federated plus Ethiopia, dem later stipulate on 2 December 1950 insyd resolution 390 (V). Eritrea go get ein own parliament den administration wey e go be represented insyd wat na be de Ethiopian parliament wey go cam be de federal parliament.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN_GA_res-5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=General Assembly Resolutions 5th Session|url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525180549/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm|archive-date=25 May 2017|access-date=16 October 2007|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Selassie reject European attempts to draft a separate constitution under wich Eritrea go be governed, wey na he want ein own 1955 constitution wey dey protect families to apply insyd both Ethiopia den Eritrea. Insyd 1961 na de 30-year Eritrean War for Independence begin, followed by de dissolution of de federation den shutting down of Eritrea ein parliament.&lt;ref&gt;Hickman Cutter, Charles (2001). ''Africa, 2001''. Stryker-Post Publications. p. 177. {{ISBN|978-1-887985-31-4}}. &lt;q&gt; When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962...&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebremedhin, Tesfa G. (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=t-6aHSOI_ukC&amp;pg=PA4 Women, Tradition and Development: A Case Study of Eritrea]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033418/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Women_Tradition_and_Development/t-6aHSOI_ukC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA4&amp;printsec=frontcover Archived] 6 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Red Sea Press. pp. 4–5. {{ISBN|978-1-56902-153-8}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085135/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-6aHSOI_ukC&amp;pg=PA4 Archived] from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Selassie_and_Nasser,_1963.jpg|thumb|Plus Egyptian presido [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] insyd Addis Abeba for de Organisation of African Unity summit, 1963]]

Insyd September 1961, na Selassie attend de Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement insyd Belgrade, FPR Yugoslavia. Na dem consider dis e be de founding conference of de Non-Aligned Movement.&lt;ref&gt;James Mark; Yakov Feygin (2020). &quot;The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Alternative Vision of a Global Economy 1950s–1980s&quot;. In James Mark; Artemy M. Kalinovsky; Steffi Margus (eds.). ''Alternative Globalizations: Eastern Europe and the Postcolonial World''. Indiana University Press. pp. 35–58. {{ISBN|978-0-253-04650-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Reform efforts den relations plus de West ====

On 4 October 1963, na Selassie address de General Assembly of de United Nations.&lt;ref&gt;Brewer, Sam Pope (5 October 1963), [https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/05/archives/selassie-at-un-recalls-1936-plea-to-league-says-equality-of-all-is.html Selassie, at U.N., Recalls 1936 Plea to League] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180722190426/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/05/archives/selassie-at-un-recalls-1936-plea-to-league-says-equality-of-all-is.html Archived] 22 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/844/0084497.html|work=Emperor of Ethiopia Addresses General Assembly|title=Photo # 84497|publisher=United Nations|place=New York|date=4 October 1963|access-date=30 August 2013|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108145709/http://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/844/0084497.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Haile Selassie's address to the United Nations, 1963 - Wikisource, the free online library|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie%27s_address_to_the_United_Nations,_1963|access-date=2025-06-14|website=en.wikisource.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:ST-C422-87-63. Burial of President John F. Kennedy at Arlington National Cemetery.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|At de state funeral of John F. Kennedy, 25 November 1963]]

On 25 November 1963, na de Emperor travel to Washington, D.C., wey na he attend de state funeral of U.S. presido John F. Kennedy dem assassinate  Na he be de African head of state per wey attend de funeral.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wamu 88.5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Schwartz|first1=Matthew S.|title=Why is There Such a Large Ethiopian Population in the Washington Region?|url=https://wamu.org/story/16/04/21/how_did_the_dc_region_become_home_to_the_largest_population_of_ethiopians_in_the_us/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324055728/https://wamu.org/story/16/04/21/how_did_the_dc_region_become_home_to_the_largest_population_of_ethiopians_in_the_us/|archive-date=24 March 2022|access-date=14 March 2022|website=Wamu 88.5 American University Radio}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, na he be de one of de three prominent world leaders wey go have anoda meeting plus de new presido, Lyndon B. Johnson, insyd Washington during ein presidency; na he san meet Johnson during an informal visit to de [[United States]] insyd 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;LBJHeadsOfState&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Head of State Visits|url=https://www.lbjlibrary.org/life-and-legacy/lbjs-administration/head-of-state-visits|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033929/https://www.lbjlibrary.org/life-and-legacy/lbjs-administration/head-of-state-visits|archive-date=6 July 2024|access-date=8 November 2022|work=LBJ Presidential Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Johnson and Haile Selassie Confer|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 February 1967|page=2|agency=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Johnson Hails Selassie As an Ignored Prophet|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=14 February 1967|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:His_and_Her_Majesties_together_viewing_Haile_Selassie_I_stadium_in_Addis_Ababa.png|thumb|Selassie plus Queen Elizabeth II insyd Addis Ababa on ein 1965 state visit to Ethiopia]]For 1966, Selassie try change de old tax system wey dey make rich people no pay tax well well, him wan put one progressive income tax, wey go make dem no fit slack again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schwab |first1=Peter |date=January 1970 |title=The Tax System of Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-economics-and-sociology_1970-01_29_1/page/77 |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=77–88 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1970.tb03120.x |jstor=3485226}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis law make wahala happen for Gojjam, but dem quench am even though dem no fit enforce de tax again. E don succeed for wetin e wan do about tax matter, plus dis wahala make other landowners no wan stand gree with Selassie.&lt;ref&gt;Zahru Zewde, ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'', second edition (London: James Currey, 2001), pp. 216ff, and Gebru Tareke, ''Ethiopia'', pp. 160–193.&lt;/ref&gt; For October that year, Selassie go Jordan for four days wey King Hussein host am. For dat trip, Selassie go see Jerusalem plus de Church of de Holy Sepulchre.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jordan: Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia Arrives in Amman to Start Official Visit|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228134836/https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/|archive-date=28 February 2023|access-date=15 September 2023|website=British Pathé|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_LBJ.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_LBJ.jpg|thumb|During a visit to Washington, D.C. with President Lyndon B. Johnson, 1967]]
E be true say he don assure say Ethiopia go join UN how dem dey do security operations wey dem approve, like for Korea plus Congo, but Selassie make clear say dat one no be same thing like wetin happen for Indochina, wey he talk say na needless suffering plus him dey call for Vietnam War make e end. At de same time, he dey open for United States, he dey praise dem for di progress wey dem dey make with African Americans' Civil Rights law for di 1950s den 1960s, plus him visit de US plenty times for dat period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 April 1965|title=The War in Vietnam|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp67b00446r000300150023-8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323174509/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp67b00446r000300150023-8|archive-date=23 March 2024|access-date=23 March 2024|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Metaferia |first=Getachew |date=1995 |title=The Ethiopian Connection to the Pan-African Movement |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197577 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=300–325 |jstor=45197577 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120171147/https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197577 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=23 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Brewer|first=Sam Pope|date=17 February 1967|title=Ethiopia Willing to be Mediator; Haile Selassie Says Here He Would Lead Peace Effort|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/17/archives/ethiopia-willing-to-be-mediator-haile-selassie-says-here-he-would.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324170517/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/17/archives/ethiopia-willing-to-be-mediator-haile-selassie-says-here-he-would.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1967, e travel go Montréal for Canada, make e open Ethiopian Pavilion for Expo '67 World Fair. There, e gather plenty praise from other world leaders wey dey there too.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120314130919/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/expo/05330204_e.html Special Guests]&quot;. ''Expo 67: Man and His World''. Ottawa: [[Library and Archives Canada]]. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|date=14 April 1967|title=Canada: Strength for the Centennial|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,836954,00.html|magazine=[[TIME]]|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324170517/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,836954,00.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Coyle|first=Jim|date=6 May 2017|title=Canada 150: When the impossible dream came true at Expo 67|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/canada-150-when-the-impossible-dream-came-true-at-expo-67/article_44ff5067-c4f4-529e-98c5-a2a728f1c40e.html|work=[[Toronto Star]]|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324170518/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/canada-150-when-the-impossible-dream-came-true-at-expo-67/article_44ff5067-c4f4-529e-98c5-a2a728f1c40e.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Later reign ===

As de 1970s begin, in contrast to chaw monarchs at de era, na Selassie ein political influence continue to be of great significance; na dem say he utilize as many as four spy agencies, all wich concurrently spy on each oda as well as civilian den military circles of de nation. Na he be de person per wey know de 'true' scope of things insyd Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=14 October 2015|title=The Last Emperor – The Fall of Haile Selassie|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-last-emperor-the-fal_b_8296134|work=HuffPost|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=17 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217011545/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-last-emperor-the-fal_b_8296134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Student wahala dey happen plenty for Ethiopian life for 1960s and 1970s. Communism don enter ground among Ethiopian smart people, especially dem wey don study for abroad plus see different left-wing ideas.&lt;ref name=&quot;zewde2&quot;&gt;Zewde, Bahru (2001), ''A History of Modern Ethiopia''. Oxford: James Currey. {{ISBN|0-85255-786-8}}, pp. 220–226.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem conservatives for Imperial Court and Parliament, plus di Ethiopian Orthodox Church, dey make Selassie land reform no easy to carry out. Di government status suffer, as e make Selassie lose plenty good vibes and create gbege for di peasants. Plus, di try wey dem dey do to scatter unions sef no help him image at all.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=John |date=1985 |title=Foreign Involvement in the Formulation of Ethiopia's Land Tenure Policies: Part I |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43660357 |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=23–50 |jstor=43660357}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=4 November 1971|title=Haile Selassie Presses Ethiopian Land Reform|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/04/archives/haile-selassie-presses-ethiopian-land-reform.html|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205211939/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/04/archives/haile-selassie-presses-ethiopian-land-reform.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For di last years wey him dey rule, civil liberties and political rights for Ethiopia no dey too dey good, as Freedom House give Ethiopia 'Not Free' score for both categories.&lt;ref name=&quot;FH19722&quot;&gt;{{cite web|year=2012|title=Country ratings and status, FIW 1973–2012|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424223549/http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls|archive-date=24 April 2012|access-date=22 August 2012|publisher=[[Freedom House]]|format=XLS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Common human rights wahala wey dey happen include bad prison condition plus dem dey lock political people wey go talk against am, plus torture dem too dey suffer. But e get one side, di Emperor sabi forgive plenty prisoners at once plus during him reign, no pass ten political prisoners dey insyde.&lt;ref name=&quot;Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine2&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Dimbleby|first=Jonathan|title=Feeding on Ethiopia's Famine|date=8 December 1998|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html|newspaper=The Independent|place=UK|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013173119/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/feeding-on-ethiopias-famine-1189980.html|url-status=live}} (taken from Chapter 3 of ''Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia'' Alexander de Waal (Africa Watch, 1991))&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;ከበደ, በሪሁን (1 October 2000). ''የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ''. Addis Ababa: አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት. p. 1255.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Imperial Army sef do plenty bad things during di war wey dem get with Eritrean separatists for late 1960s den early 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=40th anniversary of Hazemo Massacre commemorated|url=http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_006961.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015508/http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_006961.html|archive-date=30 September 2007|access-date=26 July 2007|publisher=Shabait}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Latt |first=Louise |title=Eritrea Re-photographed: Landscape Changes in the Eritrean Highlands 1890–2004 |url=http://www.cde.unibe.ch/University/pdf/TTD/Laett_Eritrea.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Laett Eritrea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304115009/http://www.cde.unibe.ch/University/pdf/TTD/Laett_Eritrea.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2006 |access-date=26 September 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Killion, Tom (1998). ''Historical Dictionary of Eritrea''. The Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-3437-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ayele, Fantahun (2014). ''he Ethiopian Army: From Victory to Collapse, 1977–1991''. Northwestern University Press. p. 6. {{ISBN|978-0-8101-6805-3}} – via Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Foreign relations ====
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|image1=|caption1=Insyde Beijing, China, with Chinese leader plus Chairman of de CPC [[Mao Zedong]] for 1971. Selassie also meet Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] for him state visit.}} Selassie also met Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in his state visit.As dese issues begin dey pile up, na Selassie lef much of domestic governance to Aklilu Habte-Wold wey na he concentrate more on foreign affairs. Over de previous two decades, na Ethiopia receive over 400 million dollars insyd aid, na 140 million of dat be for de Ethiopian military, den 240 million for economic assistance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Campbell|first=John Franklin|date=1 April 1970|title=Rumblings Along the Red Sea: The Eritrean Question|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/eritrea/1970-04-01/rumblings-along-red-sea-eritrean-question|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126095131/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/eritrea/1970-04-01/rumblings-along-red-sea-eritrean-question|archive-date=26 November 2018|work=Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Outsyd Ethiopia, na Selassie continue to enjoy enormous prestige den respect. As de longest-serving head of state insyd power, na dem often give am precedence over oda leaders at state events, such as de state funerals of John F. Kennedy den Charles de Gaulle, de summits of de Non-Aligned Movement, den de 1971 celebration of de 2,500 years of de Persian Empire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=11 November 1970|title=France Mourns de Gaulle; World Leaders to Attend a Service at Notre Dame|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/11/archives/france-mourns-de-gaulle-world-leaders-to-attend-a-service-at-notre.html|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194204/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/11/archives/france-mourns-de-gaulle-world-leaders-to-attend-a-service-at-notre.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Tait|first=Robert|date=22 September 2005|title=Iran to rebuild spectacular tent city at Persepolis|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/22/arts.iran|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813144554/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/22/arts.iran|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1970, Selassie waka go Italy as guest for President Giuseppe Saragat side, den for Milan, e jam Giordano Dell'Amore, wey be President of Italian Savings Banks Association. E still go China for October 1971, plus na im be di first foreign head wey meet Mao Zedong after di accident wey don kill Mao own successor Lin Biao for plane crash wey happen for Mongolia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1971|title=People's Republic of China: Emperor Haile Selassie Meets Chairman Mao, Then Visits University and Great Wall|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/228687/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230194801/https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/228687/|archive-date=30 December 2023|access-date=30 December 2023|website=[[Pathé News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;T. Bianchi and M.A. Romani (eds),''Giordano Dell'Amore'', EGEA, Milan, 2013, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|total_width=230|image1=The Emperor in the UN General Assembly.png|image2=1970 UN speech by H.I.M Haile Selassie I.ogg|footer=Selassie's speech regarding [[human rights]] on 23 October 1970, which marked the 25th anniversary of the [[United Nations]]' founding}}


Selassie waka go meet Pope Paul VI for 1970 insyde Vatican City, where dem dey gist about di mata wey concern dem countries plus history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=9 November 1970|title=SYND 9-11-70 Ethiopian Emperor Selassie arrives at the Vatican and meets with Pope Paul and they exchange gifts|url=https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=9b13e1d5a84c7daa7976f9cdbb6eab9d&amp;mediatype=video&amp;source=youtube|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241108154858/https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=9b13e1d5a84c7daa7976f9cdbb6eab9d&amp;mediatype=video&amp;source=youtube|archive-date=8 November 2024|agency=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pope_with_Emperor.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_with_Emperor.png|left|thumb|Selassie with Pope Paul VI at de Holy See, 10 November 1970]]

===== Wollo famine =====
Famine - insyd Wollo, north-eastern Ethiopia, as well as insyd sam parts of Tigray - dem estimate na e kill 40,000 to 80,000 Ethiopians between 1972 den 1974.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFDe_Waal|De Waal]], p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt; Na sam reports suggest dat na de Emperor be unaware of de famine ein extent,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|date=18 February 1974|title=Rift in Ethiopian Society May Be Deepened by Famine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/18/archives/rift-in-ethiopian-society-may-be-deepened-by-famine.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324164447/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/18/archives/rift-in-ethiopian-society-may-be-deepened-by-famine.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Truth About Haile Selassie's Legacy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mohr|first1=Charles|date=15 February 1974|title=Ethiopian Famine Hits Millions|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/15/archives/ethiopian-famine-hits-millions-ethiopian-famine-affects-millions.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324164446/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/15/archives/ethiopian-famine-hits-millions-ethiopian-famine-affects-millions.html|archive-date=24 March 2024|access-date=24 March 2024|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dson&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The last of the Ethiopian emperors|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4537151.stm|date=2005-05-12|access-date=2025-06-14|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; while na odas assert dat na he be well aware of am.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFDe_Waal|De Waal]], p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Woodward, Peter (2003), ''The Horn of Africa: Politics and International Relations''. I. B. Tauris. {{ISBN|1-86064-870-3}}, p. 175.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de famine den ein image insyd de media undermine de government ein popular support, wey na ein once unassailable popularity decline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Webb|first1=Patrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YujWY3vkccC&amp;dq=wollo+Tigray+famine+end+1975&amp;pg=PA27|title=Famine in Ethiopia: Policy Implications of Coping Failure at National and Household Levels|last2=Braun|first2=Joachim Von|last3=Yohannes|first3=Yisehac|date=1992|publisher=Intl Food Policy Res Inst|isbn=978-0-89629-095-2|language=en|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005122316/https://books.google.com.et/books?id=4YujWY3vkccC&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=wollo+Tigray+famine+end+1975&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Q8vBxq8a8f&amp;sig=ACfU3U359Aa7aHPRNLrTHWgrdjMfEwhqkg&amp;hl=am&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjTt9jth8n6AhWPgP0HHTTkAxs4ChDoAXoECAcQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=wollo%20Tigray%20famine%20end%201975&amp;f=false|archive-date=5 October 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On top of the way dem dey show say some corrupt local officials dey try hide de famine from de imperial government, de way Kremlin dey paint Selassie's Ethiopia as backward plus no get sense (compare to de so-called paradise of Marxism-Leninism) add fuel to de popular uprising wey bring dem down plus make Mengistu Haile Mariam come rise up.&lt;ref&gt;Kumar, Krishna (1998). ''Postconflict Elections, Democratisation, and International Assistance''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. {{ISBN|1-55587-778-8}}, p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt; De wahala even dey grow as soldiers dey mutiny plus oil price dey soar. De price wey we dey pay for imported goods, petrol, den food don skyrocket, as unemployment sef dey rise.&lt;ref name=&quot;mammo2&quot;&gt;Mammo, Tirfe (1999). ''The Paradox of Africa's Poverty: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge.'' The Red Sea Press. {{ISBN|1-56902-049-3}}, p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De Ethiopian revolution ===
Insyd February 1974, na four days of serious riots insyd Addis Ababa against sudden economic inflation lef five dead. Na de Emperor respond by announcing on national television a reduction insyd petrol prices den a freeze on de cost of basic commodities. Na dis calm de public, buh na de promised 33% military wage hike no be substantial enough to pacify de army, wich then mutiny, dey begin insyd Asmara den dey spread thru out de empire. Na dis mutiny lead to de resignation of Aklilu Habte-Wold as prime minister on 27 February 1974.&lt;ref name=&quot;evang&quot;&gt;Launhardt, Johannes (2005). ''Evangelicals in Addis Ababa (1919–1991)''. LIT Verlag. {{ISBN|3-8258-7791-4}}, pp. 239–240.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Selassie san go on television make he agree to de army dema demands for still greater pay, wey na he name Endelkachew Makonnen as de new prime minister.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|date=1 March 1974|title=Selassie, to Placate Army, Appoints a New Premier|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/01/archives/selassie-to-placate-army-appoints-a-new-premier-selassie-picks-new.html|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=30 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230034443/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/01/archives/selassie-to-placate-army-appoints-a-new-premier-selassie-picks-new.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=4 July 1974|title=Selassie Grants 5 Concessions to Army, Including an Amnesty|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/04/archives/selassie-grants-5-concessions-to-army-including-an-amnesty-army.html|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033932/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/04/archives/selassie-grants-5-concessions-to-army-including-an-amnesty-army.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite Endalkatchew ein chaw concessions, discontent continue insyd March plus a four-day general strike wey paralyze de nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 April 1974|title=Ethiopia: Postal Workers End Four-day Strike|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/130937/|url-status=live|website=Pathé News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd April, na protests by Ethiopian Muslims break out in response to discrimination perpetrated by de regime, plus approximately 100,000 individuals participate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Tiruneh|first1=Andargachew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbnAd0oWokC&amp;dq=1974+ethiopian+muslim+demonstration&amp;pg=PA49|title=The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 A Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian Autocracy|date=8 April 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43082-1|page=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Imprisonment ====
De Derg, a clique of junior officers den enlisted men, set up insyd June make dem investigate de military dema demands, take advantage of de government ein disarray to depose de 82-year-old Selassie on 12 September.&lt;ref name=&quot;qceros&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dDRWAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6032%2C2832764|work=Eugene Register-Guard|location=(Oregon)|agency=Associated Press|title=Quiet coup ends reign of Selassie|date=12 September 1974|page=1A|access-date=21 September 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030164414/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dDRWAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6032%2C2832764|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na General Aman Mikael Andom, a Protestant of Eritrean origin,&lt;ref name=&quot;evang&quot; /&gt; serve briefly as provisional head of state pending de return of Crown Prince Asfa Wossen, wey na then he dey receive medical treatment abroad. Na Selassie be imprisoned briefly at de 4th Army Division insyd Addis Ababa&lt;ref name=&quot;evang&quot; /&gt; before dem move am back to de Grand Palace wer na de Emperor spend de last months of ein life under house arrest.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
[[File:The_Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Dey follow de 1974 coup d'état, na chaw of de Ethiopian royal family flee de country, na dem be imprisoned, anaa dem be executed.]]At first, most of de royal family dey stay for late Duke of Harar house wey dey north side of capital, but later dem move plenty go Kerchele Prison for Addis Ababa, wey dem dey call &quot;Alem Bekagn&quot;. For 23 November, 60 top officials from imperial government wey no dey joke, dem go shoot dem by firing squad,&lt;ref name=&quot;shinn44&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Shinn|p=44}}.&lt;/ref&gt; including Selassie's grandson, Rear Admiral Iskinder Desta, General Aman plus two former prime ministers.&lt;ref name=&quot;fate&quot;&gt;Meredith, Martin (2005), ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. Public Affairs, {{ISBN|1-58648-398-6}}, p. 216.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arexsxtu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DaRVAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3163%2C5786259|work=Eugene Register-Guard|location=(Oregon)|agency=Associated Press|title=Army rulers in Ethiopia execute 62|date=24 November 1974|page=1A|access-date=21 September 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125225216/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DaRVAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3163%2C5786259|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis wahala wey Ethiopians dey call &quot;Black Saturday&quot;, Crown Prince no like am at all; as e talk am, Derg no gree again, dem revoke hin royal believability, den announce say Solomonic dynasty don finish.&lt;ref name=&quot;shinn44&quot; /&gt;

==== Execution den cover-up ====

On 27 August 1975, na dem murder Selassie on de orders of de Derg regime, a fact wey na e for remain undiscovered for anoda twenty years. On 28 August 1975, na state media report dat Selassie die on 27 August of &quot;respiratory failure&quot; dey follow complications from a prostate examination followed up by a prostate operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Haile Selassie of Ethiopia Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0723.html|work=The New York Times|date=28 August 1975|access-date=21 July 2007|archive-date=25 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825184920/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0723.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Dr. Asrat Woldeyes deny dat complications occurr wey na he reject de government version of ein death. Na de prostate operation in question apparently take place months before de state media claim, wey na Selassie apparently enjoy strong health insyd ein last days.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 348&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Funeral den veneration ===
[[File:Tomb_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_(11320061113).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_(11320061113).jpg|alt=The tombs of Emperor Haile Selassie and Empress Menen Asfaw|thumb|De tombs of Haile Selassie plus Menen Asfaw insyde de Holy Trinity Cathedral insyde Addis Ababa]]
Na de Soviet-backed People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, de Derg ein successor, fall insyd 1991. Insyd 1992, na dem find Selassie ein bones under a concrete slab on de palace grounds.&lt;ref name=&quot;imperialburial&quot;&gt;[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E3DF1239F935A35752C1A9669C8B63&amp;scp=2&amp;sq=Haile+Selassie&amp;st=nyt &quot;An Imperial Burial for Haile Selassie, 25 Years After Death&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240706031309/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/06/world/an-imperial-burial-for-haile-selassie-25-years-after-death.html Archived] 6 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine, ''The New York Times'', 6 November 2000.[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE3DF1F3FF932A35750C0A964958260&amp;scp=4&amp;sq=Haile+Selassie&amp;st=nyt&amp;sq=Haile+Selassie&amp;st=nyt &quot;Ethiopians Celebrate a Mass for Exhumed Haile Selassie&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240706031304/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/01/world/ethiopians-celebrate-a-mass-for-exhumed-haile-selassie.html Archived] 6 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine, ''The New York Times'', 1 March 1992.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Parmelee|first=Jennifer|date=17 February 1992|title=Ethiopians Exhume Purported Remains of Emperor Amid Probe of Mengistu Regime|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/02/18/ethiopians-exhume-purported-remains-of-emperor-amid-probe-of-mengistu-regime/8d9332af-9d8c-4f85-a8e9-43cdca3f2e60/|newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Selassie ein coffin rest insyd Bhata Church for nearly a decade, near ein great-uncle Menelik II ein resting place.&lt;ref name=&quot;lorch&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ethiopia Deals With Legacy of Kings and Colonels|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/31/world/ethiopia-deals-with-legacy-of-kings-and-colonels.html|work=The New York Times|date=1995-12-31|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0362-4331|language=en-US|first=Donatella|last=Lorch}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 November 2000, na de Holy Trinity Cathedral insyd Addis Ababa give am a funeral, buh na de government refuse calls to declare de ceremony an official imperial funeral.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 November 2000|title=Haile Selassie Laid to Rest in Ethiopia|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-nov-06-mn-47912-story.html|url-access=subscription|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219053159/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-nov-06-mn-47912-story.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis fi be secof de government ein reluctance to endorse anaa give even subtle political recognition to Royalists.&lt;ref name=&quot;lorch&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Guardia|first=Anton La|date=13 June 2000|title=Quandary over funeral plan for Haile Selassie|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/1342650/Quandary-over-funeral-plan-for-Haile-Selassie.html/1000|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219053159/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/1342650/Quandary-over-funeral-plan-for-Haile-Selassie.html/1000|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Astill|first=James|date=2 November 2000|title=Lion of Judah controversial to the last|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Rastafari reaction ====

Na prominent Rastafari figures such as Rita Marley participate insyd de funeral, buh na chaw Rastafari reject de event wey na dem refuse to accept say de bones be Selassie ein remains. Der be sam debate within de Rastafari movement as to whether he actually die insyd 1975.&lt;ref&gt;Edmonds, Ennis Barrington (2002), ''Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-803060-6}}, p. 55.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rastafari messiah ==

Dem dey worship Selassie as God incarnate&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 October 2009|title=Rastafarian beliefs|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/beliefs/beliefs_1.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014070700/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/beliefs/beliefs_1.shtml|archive-date=14 October 2015|access-date=12 September 2010|publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=27 July 2017|title=Ethiopia to give ID cards to Rastafarians long stateless|url=https://apnews.com/general-news-2899e019355d45f889f382a1185bdc58#:~:text=ADDIS%20ABABA%2C%20Ethiopia%20%28AP%29%20%E2%80%94%20Ethiopia%20will%20issue,enter%20without%20visas%20and%20live%20without%20residence%20permits.|agency=Associated Press|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324164446/https://apnews.com/general-news-2899e019355d45f889f382a1185bdc58#:~:text=ADDIS%20ABABA%2C%20Ethiopia%20%28AP%29%20%E2%80%94%20Ethiopia%20will%20issue,enter%20without%20visas%20and%20live%20without%20residence%20permits.|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; among sam followers of de Rastafari movement (taken from Selassie ein pre-imperial name ''Ras -'' dey mean ''Head'', a title equivalent to Duke - Tafari Makonnen), wich na emerge insyd Jamaica during de 1930s. He be viewed as de messiah wey go lead de peoples of Africa den de African diaspora to freedom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The African Diaspora, Ethiopianism, and Rastafari|url=http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/rasta/rasessay.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822091117/http://smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/rasta/rasessay.html|archive-date=22 August 2014|access-date=12 September 2010|publisher=Smithsonian education}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein official titles be ''Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah'' den ''King of Kings of Ethiopia, Lord of Lords and Elect of God'', wey na dem think ein lineage be from Solomon den Sheba.&lt;ref&gt;Vadala, Alexander Atillio (2011). &quot;Elite Distinction and Regime Change: The Ethiopian Case&quot;. ''Comparative Sociology''. '''10''' (4): 641. {{doi|10.1163/156913311X590664}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Dese notions be perceived by Rastafari as confirmation of de return of de messiah insyd de Book of Revelation. Na Rastafari faith insyd de divinity of Selassie&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFClarke1986|Clarke 1986]], p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFClarke1986|Clarke 1986]], pp. 15–16, 66; [[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFBarnett2006|Barnett 2006]], p. 876; [[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFBedasse2010|Bedasse 2010]], p. 966; [[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFEdmonds2012|Edmonds 2012]], pp. 32–33.&lt;/ref&gt; begin after news reports of ein coronation reach Jamaica,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dread2&quot;&gt;Owens, Joseph (1974), ''Dread, The Rastafarians of Jamaica''. {{ISBN|0-435-98650-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; particularly via de two ''Time'' magazine articles on de coronation before den after de event. Na Selassie ein own perspectives permeate de philosophy of de movement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dread2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=20 January 2003|title=The Re-evolution of Rastafari|url=http://www.rastafarispeaks.com/articles/The_Re-evolution_of_Rastafari.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810015214/http://www.rastafarispeaks.com/articles/The_Re-evolution_of_Rastafari.html|archive-date=10 August 2015|access-date=12 September 2010|publisher=Rastafari speaks}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 1961, na de Jamaican government send a delegation of both Rastafari den non-Rastafari leaders to Ethiopia make dem discuss repatriation plus de Emperor. Na he tell de Rastafari delegation &quot;Tell de Brethren make dem no be dismayed, I personally go give my assistance insyd de matter of repatriation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=Leonard E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&amp;pg=PA118|title=The Rastafarians|publisher=Beacon Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-8070-1039-6|page=118}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Haile_Selassie_1935.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Haile Selassie pictured insyd 1935, during de same period wer na Rastafarian worship emerge ]]

=== Selassie ein position ===
Insyd a 1967 interview plus de CBC ein Bill McNeil, na Selassie deny ein alleged divinity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spencer&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Spencer|first=William David|title=Dread Jesus|url=https://archive.org/details/dreadjesus0000spen|date=1998|publisher=SPCK Publishing|isbn=978-0-281-05101-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/dreadjesus0000spen/page/44 44]}}&lt;/ref&gt; For chaw Rastafari, de CBC interview no be interpreted as a denial. According to Robert Earl Hood, na Selassie neither deny nor affirm ein divinity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hood|first=Robert Earl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ceFU75KyYQC&amp;pg=PA93+|title=Must God Remain Greek?: Afro Cultures and God-talk|date=1990|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-0-8006-2449-1|page=93}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReggaeRoutes2432&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=O'Brien Chang, Kevin|url=https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan|title=Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music|author2=Chen, Wayne|publisher=Temple University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-1-56639-629-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan/page/n254 243]|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Touch the Happy Isles p. 286&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Crewe|first1=Quentin|title=Touch the Happy Isles: A Journey through the Caribbean|date=1987|publisher=Michael Joseph Ltd.|isbn=0-7181-2822-2|location=London|page=286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After ein return to Ethiopia, na Selassie dispatch Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq Mandefro to de Caribbean. According to Yesehaq, na dis be make e help draw Rastafari den oda West Indians to de Ethiopian church.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=27 December 2012|title=Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq Interview|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXiPllReCBI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222152311/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXiPllReCBI|archive-date=22 December 2020|access-date=2 January 2021|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/12/AR2006011201952.html|title=Ethiopians in D.C. Region Mourn Archbishop's Death|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=13 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na sam sources dey suggest dat certain islanders den dema leaders dey resent de services of dema former colonial churches, den vocalise dema interest of establishing de Ethiopian church insyd de Caribbean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Subin|first=Anne Della|title=Occupy Godhead|url=https://www.bidoun.org/articles/occupy-godhead#:~:text=For%20his%20part%2C%20Haile%20Selassie,them%20find%20the%20True%20God.|work=Bidoun|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324164446/https://www.bidoun.org/articles/occupy-godhead#:~:text=For%20his%20part%2C%20Haile%20Selassie,them%20find%20the%20True%20God.|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 1969, na Manley visit de Emperor at ein palace insyd Addis Ababa before ein election as prime minister of Jamaica insyd 1972. Na Selassie speak about ein 1966 visit to Jamaica wey na he tell Manley say, though na he be confused by de Rastafarians dema beliefs, he respect dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jerry Funk&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Funk|first1=Jerry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4FqDsPH5_oC&amp;pg=PA148|title=Life Is an Excellent Adventure: An Irreverent Personal Odyssey|date=2003|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=1-4120-0848-4|location=Victoria, Canada|pages=148–150|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706031348/https://books.google.com/books?id=R4FqDsPH5_oC&amp;pg=PA148#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|archive-date=6 July 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Residences den finance ==

[[File:Palace_in_Ethiopia.png|thumb|211x211px|Na de Jubilee Palace serve as de residence of Selassie since 1955]]

Insyd 1974, na Ethiopian media during de revolution claim na de Emperor get a net worth of 11 billion dollars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mohr|first=Charles|date=1 December 1974|title=Ethiopians claim Selassie Fortune|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/01/archives/ethiopians-claim-selassie-fortune-moving-of-women-comirmed-his-own.html|url-status=live|work=The New York Times|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223173418/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/01/archives/ethiopians-claim-selassie-fortune-moving-of-women-comirmed-his-own.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, records dey indicate say na Selassie ein entire net worth be just £22,000.00 as late as 1959.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Haile_Selassie#CITEREFAsserate|Asserate]], p. 209&lt;/ref&gt; Na he sanso be accused by de Derg he hoard millions insyd Swiss banks, wey na dem dey claim Selassie illegally acquire de money from exploiting de Ethiopian people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=8 September 1974|title=Selassie Is Accused of Hoarding Millions|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/08/archives/selassie-is-accused-of-hoarding-millions.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220223115/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/08/archives/selassie-is-accused-of-hoarding-millions.html|archive-date=20 February 2022|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Jubilee Palace, dem build insyd 1955, serve as de official residence of de head of state of Ethiopian Empire from 1955 to 1974. De Palace dey tap on {{convert|11450|m2}} insyd de center of Addis Ababa, de capital of Ethiopia since 1889.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 July 2020|title=AFD provides assistance for the National Palace renovation|url=https://www.capitalethiopia.com/capital/afd-provides-assistance-for-the-national-palace-renovation/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506105918/https://www.capitalethiopia.com/capital/afd-provides-assistance-for-the-national-palace-renovation/|archive-date=6 May 2022|access-date=4 May 2024|website=Capital Ethiopia}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Palace ein estimated initial construction cost den ein value today be undisclosed, buh secof ein size, location den historical importance, ein value go be insyd de hundreds of millions of dollars.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fortune|first=Addis|date=30 November 2015|title=New Headquarters for National Palace Administration|url=https://addisfortune.net/articles/new-headquarters-for-national-palace-administration/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224085602/https://addisfortune.net/articles/new-headquarters-for-national-palace-administration/|archive-date=24 December 2022|access-date=22 October 2022|website=addisfortune.net|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Selassie own a large fleet of cars wey dey include ones dem gift to am during overseas visits, wich fi be worth millions of dollars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=የኢትዮጵያ ልክ ከግቢ እስከ ሀገር Jubilee Palace @ArtsTvWorld|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=de8QMsqRQ88|publisher=ARTS TV|publication-date=15 August 2020|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, na a battle take place over a decade wey dey regard ein Patek Phillipe watch, wich na ebe initially offered insyd a Christie ein auction plus an estimated value of over $1 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Miller|first=Hugo|date=19 May 2016|title=The $1 Million Patek, an Ethiopian Emperor and a Prosecutor|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-19/the-1-million-patek-haile-selassie-and-the-swiss-prosecutor|url-access=subscription|work=Bloomberg L.P|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011205553/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-19/the-1-million-patek-haile-selassie-and-the-swiss-prosecutor|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, after de feud end, na dem withdraw de watch from de auction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Heil|first=Emily|date=12 November 2015|title=Haile Selassie's wristwatch pulled from auction block|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2015/11/12/haile-selassies-wristwatch-pulled-from-auction-block/|url-access=registration|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920125115/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2015/11/12/haile-selassies-wristwatch-pulled-from-auction-block/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mulier|first=Thomas|date=10 November 2015|title=Ethiopian Emperor's Patek Philippe Pulled From Christie's Sale|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-10/ethiopian-emperor-s-patek-philippe-pulled-from-christie-s-sale-igt6wd7r|url-access=registration|work=Bloomberg L.P|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930023902/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-10/ethiopian-emperor-s-patek-philippe-pulled-from-christie-s-sale-igt6wd7r|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein life matter ==

=== Visual, performing, den literary arts ===
Insyd ein private life, na Selassie advocate de growth of Ethiopian art. Na he believe say na arts fi 'rebuild' de country. Na he be interested insyd a modern outlook towards traditional Ethiopian arts, wey dey include those of de Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Na he address Afewerk Tekle, an Ethiopian laureate, wen na he lef for Europe to gain skills to improve Ethiopian art. Later, na Tekle create multiple artworks wey dey put Ethiopian life on display.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Reference|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=9780195382075|language=en|chapter=Afewerk, Tekle|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0072?rskey=tT9iJU&amp;result=69}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Selassie create an art program wich enrol chaw artists, wey dey include Agegnehu Engida. Na he give a scholarship to Ale Felege Selam. Selassie travel regularly to Bishoftu make he see displays of paintings by Ethiopian artists such as Lemma Guya. Na Selassie be impressed by Guya ein paintings of Ethiopian military aircraft. Na Guya later join de Airforce buh he continue to paint plus Selassie ein support.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lemma Guya {{!}} Jimma University Official Website|url=https://www.ju.edu.et/?q=lemma-guya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531200108/https://ju.edu.et/?q=lemma-guya|archive-date=31 May 2024|access-date=28 October 2020|website=ju.edu.et}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wondimu |first1=Elias |last2=Cortez |first2=Mayra |last3=Lawrence |first3=Simone |date=2016 |title=Ale Felege Selam (1924–2016) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26554858 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=10 |issue=1 &amp; 2 |pages=163–164 |jstor=26554858 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120054308/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26554858 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=1 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nagy |first1=Rebecca Martin |date=2007 |title=Continuity and Change: Three Generations of Ethiopian Artists |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20447829 |url-status=live |journal=African Arts |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=70–85 |doi=10.1162/afar.2007.40.2.70 |jstor=20447829 |s2cid=57562278 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120070331/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20447829 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=1 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Abebe_Bikila_-_Star_of_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|230x230px|Dey award Abebe Bikila de Order of the Star of Ethiopia, 1960, after he win de Olympic Gold Medal ]]
Na Selassie commission de opening of Ethiopia ein first Hager Fikir Theater House insyd 1935 den de National Theatre insyd Addis Ababa insyd 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sira|first=Zerihun|date=6 July 2019|title=Ethiopian Theater: A Brief Introduction|url=https://thetheatretimes.com/ethiopian-theater-a-brief-introduction/|work=The Theater Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sports ===
During ein reign, na Selassie expand international Ethiopian sports, wey dey include de Ethiopian Football Federation den Ethiopian national basketball team. Na he award Ethiopia de AFCON award wen na e win ein first title.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kushkush|first=Isma'il|date=15 January 2021|title=Afcon 2021: Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan and the origins of the Nations Cup|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59953105|publisher=BBC News|archive-date=29 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229115844/https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59953105|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na he support Ethiopia insyd de 1960 Olympics wey he give Olympian Abebe Bikila plus chaw national awards such as de Star of Ethiopia den de Order of Menelik II. Na he support oda Ethiopian athletes, such as Mamo Wolde, by writing personal letters to dem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 June 2024|title=Abebe Bikila|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abebe-Bikila|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415123820/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abebe-Bikila|archive-date=15 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Theodore|date=4 April 1965|title=Ethiopia Marathon Star Here for Fair|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E00E1D7153CE733A25756C1A9629C946491D6CF|url-access=subscription|access-date=26 January 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion ===
[[File:Haile_Selassie_I_with_Orthodox_Church_Bishop.jpg|left|thumb|186x186px|He plus Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria]]
Na Selassie be an adherent of de Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Na dem raise am he dey follow Ethiopia ein traditional Christian background. Na dem born am Tafari Makonnen; after ein coronation, na he adopt ein baptismal name as ein official den legal name. Na he participate insyd de 1966 Berlin Congress for World Evangelism wey be organised by evangelist Billy Graham.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Balbier |first1=UTA A. |date=10 October 2017 |title=The World Congress on Evangelism 1966 in Berlin: US Evangelicalism, Cultural Dominance, and Global Challenges |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-american-studies/article/abs/world-congress-on-evangelism-1966-in-berlin-us-evangelicalism-cultural-dominance-and-global-challenges/25673BDCEA9B8C12634F1B1B3DDA5909 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of American Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1171–1196 |doi=10.1017/S0021875816001432 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807070927/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-american-studies/article/abs/world-congress-on-evangelism-1966-in-berlin-us-evangelicalism-cultural-dominance-and-global-challenges/25673BDCEA9B8C12634F1B1B3DDA5909 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=28 October 1966|title=Thirty Years Later: Haile Selassie in Berlin|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/1966/october-28/thirty-years-later-haile-selassie-in-berlin.html|work=Christianity Today|archive-date=7 August 2024|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807070927/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/1966/october-28/thirty-years-later-haile-selassie-in-berlin.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na he try make he unify de Oriental Orthodox community wey dey extend into Egypt, Armenia, den Syria. Despite dis, na he no try make he stop de Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church from having ein own Patriarch wen na dem grant am autocephaly by de Egyptian Coptic Church. Na he adhere to de intracontinental den overseas relations between de Orthodox churches, wey na he believe dat e go be reasonable to try to move unification forward.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 July 2014|title=Addis Ababa Conference Portal powered by OCP inaugurated at all UAE National Ethiopian Youth Conference: Ethiopian Orthodox Prelates Honored by OCP Society|url=http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/2014/06/addis-ababa-conference-portal-powered-by-ocp-inaugurated-at-all-uae-national-ethiopian-youth-conference-ethiopian-orthodox-prelates-honored-by-ocp-society/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903083409/http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/2014/06/addis-ababa-conference-portal-powered-by-ocp-inaugurated-at-all-uae-national-ethiopian-youth-conference-ethiopian-orthodox-prelates-honored-by-ocp-society/|archive-date=3 September 2014|website=theorthodoxchurch.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/AddisAbabaConfReport|title=The Oriental Orthodox Churches: Addis Ababa Conference 1965|publisher=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|year=1965}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Paulau|first1=Stanislau|url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/54656/9789004505254.pdf|title=Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity in a Global Context: Entanglements and Disconnections|last2=Tamcke|first2=Martin|date=2022|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-50434-9|series=Texts and Studies in Eastern Christianity|location=Leiden, Netherlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Family ===
[[File:Ethiopian_Royal_Family.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Ein son Prince Asfaw Wossen den oda members of de Royal Family of Ethiopia]]

Selassie, as he be de head of de Royal Family, legally get precedent over all matters within ein household. Na he contrast plus de Solomonic dynasty wey he give more political powers, dukedoms, den government offices to members of ein immediate family, wey dey include ein grandson Rear Admiral Iskinder Desta. An individual source according to Paulos Milkias, a professor at Montreal, Canada, claim say na Desta threaten ein grandpoppie with death at gunpoint unless he change de successional line (although na dis never definitively be confirmed). Na Selassie only want make he give am an apolitical position as a commissioned officer insyd de Ethiopian military, wey na dem make Iskinder deputy commander of de Imperial Ethiopian Navy insyd 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paulos&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Milkias|first1=Paulos|title=Haile Selassie, Western Education, and Political Revolution in Ethiopia|url=https://archive.org/details/haileselassiewes0000milk|date=2006|publisher=Cambria Press|isbn=1-934043-20-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HD&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Shinn|first1=David H.|title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-COP-259|last2=Ofcansky|first2=Thomas P.|date=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=0-8108-4910-0|chapter=Iskander Desta (1934–1974)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 1963, na Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh say na he help Haile Selassie to put eim grandson insyd de elite Gordonstoun school.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Marc|first=Horne|date=30 December 2023|title=Prince Philip 'pulled strings' to get Haile Selassie's grandson into Gordonstoun|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prince-philip-pulled-strings-to-get-haile-selassies-grandson-into-gordonstoun-3vnp0d37x|work=The Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Selassie be able make he put ein oda grandkiddies into top schools thru out de U.S. den Europe, such as Columbia University.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 October 1963|title=Return Visit, The Visit of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I to the United States, 1 October 1963|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/usg-01-s|url-status=live|website=National Archives and Records Administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Legacy ==
=== Memorials ===

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;170&quot; heights=&quot;170&quot;&gt;
File:Emperor Haile Selassie I cropped image.png|Haile Selassie I ein statue locate at de AU Conference HQ, Addis Ababa
File:Cannizaro Park, Wimbledon, The statue of Emperor Haile Selassie.jpg|Former standing statue of de Emperor insyd Wimbledon, England
File:Haile Selassie by Jacob Epstein 06.jpg|A plaster figure of Selassie by Jacob Epstein insyd 1936, The New Art Gallery Walsall, England
File:Haile Selassie I Blue Plaque Great Malvern.jpg|A blue plaque, dem unveil insyd 2011 insyd Great Malvern, England
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Titles, styles, arms, honours==
* 23 July 1892 – 1 November 1905: ''Lij'' Tafari Makonnen&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) p.20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vestal p.19&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Vestal|first1=Theodore M.|title=The Lion of Judah in the New World: Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and the Shaping of Americans' Attitudes Toward Africa|date=2011|publisher=Praeger|location=United States|isbn=978-0-313-38620-6|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1 November 1905 – 11 February 1917: ''Dejazmach'' Tafari Makonnen&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) p.20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Steffanson 2&quot; /&gt;
* 11 February 1917 – 7 October 1928: ''Balemulu Silt'an Enderase Le'ul-Ras Tafari Makonnen&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) pp.48-50&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) p.155&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Selassie|first1=Haile I|title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeethiopiasp0000hail_w5s6|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Great Britain|isbn=0-19-713589-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mylifeethiopiasp0000hail_w5s6/page/155 155]}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

* 7 October 1928 – 2 November 1930: ''Negus'' Tafari Makonnen&lt;ref name=&quot;Autobiography Vol. I (Hardcover) p.172&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Selassie|first1=Haile I|title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeethiopiasp0000hail_w5s6|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-713589-7|location=Great Britain|page=[https://archive.org/details/mylifeethiopiasp0000hail_w5s6/page/172 172]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974: By the Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, ''His Imperial Majesty'' Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Elect of God.&lt;ref name=&quot;Steffanson 2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Charles F. Rey&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boston Daily Globe&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=McPartlin|first1=Joan|date=29 May 1954|title=Boston to Welcome Ruler of Ethiopia|publisher=Boston Daily Globe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Magu|first1=Stephen M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lazEAAAQBAJ|title=Towards Pan-Africanism Africa's Cooperation Through Regional Economic Communities (RECs), Ubuntu and Communitarianism|date=2023|publisher=Springer Nature Singapore|isbn=978-981-19-8944-5|location=Singapore|page=272|access-date=23 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National orders ===

* [[File:ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png|60x60px]] Chief Commander of de Order of the Star of Ethiopia (1909)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=ከበደ|first1=በሪሁን|title=የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ|date=21 September 1993|publisher=አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት|location=Addis Ababa|page=903}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[File:ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png|60x60px]] Grand Collar of de Order of Solomon (1930)&lt;ref&gt;Religious, Traditional &amp; Ceremonial. [http://www.ethiopiancrown.org ''The Official Website of The Crown Council of Ethiopia'']. The Crown Council of Ethiopia. Retrieved 13 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=ከበደ|first1=በሪሁን|title=የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ|date=21 September 1993|publisher=አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት|location=Addis Ababa|page=891}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[File:ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png|60x60px]] Grand Cordon of de Order of the Seal of Solomon&lt;ref&gt;Religious, Traditional &amp; Ceremonial. [http://www.ethiopiancrown.org ''The Official Website of The Crown Council of Ethiopia'']. The Crown Council of Ethiopia. Retrieved 2 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=ከበደ|first1=በሪሁን|title=የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ|date=21 September 1993|publisher=አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት|location=Addis Ababa|page=893}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[File:Order_of_The_Queen_of_Sheba_(Ethiopia)_ribbon.gif|60x60px]] Grand Cordon with Collar of de Order of the Queen of Sheba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=ከበደ|first1=በሪሁን|title=የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ|date=21 September 1993|publisher=አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት|location=Addis Ababa|pages=895–897}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[File:Order_of_the_Holy_Trinity_(Ethiopia)_-_ribbon_bar.gif|60x60px]] Grand Cordon of de Order of the Holy Trinity&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=ከበደ|first1=በሪሁን|title=የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ|date=21 September 1993|publisher=አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት|location=Addis Ababa|page=899}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[File:ETH_Order_of_Menelik_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png|60x60px]] Grand Cordon of de Order of Menelik II&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=ከበደ|first1=በሪሁን|title=የአፄ ኃይለሥላሴ ታሪክ|date=21 September 1993|publisher=አርቲስቲክ ማተሚያ ቤት|location=Addis Ababa|page=901}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[File:ETH_Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia_-_Member_BAR.png|60x60px]] Order of Fidelity&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |date=20 May 1954 |title=Mr. and Mrs. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xL8DAAAAMBAJ |journal=Jet Magazine |volume=VI |issue=2 |page=23 |access-date=9 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Foreign Coat of Arms ===
{{multiple image|align=center|total_width=400|perrow=|image1=Coat of Arms of Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia (Order of Charles III).svg|caption1=Coat of arms insyd Spain under de order of Charles III of Spain|image2=Garter-encircled Arms of Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia.png|caption2=Coat of arms as Emperor insyd de United Kingdom under de Order of Garter|image3=Coat of Arms of Haile Selassie (Order of the Seaphim).svg|caption3=Coat of arms as Emperor insyd Sweden under de Order of the Seraphim|footer=}}

=== As sovereign ===
{{Multiple image|direction=horizontal|total_width=450|image1=Ethiopian imperial standard of Haile Selassie I (obverse).svg|caption1=Imperial Royal Standard for Haile Selassie I obverse|image2=Ethiopian imperial standard of Haile Selassie I (reverse).svg|caption2=Imperial Royal Standard for Haile Selassie I reverse|align=center}}

==Military ranks==

Na Selassie hold de following ranks:
* Field Marshal, Imperial Ethiopian Army&lt;ref&gt;Copley, Gregory R. ''Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World''. Published by Defense &amp; Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association, 1998. {{ISBN|1-892998-00-9}}. p.119&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Consolidated Laws Vol. I p. 261&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ewing|first1=William H.|last2=Abdi|first2=Beyene|title=Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia Vol. I|date=1972|publisher=The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie I University|location=Addis Ababa|page=261}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Admiral of the Fleet, Imperial Ethiopian Navy&lt;ref name=&quot;Consolidated Laws Vol. I p. 261&quot; /&gt;
* Marshal of de Imperial Ethiopian Air Force&lt;ref name=&quot;Consolidated Laws Vol. I p. 261&quot; /&gt;
* Honorary Field Marshal, British Army, 20 January 1965&lt;ref name=&quot;The London Gazette, Issue: 43567 Page: 1235&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43567/page/1235|title=The London Gazette, Iss: 43567, p. 1235. Retrieved op 17 January 2017.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Copley p. 195&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Copley|first1=Gregory R.|title=Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand unto God: Imperial Ethiopia's Unique Symbols, Structures and Role in the Modern World|date=1998|publisher=Defense &amp; Foreign Affairs, part of the International Strategic Studies Association|isbn=1-892998-00-9|page=195}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/02/ethiopia-queen-elizabeth-1965-royal-visit|title=Ethiopia welcomes the Queen: Archive, 2 February 1965|website=The Guardian|date=2 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Issue ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background-color:#cccccc&quot;
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Notes
|-
|data-sort-value=&quot;Romanework&quot;|Princess Romanework||1909||14 October 1940||She marry Dejazmatch Beyene Merid insyd de late 1920s, wey na dem get four kiddies. Dejazmatch Beyene Merid die insyd 1937.
|-
|data-sort-value=&quot;Tenagnework&quot;|Princess Tenagnework|| 12 January 1912||6 April 2003||She marry from 1924 to 1937 (death) to Ras Desta Damtew, wey na dem get six kiddies. She remarry to Andargachew Messai, wey die insyd 1981, wey na dem get two kiddies.
|-
|data-sort-value=&quot;Amha Selassie&quot;|Crown Prince Amha Selassie|| 27 July 1916|| 17 January 1997||He marry Wolete Israel Seyoum insyd 1931, wey na dem get one daughter. Amha den Wolete later divorce. He marry Medferiashwork Abebe insyd 1945, wey na dem get four kiddies.
|-
|data-sort-value=&quot;Zenebework&quot;|Princess Zenebework||25 July 1917||24 March 1934||She marry Dejazmach Haile Selassie Gugsa, no issue
|-
|data-sort-value=&quot;Tsehai&quot;|Princess Tsehai||13 October 1919||17 August 1942||She marry Lij Abiye Abebe insyd 1941, wey na dem get a stillborn daughter
|-
|data-sort-value=&quot;Makonnen&quot;|Prince Makonnen, Duke of Harar||16 October 1924||13 May 1957||He marry Sara Gizaw, wey na dem get five kiddies
|-
|data-sort-value=&quot;Sahle Selassie&quot;|Prince Sahle Selassie||27 February 1932||24 April 1962||He marry Princess Mahisente Habte Mariam, wey na dem get one son
|}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Abbink |editor-first1=Gerrit Jan |editor-last2=De Bruijn |editor-first2=Mirjam |editor-last3=Van Walraven |editor-first3=Klass |title=Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, NL |series=African Dynamics |volume=II |edition=illus. |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ54bFqJtV8C |isbn=978-90-04-12624-4}}
* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Asserate}}|last=Asserate|first=Asfa-Wossen|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1pd2ktb|title=King of Kings: The Triumph and Tragedy of Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|date=2015|publisher=Haus Publishing|jstor=j.ctt1pd2ktb|isbn=978-1-910376-64-5|author-link=|url-access=registration|mode=cs2}}
* {{cite book |last=Barker |first=A. J. |title=The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6 |year=1968 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=978-0-304-93201-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Barker|first=A. J.|title=Rape of Ethiopia, 1936|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_O8-BST-810|publisher=Ballantine Books|year=1971|isbn=978-0-345-02462-6|location=New York}}
* {{cite journal|last=Barnett|first=Michael|title=Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_2006-07_36_6/page/873|journal=Journal of Black Studies|volume=36|number=6|year=2006|pages=873–893|jstor=40034350|doi=10.1177/0021934705279611|s2cid=145012190}}

* {{cite journal |last=Bedasse |first=Monique |year=2010 |title=Rasta Evolution: The Theology of the Twelve Tribes of Israel |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_2010-05_40_5/page/960 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=40 |pages=960–973 |doi=10.1177/0021934708320135 |jstor=40648616 |s2cid=145344807 |number=5}}
* {{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Peter B.|title=Black Paradise: The Rastafarian Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/blackparadiseras0000clar|publisher=The Aquarian Press|year=1986|isbn=978-0-85030-428-2|series=New Religious Movements Series|location=Wellingborough}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Coltri|first1=Marzia A|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299728407|title=Beyond RastafarI: An historical and theological introduction|date=March 2015|publisher=Peter Lang AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften|isbn=978-3-0343-0959-2|ref={{harvid|Coltri}}|mode=cs2|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758326,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524112010/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758326,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2007|title=Distressed Negus|work=Time Magazine|date=15 November 1937|access-date=19 January 2010|ref={{SfnRef | Time | 1937}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Edmonds|first=Ennis B.|title=Rastafari: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/rastafariverysho0000edmo|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-958452-9|location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Garvey}}|last=Garvey|first=Marcus|title=Emancipated From Mental Slavery|date=2 May 2019|publisher=The Mhotep Corporation|isbn=978-1-0960-1330-3|author-link=Marcus Garvey|mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Haile Selassie 1999}}|author=Haile Selassie I|title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I|others=translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff|place=New York|publisher=Frontline Books|year=1999|isbn=978-0-948390-40-1|mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Haile Selassie 2000}}|author=Haile Selassie I|title=Selected Speeches of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, 1918–1967|publisher=One Drop Books|year=2000|isbn=978-1-5007-1943-2|mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Harris &amp; Ullendorff}}|last1=Harris|first1=Brice|title=The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Sellassie I: 'My Life and Ethiopia's Progress'|last2=Ullendorff|first2=Edward|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1977|isbn=978-0-948390-40-1|author-link2=|mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Jackson}}|last=Jackson|first=John G.|title=Ethiopia and the origin of civilization|date=2020|publisher=BN Publishing|isbn=978-0-592-43884-9|author-link=|mode=cs2}}
* {{cite book |last=Mack Smith |first=D. |title=Mussolini |year=1983 |orig-year=1981 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-0-586-08444-1}}

* {{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Harold G.|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofethiopi00marc|title=A History of Ethiopia|publisher=University of California Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-520-22479-7|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofethiopi00marc/page/316 316]|ref={{harvid|Marcus}}|mode=cs2|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Mockler|first=Anthony|title=Haile Selassie's War|publisher=Signal Books|year=2003|isbn=978-1-902669-53-3|ref={{harvid|Mockler}}|mode=cs2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Murrell|first1=Nathaniel Samuel|url=https://archive.org/details/chantingdownbaby0000unse|title=Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader|last2=Spencer|first2=William David|last3=McFarlane|first3=Adrian Anthony|publisher=Temple University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-1-56639-584-7|ref={{harvid|Murrell}}|mode=cs2|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Pankhurst|first=R.|title=A Brief Note on the Economic History of Ethiopia from 1800 to 1935|publisher=Haile Selassie I University|year=1968|location=Addis Ababa|oclc=434191}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pearce|first=Jeff|title=Prevail : the inspiring story of ethiopia's victory over Mussolini's invasion, 1935–1941|date=18 July 2017|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|isbn=978-1-5107-1865-4|ref={{harvid|Pearce}}|mode=cs2}}

* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|River}}|last=River|first=Charles|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/45889080-haile-selassie|title=Haile Selassie : the life and legacy of the Ethiopian emperor revered as the Messiah by Rastafarians|date=2019|publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC – Kdp|isbn=978-1-0990-5388-7|url-access=registration|mode=cs2}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Roberts}}|last=Roberts|first=Andrew Dunlop|author-link=|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1905 to 1940|volume=7|publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge|year=1986|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-22505-2|mode=cs2}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Safire}}|last=Safire|first=William|year=1997|title=Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-04005-0|url=https://archive.org/details/lendmeyourearsgr00safi|mode=cs2}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Shinn}}|last1=Shinn|first1=David Hamilton|last2=Ofcansky|first2=Thomas P.|year=2004|title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-COP-259|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6566-2|mode=cs2}}
* {{cite book |last=Stapleton |first=Timothy J. |title=A Military History of Africa: The Colonial Period: from the Scramble for Africa to the Algerian Independence War (ca. 1870–1963) |volume=II |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-313-39570-3}}

* {{cite journal |last=Talbot |first=David Abner |date=2 April 1956 |title=Haile Selassie I Silver Jubilee |url=https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-abstract/32/2/243/2689777 |journal=International Affairs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=243–244 |doi=10.2307/2625882 |jstor=2625882 |url-access=subscription |ref={{harvid|Talbot}} |mode=cs2}}
* {{cite book|last=De Waal|first=Alexander|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Ethiopia919.pdf|title=Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1991|isbn=978-1-56432-038-4|ref={{harvid|De Waal}}|mode=cs2}}
* {{cite book|title=Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley|url=https://archive.org/details/catchfirelifeofb0000whit_t2a8|publisher=Henry Holt &amp; Co|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8050-8086-5|editor-last=White|editor-first=Timothy|ref={{harvid|White}}|mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Yahudah|first=Abba|title=A journey to the roots of Rastafari : the Essene Nazarite link|date=2014|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4907-3316-6|ref={{harvid|Yahudah}}|mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Yuajah|first=Empress|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/31166804-jah-rastafari-prayers?from_search=true&amp;from_srp=true&amp;qid=jPsn9gxSIS&amp;rank=1|title=Jah Rastafari : Rasta prayers &amp; healing scriptures|date=2016|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1-5333-7905-4|ref={{harvid|Yuajah}}|mode=cs2|url-access=registration}}

==Read further==
* {{Cite book|first=Ras|last=Nathaniel|title=50th Anniversary of His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile Selassie I First Visit to the United States|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4120-3702-0}}{{ISBN|0-88229-342-7}}
* ''Haile Selassie's war: the Italian-Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941'', 1984, {{ISBN|0-394-54222-3}}
* ''Haile Selassie, western education, and political revolution in Ethiopia'', 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-313-38620-6}}
* ''The Lion of Judah in the New World'', 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-910376-14-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mosley|first=Leonard|author-link=|title=Haile Selassie: The Conquering Lion. Prentice Hall 1965|lccn=65-11882}}
== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q41178|c=Category:Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Author:Haile Selassie|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/selassie.htm Ethiopian Treasures – Emperor Haile Selassie I]
* [https://ethiopiancrown.org/ Imperial Crown Council of Ethiopia]
* [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/selassie.htm Speech to the League of Nations, June 1936] [https://web.archive.org/web/20151022190043/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/selassie.htm Archived] 22 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine (full text)
* [http://www.life.com/gallery/59201/rare-and-unseen-haile-selassie#index/0 Rare and Unseen: Haile Selassie] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111213230840/http://www.life.com/gallery/59201/rare-and-unseen-haile-selassie#index/0 Archived] 13 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine – slideshow by ''Life magazine''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4537151.stm BBC article, memories of his personal servants]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080524042052/http://www.black-king.net/haile%20selassie%20library.htm Haile Selassie I Speaks – Text &amp; Audio]
* [http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00091603/00003/allvolumes2 Collection by Martin Rikli in 1935–1936, including photos of Haile Selassie], open access through the [http://ufdc.ufl.edu/permissions University of Florida Digital Collections]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=7kimI1Y0QO0C&amp;pg=PT24 The Emperor's Clothes]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=jX7-0ROBfyIC&amp;pg=PA56 A History of Ethiopia]
* [http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/006961 Newspaper clippings about Haile Selassie] in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
* [[imdbtitle:27449931|''Grandpa Was an Emperor'']] at IMDb
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Haile Selassie| ]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Ethiopian people]]
[[Category:20th-century emperors of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:20th-century monarchs dem murder]]
[[Category:20th-century regents]]
[[Category:People dem murder insyd 1975]]
[[Category:Politicians dem assassinate insyd 1975]]
[[Category:Ethiopian military personnel dem assassinate]]
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[[Category:Marshals of de air force]]
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[[Category:Rastafari]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Solomonic dynasty]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:Heads of government wey dem later imprison]]
[[Category:Deaths by strangulation]]
[[Category:Chief Commanders of de Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Chiefs of de Order of the Golden Heart of Kenya]]
[[Category:Dethroned monarchs]]
[[Category:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter]]
[[Category:Grand Commanders of de Order of the Federal Republic]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of de Order of Valour]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of de Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of de Order of the Sun of Peru]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of de Order of Christ (Portugal)|3]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of de Order of Aviz|3]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of de Order of Saint James of the Sword|3]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses Special Class of de Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of de Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of de Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of de Royal Victorian Order]]
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[[Category:Knights of de Order of Pope Pius IX]]
[[Category:People dem murder insyd Ethiopia]]
[[Category:People of de Eritrean War of Independence]]
[[Category:People of de Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]
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[[Category:Oromo people]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Pakistan]]
[[Category:Recipients of de National Order of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Merit for National Foundation]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Polonia Restituta]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
[[Category:Recipients of de National Order of the Lion (Senegal)]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of the Liberator General San Martin]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of the Star of Ghana]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of the White Eagle (Poland)]]
[[Category:Time Person of the Year]]
[[Category:Unsolved deaths]]
[[Category:Controversies insyd Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Recipients of orders, decorations, den medals of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Grand Order of Mugunghwa]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of the Republic (Sudan)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Habib Bourguiba</title>
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'''Habib Bourguiba''' (3 August 1903 – 6 April 2000) na he be a Tunisian politician den statesman wey serve as de prime minister of de Kingdom of Tunisia from 1956 to 1957, den then as de first presido of Tunisia from 1957 to 1987. Prior to ein presidency, na he lead de nation to independence from [[France]], wey dey end de 75-year-old protectorate den dey earn de title of &quot;Supreme Combatant&quot;.

Dem born am insyd Monastir to a poor family, na he attend Sadiki College den Lycée Carnot insyd Tunis before he obtain ein baccalaureate insyd 1924. Na he graduate from de University of Paris den de Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po) insyd 1927 wey he return to Tunis make he practice law. Insyd de early 1930s, he cam be involve insyd anti-colonial den Tunisian national politics, joining de Destour party wey na he co-found de Neo Destour insyd 1934. He cam be a key figure of de independence movement wey na dem repeatedly arrest am by de colonial administration. Na ein involvement insyd de riots of 9 April 1938 result in ein exile to Marseille during World War II.

Insyd 1945, following Bourguiba ein release, na he move go Cairo, [[Egypt]] make he seek de support of de Arab League. He return to Tunisia insyd 1949 wey na he rise to prominence as de leader of de national movement. Although initially na he commit to peaceful negotiations plus de French government, he get an effective role insyd de armed unrest wey start insyd 1952 wen na dem prove to be unsuccessful. Na dem arrest den imprison am on La Galite Island for two years, before dem exile am insyd France. Der, na he lead negotiations plus Prime Minister Pierre Mendès France wey he obtain internal autonomy agreements in exchange for de end of de unrest. Bourguiba return victorious to Tunis on 1 June 1955, buh na he be challenged by Salah Ben Youssef for de party leader position. Na Ben Youssef den ein supporters disagree plus Bourguiba ein &quot;soft&quot; policies wey na dem demand full independence of de Maghreb. Na dis result in a civil war wey pitted Bourguibists, wey na dem favor a gradual policy den modernism, against Youssefists, de conservative Arab nationalist supporters of Ben Youssef. Na de conflict end in favor of Bourguiba plus de Sfax Congress of 1955.

Following de country ein independence insyd 1956, na dem appoint Bourguiba prime minister by king Muhammad VIII al-Amin wey na he act as ''de facto'' ruler before proclaiming de Republic on 25 July 1957. Na dem elect am interim Presido of Tunisia by Parliament til de ratification of de Constitution. During ein rule, na he implement a strong education system, he work on developing de economy, he support gender equality, wey na he proclaim a neutral foreign policy, wey make am an exception among Arab leaders. De main reform wey na dem pass be de Code of Personal Status wich implement a modern society. Na he establish a strong presidential system wich turn into a twenty-year one-party state wey be dominated by ein own party, de Socialist Destourian Party. Na a cult of personality sanso develop around am, before na he proclaim einself presido for life insyd 1975, during ein fourth 5-year term.

Na de end of ein 30-year rule be marked by ein declining health, a war of succession, den de rise of clientelism den Islamism. On 7 November 1987, na dem remove am from power by ein prime minister, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, wey na he keep am under house arrest insyd a residence insyd Monastir. Na he remain der til ein death wey na dem bury am insyd a mausoleum he previously build.

== Ein life matter ==
Insyd 1925, while a student insyd Paris, Habib Bourguiba meet Mathilde Lorrain plus whom he settle.&lt;ref name=&quot;famille&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Articles/Dossier/ARTJAJA2569p024-035.xml6/famille-habib-bourguiba-habib-bourguiba-jr-mahdi-bourguibades-descendants-si-discrets.html|author=Barrouhi, Abdelaziz|title=Des descendants si discrets|work=Jeune Afrique|date=12 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; During summer vacations back insyd Tunis, he learn say na she dey preg: Habib Bourguiba Jr., ein kiddie per, na dem born am on 9 April 1927 insyd Paris. Na de couple marry insyd August of de same year, after dema return to Tunisia.&lt;ref name=&quot;famille&quot; /&gt; After independence, Mathilde obtain Tunisian citizenship, wey she convert to [[Islam]] wey na she adopt de name of Moufida. On 21 July 1961, na dem end up divorcing.&lt;ref&gt;''Jeune Afrique'', Paris: Jeune Afrique n° 1973–1981, 1998, p. 53&lt;/ref&gt;

On 12 April 1962, na Bourguiba marry Wassila Ben Ammar, a woman wey komot a family of Tunis bourgeoisie wey na he know am for 18 years. Togeda, na dem adopt a girl dem name Hajer.&lt;ref name=&quot;famille&quot; /&gt; Na Wassila take a larger part insyd politics over de deteriorating health of ein husby, wich na go give am de title of ''Majda'' (Venerable). Na de couple divorce on 11 August 1986, plus a mere statement den widout any respected legal proceedings.

== Honours den decorations ==

=== Tunisian national honours ===

* Tunisia :
** Grand Master &amp; Grand Collar of de Order of Independence (automatic upon taking presidential office)
** Grand Master &amp; Grand Collar of de Order of the Republic (automatic upon taking presidential office)
** Grand Master &amp; Grand Cordon of de National Order of Merit (automatic upon taking presidential office)
** Grand Cordon of Nichan Iftikar (1956)

=== Foreign honors ===

* Denmark : Knight of de Order of the Elephant (1963)
* [[Egypt]] : Collar of de Order of the Nile (1965)
* [[Ethiopia]] : Grand Cross of de Order of the Star of Ethiopia (1963)
* [[Ghana]] : Companion of de [[Order of the Star of Ghana]] (1966)
* Netherlands : Knight Grand Cross of de Order of the Netherlands Lion (1966)
* Iran : Collar of de Order of Pahlavi (1969)
* Italy : Knight Grand Cross plus Collar of de Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (25 May 1962)
* [[Ivory Coast]] : Grand Cross of de National Order of the Ivory Coast (1966)
* Jordan : Collar of de Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali (1973)
* [[Saudi Arabia]] : Collar of de Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud (1975)
* [[Liberia]] : Grand Croce of de Order of the Pioneers of Liberia (1966)
* [[Libya]] : Collar of de Order of Idris I
* Malaysia : Honorary Grand Commander of de Order of the Defender of the Realm (1969)
* [[Mauritania]] : Grand Cordon of de National Order of Merit of Mauritania (1966)
* [[Morocco]] : Collar of de Order of Muhammad
* Morocco : Grand Cordon of de Order of Ouissam Alaouite (1956)
* [[Niger]] : Grand Cross of de Order of the Niger (1966)
* Oman : Special Class of de Order of Oman (1973)
* [[Senegal]] : Grand Cross of de National Order of the Lion (1966)
* Spain : Collar of de Order of Civil Merit (24 May 1968)
* Spain : Knight of de Collar of de Order of Isabella the Catholic (16 November 1983)
* Sweden : Knight of de Royal Order of the Seraphim (22 May 1963)
* [[Turkey]] : Collar of de Order of the State of Republic of Turkey (1960)
* United Arab Emirates : Collar of de Order of the Federation (1973)
* [[United Kingdom]] : Honorary Knight Grand Cross of de Order of the Bath (1980)
* Yugoslavia : Yugoslav Great Star (1965)

== Awards den recognition ==

* Honorary Degree from [[Cheikh Anta Diop University]]
* Honorary Degree from Cairo University
* Honorary Degree from Lebanese University
* [[Nelson Mandela]] Supreme Fighter Prize
* Order of Independence

== Publications ==

* ''Le Destour et la France'', ed. Berg, Paris, 1937
* ''La Tunisie et la France : vingt-cinq ans de lutte pour une coopération libre'', ed. Julliard, Tunis, 1954
* ''La Tunisie de Bourguiba'', ed. Plon, Paris, 1958
* ''Le Drame algérien'', ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1960
* ''La Bataille économique'', ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1962
* ''La Promotion de l’Afrique'', ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1965
* ''Éducation et développement'', ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1966
* ''9 avril 1938. Le procès Bourguiba'', ed. Centre de documentation nationale, Tunis, 1970
* ''Propos et réflexions'', ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1974
* ''Ma vie, mes idées, mon combat'', ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1977
* ''Citations'', ed. Dar El Amal, Tunis, 1978
* ''Articles de presse (1929-1933)'', ed. Dar El Amal, Tunis, 1982
* ''Les Lettres du prisonnier de La Galite'', ed. Dar El Amal, Tunis, 1983
* ''Ma vie, mon œuvre'', ed. Plon, Paris, 1985

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite book|last1=Bessis|first1=Sophie|title=Bourguiba|last2=Belhassen|first2=Souhayr|publisher=[[:fr:Éditions Elyzad|Elyzad]]|year=2012|isbn=978-9973-58-044-3|location=Tunis|language=fr|author-link1=:fr:Sophie Bessis|author-link2=:fr:Souhayr Belhassen}}
* {{cite book|last=Martel|first=Pierre-Albin|title=Habib Bourguiba. Un homme, un siècle|publisher=Éditions du Jaguar|year=1999|isbn=978-2-86950-320-5|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last1=Le Pautremat|first1=Pascal|title=La politique musulmane de la France au XXe siècle. De l'Hexagone aux terres d'Islam : espoirs, réussites, échecs|last2=Ageron|first2=Charles-Robert|publisher=Maisonneuve et Larose|year=2003|location=Paris|language=fr|author-link1=:fr:Pascal Le Pautremat|author-link2=:fr:Charles-Robert Ageron}}
* {{cite book|last=Casemajor|first=Roger|title=L'action nationaliste en Tunisie|publisher=MC-Editions|year=2009|location=Carthage|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Mestiri|first=Saïd|title=Moncef Mestiri: aux sources du Destour|publisher=Sud Editions|year=2011|location=Tunis|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Khlifi|first=Omar|title=L'assassinat de Salah Ben Youssef|publisher=MC-Editions|year=2005|location=Carthage|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=El Materi Hached|first=Anissa|title=Mahmoud El Materi, pionnier de la Tunisie moderne|publisher=Les Belles Lettres|year=2011|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Arnoulet|first=François|title=Résidents généraux de France en Tunisie... ces mal aimés|publisher=Narration Editions|year=1995|location=Carthage|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Ounaies|first=Ahmed|title=Histoire générale de la Tunisie, L'Époque contemporaine (1881–1956)|publisher=Sud Editions|year=2010|volume=5|location=Tunis|language=fr|author-link=}}
* {{cite book|last=Julien|first=Charles-André|title=L'Afrique du Nord en marche|publisher=Julliard Edition|year=1952|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=El Mechat|first=Samya|title=Tunisie. Les chemins vers l'indépendance (1945–1956)|publisher=L'Harmattan Editions|year=1992|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Mestiri|first=Saïd|title=Le ministère Chenik à la poursuite de l'autonomie interne|publisher=Arcs Editions|year=1991|location=Tunis|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Grimal|first=Henri|title=La décolonisation de 1919 à nos jours|url=https://archive.org/details/ladecolonisation0000grim|publisher=Complexe Editions|year=1985|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Julien|first=Charles-André|title=Et la Tunisie devint indépendante… (1951–1957)|publisher=Jeune Afrique Editions|year=1985|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last1=Camau|first1=Michel|title=Habib Bourguiba. La trace et l'héritage|last2=Geisser|first2=Vincent|publisher=[[:fr:Éditions Karthala|Karthala]]|year=2004|isbn=978-2-84586-506-8|location=Paris|language=fr|author-link2=:fr:Vincent Geisser}}
* {{cite book|last=Belkhodja|first=Tahar|url=https://archive.org/details/lestroisdecennie0000belk|title=Les trois décennies Bourguiba. Témoignage|publisher=[[:fr:Publisud|Publisud]]|year=1998|isbn=978-2-84342-011-5|location=Paris|language=fr|author-link=:fr:Tahar Belkhodja|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Caïd Essebsi|first=Béji|title=Bourguiba. Le bon grain et l'ivraie|publisher=Sud Éditions|year=2009|isbn=978-9973-844-99-6|location=Tunis|language=fr|author-link=}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q643348|c=Category:Habib Bourguiba|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020609003745/http://bourguiba.com/ Official Website run by his family]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/obituaries/703907.stm History of his life by the BBC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130630035702/http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/bourgnyt.htm Obituary from ''The New York Times'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121209184347/http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/tunisia.htm Leaders of Tunisia – Ministers of Foreign Affairs] 19 September 2012 at archive.today
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bourguiba, Habib}}
[[Category:Habib Bourguiba| ]]
[[Category:Tunisian people]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidents for life]]
[[Category:Presidents of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Alumni of Sadiki College]]
[[Category:Carnot high school Tunis alumni]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Sciences Po alumni]]
[[Category:Critics of Islamism]]
[[Category:Destour politicians]]
[[Category:Socialist Destourian Party politicians]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Defence ministers of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Speakers of de Assembly of the Representatives of the People]]
[[Category:Leaders dem oust by a coup]]
[[Category:Neo Destour politicians]]
[[Category:People wey komot Monastir Governorate]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Foreign nationals dem imprison insyd France]]
[[Category:Tunisian people dem imprison abroad]]
[[Category:Tunisian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Tunisian independence activists]]
[[Category:Heads of government wey dem later imprison]]
[[Category:20th-century Tunisian people]]
[[Category:Tunisian expatriates insyd France]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Substance abuse</title>
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'''Substance misuse''', dem sanso know as '''drug misuse''' anaa, insyd older vernacular, '''substance abuse''', be de use of a drug insyd amounts anaa by methods wey be harmful to de individual anaa odas. E be a form of substance-related disorder, wey dem use differing definitions of drug misuse insyd public health, medical, den criminal justice contexts. Insyd sam cases, criminal anaa anti-social behavior dey occur wen sam persons be under de influence of a drug, wey fi result in long-term personality changes insyd individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ksir&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Ksir |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFBHAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=antisocial |title=Drugs, society, and human behavior |last2=Ray |first2=Oakley |date=2002 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-07-231963-7 |edition=9th |location=Boston [u.a.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to possible physical, social, den psychological harm, de use of sam drugs sanso fi lead to criminal penalties, although dese dey vary widely dey depend on de local jurisdiction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosby&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Mosby's Medical, Nursing, &amp; Allied Health Dictionary |title-link=Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing &amp; Health Professions |date=2002 |publisher=[[Mosby (imprint)|Mosby]] |isbn=978-0-323-01430-4 |edition=6th |location=St. Louis |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mosbysmedicalnur06edunse_p3b4/page/552 552], 2109 |oclc=48535206}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Drugs dem most often associate plus dis term dey include alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabis, [[cocaine]], hallucinogens, methaqualone, den opioids. De exact cause of substance abuse sam times be clear, buh der be two predominant theories: either a genetic predisposition anaa most times a habit dem learn anaa dem pass down from odas, wich, if addiction develop, dey manifest einself as a possible chronic debilitating disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Addiction is a Chronic Disease |url=http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/aboutdrugabuse/chronicdisease |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624122314/http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/aboutdrugabuse/chronicdisease/ |archive-date=24 June 2014 |access-date=2 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; E no be easy to determine why a person dey misuse drugs, as der be multiple environmental factors to consider. Dese factors dey include no be inherited biological influences (genes) per, buh der sanso be mental health stressors such as overall quality of life, physical anaa mental abuse, luck den circumstance insyd life den early exposure to drugs wey all dey play a huge factor in how people go respond to drug use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abuse |first=National Institute on Drug |date=2018-06-06 |title=Understanding Drug Use and Addiction DrugFacts {{!}} National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) |url=https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/understanding-drug-use-addiction |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063946/https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/understanding-drug-use-addiction |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=nida.nih.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2010, na about 5% of adults (230 million) use an illicit substance.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |author-link=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf |title=World Drug Report 2012 |date=June 2012 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |isbn=978-92-1-148267-6 |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907100030/https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of dese, na 27 million get high-risk drug use—odawise dem know as recurrent drug use—wey dey cause harm to dema health, wey dey cause psychological problems, den anaa e dey cause social problems wey put dem at risk of those dangers.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EMC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|date=July 2014|title=World Drug Report 2014|issue=87|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/activities/hrdu|magazine=Drugnet Europe|publisher=[[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]]|page=4|issn=0873-5379|id=Catalogue Number TD-AA-14-003-EN-C|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004011950/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/809/DrugnetEurope_N87_weboptimised_478293.pdf|archive-date=4 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2015, na substance use disorders result in 307,400 deaths, up from 165,000 deaths insyd 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD20153&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=GBD |date=8 October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=GBD |date=17 December 2014 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of dese, de highest numbers be from alcohol use disorders at 137,500, opioid use disorders at 122,100 deaths, amphetamine use disorders at 12,200 deaths, den cocaine use disorders at 11,100.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD20153&quot; /&gt;

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite web |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=26 May 2020 |title=The Science of Drug Use: A Resource for the Justice Sector |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/criminal-justice/science-drug-use-resource-justice-sector  |location=[[North Bethesda, Maryland]] |publisher=[[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901061749/https://nida.nih.gov/drug-topics/criminal-justice/science-drug-use-resource-justice-sector |archive-date=1 September 2022}}
* {{cite book |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=31 January 2018 |title=School-Based Drug Abuse Prevention: Promising and Successful Programs |url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/sclbsd-drgbs/sclbsd-drgbs-eng.pdf |url-status=live |location=[[Ottawa, Ontario]] |publisher=[[Public Safety Canada]] |isbn=978-1-100-12181-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519141305/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/sclbsd-drgbs/sclbsd-drgbs-eng.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UX7HxYeswkI |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences: Risk Factors for Substance Misuse and Mental Health |date=6 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629021342/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UX7HxYeswkI |archive-date=29 June 2019 |via=[[YouTube]]}} Dr. Robert Anda of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control describes the relation between childhood adversity and later ill-health, including substance abuse (video)
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Causes of death]]
[[Category:Substance abuse| ]]
[[Category:Substance-related disorders|.]]
[[Category:Addiction]]
[[Category:Abuse]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Schizotypal personality disorder</title>
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'''Schizotypal personality disorder''' ('''StPD''' anaa '''SPD''')&lt;noinclude&gt;, dem sanso know as '''schizotypal disorder''',&lt;/noinclude&gt; is &lt;noinclude&gt;a [[mental disorder]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;wey be characterized by thought disorder, paranoia, a characteristic form of social anxiety, derealization, transient [[psychosis]], den unconventional beliefs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author-link1=Norman Sartorius |title=The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/37958/9241544228_eng.pdf?sequence=8 |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=www.who.int |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |pages=77, 83–4 |agency=bluebook.doc |vauthors=Sartorius N, Henderson A, Strotzka H, Lipowski Z, Yu-cun S, You-xin X, Strömgren E, Glatzel J, Kühne G, Misès R, Soldatos C, Pull C, Giel R, Jegede R, Malt U, Nadzharov R, Smulevitch A, Hagberg B, Perris C, Scharfetter C, Clare A, Cooper J, Corbett J, Griffith Edwards J, Gelder M, Goldberg D, Gossop M, Graham P, Kendell R, Marks I, Russell G, Rutter M, Shepherd M, West D, Wing J, Wing L, Neki J, Benson F, Cantwell D, Guze S, Helzer J, Holzman P, Kleinman A, Kupfer D, Mezzich J, Spitzer R, Lokar J}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosell DR, Futterman SE, McMaster A, Siever LJ |date=July 2014 |title=Schizotypal personality disorder: a current review |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=16 |issue=7 |doi=10.1007/s11920-014-0452-1 |pmc=4182925 |pmid=24828284 |article-number=452}}&lt;/ref&gt; People plus dis disorder often dey feel pronounced discomfort in forming den dey maintain social connections plus oda people, primarily secof de belief wey oda people harbor negative thoughts den views about dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schacter&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/psychology05edhock |vauthors=Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM |date=2010 |publisher=Worth Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt; People plus StPD fi react oddly insyd conversations, such as dem no dey respond as expected, anaa talking to demaselves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schacter&quot; /&gt; Dem frequently interpret situations as e be strange anaa e get unusual meanings give dem; paranormal den superstitious beliefs be common. Those plus de disorder often dey score high on measures give self-disorder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Henriksen |first=Mads Gram |last2=Raballo |first2=Andrea |last3=Nordgaard |first3=Julie |date=2021-11-01 |title=Self-disorders and psychopathology: a systematic review |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(21)00097-3/abstract |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |language=English |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=1001–1012 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00097-3 |issn=2215-0366 |pmc=6942161 |pmid=34688345}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition'' (DSM-5) dey classify StPD as a [[personality disorder]] wey dey belong to cluster A, wich be a grouping of personality disorders wey dey exhibit traits such as odd den eccentric behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Esterberg |first1=Michelle L. |last2=Goulding |first2=Sandra M. |last3=Walker |first3=Elaine F. |date=December 2010 |title=Cluster A Personality Disorders: Schizotypal, Schizoid and Paranoid Personality Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence |journal=Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment |language=en |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=515–528 |doi=10.1007/s10862-010-9183-8 |issn=0882-2689 |pmc=2992453 |pmid=21116455}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de International Classification of Diseases, de latest edition of wich be de ICD-11, dem no classify schizotypal disorder as a personality disorder, buh among [[Psychosis|psychotic]] disorders.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany |last2=Gaebel |first2=Wolfgang |last3=WHO Collaborating Centre on Quality Assurance and Empowerment in Mental Health, Düsseldorf, Germany |last4=Kerst |first4=Ariane |last5=Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany |last6=WHO Collaborating Centre on Quality Assurance and Empowerment in Mental Health, Düsseldorf, Germany |last7=Stricker |first7=Johannes |last8=Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany |last9=WHO Collaborating Centre on Quality Assurance and Empowerment in Mental Health, Düsseldorf, Germany |date=2020-12-24 |title=Classification and Diagnosis of Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders: Changes from Icd-10 to Icd-11 and Implementation in Clinical Practice |url=http://www.psychiatria-danubina.com/UserDocsImages/pdf/dnb_vol32_no3-4/dnb_vol32_no3-4_320.pdf |journal=Psychiatria Danubina |volume=32 |issue=3–4 |pages=320–324 |doi=10.24869/psyd.2020.320 |pmid=33370728 |quote=Schizotypal disorder is defined as an enduring pattern of unusual speech, perceptions, beliefs, and behaviours of insufficient intensity to meet requirements for another psychotic disorder in ICD-10 and in ICD11. Yet, schizotypal disorder may be a possible predecessor of schizophrenia (Jablensky 2011, Stein et al. 2020) and is therefore kept in the ICD-11 chapter of primary psychotic disorders, contrary to DSM-5 which classifies schizotypal disorder as a personality disorder.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People plus StPD usually dey disagree plus de suggestion say dema thoughts den behaviors be a 'disorder' den seek medical attention for depression anaa anxiety instead. Schizotypal personality disorder dey occur insyd approximately 3% of de general population wey e be more commonly diagnosed insyd males.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulay&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Pulay AJ, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, Huang B, Saha TD, Smith SM, Pickering RP, Ruan WJ, Hasin DS, Grant BF |year=2009 |title=Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV schizotypal personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions |journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.4088/PCC.08m00679 |pmc=2707116 |pmid=19617934}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.189 Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders] (with AMPD definition of StPD)
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Paranoia]]
[[Category:Cluster A personality disorders]]
[[Category:Schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Schizophrenia anaa oda primary psychotic disorders]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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De '''Oti River''' anaa '''Pendjari River''' (French: ''Rivière Pendjari'') be an international river insyd [[West Africa]]. E dey rise insyd [[Benin]], dey form de border between Benin den [[Burkina Faso]], dey flow thru [[Togo]], den dey join de Volta River insyd [[Ghana]].

== Geography ==
De Oti River be about 520 km (323 mi) long. Ein headwaters be insyd Benin den Burkina Faso, e dey flow thru Benin den Togo den dey join de Volta River insyd Ghana. Tributaries on de left bank insyd Togo dey originate from de Togo Mountains to de south. One of ein eastern tributaries be de Kara River, de confluence be on de Ghana–Togo border, wer anoda tributary, de Koumongou River, dey join from de south. Na de mouth of de Oti formerly be on de Volta River, buh e now dey flow into [[Lake Volta]] reservoir insyd Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Philip's |title=Atlas of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/philipsatlasofwo0000geor |publisher=Reed International |year=1994 |isbn=0-540-05831-9 |page=101}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river dey cross de northern part of Togo insyd a savannah-clad valley sam 40 anaa 50 km (25 anaa 31 mi) wide. Along de margins of de river be gallery forest wich dey flood periodically. De dry season hie dey last from about November til April, wey de hot dry Harmattan wind dey blow from de north. At dis time of de year de river ein flow be minimal. Both de Oti den de Koumongou get floodplains, sam 10 den 4 km (6.2 den 2.5 mi) wide, respectively. Dese dey flood extensively during de wet season, buh during de dry season dem cam be dry, dusty plains, plus de occasional pond anaa lake insyd a depression. Cattle dey graze on de floodplains during de dry season. Der sanso be sam small-scale growing of crops, den de hunting of game dey take place der.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hughes, R.H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA443 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |pages=443–447}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== International borders ===
De river dey form part of de international borders between [[Ghana]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Togo]], den [[Benin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes |url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm |access-date=2017-08-17 |website=www.countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Parks ===
De Oti River dey flow thru Pendjari National Park insyd Benin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parc National de la Pendjari |url=http://www.pendjari.net/en/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714032607/http://www.pendjari.net/en/ |archive-date=14 July 2017 |access-date=21 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; den de Oti-Kéran National Park insyd Togo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hughes, R.H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA443 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |pages=443–447}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Length and Basin Characteristics ==

The Oti River get approximate length of about 520 km.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=Gregory Sousa in |date=2017-04-25 |title=The Major Rivers Of Ghana |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-major-rivers-of-ghana.html |access-date=2026-06-17 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The river basin dey experience strong seasonal changes. Most of the tributaries dey reduce their water flow or even dry up during the dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=Hagen |last2=Yangouliba |first2=Gnibga Issoufou |last3=Liersch |first3=Stefan |date=2025-03-13 |title=From Data Scarcity to Solutions: Hydrological and Water Management Modeling in a Highly Managed River Basin |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/6/823 |journal=Water |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=823 |doi=10.3390/w17060823 |issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hydrology and seasonal flow ==

The Oti River dey highly seasonal. The river discharge dey reach en highest level during the rainy season, while during the Harmattan dry season the water flow dey become very low.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Burkina Faso {{!}} Coup, Map, Capital, Flag, Government, &amp; History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso?utm |access-date=2026-06-17 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This seasonal change dey cause regular flooding for the surrounding floodplains, especially for Togo and northern Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ecology and environment ==

The Oti River basin include savannah ecosystems, floodplains and gallery forests wey support seasonal farming and livestock grazing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

When the river water level reduce during the dry season, people dey use the floodplains for grazing animals and cultivating crops.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Economic and human importance ==

The river be important water resource for agriculture, livestock production and local fishing communities across Burkina Faso, Togo and Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

The river too support irrigation potential and rural livelihoods inside the Volta Basin, wey be one of the most important hydrological systems for West Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Volta Basin |url=https://www.fao.org/4/W4347E/w4347e0u.htm?utm |access-date=2026-06-17 |website=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Volta River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Benin]]
[[Category:Rivers of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ghana]]
[[Category:Rivers of Togo]]
[[Category:Lake Volta]]
[[Category:Benin–Burkina Faso border]]
[[Category:Benin–Togo border]]
[[Category:Burkina Faso–Togo border]]
[[Category:Ghana–Togo border]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in Benin]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Volta River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Benin]]
[[Category:Rivers of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Rivers of Togo]]
[[Category:Lake Volta]]
[[Category:Benin–Burkina Faso border]]
[[Category:Benin–Togo border]]
[[Category:Burkina Faso–Togo border]]
[[Category:Ghana–Togo border]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Benin]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]</text>
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    <title>Lake Rukwa</title>
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'''Lake Rukwa''' be an endorheic lake wey dey locate insyd de Rukwa Valley of Rukwa Region, Songwe Region den Katavi Region insyd southwestern [[Tanzania]]. De lake be de third largest inland body of water insyd de country.
== Geography ==
De alkaline Lake Rukwa dey lie midway between [[Lake Tanganyika]] den [[Lake Malawi]] at an elevation of about {{convert|800|m|ft}}, insyd a parallel branch of de rift system. Almost half of de lake dey lie insyd Uwanda Game Reserve.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.utalii.com/Rukwa/Uwanda_Game_Reserve.htm|title=Rukwa Uwanda Game Reserve|publisher=Utalii Travel and Safari|access-date=29 October 2010|archive-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122200601/http://www.utalii.com/Rukwa/Uwanda_Game_Reserve.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hydrology ==
De lake see large fluctuations insyd ein size over de years, secof varying inflow of streams. Currently e be about {{convert|180|km|mi}} long den dey average about {{convert|32|km|mi}} wide, wey dey make am about {{convert|5760|km2|mi2}} in size.&lt;ref&gt;Google Earth accessed 6 February 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1929 na e be only about {{convert|48|km|mi}} long, buh insyd 1939 na e be about {{convert|128|km|mi}} long den {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/512554/Lake Encyclopædia Britannica Online/Lake Rukwa]&lt;/ref&gt; During de early rifting of dis part of Africa, de basin of Lake Rukwa fi at times be part of a much larger basin wich sanso include de basins of Lake Tanganyika plus Lake Malawi; ancient shorelines dey suggest a final date of overflow into Lake Tanganyika of 33,000&amp;nbsp;BP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lévêque |first=Christian |title=Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversitydyna0000leve |year=1997 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/biodiversitydyna0000leve/page/110 110]}}&lt;/ref&gt; For overflow make e san occur, de lake ein elevation go need to exceed 900 meters. Overflow into Lake Malawi no be possible now, since de pass between de two basin dey stand at over 2000 meters elevation.&lt;ref&gt;Google Maps&lt;/ref&gt; (Neither Lake Tanganyika nor Lake Malawi fi overflow into Lake Rukwa since dem already overflow into de Atlantic den Indian Oceans respectively.)

Der be an accumulation of heavy metals like zinc, mercury, copper, lead, chromium, den nickel insyd sediment, water, den de muscle tissues of ''Clarias gariepinus'' (African catfish) den ''Oreochromis esculentus'' (Singida tilapia) insyd Lake Rukwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mapenzi|first1=Levinus Leonard|last2=Shimba|first2=Moses Joel|last3=Moto|first3=Edward Angelo|last4=Maghembe|first4=Reuben Silas|last5=Mmochi|first5=Aviti John|date=January 2020|title=Heavy metals bio-accumulation in tilapia and catfish species in Lake Rukwa ecosystem Tanzania|journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration|volume=208|article-number=106413|doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106413|issn=0375-6742|doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Helium discovery ==
Insyd 2016, na dem discover an estimated 1.53 billion cubic meters (54.2 billion standard cubic feet) volume of helium gas insyd Lake Rukwa worth $3.5 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Helium--could-earn-Tanzania--3-5bn-/-/1840340/3284646/-/awfffj/-/index.html|title=Helium 'could earn Tanzania $3.5bn'|work=www.thecitizen.co.tz|date=July 8, 2016|access-date=July 10, 2016|archive-date=August 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828202951/http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Helium--could-earn-Tanzania--3-5bn-/-/1840340/3284646/-/awfffj/-/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rukwa}}
[[Category:Lakes of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Saline lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Geography of Katavi Region]]
[[Category:Geography of Rukwa Region]]
[[Category:Geography of Songwe Region]]
[[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Tanzania]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pheochromocytoma</title>
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'''Pheochromocytoma''' (British English: '''phaeochromocytoma''') be a rare tumor of de adrenal medulla dem compose of chromaffin cells wey e be a pharmacologically volatile, potentially lethal catecholamine-containing tumor of chromaffin tissue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kinney |first1=Michelle A. O. |last2=Narr |first2=Bradly J. |last3=Warner |first3=Mark A. |date=2002-06-01 |title=Perioperative management of pheochromocytoma |url=https://www.jcvaonline.com/article/S1053-0770(02)00019-8/abstract |journal=Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia |language=English |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=359–369 |doi=10.1053/jcan.2002.124150 |issn=1053-0770 |pmid=12073213}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be part of de paraganglioma (PGL).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lenders_2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Mannelli M, Pacak K | s2cid = 208788653 | title = Phaeochromocytoma | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-20-26-2005_366_9486/page/665 | journal = Lancet | volume = 366 | issue = 9486 | pages = 665–75 | date = 20–26 August 2005 | pmid = 16112304 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67139-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=What is the difference between pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma? What are the familial syndromes that have pheochromocytoma as a component? What are the pathologic features of pheochromocytoma indicating malignancy?|date=2008 |pages=280–4| veditors = Oyasu R, Yang XJ, Yoshida O |place=Tokyo |publisher=Springer Japan |doi=10.1007/978-4-431-72819-1_49|isbn=978-4-431-72819-1|title=Questions in Daily Urologic Practice: Updates for Urologists and Diagnostic Pathologists }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese neuroendocrine tumors fi be sympathetic, wer dem release catecholamines into de bloodstream wich cause de most common symptoms, wey dey include [[hypertension]] (high blood pressure), [[tachycardia]] (fast heart rate), sweating, den headaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lenders 1427–1434&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Lenders JW, Pacak K, Walther MM, Linehan WM, Mannelli M, Friberg P, Keiser HR, Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G |date=March 2002 |title=Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: which test is best? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2002-03-20_287_11/page/1427 |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=11 |pages=1427–34 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.11.1427 |pmid=11903030 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2001-08-22 |title=Internal Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_august-22-29-2001_286_8/page/n100 |journal=JAMA |volume=286 |issue=8 |page=971 |doi=10.1001/jama.286.8.971-jbk0822-2-1 |issn=0098-7484}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sam PGLs fi secrete little to no catecholamines, anaa only secrete paroxysmally (episodically), den oda dan secretions, PGLs still fi cam be clinically relevant thru oda secretions anaa mass effect (chaw common plus head den neck PGL).&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Williams MD |date=September 2017 |title=Paragangliomas of the Head and Neck: An Overview from Diagnosis to Genetics |journal=Head Neck Pathol |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=278–287 |doi=10.1007/s12105-017-0803-4 |pmc=5550402 |pmid=28321772}}&lt;/ref&gt; PGLs of de head den neck be typically parasympathetic den dema sympathetic counterparts be predominantly located insyd de abdomen den pelvis, particularly concentrated at de organ of Zuckerkandl at de bifurcation of de aorta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kellerman_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Conn's Current Therapy |url=https://archive.org/details/connscurrentther0000rick_q5l6 |vauthors=Kellerman RD, Rakel D |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier–Health Science |isbn=978-0-323-79006-2 |oclc=1145315791}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* &quot;[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/pheochromocytoma/healthprofessional General Information About Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma]&quot; from the [[National Cancer Institute]]
* [https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/pheochromocytoma-and-paraganglioma Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma] from the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]]
* [https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pheochromocytoma/ Pheochromocytoma]; Rare Disease Database from the [[National Organization for Rare Disorders]]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318203 What's to Know about Pheochromocytoma] from [[Medical News Today]]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Adrenal gland disorders]]
[[Category:Endocrine neoplasia]]
[[Category:Rare cancers]]</text>
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HotCat V2.47

Ajax-based simple Category manager. Allows adding/removing/changing categories on a page view.
Supports multiple category changes, as well as redirect and disambiguation resolution. Also
plugs into the upload form. Search engines to use for the suggestion list are configurable, and
can be selected interactively.

Documentation: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Gadget-HotCat
List of main authors: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Gadget-HotCat/Version_history

License: Quadruple licensed GFDL, GPL, LGPL and Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC-BY-3.0)

Choose whichever license of these you like best :-)

This code should run on any MediaWiki installation &gt;= MW 1.32.

For use with older versions of MediaWiki, use the archived versions below:

&lt;=1.31: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js&amp;oldid=1001064319
&lt;=1.26: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js&amp;oldid=211134664
*/
// &lt;nowiki&gt;
/* eslint-disable vars-on-top, one-var, camelcase, no-alert, curly */
/* global jQuery, mediaWiki, UFUI, JSconfig, UploadForm */
/* jslint strict:false, nonew:false, bitwise:true */
( function ( $, mw ) {
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	// Configuration holder. This is here so that the most common config and interface messages
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	// The rest is added later.
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	// Common site configuration
	//
	// DO NOT EDIT
	//
	// Create the [[MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js/local_defaults]] page
	// on your wiki, and copy only the line you want to change there,
	// and then change it there.
	//
	HotCat.messages.cat_removed = 'removed [[Category:$1]]';
	HotCat.messages.template_removed = 'removed {{[[Category:$1]]}}';
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	// * $1 - Category name
	// * $2 - New key
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	HotCat.messages.cat_resolved = ' (redirect [[Category:$1]] resolved)';
	HotCat.messages.uncat_removed = 'removed {{uncategorized}}';
	HotCat.messages.separator = '; ';
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	HotCat.messages.prefix = '';
	// This text is added to the end of the edit summary.
	// If you prefer to have a marker at the front, use prefix instead
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	// If your language has several plural forms, [[:en:Dual (grammatical form)]],
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	// https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Plural#Plural_syntax_in_MediaWiki
	//
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	// Automatic default is '[[' + category_canonical + ':$1]]'
	//
	// Override if, for example, the short edit summaries should mention
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	// links to other categories where stuff should be categorized.
	// Use spaces, not underscores.
	// If you don't have that concept on your wiki, set it to null.
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	// Any category in this category is deemed a (soft) redirect to some other category defined by a link
	// to another non-blacklisted category. If your wiki doesn't have soft category redirects, set this to null.
	// If a soft-redirected category contains more than one link to another non-blacklisted category, it's considered
	// a disambiguation category instead.
	HotCat.redir_category = 'Category redirects';
	// a list of categories which can be removed by removing a template
	// key: the category without namespace
	// value: A regexp matching the template name, again without namespace
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	HotCat.template_categories = {};
	// A regexp matching a templates used to mark uncategorized pages, if your wiki does have that.
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	// User-interface messages
	//
	// DO NOT EDIT
	//
	// These are site-agnostic and must not be translated here.
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	//
	// See also: window.hotcat_translations_from_commons
	//
	HotCat.messages.cat_notFound     = 'Category &quot;$1&quot; not found';
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	HotCat.messages.commit      = 'Save';
	HotCat.messages.ok          = 'OK';
	HotCat.messages.cancel      = 'Cancel';
	HotCat.messages.multi_error = 'Could not retrieve the page text from the server. Therefore, your category changes cannot be saved. We apologize for the inconvenience.';
	HotCat.categories = 'Categories';
	HotCat.tooltips.change  = 'Modify';
	HotCat.tooltips.remove  = 'Remove';
	HotCat.tooltips.add     = 'Add a new category';
	HotCat.tooltips.restore = 'Undo changes';
	HotCat.tooltips.undo    = 'Undo changes';
	HotCat.tooltips.down    = 'Open for modifying and display subcategories';
	HotCat.tooltips.up      = 'Open for modifying and display parent categories';
	HotCat.multi_tooltip = 'Modify several categories';
	HotCat.engine_names.searchindex = 'Search index';
	HotCat.engine_names.pagelist    = 'Page list';
	HotCat.engine_names.combined    = 'Combined search';
	HotCat.engine_names.subcat      = 'Subcategories';
	HotCat.engine_names.parentcat   = 'Parent categories';

	// Misc site configuration
	//
	// DO NOT EDIT
	//
	// Create the [[MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js/local_defaults]] page
	// on your wiki, and override only the configuration you want to change.
	//
	// For example:
	//
	//     HotCat.upload_disabled = false;
	//
	Object.assign(HC, {
		// The little modification links displayed after category names. U+2212 is a minus sign; U+2193 and U+2191 are
		// downward and upward pointing arrows. Do not use ↓ and ↑ in the code!
		links: {
			change: '(±)',
			remove: '(\u2212)',
			add: '(+)',
			restore: '(×)',
			undo: '(×)',
			down: '(\u2193)',
			up: '(\u2191)'
		},
		changeTag: conf.wgUserName ? 'HotCat' : '', // if tag is missing, edit is rejected
		// The HTML content of the &quot;enter multi-mode&quot; link at the front.
		addmulti: '&lt;span&gt;+&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;',
		isSupportedContentModel: function() {
			return HC.wikitextContentModels.includes(conf.wgPageContentModel) ||
				HC.jsonContentModels.includes(conf.wgPageContentModel);
		},
		// Return true to disable HotCat.
		disable: function () {
			var ns = conf.wgNamespaceNumber;
			var nsIds = conf.wgNamespaceIds;
			return (
				ns &lt; 0 || // Special pages; Special:Upload is handled differently
			ns === 10 || // Templates
			ns === 828 || // Module (Lua)
			ns === 8 || // MediaWiki
			ns === 6 &amp;&amp; !conf.wgArticleId || // Non-existing file pages
			ns === 2 &amp;&amp; /\.(js|css|json)$/.test( conf.wgTitle ) || // User scripts
			nsIds &amp;&amp;
			( ns === nsIds.creator ||
			ns === nsIds.timedtext ||
			ns === nsIds.institution ) );
		},
		// https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_handlers
		wikitextContentModels: [ 'wikitext', 'proofread-index', 'proofread-page' ],
		jsonContentModels: [ 'Tabular.JsonConfig', 'Map.JsonConfig', 'Chart.JsonConfig' ],
		// The images used for the little indication icon. Should not need changing.
		existsYes: '//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/P_yes.svg/20px-P_yes.svg.png',
		existsNo: '//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/P_no.svg/20px-P_no.svg.png',

		// Override the decision of whether HotCat should help users by automatically
		// capitalising the title in the user input text if the wiki has case-sensitive page names.
		// Basically, this will make an API query to check the MediaWiki configuration and HotCat then sets
		// this to true for most wikis, and to false on Wiktionary.
		//
		// You can set this directly if there is a problem with it. For example, Georgian Wikipedia (kawiki),
		// is known to have different capitalisation logic between MediaWiki PHP and JavaScript. As such, automatic
		// case changes in JavaScript by HotCat would be wrong.
		capitalizePageNames: null,
		// If upload_disabled is true, HotCat will not be used on the Upload form.
		upload_disabled: false,
		// Single regular expression matching blacklisted categories that cannot be changed or
		// added using HotCat. For instance /\bstubs?$/ (any category ending with the word &quot;stub&quot;
		// or &quot;stubs&quot;), or /(\bstubs?$)|\bmaintenance\b/ (stub categories and any category with the
		// word &quot;maintenance&quot; in its title.
		blacklist: null,

		// Stuff changeable by users:
		// Background for changed categories in multi-edit mode. Default is a very light salmon pink.
		bg_changed: '#FCA',
		// If true, HotCat will never automatically submit changes. HotCat will only open an edit page with
		// the changes; users must always save explicitly.
		no_autocommit: false,
		// If true, the &quot;category deletion&quot; link &quot;(-)&quot; will never save automatically but always show an
		// edit page where the user has to save the edit manually. Is false by default because that's the
		// traditional behavior. This setting overrides no_autocommit for &quot;(-)&quot; links.
		del_needs_diff: false,
		// Time, in milliseconds, that HotCat waits after a keystroke before making a request to the
		// server to get suggestions.
		suggest_delay: 100,
		// Default width, in characters, of the text input field.
		editbox_width: 40,
		// One of the engine_names above, to be used as the default suggestion engine.
		suggestions: 'combined',
		// If true, always use the default engine, and never display a selector.
		fixed_search: false,
		// If false, do not display the &quot;up&quot; and &quot;down&quot; links
		use_up_down: true,
		// Default list size
		listSize: 10,
		// If true, single category changes are marked as minor edits. If false, they're not.
		single_minor: true,
		// If true, never add a page to the user's watchlist. If false, pages get added to the watchlist if
		// the user has the &quot;Add pages I edit to my watchlist&quot; or the &quot;Add pages I create to my watchlist&quot;
		// options in his or her preferences set.
		dont_add_to_watchlist: false,
		shortcuts: null,
		addShortcuts: function ( map ) {
			if ( !map ) return;
			window.HotCat.shortcuts = window.HotCat.shortcuts || {};
			for ( var k in map ) {
				if ( !map.hasOwnProperty( k ) || typeof k !== 'string' ) continue;

				var v = map[ k ];
				if ( typeof v !== 'string' ) continue;

				k = k.replace( /^\s+|\s+$/g, '' );
				v = v.replace( /^\s+|\s+$/g, '' );
				if ( !k.length || !v.length ) continue;

				window.HotCat.shortcuts[ k ] = v;
			}
		}
	});

	// More backwards compatibility. We have a few places where we test for the browser: once for
	// Safari &lt; 3.0, and twice for WebKit (Chrome or Safari, any versions)
	var ua = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase();
	var is_webkit = /applewebkit\/\d+/.test( ua ) &amp;&amp; ua.indexOf( 'spoofer' ) &lt; 0;
	var cat_prefix = null;
	var noSuggestions = false;

	function LoadTrigger( needed ) {
		// Define methods in a closure so that self reference is available,
		// also allows method calls to be detached.
		var self = this;
		self.queue = [];
		self.needed = needed;
		self.register = function ( callback ) {
			if ( self.needed &lt;= 0 ) callback(); // Execute directly
			else self.queue.push( callback );
		};
		self.loaded = function () {
			self.needed--;
			if ( self.needed === 0 ) {
				// Run queued callbacks once
				for ( var i = 0; i &lt; self.queue.length; i++ ) self.queue[ i ]();
				self.queue = [];
			}
		};
	}

	// Used to delay running the HotCat setup until /local_defaults and localizations have been loaded.
	var loadTrigger = new LoadTrigger( 2 );

	function load( uri, callback ) {
		var s = document.createElement( 'script' );
		s.src = uri;
		var called = false;

		s.onload = s.onerror = function () {
			if ( !called &amp;&amp; callback ) {
				called = true;
				callback();
			}
			if ( s.parentNode ) {
				s.parentNode.removeChild( s );
			}
		};
		document.head.appendChild( s );
	}

	function loadJS( page, callback ) {
		load( conf.wgScript + '?title=' + encodeURIComponent( page ) + '&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/javascript', callback );
	}

	function loadURI( href, callback ) {
		load( href, callback );
	}

	// Load local configurations, overriding the pre-set default values in the HotCat object above. This is always loaded
	// from the wiki where this script is executing, even if this script itself is hotlinked from Commons. This can
	// be used to change the default settings, or to provide localized interface texts for edit summaries and so on.
	loadJS( 'MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js/local_defaults', loadTrigger.loaded );

	// Load localized UI texts. These are the texts that HotCat displays on the page itself. Texts shown in edit summaries
	// should be localized in /local_defaults above.
	if ( conf.wgUserLanguage !== 'en' ) {
		// Lupo: somebody thought it would be a good idea to add this. So the default is true, and you have to set it to false
		// explicitly if you're not on Commons and don't want that.
		if ( window.hotcat_translations_from_commons === undefined ) window.hotcat_translations_from_commons = true;

		// Localization hook to localize HotCat messages, tooltips, and engine names for wgUserLanguage.
		if ( window.hotcat_translations_from_commons &amp;&amp; conf.wgDBname !== 'commonswiki' ) {
			loadURI( '//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=' +
		'MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js/' + conf.wgUserLanguage +
		'&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/javascript', loadTrigger.loaded );
		} else {
			// Load translations locally
			loadJS( 'MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js/' + conf.wgUserLanguage, loadTrigger.loaded );
		}
	} else {
		loadTrigger.loaded();
	}

	// No further changes should be necessary here.

	// The following regular expression strings are used when searching for categories in wikitext.
	var wikiTextBlank = '[\\t _\\xA0\\u1680\\u180E\\u2000-\\u200A\\u2028\\u2029\\u202F\\u205F\\u3000]+';
	var wikiTextBlankRE = new RegExp( wikiTextBlank, 'g' );
	// Regexp for handling blanks inside a category title or namespace name.
	// See http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/includes/Title.php?revision=104051&amp;view=markup#l2722
	// See also http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/category/Zs/list.htm
	//   MediaWiki collapses several contiguous blanks inside a page title to one single blank. It also replace a
	// number of special whitespace characters by simple blanks. And finally, blanks are treated as underscores.
	// Therefore, when looking for page titles in wikitext, we must handle all these cases.
	//   Note: we _do_ include the horizontal tab in the above list, even though the MediaWiki software for some reason
	// appears to not handle it. The zero-width space \u200B is _not_ handled as a space inside titles by MW.
	var wikiTextBlankOrBidi = '[\\t _\\xA0\\u1680\\u180E\\u2000-\\u200B\\u200E\\u200F\\u2028-\\u202F\\u205F\\u3000]*';
	// Whitespace regexp for handling whitespace between link components. Including the horizontal tab, but not \n\r\f\v:
	// a link must be on one single line.
	//   MediaWiki also removes Unicode bidi override characters in page titles (and namespace names) completely.
	// This is *not* handled, as it would require us to allow any of [\u200E\u200F\u202A-\u202E] between any two
	// characters inside a category link. It _could_ be done though... We _do_ handle strange spaces, including the
	// zero-width space \u200B, and bidi overrides between the components of a category link (adjacent to the colon,
	// or adjacent to and inside of &quot;[[&quot; and &quot;]]&quot;).

	// First auto-localize the regexps for the category and the template namespaces.
	var formattedNamespaces = conf.wgFormattedNamespaces;
	var namespaceIds = conf.wgNamespaceIds;
	function autoLocalize( namespaceNumber, fallback ) {
		function createRegexpStr( name ) {
			if ( !name || !name.length ) return '';

			var regex_name = '';
			for ( var i = 0; i &lt; name.length; i++ ) {
				var initial = name.charAt( i ),
					ll = initial.toLowerCase(),
					ul = initial.toUpperCase();
				if ( ll === ul ) regex_name += initial; else regex_name += '[' + ll + ul + ']';
			}
			return regex_name
				.replace( /([\\^$.?*+()])/g, '\\$1' )
				.replace( wikiTextBlankRE, wikiTextBlank );
		}

		fallback = fallback.toLowerCase();
		var canonical = formattedNamespaces[ String( namespaceNumber ) ].toLowerCase();
		var regexp = createRegexpStr( canonical );
		if ( fallback &amp;&amp; canonical !== fallback ) regexp += '|' + createRegexpStr( fallback );

		if ( namespaceIds ) {
			for ( var cat_name in namespaceIds ) {
				if (
					typeof cat_name === 'string' &amp;&amp;
					cat_name.toLowerCase() !== canonical &amp;&amp;
					cat_name.toLowerCase() !== fallback &amp;&amp;
					namespaceIds[ cat_name ] === namespaceNumber
				) {
					regexp += '|' + createRegexpStr( cat_name );
				}
			}
		}
		return regexp;
	}

	HC.category_canonical = formattedNamespaces[ '14' ];
	HC.category_regexp = autoLocalize( 14, 'category' );
	if ( formattedNamespaces[ '10' ] ) HC.template_regexp = autoLocalize( 10, 'template' );

	// Utility functions. Yes, this duplicates some functionality that also exists in other places, but
	// to keep this whole stuff in a single file not depending on any other on-wiki JavaScripts, we re-do
	// these few operations here.
	function make( arg, literal ) {
		if ( !arg ) return null;

		return literal ? document.createTextNode( arg ) : document.createElement( arg );
	}
	function param( name, uri ) {
		uri = uri || location.href;
		var re = new RegExp( '[&amp;?]' + name + '=([^&amp;#]*)' );
		var m = re.exec( uri );
		if ( m &amp;&amp; m.length &gt; 1 ) return decodeURIComponent( m[ 1 ] );
		return null;
	}
	function title( href ) {
		if ( !href ) return null;
		// href=&quot;/w/index.php?title=...&quot;
		if ( href.indexOf( expandedScriptPrefix ) === 0 ) {
			return param( 'title', href );
		}
		// href=&quot;/wiki/...&quot;
		if ( href.indexOf( expandedArticlePrefix ) === 0 ) {
			return decodeURIComponent( href.slice( expandedArticlePrefix.length ) );
		}
		return null;
	}
	function hasClass( elem, name ) {
		return ( ' ' + elem.className + ' ' ).indexOf( ' ' + name + ' ' ) &gt;= 0;
	}
	function capitalize( str ) {
		if ( !str || !str.length ) return str;

		return str.substr( 0, 1 ).toUpperCase() + str.substr( 1 );
	}
	function wikiPagePath( pageName ) {
		// Note: do not simply use encodeURI, it doesn't encode '&amp;', which might break if wgArticlePath actually has the $1 in
		// a query parameter.
		return conf.wgArticlePath.replace( '$1', encodeURIComponent( pageName ).replace( /%3A/g, ':' ).replace( /%2F/g, '/' ) );
	}
	function escapeRE( str ) {
		return str.replace( /([\\^$.?*+()[\]])/g, '\\$1' );
	}

	function substituteFactory( options ) {
		options = options || {};
		var lead = options.indicator || '$';
		var indicator = escapeRE( lead );
		var lbrace = escapeRE( options.lbrace || '{' );
		var rbrace = escapeRE( options.rbrace || '}' );
		var re;

		re = new RegExp(
			// $$
			'(?:' + indicator + '(' + indicator + '))|' +
			// $0, $1
			'(?:' + indicator + '(\\d+))|' +
			// ${key}
			'(?:' + indicator + '(?:' + lbrace + '([^' + lbrace + rbrace + ']+)' + rbrace + '))|' +
			// $key (only if first char after $ is not $, digit, or { )
			'(?:' + indicator + '(?!(?:[' + indicator + lbrace + ']|\\d))(\\S+?)\\b)',
			'g'
		);
		// Replace $1, $2, or ${key1}, ${key2}, or $key1, $key2 by values from map. $$ is replaced by a single $.
		return function ( str, map ) {
			if ( !map ) return str;

			return str.replace( re, function ( match, prefix, idx, key, alpha ) {
				if ( prefix === lead ) return lead;

				var k = alpha || key || idx;
				var replacement = typeof map[ k ] === 'function' ? map[ k ]( match, k ) : map[ k ];
				return typeof replacement === 'string' ? replacement : ( replacement || match );
			} );
		};
	}

	var substitute = substituteFactory();
	var replaceShortcuts = ( function () {
		var replaceHash = substituteFactory( {
			indicator: '#',
			lbrace: '[',
			rbrace: ']'
		} );
		return function ( str, map ) {
			var s = replaceHash( str, map );
			return HC.capitalizePageNames ? capitalize( s ) : s;
		};
	}() );

	// Text modification

	var findCatsRE =
	new RegExp( '\\[\\[' + wikiTextBlankOrBidi + '(?:' + HC.category_regexp + ')' + wikiTextBlankOrBidi + ':[^\\]]+\\]\\]', 'g' );

	function replaceByBlanks( match ) {
		return match.replace( /(\s|\S)/g, ' ' ); // /./ doesn't match linebreaks. /(\s|\S)/ does.
	}
	
	/**
	* find_category() Tests whether a specified category exists in the given text and returns match information.
	*
	* @param {string} text - The input string to search for category patterns (JSON or wikitext).
	* @param {string} category - The target category name (without the &quot;Category:&quot; prefix).
	* @param {boolean} once - If true, return only the first match; if false, return all matches.
	* @returns {Array&lt;string&gt;|Array&lt;Array&lt;string&gt;&gt;|null}
	*   - When `once` is true:
	*     - Returns an Array of strings representing the first regexp match groups.
	*     - Returns `null` if no match is found.
	*   - When `once` is false:
	*     - Returns an Array of Arrays, each inner Array containing regexp match groups for each occurrence.
	*     - Returns an empty Array if no matches are found.
	*/
	function find_category( text, category, once ) {
		if ( HC.jsonContentModels.includes( conf.wgPageContentModel ) ) {
			// Handle Data namespace JSON content
			return find_category_json( text, category, once );
		}
		else {
			// For backwards-compatibility the default handler is wikitext
			return find_category_wikitext( text, category, once );
		}
	}

	function find_category_json( jsontext, category, once ) {
	
		// Handle Data namespace JSON content
		let jsonData;
		try {
			jsonData = JSON.parse( jsontext );
		} catch ( err ) {
			console.error( 'Invalid JSON in find_category_json:', err );
			return once ? null : [];
		}
		
		// Check if mediawikiCategories exists and if not then return
		if ( !Array.isArray( jsonData.mediawikiCategories ) ) {
			return once ? null : [];
		}
		
		// Handle actual data
		var matches = [];
		const targetCategoryName = mw.Title.newFromText( &quot;category:&quot; + category ).getPrefixedText();
		
        // Search through each category object
        for ( var i = 0; i &lt; jsonData.mediawikiCategories.length; i++ ) {
			var catObj = jsonData.mediawikiCategories[ i ];
			const currentCategoryName = mw.Title.newFromText( &quot;category:&quot; + catObj.name ).getPrefixedText();
			// Compare category name (case-sensitive)
			if ( currentCategoryName === targetCategoryName ) {
				var match = [
					'', // Full match placeholder
					'', // Namespace placeholder
					catObj.sort || '' // Sortkey if exists
				];
				if ( once ) {
					return { match };
				}
				matches.push( { match: match } );
			}
		}
		return once ? null : matches;
	}
	
	function find_category_wikitext( wikitext, category, once ) {
		var cat_regex = null;
		if ( HC.template_categories[ category ] ) {
			cat_regex = new RegExp(
				'\\{\\{' + wikiTextBlankOrBidi + '(' + HC.template_regexp + '(?=' + wikiTextBlankOrBidi + ':))?' + wikiTextBlankOrBidi +
				'(?:' + HC.template_categories[ category ] + ')' +
				wikiTextBlankOrBidi + '(\\|.*?)?\\}\\}',
				'g'
			);
		} else {
			var cat_name = escapeRE( category );
			var initial = cat_name.substr( 0, 1 );
			cat_regex = new RegExp(
				'\\[\\[' + wikiTextBlankOrBidi + '(' + HC.category_regexp + ')' + wikiTextBlankOrBidi + ':' + wikiTextBlankOrBidi +
				( initial === '\\' || !HC.capitalizePageNames ?
					initial :
					'[' + initial.toUpperCase() + initial.toLowerCase() + ']' ) +
				cat_name.substring( 1 ).replace( wikiTextBlankRE, wikiTextBlank ) +
				wikiTextBlankOrBidi + '(\\|.*?)?\\]\\]',
				'g'
			);
		}
		if ( once ) return cat_regex.exec( wikitext );

		var copiedtext = wikitext
			.replace( /&lt;!--(\s|\S)*?--&gt;/g, replaceByBlanks )
			.replace( /&lt;nowiki&gt;(\s|\S)*?&lt;\/nowiki&gt;/g, replaceByBlanks );
		var result = [];
		var curr_match = null;
		while ( ( curr_match = cat_regex.exec( copiedtext ) ) !== null ) {
			result.push( {
				match: curr_match
			} );
		}
		result.re = cat_regex;
		return result; // An array containing all matches, with positions, in result[ i ].match
	}

	var interlanguageRE = null;
	
	function change_category( text, toRemove, toAdd, key, is_hidden ) {
		if ( HC.jsonContentModels.includes( conf.wgPageContentModel ) ) {
			// Handle Data namespace JSON content
			return change_category_json( text, toRemove, toAdd, key, is_hidden );
		}
		else {
			// For backwards-compatibility the default handler is wikitext
			return change_category_wikitext( text, toRemove, toAdd, key, is_hidden );
		}
		
		// In cases of unknown page content model
		return {
			text: text,
			summary: [],
			error: 'Unknown wgPageContentModel: ' + conf.wgPageContentModel
		};
	}

	function change_category_json( jsontext, toRemove, toAdd, key, is_hidden ) {
		try {
			var jsonData = JSON.parse( jsontext );
			if ( !jsonData.mediawikiCategories ) {
				jsonData.mediawikiCategories = [];
			}
			
			var summary = [];
		
			// Remove category if specified
			if ( toRemove ) {
				var initialLength = jsonData.mediawikiCategories.length;
				var normalizedToRemoveName =  mw.Title.newFromText( &quot;category:&quot; + toRemove ).getPrefixedText();
				jsonData.mediawikiCategories = jsonData.mediawikiCategories.filter( function( cat ) {
					var normalizedCatName =  mw.Title.newFromText( &quot;category:&quot; + cat.name ).getPrefixedText();
					return normalizedCatName !== normalizedToRemoveName;
				} );
				
				if ( jsonData.mediawikiCategories.length &lt; initialLength ) {
					summary.push( HC.messages.cat_removed.replace( /\$1/g, toRemove ) );
				}
			}
			
			// Add category if specified
			if ( toAdd ) {
				var normalizedToAddName =  mw.Title.newFromText( &quot;category:&quot; + toAdd ).getPrefixedText();
				var exists = jsonData.mediawikiCategories.some( function( cat ) {
					var normalizedCatName =  mw.Title.newFromText( &quot;category:&quot; + cat.name ).getPrefixedText();
					return normalizedCatName === normalizedToAddName;
				} );
				
				if ( !exists ) {
					jsonData.mediawikiCategories.push( {
						name: toAdd,
						sort: key || ''
					} );
					summary.push( HC.messages.cat_added.replace( /\$1/g, toAdd ) );
				} else if ( key ) {
					// Update sortkey if category exists and new key is provided
					for ( var i = 0; i &lt; jsonData.mediawikiCategories.length; i++ ) {
						var cat = jsonData.mediawikiCategories[ i ];
						var normalizedCatName =  mw.Title.newFromText( &quot;category:&quot; + cat.name ).getPrefixedText();
						if ( normalizedCatName === normalizedToAddName &amp;&amp; ( !cat.sort || cat.sort !== key ) ) {
							jsonData.mediawikiCategories[ i ].sort = key;
							summary.push( HC.messages.cat_keychange.replace( /\$1/g, toAdd ).replace( /\$2/g, key ) );
							break;
						}
					}
				}
			}

			return {
				text: JSON.stringify( jsonData, null, 2 ),
				summary: summary,
				error: null
			};
		} catch ( e ) {
			return {
				text: jsontext,
				summary: [],
				error: 'Failed to modify JSON categories: ' + e.message
			};
		}
	}
	
	function change_category_wikitext( wikitext, toRemove, toAdd, key, is_hidden ) {
		function find_insertionpoint( wikitext ) {
			var copiedtext = wikitext
				.replace( /&lt;!--(\s|\S)*?--&gt;/g, replaceByBlanks )
				.replace( /&lt;nowiki&gt;(\s|\S)*?&lt;\/nowiki&gt;/g, replaceByBlanks );
			// Search in copiedtext to avoid that we insert inside an HTML comment or a nowiki &quot;element&quot;.
			var index = -1;
			findCatsRE.lastIndex = 0;
			while ( findCatsRE.exec( copiedtext ) !== null ) index = findCatsRE.lastIndex;

			if ( index &lt; 0 ) {
				// Find the index of the first interlanguage link...
				var match = null;
				if ( !interlanguageRE ) {
				// Approximation without API: interlanguage links start with 2 to 3 lower case letters, optionally followed by
				// a sequence of groups consisting of a dash followed by one or more lower case letters. Exceptions are &quot;simple&quot;
				// and &quot;tokipona&quot;.
					match = /((^|\n\r?)(\[\[\s*(([a-z]{2,3}(-[a-z]+)*)|simple|tokipona)\s*:[^\]]+\]\]\s*))+$/.exec( copiedtext );
				} else {
					match = interlanguageRE.exec( copiedtext );
				}
				if ( match ) index = match.index;

				return {
					idx: index,
					onCat: false
				};
			}
			return {
				idx: index,
				onCat: index &gt;= 0
			};
		}

		var summary = [],
			nameSpace = HC.category_canonical,
			cat_point = -1, // Position of removed category;
			keyChange = ( toRemove &amp;&amp; toAdd &amp;&amp; toRemove === toAdd &amp;&amp; toAdd.length ),
			matches;
		if ( key ) key = '|' + key;
		// Remove
		if ( toRemove &amp;&amp; toRemove.length ) {
			matches = find_category( wikitext, toRemove );
			if ( !matches || !matches.length ) {
				return {
					text: wikitext,
					summary: summary,
					error: HC.messages.cat_notFound.replace( /\$1/g, toRemove )
				};
			} else {
				var before = wikitext.substring( 0, matches[ 0 ].match.index ),
					after = wikitext.substring( matches[ 0 ].match.index + matches[ 0 ].match[ 0 ].length );
				if ( matches.length &gt; 1 ) {
				// Remove all occurrences in after
					matches.re.lastIndex = 0;
					after = after.replace( matches.re, '' );
				}
				if ( toAdd ) {
					// nameSpace = matches[ 0 ].match[ 1 ] || nameSpace; Canonical namespace should be always preferred
					if ( key === null ) key = matches[ 0 ].match[ 2 ];
				// Remember the category key, if any.
				}
				// Remove whitespace (properly): strip whitespace, but only up to the next line feed.
				// If we then have two linefeeds in a row, remove one. Otherwise, if we have two non-
				// whitespace characters, insert a blank.
				var i = before.length - 1;
				while ( i &gt;= 0 &amp;&amp; before.charAt( i ) !== '\n' &amp;&amp; before.substr( i, 1 ).search( /\s/ ) &gt;= 0 ) i--;

				var j = 0;
				while ( j &lt; after.length &amp;&amp; after.charAt( j ) !== '\n' &amp;&amp; after.substr( j, 1 ).search( /\s/ ) &gt;= 0 ) j++;

				if ( i &gt;= 0 &amp;&amp; before.charAt( i ) === '\n' &amp;&amp; ( !after.length || j &lt; after.length &amp;&amp; after.charAt( j ) === '\n' ) ) i--;

				if ( i &gt;= 0 ) before = before.substring( 0, i + 1 ); else before = '';

				if ( j &lt; after.length ) after = after.substring( j ); else after = '';

				if (
					before.length &amp;&amp; before.substring( before.length - 1 ).search( /\S/ ) &gt;= 0 &amp;&amp;
					after.length &amp;&amp; after.substr( 0, 1 ).search( /\S/ ) &gt;= 0
				) {
					before += ' ';
				}

				cat_point = before.length;
				if ( cat_point === 0 &amp;&amp; after.length &amp;&amp; after.substr( 0, 1 ) === '\n' ) after = after.substr( 1 );

				wikitext = before + after;
				if ( !keyChange ) {
					if ( HC.template_categories[ toRemove ] ) { summary.push( HC.messages.template_removed.replace( /\$1/g, toRemove ) ); } else { summary.push( HC.messages.cat_removed.replace( /\$1/g, toRemove ) ); }
				}

			}
		}
		// Add
		if ( toAdd &amp;&amp; toAdd.length ) {
			matches = find_category( wikitext, toAdd );
			if ( matches &amp;&amp; matches.length ) {
				// Already exists
				return {
					text: wikitext,
					summary: summary,
					error: HC.messages.cat_exists.replace( /\$1/g, toAdd )
				};
			} else {
				var onCat = false;
				if ( cat_point &lt; 0 ) {
					var point = find_insertionpoint( wikitext );
					cat_point = point.idx;
					onCat = point.onCat;
				} else {
					onCat = true;
				}
				var newcatstring = '[[' + nameSpace + ':' + toAdd + ( key || '' ) + ']]';
				if ( cat_point &gt;= 0 ) {
					var suffix = wikitext.substring( cat_point );
					wikitext = wikitext.substring( 0, cat_point ) + ( cat_point &gt; 0 ? '\n' : '' ) + newcatstring + ( !onCat ? '\n' : '' );
					if ( suffix.length &amp;&amp; suffix.substr( 0, 1 ) !== '\n' ) wikitext += '\n' + suffix; else wikitext += suffix;
				} else {
					if ( wikitext.length &amp;&amp; wikitext.substr( wikitext.length - 1, 1 ) !== '\n' ) wikitext += '\n';

					wikitext += ( wikitext.length ? '\n' : '' ) + newcatstring;
				}
				if ( keyChange ) {
					var k = key || '';
					if ( k.length ) k = k.substr( 1 );

					summary.push( substitute( HC.messages.cat_keychange, [ null, toAdd, k ] ) );
				} else {
					summary.push( HC.messages.cat_added.replace( /\$1/g, toAdd ) );
				}
				if ( HC.uncat_regexp &amp;&amp; !is_hidden ) {
					var txt = wikitext.replace( HC.uncat_regexp, '' ); // Remove &quot;uncat&quot; templates
					if ( txt.length !== wikitext.length ) {
						wikitext = txt;
						summary.push( HC.messages.uncat_removed );
					}
				}
			}
		}
		return {
			text: wikitext,
			summary: summary,
			error: null
		};
	}

	// The real HotCat UI

	function evtKeys( e ) {
		/* eslint-disable no-bitwise */
		var code = 0;
		if ( e.ctrlKey ) { // All modern browsers
		// Ctrl-click seems to be overloaded in FF/Mac (it opens a pop-up menu), so treat cmd-click
		// as a ctrl-click, too.
			if ( e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey ) code |= 1;

			if ( e.shiftKey ) code |= 2;
		}
		return code;
	}
	function evtKill( e ) {
		if ( e.preventDefault ) {
			e.preventDefault();
			e.stopPropagation();
		} else {
			e.cancelBubble = true;
		}
		return false;
	}

	var catLine = null,
		onUpload = false,
		editors = [],

		commitButton = null,
		commitForm = null,
		multiSpan = null,

		pageText = null,
		pageTime = null,
		pageWatched = false,
		watchCreate = false,
		watchCreateExpiry = '',
		watchEdit = false,
		watchDefaultExpiry = '',
		minorEdits = false,
		editToken = null,

		is_rtl = false,
		serverTime = null,
		lastRevId = null,
		pageTextRevId = null,
		conflictingUser = null,

		newDOM = false; // true if MediaWiki serves the new UL-LI DOM for categories

	function CategoryEditor() {
		this.initialize.apply( this, arguments );
	}

	function setPage( json ) {
		var startTime = null;
		if ( json &amp;&amp; json.query ) {
			if ( json.query.pages ) {
				var page = json.query.pages[ !conf.wgArticleId ? '-1' : String( conf.wgArticleId ) ];
				if ( page ) {
					if ( page.revisions &amp;&amp; page.revisions.length ) {
						// Revisions are sorted by revision ID, hence [ 0 ] is the one we asked for, and possibly there's a [ 1 ] if we're
						// not on the latest revision (edit conflicts and such).
						pageText = page.revisions[ 0 ].slots.main[ '*' ];
						if ( page.revisions[ 0 ].timestamp ) pageTime = page.revisions[ 0 ].timestamp.replace( /\D/g, '' );
						if ( page.revisions[ 0 ].revid ) pageTextRevId = page.revisions[ 0 ].revid;
						if ( page.revisions.length &gt; 1 ) conflictingUser = page.revisions[ 1 ].user;
					}
					if ( page.lastrevid ) lastRevId = page.lastrevid;
					if ( page.starttimestamp ) startTime = page.starttimestamp.replace( /\D/g, '' );
					pageWatched = typeof page.watched === 'string';
					if ( json.query.tokens ) editToken = json.query.tokens.csrftoken;
					if ( page.langlinks &amp;&amp; ( !json[ 'query-continue' ] || !json[ 'query-continue' ].langlinks ) ) {
						// We have interlanguage links, and we got them all.
						var re = '';
						for ( var i = 0; i &lt; page.langlinks.length; i++ ) re += ( i &gt; 0 ? '|' : '' ) + page.langlinks[ i ].lang.replace( /([\\^$.?*+()])/g, '\\$1' );
						if ( re.length ) interlanguageRE = new RegExp( '((^|\\n\\r?)(\\[\\[\\s*(' + re + ')\\s*:[^\\]]+\\]\\]\\s*))+$' );
					}
				}
			}
			// Siteinfo
			if ( json.query.general ) {
				if ( json.query.general.time &amp;&amp; !startTime ) startTime = json.query.general.time.replace( /\D/g, '' );

				if ( HC.capitalizePageNames === null ) {
					// ResourceLoader's JSParser doesn't like .case, so override eslint.
					// eslint-disable-next-line dot-notation
					HC.capitalizePageNames = ( json.query.general[ 'case' ] === 'first-letter' );
				}
			}
			serverTime = startTime;
			// Userinfo
			if ( json.query.userinfo &amp;&amp; json.query.userinfo.options ) {
				watchCreate = !HC.dont_add_to_watchlist &amp;&amp; json.query.userinfo.options.watchcreations === '1';
				watchCreateExpiry =  json.query.userinfo.options[' watchcreations-expiry'] || '';
				watchEdit = !HC.dont_add_to_watchlist &amp;&amp; json.query.userinfo.options.watchdefault === '1';
				watchDefaultExpiry = json.query.userinfo.options['watchdefault-expiry'] || '';
				minorEdits = json.query.userinfo.options.minordefault === 1;
				// If the user has the &quot;All edits are minor&quot; preference enabled, we should honor that
				// for single category changes, no matter what the site configuration is.
				if ( minorEdits ) HC.single_minor = true;
			}
		}
	}

	var saveInProgress = false;
	function initiateEdit( doEdit, failure ) {
		if ( saveInProgress ) return;
		saveInProgress = true;
		var oldButtonState;
		if ( commitButton ) {
			oldButtonState = commitButton.disabled;
			commitButton.disabled = true;
		}

		function fail() {
			saveInProgress = false;
			if ( commitButton ) commitButton.disabled = oldButtonState;
			failure.apply( this, arguments );
		}

		// Must use Ajax here to get the user options and the edit token.
		$.getJSON(
			conf.wgScriptPath + '/api.php?' +
			'format=json&amp;action=query&amp;rawcontinue=&amp;titles=' + encodeURIComponent( conf.wgPageName ) +
			'&amp;prop=info%7Crevisions%7Clanglinks&amp;inprop=watched&amp;rvprop=content%7Ctimestamp%7Cids%7Cuser&amp;lllimit=500&amp;rvslots=main' +
			'&amp;rvlimit=2&amp;rvdir=newer&amp;rvstartid=' + conf.wgCurRevisionId + '&amp;meta=siteinfo%7Cuserinfo%7Ctokens&amp;type=csrf&amp;uiprop=options',
			function ( json ) {
				setPage( json );
				doEdit( fail );
			}
		).fail( function ( req ) {
			fail( req.status + ' ' + req.statusText );
		} );
	}

	function multiChangeMsg( count ) {
		var msg = HC.messages.multi_change;
		if ( typeof msg !== 'string' &amp;&amp; msg.length )
			if ( mw.language &amp;&amp; mw.language.convertPlural ) { msg = mw.language.convertPlural( count, msg ); } else { msg = msg[ msg.length - 1 ]; }

		return substitute( msg, [ null, String( count ) ] );
	}

	function currentTimestamp() {
		var now = new Date();
		var ts = String( now.getUTCFullYear() );
		function two( s ) {
			return s.substr( s.length - 2 );
		}
		ts +=
			two( '0' + ( now.getUTCMonth() + 1 ) ) +
			two( '0' + now.getUTCDate() ) +
			two( '00' + now.getUTCHours() ) +
			two( '00' + now.getUTCMinutes() ) +
			two( '00' + now.getUTCSeconds() );
		return ts;
	}

	function performChanges( failure, singleEditor ) {
		if ( pageText === null ) {
			failure( HC.messages.multi_error );
			return;
		}
		// Backwards compatibility after message change (added $2 to cat_keychange)
		if ( HC.messages.cat_keychange.indexOf( '$2' ) &lt; 0 ) HC.messages.cat_keychange += '&quot;$2&quot;';

		// More backwards-compatibility with earlier HotCat versions:
		if ( !HC.messages.short_catchange ) HC.messages.short_catchange = '[[' + HC.category_canonical + ':$1]]';

		// Create a form and submit it. We don't use the edit API (api.php?action=edit) because
		// (a) sensibly reporting back errors like edit conflicts is always a hassle, and
		// (b) we want to show a diff for multi-edits anyway, and
		// (c) we want to trigger onsubmit events, allowing user code to intercept the edit.
		// Using the form, we can do (b) and (c), and we get (a) for free. And, of course, using the form
		// automatically reloads the page with the updated categories on a successful submit, which
		// we would have to do explicitly if we used the edit API.
		var action;
		// Normally, we don't have to care about edit conflicts. If some other user edited the page in the meantime, the
		// server will take care of it and merge the edit automatically or present an edit conflict screen. However, the
		// server suppresses edit conflicts with oneself. Hence, if we have a conflict, and the conflicting user is the
		// current user, then we set the &quot;oldid&quot; value and switch to diff, which gives the &quot;you are editing an old version;
		// if you save, any more recent changes will be lost&quot; screen.
		var selfEditConflict = ( lastRevId !== null &amp;&amp; lastRevId !== conf.wgCurRevisionId || pageTextRevId !== null &amp;&amp;
			pageTextRevId !== conf.wgCurRevisionId ) &amp;&amp; conflictingUser &amp;&amp; conflictingUser === conf.wgUserName;
		if ( singleEditor &amp;&amp; !singleEditor.noCommit &amp;&amp; !HC.no_autocommit &amp;&amp; editToken &amp;&amp; !selfEditConflict ) {
			// If we do have an edit conflict, but not with ourself, that's no reason not to attempt to save: the server side may actually be able to
			// merge the changes. We just need to make sure that we do present a diff view if it's a self edit conflict.
			commitForm.wpEditToken.value = editToken;
			action = commitForm.wpDiff;
			if ( action ) action.name = action.value = 'wpSave';
		} else {
			action = commitForm.wpSave;
			if ( action ) action.name = action.value = 'wpDiff';
		}
		var result = {
				text: pageText
			},
			changed = [],
			added = [],
			deleted = [],
			changes = 0,
			toEdit = singleEditor ? [ singleEditor ] : editors,
			error = null,
			edit,
			i;
		for ( i = 0; i &lt; toEdit.length; i++ ) {
			edit = toEdit[ i ];
			if ( edit.state === CategoryEditor.CHANGED ) {
				result = change_category(
					result.text,
					edit.originalCategory,
					edit.currentCategory,
					edit.currentKey,
					edit.currentHidden );
				if ( !result.error ) {
					changes++;
					if ( !edit.originalCategory || !edit.originalCategory.length ) {
						added.push( edit.currentCategory );
					} else {
						changed.push( {
							from: edit.originalCategory,
							to: edit.currentCategory
						} );
					}
				} else if ( error === null ) {
					error = result.error;
				}
			} else if (
				edit.state === CategoryEditor.DELETED &amp;&amp; edit.originalCategory &amp;&amp; edit.originalCategory.length ) {
				result = change_category(
					result.text,
					edit.originalCategory,
					null, null, false );
				if ( !result.error ) {
					changes++;
					deleted.push( edit.originalCategory );
				} else if ( error === null ) {
					error = result.error;
				}
			}
		}
		if ( error !== null ) { // Do not commit if there were errors
			action = commitForm.wpSave;
			if ( action ) action.name = action.value = 'wpDiff';
		}
		// Fill in the form and submit it
		commitForm.wpMinoredit.checked = minorEdits;
		commitForm.wpWatchthis.checked = !conf.wgArticleId &amp;&amp; watchCreate || watchEdit || pageWatched;
		// Set watchlist expiry according to user preference
		// If page is already in watchlist do not update expiry
		if (commitForm.wpWatchthis.checked &amp;&amp; !pageWatched) {
			if (!conf.wgArticleId &amp;&amp; watchCreate) {
				commitForm.wpWatchlistExpiry.value = watchCreateExpiry;
			} else {
				commitForm.wpWatchlistExpiry.value = watchDefaultExpiry;
			}
		}
		if ( conf.wgArticleId || !!singleEditor ) {
			// Prepare change-tag save
			if ( action &amp;&amp; action.value === 'wpSave' ) {
				if ( HC.changeTag ) {
					commitForm.wpChangeTags.value = HC.changeTag;
					HC.messages.using = '';
					HC.messages.prefix = '';
				}
			} else {
				commitForm.wpAutoSummary.value = HC.changeTag;
			}
			if ( changes === 1 ) {
				if ( result.summary &amp;&amp; result.summary.length ) commitForm.wpSummary.value = HC.messages.prefix + result.summary.join( HC.messages.separator ) + HC.messages.using;
				commitForm.wpMinoredit.checked = HC.single_minor || minorEdits;
			} else if ( changes ) {
				var summary = [];
				var shortSummary = [];
				// Deleted
				for ( i = 0; i &lt; deleted.length; i++ ) summary.push( '−' + substitute( HC.messages.short_catchange, [ null, deleted[ i ] ] ) );

				if ( deleted.length === 1 ) shortSummary.push( '−' + substitute( HC.messages.short_catchange, [ null, deleted[ 0 ] ] ) ); else if ( deleted.length ) shortSummary.push( '− ' + multiChangeMsg( deleted.length ) );

				// Added
				for ( i = 0; i &lt; added.length; i++ ) summary.push( '+' + substitute( HC.messages.short_catchange, [ null, added[ i ] ] ) );

				if ( added.length === 1 ) shortSummary.push( '+' + substitute( HC.messages.short_catchange, [ null, added[ 0 ] ] ) ); else if ( added.length ) shortSummary.push( '+ ' + multiChangeMsg( added.length ) );

				// Changed
				var arrow = is_rtl ? '\u2190' : '\u2192'; // left and right arrows. Don't use ← and → in the code.
				for ( i = 0; i &lt; changed.length; i++ ) {
					if ( changed[ i ].from !== changed[ i ].to ) {
						summary.push(
							'±' + substitute( HC.messages.short_catchange, [ null, changed[ i ].from ] ) + arrow +
							substitute( HC.messages.short_catchange, [ null, changed[ i ].to ] )
						);
					} else {
						summary.push( '±' + substitute( HC.messages.short_catchange, [ null, changed[ i ].from ] ) );
					}
				}
				if ( changed.length === 1 ) {
					if ( changed[ 0 ].from !== changed[ 0 ].to ) {
						shortSummary.push(
							'±' + substitute( HC.messages.short_catchange, [ null, changed[ 0 ].from ] ) + arrow +
							substitute( HC.messages.short_catchange, [ null, changed[ 0 ].to ] )
						);
					} else {
						shortSummary.push( '±' + substitute( HC.messages.short_catchange, [ null, changed[ 0 ].from ] ) );
					}
				} else if ( changed.length ) {
					shortSummary.push( '± ' + multiChangeMsg( changed.length ) );
				}
				if ( summary.length ) {
					summary = summary.join( HC.messages.separator );
					if ( summary.length &gt; 200 - HC.messages.prefix.length - HC.messages.using.length ) summary = shortSummary.join( HC.messages.separator );

					commitForm.wpSummary.value = HC.messages.prefix + summary + HC.messages.using;
				}
			}
		}

		commitForm.wpTextbox1.value = result.text;
		commitForm.wpStarttime.value = serverTime || currentTimestamp();
		commitForm.wpEdittime.value = pageTime || commitForm.wpStarttime.value;
		if ( selfEditConflict ) commitForm.oldid.value = String( pageTextRevId || conf.wgCurRevisionId );

		// Submit the form in a way that triggers onsubmit events: commitForm.submit() doesn't.
		commitForm.hcCommit.click();
	}

	function resolveOne( page, toResolve ) {
		var cats = page.categories,
			lks = page.links,
			is_dab = false,
			is_redir = typeof page.redirect === 'string', // Hard redirect?
			is_hidden = page.categoryinfo &amp;&amp; typeof page.categoryinfo.hidden === 'string',
			is_missing = typeof page.missing === 'string',
			i;
		for ( i = 0; i &lt; toResolve.length; i++ ) {
			if ( i &amp;&amp; toResolve[ i ].dabInputCleaned !== page.title.substring( page.title.indexOf( ':' ) + 1 ) ) continue;
			// Note: the server returns in page an NFC normalized Unicode title. If our input was not NFC normalized, we may not find
			// any entry here. If we have only one editor to resolve (the most common case, I presume), we may simply skip the check.
			toResolve[ i ].currentHidden = is_hidden;
			toResolve[ i ].inputExists = !is_missing;
			toResolve[ i ].icon.src = ( is_missing ? HC.existsNo : HC.existsYes );
		}
		if ( is_missing ) return;
		if ( !is_redir &amp;&amp; cats &amp;&amp; ( HC.disambig_category || HC.redir_category ) ) {
			for ( var c = 0; c &lt; cats.length; c++ ) {
				var cat = cats[ c ].title;
				// Strip namespace prefix
				if ( cat ) {
					cat = cat.substring( cat.indexOf( ':' ) + 1 ).replace( /_/g, ' ' );
					if ( cat === HC.disambig_category ) {
						is_dab = true;
						break;
					} else if ( cat === HC.redir_category ) {
						is_redir = true;
						break;
					}
				}
			}
		}
		if ( !is_redir &amp;&amp; !is_dab ) return;
		if ( !lks || !lks.length ) return;
		var titles = [];
		for ( i = 0; i &lt; lks.length; i++ ) {
			if (
				// Category namespace -- always true since we ask only for the category links
				lks[ i ].ns === 14 &amp;&amp;
				// Name not empty
				lks[ i ].title &amp;&amp; lks[ i ].title.length
			) {
				// Internal link to existing thingy. Extract the page name and remove the namespace.
				var match = lks[ i ].title;
				match = match.substring( match.indexOf( ':' ) + 1 );
				// Exclude blacklisted categories.
				if ( !HC.blacklist || !HC.blacklist.test( match ) ) titles.push( match );
			}
		}
		if ( !titles.length ) return;
		for ( i = 0; i &lt; toResolve.length; i++ ) {
			if ( i &amp;&amp; toResolve[ i ].dabInputCleaned !== page.title.substring( page.title.indexOf( ':' ) + 1 ) ) continue;
			toResolve[ i ].inputExists = true; // Might actually be wrong if it's a redirect pointing to a non-existing category
			toResolve[ i ].icon.src = HC.existsYes;
			if ( titles.length &gt; 1 ) {
				toResolve[ i ].dab = titles;
			} else {
				toResolve[ i ].text.value =
					titles[ 0 ] + ( toResolve[ i ].currentKey !== null ? '|' + toResolve[ i ].currentKey : '' );
			}
		}
	}

	function resolveRedirects( toResolve, params ) {
		if ( !params || !params.query || !params.query.pages ) return;
		for ( var p in params.query.pages ) resolveOne( params.query.pages[ p ], toResolve );
	}

	function resolveMulti( toResolve, callback ) {
		var i;
		for ( i = 0; i &lt; toResolve.length; i++ ) {
			toResolve[ i ].dab = null;
			toResolve[ i ].dabInput = toResolve[ i ].lastInput;
		}
		if ( noSuggestions ) {
			callback( toResolve );
			return;
		}
		// Use %7C instead of |, otherwise Konqueror insists on re-encoding the arguments, resulting in doubly encoded
		// category names. (That is a bug in Konqueror. Other browsers don't have this problem.)
		var args = 'action=query&amp;prop=info%7Clinks%7Ccategories%7Ccategoryinfo&amp;plnamespace=14' +
			'&amp;pllimit=' + ( toResolve.length * 10 ) +
			'&amp;cllimit=' + ( toResolve.length * 10 ) +
			'&amp;format=json&amp;titles=';
		for ( i = 0; i &lt; toResolve.length; i++ ) {
			var v = toResolve[ i ].dabInput;
			v = replaceShortcuts( v, HC.shortcuts );
			toResolve[ i ].dabInputCleaned = v;
			args += encodeURIComponent( 'Category:' + v );
			if ( i + 1 &lt; toResolve.length ) args += '%7C';
		}
		$.getJSON( conf.wgScriptPath + '/api.php?' + args,
			function ( json ) {
				resolveRedirects( toResolve, json );
				callback( toResolve );
			} ).fail( function ( req ) {
			if ( !req ) noSuggestions = true;
			callback( toResolve );
		} );
	}

	function makeActive( which ) {
		if ( which.is_active ) return;
		for ( var i = 0; i &lt; editors.length; i++ )
			if ( editors[ i ] !== which ) editors[ i ].inactivate();

		which.is_active = true;
		if ( which.dab ) {
			// eslint-disable-next-line no-use-before-define
			showDab( which );
		} else {
			// Check for programmatic value changes.
			var expectedInput = which.lastRealInput || which.lastInput || '';
			var actualValue = which.text.value || '';
			if ( !expectedInput.length &amp;&amp; actualValue.length || expectedInput.length &amp;&amp; actualValue.indexOf( expectedInput ) ) {
				// Somehow the field's value appears to have changed, and which.lastSelection therefore is no longer valid. Try to set the
				// cursor at the end of the category, and do not display the old suggestion list.
				which.showsList = false;
				var v = actualValue.split( '|' );
				which.lastRealInput = which.lastInput = v[ 0 ];
				if ( v.length &gt; 1 ) which.currentKey = v[ 1 ];

				if ( which.lastSelection ) {
					which.lastSelection = {
						start: v[ 0 ].length,
						end: v[ 0 ].length
					};
				}
			}
			if ( which.showsList ) which.displayList();

			if ( which.lastSelection ) {
				if ( is_webkit ) {
					// WebKit (Safari, Chrome) has problems selecting inside focus()
					// See http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=32865#c6
					window.setTimeout(
						function () {
							which.setSelection( which.lastSelection.start, which.lastSelection.end );
						},
						1 );
				} else {
					which.setSelection( which.lastSelection.start, which.lastSelection.end );
				}
			}
		}
	}

	function showDab( which ) {
		if ( !which.is_active ) {
			makeActive( which );
		} else {
			which.showSuggestions( which.dab, false, null, null ); // do autocompletion, no key, no engine selector
			which.dab = null;
		}
	}

	function multiSubmit() {
		var toResolve = [];
		for ( var i = 0; i &lt; editors.length; i++ )
			if ( editors[ i ].state === CategoryEditor.CHANGE_PENDING || editors[ i ].state === CategoryEditor.OPEN ) toResolve.push( editors[ i ] );

		if ( !toResolve.length ) {
			initiateEdit( function ( failure ) {
				performChanges( failure );
			}, function ( msg ) {
				alert( msg );
			} );
			return;
		}
		resolveMulti( toResolve, function ( resolved ) {
			var firstDab = null;
			var dontChange = false;
			for ( var i = 0; i &lt; resolved.length; i++ ) {
				if ( resolved[ i ].lastInput !== resolved[ i ].dabInput ) {
					// We didn't disable all the open editors, but we did asynchronous calls. It is
					// theoretically possible that the user changed something...
					dontChange = true;
				} else {
					if ( resolved[ i ].dab ) {
						if ( !firstDab ) firstDab = resolved[ i ];
					} else {
						if ( resolved[ i ].acceptCheck( true ) ) resolved[ i ].commit();
					}
				}
			}
			if ( firstDab ) {
				showDab( firstDab );
			} else if ( !dontChange ) {
				initiateEdit( function ( failure ) {
					performChanges( failure );
				}, function ( msg ) {
					alert( msg );
				} );
			}
		} );
	}

	function setMultiInput() {
		if ( commitButton || onUpload ) return;
		commitButton = make( 'input' );
		commitButton.type = 'button';
		commitButton.value = HC.messages.commit;
		commitButton.onclick = multiSubmit;
		if ( multiSpan ) multiSpan.parentNode.replaceChild( commitButton, multiSpan ); else catLine.appendChild( commitButton );
	}

	function checkMultiInput() {
		if ( !commitButton ) return;
		var hasChanges = false;
		for ( var i = 0; i &lt; editors.length; i++ ) {
			if ( editors[ i ].state !== CategoryEditor.UNCHANGED ) {
				hasChanges = true;
				break;
			}
		}
		commitButton.disabled = !hasChanges;
	}

	var suggestionEngines = {
		opensearch: {
			uri: '/api.php?format=json&amp;action=opensearch&amp;namespace=14&amp;limit=30&amp;search=Category:$1', // $1 = search term
			// Function to convert result of uri into an array of category names
			handler: function ( queryResult, queryKey ) {
				if ( queryResult &amp;&amp; queryResult.length &gt;= 2 ) {
					var key = queryResult[ 0 ].substring( queryResult[ 0 ].indexOf( ':' ) + 1 );
					var titles = queryResult[ 1 ];
					var exists = false;
					if ( !cat_prefix ) cat_prefix = new RegExp( '^(' + HC.category_regexp + '):' );

					for ( var i = 0; i &lt; titles.length; i++ ) {
						cat_prefix.lastIndex = 0;
						var m = cat_prefix.exec( titles[ i ] );
						if ( m &amp;&amp; m.length &gt; 1 ) {
							titles[ i ] = titles[ i ].substring( titles[ i ].indexOf( ':' ) + 1 ); // rm namespace
							if ( key === titles[ i ] ) exists = true;
						} else {
							titles.splice( i, 1 ); // Nope, it's not a category after all.
							i--;
						}
					}
					titles.exists = exists;
					if ( queryKey !== key ) titles.normalized = key;
					// Remember the NFC normalized key we got back from the server
					return titles;
				}
				return null;
			}
		},
		internalsearch: {
			uri: '/api.php?format=json&amp;action=query&amp;list=allpages&amp;apnamespace=14&amp;aplimit=30&amp;apfrom=$1&amp;apprefix=$1',
			handler: function ( queryResult ) {
				if ( queryResult &amp;&amp; queryResult.query &amp;&amp; queryResult.query.allpages ) {
					var titles = queryResult.query.allpages;
					for ( var i = 0; i &lt; titles.length; i++ ) titles[ i ] = titles[ i ].title.substring( titles[ i ].title.indexOf( ':' ) + 1 ); // rm namespace

					return titles;
				}
				return null;
			}
		},
		exists: {
			uri: '/api.php?format=json&amp;action=query&amp;prop=info&amp;titles=Category:$1',
			handler: function ( queryResult, queryKey ) {
				if ( queryResult &amp;&amp; queryResult.query &amp;&amp; queryResult.query.pages &amp;&amp; !queryResult.query.pages[ -1 ] ) {
					// Should have exactly 1
					for ( var p in queryResult.query.pages ) {
						var title = queryResult.query.pages[ p ].title;
						title = title.substring( title.indexOf( ':' ) + 1 );
						var titles = [ title ];
						titles.exists = true;
						if ( queryKey !== title ) titles.normalized = title;
						// NFC
						return titles;
					}
				}
				return null;
			}
		},
		subcategories: {
			uri: '/api.php?format=json&amp;action=query&amp;list=categorymembers&amp;cmtype=subcat&amp;cmlimit=max&amp;cmtitle=Category:$1',
			handler: function ( queryResult ) {
				if ( queryResult &amp;&amp; queryResult.query &amp;&amp; queryResult.query.categorymembers ) {
					var titles = queryResult.query.categorymembers;
					for ( var i = 0; i &lt; titles.length; i++ ) titles[ i ] = titles[ i ].title.substring( titles[ i ].title.indexOf( ':' ) + 1 ); // rm namespace

					return titles;
				}
				return null;
			}
		},
		parentcategories: {
			uri: '/api.php?format=json&amp;action=query&amp;prop=categories&amp;titles=Category:$1&amp;cllimit=max',
			handler: function ( queryResult ) {
				if ( queryResult &amp;&amp; queryResult.query &amp;&amp; queryResult.query.pages ) {
					for ( var p in queryResult.query.pages ) {
						if ( queryResult.query.pages[ p ].categories ) {
							var titles = queryResult.query.pages[ p ].categories;
							for ( var i = 0; i &lt; titles.length; i++ ) titles[ i ] = titles[ i ].title.substring( titles[ i ].title.indexOf( ':' ) + 1 ); // rm namespace

							return titles;
						}
					}
				}
				return null;
			}
		}
	};

	var suggestionConfigs = {
		searchindex: {
			name: 'Search index',
			engines: [ 'opensearch' ],
			cache: {},
			show: true,
			temp: false,
			noCompletion: false
		},
		pagelist: {
			name: 'Page list',
			engines: [ 'internalsearch', 'exists' ],
			cache: {},
			show: true,
			temp: false,
			noCompletion: false
		},
		combined: {
			name: 'Combined search',
			engines: [ 'opensearch', 'internalsearch' ],
			cache: {},
			show: true,
			temp: false,
			noCompletion: false
		},
		subcat: {
			name: 'Subcategories',
			engines: [ 'subcategories' ],
			cache: {},
			show: true,
			temp: true,
			noCompletion: true
		},
		parentcat: {
			name: 'Parent categories',
			engines: [ 'parentcategories' ],
			cache: {},
			show: true,
			temp: true,
			noCompletion: true
		}
	};

	CategoryEditor.UNCHANGED = 0;
	CategoryEditor.OPEN = 1; // Open, but no input yet
	CategoryEditor.CHANGE_PENDING = 2; // Open, some input made
	CategoryEditor.CHANGED = 3;
	CategoryEditor.DELETED = 4;

	// Support: IE6
	// IE6 sometimes forgets to redraw the list when editors are opened or closed.
	// Adding/removing a dummy element helps, at least when opening editors.
	var dummyElement = make( '\xa0', true );

	function forceRedraw() {
		if ( dummyElement.parentNode ) document.body.removeChild( dummyElement ); else document.body.appendChild( dummyElement );
	}

	// Event keyCodes that we handle in the text input field/suggestion list.
	var BS = 8,
		TAB = 9,
		RET = 13,
		ESC = 27,
		SPACE = 32,
		PGUP = 33,
		PGDOWN = 34,
		UP = 38,
		DOWN = 40,
		DEL = 46,
		IME = 229;

	CategoryEditor.prototype = {

		initialize: function ( line, span, after, key, is_hidden ) {
			// If a span is given, 'after' is the category title, otherwise it may be an element after which to
			// insert the new span. 'key' is likewise overloaded; if a span is given, it is the category key (if
			// known), otherwise it is a boolean indicating whether a bar shall be prepended.
			if ( !span ) {
				this.isAddCategory = true;
				// Create add span and append to catLinks
				this.originalCategory = '';
				this.originalKey = null;
				this.originalExists = false;
				if ( !newDOM ) {
					span = make( 'span' );
					span.className = 'noprint';
					if ( key ) {
						span.appendChild( make( ' | ', true ) );
						if ( after ) {
							after.parentNode.insertBefore( span, after.nextSibling );
							after = after.nextSibling;
						} else if (line) {
							line.appendChild( span );
						}
					} else if ( line &amp;&amp; line.firstChild ) {
						span.appendChild( make( ' ', true ) );
						line.appendChild( span );
					}
				}
				this.linkSpan = make( 'span' );
				this.linkSpan.className = 'noprint nopopups hotcatlink';
				var lk = make( 'a' );
				lk.href = '#catlinks';
				lk.onclick = this.open.bind( this );
				lk.appendChild( make( HC.links.add, true ) );
				lk.title = HC.tooltips.add;
				this.linkSpan.appendChild( lk );
				span = make( newDOM ? 'li' : 'span' );
				span.className = 'noprint';
				if ( is_rtl ) span.dir = 'rtl';

				span.appendChild( this.linkSpan );
				if ( after ) {
					after.parentNode.insertBefore( span, after.nextSibling );
				} else if ( line ) {
					line.appendChild( span );
				}

				this.normalLinks = null;
				this.undelLink = null;
				this.catLink = null;
			} else {
				if ( is_rtl ) span.dir = 'rtl';

				this.isAddCategory = false;
				this.catLink = span.firstChild;
				this.originalCategory = after;
				this.originalKey = ( key &amp;&amp; key.length &gt; 1 ) ? key.substr( 1 ) : null; // &gt; 1 because it includes the leading bar
				this.originalExists = !hasClass( this.catLink, 'new' );
				// Create change and del links
				this.makeLinkSpan();
				if ( !this.originalExists &amp;&amp; this.upDownLinks ) this.upDownLinks.style.display = 'none';

				span.appendChild( this.linkSpan );
			}
			this.originalHidden = is_hidden;
			this.line = line;
			this.engine = HC.suggestions;
			this.span = span;
			this.currentCategory = this.originalCategory;
			this.currentExists = this.originalExists;
			this.currentHidden = this.originalHidden;
			this.currentKey = this.originalKey;
			this.state = CategoryEditor.UNCHANGED;
			this.lastSavedState = CategoryEditor.UNCHANGED;
			this.lastSavedCategory = this.originalCategory;
			this.lastSavedKey = this.originalKey;
			this.lastSavedExists = this.originalExists;
			this.lastSavedHidden = this.originalHidden;
			if ( this.catLink &amp;&amp; this.currentKey ) this.catLink.title = this.currentKey;

			editors[ editors.length ] = this;
		},

		makeLinkSpan: function () {
			this.normalLinks = make( 'span' );
			var lk = null;
			if ( this.originalCategory &amp;&amp; this.originalCategory.length ) {
				lk = make( 'a' );
				lk.href = '#catlinks';
				lk.onclick = this.remove.bind( this );
				lk.appendChild( make( HC.links.remove, true ) );
				lk.title = HC.tooltips.remove;
				this.normalLinks.appendChild( make( ' ', true ) );
				this.normalLinks.appendChild( lk );
			}
			if ( !HC.template_categories[ this.originalCategory ] ) {
				lk = make( 'a' );
				lk.href = '#catlinks';
				lk.onclick = this.open.bind( this );
				lk.appendChild( make( HC.links.change, true ) );
				lk.title = HC.tooltips.change;
				this.normalLinks.appendChild( make( ' ', true ) );
				this.normalLinks.appendChild( lk );
				if ( !noSuggestions &amp;&amp; HC.use_up_down ) {
					this.upDownLinks = make( 'span' );
					lk = make( 'a' );
					lk.href = '#catlinks';
					lk.onclick = this.down.bind( this );
					lk.appendChild( make( HC.links.down, true ) );
					lk.title = HC.tooltips.down;
					this.upDownLinks.appendChild( make( ' ', true ) );
					this.upDownLinks.appendChild( lk );
					lk = make( 'a' );
					lk.href = '#catlinks';
					lk.onclick = this.up.bind( this );
					lk.appendChild( make( HC.links.up, true ) );
					lk.title = HC.tooltips.up;
					this.upDownLinks.appendChild( make( ' ', true ) );
					this.upDownLinks.appendChild( lk );
					this.normalLinks.appendChild( this.upDownLinks );
				}
			}
			this.linkSpan = make( 'span' );
			this.linkSpan.className = 'noprint nopopups hotcatlink';
			this.linkSpan.appendChild( this.normalLinks );
			this.undelLink = make( 'span' );
			this.undelLink.className = 'nopopups hotcatlink';
			this.undelLink.style.display = 'none';
			lk = make( 'a' );
			lk.href = '#catlinks';
			lk.onclick = this.restore.bind( this );
			lk.appendChild( make( HC.links.restore, true ) );
			lk.title = HC.tooltips.restore;
			this.undelLink.appendChild( make( ' ', true ) );
			this.undelLink.appendChild( lk );
			this.linkSpan.appendChild( this.undelLink );
		},

		invokeSuggestions: function ( dont_autocomplete ) {
			if ( this.engine &amp;&amp; suggestionConfigs[ this.engine ] &amp;&amp; suggestionConfigs[ this.engine ].temp &amp;&amp; !dont_autocomplete ) this.engine = HC.suggestions; // Reset to a search upon input

			this.state = CategoryEditor.CHANGE_PENDING;
			var self = this;
			window.setTimeout( function () {
				self.textchange( dont_autocomplete );
			}, HC.suggest_delay );
		},

		makeForm: function () {
			var form = make( 'form' );
			form.method = 'POST';
			form.onsubmit = this.accept.bind( this );
			this.form = form;
			var self = this;
			var text = make( 'input' );
			text.type = 'text';
			text.size = HC.editbox_width;
			if ( !noSuggestions ) {
				// Be careful here to handle IME input. This is browser/OS/IME dependent, but basically there are two mechanisms:
				// - Modern (DOM Level 3) browsers use compositionstart/compositionend events to signal composition; if the
				//   composition is not canceled, there'll be a textInput event following. During a composition key events are
				//   either all suppressed (FF/Gecko), or otherwise have keyDown === IME for all keys (Webkit).
				//   - Webkit sends a textInput followed by keyDown === IME and a keyUp with the key that ended composition.
				//   - Gecko doesn't send textInput but just a keyUp with the key that ended composition, without sending keyDown
				//     first. Gecko doesn't send any keydown while IME is active.
				// - Older browsers signal composition by keyDown === IME for the first and subsequent keys for a composition. The
				//   first keyDown !== IME is certainly after the end of the composition. Typically, composition end can also be
				//   detected by a keyDown IME with a keyUp of space, tab, escape, or return.
				text.onkeyup = function ( evt ) {
					var key = evt.keyCode || 0;
					if ( self.ime &amp;&amp; self.lastKey === IME &amp;&amp; !self.usesComposition &amp;&amp; ( key === TAB || key === RET || key === ESC || key === SPACE ) ) self.ime = false;

					if ( self.ime ) return true;

					if ( key === UP || key === DOWN || key === PGUP || key === PGDOWN ) {
						// In case a browser doesn't generate keypress events for arrow keys...
						if ( self.keyCount === 0 ) return self.processKey( evt );
					} else {
						if ( key === ESC &amp;&amp; self.lastKey !== IME ) {
							if ( !self.resetKeySelection() ) {
								// No undo of key selection: treat ESC as &quot;cancel&quot;.
								self.cancel();
								return;
							}
						}
						// Also do this for ESC as a workaround for Firefox bug 524360
						// https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=524360
						self.invokeSuggestions( key === BS || key === DEL || key === ESC );
					}
					return true;
				};
				text.onkeydown = function ( evt ) {
					var key = evt.keyCode || 0;
					self.lastKey = key;
					self.keyCount = 0;
					// DOM Level &lt; 3 IME input
					if ( !self.ime &amp;&amp; key === IME &amp;&amp; !self.usesComposition ) {
						// self.usesComposition catches browsers that may emit spurious keydown IME after a composition has ended
						self.ime = true;
					} else if ( self.ime &amp;&amp; key !== IME &amp;&amp; !( key &gt;= 16 &amp;&amp; key &lt;= 20 || key &gt;= 91 &amp;&amp; key &lt;= 93 || key === 144 ) ) {
						// Ignore control keys: ctrl, shift, alt, alt gr, caps lock, windows/apple cmd keys, num lock. Only the windows keys
						// terminate IME (apple cmd doesn't), but they also cause a blur, so it's OK to ignore them here.
						// Note: Safari 4 (530.17) propagates ESC out of an IME composition (observed at least on Win XP).
						self.ime = false;
					}
					if ( self.ime ) return true;

					// Handle return explicitly, to override the default form submission to be able to check for ctrl
					if ( key === RET ) return self.accept( evt );

					// Inhibit default behavior of ESC (revert to last real input in FF: we do that ourselves)
					return ( key === ESC ) ? evtKill( evt ) : true;
				};
				// And handle continued pressing of arrow keys
				text.onkeypress = function ( evt ) {
					self.keyCount++;
					return self.processKey( evt );
				};
				$( text ).on( 'focus', function () {
					makeActive( self );
				} );
				// On IE, blur events are asynchronous, and may thus arrive after the element has lost the focus. Since IE
				// can get the selection only while the element is active (has the focus), we may not always get the selection.
				// Therefore, use an IE-specific synchronous event on IE...
				// Don't test for text.selectionStart being defined;
				$( text ).on(
					( text.onbeforedeactivate !== undefined &amp;&amp; text.createTextRange ) ? 'beforedeactivate' : 'blur',
					this.saveView.bind( this ) );
				// DOM Level 3 IME handling
				try {
					// Setting lastKey = IME provides a fake keyDown for Gecko's single keyUp after a cmposition. If we didn't do this,
					// cancelling a composition via ESC would also cancel and close the whole category input editor.
					$( text ).on( 'compositionstart', function () {
						self.lastKey = IME;
						self.usesComposition = true;
						self.ime = true;
					} );
					$( text ).on( 'compositionend', function () {
						self.lastKey = IME;
						self.usesComposition = true;
						self.ime = false;
					} );
					$( text ).on( 'textInput', function () {
						self.ime = false;
						self.invokeSuggestions( false );
					} );
				} catch ( any ) {
					// Just in case some browsers might produce exceptions with these DOM Level 3 events
				}
				$( text ).on( 'blur', function () {
					self.usesComposition = false;
					self.ime = false;
				} );
			}
			this.text = text;

			this.icon = make( 'img' );

			var list = null;
			if ( !noSuggestions ) {
				list = make( 'select' );
				list.onclick = function () {
					if ( self.highlightSuggestion( 0 ) ) self.textchange( false, true );
				};
				list.ondblclick = function ( e ) {
					if ( self.highlightSuggestion( 0 ) ) self.accept( e );
				};
				list.onchange = function () {
					self.highlightSuggestion( 0 );
					self.text.focus();
				};
				list.onkeyup = function ( evt ) {
					if ( evt.keyCode === ESC ) {
						self.resetKeySelection();
						self.text.focus();
						window.setTimeout( function () {
							self.textchange( true );
						}, HC.suggest_delay );
					} else if ( evt.keyCode === RET ) {
						self.accept( evt );
					}
				};
				if ( !HC.fixed_search ) {
					var engineSelector = make( 'select' );
					for ( var key in suggestionConfigs ) {
						if ( suggestionConfigs[ key ].show ) {
							var opt = make( 'option' );
							opt.value = key;
							if ( key === this.engine ) opt.selected = true;

							opt.appendChild( make( suggestionConfigs[ key ].name, true ) );
							engineSelector.appendChild( opt );
						}
					}
					engineSelector.onchange = function () {
						self.engine = self.engineSelector.options[ self.engineSelector.selectedIndex ].value;
						self.text.focus();
						self.textchange( true, true ); // Don't autocomplete, force re-display of list
					};
					this.engineSelector = engineSelector;
				}
			}
			this.list = list;

			function button_label( id, defaultText ) {
				var label = null;
				if (
					onUpload &amp;&amp;
					window.UFUI !== undefined &amp;&amp;
					window.UIElements !== undefined &amp;&amp;
					UFUI.getLabel instanceof Function
				) {
					try {
						label = UFUI.getLabel( id, true );
						// Extract the plain text. IE doesn't know that Node.TEXT_NODE === 3
						while ( label &amp;&amp; label.nodeType !== 3 ) label = label.firstChild;
					} catch ( ex ) {
						label = null;
					}
				}
				if ( !label || !label.data ) return defaultText;

				return label.data;
			}

			// Do not use type 'submit'; we cannot detect modifier keys if we do
			var OK = make( 'input' );
			OK.type = 'button';
			OK.value = button_label( 'wpOkUploadLbl', HC.messages.ok );
			OK.onclick = this.accept.bind( this );
			this.ok = OK;

			var cancel = make( 'input' );
			cancel.type = 'button';
			cancel.value = button_label( 'wpCancelUploadLbl', HC.messages.cancel );
			cancel.onclick = this.cancel.bind( this );
			this.cancelButton = cancel;

			var span = make( 'span' );
			span.className = 'hotcatinput';
			span.style.position = 'relative';
			span.appendChild( text );

			// Support: IE8, IE9
			// Put some text into this span (a0 is nbsp) and make sure it always stays on the same
			// line as the input field, otherwise, IE8/9 miscalculates the height of the span and
			// then the engine selector may overlap the input field.
			span.appendChild( make( '\xa0', true ) );
			span.style.whiteSpace = 'nowrap';

			if ( list ) span.appendChild( list );

			if ( this.engineSelector ) span.appendChild( this.engineSelector );

			if ( !noSuggestions ) span.appendChild( this.icon );

			span.appendChild( OK );
			span.appendChild( cancel );
			form.appendChild( span );
			form.style.display = 'none';
			this.span.appendChild( form );
		},

		display: function ( evt ) {
			if ( this.isAddCategory &amp;&amp; !onUpload &amp;&amp; this.line ) {
				// eslint-disable-next-line no-new
				new CategoryEditor( this.line, null, this.span, true ); // Create a new one
			}
			if ( !commitButton &amp;&amp; !onUpload ) {
				for ( var i = 0; i &lt; editors.length; i++ ) {
					if ( editors[ i ].state !== CategoryEditor.UNCHANGED ) {
						setMultiInput();
						break;
					}
				}
			}
			if ( !this.form ) this.makeForm();

			if ( this.list ) this.list.style.display = 'none';

			if ( this.engineSelector ) this.engineSelector.style.display = 'none';

			this.currentCategory = this.lastSavedCategory;
			this.currentExists = this.lastSavedExists;
			this.currentHidden = this.lastSavedHidden;
			this.currentKey = this.lastSavedKey;
			this.icon.src = ( this.currentExists ? HC.existsYes : HC.existsNo );
			this.text.value = this.currentCategory + ( this.currentKey !== null ? '|' + this.currentKey : '' );
			this.originalState = this.state;
			this.lastInput = this.currentCategory;
			this.inputExists = this.currentExists;
			this.state = this.state === CategoryEditor.UNCHANGED ? CategoryEditor.OPEN : CategoryEditor.CHANGE_PENDING;
			this.lastSelection = {
				start: this.currentCategory.length,
				end: this.currentCategory.length
			};
			this.showsList = false;
			// Display the form
			if ( this.catLink ) this.catLink.style.display = 'none';

			this.linkSpan.style.display = 'none';
			this.form.style.display = 'inline';
			this.ok.disabled = false;
			// Kill the event before focussing, otherwise IE will kill the onfocus event!
			var result = evtKill( evt );
			this.text.focus();
			this.text.readOnly = false;
			checkMultiInput();
			return result;
		},

		show: function ( evt, engine, readOnly ) {
			var result = this.display( evt );
			var v = this.lastSavedCategory;
			if ( !v.length ) return result;

			this.text.readOnly = !!readOnly;
			this.engine = engine;
			this.textchange( false, true ); // do autocompletion, force display of suggestions
			forceRedraw();
			return result;
		},

		open: function ( evt ) {
			return this.show( evt, ( this.engine &amp;&amp; suggestionConfigs[ this.engine ].temp ) ? HC.suggestions : this.engine );
		},

		down: function ( evt ) {
			return this.show( evt, 'subcat', true );
		},

		up: function ( evt ) {
			return this.show( evt, 'parentcat' );
		},

		cancel: function () {
			if ( this.isAddCategory &amp;&amp; !onUpload ) {
				this.removeEditor(); // We added a new adder when opening
				return;
			}
			// Close, re-display link
			this.inactivate();
			this.form.style.display = 'none';
			if ( this.catLink ) this.catLink.style.display = '';

			this.linkSpan.style.display = '';
			this.state = this.originalState;
			this.currentCategory = this.lastSavedCategory;
			this.currentKey = this.lastSavedKey;
			this.currentExists = this.lastSavedExists;
			this.currentHidden = this.lastSavedHidden;
			if ( this.catLink )
				if ( this.currentKey &amp;&amp; this.currentKey.length ) { this.catLink.title = this.currentKey; } else { this.catLink.title = ''; }

			if ( this.state === CategoryEditor.UNCHANGED ) {
				if ( this.catLink ) this.catLink.style.backgroundColor = 'transparent';
			} else {
				if ( !onUpload ) {
					try {
						this.catLink.style.backgroundColor = HC.bg_changed;
					} catch ( ex ) {}
				}
			}
			checkMultiInput();
			forceRedraw();
		},

		removeEditor: function () {
			if ( !newDOM ) {
				var next = this.span.nextSibling;
				if ( next ) next.parentNode.removeChild( next );
			}
			if (this.span &amp;&amp; this.span.parentNode) {
				this.span.parentNode.removeChild( this.span );
			}
			for ( var i = 0; i &lt; editors.length; i++ ) {
				if ( editors[ i ] === this ) {
					editors.splice( i, 1 );
					break;
				}
			}
			checkMultiInput();
		},

		rollback: function ( evt ) {
			this.undoLink.parentNode.removeChild( this.undoLink );
			this.undoLink = null;
			this.currentCategory = this.originalCategory;
			this.currentKey = this.originalKey;
			this.currentExists = this.originalExists;
			this.currentHidden = this.originalHidden;
			this.lastSavedCategory = this.originalCategory;
			this.lastSavedKey = this.originalKey;
			this.lastSavedExists = this.originalExists;
			this.lastSavedHidden = this.originalHidden;
			this.state = CategoryEditor.UNCHANGED;
			if ( !this.currentCategory || !this.currentCategory.length ) {
				// It was a newly added category. Remove the whole editor.
				this.removeEditor();
			} else {
				// Redisplay the link...
				this.catLink.removeChild( this.catLink.firstChild );
				this.catLink.appendChild( make( this.currentCategory, true ) );
				this.catLink.href = wikiPagePath( HC.category_canonical + ':' + this.currentCategory );
				this.catLink.title = this.currentKey || '';
				this.catLink.className = this.currentExists ? '' : 'new';
				this.catLink.style.backgroundColor = 'transparent';
				if ( this.upDownLinks ) this.upDownLinks.style.display = this.currentExists ? '' : 'none';

				checkMultiInput();
			}
			return evtKill( evt );
		},

		inactivate: function () {
			if ( this.list ) this.list.style.display = 'none';

			if ( this.engineSelector ) this.engineSelector.style.display = 'none';

			this.is_active = false;
		},

		acceptCheck: function ( dontCheck ) {
			this.sanitizeInput();
			var value = this.text.value.split( '|' );
			var key = null;
			if ( value.length &gt; 1 ) key = value[ 1 ];

			var v = value[ 0 ].replace( /_/g, ' ' ).replace( /^\s+|\s+$/g, '' );
			if ( HC.capitalizePageNames ) v = capitalize( v );

			this.lastInput = v;
			v = replaceShortcuts( v, HC.shortcuts );
			if ( !v.length ) {
				this.cancel();
				return false;
			}
			if ( !dontCheck &amp;&amp; (
				conf.wgNamespaceNumber === 14 &amp;&amp; v === conf.wgTitle || HC.blacklist &amp;&amp; HC.blacklist.test( v ) ) ) {
				this.cancel();
				return false;
			}
			this.currentCategory = v;
			this.currentKey = key;
			this.currentExists = this.inputExists;
			return true;
		},

		accept: function ( evt ) {
			// eslint-disable-next-line no-bitwise
			this.noCommit = ( evtKeys( evt ) &amp; 1 ) !== 0;
			var result = evtKill( evt );
			if ( this.acceptCheck() ) {
				var toResolve = [ this ];
				var original = this.currentCategory;
				resolveMulti( toResolve, function ( resolved ) {
					if ( resolved[ 0 ].dab ) {
						showDab( resolved[ 0 ] );
					} else {
						if ( resolved[ 0 ].acceptCheck( true ) ) {
							resolved[ 0 ].commit(
								( resolved[ 0 ].currentCategory !== original ) ?
									HC.messages.cat_resolved.replace( /\$1/g, original ) :
									null );
						}
					}
				} );
			}
			return result;
		},

		close: function () {
			if ( !this.catLink ) {
				// Create a catLink
				this.catLink = make( 'a' );
				this.catLink.appendChild( make( 'foo', true ) );
				this.catLink.style.display = 'none';
				this.span.insertBefore( this.catLink, this.span.firstChild.nextSibling );
			}
			this.catLink.removeChild( this.catLink.firstChild );
			this.catLink.appendChild( make( this.currentCategory, true ) );
			this.catLink.href = wikiPagePath( HC.category_canonical + ':' + this.currentCategory );
			this.catLink.className = this.currentExists ? '' : 'new';
			this.lastSavedCategory = this.currentCategory;
			this.lastSavedKey = this.currentKey;
			this.lastSavedExists = this.currentExists;
			this.lastSavedHidden = this.currentHidden;
			// Close form and redisplay category
			this.inactivate();
			this.form.style.display = 'none';
			this.catLink.title = this.currentKey || '';
			this.catLink.style.display = '';
			if ( this.isAddCategory ) {
				if ( onUpload &amp;&amp; this.line ) {
					// eslint-disable-next-line no-new
					new CategoryEditor( this.line, null, this.span, true ); // Create a new one
				}
				this.isAddCategory = false;
				this.linkSpan.parentNode.removeChild( this.linkSpan );
				this.makeLinkSpan();
				this.span.appendChild( this.linkSpan );
			}
			if ( !this.undoLink ) {
				// Append an undo link.
				var span = make( 'span' );
				var lk = make( 'a' );
				lk.href = '#catlinks';
				lk.onclick = this.rollback.bind( this );
				lk.appendChild( make( HC.links.undo, true ) );
				lk.title = HC.tooltips.undo;
				span.appendChild( make( ' ', true ) );
				span.appendChild( lk );
				this.normalLinks.appendChild( span );
				this.undoLink = span;
				if ( !onUpload ) {
					try {
						this.catLink.style.backgroundColor = HC.bg_changed;
					} catch ( ex ) {}
				}
			}
			if ( this.upDownLinks ) this.upDownLinks.style.display = this.lastSavedExists ? '' : 'none';

			this.linkSpan.style.display = '';
			this.state = CategoryEditor.CHANGED;
			checkMultiInput();
			forceRedraw();
		},

		commit: function () {
			// Check again to catch problem cases after redirect resolution
			if (
				(
					this.currentCategory === this.originalCategory &amp;&amp;
					(
						this.currentKey === this.originalKey ||
						this.currentKey === null &amp;&amp; !this.originalKey.length
					)
				) ||
				conf.wgNamespaceNumber === 14 &amp;&amp; this.currentCategory === conf.wgTitle ||
				HC.blacklist &amp;&amp; HC.blacklist.test( this.currentCategory )
			) {
				this.cancel();
				return;
			}
			this.close();
			if ( !commitButton &amp;&amp; !onUpload ) {
				var self = this;
				initiateEdit( function ( failure ) {
					performChanges( failure, self );
				}, function ( msg ) {
					alert( msg );
				} );
			}
		},

		remove: function ( evt ) {
			// eslint-disable-next-line no-bitwise
			this.doRemove( evtKeys( evt ) &amp; 1 );
			return evtKill( evt );
		},

		doRemove: function ( noCommit ) {
			if ( this.isAddCategory ) { // Empty input on adding a new category
				this.cancel();
				return;
			}
			if ( !commitButton &amp;&amp; !onUpload ) {
				for ( var i = 0; i &lt; editors.length; i++ ) {
					if ( editors[ i ].state !== CategoryEditor.UNCHANGED ) {
						setMultiInput();
						break;
					}
				}
			}
			if ( commitButton ) {
				this.catLink.title = '';
				this.catLink.style.cssText += '; text-decoration : line-through !important;';
				try {
					this.catLink.style.backgroundColor = HC.bg_changed;
				} catch ( ex ) {}
				this.originalState = this.state;
				this.state = CategoryEditor.DELETED;
				this.normalLinks.style.display = 'none';
				this.undelLink.style.display = '';
				checkMultiInput();
			} else {
				if ( onUpload ) {
					// Remove this editor completely
					this.removeEditor();
				} else {
					this.originalState = this.state;
					this.state = CategoryEditor.DELETED;
					this.noCommit = noCommit || HC.del_needs_diff;
					var self = this;
					initiateEdit(
						function ( failure ) {
							performChanges( failure, self );
						},
						function ( msg ) {
							self.state = self.originalState;
							alert( msg );
						} );
				}
			}
		},

		restore: function ( evt ) {
			// Can occur only if we do have a commit button and are not on the upload form
			this.catLink.title = this.currentKey || '';
			this.catLink.style.textDecoration = '';
			this.state = this.originalState;
			if ( this.state === CategoryEditor.UNCHANGED ) {
				this.catLink.style.backgroundColor = 'transparent';
			} else {
				try {
					this.catLink.style.backgroundColor = HC.bg_changed;
				} catch ( ex ) {}
			}
			this.normalLinks.style.display = '';
			this.undelLink.style.display = 'none';
			checkMultiInput();
			return evtKill( evt );
		},

		// Internal operations

		selectEngine: function ( engineName ) {
			if ( !this.engineSelector ) return;
			for ( var i = 0; i &lt; this.engineSelector.options.length; i++ ) this.engineSelector.options[ i ].selected = this.engineSelector.options[ i ].value === engineName;
		},

		sanitizeInput: function () {
			var v = this.text.value || '';

			// 1. Strip square brackets first (so we can see what's inside)
			v = v.replace(/^\[\[/, '').replace(/\]\]$/, '');

			// 2. Remove leading/trailing whitespace and underscores
			v = v.replace( /^(\s|_)+/, '' );

			// 3. Strip the Category namespace (handles localized versions)
			var re = new RegExp( '^(' + HC.category_regexp + '):', 'i' );
			if ( re.test( v ) ) {
				// Find the colon, take everything after it, and trim again
				v = v.substring( v.indexOf( ':' ) + 1 ).replace( /^(\s|_)+/, '' );
			}

			// 4. Final cleanup (LTR marks and capitalization)
			v = v.replace(/\u200E$/, '');
			if ( HC.capitalizePageNames ) v = capitalize( v );

			// Update the input field if needed, manually restoring the cursor afterwards
			// (but not the whole selection, so that further typing does not overwrite anything)
			if ( this.text.value !== null &amp;&amp; this.text.value !== v ) {
				var cursorPos = this.text.selectionStart;
				this.text.value = v;
				// Clamp cursor to string length to prevent IE/Edge errors
				var newPos = Math.min(cursorPos, v.length);
				this.text.setSelectionRange( newPos, newPos );
			}
		},

		makeCall: function ( url, callbackObj, engine, queryKey, cleanKey ) {
			var cb = callbackObj,
				e = engine,
				v = queryKey,
				z = cleanKey,
				thisObj = this;

			function done() {
				cb.callsMade++;
				if ( cb.callsMade === cb.nofCalls ) {
					if ( cb.exists ) cb.allTitles.exists = true;

					if ( cb.normalized ) cb.allTitles.normalized = cb.normalized;

					if ( !cb.dontCache &amp;&amp; !suggestionConfigs[ cb.engineName ].cache[ z ] ) suggestionConfigs[ cb.engineName ].cache[ z ] = cb.allTitles;

					thisObj.text.readOnly = false;
					if ( !cb.cancelled ) thisObj.showSuggestions( cb.allTitles, cb.noCompletion, v, cb.engineName );

					if ( cb === thisObj.callbackObj ) thisObj.callbackObj = null;

					cb = undefined;
				}
			}

			$.getJSON( url, function ( json ) {
				var titles = e.handler( json, z );
				if ( titles &amp;&amp; titles.length ) {
					if ( cb.allTitles === null ) cb.allTitles = titles; else cb.allTitles = cb.allTitles.concat( titles );
					if ( titles.exists ) cb.exists = true;
					if ( titles.normalized ) cb.normalized = titles.normalized;
				}
				done();
			} ).fail( function ( req ) {
				if ( !req ) noSuggestions = true;
				cb.dontCache = true;
				done();
			} );
		},

		callbackObj: null,

		textchange: function ( dont_autocomplete, force ) {
			// Hide all other lists
			makeActive( this );
			// Get input value, omit sort key, if any
			this.sanitizeInput();
			var v = this.text.value;
			// Disregard anything after a pipe.
			var pipe = v.indexOf( '|' );
			if ( pipe &gt;= 0 ) {
				this.currentKey = v.substring( pipe + 1 );
				v = v.substring( 0, pipe );
			} else {
				this.currentKey = null;
			}
			if ( this.lastInput === v &amp;&amp; !force ) return; // No change
			if ( this.lastInput !== v ) checkMultiInput();

			this.lastInput = v;
			this.lastRealInput = v;

			// Mark blacklisted inputs.
			this.ok.disabled = v.length &amp;&amp; HC.blacklist &amp;&amp; HC.blacklist.test( v );

			if ( noSuggestions ) {
			// No Ajax: just make sure the list is hidden
				if ( this.list ) this.list.style.display = 'none';
				if ( this.engineSelector ) this.engineSelector.style.display = 'none';
				if ( this.icon ) this.icon.style.display = 'none';
				return;
			}

			if ( !v.length ) {
				this.showSuggestions( [] );
				return;
			}
			var cleanKey = v.replace( /[\u200E\u200F\u202A-\u202E]/g, '' ).replace( wikiTextBlankRE, ' ' );
			cleanKey = replaceShortcuts( cleanKey, HC.shortcuts );
			cleanKey = cleanKey.replace( /^\s+|\s+$/g, '' );
			if ( !cleanKey.length ) {
				this.showSuggestions( [] );
				return;
			}

			if ( this.callbackObj ) this.callbackObj.cancelled = true;

			var engineName = suggestionConfigs[ this.engine ] ? this.engine : 'combined';

			dont_autocomplete = dont_autocomplete || suggestionConfigs[ engineName ].noCompletion;
			if ( suggestionConfigs[ engineName ].cache[ cleanKey ] ) {
				this.showSuggestions( suggestionConfigs[ engineName ].cache[ cleanKey ], dont_autocomplete, v, engineName );
				return;
			}

			var engines = suggestionConfigs[ engineName ].engines;
			this.callbackObj = {
				allTitles: null,
				callsMade: 0,
				nofCalls: engines.length,
				noCompletion: dont_autocomplete,
				engineName: engineName
			};
			this.makeCalls( engines, this.callbackObj, v, cleanKey );
		},

		makeCalls: function ( engines, cb, v, cleanKey ) {
			for ( var j = 0; j &lt; engines.length; j++ ) {
				var engine = suggestionEngines[ engines[ j ] ];
				var url = conf.wgScriptPath + engine.uri.replace( /\$1/g, encodeURIComponent( cleanKey ) );
				this.makeCall( url, cb, engine, v, cleanKey );
			}
		},

		showSuggestions: function ( titles, dontAutocomplete, queryKey, engineName ) {
			this.text.readOnly = false;
			this.dab = null;
			this.showsList = false;
			if ( !this.list ) return;
			if ( noSuggestions ) {
				if ( this.list ) this.list.style.display = 'none';

				if ( this.engineSelector ) this.engineSelector.style.display = 'none';

				if ( this.icon ) this.icon.style.display = 'none';

				this.inputExists = true; // Default...
				return;
			}
			this.engineName = engineName;
			if ( engineName ) {
				if ( !this.engineSelector ) this.engineName = null;
			} else {
				if ( this.engineSelector ) this.engineSelector.style.display = 'none';
			}
			if ( queryKey ) {
				if ( this.lastInput.indexOf( queryKey ) ) return;
				if ( this.lastQuery &amp;&amp; this.lastInput.indexOf( this.lastQuery ) === 0 &amp;&amp; this.lastQuery.length &gt; queryKey.length ) return;
			}
			this.lastQuery = queryKey;

			// Get current input text
			var v = this.text.value.split( '|' );
			var key = v.length &gt; 1 ? '|' + v[ 1 ] : '';
			v = ( HC.capitalizePageNames ? capitalize( v[ 0 ] ) : v[ 0 ] );
			var vNormalized = v;
			var knownToExist = titles &amp;&amp; titles.exists;
			var i;
			if ( titles ) {
				if ( titles.normalized &amp;&amp; v.indexOf( queryKey ) === 0 ) {
				// We got back a different normalization than what is in the input field
					vNormalized = titles.normalized + v.substring( queryKey.length );
				}
				var vLow = vNormalized.toLowerCase();
				// Strip blacklisted categories
				if ( HC.blacklist ) {
					for ( i = 0; i &lt; titles.length; i++ ) {
						if ( HC.blacklist.test( titles[ i ] ) ) {
							titles.splice( i, 1 );
							i--;
						}
					}
				}
				titles.sort(
					function ( a, b ) {
						if ( a === b ) return 0;

						if ( a.indexOf( b ) === 0 ) return 1;
						// a begins with b: a &gt; b
						if ( b.indexOf( a ) === 0 ) return -1;
						// b begins with a: a &lt; b
						// Opensearch may return stuff not beginning with the search prefix!
						var prefixMatchA = ( a.indexOf( vNormalized ) === 0 ? 1 : 0 );
						var prefixMatchB = ( b.indexOf( vNormalized ) === 0 ? 1 : 0 );
						if ( prefixMatchA !== prefixMatchB ) return prefixMatchB - prefixMatchA;

						// Case-insensitive prefix match!
						var aLow = a.toLowerCase(),
							bLow = b.toLowerCase();
						prefixMatchA = ( aLow.indexOf( vLow ) === 0 ? 1 : 0 );
						prefixMatchB = ( bLow.indexOf( vLow ) === 0 ? 1 : 0 );
						if ( prefixMatchA !== prefixMatchB ) return prefixMatchB - prefixMatchA;

						if ( a &lt; b ) return -1;

						if ( b &lt; a ) return 1;

						return 0;
					} );
				// Remove duplicates and self-references
				for ( i = 0; i &lt; titles.length; i++ ) {
					if (
						i + 1 &lt; titles.length &amp;&amp; titles[ i ] === titles[ i + 1 ] ||
						conf.wgNamespaceNumber === 14 &amp;&amp; titles[ i ] === conf.wgTitle
					) {
						titles.splice( i, 1 );
						i--;
					}
				}
			}
			if ( !titles || !titles.length ) {
				if ( this.list ) this.list.style.display = 'none';

				if ( this.engineSelector ) this.engineSelector.style.display = 'none';

				if ( engineName &amp;&amp; suggestionConfigs[ engineName ] &amp;&amp; !suggestionConfigs[ engineName ].temp ) {
					if ( this.icon ) this.icon.src = HC.existsNo;

					this.inputExists = false;
				}
				return;
			}

			var firstTitle = titles[ 0 ];
			var completed = this.autoComplete( firstTitle, v, vNormalized, key, dontAutocomplete );
			var existing = completed || knownToExist || firstTitle === replaceShortcuts( v, HC.shortcuts );
			if ( engineName &amp;&amp; suggestionConfigs[ engineName ] &amp;&amp; !suggestionConfigs[ engineName ].temp ) {
				this.icon.src = ( existing ? HC.existsYes : HC.existsNo );
				this.inputExists = existing;
			}
			if ( completed ) {
				this.lastInput = firstTitle;
				if ( titles.length === 1 ) {
					this.list.style.display = 'none';
					if ( this.engineSelector ) this.engineSelector.style.display = 'none';

					return;
				}
			}
			// (Re-)fill the list
			while ( this.list.firstChild ) this.list.removeChild( this.list.firstChild );

			for ( i = 0; i &lt; titles.length; i++ ) {
				var opt = make( 'option' );
				opt.appendChild( make( titles[ i ], true ) );
				opt.selected = completed &amp;&amp; ( i === 0 );
				this.list.appendChild( opt );
			}
			this.displayList();
		},

		displayList: function () {
			this.showsList = true;
			if ( !this.is_active ) {
				this.list.style.display = 'none';
				if ( this.engineSelector ) this.engineSelector.style.display = 'none';

				return;
			}
			var nofItems = ( this.list.options.length &gt; HC.listSize ? HC.listSize : this.list.options.length );
			if ( nofItems &lt;= 1 ) nofItems = 2;

			this.list.size = nofItems;
			this.list.style.align = is_rtl ? 'right' : 'left';
			this.list.style.zIndex = 5;
			this.list.style.position = 'absolute';
			// Compute initial list position. First the height.
			var anchor = is_rtl ? 'right' : 'left';
			var listh = 0;
			if ( this.list.style.display === 'none' ) {
				// Off-screen display to get the height
				this.list.style.top = this.text.offsetTop + 'px';
				this.list.style[ anchor ] = '-10000px';
				this.list.style.display = '';
				listh = this.list.offsetHeight;
				this.list.style.display = 'none';
			} else {
				listh = this.list.offsetHeight;
			}
			// Approximate calculation of maximum list size
			var maxListHeight = listh;
			if ( nofItems &lt; HC.listSize ) maxListHeight = ( listh / nofItems ) * HC.listSize;

			function viewport( what ) {
				if ( is_webkit &amp;&amp; !document.evaluate ) {
				// Safari &lt; 3.0
					return window[ 'inner' + what ];
				}
				var s = 'client' + what;
				if ( window.opera ) return document.body[ s ];

				return ( document.documentElement ? document.documentElement[ s ] : 0 ) || document.body[ s ] || 0;
			}
			function scroll_offset( what ) {
				var s = 'scroll' + what;
				var result = ( document.documentElement ? document.documentElement[ s ] : 0 ) || document.body[ s ] || 0;
				if ( is_rtl &amp;&amp; what === 'Left' ) {
					// RTL inconsistencies.
					// FF: 0 at the far right, then increasingly negative values.
					// IE &gt;= 8: 0 at the far right, then increasingly positive values.
					// Webkit: scrollWidth - clientWidth at the far right, then down to zero.
					// Opera: don't know...
					if ( result &lt; 0 ) result = -result;

					if ( !is_webkit ) result = scroll_offset( 'Width' ) - viewport( 'Width' ) - result;

					// Now all have webkit behavior, i.e. zero if at the leftmost edge.
				}
				return result;
			}
			function position( node ) {
				// Stripped-down simplified position function. It's good enough for our purposes.
				if ( node.getBoundingClientRect ) {
					var box = node.getBoundingClientRect();
					return {
						x: Math.round( box.left + scroll_offset( 'Left' ) ),
						y: Math.round( box.top + scroll_offset( 'Top' ) )
					};
				}
				var t = 0,
					l = 0;
				do {
					t += ( node.offsetTop || 0 );
					l += ( node.offsetLeft || 0 );
					node = node.offsetParent;
				} while ( node );
				return {
					x: l,
					y: t
				};
			}

			var textPos = position( this.text ),
				nl = 0,
				nt = 0,
				offset = 0,
				// Opera 9.5 somehow has offsetWidth = 0 here?? Use the next best value...
				textBoxWidth = this.text.offsetWidth || this.text.clientWidth;
			if ( this.engineName ) {
				this.engineSelector.style.zIndex = 5;
				this.engineSelector.style.position = 'absolute';
				this.engineSelector.style.width = textBoxWidth + 'px';
				// Figure out the height of this selector: display it off-screen, then hide it again.
				if ( this.engineSelector.style.display === 'none' ) {
					this.engineSelector.style[ anchor ] = '-10000px';
					this.engineSelector.style.top = '0';
					this.engineSelector.style.display = '';
					offset = this.engineSelector.offsetHeight;
					this.engineSelector.style.display = 'none';
				} else {
					offset = this.engineSelector.offsetHeight;
				}
				this.engineSelector.style[ anchor ] = nl + 'px';
			}
			if ( textPos.y &lt; maxListHeight + offset + 1 ) {
			// The list might extend beyond the upper border of the page. Let's avoid that by placing it
			// below the input text field.
				nt = this.text.offsetHeight + offset + 1;
				if ( this.engineName ) this.engineSelector.style.top = this.text.offsetHeight + 'px';
			} else {
				nt = -listh - offset - 1;
				if ( this.engineName ) this.engineSelector.style.top = -( offset + 1 ) + 'px';
			}
			this.list.style.top = nt + 'px';
			this.list.style.width = ''; // No fixed width (yet)
			this.list.style[ anchor ] = nl + 'px';
			if ( this.engineName ) {
				this.selectEngine( this.engineName );
				this.engineSelector.style.display = '';
			}
			this.list.style.display = 'block';
			// Set the width of the list
			if ( this.list.offsetWidth &lt; textBoxWidth ) {
				this.list.style.width = textBoxWidth + 'px';
				return;
			}
			// If the list is wider than the textbox: make sure it fits horizontally into the browser window
			var scroll = scroll_offset( 'Left' );
			var view_w = viewport( 'Width' );
			var w = this.list.offsetWidth;
			var l_pos = position( this.list );
			var left = l_pos.x;
			var right = left + w;
			if ( left &lt; scroll || right &gt; scroll + view_w ) {
				if ( w &gt; view_w ) {
					w = view_w;
					this.list.style.width = w + 'px';
					if ( is_rtl ) left = right - w; else right = left + w;
				}
				var relative_offset = 0;
				if ( left &lt; scroll ) relative_offset = scroll - left; else if ( right &gt; scroll + view_w ) relative_offset = -( right - scroll - view_w );

				if ( is_rtl ) relative_offset = -relative_offset;

				if ( relative_offset ) this.list.style[ anchor ] = ( nl + relative_offset ) + 'px';
			}
		},

		autoComplete: function ( newVal, actVal, normalizedActVal, key, dontModify ) {
			if ( newVal === actVal ) return true;

			if ( dontModify || this.ime || !this.canSelect() ) return false;

			// If we can't select properly or an IME composition is ongoing, autocompletion would be a major annoyance to the user.
			if ( newVal.indexOf( actVal ) ) {
				// Maybe it'll work with the normalized value (NFC)?
				if ( normalizedActVal &amp;&amp; newVal.indexOf( normalizedActVal ) === 0 ) {
					if ( this.lastRealInput === actVal ) this.lastRealInput = normalizedActVal;

					actVal = normalizedActVal;
				} else {
					return false;
				}
			}
			// Actual input is a prefix of the new text. Fill in new text, selecting the newly added suffix
			// such that it can be easily removed by typing backspace if the suggestion is unwanted.
			this.text.focus();
			this.text.value = newVal + key;
			this.setSelection( actVal.length, newVal.length );
			return true;
		},

		canSelect: function () {
			return this.text.setSelectionRange ||
			this.text.createTextRange ||
			this.text.selectionStart !== undefined &amp;&amp;
			this.text.selectionEnd !== undefined;
		},

		setSelection: function ( from, to ) {
			// this.text must be focused (at least on IE)
			if ( !this.text.value ) return;
			if ( this.text.setSelectionRange ) { // e.g. khtml
				this.text.setSelectionRange( from, to );
			} else if ( this.text.selectionStart !== undefined ) {
				if ( from &gt; this.text.selectionStart ) {
					this.text.selectionEnd = to;
					this.text.selectionStart = from;
				} else {
					this.text.selectionStart = from;
					this.text.selectionEnd = to;
				}
			} else if ( this.text.createTextRange ) { // IE
				var new_selection = this.text.createTextRange();
				new_selection.move( 'character', from );
				new_selection.moveEnd( 'character', to - from );
				new_selection.select();
			}
		},

		getSelection: function () {
			var from = 0,
				to = 0;
			// this.text must be focused (at least on IE)
			if ( !this.text.value ) {
				// No text.
			} else if ( this.text.selectionStart !== undefined ) {
				from = this.text.selectionStart;
				to = this.text.selectionEnd;
			} else if ( document.selection &amp;&amp; document.selection.createRange ) { // IE
				var rng = document.selection.createRange().duplicate();
				if ( rng.parentElement() === this.text ) {
					try {
						var textRng = this.text.createTextRange();
						textRng.move( 'character', 0 );
						textRng.setEndPoint( 'EndToEnd', rng );
						// We're in a single-line input box: no need to care about IE's strange
						// handling of line ends
						to = textRng.text.length;
						textRng.setEndPoint( 'EndToStart', rng );
						from = textRng.text.length;
					} catch ( notFocused ) {
						from = this.text.value.length;
						to = from; // At end of text
					}
				}
			}
			return {
				start: from,
				end: to
			};
		},

		saveView: function () {
			this.lastSelection = this.getSelection();
		},

		processKey: function ( evt ) {
			var dir = 0;
			switch ( this.lastKey ) {
				case UP:
					dir = -1;
					break;
				case DOWN:
					dir = 1;
					break;
				case PGUP:
					dir = -HC.listSize;
					break;
				case PGDOWN:
					dir = HC.listSize;
					break;
				case ESC: // Inhibit default behavior (revert to last real input in FF: we do that ourselves)
					return evtKill( evt );
			}
			if ( dir ) {
				if ( this.list.style.display !== 'none' ) {
				// List is visible, so there are suggestions
					this.highlightSuggestion( dir );
					// Kill the event, otherwise some browsers (e.g., Firefox) may additionally treat an up-arrow
					// as &quot;place the text cursor at the front&quot;, which we don't want here.
					return evtKill( evt );
				} else if (
					this.keyCount &lt;= 1 &amp;&amp;
					( !this.callbackObj || this.callbackObj.callsMade === this.callbackObj.nofCalls )
				) {
					// If no suggestions displayed, get them, unless we're already getting them.
					this.textchange();
				}
			}
			return true;
		},

		highlightSuggestion: function ( dir ) {
			if ( noSuggestions || !this.list || this.list.style.display === 'none' ) return false;

			var curr = this.list.selectedIndex;
			var tgt = -1;
			if ( dir === 0 ) {
				if ( curr &lt; 0 || curr &gt;= this.list.options.length ) return false;

				tgt = curr;
			} else {
				tgt = curr &lt; 0 ? 0 : curr + dir;
				tgt = tgt &lt; 0 ? 0 : tgt;
				if ( tgt &gt;= this.list.options.length ) tgt = this.list.options.length - 1;
			}
			if ( tgt !== curr || dir === 0 ) {
				if ( curr &gt;= 0 &amp;&amp; curr &lt; this.list.options.length &amp;&amp; dir !== 0 ) this.list.options[ curr ].selected = false;

				this.list.options[ tgt ].selected = true;
				// Get current input text
				var v = this.text.value.split( '|' );
				var key = v.length &gt; 1 ? '|' + v[ 1 ] : '';
				var completed = this.autoComplete( this.list.options[ tgt ].text, this.lastRealInput, null, key, false );
				if ( !completed || this.list.options[ tgt ].text === this.lastRealInput ) {
					this.text.value = this.list.options[ tgt ].text + key;
					if ( this.canSelect() ) this.setSelection( this.list.options[ tgt ].text.length, this.list.options[ tgt ].text.length );
				}
				this.lastInput = this.list.options[ tgt ].text;
				this.inputExists = true; // Might be wrong if from a dab list...
				if ( this.icon ) this.icon.src = HC.existsYes;

				this.state = CategoryEditor.CHANGE_PENDING;
			}
			return true;
		},

		resetKeySelection: function () {
			if ( noSuggestions || !this.list || this.list.style.display === 'none' ) return false;

			var curr = this.list.selectedIndex;
			if ( curr &gt;= 0 &amp;&amp; curr &lt; this.list.options.length ) {
				this.list.options[ curr ].selected = false;
				// Get current input text
				var v = this.text.value.split( '|' );
				var key = v.length &gt; 1 ? '|' + v[ 1 ] : '';
				// ESC is handled strangely by some browsers (e.g., FF); somehow it resets the input value before
				// our event handlers ever get a chance to run.
				var result = v[ 0 ] !== this.lastInput;
				if ( v[ 0 ] !== this.lastRealInput ) {
					this.text.value = this.lastRealInput + key;
					result = true;
				}
				this.lastInput = this.lastRealInput;
				return result;
			}
			return false;
		}
	}; // end CategoryEditor.prototype

	function initialize() {
		// User configurations: Do this here, called from the onload handler, so that users can
		// override it easily in their own user script files by just declaring variables. JSconfig
		// is some feature used at Wikimedia Commons.
		var config = ( window.JSconfig !== undefined &amp;&amp; JSconfig.keys ) ? JSconfig.keys : {};
		HC.dont_add_to_watchlist = ( window.hotcat_dont_add_to_watchlist !== undefined ?
			!!window.hotcat_dont_add_to_watchlist :
			( config.HotCatDontAddToWatchlist !== undefined ? config.HotCatDontAddToWatchlist :
				HC.dont_add_to_watchlist ) );
		HC.no_autocommit = ( window.hotcat_no_autocommit !== undefined ?
			!!window.hotcat_no_autocommit : ( config.HotCatNoAutoCommit !== undefined ?
				config.HotCatNoAutoCommit :
				// On talk namespace default autocommit off
				( conf.wgNamespaceNumber % 2 ?
					true : HC.no_autocommit ) ) );
		HC.del_needs_diff = ( window.hotcat_del_needs_diff !== undefined ?
			!!window.hotcat_del_needs_diff :
			( config.HotCatDelNeedsDiff !== undefined ?
				config.HotCatDelNeedsDiff :
				HC.del_needs_diff ) );
		HC.suggest_delay = window.hotcat_suggestion_delay || config.HotCatSuggestionDelay || HC.suggest_delay;
		HC.editbox_width = window.hotcat_editbox_width || config.HotCatEditBoxWidth || HC.editbox_width;
		HC.suggestions = window.hotcat_suggestions || config.HotCatSuggestions || HC.suggestions;
		if ( typeof HC.suggestions !== 'string' || !suggestionConfigs[ HC.suggestions ] ) HC.suggestions = 'combined';

		HC.fixed_search = ( window.hotcat_suggestions_fixed !== undefined ?
			!!window.hotcat_suggestions_fixed : ( config.HotCatFixedSuggestions !== undefined ?
				config.HotCatFixedSuggestions : HC.fixed_search ) );
		HC.single_minor = ( window.hotcat_single_changes_are_minor !== undefined ?
			!!window.hotcat_single_changes_are_minor :
			( config.HotCatMinorSingleChanges !== undefined ?
				config.HotCatMinorSingleChanges :
				HC.single_minor ) );
		HC.bg_changed = window.hotcat_changed_background || config.HotCatChangedBackground || HC.bg_changed;
		HC.use_up_down = ( window.hotcat_use_category_links !== undefined ?
			!!window.hotcat_use_category_links :
			( config.HotCatUseCategoryLinks !== undefined ?
				config.HotCatUseCategoryLinks :
				HC.use_up_down ) );
		HC.listSize = window.hotcat_list_size || config.HotCatListSize || HC.listSize;
		if ( conf.wgDBname !== 'commonswiki' ) HC.changeTag = config.HotCatChangeTag || '';

		// The next whole shebang is needed, because manual tags get not submitted except of save
		if ( HC.changeTag ) {
			var eForm = document.editform,
				catRegExp = new RegExp( '^\\[\\[(' + HC.category_regexp + '):' ),
				oldTxt;
			// Returns true if minor change
			var isMinorChange = function () {
				var newTxt = eForm.wpTextbox1;
				if ( !newTxt ) return;
				newTxt = newTxt.value;
				var oldLines = oldTxt.match( /^.*$/gm ),
					newLines = newTxt.match( /^.*$/gm ),
					cArr; // changes
				var except = function ( aArr, bArr ) {
					var result = [],
						lArr, // larger
						sArr; // smaller
					if ( aArr.length &lt; bArr.length ) {
						lArr = bArr;
						sArr = aArr;
					} else {
						lArr = aArr;
						sArr = bArr;
					}
					for ( var i = 0; i &lt; lArr.length; i++ ) {
						var item = lArr[ i ];
						var ind = $.inArray( item, sArr );
						if ( ind === -1 ) result.push( item );
						else sArr.splice( ind, 1 ); // don't check this item again
					}
					return result.concat( sArr );
				};
				cArr = except( oldLines, newLines );
				if ( cArr.length ) {
					cArr = $.grep( cArr, function ( c ) {
						c = $.trim( c );
						return ( c &amp;&amp; !catRegExp.test( c ) );
					} );
				}
				if ( !cArr.length ) {
					oldTxt = newTxt;
					return true;
				}
			};

			if ( conf.wgAction === 'submit' &amp;&amp; conf.wgArticleId &amp;&amp; eForm &amp;&amp; eForm.wpSummary &amp;&amp; document.getElementById( 'wikiDiff' ) ) {
				var sum = eForm.wpSummary,
					sumA = eForm.wpAutoSummary;
				if ( sum.value &amp;&amp; sumA.value === HC.changeTag ) { // HotCat diff
				// MD5 hash of the empty string, as HotCat edit is based on empty sum
					sumA.value = sumA.value.replace( HC.changeTag, 'd41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e' );
					// Attr creation and event handling is not same in all (old) browsers so use $
					var $ct = $( '&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;wpChangeTags&quot;&gt;' ).val( HC.changeTag );
					$( eForm ).append( $ct );
					oldTxt = eForm.wpTextbox1.value;
					$( '#wpSave' ).one( 'click', function () {
						if ( $ct.val() )
							sum.value = sum.value.replace( ( HC.messages.using || HC.messages.prefix ), '' );

					} );
					var removeChangeTag = function () {
						$( eForm.wpTextbox1 ).add( sum ).one( 'input', function () {
							window.setTimeout( function () {
								if ( !isMinorChange() ) $ct.val( '' );
								else removeChangeTag();
							}, 500 );
						} );
					};
					removeChangeTag();
				}
			}
		}
		// Numeric input, make sure we have a numeric value
		HC.listSize = parseInt( HC.listSize, 10 );
		if ( isNaN( HC.listSize ) || HC.listSize &lt; 5 ) HC.listSize = 5;

		HC.listSize = Math.min( HC.listSize, 30 ); // Max size

		// Localize search engine names
		if ( HC.engine_names ) {
			for ( var key in HC.engine_names )
				if ( suggestionConfigs[ key ] &amp;&amp; HC.engine_names[ key ] ) suggestionConfigs[ key ].name = HC.engine_names[ key ];

		}
		// Catch both native RTL and &quot;faked&quot; RTL through [[MediaWiki:Rtl.js]]
		is_rtl = hasClass( document.body, 'rtl' );
		if ( !is_rtl ) {
			if ( document.defaultView &amp;&amp; document.defaultView.getComputedStyle ) { // Gecko etc.
				is_rtl = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle( document.body, null ).getPropertyValue( 'direction' );
			} else if ( document.body.currentStyle ) { // IE, has subtle differences to getComputedStyle
				is_rtl = document.body.currentStyle.direction;
			} else { // Not exactly right, but best effort
				is_rtl = document.body.style.direction;
			}
			is_rtl = ( is_rtl === 'rtl' );
		}
	}

	function can_edit() {
		var container = null;
		switch ( mw.config.get( 'skin' ) ) {
			case 'cologneblue':
				container = document.getElementById( 'quickbar' );
			/* fall through */
			case 'standard':
			case 'nostalgia':
				if ( !container ) container = document.getElementById( 'topbar' );
				var lks = container.getElementsByTagName( 'a' );
				for ( var i = 0; i &lt; lks.length; i++ ) {
					if (
						param( 'title', lks[ i ].href ) === conf.wgPageName &amp;&amp;
						param( 'action', lks[ i ].href ) === 'edit'
					) {
						return true;
					}
				}
				return false;
			default:
				// all modern skins:
				return document.getElementById( 'ca-edit' ) !== null;
		}
	}

	// Legacy stuff
	function closeForm() {
		// Close all open editors without redirect resolution and other asynchronous stuff.
		for ( var i = 0; i &lt; editors.length; i++ ) {
			var edit = editors[ i ];
			if ( edit.state === CategoryEditor.OPEN ) {
				edit.cancel();
			} else if ( edit.state === CategoryEditor.CHANGE_PENDING ) {
				edit.sanitizeInput();
				var value = edit.text.value.split( '|' );
				var key = null;
				if ( value.length &gt; 1 ) key = value[ 1 ];
				var v = value[ 0 ].replace( /_/g, ' ' ).replace( /^\s+|\s+$/g, '' );
				if ( !v.length ) {
					edit.cancel();
				} else {
					edit.currentCategory = v;
					edit.currentKey = key;
					edit.currentExists = this.inputExists;
					edit.close();
				}
			}
		}
	}

	function setup_upload() {
		onUpload = true;
		// Add an empty category bar at the end of the table containing the description, and change the onsubmit handler.
		var ip = document.getElementById( 'mw-htmlform-description' ) || document.getElementById( 'wpDestFile' );
		if ( !ip ) {
			ip = document.getElementById( 'wpDestFile' );
			while ( ip &amp;&amp; ip.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== 'table' ) ip = ip.parentNode;
		}
		if ( !ip ) return;
		var reupload = document.getElementById( 'wpForReUpload' );
		var destFile = document.getElementById( 'wpDestFile' );
		if (
			( reupload &amp;&amp; !!reupload.value ) ||
			( destFile &amp;&amp; ( destFile.disabled || destFile.readOnly ) )
		) {
			return; // re-upload form...
		}
		// Insert a table row with two fields (label and empty category bar)
		var labelCell = make( 'td' );
		var lineCell = make( 'td' );
		// Create the category line
		catLine = make( 'div' );
		catLine.className = 'catlinks';
		catLine.id = 'catlinks';
		catLine.style.textAlign = is_rtl ? 'right' : 'left';
		// We'll be inside a table row. Make sure that we don't have margins or strange borders.
		catLine.style.margin = '0';
		catLine.style.border = 'none';
		lineCell.appendChild( catLine );
		// Create the label
		var label = null;
		if ( window.UFUI &amp;&amp; window.UIElements &amp;&amp; UFUI.getLabel instanceof Function ) {
			try {
				label = UFUI.getLabel( 'wpCategoriesUploadLbl' );
			} catch ( ex ) {
				label = null;
			}
		}
		if ( !label ) {
			labelCell.id = 'hotcatLabel';
			labelCell.appendChild( make( HC.categories, true ) );
		} else {
			labelCell.id = 'hotcatLabelTranslated';
			labelCell.appendChild( label );
		}
		labelCell.className = 'mw-label';
		labelCell.style.textAlign = 'right';
		labelCell.style.verticalAlign = 'middle';
		// Change the onsubmit handler
		var form = document.getElementById( 'upload' ) || document.getElementById( 'mw-upload-form' );
		if ( form &amp;&amp; ip &amp;&amp; ip.insertRow ) {
			var newRow = ip.insertRow( -1 );
			newRow.appendChild( labelCell );
			newRow.appendChild( lineCell );
			form.onsubmit = ( function ( oldSubmit ) {
				return function () {
					var do_submit = true;
					if ( oldSubmit ) {
						if ( typeof oldSubmit === 'string' ) {
						// eslint-disable-next-line no-eval
							do_submit = eval( oldSubmit );
						} else if ( oldSubmit instanceof Function ) {
							do_submit = oldSubmit.apply( form, arguments );
						}
					}
					if ( !do_submit ) return false;
					closeForm();
					// Copy the categories
					var eb = document.getElementById( 'wpUploadDescription' ) || document.getElementById( 'wpDesc' );
					var addedOne = false;
					for ( var i = 0; i &lt; editors.length; i++ ) {
						var t = editors[ i ].currentCategory;
						if ( !t ) continue;
						var key = editors[ i ].currentKey;
						var new_cat = '[[' + HC.category_canonical + ':' + t + ( key ? '|' + key : '' ) + ']]';
						// Only add if not already present
						var cleanedText = eb.value
							.replace( /&lt;!--(\s|\S)*?--&gt;/g, '' )
							.replace( /&lt;nowiki&gt;(\s|\S)*?&lt;\/nowiki&gt;/g, '' );
						if ( !find_category( cleanedText, t, true ) ) {
							eb.value += '\n' + new_cat;
							addedOne = true;
						}
					}
					if ( addedOne ) {
					// Remove &quot;subst:unc&quot; added by Flinfo if it didn't find categories
						eb.value = eb.value.replace( /\{\{subst:unc\}\}/g, '' );
					}
					return true;
				};
			}( form.onsubmit ) );
		}
	}

	var cleanedText = null;

	function isOnPage( span ) {
		if ( span.firstChild.nodeType !== Node.ELEMENT_NODE ) return null;

		var catTitle = title( span.firstChild.href );
		if ( !catTitle ) return null;

		catTitle = catTitle.substr( catTitle.indexOf( ':' ) + 1 ).replace( /_/g, ' ' );
		if ( HC.blacklist &amp;&amp; HC.blacklist.test( catTitle ) ) return null;

		var result = {
			title: catTitle,
			match: [ '', '', '' ]
		};
		if ( pageText === null ) return result;

		if ( cleanedText === null ) {
			cleanedText = pageText
				.replace( /&lt;!--(\s|\S)*?--&gt;/g, '' )
				.replace( /&lt;nowiki&gt;(\s|\S)*?&lt;\/nowiki&gt;/g, '' );
		}
		result.match = find_category( cleanedText, catTitle, true );
		return result;
	}

	var initialized = false;
	var setupTimeout = null;

	function findByClass( scope, tag, className ) {
		var result = $( scope ).find( tag + '.' + className );
		return ( result &amp;&amp; result.length ) ? result[ 0 ] : null;
	}

	function errorAMC() {
		alert( 'An error occurred. Unable to setup HotCat' );
	}

	function enableAMC() {
		var api = new mw.Api();
		return api.saveOption( 'mf_amc_optin', '1' ).then( function ( r ) {
			if ( !r || r.options !== 'success' ) {
				errorAMC();
				return;
			}
			if ( window.confirm( 'Please reload your page to use hotcat.' ) ) {
				location.reload();
			}
		}, function () {
			errorAMC();
		} );
	}

	function showWarning( text ) {
		var warning = document.createElement( 'div' );
		warning.setAttribute( 'style', 'padding: 20px; background: orange; color: #333; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 20px;' );
		warning.textContent = text;
		var btn = document.createElement( 'button' );
		btn.classList.add( 'mw-ui-button', 'cdx-button' );
		btn.style.display = 'block';
		btn.textContent = 'Enable HotCat and AMC mode on this page';
		btn.addEventListener( 'click', function () {
			enableAMC();
		} );
		warning.appendChild( btn );
		document.getElementById( 'mw-content-text' ).appendChild( warning );
	}

	function setup( additionalWork ) {
		if ( initialized ) return;
		initialized = true;
		if ( setupTimeout ) {
			window.clearTimeout( setupTimeout );
			setupTimeout = null;
		}
		// Find the category bar, or create an empty one if there isn't one. Then add -/+- links after
		// each category, and add the + link.
		catLine =
			// Special:Upload
			catLine ||
			document.getElementById( 'mw-normal-catlinks' );
		var hiddenCats = document.getElementById( 'mw-hidden-catlinks' );
		if ( !catLine ) {

			// Workaround for T24660
			if ( mw.config.get('skin') === 'minerva' ) {
				if ( document.body.classList.contains('mw-mf-amc-disabled') ) {
					showWarning( 'HotCat requires AMC mode.' );
				}
			}
			var footer = null;
			if ( !hiddenCats ) {
				footer = findByClass( document, 'div', 'printfooter' );
				if ( !footer ) return; // Don't know where to insert the category line
			}
			catLine = make( 'div' );
			catLine.id = 'mw-normal-catlinks';
			catLine.style.textAlign = is_rtl ? 'right' : 'left';
			// Add a label
			var label = make( 'a' );
			label.href = conf.wgArticlePath.replace( '$1', 'Special:Categories' );
			label.title = HC.categories;
			label.appendChild( make( HC.categories, true ) );
			catLine.appendChild( label );
			catLine.appendChild( make( ':', true ) );
			// Insert the new category line
			var container = ( hiddenCats ? hiddenCats.parentNode : document.getElementById( 'catlinks' ) );
			if ( !container ) {
				container = make( 'div' );
				container.id = 'catlinks';
				footer.parentNode.insertBefore( container, footer.nextSibling );
			}
			container.className = 'catlinks noprint';
			container.style.display = '';
			if ( !hiddenCats ) container.appendChild( catLine ); else container.insertBefore( catLine, hiddenCats );
		} // end if catLine exists
		if ( is_rtl ) catLine.dir = 'rtl';

		// Create editors for all existing categories

		function createEditors( line, is_hidden ) {
			var i;
			var cats = line.getElementsByTagName( 'li' );
			if ( cats.length ) {
				newDOM = true;
				line = cats[ 0 ].parentNode;
			} else {
				cats = line.getElementsByTagName( 'span' );
			}
			// Copy cats, otherwise it'll also magically contain our added spans as it is a live collection!
			var copyCats = new Array( cats.length );
			for ( i = 0; i &lt; cats.length; i++ ) copyCats[ i ] = cats[ i ];
			for ( i = 0; i &lt; copyCats.length; i++ ) {
				var test = isOnPage( copyCats[ i ] );
				if ( test !== null &amp;&amp; test.match !== null &amp;&amp; line ) {
				// eslint-disable-next-line no-new
					new CategoryEditor( line, copyCats[ i ], test.title, test.match[ 2 ], is_hidden );
				}
			}
			return copyCats.length ? copyCats[ copyCats.length - 1 ] : null;
		}

		var lastSpan = createEditors( catLine, false );
		// Create one to add a new category
		// eslint-disable-next-line no-new
		new CategoryEditor( newDOM ? catLine.getElementsByTagName( 'ul' )[ 0 ] : catLine, null, null, lastSpan !== null, false );
		if ( !onUpload ) {
			if ( pageText !== null &amp;&amp; hiddenCats ) {
				if ( is_rtl ) hiddenCats.dir = 'rtl';
				createEditors( hiddenCats, true );
			}
			// And finally add the &quot;multi-mode&quot; span. (Do this at the end, otherwise it ends up in the list above.)
			var enableMulti = make( 'span' );
			enableMulti.className = 'noprint';
			if ( is_rtl ) enableMulti.dir = 'rtl';
			catLine.insertBefore( enableMulti, catLine.firstChild.nextSibling );
			enableMulti.appendChild( make( '\xa0', true ) ); // nbsp
			multiSpan = make( 'span' );
			enableMulti.appendChild( multiSpan );
			multiSpan.innerHTML = '(&lt;a&gt;' + HC.addmulti + '&lt;/a&gt;)';
			var lk = multiSpan.getElementsByTagName( 'a' )[ 0 ];
			lk.onclick = function ( evt ) {
				setMultiInput();
				checkMultiInput();
				return evtKill( evt );
			};
			lk.title = HC.multi_tooltip;
			lk.style.cursor = 'pointer';
		}
		cleanedText = null;
		if ( additionalWork instanceof Function ) additionalWork();
		mw.hook( 'hotcat.ready' ).fire(); // Execute registered callback functions
		$( 'body' ).trigger( 'hotcatSetupCompleted' );
	}

	function createCommitForm() {
		if ( commitForm ) return;
		
		var format = '';
		if ( HC.jsonContentModels.includes( conf.wgPageContentModel ) ) {
			// Handle Data namespace JSON content
			format = 'application/json';
		}
		else {
			// For backwards-compatibility the default handler is wikitext
			format = 'text/x-wiki';
		}

		var formContainer = make( 'div' );
		formContainer.style.display = 'none';
		document.body.appendChild( formContainer );
		formContainer.innerHTML =
			'&lt;form id=&quot;hotcatCommitForm&quot; method=&quot;post&quot; enctype=&quot;multipart/form-data&quot; action=&quot;' +
			conf.wgScript + '?title=' + encodeURIComponent( conf.wgPageName ) + '&amp;action=submit&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;wpTextbox1&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;model&quot; value=&quot;' + conf.wgPageContentModel + '&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;format&quot; value=&quot;' + format + '&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;wpSummary&quot; value=&quot;&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; name=&quot;wpMinoredit&quot; value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; name=&quot;wpWatchthis&quot; value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;wpWatchlistExpiry&quot; value=&quot;&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;wpAutoSummary&quot; value=&quot;d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;wpEdittime&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;wpStarttime&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;wpDiff&quot; value=&quot;wpDiff&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;oldid&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;wpIgnoreBlankSummary&quot; value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; name=&quot;hcCommit&quot; value=&quot;hcCommit&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;wpEditToken&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;wpUltimateParam&quot; value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;wpChangeTags&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; value=&quot;ℳ𝒲♥𝓊𝓃𝒾𝒸ℴ𝒹ℯ&quot; name=&quot;wpUnicodeCheck&quot;&gt;' +
			'&lt;/form&gt;';
		commitForm = document.getElementById( 'hotcatCommitForm' );
	}

	function getPage() {
		// We know we have an article here.
		if ( !conf.wgArticleId ) {
			// Doesn't exist yet. Disable on non-existing User pages -- might be a global user page.
			if ( conf.wgNamespaceNumber === 2 ) return;
			pageText = '';
			pageTime = null;
			setup( createCommitForm );
		} else {
			var url = conf.wgScriptPath + '/api.php?format=json&amp;callback=HotCat.start&amp;action=query&amp;rawcontinue=&amp;titles=' +
			encodeURIComponent( conf.wgPageName ) +
			'&amp;prop=info%7Crevisions&amp;rvprop=content%7Ctimestamp%7Cids&amp;meta=siteinfo&amp;rvslots=main&amp;rvlimit=1&amp;rvstartid=' +
			conf.wgCurRevisionId;
			var s = make( 'script' );
			s.src = url;
			HC.start = function ( json ) {
				setPage( json );
				setup( createCommitForm );
			};
			document.getElementsByTagName( 'head' )[ 0 ].appendChild( s );
			setupTimeout = window.setTimeout( function () {
				setup( createCommitForm );
			}, 4000 ); // 4 sec, just in case getting the wikitext takes longer.
		}
	}

	function setState( state ) {
		var cats = state.split( '\n' );
		if ( !cats.length ) return null;

		if ( initialized &amp;&amp; editors.length === 1 &amp;&amp; editors[ 0 ].isAddCategory ) {
			// Insert new spans and create new editors for them.
			var newSpans = [];
			var before = editors.length === 1 ? editors[ 0 ].span : null;
			var i;
			for ( i = 0; i &lt; cats.length; i++ ) {
				if ( !cats[ i ].length ) continue;
				var cat = cats[ i ].split( '|' );
				var key = cat.length &gt; 1 ? cat[ 1 ] : null;
				cat = cat[ 0 ];
				var lk = make( 'a' );
				lk.href = wikiPagePath( HC.category_canonical + ':' + cat );
				lk.appendChild( make( cat, true ) );
				lk.title = cat;
				var span = make( 'span' );
				span.appendChild( lk );
				if ( !i ) catLine.insertBefore( make( ' ', true ), before );

				catLine.insertBefore( span, before );
				if ( before &amp;&amp; i + 1 &lt; cats.length ) parent.insertBefore( make( ' | ', true ), before );

				newSpans.push( {
					element: span,
					title: cat,
					key: key
				} );
			}
			// And change the last one...
			if ( before ) before.parentNode.insertBefore( make( ' | ', true ), before );

			for ( i = 0; i &lt; newSpans.length; i++ ) {
			// eslint-disable-next-line no-new
				new CategoryEditor( catLine, newSpans[ i ].element, newSpans[ i ].title, newSpans[ i ].key );
			}
		}
		return null;
	}

	function getState() {
		if ( HC.jsonContentModels.includes( conf.wgPageContentModel ) ) {
			// Handle Data namespace JSON content
			return getStateJson();
		}
		else {
			// For backwards-compatibility the default handler is wikitext
			return getStateWikitext();
		}
	}

	function getStateJson() {
		// Handle Data namespace JSON content
		try {
			var jsonData = JSON.parse( pageText );
			if ( jsonData.mediawikiCategories ) {
				return jsonData.mediawikiCategories.map( function( cat ) {
					return cat.name + ( cat.sort ? '|' + cat.sort : '' );
				} ).join( '\n' );
			}
		} catch ( e ) {
			console.error( '[getStateJson]Error parsing JSON:', e );
		}
		return null;
	}
	    
	function getStateWikitext() {
		var result = null;
		for ( var i = 0; i &lt; editors.length; i++ ) {
			var text = editors[ i ].currentCategory;
			var key = editors[ i ].currentKey;
			if ( text &amp;&amp; text.length ) {
				if ( key !== null ) text += '|' + key;
				if ( result === null ) result = text; else result += '\n' + text;
			}
		}
		return result;
	}

	function really_run() {
		initialize();

		if ( !HC.upload_disabled &amp;&amp; conf.wgNamespaceNumber === -1 &amp;&amp; conf.wgCanonicalSpecialPageName === 'Upload' &amp;&amp; conf.wgUserName ) {
			setup_upload();
			setup( function () {
				// Check for state restoration once the setup is done otherwise, but before signalling setup completion
				if ( window.UploadForm &amp;&amp; UploadForm.previous_hotcat_state ) UploadForm.previous_hotcat_state = setState( UploadForm.previous_hotcat_state );
			} );
		} else {
			if ( !conf.wgIsArticle || conf.wgAction !== 'view' || param( 'diff' ) !== null || param( 'oldid' ) !== null || !can_edit() || HC.disable() ) return;
			if (!HC.isSupportedContentModel()) {
				console.info(&quot;Unknown contentModel: &quot; + conf.wgPageContentModel + &quot; in &quot; + conf.wgPageName +&quot;. If you see this please report it to https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_talk:Gadget-Cat-a-lot.js&quot;);
			}
			getPage();
		}
	}

	function run() {
		if ( HC.started ) return;
		HC.started = true;
		loadTrigger.register( really_run );
	}

	// Export legacy functions
	window.hotcat_get_state = function () {
		return getState();
	};
	window.hotcat_set_state = function ( state ) {
		return setState( state );
	};
	window.hotcat_close_form = function () {
		closeForm();
	};
	HC.runWhenReady = function ( callback ) {
		// run user-registered code once HotCat is fully set up and ready.
		mw.hook( 'hotcat.ready' ).add( callback );
	};

	// Make sure we don't get conflicts with AjaxCategories (core development that should one day
	// replace HotCat).
	mw.config.set( 'disableAJAXCategories', true );

	// Run as soon as possible. This varies depending on MediaWiki version;
	// window's 'load' event is always safe, but usually we can do better than that.

	if ( conf.wgCanonicalSpecialPageName !== 'Upload' ) {
		// Reload HotCat after (VE) edits (bug T103285)
		mw.hook( 'postEdit' ).add( function () {
			// Reset HotCat in case this is a soft reload (e.g. VisualEditor edit), unless the categories
			// were not re-rendered and our interface is still there (e.g. DiscussionTools edit)
			if ( document.querySelector( '#catlinks .hotcatlink' ) ) {
				return;
			}
			catLine = null;
			editors = [];
			initialized = false;
			HC.started = false;
			run();
		} );
	}

	// We can safely trigger just after user configuration is loaded.
	// Use always() instead of then() to also start HotCat if the user module has problems.
	$.when( mw.loader.using( 'user' ), $.ready ).always( run );
}( jQuery, mediaWiki ) );
// &lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
      <sha1>68ijyqyy350auf9xmom7xdbb0q5sj5m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thiamine deficiency</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>30656</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115554</id>
      <parentid>114263</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:09:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261102) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
      <origin>115554</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6391" sha1="2j41tlzgophylyfoqmtcn9o77g2f5mm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Thiamine deficiency''' be a medical condition of low levels of [[thiamine]] (vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;).&lt;ref name=GARD2015/&gt; A severe den chronic form be known as '''beriberi'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;GARD2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Beriberi |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9948/beriberi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205215/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9948/beriberi |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Hermann |first1=Wolfgang |title=Vitamins in the prevention of human diseases |url=https://archive.org/details/vitaminsinpreven0000unse |last2=Obeid |first2=Rima |date=2011 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-021448-2 |location=Berlin |page=[https://archive.org/details/vitaminsinpreven0000unse/page/58 58]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de name beriberi possibly be borrowed insyd de 18th century from de [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]] phrase {{Lang|si|බැරි බැරි}} (bæri bæri, &quot;I cannot, I cannot&quot;), owing to de weakness wey de condition cause. De two main types insyd adults be wet beriberi den dry beriberi.&lt;ref name=GARD2015/&gt; Wet beriberi dey affect de [[cardiovascular system]], wey dey result in a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], [[shortness of breath]], den [[pedal edema|leg swelling]].&lt;ref name=GARD2015/&gt; Dry beriberi dey affect de [[nervous system]], wey dey result in [[peripheral neuropathy|numbness of de hands den feet]], confusion, trouble moving de legs, den pain.&lt;ref name=GARD2015/&gt; A form plus loss of appetite den [[constipation]] sanso fi occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ferri |first=Fred F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1368 |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1 |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-52957-0 |page=1368 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204713/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1368 |archive-date=2017-11-11 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anoda type, acute beriberi, dem find mostly insyd babies, dey present plus loss of appetite, vomiting, [[lactic acidosis]], changes insyd heart rate, den enlargement of de heart.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gropper |first1=Sareen S. |title=Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism |url=https://archive.org/details/advancednutritio0000grop_6ed |last2=Smith |first2=Jack L. |publisher=Wadsworth, Cengage Learning |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-133-10405-6 |edition=6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/advancednutritio0000grop_6ed/page/324 324]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Risk factors dey include a diet of mostly [[white rice]], [[alcoholism]], [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]], chronic [[diarrhea]], den taking high doses of [[diuretics]].&lt;ref name=GARD2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2012/&gt; Insyd rare cases, e fi be secof a [[genetics|genetic]] condition wey result in difficulties absorbing thiamine dem find insyd chow.&lt;ref name=GARD2015/&gt; [[Wernicke encephalopathy]] den [[Korsakoff syndrome]] be forms of dry beriberi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2012 |title=Nutrition and Growth Guidelines |url=https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/domestic/nutrition-growth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205445/https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/domestic/nutrition-growth.html |archive-date=11 November 2017 |department=Domestic Guidelines - Immigrant and Refugee Health |access-date=11 November 2017 |publisher=CDC |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis be based on symptoms, low levels of thiamine insyd de urine, high blood [[lactic acid|lactate]], den improvement plus [[thiamine supplementation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sw2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Swaiman |first1=Kenneth F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ9tDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=SL5-PA929 |title=Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology E-Book: Principles and Practice |last2=Ashwal |first2=Stephen |last3=Ferriero |first3=Donna M. |last4=Schor |first4=Nina F. |last5=Finkel |first5=Richard S. |last6=Gropman |first6=Andrea L. |last7=Pearl |first7=Phillip L. |last8=Shevell |first8=Michael |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-37481-1 |page=e929 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204954/https://books.google.ca/books?id=PJ9tDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=SL5-PA929 |archive-date=2017-11-11 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Treatment be by thiamine supplementation, either by mouth anaa by injection.&lt;ref name=GARD2015/&gt; Plus treatment, symptoms generally dey resolve insyd a few weeks.&lt;ref name=Sw2017/&gt; De disease fi be prevented at de population level thru de [[fortification of food]].&lt;ref name=GARD2015/&gt;

Thiamine deficiency be rare insyd most of de developed world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thiamine Fact Sheet for Consumers |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-Consumer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029065129/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-Consumer/ |archive-date=October 29, 2017 |access-date=April 10, 2018 |publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS): USA.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey remain relatively common insyd [[sub-Saharan Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ad2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adamolekun |first1=B |last2=Hiffler |first2=L |date=24 October 2017 |title=A diagnosis and treatment gap for thiamine deficiency disorders in sub-Saharan Africa? |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1408 |issue=1 |pages=15–19 |bibcode=2017NYASA1408...15A |doi=10.1111/nyas.13509 |pmid=29064578 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Outbreaks be seen insyd [[refugee camps]].&lt;ref name=CDC2012/&gt; Thiamine deficiency be described for thousands of years insyd Asia, wey e cam be more common insyd de late 1800s plus de increased processing of rice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lan2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lanska |first=DJ |title=History of Neurology |chapter=Chapter 30 Historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency disorders: The water-soluble B vitamins |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-444-52009-8 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=95 |pages=445–76 |doi=10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02130-1 |pmid=19892133}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons category}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Reduplicants]]
[[Category:Vitamin deficiencies]]
[[Category:Thiamine]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Erysipelas</title>
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'''Erysipelas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|r|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|p|ə|l|ə|s}}) be a relatively common bacterial infection of de superficial layer of de skin ([[Skin#Dermis|upper dermis]]), wey dey extend to de superficial [[lymphatic vessels]] within de skin, wey a [[Inflammation|raised]] characterize, well-defined, tender, bright-[[erythema|red rash]], typically on de face anaa legs, buh wich fi occur anywer on de skin. E be a form of [[cellulitis]] wey e be potentially serious.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri2018&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=O'Brian |first=Gail M.|editor=Fred F. Ferri|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2019: 5 Books in 1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-L5dDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA523|year=2019|publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-53042-2|page=523|chapter=Section 1. Diseases and Disorders; Erysipelas}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Dermnetz&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Stanway|first1=Amy|last2=Oakley|first2=Amanda|last3=Gomez|first3=Jannet|year=2016|title=Erysipelas {{!}} DermNet NZ|url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/erysipelas/|access-date=6 June 2020|website=dermnetnz.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=David2019&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Davis|first=Loretta S.|date=9 November 2019|title=Erysipelas: Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1052445-overview#a4|journal=Medscape|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Erysipelas usually be caused by de bacterium ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'', dem sanso know as group A, β-hemolytic streptococci, wich dey enter de body thru a break insyd de skin, such as a scratch anaa an insect bite. E be more superficial dan [[cellulitis]] wey e be typically more raised den demarcated.&lt;ref name=CDC&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Wanat|first1=Karolyn A.|last2=Norton|first2=Scott A.|title=Skin &amp; Soft Tissue Infections – Chapter 11 – 2020 Yellow Book {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/posttravel-evaluation/skin-and-soft-tissue-infections|access-date=6 June 2020|publisher=Centres for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; De term dey cam from de [[Greek language|Greek]] ἐρυσίπελας (''erysípelas''), wey dey mean red skin.&lt;ref name=Bhat2019&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bhat M|first=Sriram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WK52DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA141|title=SRB's Clinical Methods in Surgery|date=2019|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|isbn=978-93-5270-545-0|location=New Delhi|pages=141|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd animals, erysipelas be a disease wey infection plus de bacterium ''[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae]]'' cause. Insyd animals, e be called diamond skin disease, den dey occur especially insyd pigs. Heart valves den skin be affected. ''E. rhusiopathiae'' sanso fi infect humans, buh insyd dat case, de infection be known as [[erysipeloid]] wey e be an occupational skin disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Veraldi |first=S |title=Erysipeloid: a review |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03444.x |journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology|date=2009 |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=859–862 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03444.x |pmid=19663854 |s2cid=26805689 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notable cases ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=|
''Fatal, in order of death''
* [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus]], (d. 1557), Scottish nobleman active insyd de reigns of [[James V]] den [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]
* [[John of the Cross]], Spanish saint den priest (d. 1591)
* [[Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain]] (d. 1644)
* [[Marin Mersenne]], French theologian, philosopher, den mathematician (d. 1648): Insyd one of ein letters, R. Descartes dey wrep to Mersenne say he dey wan find sam cure for ein erysipelas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Descartes |first1=René |title=The philosophical writings of Descartes |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophicalwri0002desc_l1f8 |date=1984–1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] |isbn=0521403235 |page=[https://archive.org/details/philosophicalwri0002desc_l1f8/page/21 21]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Margaret Throckmorton]] (d. 1668), prioress&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite ODNB|title=Throckmorton, Margaret [name in religion Magdalen] (1591–1668), prioress of St Monica's, Louvain|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-106107|access-date=2021-01-31|year = 2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/106107|isbn = 9780198614111}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Michiel de Ruyter]], Dutch admiral insyd de Anglo-Dutch wars, contract am from injuries he sustain from a cannonball (d. 1676).
* [[Christina, Queen of Sweden]] (d. 1689)
* [[Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt|Norborne Berkeley, baron de Botetourt]], Royal Governor of Virginia (d. 1770)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Berkeley_Norborne_baron_de_Botetourt_1717-1770#start_entry | title=Berkeley, Norborne, baron de Botetourt (1717–1770)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom]], daughter of [[George III]] of de United Kingdom (1783–1810)
* [[Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia]], daughter of Tsar [[Paul I of Russia]] den wifey of King [[William I of Württemberg]] (d. 1819)
* [[Sir George Beaumont, 7th Baronet]], British art patron den amateur painter (d. 1827)&lt;ref&gt;Margaret Greaves, ''Regency Patron: Sir George Beaumont'' (London, UK: Methuen &amp; Co, 1966), p. 154. [https://archive.org/details/regencypatronsir0000grea/page/n11/mode/2up Also available at Internet Archive].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[William Wirt (Attorney General)|William Wirt]], [[United States Attorney General]] den [[1832 United States presidential election#Anti-Masonic Party|U.S. presidential candidate]] (d. 1834)
* [[Charles Lamb]], English writer den essayist (d. 1834)
* [[Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex]] sixth son den ninth kiddie of [[King George III]] (d. 1843)
* [[Barbara Hofland]], English children's writer den novelist (d. 1844)&lt;ref&gt;Dennis Butts, &quot;Hofland, Barbara (bap. 1770, d. 1844)&quot;, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13457 Retrieved 20 December 2015, pay-walled].&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Pope Gregory XVI]] (d. 1846)
* [[Mary Lyon]], American women's education pioneer (d. 1849)&lt;ref name=Alden&gt;{{cite book|last=Green|first=Elizabeth Alden|title=Mary Lyon and Mount Holyoke|url=https://archive.org/details/marylyonmounthol0000gree|url-access=registration|year=1979|publisher=University Press of New England|location=Hanover, New Hampshire|isbn=978-0-87451-172-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/marylyonmounthol0000gree/page/310 310]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Duchess Marie of Württemberg|Marie, Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]] (d. 1860)
* [[John Herbert White]], youngest son of [[James Springer White|James S.]] den [[Ellen G. White]], co-founders of de Seventh-day Adventist church (d. 1860)
* [[Ralph Bullock (jockey)|Ralph Bullock]], English jockey (d. 1863)
* [[Frederick VII of Denmark]], king of Denmark (d. 1863)&lt;ref name=&quot;Møller&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Møller|first=Jan|title=Frederik 7. En kongeskæbne|year=1994|publisher=Aschehoug Dansk Forlag|location=Copenhagen|isbn=978-87-11-22878-4|page=235}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[John Timon]], First Roman Catholic Bishop of Buffalo, New York, United States (d. 1867)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://buffalonews.com/2017/04/14/viewpoints-remembering-buffalos-first-catholic-bishop-john-timon-great-good-man/|title=Viewpoints: Remembering Buffalo's first Catholic bishop, John Timon, 'a great and good man'|last=Castillo|first=Dennis|date=14 April 2017|website=The Buffalo News|access-date=2017-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081231/http://buffalonews.com/2017/04/14/viewpoints-remembering-buffalos-first-catholic-bishop-john-timon-great-good-man/|archive-date=2017-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Charles J. Helm]], American politician den diplomat (d. 1868)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/hamilton-times-major-helm-26-feb-186/190545632/ |title=Major Helm... |date=1868-02-26 |newspaper=The Evening Times |page=2 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=2026-02-04}}{{Open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Nehemiah Bushnell]], American attorney, railroad president, den politician (d. 1873)
* [[John Stuart Mill]], English political philosopher (d. 1873)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Capaldi, Nicholas |title=John Stuart Mill: a biography |url=https://archive.org/details/johnstuartmillbi00capa |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/johnstuartmillbi00capa/page/n376 356] |isbn=978-0-521-62024-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Marcus Clarke]] (1846–1881), Australian journalist, poet, playwright den novelist, wey wrep &quot;For the Term of His Natural Life&quot;, he die age 35.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Marcus Clarke|date=31 July 2011 |publisher=Australian Variety Theatre Archive |url=http://ozvta.com/practitioners-other-a-l/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[John Brown (servant)|John Brown]], Scottish personal servant den companion to Queen Victoria (d. 1883)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ridley, Jane |title=The Heir Apparent: a life of Edward VII, the Crown Prince |url=https://archive.org/details/heirapparentlife0000ridl |publisher=Penguin Random House LLC |location=New York, NY |year=2013|page=[https://archive.org/details/heirapparentlife0000ridl/page/287 287]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mihai Eminescu]], Romanian poet, novelist, journalist (d. 1889)
* [[Patrick Killen (boxer)|Pat Killen]], American heavyweight boxer, he die at age 29 while in hiding insyd Chicago from police after he assault two men (d. 1891).
* [[Samuel Augustus Ward]], American organist, composer, teacher, businessman (d. 1903)&lt;ref&gt;America the Beautiful by Lynn Sherr&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Johann Most]], German-American anarchist politician, newspaper editor, den orator (d. 1906)
* [[James Anthony Bailey]], American circus ringmaster (d. 1906)&lt;ref&gt;Macy, Beth. Truevine. Little, Brown &amp; Co, New York, 2016, page 151.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Yūjirō Motora]], prominent Japanese experimental psychologist (d. 1912)
* [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon]] (d. 1923), English aristocrat den financial backer of de search for den excavation of Tutankhamun ein tomb insyd de Valley of de Kings&lt;ref&gt;Cox, A. M. [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)13576-3/fulltext?code=lancet-site &quot;The death of Lord Carnarvon&quot;]; ''[[The Lancet]]''; 7 June 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Miller Huggins]], American baseball player den manager (d. 1929)&lt;ref name=&quot;Trachtenberg1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Trachtenberg|first=Leo |title=The Wonder Team: The True Story of the Incomparable 1927 New York Yankees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6phOhlHUH8kC&amp;pg=PA151|year=1995|publisher=Bowling Green State University Popular Press|isbn=0-87972-677-6|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Solanus Casey|Father Solanus Casey]], American Capuchin priest dem declare &quot;[[Beatification|blessed]]&quot; by de [[Roman Catholic Church]] (d. 1957)&lt;ref&gt;Wollenweber, Brother Leo (2002). &quot;Meet Solanus Casey&quot;. St. Anthony Messenger Press, Cincinnati, Ohio, page 107, {{ISBN|1-56955-281-9}},&lt;/ref&gt;

''Chronic, recurrent''
* [[Richard Wagner]], opera composer

''Acute''
* [[Jair Bolsonaro]], president of Brazil between 2019 den 2022, currently dey suffer from erysipelas.

''Recovered''
* [[John Wilkes Booth]], President [[Abraham Lincoln]] ein assassin, August 1864.&lt;ref&gt;O’Reilly, Bill &amp; Dugard, Martin. (2011) “Killing Lincoln”. New York: Henry Holt &amp; Co. {{ISBN|9780805093070}} p. 27. &lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Lenin]] develop an infection insyd London, den party leadership be exercised by [[Julius Martov|Martov]] til he recover.&lt;ref&gt;Rice, Christopher (1990). ''Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary''. London: Cassell. {{ISBN|978-0304318148}}. pp. 77–78.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Service, Robert (2000). ''Lenin: A Biography''. London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|9780333726259}}. p. 150.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rappaport, Helen (2010). ''Conspirator: Lenin in Exile''. New York: Basic Books. {{ISBN|978-0-465-01395-1}} pp. 85–87.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ernest Hemingway]] develop an infection near ein left eye after he be hit plus an oar. He be treated at de Casa di Cura Morgagni insyd [[Padua]].&lt;ref&gt;Hemingway, Mary Welsh (1976). ''How It Was''. London: Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-297-77265-1}}. p. 236.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Fictional''
* Insyd [[D. H. Lawrence]] ein novel ''[[Sons and Lovers]]'', one of de major characters insyd de novel, William Morel, die quickly from de complications of erysipelas in conjunction plus pneumonia.
*Insyd [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] ein 1924 [[short story]], &quot;[[The Adventure of the Illustrious Client]]&quot;, [[Sherlock Holmes]] be reported to develop erysipelas following an assault wey result in head injuries wey dey require stitches.
* Insyd [[Anton Chekhov]] ein 1892 short story &quot;[[Ward No. 6]]&quot;, erysipelas be among de conditions wey de patients suffer dem commit to a poorly run mental-illness facility insyd a small town insyd [[Tsarist autocracy|tsarist]] Russia.
* Insyd [[J. G. Farrell]] ein novel ''[[The Siege of Krishnapur]]'', de Collector, Mr. Hopkins, be affected during de siege wey he recover.
* [[Mark Twain]] ein ''[[Roughing It]]'' dey mention de disease secof de rarefied atmosphere (chapter 43).
* Insyd [[Dashiell Hammett]] ein ''[[The Thin Man]]'', de name be used for a pun on de word &quot;ear&quot; (chapter 22).
* Insyd [[Willa Cather]] ein ''[[One of Ours]]'', de main character, Claude, contract de disease insyd &quot;the queerest&quot; way, after he be dragged into wire by mules, den de next day continuing to work insyd de dust. De disease dey play a key role insyd de novel, persuading am to marry Enid after she care give am in recovery (Book II, Chapter IV, p. 138).
* Insyd series one, episode four of ''[[Downton Abbey]]'', Isobel Crawley misdiagnose ein butler, Molesley, plus erysipelas wen he develop a rash on ein hands. De Dowager Countess of Grantham correctly dey identify de rash as an allergy to [[rue]].}}
* Insyd [[Rodrigo Souza Leão]] ein autobiographical novel ''All Dogs are Blue'', he talk say ein erysipelas be cured by de antibiotic Benzetacil ([[benzathine benzylpenicillin]]).&lt;ref&gt;Souza Leão, Rodrigo (2013). ''All Dogs are Blue''. High Wycombe: And Other Stories. {{ISBN|978-1-908-27620-9}}. p. 49.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Erysipelas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Chloral hydrate</title>
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'''Chloral hydrate''' be a [[geminal diol]] plus de [[chemical formula|formula]] {{chem2|auto=1|Cl3C\sCH(OH)2}}. Na dem first use am as a [[sedative]] den [[hypnotic]] insyd [[Germany]] insyd de 1870s. Over time na e be replaced by safer den more effective alternatives buh e remain in use insyd de [[United States]] til at least de 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;1970EEGstudy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kales |first1=Anthony |title=Hypnotic Drugs and Their Effectiveness: All-night EEG Studies of Insomniac Subjects |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |date=1 September 1970 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=226–232 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01750030034006|pmid=4318151 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E sam times dey find usage as a laboratory [[chemical reagent]] den precursor. E be derived from [[chloral]] (trichloroacetaldehyde) by de addition of one [[Equivalent (chemistry)|equivalent]] of water.

== Notable users ==
* King [[Chulalongkorn]] of [[Thailand]] (1853–1910) used the drug&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thai-blogs.com/2010/11/16/hm-king-chulalongkorns-1897-journey-to-europe/ |title=HM King Chulalongkorn's 1897 Journey to Europe |access-date=20 February 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301003305/http://www.thai-blogs.com/2010/11/16/hm-king-chulalongkorns-1897-journey-to-europe/ |url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Montgomery Clift]] (1920–1966), American actor.&lt;ref&gt;Brando, Marlon; Lindsey, Robert (1994). ''Songs my mother taught me''. New York: Random House. {{ISBN|978-0-09-943691-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[André Gide]] (1869–1951) dem give am chloral hydrate as a boy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gide|first=André|author-link=André Gide|translator-first=Dorothy|translator-last=Bussey|title=If It Die...An Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/ifitdieautobiogr0000gide|location=New York|publisher=Vintage International|orig-date=1924|date=2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/ifitdieautobiogr0000gide/page/105 105]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[William James]] (1842–1910), psychologist den philosopher, use de drug for insomnia den sedation secof chronic neurosis.
* [[Jonestown|The Jonestown mass murder-suicides]] insyd 1978 involve de communal drinking of [[Flavor Aid]] dem poison plus [[diazepam]], chloral hydrate, [[potassium cyanide|cyanide]], den [[promethazine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=John R.|author-link1=John R. Hall (sociologist) |title=Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History|date=1987|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-88738-801-9|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8MCb1xqqo8C&amp;pg=PA282|language=en|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-date=12 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312115042/https://books.google.com/books?id=D8MCb1xqqo8C&amp;pg=PA282|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mary Todd Lincoln]] (1818–1882), wifey of American president [[Abraham Lincoln]], cam be addicted insyd de years after ein husbie ein death.
* [[Marilyn Monroe]] (1926–1962) died from an overdose of chloral hydrate den [[pentobarbital]] (Nembutal).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last = Banner | first = Lois | title = Marilyn: The Passion and the Paradox | year = 2012 | publisher = Bloomsbury | isbn = 978-1-40883-133-5 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/marilynpassionpa0000bann/page/411 411–412] | url = https://archive.org/details/marilynpassionpa0000bann/page/411}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last=Spoto | first=Donald | title=Marilyn Monroe: The Biography | publisher=Cooper Square Press | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-8154-1183-3 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/marilynmonroe00dona/page/580 580–583] | url=https://archive.org/details/marilynmonroe00dona/page/580}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] (1844–1900) regularly use chloral hydrate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cate |first=Curtis |title=Friedrich Nietzsche |url=https://archive.org/details/friedrichnietzsc00curt |publisher=[[The Overlook Press]] |year=2005 |place=Woodstock, NY |page=[https://archive.org/details/friedrichnietzsc00curt/page/457 453]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] (1828–1882) cam be addicted to chloral.
* [[Oliver Sacks]] (1933–2015) abuse chloral hydrate insyd 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Sacks |first=Oliver |title=Altered States |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/08/27/altered-states-3 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=27 August 2012 |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905075628/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/08/27/altered-states-3 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Anna Nicole Smith]] (1967–2007) die of &quot;[[combined drug intoxication]]&quot; plus chloral hydrate as de &quot;major component&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070326/ap_on_en_tv/anna_nicole_smith |title=Smith died from accidental drug overdose |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331213201/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070326/ap_on_en_tv/anna_nicole_smith |archive-date=31 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[John Tyndall]] (1820–1893), an Irish physicist, die of an accidental overdose of chloral wey ein wifey administer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of scientists |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-280086-2 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800862.001.0001/acref-9780192800862}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Evelyn Waugh]] (1903–1966), insomniac for much of ein adult life, for wich &quot;in later life ... he cam be so deleteriously dependent on chloral&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hastings|first=Selina|title=Evelyn Waugh: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/evelynwaughbiogr0000hast|publisher=Sinclair-Stevenson|year=1994|isbn=1-85619-223-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/evelynwaughbiogr0000hast/page/140 140]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sykes|first=Christopher|title=Evelyn Waugh: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/evelynwaughbiogr0000syke_y3d6|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1977|page=[https://archive.org/details/evelynwaughbiogr0000syke_y3d6/page/124 124]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Country music singer [[Hank Williams]] (1923–1953) die from a combination of chloral hydrate, [[morphine]] den [[whiskey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Olson |2004|p= 296}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb| Olson| 2004| p= 298}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author= Lilly, John|title= Hank's Lost Charleston Show|publisher= West Virginia Division of Culture and History}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Renée Vivien]] (1877-1909), a prominent lesbian poet during de [[Belle Époque]], abuse chloral hydrate for much of ein life.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31hZQKGNscoC&amp;q=Andrew%20Johnson%20Hotel%20hank%20williams&amp;pg=PA296|title=Crossroads: A Southern Culture Annual|first=Ted|last=Olson|publisher=Mercer University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-86554-866-4}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chloral Hydrate}}
[[Category:Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors]]
[[Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators]]
[[Category:Glycine receptor agonists]]
[[Category:Hydrates]]
[[Category:Hypnotics]]
[[Category:Sedatives]]
[[Category:Organochlorides]]
[[Category:Prodrugs]]
[[Category:Trichloromethyl compounds]]
[[Category:Geminal diols]]
[[Category:Jonestown]]
[[Category:IARC Group 2A carcinogens]]
[[Category:Organic compounds plus 2 carbon atoms]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Enalapril</title>
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'''Enalapril''', dem sell under de brand name '''Vasotec''' among odas, be an [[ACE inhibitor]] medication dem use to treat [[high blood pressure]], [[diabetic kidney disease]], den [[heart failure]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Enalaprilat/Enalapril Maleate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/enalaprilat-enalapril-maleate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010141/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/enalaprilat-enalapril-maleate.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; For heart failure, e be generally used plus a [[diuretic]], such as [[furosemide]].&lt;ref name=WHO2008&gt;{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | url = https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | hdl-access=free | page=[https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/286 286] }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be given by mouth anaa by [[intravenous|injection into a vein]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; Onset of effects typically be within an hour wen dem take by mouth den dey last for up to a day.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt;

Common side effects dey include [[headache]], [[fatigue|tiredness]], [[orthostatic hypotension|feeling lightheaded plus standing]], den cough.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; Serious side effects dey include [[angioedema]] den [[low blood pressure]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; Ein use during [[pregnancy]] be believed to result in harm to de baby.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; E dey insyd de [[ACE inhibitor|angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor]] family of medications.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt;

Enalapril be patented insyd 1978, wey e cam into medical use insyd 1984.&lt;ref name=Fis2006&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5|page=467|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA467 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130459/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA467|archive-date=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 195th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top 300&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Enalapril Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Enalapril | access-date = 20 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be available as a [[generic medicine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Enalapril maleate: FDA-Approved Drugs | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&amp;ApplNo=212408 | access-date=24 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:ACE inhibitors]]
[[Category:Carboxylate esters]]
[[Category:Enantiopure drugs]]
[[Category:Prodrugs]]
[[Category:Pyrrolidines]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Ethyl esters]]
[[Category:Carboxylic acids]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adenosine</title>
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'''Adenosine''' be a [[endogeny (biology)|chemical dem find insyd mammals]] wich sanso be used as a medication.&lt;ref name=AP2014&gt;{{cite book |title=Adenosine Receptors in Neurology and Psychiatry |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-801318-2 |page=XV |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR15 |language=en |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2021-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205455/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR15 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014135440/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR15 |date=2022-10-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Taylor2000&gt;{{cite book|title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&amp;pg=PA18|date=2000|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=18–|access-date=2016-01-05|archive-date=2016-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504043944/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&amp;pg=PA18|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a medication e be used to treat anaa diagnosis certain forms of [[supraventricular tachycardia]] wey no dey improve plus [[vagal maneuver]]s.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020&gt;{{cite web|title=Adenosine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Sep 27, 2020|archive-date=December 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html |date=December 23, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E generally be used by rapid injection into a vein.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020/&gt; Onset of action be within 40 seconds den effects dey last for less dan 2 minutes.&lt;ref name=Ae2015&gt;{{cite book |last1=Aehlert |first1=Barbara J. |title=ECGs Made Easy - E-Book |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-39150-4 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&amp;pg=PA116 |page=116 |year=2015 |access-date=29 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&amp;pg=PA116 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&amp;pg=PA116 |date=27 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, den [[Hypoesthesia|tingling of de skin]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2020/&gt; Serious side effects dey include a worsening [[Arrhythmia|dysrhythmia]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2020/&gt; While e fi be used during [[pregnancy]], safety no be entirely clear.&lt;ref name=Preg2020&gt;{{cite web |title=Adenosine Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=28 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205062314/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205062314/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |date=5 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adenosine be one of four [[nucleoside]] building blocks to [[RNA]].&lt;ref name=AP2014/&gt; E dey work by decreasing de frequency by wich electrical signals fi go thru de [[Atrioventricular node|AV node]] of de heart.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020/&gt;

Adenosine be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1989.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020/&gt; E; however, be studied within living systems since de 1920s.&lt;ref name=AP2014/&gt; Adenosine be available as a [[generic medication]].&lt;ref name=BNF79&gt;{{cite book |title=BNF 79 |url=https://archive.org/details/bnf79britishnati0000join |date=March 2020 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London |isbn=978-0857113658 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bnf79britishnati0000join/page/110 110]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is not expensive.&lt;ref name=Hitch2019&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=34-35|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de [[United Kingdom]] insyd 2020 a 6 mg dose costs de NHS about a pound.&lt;ref name=BNF79/&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Adenosine receptor agonists]]
[[Category:Antiarrhythmic agents]]
[[Category:Chemical substances for emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Drugs wey dey act on de cardiovascular system]]
[[Category:Ghrelin receptor agonists]]
[[Category:Nucleosides]]
[[Category:Purines]]
[[Category:Neurotransmitters]]
[[Category:Vasodilators]]
[[Category:Hydroxymethyl compounds]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Povidone-iodine</title>
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'''Povidone-iodine''' ('''PVP-I'''), dem sanso know as '''iodopovidone''', be an [[antiseptic]] dem use for [[skin disinfection]] before den after [[surgery]].&lt;ref name=WHO2008&gt;{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | url = https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | pages = [https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/321 321]–323}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF692&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzLOwAEACAAJ |title=British National Formulary (BNF), 69th Edition |date=6 March 2015 |publisher=British Medical Association; Joint Formulary Committee |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |page=840 |oclc=1031488649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_National_Formulary_BNF_69/yzLOwAEACAAJ?hl=en |archive-date=22 February 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fi be used both to disinfect de hands of healthcare providers den de skin of de person dem dey care for.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF692&quot; /&gt; E sanso fi be used for minor [[wounds]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF692&quot; /&gt; E fi be applied to de skin as a liquid, an ointment anaa a powder.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF692&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com Povidone iodine topical&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Povidone iodine topical Uses, Side Effects &amp; Warnings |url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/povidone-iodine-topical.html |website=Drugs.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects dey include skin irritation den sam times swelling.&lt;ref name=WHO2008/&gt; If dem use on large wounds, [[kidney problems]], [[high blood sodium]], den [[metabolic acidosis]] fi occur.&lt;ref name=WHO2008/&gt; E no be recommended for use insyd [[pregnant]] women wey be under 32 weeks’ gestation.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot; /&gt; Frequent use no be recommended insyd people plus [[thyroid problems]] anaa wey dey take [[lithium (medication)|lithium]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=British National Formulary (BNF), 69th Edition|date=6 March 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzLOwAEACAAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_National_Formulary_BNF_69/yzLOwAEACAAJ?hl=en|archive-date=22 February 2022|publisher=British Medical Association; Joint Formulary Committee|isbn=978-0-85711-156-2|page=840|oclc=1031488649}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Povidone-iodine be a [[complex (chemistry)|chemical complex]] of [[povidone]], [[hydrogen iodide]], den elemental [[iodine]].&lt;ref name=En2013/&gt; De recommended strength solution dey contain 10% Povidone, plus total iodine species wey dey equal 10,000&amp;nbsp;ppm anaa 1% total titratable iodine.&lt;ref name=En2013&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology|date=16 October 2013|publisher=Wiley Publishing|isbn=978-0-470-07369-8|oclc=899175361|page=728|edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vfh1AQAAQBAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113101739/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Vfh1AQAAQBAJ|archive-date=13 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey work by releasing iodine wich dey result in de death of a range of [[microorganisms]].&lt;ref name=WHO2008/&gt;

Povidone-iodine cam into commercial use insyd 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Sneader W |title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=31 October 2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-0-470-01552-0|oclc=62301847|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;pg=PA68|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113010552/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;pg=PA68|archive-date=13 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO22nd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Povidone-iodine be available [[over the counter]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com Povidone iodine topical&quot;/&gt; Dem dey sell am under a number of brand names wey dey include '''Betadine'''.&lt;ref name=BNF69/&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wong RH, Hung EC, Wong VW, Wan IY, Ng CS, Wan S, Underwood MJ |title=Povidone-iodine wound irrigation: A word of caution |journal=Surgical Practice |volume=13 |pages=123–4 |year=2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-1633.2009.00461.x |issue=4 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wong RH, Wong VW, Hung EC, Lee PY, Ng CS, Wan IY, Underwood MJ |title=Topical application of povidone-iodine before wound closure is associated with significant increase in serum iodine level |journal=Surgical Practice |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=79–82 |year=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-1633.2011.00547.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wong RH, Ng CS, Underwood MJ | title = Iodine pleurodesis--a word of caution | journal = European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 1209 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22219431 | doi = 10.1093/ejcts/ezr137 | doi-access = free }}
{{refend}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Povidone Iodine}}
[[Category:Antiseptics]]
[[Category:Disinfectants]]
[[Category:Iodine]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Over-the-counter drugs insyd de United States]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Antipsychotic</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261102) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="72991" sha1="108837axmtrqux8ugnvfitt0rhv18xb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Antipsychotics''', dem previously know as '''neuroleptics'''&lt;ref name=Fin2009&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title=Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7155-9 |page=151 | chapter = 13: Neuroleptics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&amp;pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status=live | quote = The neuroleptic drugs (also called antipsychotic drugs, or major tranquilizers) are used primarily to treat schizophrenia [...]. [...] The traditional or 'typical' neuropleptic drugs (also called conventional or first-generation antipsychotics) are competitive inhibitors at a variety of receptors [...]. |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&amp;pg=PA151 |archive-date=1 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; den '''major tranquilizers''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Burnett |first=GB |date =1975 |title =The assessment of thiothixene in chronic schizophrenia. A double-blind controlled trial. |journal =Dis Nerv Syst |volume =36 |issue =11 |pages =625–9 |pmid =1102277 }}&lt;/ref&gt; be a class of [[Psychiatric medication|psychotropic medication]] dem primarily use to manage [[psychosis]] (wey dey include [[delusion]]s, [[hallucination]]s, [[paranoia]] anaa [[disordered thought]]), principally insyd [[schizophrenia]] buh sanso insyd a range of oda psychotic disorders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comparing 1-year effectiveness and&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors =Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Callovini T, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, D'Agostino A, Martinotti G, Bertolini F, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C, Carrà G |title =Comparing 1-year effectiveness and acceptability of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate and aripiprazole monohydrate for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Findings from the STAR Network Depot Study |journal =Psychiatry Research |volume =309 |article-number =114405 |date =March 2022 |pmid =35093701 |doi =10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114405 |hdl =11383/2128064 |s2cid =246054926 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lally J, MacCabe JH |title=Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review |journal =British Medical Bulletin |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=169–79 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25957394 |doi =10.1093/bmb/ldv017 |quote=Antipsychotic medications are mainstays in the treatment of schizophrenia and a range of other psychotic disorders. |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda plus [[mood stabilizer]]s, dem sanso be a mainstay insyd de treatment of [[bipolar disorder]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Grande&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors =Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E |title =Bipolar disorder |journal =Lancet |volume =387 |issue =10027 |pages =1561–1572 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26388529 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X |s2cid=205976059 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, dem sanso be used as adjuncts insyd de treatment of [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment-resistant major depressive disorder]].

De use of antipsychotics fi result in many unwanted side-effects, such as [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|involuntary movement disorders]], [[gynecomastia]], [[impotence]], [[weight gain | weight-gain]] den [[metabolic syndrome]]. Long-term use fi produce [[List of long term side effects of antipsychotics|adverse effects]], such as [[tardive dyskinesia]], [[tardive dystonia]], [[Akathisia|tardive akathisia]], den [[Cerebral atrophy|brain-tissue volume-reduction]]. Withdrawal from antipsychotics fi cause [[insomnia]], [[tremor]]s, den psychotic symptoms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last =UCL |date =23 March 2021 |title =Coming off antipsychotics may take years: first paper on how to withdraw |url =https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2021/mar/coming-antipsychotics-may-take-years-first-paper-how-withdraw#:~:text=The%20reason%20for%20stopping%20drugs,the%20process%20of%20coming%20off. |access-date =26 May 2025 |website=UCL News |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;

First-generation antipsychotics (e.g., [[chlorpromazine]], [[haloperidol]], etc.), dem know as [[typical antipsychotics]], first be introduced insyd de 1950s, wey odas be developed until de early 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shen&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors =Shen WW |title =A history of antipsychotic drug development |url =https://archive.org/details/sim_comprehensive-psychiatry_november-december-1999_40_6/page/407 |journal =Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume =40 |issue =6 |pages =407–14 |date =December 1999 |pmid =10579370 |doi =10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90082-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Second-generation antipsychotics, dem know as [[atypical antipsychotic]]s, dem arrive plus de introduction of [[clozapine]] insyd de early 1970s followed by odas (e.g., [[risperidone]], [[olanzapine]], etc.).&lt;ref name=&quot;Aringhieri&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors =Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, McCormick PJ, Corsini GU, Maggio R, Scarselli M |display-authors =6 |title =Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences |journal =Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics |volume =192 |pages =20–41 |date =December 2018 |pmid =29953902 |doi =10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012 |s2cid =49602956 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Both generations of medication [[dopamine receptor antagonist|block receptors insyd de brain for dopamine]], buh atypicals block [[5-HT receptors|serotonin receptors]] as well. Third-generation antipsychotics, dem introduce insyd de 2000s, offer partial agonism, rather dan blockade, of dopamine receptors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mailman RB, Murthy V |date=2010 |title=Third generation antipsychotic drugs: partial agonism or receptor functional selectivity? |journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=488–501 |doi=10.2174/138161210790361461 |pmc=2958217 |pmid=19909227}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Neuroleptic'', wey dey originate from de [[Ancient Greek]] terms {{lang|grc|[[wikt:νεῦρον|νεῦρον]]}} ('neuron') den {{lang|grc|[[wikt:λαμβάνω|λαμβάνω]]}} ('to take hold of')—thus dey mean 'wich take de nerve'—dey refer both to common [[neurological]] effects den to side-effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;king2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=King C, Voruganti LN |date=May 2002 |title=What's in a name? The evolution of the nomenclature of antipsychotic drugs |journal=Journal of Psychiatry &amp; Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=168–175 |doi=10.1139/jpn.0220 |pmc=161646 |pmid=12066446}}&lt;/ref&gt; An estimated 1.7% of adults insyd de United States take antipsychotics, according to a 2018 study.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dennis |first1=Jeff A. |last2=Gittner |first2=Lisaann S. |last3=Payne |first3=J. Drew |last4=Nugent |first4=Kenneth |date=2020-10-01 |title=Characteristics of U.S. adults taking prescription antipsychotic medications, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2018 |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=483 |doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02895-4 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-244X |pmc=7528276 |pmid=33004022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Comparison of medications==
&lt;!-- Qualitative shading: - ≈ 5%, +/- ≈ 10%, + ≈ 17.5%, ++/+ ≈ 25%, ++ ≈ 37.5%, +++/++ ≈ 50%, +++ ≈ 75%. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Shading for discontinuation odds ratio: 0% shade at OR=1, 100% green shade at OR=0 (shade = 1-OR), 100% red shade at OR→+∞ (shade = 1-1/OR). --&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; width:100%;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Overview
|-
|
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; width:100%;&quot; colspan=&quot;7&quot;
|-
! Generic name !! Class !! Type !! Brand name(s) !! Launch !! Developer/Originator(s) !! Refs
|-
| [[Amisulpride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Solian || 1986 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IUPACFischer2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA305 |date=13 December 2006 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |pages=305– }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lidow2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Lidow MS |title=Neurotransmitter Receptors in Actions of Antipsychotic Medications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIHLBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA23 |date=22 June 2000 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-4177-4 |pages=23– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Aripiprazole]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Abilify || 2002 || Otsuka/Bristol-Myers Squibb || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Silvestre JS, Prous J |title=Research on adverse drug events. I. Muscarinic M3 receptor binding affinity could predict the risk of antipsychotics to induce type 2 diabetes |journal=Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=289–304 |date=June 2005 |pmid=16082416 |doi=10.1358/mf.2005.27.5.908643 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Aripiprazole lauroxil]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Aristada || 2015 || Alkermes || &lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Aripiprazole-Lauroxil&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800033484 |title=Aripiprazole lauroxil – Alkermes |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Asenapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzoxapinopyrrole || Atypical || Saphris/Sycrest || 2009 || Organon/Merck || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Asenapine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001124 |title=Asenapine |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Benperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Anquil || 1966 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Sanchez M |title=Farmacología y endocrinología del comportamiento |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oV1VVH_AE-kC&amp;pg=PA148 |date=May 2012 |publisher=Editorial UOC |isbn=978-84-9788-424-2 |pages=148–149 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125213437/https://books.google.com/books?id=oV1VVH_AE-kC&amp;pg=PA148 |archive-date=25 November 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Blonanserin]] || Pyridinylpiperazine || Atypical || Lonasen || 2008 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Mitsubishi Tanabe || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Blonanserin&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001321 |title=Blonanserin – Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Brexpiprazole]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Rexulti || 2015 || Otsuka/Lundbeck || &lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Brexpiprazole&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029282 |title=Brexpiprazole – Lundbeck/Otsuka |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011194233/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029282 |archive-date=11 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Bromperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Impromem || 1981 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Cariprazine]] || Phenylpiperazine || Atypical || Vraylar/Reagila || 2015 || Gedeon Richter/Actavis || &lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Cariprazine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021768 |title=Cariprazine – Gedeon Richter |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818092946/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021768 |archive-date=18 August 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Carpipramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Defecton/Prazinil || 1977 || Pierre Fabre || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Chlorpromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Thorazine || 1952 || Rhône-Poulenc/GlaxoSmithKline || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Chlorprothixene]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Disputed || Truxal || 1959 || Roche || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Csernansky2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Csernansky JG |title=Antipsychotics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiz6CAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA360 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-61007-3 |pages=360– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Clocapramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Clofekton/Padrasen || 1974 || Yoshitomi || &lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA1077 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=1077– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Clopenthixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Sordinol/Ciatyl || 1961 || Lundbeck || &lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2013-Clopenthixol&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA1102 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=1102– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Clorotepine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiepin || Disputed || Clotepin || 1971 || Spofa || &lt;ref name=&quot;Protiva2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Protiva M |title=ChemInform Abstract: Fifty Years in Chemical Drug Research |journal=ChemInform |volume=23 |issue=9 |year=2010 |pages=no |article-number=chin.199209338 |issn=0931-7597 |doi=10.1002/chin.199209338 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid5576292&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Melich H |title=[Clotepin] |language=cs |journal=Časopis lékařů českých |volume=110 |issue=17 |pages=404–5 |date=April 1971 |pmid=5576292 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Clotiapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiazepine || Disputed || Etumine || 1966 || Sandoz/Wander || &lt;ref name=&quot;GaleResearch1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16126373&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Geller V, Gorzaltsan I, Shleifer T, Belmaker RH, Bersudsky Y |s2cid=22340010 |title=Clotiapine compared with chlorpromazine in chronic schizophrenia |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=80 |issue=2–3 |pages=343–7 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16126373 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Clozapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzodiazepine || Atypical || Clozaril || 1972 || Sandoz-Novartis || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Cyamemazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Disputed || Tercian || 1972 || Aventis || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15492772&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bourin M, Dailly E, Hascöet M |title=Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of cyamemazine: anxiolytic effects and prevention of alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome |journal=CNS Drug Reviews |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=219–29 |year=2004 |pmid=15492772 |pmc=6741725 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00023.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Droperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Dridol/Droleptan/Inapsine || 1963 || Janssen-Cilag || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LamberthDinges2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Lamberth C, Dinges J |title=Bioactive Heterocyclic Compound Classes: Pharmaceuticals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35uKnWKD9V8C&amp;pg=PA3 |date=16 August 2012 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-3-527-66447-4 |pages=3– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Flupentixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Fluanxol || 1965 || Lundbeck || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pedersen1996&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Pedersen V |title=Thioxanthene antipsychotics |journal=European Psychiatry |volume=11 |year=1996 |pages=236s |issn=0924-9338 |doi=10.1016/0924-9338(96)88706-2 |s2cid=247414112 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Fluphenazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Prolixin || 1959 || Bristol-Myers Squibb || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Fluspirilene]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Imap || 1970 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Haloperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Haldol || 1959 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Iloperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Fanapt || 2010 || Novartis || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Iloperidone&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001330 |title=Iloperidone – Vanda Pharmaceuticals |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211102105/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001330 |archive-date=11 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Levomepromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Disputed || Nozinan/Levoprome || 1957 || Rhône-Poulenc || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Csernansky2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shorter2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Shorter E |title=Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCtnDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR14 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-536874-1 |pages=14– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Levosulpiride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Levopraid ||| 1987 || Abbott || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Loxapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzoxazepine || Disputed || Loxitane/Loxapac || 1975 || Wyeth || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10340686&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Glazer WM |title=Does loxapine have &quot;atypical&quot; properties? Clinical evidence |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 10 |pages=42–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10340686 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Lumateperone]] || Pyridopyrroloquinoxaline and Butyrophenone || Atypical || Caplyta || 2019 || Intra-Cellular Therapies/Bristol-Myers Squibb || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | last1 = Li
 | first1 = Peng
 | last2 = Zhang
 | first2 = Qiang
 | last3 = Robichaud
 | first3 = Albert J.
 | last4 = Lee
 | first4 = Taekyu
 | last5 = Tomesch
 | first5 = John
 | last6 = Yao
 | first6 = Wei
 | last7 = Beard
 | first7 = J. David
 | last8 = Snyder
 | first8 = Gretchen L.
 | last9 = Zhu
 | first9 = Hongwen
 | last10 = Peng
 | first10 = Youyi
 | last11 = Hendrick
 | first11 = Joseph P.
 | last12 = Vanover
 | first12 = Kimberly E.
 | last13 = Davis
 | first13 = Robert E.
 | last14 = Mates
 | first14 = Sharon
 | last15 = Wennogle
 | first15 = Lawrence P.
 | title = Discovery of a Tetracyclic Quinoxaline Derivative as a Potent and Orally Active Multifunctional Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders
 | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
 | year = 2014
 | volume = 57
 | issue = 6
 | pages = 2670–2682
 | doi = 10.1021/jm401958n
 | pmid = 24559051
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Lurasidone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Latuda || 2010 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Sunovion || &lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Lurasidone&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007206 |title=Lurasidone – Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510014459/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007206 |archive-date=10 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Melperone]] || Butyrophenone || Disputed || Buronil || 1967 || Lundbeck || &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Mesoridazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Serentil || 1967 || Novartis-Boehringer || &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Molindone]] || Dihydroindolone || Disputed || Moban || 1975 || Abbott || &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Mosapramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Cremin || 1991 || Mitsubishi Pharma || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Nemonapride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Emilace/Emirace || 1991 || Yamanouchi || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Nemonapride&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007270 |title=Nemonapride |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Olanzapine]] || Tricyclic/Thienobenzodiazepine || Atypical || Zyprexa || 1996 || Lilly || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Paliperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Invega || 2007 || Janssen-Cilag/Johnson &amp; Johnson || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Paliperidone&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800020763 |title=Paliperidone – Johnson &amp; Johnson |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Paliperidone palmitate]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Invega Sustenna/Xeplion || 2009 || Janssen-Cilag/Johnson &amp; Johnson || &lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Paliperidone-Palmitate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040526 |title=Paliperidone palmitate – Johnson &amp; Johnson |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030135731/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040526 |archive-date=30 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Penfluridol]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Semap || 1973 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Vardanyan2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid4604881&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Roelofs GA |title=Penfluridol (R 16341) as a maintenance therapy in chronic psychotic patients: a double-blind clinical evaluation |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=219–24 |year=1974 |pmid=4604881 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08210.x |s2cid=40524276 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Perazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Taxilan || 1958 || Promonta || &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24425538&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Helfer B, Hartung B |title=Perazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD002832 |date=Jan 2014 |pmid=24425538 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002832.pub3 |pmc=11015532 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Periciazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Neuleptil/Neulactil || 1964 || Rhône-Poulenc || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24825770&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Makhoul S, Xia J, Humphreys P |title=Pericyazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=5 |article-number=CD007479 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24825770 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007479.pub2 |pmc=11023599 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Perospirone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Lullan || 2001 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Mitsubishi Tanabe || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Perospirone&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000573 |title=Perospirone |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Perphenazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Trilafon || 1957 || Schering-Plough || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Pimavanserin]] || Dibenzylpiperidinylurea || Atypical || Nuplazid || 2016 || ACADIA Pharmaceuticals || &lt;ref name=&quot;AdisInsight-Pimavanserin&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014997 |title=Pimavanserin – ACADIA Pharmaceuticals |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925225849/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014997 |archive-date=25 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Pimozide]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Orap || 1969 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Pipamperone]] || Butyrophenone || Disputed || Dipiperon || 1961 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;GaleResearch1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Drugs Available Abroad |year=1991 |publisher=Gale Research |isbn=978-0-8103-7177-4 |page=52,169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x1tAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722224557/https://books.google.com/books?id=2x1tAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=22 July 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vardanyan2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Vardanyan R |title=Piperidine-Based Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szxHDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA195 |date=12 June 2017 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-813428-3 |pages=158, 195– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Pipotiazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Piportil || 1973 || Rhône-Poulenc/Aventis || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2013-Pipotiazine&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA2935-IA349 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=2935– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Prochlorperazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Compazine || 1956 || Rhône-Poulenc/GlaxoSmithKline || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shorter2009&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Promazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Sparine || 1956 || Wyeth || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Quetiapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiazepine || Atypical || Seroquel || 1997 || AstraZeneca || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Remoxipride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Roxiam || 1990 || AstraZeneca || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lidow2000&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Risperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Risperdal || 1993 || Janssen || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Sertindole]] || Imidazolidinone || Atypical || Serdolect || 1996 || Lundbeck || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Spiperone]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Spiropitan || 1969 || Eisai || &lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2007-Spiperone&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXpUAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=William Andrew Pub. |isbn=978-0-8155-1526-5 |page=3059 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Sulpiride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Dogmatil || 1968 || Delagrange/Fujisawa || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lidow2000&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Sultopride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Barnetil || 1976 || Delagrange/Sanofi-Synthélabo || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2013-Sultopride&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA3129 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=3129– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Thioridazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Melleril || 1958 || Novartis || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Tiapride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Tiapridal || 1975 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Tiotixene]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Navane || 1967 || Pfizer || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2013-Tiotixene&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&amp;pg=PA3214 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=3214– }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Trifluoperazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Stelazine || 1958 || GlaxoSmithKline || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Triflupromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Vesprin || 1957 || Bristol-Myers Squibb || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Veralipride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Agreal || 1980 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Ziprasidone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Geodon || 2000 || Pfizer || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Zotepine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiepin || Atypical || Zoleptil || 1982 || Fujisawa || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16082416&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Zuclopenthixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Clopixol/Cisordinol || 1978 || Lundbeck || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanchez2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publishing2013-Clopenthixol&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pedersen1996&quot; /&gt;
|}
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; width:100%;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Tolerability (as propensity for adverse effects)
|-
! Generic name&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20092&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM |date=January 2009 |title=Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9657 |pages=31–41 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61764-X |pmid=19058842 |s2cid=1071537}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maudsley2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry |url=https://archive.org/details/maudsleyprescrib0000tayl_r0f4_11thed |vauthors=Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S, Taylor D |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-470-97948-8 |edition=11th |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leucht_20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, Samara M, Barbui C, Engel RR, Geddes JR, Kissling W, Stapf MP, Lässig B, Salanti G, Davis JM |date=September 2013 |title=Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_september-14-20-2013_382_9896/page/951 |journal=Lancet |volume=382 |issue=9896 |pages=951–62 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3 |pmid=23810019 |s2cid=32085212}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;AMH&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |year=2013 |publisher=The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust |isbn=978-0-9805790-9-3 |edition=2013 |place=Adelaide |editor=Rossi, S }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;BNF&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Joint Formulary Committee |title=British National Formulary (BNF) |url=https://archive.org/details/bnf65britishnati0000unse |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-85711-084-8 |edition=65 |location=London, UK |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press }}&lt;/ref&gt;!! [[Medication discontinuation|Discontinuation]] rate&lt;ref name=&quot;Leucht_20132&quot; /&gt;
(OR plus 95% CI)
![[Anticholinergic]] effects !! [[Sedation]] !! [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|EPSE]] !! [[Weight Gain]] !! Metabolic [[Adverse effect|AEs]] !! [[Drug-induced QT prolongation|QTc prolongation]]
(ORs &amp; 95% CIs)
![[Hyperprolactinaemia|PE]] !! [[Hypotension]] 
|-
| [[Amisulpride]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-43}}|{{Estimate|0.43|0.32|0.57|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|66|+++&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.66|0.39|0.91|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|5|-}} 
|-
| [[Amoxapine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} 
|-
| [[Aripiprazole]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-61}}|{{Estimate|0.61|0.51|0.72|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-&lt;br /&gt;([[akathisia]] mostly)}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|1|-&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.01|-0.13|0.15|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-&lt;br /&gt;(can reduce prolactin levels)}} || {{shade|5|-}} 
|-
| [[Asenapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.54|0.86|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|25|++/+&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.30|-0.04|0.65|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Blonanserin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Deeks ED, Keating GM |title=Blonanserin: a review of its use in the management of schizophrenia |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=65–84 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20030420 |doi=10.2165/11202620-000000000-00000 |s2cid=23464075 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tenjin, T; Miyamoto, S; Ninomiya, Y; Kitajima, R; Ogino, S; Miyake, N; Yamaguchi, N 2013 587–594&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tenjin T, Miyamoto S, Ninomiya Y, Kitajima R, Ogino S, Miyake N, Yamaguchi N |title=Profile of blonanserin for the treatment of schizophrenia |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=9 |pages=587–94 |year=2013 |pmid=23766647 |pmc=3677929 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S34433 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-70}}|~0.7}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} 
|-
| [[Chlorpromazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-65}}|{{Estimate|0.65|0.5|0.84|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} 
|-
| [[Clozapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-46}}|{{Estimate|0.46|0.32|0.65|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} 
|-
| [[Droperidol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} 
|-
| [[Flupenthixol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Fluphenazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.24|1.97|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Sampson S |title=Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=7 |article-number=CD006352 |date=June 2018 |pmid=29893410 |pmc=3796096 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006352.pub3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Haloperidol]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-80}}|{{Estimate|0.8|0.71|0.90|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|11|+&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.11|0.03|0.19|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Iloperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.56|0.84|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|34|++&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.34|0.22|0.46|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Levomepromazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} 
|-
| [[Loxapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-52}}|{{Estimate|0.52|0.28|0.98|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chakrabarti A, Bagnall A, Chue P, Fenton M, Palaniswamy V, Wong W, Xia J |title=Loxapine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |article-number=CD001943 |date=October 2007 |volume=2007 |pmid=17943763 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001943.pub2 |pmc=7017975 |veditors=Chakrabarti A }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Lurasidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-77}}|{{Estimate|0.77|0.61|0.96|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|-10|-&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|-0.10|-0.21|0.01|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} 
|-
| [[Melperone]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} 
|-
| [[Molindone]]&lt;ref name = MD&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Molindone Hydrochloride |date=30 January 2013 |access-date=5 November 2013 |title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |publisher=The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain |url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/7072-k.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} 
|-
| [[Olanzapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-46}}|{{Estimate|0.46|0.41|0.52|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|22|+&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.22|0.11|0.31|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Paliperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-48}}|{{Estimate|0.48|0.39|0.58|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+&lt;br /&gt;(dose dependent)}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|–&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.05|-0.18|0.26|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Perazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-62}}|{{Estimate|0.62|0.4|1.10|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Helfer B, Hartung B |title=Perazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD002832 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24425538 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002832.pub3 |pmc=11015532 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} 
|-
| [[Periciazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Perospirone]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Onrust SV, McClellan K |title=Perospirone |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=329–37; discussion 338 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11463136 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200115040-00006 |s2cid=262520276 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{dunno}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}}&lt;ref name = Mart&gt;{{cite book |veditors=Brayfield A |chapter=Perospirone |title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London, UK |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=3 November 2013 |chapter-url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/15232-k.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} 
|-
| [[Perphenazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-30}}|{{Estimate|0.30|0.04|2.33|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartung B, Sampson S, Leucht S |title=Perphenazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD003443 |date=March 2015 |volume=2015 |pmid=25749632 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003443.pub3 |pmc=7173727 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Pimozide]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-100/1.01 round 0}}|{{Estimate|1.01|0.30|3.39|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mothi M, Sampson S |title=Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=11 |article-number=CD001949 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24194433 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001949.pub3 |pmc=11927953 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Pipotiazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Prochlorperazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} 
|-
| [[Quetiapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-61}}|{{Estimate|0.61|0.52|0.71|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|17|+&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.17|0.06|0.29|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Remoxipride]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} 
|-
| [[Risperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-53}}|{{Estimate|0.53|0.46|0.60|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+&lt;br /&gt;(dose-dependent)}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.25|0.15|0.36|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Sertindole]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-78}}|{{Estimate|0.78|0.61|0.98|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|90|+++&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.90|0.76|1.02|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} 
|-
| [[Sulpiride]] || {{shade|0|{{Estimate|1.00|0.25|4.00|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang J, Sampson S |title=Sulpiride versus placebo for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |article-number=CD007811 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24729184 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007811.pub2 |pmc=11195628 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|5|-}} 
|-
| [[Thioridazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-67}}|{{Estimate|0.67|0.32|1.40|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Fenton M, Rathbone J, Reilly J, Sultana A |title=Thioridazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD001944 |date=July 2007 |volume=2007 |pmid=17636691 |pmc=6718212 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001944.pub2 |veditors=Reilly J }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} 
|-
| [[Tiotixene]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Trifluoperazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-94}}|{{Estimate|0.94|0.59|1.48|mini=yes}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Marques LO, Lima MS, Soares BG |title=Trifluoperazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD003545 |year=2004 |volume=2004 |pmid=14974020 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003545.pub2 |pmc=7003674 |veditors=de Oliveira Marques L }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Ziprasidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-72}}|{{Estimate|0.72|0.59|0.86|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|41|++&lt;br /&gt;{{Estimate|0.41|0.31|0.51|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| [[Zotepine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.41|1.07|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} 
|-
| [[Zuclopenthixol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} 
|-
| colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;font-size:88%;&quot; |
''Note: &quot;Notable&quot; is to mean side-effects that are particularly unique to the antipsychotic drug in question. For example, clozapine is notorious for its ability to cause agranulocytosis. If data on the propensity of a particular drug to cause a particular AE is unavailable an estimation is substituted based on the pharmacologic profile of the drug. ''
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
'''Acronyms used:'''
:AE – [[Adverse effect]]
:OR – [[Odds ratio]]
:CI – [[Confidence Interval]]
:EPSE – [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|Extrapyramidal Side Effect]]
:QTc – Corrected [[QT interval]]
:PE – Prolactin elevation
{{col-break|gap=5em}}
'''Legend:'''&lt;br /&gt;
:- very low propensity for this AE
:+ low propensity/severity for this AE
:++ moderate propensity/severity for this AE
:+++ high propensity/severity for this AE
{{col-end}}
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; width:100%;&quot;
! colspan=6 | Efficacy
|-
! Generic drug name !! Schizophrenia&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20092&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leucht_20132&quot; /&gt;!! Mania&lt;ref name = &quot;Lancet 11&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G, Rendell J, Brown R, Stockton S, Purgato M, Spineli LM, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR |display-authors=6 |title=Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-8-14-2011_378_9799/page/1306 |journal=Lancet |volume=378 |issue=9799 |pages=1306–1315 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21851976 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8 |s2cid=25512763 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Citrome L |title=Addressing the need for rapid treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: focus on inhaled loxapine as an alternative to injectable agents |journal=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |volume=9 |pages=235–245 |year=2013 |pmid=23723707 |pmc=3665578 |doi=10.2147/TCRM.S31484 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;!! Bipolar depression&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Cruz N, Sanchez-Moreno J, Torres F, Goikolea JM, Valentí M, Vieta E |title=Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=5–14 |date=February 2010 |pmid=19638254 |doi=10.1017/S1461145709990344 |doi-access=free |hdl=2445/53243 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;!! Bipolar maintenance&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Popovic D, Reinares M, Goikolea JM, Bonnin CM, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Vieta E |title=Polarity index of pharmacological agents used for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder |journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=339–346 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22000157 |doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.09.008 |s2cid=8067809 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Vieta E, Günther O, Locklear J, Ekman M, Miltenburger C, Chatterton ML, Åström M, Paulsson B |display-authors=6 |title=Effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1029–1049 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21733231 |doi=10.1017/S1461145711000885 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2445/51726 }}&lt;/ref&gt;!! Adjunct insyd major depression&lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane Dep2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Komossa K, Depping AM, Gaudchau A, Kissling W, Leucht S |date=December 2010 |title=Second-generation antipsychotics for major depressive disorder and dysthymia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2012 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008121.pub2 |pmc=11994262 |pmid=21154393 |article-number=CD008121}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Amisulpride || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno|? (+++ in dysthymia)}}
|-
| Aripiprazole || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|5|-}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++ (prevents manic and mixed but not depressive episodes)}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}
|-
| Asenapine || {{shade|color=green|25|++/+}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Chlorpromazine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Clozapine || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Arafat SM, Rahman SM, Haque MM, Shah MA, Algin S, Nahar JS |title=Clozapine Can Be the Good Option in Resistant Mania |journal=Case Reports in Psychiatry |volume=2016 |article-number=3081704 |date=2016 |pmid=27525148 |pmc=4976188 |doi=10.1155/2016/3081704 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilkowska A, Cubała WJ |title=Clozapine As Transformative Treatment In Bipolar Patients |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=15 |pages=2901–2905 |date=9 October 2019 |pmid=31632038 |pmc=6790347 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S227196 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}&lt;ref&gt;https://www.has-sante.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2012-04/anti_psychotiques_rapport.pdf{{full citation needed|date=June 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Haloperidol || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Iloperidone || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Loxapine || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++ (only in the treatment of agitation)}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Lurasidone || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Melperone || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Olanzapine || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++|(most effective at preventing manic/mixed relapse)}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}}
|-
| Paliperidone || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Perospirone&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishi T, Iwata N |s2cid=11543666 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of perospirone in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=731–41 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23812802 |doi=10.1007/s40263-013-0085-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Quetiapine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}}
|-
| Risperidone || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|5|-}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}
|-
| Sertindole || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Ziprasidone || {{shade|color=green|25|++/+}} || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| Zotepine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}}
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:80%; text-align:center; width:100%;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%;&quot; | Binding affinity
|-
|
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; width:100%;&quot; colspan=&quot;19&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;19&quot; | K&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; [nM] toward cloned human receptors (unless otherwise specified)
|-
! Drug name&lt;ref name = &quot;GG&quot;&gt;{{cite book |veditors=Brunton LL, Chabner B, Knollmann BC |title=Goodman &amp; Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics |edition=12th |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-162442-8 |title-link=Goodman &amp; Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PDSP K&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; Database |work=Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) |author1-link=Bryan Roth |vauthors=Roth BL, Driscol J |url=http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health |access-date=11 November 2013 |date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108013656/http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |archive-date=8 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;!! SERT !! 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt; !! 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt; !! 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt; !! 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; !! 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt; !! α&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt; !! α&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt; !! α&lt;sub&gt;2C&lt;/sub&gt; !! NET !! D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; !! D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; !! D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; !! D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; !! 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;/D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; !!H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; !! M&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; !! M&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Amisulpride || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000 || 8,304 || &gt;10,000 || 4,154 || 73.5 || &gt;10,000 || 1,114 || 1,540 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000 || 2.2 || 2.4 || 2,370 || 3774.5 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Aripiprazole || 1,081 || 5.6 || 8.7 || 22.4 || 642.4 || 9.97 || 25.85 || 74.1 || 37.63 || 2091.5 || 1,173.5 || 1.64 || 5.35 || 514 || 5.3 || 27.93 || 6,778 || 4,678
|-
| Asenapine&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18308814&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Shahid M, Walker GB, Zorn SH, Wong EH |s2cid=206489515 |title=Asenapine: a novel psychopharmacologic agent with a unique human receptor signature |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=65–73 |date=January 2009 |pmid=18308814 |doi=10.1177/0269881107082944 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || ND || 2.5 || 0.06 || 0.03 || 0.25 || 0.13 || 1.2 || 1.2 || 1.2 || ND || 1.4 || 1.3 || 0.42 || 1.1 || 0.0462 || 1.0 || 8,128 || 8,128
|-
| Blonanserin&lt;ref name=&quot;Ishiyama_2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishiyama T, Tokuda K, Ishibashi T, Ito A, Toma S, Ohno Y |title=Lurasidone (SM-13496), a novel atypical antipsychotic drug, reverses MK-801-induced impairment of learning and memory in the rat passive-avoidance test |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=572 |issue=2–3 |pages=160–70 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17662268 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.058 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || ND || 804 || 0.812 || 26.4 || 41.9 || 183 || 26.7 (RB) || 530 (RC) || ND || ND || 1,070 || 0.142 || 0.494 || 150 || 5.72 || 765 || 100 ||ND
|-
| Brexpiprazole || ND || 0.12 || 0.47 || ND || 58 || 3.7 || 3.8 || 15 || 0.59 || ND || 160 || 0.3 || 1.1 || 6.3 || 1.567 || 19 || ND || &gt;10,000
|-
| '''''N-DEBN'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84&quot;/&gt; || ND || ND || 1.28 || 4.50 || 5.03 || 206 (RC) || ND || ND || ND || ND || 1,020 || 1.38 || 0.23 || ND || 0.93 || ND || ND || ND
|-
| Chlorpromazine || 1,296 || 2,115.5 || 4.5 || 15.6 || 17.0 || 28.4 || 0.28 || 184 || 46 || 2,443 || 76.3 || 1.40 || 4.65 || 5.33 || 3.21 || 3.09 || 32.3 ||57.0
|-
| Clozapine || 1,624 || 123.7 || 5.35 || 9.44 || 13.5 || 17.95 || 1.62 || 37 || 6.0 || 3,168 || 266.3 || 157 || 269.1 || 26.4 || 0.0341 || 1.13 || 6.17 ||19.25
|-
| '''''Norclozapine''''' || 316.6 || 13.9 || 10.9 || 11.9 (RC) || 11.6 || 60.1 || 104.8 || 137.6 || 117.7 || 493.9 || 14.3 || 94.5 || 153 || 63.94 || 0.115 || 3.4 || 67.6 ||95.7
|-
| ''cis''-Flupenthixol || ND || 8,028 || 87.5 (HFC) || 102.2 (RC) || ND || ND || ND || ND || ND || ND || 3.5 || 0.35 || 1.75 || 66.3 || 250 || 0.86 || ND ||ND
|-
| Fluphenazine || 5,950 || 1,039.9 || 37.93 || 982.5 || 34.67 || 8.00 || 6.45 || 314.1 || 28.9 || 3,076 || 17.33 || 0.30 || 1.75 || 40.0 || 126.4 || 14.15 || 1,095 || 1,441
|-
| Haloperidol || 3,256 || 2,066.83 || 56.81 || 4,801 || 5,133 || 377.6 || 12.0 || 801.5 || 403 || 2,112 || 121.8 || 0.7 || 3.96 || 2.71 || 81.2 || 1698 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Iloperidone || ND || 93.21 || 1.94 || 147 || 63.09 || 112 || 0.3 || 160 || 16.2 || 1479 || 129.32 || 10.86 || 10.55 || 13.75 || 0.179 || 12 || 4,898 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Loxapine || &gt;10,000 || 2,456 || 6.63 || 13.25 || 31.0 || 87.6 || 31.0 || 150.9 || 80.0 || 5,698 || 54 || 28.1 || 19.33 || 7.80 || 0.236 || 4.90 || 119.45 || 211.33
|-
| '''''Amoxapine''''' || 58 || ND || 0.5 || 2.0 (RC) || 50 || 40.21 || 50 || ND || ND || 16 || ND || 20.8 || 21.0 || 21.0 || 0.0240 || 25 || 1,000 || 1,000
|-
| Lurasidone&lt;ref name=&quot;Ishiyama_2007&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20404009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishibashi T, Horisawa T, Tokuda K, Ishiyama T, Ogasa M, Tagashira R, Matsumoto K, Nishikawa H, Ueda Y, Toma S, Oki H, Tanno N, Saji I, Ito A, Ohno Y, Nakamura M |s2cid=12893717 |title=Pharmacological profile of lurasidone, a novel antipsychotic agent with potent 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 (5-HT7) and 5-HT1A receptor activity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pharmacology-and-experimental-therapeutics_2010-07_334_1/page/171 |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=334 |issue=1 |pages=171–81 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20404009 |doi=10.1124/jpet.110.167346 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || ND || 6.8 || 2.0 || 415 || ND || 0.5 || 48 || 1.6 || 10.8 || ND || 262 || 1.7 || ND || ND || 1.18 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Melperone || ND || 2,200 (HB) || 230 || 2,100 (HB) || 1,254 (RC) || 578 (HB) || 180 (HB) || 150 (HB) || ND || ND || ND || 194 || 8.95 || 555 || 1.186 || 580 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Molindone || ND || 3,797 || 3773 || &gt;10,000 || 1,008 || 3,053 || 2,612 || 1,097 || 172.6 || ND || ND || 6.0 || 72.5 || 2,950 || 628.83 || 2,130 || ND || &gt;10,000
|-
| Olanzapine || 3,676 || 2282 || 3.73 || 10.2 || 8.07 || 105.2 || 112 || 314 || 28.9 || &gt;10,000 || 70.33 || 34.23 || 47.0 || 14.33 || 0.109 || 2.19 || 2.5 || 56.33
|-
| Paliperidone || 3,717 || 616.6 || 0.71 || 48 || 2,414 || 2.7 || 2.5 || 17.35 || 7.35 || &gt;10,000 || 41.04 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 54.3 || 1.104 || 18.8 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Perphenazine || ND || 421 || 5.6 || 132 || 17 || 23 || 10 || 810.5 || 85.2 || ND || ND || 0.14 || 0.13 || 17 || 40 || 8 || 1,500 || 1,848
|-
| Pimozide || ND || 650 || 48.35 || 2,112 || 71 || 0.5 || 197.7 || 1,593 || 376.5 || ND || &gt;10,000 || 1.45 || 0.25 || 1.8 || 33.34 || 692.2 || 800 (HB) || 1,955
|-
| Prochlorperazine || ND || 5,900 (HC) || 15 (HC) || 122 || 148 (RC) || 196 (RC) || 23.8 (HB) || 1,694.91 (HB) || ND || ND || ND || 0.65 || 2.90 || 5.40 || 23.1 || 18.86 (HB) || 555.55 (HB) || ND
|-
| Quetiapine || &gt;10,000 || 394.2 || 912 || 1,843 || 948.75 || 307.6 || 22 || 3,630 || 28.85 || &gt;10,000 || 994.5 || 379 || 340 || 2,019 || 2.41 || 6.90 || 489 || 1631.5
|-
| '''''Norquetiapine'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24062697&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=López-Muñoz F, Alamo C |title=Active metabolites as antidepressant drugs: the role of norquetiapine in the mechanism of action of quetiapine in the treatment of mood disorders |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=4 |page=102 |date=September 2013 |pmid=24062697 |pmc=3770982 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00102 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; || ND || 45 || 48 || 107 || ND || 76 || 144 || 237 || ND || 12 || 99.8 (RC) || 196 || ND || ND || 0.245 || 3.5 || 38.3 (RC) || ND
|-
| Risperidone || &gt;10,000 || 422.88 || 0.17 || 12 || 2057.17 || 6.6 || 5 || 16.5 || 1.3 || &gt;10,000 || 243.53 || 3.57 || 2.0 || 4.66 || 0.0476 || 20.05 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Sertindole || ND || 280 || 0.39 || 0.9 || 5.4 || 28 || 1.8 || 640 || 450 || ND || ND || 2.35 || 2.30 || 4.92 || 0.166 || 130 || &gt;5,000 || 2,692
|-
| Sulpiride || ND || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000 (RC) || &gt;10,000 (RC) || 5,000 (RC) || 4,000 (RC) || &gt;10,000 (RB) || 4,893 (RB) || ND || ND || &gt;10,000 || 9.80 || 8.05 || 54 || &gt;1,000 || &gt;10,000 (RB) || &gt;10,000 (RB) || &gt;10,000 (RB)
|-
| Thioridazine || 1,259 || 144.35 || 27.67 || 53 || 57.05 || 99 || 3.15 || 134.15 || 74.9 || 842 || 94.5 || 2.20 || 1.50 || 6.00 || 12.58 || 16.5 || 12.8 || 29
|-
| Tiotixene || 3,878|| 410.2 || 50 || 1355.5 || 245.47 || 15.25 || 11.5 || 79.95 || 51.95 || &gt;10,000 || 51 || 0.12 || 0.40 || 203 || 416.7 || 8 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Trifluoperazine || ND || 950 || 74 || 378 || 144 || 290.8 || 24 || 653.7 || 391.5 || ND || ND || 1.12 || ND || 38.1 || 66.07 || 63 || ND || 1,001
|-
| Ziprasidone || 112 || 54.67 || 0.73 || 13 || 60.95 || 6.31 || 18 || 160 || 68 || 44 || 30 || 4.35 || 7.85 || 52.9 || 0.1678 || 62.67 || &gt;10,000 || &gt;10,000
|-
| Zotepine || 151 || 470.5 || 2.7 || 3.2 || 6 || 12 || 7 || 208 || 106 || 530 || 71 || 25 || 6.4 || 18 || 0.108 || 3.21 || 18 || 73
|-
| colspan=19 style=&quot;font-size:88%;&quot; |
'''Acronyms used:'''
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
:HFC – Human frontal cortex receptor
:RB – Rat brain receptor
:RC – Cloned rat receptor
:ND – No data
{{col-break|gap=2em}}
:HB – Human brain receptor
:HC – Human cortex receptor
:N-DEBN – N-desethylblonanserin
{{col-end}}
|}
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%; width:100%;&quot;
! colspan=11 style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot; | Pharmacokinetics
|-
|
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; width:100%;&quot; colspan=&quot;11&quot;
|-
! Drug&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Medscape home page |publisher=[[WebMD]] |website=[[Medscape]] |url=http://reference.medscape.com/medscapetoday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113205740/http://reference.medscape.com/medscapetoday |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Therapeutic Goods Administration home page |work=[[Therapeutic Goods Administration]] |publisher=[[Department of Health (Australia)]] |url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421054308/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ |archive-date=21 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DM&gt;{{cite web |title=Daily Med home page |work=[[Daily Med]] |publisher=United States National Library of Medicine |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618062135/http://www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm |archive-date=18 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) home page |work=electronic Medicines Compendium |publisher=Datapharm |url=http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127215911/http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ |archive-date=27 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;!! [[Bioavailability (medicine)|Bioavailability]] !! [[Biological half-life|t&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;]] parent drug &lt;br /&gt;(active metabolite) !! Protein binding !! [[Pharmacokinetics#Metrics|t&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;]] !![[Pharmacokinetics#Metrics|C&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;]] !! [[Volume of distribution|V&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;]] !! Excretion !! Routes !! Metabolism enzymes&lt;ref name = GG/&gt; !! Active metabolites
|-
| [[Amisulpride]] || 48% || 12&amp;nbsp;h || 16% || 3–4&amp;nbsp;h || {{nowrap|54 ± 4 ng/mL}} || 5.8&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (20%), urine (50%, when given IV) || Oral || {{dunno}} ||None
|-
| [[Aripiprazole]] || 87% (Oral), 100% (IM) || 75&amp;nbsp;h (94&amp;nbsp;h) || 99% || 3–5&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 4.9&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (55%), urine (25%) || Oral, [[Intramuscular|IM]] (including depot) || [[CYP2D6]], [[CYP3A4]] || Dehydroaripiprazole
|-
| [[Asenapine]] || 35% (sublingual) || 24&amp;nbsp;h || 95% || 0.5–1.5&amp;nbsp;h || 4&amp;nbsp;ng/mL || 20–25&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (50%), faeces (40%) || Sublingual ||[[CYP1A2]], [[UGT1A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None
|-
| [[Blonanserin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tenjin, T; Miyamoto, S; Ninomiya, Y; Kitajima, R; Ogino, S; Miyake, N; Yamaguchi, N 2013 587–594&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wen YG, Shang DW, Xie HZ, Wang XP, Ni XJ, Zhang M, Lu W, Qiu C, Liu X, Li FF, Li X, Luo FT |title=Population pharmacokinetics of blonanserin in Chinese healthy volunteers and the effect of the food intake |journal=Human Psychopharmacology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=134–41 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23417765 |doi=10.1002/hup.2290 |s2cid=12623938 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 55% || 10.7–16.2&amp;nbsp;h (single dosing), 67.9&amp;nbsp;h (repeated dosing) || ≥&amp;nbsp;99.7% || 1.5–2&amp;nbsp;h || 0.14–0.76&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (0.57&amp;nbsp;ng/mL for repeated dosing) || 8560–9500 L || Urine (59%), faeces (30%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || N-desethylblonanserin
|-
| [[Chlorpromazine]] || 20% || 30&amp;nbsp;h || 92–97% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || 20&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine || Oral, [[Intramuscular|IM]], [[Intravenous|IV]] ||[[CYP2D6]] || Several active metabolites
|-
| [[Clozapine]] || 50–60% || 12&amp;nbsp;h || 97% || 1.5–2.5&amp;nbsp;h || 102–771&amp;nbsp;ng/mL || 4.67&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (50%), faeces (30%) || Oral || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP2D6]], [[CYP3A4]] || [[Norclozapine]]
|-
| [[Droperidol]] || {{dunno}} || 2&amp;nbsp;h (8–12&amp;nbsp;h) || Extensive || 60 min (IM) || {{dunno}} || 2&amp;nbsp;L/kg (adults), 0.58&amp;nbsp;L/kg (children) || Urine (75%), faeces (22%) || [[Intramuscular|IM]], [[Intravenous|IV]] || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Flupentixol]] || 40–55% (Oral) || 35&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 7 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 12–14&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine || Oral, IM (including depot) || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Fluphenazine]] || 2.7% (Oral) || 14–16&amp;nbsp;h, 14 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 2&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), 8–10&amp;nbsp;h (depot) || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces || Oral, IM (including depot) || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Haloperidol]] || 60–70% (Oral) || 10–20&amp;nbsp;h (short-acting IM), 3 weeks (depot) || 92% || 2–6&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), 10–20 min (short-acting IM), 6–7 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 8–18&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (30%), faeces (15%) || Oral, IM, IV || [[CYP3A4]] || None
|-
| [[Iloperidone]] || 96% || {{dunno}} || 95% || 2–4&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 1340–2800 L || Urine (45–58%), faeces (20–22%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]]|| None notable.
|-
| [[Levomepromazine]] || {{dunno}} || 30&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 2–3&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces || IM, IV || {{dunno}} || Methotrimeprazine sulfoxide
|-
| [[Loxapine]] || High || 6–8&amp;nbsp;h (Inhaled), 4–12&amp;nbsp;h (Oral) || 96.6% || 2 min (inhaled), 2&amp;nbsp;h (oral), 5&amp;nbsp;h (IM) || 257&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (inhaled), 6–13&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (Oral) || {{dunno}} || Urine (56–70%), faeces [Only oral data available] || Oral, IM, Inhalation || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]]|| [[Amoxapine]] (a tricyclic antidepressant), 7-OH loxapine, 8-OH loxapine
|-
| [[Lurasidone]] || 9–19% || 18&amp;nbsp;h || 99% || 1–3&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 6173 L || Urine (9%), faeces (80%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || 2 active
|-
| [[Melperone]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgström L, Larsson H, Molander L |s2cid=36697288 |title=Pharmacokinetics of parenteral and oral melperone in man |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-clinical-pharmacology_1982-09_23_2/page/173 |journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=173–6 |year=1982 |pmid=7140807 |doi=10.1007/BF00545974 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 54% (Oral via syrup), 65% (Oral via tablets), 87% (IM) || 2.1–6.4&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), {{nowrap|6.6 ± 3.7 h}} (IM) || 50% || 1.6–2.4&amp;nbsp;h (Oral, tablets), 1&amp;nbsp;h (Oral, syrup) || {{nowrap|1132 ± 814 ng/mL}} (25&amp;nbsp;mg, orally), 2228–3416&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (50&amp;nbsp;mg, orally), {{nowrap|89539 ± 37001 ng/mL}} (100&amp;nbsp;mg, orally) || {{nowrap|9.9 ± 3.7 L/kg}} (10&amp;nbsp;mg), {{nowrap|7 ± 1.61 L/kg}} (20&amp;nbsp;mg) || Urine (70% as metabolites, 5.5–10.4% as parent drug) || Oral, IM || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Olanzapine]] || 87% (Oral) || 30&amp;nbsp;h || 93% || 6&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), 15–45 min (short-acting IM), 7 days (depot) || 4–20.4&amp;nbsp;mg/mL&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Callaghan JT, Bergstrom RF, Ptak LR, Beasley CM |title=Olanzapine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=177–93 |date=September 1999 |pmid=10511917 |doi=10.2165/00003088-199937030-00001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 1000 L || Urine (57%), faeces (30%) || Oral, IM (including depot) || [[CYP1A2]] || None
|-
| [[Paliperidone]] || 28% (Oral) || 23&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), 25–49 days (IM) || 74% || 24&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), 13 days (IM) || 8.85–11.7&amp;nbsp;ng/mL&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Vermeir M, Naessens I, Remmerie B, Mannens G, Hendrickx J, Sterkens P, Talluri K, Boom S, Eerdekens M, van Osselaer N, Cleton A |s2cid=41656 |title=Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of paliperidone, a new monoaminergic antagonist, in humans |journal=Drug Metabolism and Disposition |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=769–79 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18227146 |doi=10.1124/dmd.107.018275 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 390–487 L || Urine (80%), faeces (11%) || Oral, IM (depot) ||[[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None
|-
| [[Periciazine]] || {{dunno}} || 12&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 2&amp;nbsp;h || 150&amp;nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} || Urine || Oral || {{dunno}} || ?
|-
| [[Perospirone]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishi T, Iwata N |date=September 2013 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of perospirone in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=731–41 |doi=10.1007/s40263-013-0085-7 |pmid=23812802 |s2cid=11543666}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| {{dunno}} || 1.9–2.5&amp;nbsp;h || 92% || 1.5&amp;nbsp;h || 5.7&amp;nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} ||Urine (0.4% as unchanged drug) || Oral || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Perphenazine]] || {{dunno}} || 9–12&amp;nbsp;h (10–19&amp;nbsp;h) || {{dunno}} || 1–3&amp;nbsp;h; 2–4&amp;nbsp;h (metabolite) || 0.984&amp;nbsp;ng/mL; 0.509&amp;nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces ||Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || 7-OH perphenazine
|-
| [[Pimozide]] || 40–50% || 55&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 6–8&amp;nbsp;h || 4–19&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (dose-dependent) || {{dunno}} || Urine || Oral || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None
|-
| [[Prochlorperazine]] || 12.5% || 6.8–9&amp;nbsp;h || High || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || 12.9–17.7 L/h || Urine, bile || Oral, IM, IV || {{dunno}} || N-desmethylprochlorperazine
|-
| [[Quetiapine]] || 100% || 6&amp;nbsp;h (IR), 7&amp;nbsp;h (XR); active metabolite: 12&amp;nbsp;h || 83% || 1.5&amp;nbsp;h (IR), 6&amp;nbsp;h (XR) || @ 250&amp;nbsp;mg q8hr 778&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (male), 879&amp;nbsp;ng/mL (female)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=DeVane CL, Nemeroff CB |s2cid=33802262 |title=Clinical pharmacokinetics of quetiapine: an atypical antipsychotic |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=509–22 |year=2001 |pmid=11510628 |doi=10.2165/00003088-200140070-00003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 6–14&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (73%), faeces (20%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || Norquetiapine (a [[norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]] and [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt; receptor]] partial agonist)
|-
| [[Risperidone]] || 70% || 3–17&amp;nbsp;h (24&amp;nbsp;h) || 90% (active metabolite: 77%) || 3–17&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 1–2&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (70%), faeces (14%) ||Oral, IM (including depot) || [[CYP2D6]] || [[Paliperidone]]
|-
| [[Sertindole]] || {{dunno}} || 3 days || 99.5% || 10&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 20&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (4%), faeces (46–56%) || Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || None
|-
| [[Sulpiride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wiesel FA, Alfredsson G, Ehrnebo M, Sedvall G |s2cid=28141135 |title=The pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral sulpiride in healthy human subjects |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-clinical-pharmacology_1980-05_17_5/page/385 |journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=385–91 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7418717 |doi=10.1007/BF00558453 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 27 ± 9% || 8&amp;nbsp;h || 40% || 3-6&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{nowrap|2.72 ± 0.66 L/kg}} || Urine, faeces || Oral || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Thioridazine]] || {{dunno}} || 24&amp;nbsp;h || 95% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || None
|-
| [[Tiotixene]] || {{dunno}} || 24&amp;nbsp;h || 90% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || [[CYP1A2]] || None
|-
| [[Trifluoperazine]] || {{dunno}} || 24&amp;nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || {{dunno}} || None
|-
| [[Ziprasidone]] || 60% (Oral), 100% (IM) || 7&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), 2–5&amp;nbsp;h (IM) || 99% || 6–8&amp;nbsp;h (Oral), ≤ 60 min (IM) || {{dunno}} || 1.5&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (66%), urine (20%) || Oral, IM || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP1A2]] || None
|-
| [[Zotepine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Zotepine: A Review of its Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Properties and Therapeutic Efficacy in the Management of Schizophrenia |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=153–175 |doi=10.2165/00023210-199809020-00006 |date=January 1998 |vauthors=Prakash A, Lamb HM }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Product Information: Nipolept(R), zotepine. Klinge Pharma GmbH, Munich, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; || 7–13%|| 13.7–15.9&amp;nbsp;h (12&amp;nbsp;h) || 97% || 1-4&amp;nbsp;h || 31–240 || 10&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Urine (17%) || Oral || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP3A4]] || Norzotepine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
|-
| [[Zuclopenthixol]] || 49% || 20&amp;nbsp;h || 98% || 2–12&amp;nbsp;h (mean: 4&amp;nbsp;h) || {{dunno}} || 20&amp;nbsp;L/kg || Faeces, urine (10%) || Oral, IM (including depot)|| [[CYP2D6]] || None
|}
|}

{{Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Antipsychotic drugs}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140613015650/http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/evidence/psychosis/q1/en/ Recommendations for the use of antipsychotics for treating psychosis], [[World Health Organization]] 2012
* Australian Prescriber 2005 (note: pharmaceutical company conflict of interest statement at the end)
* Australian Prescriber 2005
* [https://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/antipsychotics/first-generation-antipsychotics/ First Generation Antipsychotics: An Introduction], Psychopharmacology Institute, 2012
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060218075500/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2005/ANS01350.html FDA Public Health Advisory] – Public Health Advisory for Antipsychotic Drugs used for Treatment of Behavioral Disorders in Elderly Patients, fda.gov
* [https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinfo/treatments/antipsychoticmedication.aspx Antipsychotic Medication] – information from mental health charity The Royal College of Psychiatrists
* {{in lang|pt}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20061012215858/http://www.medicina.ufrj.br/cursos/FROTA%20LIVRO%20I%20%26%20II.pdf FROTA LH. ''Fifty Years of Antipsychotic Drugs in Psychiatry. &quot;Cinqüenta Anos de Medicamentos Antipsicóticos em Psiquiatria.&quot;''] 1st ed; Ebook: CD-Rom/On-Line Portuguese, {{ISBN|85-903827-1-0}}, File .pdf (Adobe Acrobat) 6Mb, Informática, Rio de Janeiro, August 2003, 486pp., medicina.ufrj.br
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Antipsychotics| ]]
[[Category:Anti-agitation drugs]]
[[Category:Dopamine antagonists]]
[[Category:Psychiatry controversies]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Ketorolac</title>
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'''Ketorolac''', dem sell under de brand names '''Toradol''', '''Acular''' den '''Sprix''', among odas, be a [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID) dem use for de short-term treatment of moderate to severe [[pain]]. Ein use generally be limited to no more dan five days secof extended treatment dey increase de risk of serious adverse effects. E fi be taken by mouth, by nose, by [[injection into a vein]] anaa [[intramuscular|muscle]], den as eye drops.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ketorolac Tromethamine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408214139/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BNF76&gt;{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=1144, 1302–1303|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Effects dey begin within an hour den dey last for up to eight hours.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20192&quot; /&gt; Ketorolac sanso get [[antipyretic]] (fever-reducing) properties.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid9010653&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gillis JC, Brogden RN |title=Ketorolac. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain management |journal=Drugs |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=139–88 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9010653 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199753010-00012 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid38333494&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehmood KT, Al-Baldawi S, Zúñiga Salazar G, Zúñiga D, Balasubramanian S |title=Antipyretic Use in Noncritically Ill Patients With Fever: A Review |journal=Cureus |volume=16 |issue=1 |article-number=e51943 |date=January 2024 |pmid=38333494 |pmc=10851038 |doi=10.7759/cureus.51943 |doi-access=free |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include sleepiness, dizziness, abdominal pain, swelling, den nausea.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20192&quot; /&gt; Serious side effects fi include [[stomach bleeding]], [[kidney failure]], [[heart attacks]], [[bronchospasm]], [[heart failure]], den [[anaphylaxis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20192&quot; /&gt; Ein use no be recommended during de last part of [[pregnancy]] anaa during [[breastfeeding]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20192&quot; /&gt; Ketorolac dey work by blocking [[cyclooxygenase]] 1 den 2 (COX1 den COX2), thereby decreasing production of [[prostaglandin]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20192&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Daily2019&gt;{{cite web |title=DailyMed - ketorolac tromethamine tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813001442/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ketorolac be patented insyd 1976 wey dem approve am for medical use insyd 1989. E be available as a [[generic medication]]. Insyd 2023, na e be de 228th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan one{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Due to a series of deaths due to gastrointestinal bleeding and kidney failure, ketorolac as a pain medication was removed from the German market in 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abverkauf von Ketorolac-1993&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |title=Abverkauf von Ketorolac (TORATEX) gestoppt |year=1993 |trans-title=Sale of Ketorolac (TORATEX) stopped |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003042337/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; When ketorolac was introduced into Germany, it was often used as an [[opioid]] replacement in pain therapy because its side effects were perceived as much less severe, it did not produce any [[Substance dependence|dependence]], and a dose was effective for 7–8 hours, compared to morphine's 3–4 hours. As a very potent prostaglandin inhibitor, ketorolac diminishes the kidney's own defenses against [[vasoconstriction]]-related effects, e.g. during blood loss or high endogenous [[catecholamine]] levels.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arznei-Telegramm-1993&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |title=Warnhinweis: Wie lange noch Analgetikum Ketorolac (Toratex)? |publisher=Arznei-Telegramm |year=1993 |language=de |trans-title=Warning notice: How long anymore analgesic Ketorolac (Toratex)? |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324114422/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secof a series of deaths secof gastrointestinal bleeding den kidney failure, na dem remove ketorolac as a pain medication from de German market insyd 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abverkauf von Ketorolac-1993&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |title=Abverkauf von Ketorolac (TORATEX) gestoppt |year=1993 |trans-title=Sale of Ketorolac (TORATEX) stopped |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003042337/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wen dem introduce ketorolac into [[Germany]], na e often be used as an [[opioid]] replacement insyd pain therapy secof ein side effects be perceived as much less severe, na e no produce any [[Substance dependence|dependence]], den a dose be effective for 7–8 hours, dem compare to morphine ein 3–4 hours. As a very potent prostaglandin inhibitor, ketorolac dey diminish de kidney ein own defenses against [[vasoconstriction]]-related effects, e.g. during blood loss anaa high endogenous [[catecholamine]] levels.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arznei-Telegramm-1993&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |title=Warnhinweis: Wie lange noch Analgetikum Ketorolac (Toratex)? |publisher=Arznei-Telegramm |year=1993 |language=de |trans-title=Warning notice: How long anymore analgesic Ketorolac (Toratex)? |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324114422/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | title = AHFS drug information | url = https://archive.org/details/ahfsdruginformat0000unse_e1a5 | publisher = American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | location = Bethesda, MD | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-58528-260-9 }}
* {{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton R |title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-05756-0|page=9}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Handley DA, Cervoni P, McCray JE, McCullough JR | title = Preclinical enantioselective pharmacology of (R)- and (S)- ketorolac | journal = Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 38 | issue = 2S | pages = 25S–35S | date = February 1998 | pmid = 9549656 | doi = 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04414.x | s2cid = 22508540 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Henry N | title = RN pharmacology for nursing: review module | url = https://archive.org/details/rnpharmacologyfo0000unse | publisher = Assessment Technologies Institute | location = Overland Park, KS | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-1-56533-573-8 }}
* {{cite book |  vauthors = Kizior R | title = Saunders nursing drug handbook 2017 |  url = https://archive.org/details/saundersnursingd0000robe_i9g9 | publisher = Elsevier | location = St. Louis, MO | year = 2017 | isbn = 978-0-323-44291-6 }}&lt;!--pp 666-669 --&gt;
{{refend}}
[[Category:Aromatic ketones]]
[[Category:Nasal sprays]]
[[Category:Drugs wey AbbVie develop]]
[[Category:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]
[[Category:Ophthalmology]]
[[Category:Pyrrolizines]]
[[Category:Syntex]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Seborrhoeic dermatitis</title>
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'''Seborrhoeic dermatitis''' anaa '''seborrheic dermatitis''' (wey dey depend upon de [[English orthography|variety of English]] dem use) be a long-term [[skin disorder]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ijaz20172&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ijaz N, Fitzgerald D |date=June 2017 |title=Seborrhoeic dermatitis |journal=British Journal of Hospital Medicine |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=C88–C91 |doi=10.12968/hmed.2017.78.6.C88 |pmid=28614013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352710|publisher=Mayo Clinic|date=19 July 2024|access-date=29 August 2026|title=Seborrheic dermatitis}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms dey include flaky, scaly, greasy, den occasionally itchy den inflamed skin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer20192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Seborrheic Dermatitis - Dermatologic Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/seborrheic-dermatitis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126133903/https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/seborrheic-dermatitis |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=22 November 2019 |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Borda20192&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Borda LJ, Perper M, Keri JE |date=March 2019 |title=Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: a comprehensive review |journal=The Journal of Dermatological Treatment |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=158–169 |doi=10.1080/09546634.2018.1473554 |pmid=29737895 |s2cid=13686180}}&lt;/ref&gt; Areas of de skin rich insyd [[sebum|oil]]-producing [[gland]]s often be affected wey dey include de [[scalp]], face, den chest.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ijaz20172&quot; /&gt; E fi result in social anaa self-esteem problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ijaz20172&quot; /&gt; Insyd babies, wen de scalp primarily be involved, e be called [[cradle cap]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer20192&quot; /&gt; Mild seborrhoeic dermatitis of de scalp fi be described insyd lay terms as [[dandruff]] secof de dry, flaky character of de skin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naldi20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Naldi L, Diphoorn J |date=May 2015 |title=Seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp |journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence |volume=2015 |pmc=4445675 |pmid=26016669}}&lt;/ref&gt; As dandruff fi refer to any dryness anaa scaling of de scalp, no be all dandruff be seborrhoeic dermatitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naldi20152&quot; /&gt; Seborrhoeic dermatitis sam times be inaccurately referred to as [[seborrhoea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ijaz20172&quot; /&gt;

De cause be unclear buh dem believe e involve a number of genetic den environmental factors.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ijaz20172&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=mayo/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer20192&quot; /&gt; Risk factors for seborrhoeic dermatitis dey include [[immunocompromised|poor immune function]], [[Parkinson's disease]], den [[alcoholic pancreatitis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ijaz20172&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Naldi20152&quot; /&gt; De condition fi worsen plus [[psychological stress|stress]] anaa during de winter.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ijaz20172&quot; /&gt; ''[[Malassezia]]'' yeast be believed to play a role.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naldi20152&quot; /&gt; E no be a result of poor [[hygiene]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Seborrheic dermatitis |url=https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/scaly-skin/seborrheic-dermatitis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021060831/https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/scaly-skin/seborrheic-dermatitis |archive-date=21 October 2017 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=American Academy of Dermatology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis typically be clinical den based on de symptoms present.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ijaz20172&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Papadakis20232&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Quick Medical Diagnosis &amp; Treatment 2023 |url=https://archive.org/details/currentmedicaldi0000maxi |vauthors=Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-264-68734-3 |edition=2023 |chapter=Dermatitis, Seborrheic}}&lt;/ref&gt; De condition no be [[Contagious disease|contagious]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seborrheic Dermatitis: What is It, Diagnosis &amp; Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14403-seborrheic-dermatitis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017232734/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14403-seborrheic-dermatitis |archive-date=2021-10-17 |access-date=2021-10-12 |publisher=Cleveland Clinic |location=Cleveland, Ohio}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De typical treatment be topical [[antifungal medications|antifungal cream]] den [[anti-inflammatory agents]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Borda20192&quot; /&gt; Specifically, [[ketoconazole]] anaa [[ciclopirox]] be effective.&lt;ref name=&quot;Okokon2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Okokon EO, Verbeek JH, Ruotsalainen JH, Ojo OA, Bakhoya VN |date=May 2015 |title=Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=4 |issue=5 |article-number=CD008138 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008138.pub3 |pmc=4448221 |pmid=25933684 |veditors=Okokon EO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seborrhoeic dermatitis of de scalp often be treated plus shampoo preparations of ketoconazole, [[zinc pyrithione]], [[piroctone olamine]] den [[selenium disulfide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dinulos20212&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Habif's Clinical Dermatology, Seventh Edition |vauthors=Dinulos JG |publisher=Elsevier Inc |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-323-61269-2 |edition=7th}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tang2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Chun Fung |last2=Paz-Alvarez |first2=Miguel |last3=Pudney |first3=Paul D. A. |last4=Lane |first4=Majella E. |date=June 2023 |title=Characterization of piroctone olamine for topical delivery to the skin |journal=International Journal of Cosmetic Science |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=345–353 |doi=10.1111/ics.12839 |issn=1468-2494 |pmc=10947268 |pmid=36752028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gentle, non-irritating cleansers den moisturizers often be used alongside medicated treatments to maintain de skin barrier.

De condition be common insyd infants within de first three months of age den adults aged 30 to 70 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ijaz20172&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer20192&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobles2021&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=StatPearls [Internet] |vauthors=Nobles T, Harberger S, Krishnamurthy K |date=August 2021 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |location=Treasure Island (FL) |chapter=Cradle Cap |pmid=30285358 |access-date=2022-02-26 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531463/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121064801/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531463/ |archive-date=2021-01-21 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be more common insyd males,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson JM, Alexis A, Zirwas M, Taylor S |date=December 2022 |title=Unmet needs for patients with seborrheic dermatitis |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=S0190–9622(22)03307–2 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2022.12.017 |pmid=36538948 |s2cid=254843412 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; African Americans, de [[immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] (such as those plus HIV), den those plus Parkinson's disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dinulos20212&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson2022&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Seborrheic dermatitis| ]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug</title>
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'''Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs''' ('''NSAID''') be members of a therapeutic drug class wich dey reduce pain,&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |url=https://BNF.NICE.org.uk/treatment-summary/non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=BNF.NICE.org.uk |publisher=[[British National Formulary]] (BNF), [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE)}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey decrease inflammation, dey decrease fever,&lt;ref name=&quot;OED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205104155/https://www.lexico.com/definition/non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=www.Lexico.com |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey prevent blood clots. Side effects dey depend on de specific drug, ein dose den duration of use, buh largely dey include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers den bleeds, [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], den kidney disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Risk of acute myocardial infarction&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM |date=May 2017 |title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909 |pmc=5423546 |pmid=28487435 |article-number=j1909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK |date=August 2017 |title=Peptic ulcer disease |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=390 |issue=10094 |pages=613–624 |bibcode=2017Lanc..390..613L |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7 |pmid=28242110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey include [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], [[diclofenac]], den [[naproxen]], all of wich be available over de counter (OTC).&lt;ref name=&quot;The Physician and Sportsmedicine 20103&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Warden SJ |date=April 2010 |title=Prophylactic use of NSAIDs by athletes: a risk/benefit assessment |journal=The Physician and Sportsmedicine |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=132–8 |doi=10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770 |pmid=20424410}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) generally no be considered an NSAID secof e get only minor anti-inflammatory activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinz_20083&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K |date=February 2008 |title=Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_faseb-journal_2008-02_22_2/page/n66 |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=383–90 |doi=10.1096/fj.07-8506com |pmid=17884974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;integrada&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7cxH6XH4-sC |title=Farmacología integrada |vauthors=Page CP, Curtis MJ, Sutter M, Walker M, Hoffman B |date=1998 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] España |isbn=84-8174-340-2 |language=es |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De term ''nonsteroidal'', common from around 1960, dey distinguish dese drugs from [[corticosteroids]], anoda class of [[anti-inflammatory]] drugs,&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, Brown JP, Cohen A, Kim H |date=August 2013 |title=A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy |journal=Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=30 |doi=10.1186/1710-1492-9-30 |pmc=3765115 |pmid=23947590 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich during de 1950s acquire a bad reputation secof overuse den side-effect problems after dema introduction insyd 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buer_2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Buer JK | title = Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID' | journal = Inflammopharmacology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 263–267 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25064056 | doi = 10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 10852/45403 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Case JP | title = Old and new drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis: a historical perspective. Part 1: the older drugs | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–143 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11304666 | doi = 10.1097/00045391-200103000-00007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = LeFanu J |title=The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine | url = https://archive.org/details/risefallofmodern0000jame |date=2011 |publisher=Abacus |page=[https://archive.org/details/risefallofmodern0000jame/page/34 34]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dey work by inhibiting de activity of [[cyclooxygenase]] [[enzyme]]s (de [[COX-1]] den [[COX-2]] [[isozyme|isoenzyme]]s).&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF-NICE&quot; /&gt; Insyd cells, dese enzymes be involved insyd de synthesis of key biological mediators, namely [[prostaglandin]]s, wich be involved insyd [[inflammation]], den [[thromboxane]]s, wich be involved insyd [[Coagulation|blood clotting]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Chandrasekharan NV, Simmons DL |date=August 2004 |title=The cyclooxygenases |journal=Genome Biology |volume=5 |issue=9 |page=241 |doi=10.1186/gb-2004-5-9-241 |doi-access=free|issn=1474-760X |pmc=522864 |pmid=15345041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der be two general types of NSAIDs available: non-selective den [[COX-2 inhibitor|COX-2 selective]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Day RO, Graham GG|date=2004|title=The Vascular Effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors|journal=[[Australian Prescriber]]|volume=27|issue=6|pages=142–145|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2004.119|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw NSAIDs be non-selective, den inhibit de activity of both COX-1 den COX-2. Dese NSAIDs, while reducing inflammation, sanso dey inhibit platelet aggregation den increase de risk of [[Peptic ulcer disease|gastrointestinal ulcers]] den bleeds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; COX-2 selective inhibitors get fewer gastrointestinal side effects, buh promote [[thrombosis]], den sam of dese agents substantially increase de risk of [[heart attack]]. As a result, certain COX-2 selective inhibitors—such as [[rofecoxib]]— no longer be used secof de high risk of undiagnosed [[vascular disease]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dese differential effects be secof de different roles den tissue localisations of each COX isoenzyme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; By inhibiting physiological COX activity, NSAIDs fi cause deleterious effects on kidney function,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Brater DC, Harris C, Redfern JS, Gertz BJ|date=January 2001|title=Renal effects of COX-2-selective inhibitors|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-nephrology_january-february-2001_21_1/page/n6|journal=[[American Journal of Nephrology]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=1–15|pmid=11275626|doi=10.1159/000046212 }}&lt;/ref&gt; den, perhaps as a result of water den sodium retention den decreases insyd renal blood flow, fi lead to heart problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Bleumink GS, Feenstra J, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BH|date=2003|title=Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and heart failure|journal=[[Drugs (journal)|Drugs]]|volume=63|issue=6|pages=525–34|pmid=12656651|doi=10.2165/00003495-200363060-00001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Classification==
[[File:Burana600.jpg|thumb|Burana 600 mg – [[ibuprofen]] package]]
===Salicylates===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Aspirin]] ([[acetylsalicylic acid]])
* [[Diflunisal]] (Dolobid)
* [[Ethenzamide]]
* [[Salicylamide]]
* [[Salicylic acid]] and its salts
* [[Salsalate]] (Disalcid)
* [[Choline salicylate]]
* [[Methyl salicylate]]
* [[Sodium salicylate]]
{{Div col end}}

===Propionic acid derivatives===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Ibuprofen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;urlDrugBank: Ibuprofen (DB01050)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01050 |title=Ibuprofen |publisher=DrugBank |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=21 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721050937/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/db01050 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dexibuprofen]]
* [[Naproxen]]
* [[Fenoprofen]]
* [[Ketoprofen]]
* [[Dexketoprofen]]
* [[Flurbiprofen]]
* [[Oxaprozin]]
* [[Loxoprofen]]
* [[Pelubiprofen]]
* [[Zaltoprofen]]
* [[Fenbufen]]
* [[Tiaprofenic acid]]
* [[Carprofen]]
{{Div col end}}

===Acetic acid derivatives===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Indomethacin]]
* [[Acemetacin]]
* [[Tolmetin]]
* [[Sulindac]]
* [[Etodolac]]
* [[Ketorolac]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mallinson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Mallinson TE|date=2017|title=A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic|journal=Journal of Paramedic Practice|volume=9|issue=12|pages=522–526|doi=10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Diclofenac]]
* [[Fenclofenac]]
* [[Aceclofenac]]
* [[Bromfenac]]
* [[Fentiazac]]
* [[Nabumetone]] (drug einself be non-acidic, buh de active, principal metabolite get a carboxylic acid group)
{{Div col end}}

===Enolic acid (oxicam) derivatives===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Piroxicam]]
* [[Ampiroxicam]]
* [[Meloxicam]]
* [[Tenoxicam]]
* [[Droxicam]]
* [[Lornoxicam]]
* [[Isoxicam]] (dem withdraw from market 1985&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Consolidated list of products whose consumption and / or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by Governments.: 15th issue (New data only), (June 2007-June 2009),: Chemicals |date=2009 |publisher=UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs |isbn=978-92-1-130277-6 |page=123 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/708141 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Fung M, Thornton A, Mybeck K, Wu JH, Hornbuckle K, Muniz E |title=Evaluation of the Characteristics of Safety Withdrawal of Prescription Drugs from Worldwide Pharmaceutical Markets-1960 to 1999 |journal=[[Therapeutic Innovation &amp; Regulatory Science]] |date=January 2001 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=293–317 |doi=10.1177/009286150103500134 }}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Phenylbutazone]] (Bute)
{{Div col end}}

===Anthranilic acid derivatives (Fenamates)===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Mefenamic acid]]
* [[Meclofenamic acid]]
* [[Flufenamic acid]]
* [[Tolfenamic acid]]
* [[Etofenamate]]
{{Div col end}}

===Selective COX-2 inhibitors (Coxibs)===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Celecoxib]] (FDA alert&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124655.htm |title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: Celecoxib (sold under the brand name Celebrex) |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075404/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124655.htm |archive-date=19 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Rofecoxib]] (dem withdraw from market&lt;ref name=&quot;urlFDA Public Health Advisory: Safety of Vioxx&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders/ucm106274.htm |title=Safety of Vioxx |work=FDA Public Health Advisory |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527230004/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders/ucm106274.htm |archive-date=27 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Valdecoxib]] (dem withdraw from market&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124649.htm |title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: Valdecoxib (sold under the brand name Bextra) |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202220606/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124649.htm |archive-date=2 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[Parecoxib]] FDA dem withdraw, licensed in the EU
* [[Lumiracoxib]] TGA cancel registration
* [[Etoricoxib]] no be FDA approved, licensed insyd de EU
* [[Firocoxib]] dem use insyd dogs den horses
* [[Deracoxib]] dem label for use insyd dogs
* [[Robenacoxib]] dem label for use insyd dogs den cats
{{Div col end}}

===Sulfonanilides===
* [[Nimesulide]] (dem ban systemic preparations by several countries for de potential risk of hepatotoxicity)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McNaughton R, Huet G, Shakir S | title = An investigation into drug products withdrawn from the EU market between 2002 and 2011 for safety reasons and the evidence used to support the decision-making | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 4 | issue = 1 |article-number=e004221 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24435895 | pmc = 3902466 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004221 | doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Odas===
* [[Benzydamine]] (dem commonly brand as Tantum Verde anaa Difflam) be an [[indazole]] derivative plus local [[anaesthetic]] den [[analgesic]] properties
* [[Clonixin]]
* [[Licofelone]] dey act by inhibiting LOX ([[Lipoxygenase|lipooxygenase]]) den COX den hence be known as a [[5-LOX inhibitor|5-LOX]]/[[Cyclooxygenase inhibitor|COX inhibitor]]
* H-harpagide insyd [[Scrophularia|figwort]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22414102&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Viljoen A, Mncwangi N, Vermaak I | title = Anti-inflammatory iridoids of botanical origin | journal = Current Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 19 | issue = 14 | pages = 2104–27 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22414102 | pmc = 3873812 | doi = 10.2174/092986712800229005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa [[Harpagophytum|devil's claw]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21775152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang L, Feng L, Jia Q, Xu J, Wang R, Wang Z, Wu Y, Li Y | title = Effects of β-glucosidase hydrolyzed products of harpagide and harpagoside on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro | journal = Bioorganic &amp; Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 19 | issue = 16 | pages = 4882–6 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21775152 | doi = 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.069 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Sam NSAIDs sanso be given [[Intravenous therapy|intravenously]], such as [[Ketorolac]] den [[Diclofenac sodium]].''
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
==External links==
{{Commons category|Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs|Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs}}
* {{cite web | title=Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=31 December 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260308002742/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids | archive-date=8 March 2026 | url-status=dead }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs| ]]
[[Category:Dermatoxins]]
[[Category:Hepatotoxins]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bismuth subsalicylate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>31139</id>
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'''Bismuth subsalicylate''', dem sell generically as '''pink bismuth''' den under brand names wey dey include '''Pepto-Bismol''', '''Pepti-Calm''', den '''BisBacter''', be a medication dem use to treat temporary discomfort of de stomach den gastrointestinal tract. Dis dey include an upset stomach, heartburn,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bismuth Salts Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/bismuth-salts.html |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa oda similar symptoms.

Common side effects dey include a [[black tongue]] anaa dark [[stool]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Severe side effects fi include [[Reye syndrome|Reye's syndrome]] den neurological problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; E for no be used insyd people wey be allergic to [[aspirin]] den insyd large doses fi result in [[salicylate poisoning]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=BNF79&gt;{{cite book |title=BNF 79 : March 2020. |url=https://archive.org/details/bnf79britishnati0000join |date=2020 |publisher=Royal Pharmaceutical Society |location=London |isbn=9780857113658|page=[https://archive.org/details/bnf79britishnati0000join/page/73 73]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein use insyd de last third of pregnancy fi harm de baby.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; E dey work by forming a protective coating insyd de stomach.&lt;ref name=Sn2005/&gt;

Bismuth subsalicylate cam into medical use insyd de 1910s.&lt;ref name=Sn2005&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sneader |first1=Walter |title=Drug Discovery: A History |date=2005 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-01552-0 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;lpg=PA71&amp;dq=Bismuth%20subsalicylate%20discovery&amp;pg=PA59 |language=en |access-date=2020-10-09 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828004336/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;lpg=PA71&amp;dq=Bismuth+subsalicylate+discovery&amp;pg=PA59 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be available as a [[generic medication]] den [[over the counter]].&lt;ref name=Bro1998&gt;{{cite book |last1=Brodin |first1=Michael |title=The Over-The-Counter Drug Book |date=1998 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-01380-6 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=xyJw_aLOM9sC&amp;pg=PA48 |language=en |access-date=2020-10-09 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828004335/https://books.google.ca/books?id=xyJw_aLOM9sC&amp;pg=PA48 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; While e often be described as an &quot;[[antacid]]&quot;, e no get antacid properties.&lt;ref name=Bro1998/&gt; Insyd de [[United States]] 30 tabs of 262 mg dey cost about 11 USD.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bismuth subsalicylate Prices, Coupons &amp; Patient Assistance Programs |url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/bismuth-subsalicylate |website=Drugs.com |access-date=9 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119095716/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/bismuth-subsalicylate |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Bismuth subsalicylate}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Andrews PC, Deacon GB, Forsyth CM, Junk PC, Kumar I, Maguire M | title = Towards a structural understanding of the anti-ulcer and anti-gastritis drug bismuth subsalicylate | journal = Angewandte Chemie | volume = 45 | issue = 34 | pages = 5638–42 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16865763 | doi = 10.1002/anie.200600469 }}

[[Category:Antidiarrhoeals]]
[[Category:Drugs wey dey act on de gastrointestinal system den metabolism]]
[[Category:Salicylates]]
[[Category:Bismuth-based drugs]]
[[Category:Antacids]]
[[Category:Heterocyclic compounds plus 2 rings]]
[[Category:Over-the-counter drugs insyd de United States]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cervical cancer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>31145</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>115287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T19:07:06Z</timestamp>
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'''Cervical cancer''' be a type of [[cancer]] wey dey develop insyd de cervix, de lower narrow part of de uterus (womb).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=What Is Cervical Cancer? |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116202147/https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=[[National Cancer Institute]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be secof de abnormal growth of cells wey fi invade anaa spread to oda parts of de body.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 September 2007 |title=Defining Cancer |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer |archive-date=25 June 2014 |access-date=10 June 2014 |website=National Cancer Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Early on, typically dem no dey see symptoms. Later symptoms fi include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain anaa pain during sexual intercourse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 July 2025 |title=Signs and Symptoms of Cervical Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208003956/https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html |archive-date=8 February 2026 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[American Cancer Society]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; While bleeding after sex no fi be serious, e sanso fi indicate de presence of cervical cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tarney CM, Han J |date=2014 |title=Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology International |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/192087 |pmc=4086375 |pmid=25045355 |doi-access=free |article-number=192087}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Almost all cases (99%) be linked to genital [[human papillomavirus infection]] (HPV);&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOImmunizingagainstHPV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Immunizing against HPV|url=https://www.who.int/activities/immunizing-against-hpv|website=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-date=4 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104085112/https://www.who.int/activities/immunizing-against-hpv|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; chaw wey na dem get HPV infections, however, no dey develop cervical cancer.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR20142&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=World Cancer Report 2014 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5 |date=2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-832-0429-9 |pages=Chapter 5.12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Dunne EF, Park IU |title=HPV and HPV-associated diseases |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=765–778 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24275269 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2013.09.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; De risk be higher insyd people wey dey [[Smoking|smoke]], dem get a [[Immunodeficiency|weakened immune system]], use birth control, start sex at a young age wey dem get chaw sexual partners.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramachandran D, Dörk T |title=Genomic Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer |journal=Cancers |volume=13 |issue=20 |page=5137 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34680286 |pmc=8533931 |doi=10.3390/cancers13205137 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cervical cancer typically dey develop from [[Precancerous condition|precancerous changes]] over 10 to 20 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR20142&quot; /&gt; About 75% of cervical cancers be [[squamous cell carcinoma]]s, 20–25% be [[adenocarcinoma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tewari 2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tewari |first1=Krishnansu S. |title=Cervical Cancer |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=2 January 2025 |volume=392 |issue=1 |pages=56–71 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2404457 |pmid=39752299 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis be typically by [[cervical screening]] wey a [[biopsy]] follow. Dem then do [[Medical imaging]] to determine whether anaa de cancer no spread beyond de cervix.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=Cervical Cancer Diagnosis |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/diagnosis |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=[[National Cancer Institute]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[HPV vaccine|HPV vaccination]] be de most cost-effective public health measure against cervical cancer.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOImmunizingagainstHPV&quot; /&gt; HPV vaccines dey protect against two to seven high-risk strains of dis family of [[virus]]es den fi prevent up to 90% of cervical cancers.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2011HPV&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors=Tran NP, Hung CF, Roden R, Wu TC |title=Viruses and Human Cancer |chapter=Control of HPV Infection and Related Cancer Through Vaccination |series=Recent Results in Cancer Research |date=2014 |volume=193 |pages=149–171 |pmid=24008298 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_9 |isbn=978-3-642-38964-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; By de end of 2024, 147 countries provide de HPV vaccine insyd dema national immunization schedule give girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=Immunization coverage |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810020553/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2022, 47 countries sanso do am give boys.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper (2022 update)|journal=[[Weekly Epidemiological Record]]|volume=97|issue=50|pages=645–672|date=December 2022|hdl=10665/365351|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p=654}} As dem no dey prevent all cervical cancer, guidelines dey recommend regular screening.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2011HPV&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet |website=National Cancer Institute |access-date=14 February 2026 |date=25 May 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123140852/https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet |archive-date=23 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cervical screening dey allow for de detection of pre-cancer, wich fi be treated to prevent de development of cancer.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20252&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-02 |title=Cervical cancer |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422212009/http://www.who.int/News-Room/Fact-Sheets/Detail/Cervical-Cancer |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website= |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Treatment fi consist of sam combination of [[surgery]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy]], den [[Cancer immunotherapy|immunotherapy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Cervical Cancer Treatment |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122025457/https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment |archive-date=22 November 2025 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=[[National Cancer Institute]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Five-year survival rate]]s insyd de United States be 69%,&lt;ref name=&quot;SEER2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Cervix Uteri Cancer |url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html |website=NCI |publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]] |access-date=15 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh outcomes dey depend on how early de cancer be detected.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014Pro&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Cervical Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/cervical/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=25 June 2014|date=14 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705230535/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/cervical/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages |archive-date=5 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Worldwide, cervical cancer be both de fourth-most common type of cancer den de fourth-most common cause of death from cancer insyd women, plus over 660,000 new cases den around 350,000 deaths insyd 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|pages=Chapter 5.12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cervical cancer|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer|website=|access-date=2026-02-14|language=en|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|date=2025-12-02|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422212009/http://www.who.int/News-Room/Fact-Sheets/Detail/Cervical-Cancer|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be about 8% of de total cases den total deaths from cancer.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014Total&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|pages=Chapter 1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Almost 90% of cases den deaths occur insyd low- and middle-income; e dey make up 17% of overall cancer cases insyd women insyd dese countries, dem compare to 2% insyd high-income countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2022&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p=650}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 October 2024 |title=WHO adds an HPV vaccine for single-dose use |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/04-10-2024-who-adds-an-hpv-vaccine-for-single-dose-use |access-date=6 October 2024 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |archive-date=6 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006001458/https://www.who.int/news/item/04-10-2024-who-adds-an-hpv-vaccine-for-single-dose-use |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; India dey account for approximately 13% of global cancer burden, plus an estimated 79,360 new cases den 36,319 deaths dem report insyd 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-08 |title=Growing Cancer burden Of India in 2025 - North City Diagnostic Centre |url=https://northcitydiagnostic.com/growing-cancer-burden-of-india-in-2025/ |access-date=2026-10-12 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bangla |first1=Suresh |last2=Potarad |first2=Kaveri Potaraj |date=2026-10-12 |title=From virus to vaccination: a comprehensive review of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine and introduction to India's national HPV vaccination initiative |journal=Infectious Agents and Cancer |doi=10.1186/s13027-026-00810-2 |doi-access=free |issn=1750-9378}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd [[developed countries]], de widespread use of cervical screening programs dramatically reduce rates of cervical cancer.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10735343&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Canavan TP, Doshi NR | title = Cervical cancer | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 61 | issue = 5 | pages = 1369–1376 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10735343 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000301/1369.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050206141303/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000301/1369.html | archive-date = 6 February 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd medical research, de most famous [[immortalized cell line]], dem know as [[HeLa]], na e be developed from cervical cancer cells of a woman dem name [[Henrietta Lacks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Carraher Jr CE |title=Carraher's polymer chemistry|date=2014|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|location=Boca Raton |isbn=978-1-4665-5203-6 |page=385 |edition=9th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXo0AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022002735/https://books.google.com/books?id=YXo0AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA385|archive-date=22 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Cervical Cancer Elimination Day of Action be 17 November.&lt;ref name=EliminationDayofAction&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cervical Cancer Elimination Day of Action|url=https://www.who.int/campaigns/cervical-cancer-elimination-day-of-action|website=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007100216/https://www.who.int/campaigns/cervical-cancer-elimination-day-of-action|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; De date dey mark de day insyd 2020 wen de WHO launch de global strategy to accelerate de elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem, plus a resolution wey 194 countries pass.&lt;ref name=EliminationDayofAction/&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
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    ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--&gt;
* [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer Fact sheet on cervical cancer] by the [[World Health Organization|WHO]]
* [https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical Cervical cancer] at the [[National Cancer Institute|NIH National Cancer Institute]]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cervical Cancer}}
[[Category:Cervical cancer| ]]
[[Category:Cervix]]
[[Category:Gynaecological cancer]]
[[Category:Infectious causes of cancer]]
[[Category:Papillomavirus-associated diseases]]
[[Category:Sexually transmitted infections]]
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Donepezil</title>
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'''Donepezil''', dem sell under de brand name '''Aricept''' among odas, be a [[medication]] dem use to treat [[dementia]] of de [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's type]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donepezil Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/donepezil.html |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20192&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Donepezil Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/donepezil.html |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey appear to result in a small benefit insyd mental function den ability to function.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Birks JS, Harvey RJ |date=June 2018 |title=Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001190.pub3 |pmc=6513124 |pmid=29923184 |article-number=CD001190}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein use, however, no be shown to change de progression of de disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Swedish Council on Health Technology Assessment |date=June 2008 |title=Dementia – Caring, Ethics, Ethnical and Economical Aspects: A Systematic Review |journal=SBU Systematic Reviews |pmid=28876770}}&lt;/ref&gt; Treatment for be stopped if dem see no benefit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |page=300 |ref={{harvid | BNF76 |2018 }}}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NICE2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 June 2018 |title=Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence and interpretation § 4.3.44 |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta217/chapter/4-Evidence-and-interpretation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909201154/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta217/chapter/4-Evidence-and-interpretation |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=[[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey take am by mouth anaa via a transdermal patch.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS20192&quot; /&gt;

Donepezil be a [[central nervous system|centrally]] wey dey act reversible [[acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]] den structurally unrelated to oda [[anticholinesterase|anticholinesterase agents]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kum20202&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513257/ |title=StatPearls |vauthors=Kumar A, Sharma S |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |year=2020 |location=Treasure Island (FL) |chapter=Donepezil |pmid=30020629 |access-date=12 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Common side effects dey include nausea, trouble sleeping, aggression, diarrhea, feeling tired, den muscle cramps.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Donepezil Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/donepezil.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=4 February 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BNF76&gt;{{cite book| ref = {{harvid | BNF76 |2018 }} | title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|page=300|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serious side effects fi include [[arrhythmia|abnormal heart rhythms]], [[urinary incontinence]], den [[seizure]]s.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; 

Na donepezil be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1996.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; E be available as a [[generic medication]].&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 126th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 4{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top 300&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Donepezil Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Donepezil | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Brenner GD, Brenner GM |title=Pharmacology | url = https://archive.org/details/pharmacology0000bren_j9v4 |publisher=W. B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7216-7757-6 }}
* {{cite book |title=Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialities |url=https://archive.org/details/cpscompendiumofp0000unse_k6b7 |publisher=Canadian Pharmacists Association |year=2000 |edition=25th |isbn=978-0-919115-76-7 | vauthors = Welbanks L }}
[[Category:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Antidementia agents]]
[[Category:Lewy body dementia]]
[[Category:Treatment of Alzheimer's disease]]
[[Category:Nootropics]]
[[Category:Drugs wey Pfizer develop]]
[[Category:Piperidines]]
[[Category:Catechol ethers]]
[[Category:Indanes]]
[[Category:Sigma agonists]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hypospadias</title>
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'''Hypospadias''' be a common malformation insyd fetal development of de penis insyd wich de urethra no dey open from ein usual location on de head of de penis. 

E be de second-most common birth defect of de male reproductive system, wey dey affect about one of every 250 males at birth,&lt;ref name=&quot;Snodgrass&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Warren |title=Campbell-Walsh Urology, Tenth Edition |publisher=Elsevier |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4160-6911-9 |editor-last=Wein |editor-first=Allan |pages=3503–3536 |chapter=Chapter 130: Hypospadias |editor-last2=Campbell |editor-first2=Meredith F |editor-last3=Walsh |editor-first3=Patrick C |name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt; although wen e dey include milder cases, be found insyd up to 4% of newborn males.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boisen |first=K. A. |last2=Chellakooty |first2=M. |last3=Schmidt |first3=I. M. |last4=Kai |first4=C. M. |last5=Damgaard |first5=I. N. |last6=Suomi |first6=A.-M. |last7=Toppari |first7=J. |last8=Skakkebaek |first8=N. E. |last9=Main |first9=K. M. |date=July 2005 |title=Hypospadias in a Cohort of 1072 Danish Newborn Boys: Prevalence and Relationship to Placental Weight, Anthropometrical Measurements at Birth, and Reproductive Hormone Levels at Three Months of Age |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2005-0302 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism |language=en |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=4041–4046 |doi=10.1210/jc.2005-0302 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=15870122 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roughly 90% of cases be de less serious distal hypospadias, insyd wich de urethral opening (de [[Urinary meatus|meatus]]) be on anaa near de head of de penis ([[Glans penis|glans]]). De remainder get proximal hypospadias, insyd wich de meatus dey locate on de shaft of de penis, near anaa within de [[scrotum]]. Shiny tissue anaa anything wey typically dey form de urethra instead dey extend from de meatus to de tip of de glans; dis tissue be called de [[urethral plate]].

Insyd chaw cases, de [[foreskin]] be less developed den no dey wrap completely around de penis, leaving de underside of de glans uncovered. Also, a downward bending of de penis, dem commonly refer to as [[chordee]], fi occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;south&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=King S, Beasley S |veditors=South M |title=Practical Paediatrics, Seventh Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/practicalpaediat0000unse_t9g5 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier |year=2012 |orig-date=1st. Pub. 1986 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/practicalpaediat0000unse_t9g5/page/266 266]–267 |chapter=Chapter 9.1:Surgical Conditions in Older Children |isbn=978-0-702-04292-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chordee be found insyd 10% of distal hypospadias&lt;ref name=&quot;Snodgrass&quot; /&gt; den 50% of proximal hypospadias&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19692004&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Snodgrass W, Prieto J |title=Straightening ventral curvature while preserving the urethral plate in proximal hypospadias repair |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=182 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=1720–5 |date=October 2009 | pmid = 19692004 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.02.084}}&lt;/ref&gt; cases at de time of surgery. Also, de scrotum fi be higher dan usual on either side of de penis (dem call [[penoscrotal transposition]]).

De cause of hypospadias be unknown; scientists investigate both genetic den 
[[File:Urethral_variations_in_a_vulva.png|thumb|Urethral variations insyd a vulva]]
environmental mechanisms, such as prenatal hormones.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hypospadias - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=[[Mayo Clinic]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715193226/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148 |archive-date=2024-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bouty |first1=Aurore |last2=Ayers |first2=Katie L. |last3=Pask |first3=Andrew |last4=Heloury |first4=Yves |last5=Sinclair |first5=Andrew H. |date=2015-11-28 |title=The Genetic and Environmental Factors Underlying Hypospadias |journal=Sexual Development |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=239–259 |doi=10.1159/000441988 |issn=1661-5425 |pmc=5012964 |pmid=26613581}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anoda model dey suggest hypospadias dey arise as a result of unerased epigenetic markers wich canalize sexual development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; E most often dey occur by einself, widout oda variations, although insyd about 10% of cases e fi be part of a [[disorder of sex development]] condition anaa a medical syndrome plus multiple abnormalities.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid2231648&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Stoll C, Alembik Y, Roth MP, Dott B |title=Genetic and environmental factors in hypospadias |journal=[[Journal of Medical Genetics]] |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=559–63 |date=September 1990 |pmid=2231648 |pmc=1017217 |doi=10.1136/jmg.27.9.559}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid3746833&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Calzolari E, Contiero MR, Roncarati E, Mattiuz PL, Volpato S |title=Aetiological factors in hypospadias |journal=[[Journal of Medical Genetics]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=333–7 |date=August 1986 |pmid=3746833 |pmc=1049700 |doi=10.1136/jmg.23.4.333}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De most common associated difference be an [[undescended testicle]], wich be reported insyd around 3% of infants plus distal hypospadias den 10% plus proximal hypospadias.&lt;ref name=Wu2002&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Hongfei |last2=Wei |first2=Zhang |last3=M. |first3=Gu |name-list-style=vanc |year=2002 |title=Hypospadias and enlarged prostatic utricle |journal=Chinese Journal of Urology |volume=12 |pages=51–3 |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZHMN200212028.htm |access-date=2015-04-11 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053005/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZHMN200212028.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; De combination of hypospadias den an undescended testicle sometimes dey indicate a kiddie get a [[Disorders of sex development|disorder of sex development]], so additional testing fi be recommended to make sure de kiddies no get [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] plus salt-wasting (missed diagnoses of salt-wasting CAH be related to an increased risk of neonatal morbidity) anaa a similar condition wer immediate medical intervention be needed.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid9120962&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaefer M, Tobin MS, Hendren WH, Bauer SB, Peters CA, Atala A, Colodny AH, Mandell J, Retik AB |display-authors=6 |title=Continent urinary diversion: the Children's Hospital experience |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=157 |issue=4 |pages=1394–9 |date=April 1997 |pmid=9120962 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64998-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11796295&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarman GJ, Kaplan GW, Lerman SL, McAleer IM, Losasso BE |title=Lower genitourinary injury and pelvic fractures in pediatric patients |journal=Urology |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=123–6; discussion 126 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11796295 |doi=10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01526-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otherwise no blood tests anaa X-rays be routinely needed insyd newborns plus hypospadias.&lt;ref name=&quot;Snodgrass&quot;/&gt;

Hypospadias fi be a symptom of a [[disorder of sex development]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Explaining-Disorders-of-Sex-Development-Intersexuality.aspx |title=Explaining Disorders of Sex Development &amp; Intersexuality |date=21 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh insyd most cases, hypospadias no be associated plus any oda condition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://patient.info/health/penis-problems/hypospadias |title=Hypospadias |last=Tidy |first=Colin |date=January 19, 2016 |website=Patient |publisher=Patient Platform Ltd |access-date= October 18, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hypospadias sometimes be counted under de intersex umbrella by intersex rights activist groups, wey consider de repositioning of a working urethra on a kiddie too young to consent to be a [[Intersex human rights|human rights]] violation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://interactadvocates.org/faq/ |title=What is intersex? Frequently Asked Questions and Intersex Definitions |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |website=interACT |access-date= May 7, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-02-14 |title=Alice Dreger: Do you have to pee standing up to be a real man? – Intersex Human Rights Australia |url=https://ihra.org.au/21870/alice-dreger-hypospadias/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=ihra.org.au |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526012336/https://ihra.org.au/21870/alice-dreger-hypospadias/ |archive-date=2024-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-04 |title=IGM |url=https://oiieurope.org/igm/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=OII Europe |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622021814/https://www.oiieurope.org/igm/ |archive-date=2024-06-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
=== Associated conditions ===
De following conditions sometimes fi cause hypospadias:

* [[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]]
* [[5α-Reductase 2 deficiency]]
* [[17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency]]
* [[Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency]]
* [[Cytochrome b5 deficiency|Cytochrome b&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; deficiency]]
* [[Klinefelter syndrome]]
* [[Mixed gonadal dysgenesis|Mixed gonadal dysgensis]]
* [[Ovotesticular syndrome]]
* [[Hypogonadism]]
* [[Aromatase excess syndrome]]
* [[Inborn errors of steroid metabolism#Androgen- and estrogen-specific|Inborn errors of steroid metabolism]]
* [[Testicular dysgenesis syndrome]]

==Society den culture==
Notable individuals plus hypospadias:&lt;!--Sources and citations required.--&gt;
* [[Henry II of France]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The &quot;infertility&quot; of Catherine de Medici and its influence on 16th century France |url=https://www.canjurol.com/pdfs/DrGordetsky.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413223559/https://www.canjurol.com/pdfs/DrGordetsky.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Brendan Cole]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brendan Cole hints at why he was axed from 'Strictly' |date=5 November 2018 |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/brendan-cole-im-strictly-143915021.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Tiger Devore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-14459843 |title=Male or female? Babies born on the sliding sex scale |work=[[BBC News]] |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=2016-05-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rewire2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Littlefield |first=Amy |title =Intersex People Want to End Nonconsensual Surgeries. A California Resolution Is Their 'Warning Shot.' |work=[[Rewire.News]] |access-date=2018-11-30 |date=August 13, 2018 |url=https://rewire.news/article/2018/08/13/intersex-people-want-to-end-nonconsensual-surgeries-a-california-resolution-is-their-warning-shot/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Troy Kinne]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Celebrity Vox Pop Troy Kinne |url=https://thecelebritywhisperer.com.au/2023/03/09/troy-kinne/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gabriel J. Martín]]&lt;ref name=&quot;abc&quot;&gt;[https://www.abc.es/sociedad/20141020/abci-intersexualidad-cuerpos-enganan-201410170853.html Intersexualidad: «Nunca me sentí niña y mi comportamiento masculino era un problema».] ''ABC''. 20 October 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verne&quot;&gt;[https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2016/06/24/articulo/1466781342_404833.html La barba me dio la razón: aunque me criaran como una niña, yo era un niño.] ''El País''. 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Shooting of Scout Schultz|Scout Schultz]]&lt;ref name=&quot;atavist2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |issue=82 |last=Lieberman |first=Hallie |title=The Trigger Effect |work=The Atavist Magazine |access-date=2018-08-31 |date=2018-08-29 |url=https://magazine.atavist.com/the-trigger-effect-scout-schultz-georgia-tech |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113216/https://magazine.atavist.com/the-trigger-effect-scout-schultz-georgia-tech |archive-date=2018-09-01 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Lil Dicky]]&lt;ref&gt;Heifetz, Danny, [https://www.theringer.com/tv/2020/3/4/21164450/dave-lil-dicky-fxx-interview When a Dick Joke Isn't a Joke], theringer.com, March 2020&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Sa Bangji]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=조선왕조실록 |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/main/main.do;jsessionid=4xGQQuQUt7BeodVL2IbdYtsZLNOJ6A5cD_RIbVfb.node20 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=sillok.history.go.kr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Hypospadias}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Austin PF, Siow Y, Fallat ME, Cain MP, Rink RC, Casale AJ |title=The relationship between müllerian inhibiting substance and androgens in boys with hypospadias |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=168 |issue=4 Pt 2 |pages=1784–8; discussion 1788 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12352359 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64413-8}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Patel RP, Shukla AR, Snyder HM |title=The island tube and island onlay hypospadias repairs offer excellent long-term outcomes: a 14-year followup |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=172 |issue=4 Pt 2 |pages=1717–9; discussion 1719 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15371798 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000138903.20136.22}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Retik AB, Atala A |title=Complications of hypospadias repair |journal=The Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=329–39 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12371224 |doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(02)00026-5}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Shukla AR, Patel RP, Canning DA |title=Hypospadias |journal=The Urologic Clinics of North America |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=445–60, viii |date=August 2004 |pmid=15313054 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2004.04.020}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Paulozzi LJ |title=International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism |journal=Environ Health Perspect |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=297–302 |date=April 1999 |pmid=10090709 |pmc=1566511 |doi=10.1289/ehp.99107297 |bibcode=1999EnvHP.107..297P }}
* {{cite journal |journal=Indian Journal of Urology |year=2008 |volume=24 |issue=2 |title=Special issue on hypospadias |url=http://www.indianjurol.com/showBackIssue.asp?issn=0970-1591;year=2008;volume=24;issue=2;month=April-June}}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Congenital disorders of urinary system]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders of male genital organs]]
[[Category:Penis]]
[[Category:Intersex variations]]
[[Category:Human penis]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stomach cancer</title>
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'''Stomach cancer''', dem sanso know as '''gastric cancer''', be a [[Cancer|malignant tumor]] of de stomach. E be a [[cancer]] wey develop insyd de lining of de stomach, wey abnormal cell growth cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 1980 |title=Stomach (Gastric) Cancer |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/stomach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704181619/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/stomach |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=1 July 2014 |website=NCI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw cases of stomach cancers be gastric carcinomas, wich fi be divided into several subtypes, wey dey include gastric adenocarcinomas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title={{harvnb|World Cancer Report 2014}} |date=2014 |chapter=5.4 Stomach Cancer}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lymphoma|Lymphomas]] den mesenchymal tumors sanso fi develop insyd de stomach.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Early symptoms fi include heartburn, upper abdominal pain, nausea, den loss of appetite.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot; /&gt; Later signs den symptoms fi include weight loss, [[Jaundice|yellowing of de skin den whites of de eyes]], vomiting, difficulty swallowing, den blood insyd de stool, among odas.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2014 |title=Gastric Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/gastric/Patient/page1/AllPages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705231337/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/gastric/Patient/page1/AllPages |archive-date=5 July 2014 |access-date=1 July 2014 |website=NCI}}&lt;/ref&gt; De cancer fi spread from de stomach to oda parts of de body, particularly de liver, lungs, bones, lining of de abdomen, den lymph nodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&amp;pg=PA223 |title=Cancer biology |vauthors=Ruddon RW |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517543-1 |edition=4th |page=223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&amp;pg=PA223 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De [[bacterium]] ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' dey account for more dan 60% of cases of stomach cancer.&lt;ref name=WCR2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=ChangParsonnet2010&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Chang AH, [[Julie Parsonnet|Parsonnet J]] |title = Role of bacteria in oncogenesis |journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 4 |pages = 837–857 |date = October 2010 |pmid = 20930075 |pmc = 2952975 |doi = 10.1128/CMR.00012-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |veditors = Sim F, McKee M |title=Issues in public health |date=2011 |publisher=Open University Press |isbn=978-0-335-24422-5 |page=74 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn8xC6_UW8YC&amp;pg=PA74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Certain strains of ''H. pylori'' get greater risks dan odas.&lt;ref name=WCR2014/&gt; [[Smoking]], dietary factors such as [[pickled vegetables]] den [[obesity]] be oda risk factors.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24011243&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=González CA, Sala N, Rokkas T |title=Gastric cancer: epidemiologic aspects |journal = Helicobacter |volume = 18 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages = 34–38 | date = September 2013 |pmid=24011243 | doi = 10.1111/hel.12082 |s2cid=22918077 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; About 10% of cases run insyd families, den between 1% den 3% of cases be secof [[Cancer syndrome|genetic syndromes]] [[Heredity|inherited]] such as [[hereditary diffuse gastric cancer]].&lt;ref name=WCR2014/&gt; Most of de time, stomach cancer dey develop insyd stages over de years.&lt;ref name=WCR2014/&gt; Diagnosis usually be by [[biopsy]] done during [[endoscopy]].&lt;ref name=NCI2014TxPt/&gt; Dis be followed by [[medical imaging]] to determine if de cancer spread to oda parts of de body.&lt;ref name=NCI2014TxPt/&gt; [[Japan]] den [[South Korea]], two countries wey get high rates of de disease, [[cancer screening|screen for stomach cancer]].&lt;ref name=WCR2014/&gt;

A [[Mediterranean diet]] dey lower de risk of stomach cancer, as smoking no dey do.&lt;ref name=WCR2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=NCI2014Prevent/&gt; Tentative evidence dey indicate say treating ''[[Helicobacter pylori|H. pylori]]'' dey decrease de future risk.&lt;ref name=WCR2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=NCI2014Prevent&gt;{{cite web|title=Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/gastric/HealthProfessional|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=27 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704195947/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/gastric/HealthProfessional|archive-date=4 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; If stomach cancer be treated early, e fi be cured.&lt;ref name=WCR2014/&gt; Treatments fi include sam combination of surgery, [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy]], den [[targeted therapy]].&lt;ref name=NCI2014TxPt/&gt;&lt;ref name=Wagner17&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wagner AD, Syn NL, Moehler M, Grothe W, Yong WP, Tai BC, Ho J, Unverzagt S | title = Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2017 | article-number = CD004064 | date = August 2017 | issue = 8 | pmid = 28850174 | pmc = 6483552 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd004064.pub4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For certain subtypes of gastric cancer, [[cancer immunotherapy]] be an option as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kodach LL, Peppelenbosch MP | title = Targeting the Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Compartment for Inducing Responsiveness to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Is Best Limited to Specific Subtypes of Gastric Cancers | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 161 | issue = 2 | page = 727 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 33798523 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.047 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; If dem treat am late, [[palliative care]] fi be advised.&lt;ref name=WCR2014/&gt; Sam types of lymphoma fi be cured by eliminating ''H. pylori''.&lt;ref name=St2010&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Stathis A, Bertoni F, Zucca E | title = Treatment of gastric marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type | journal = Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy | volume = 11 | issue = 13 | pages = 2141–2152 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20586708 | doi = 10.1517/14656566.2010.497141 | s2cid = 6796557 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Outcomes often be poor, plus a less dan 10% [[five-year survival rate]] insyd de Western world for advanced cases.&lt;ref name = WJG14/&gt;&lt;!-- Quote = In Western countries, about two-thirds of gastric cancer patients are diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Median survival for these patients is around 10 months, and less than 10% survive at 5 years. --&gt; Most people with the condition present with advanced disease.&lt;ref name=WJG14&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Orditura M, Galizia G, Sforza V, Gambardella V, Fabozzi A, Laterza MM, Andreozzi F, Ventriglia J, Savastano B, Mabilia A, Lieto E, Ciardiello F, De Vita F | title = Treatment of gastric cancer | journal = World Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 20 | issue = 7 | pages = 1635–1649 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24587643 | pmc = 3930964 | doi = 10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1635 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de [[United States]], five-year survival be 39.8%,&lt;ref name=SEER2026&gt;{{cite web|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html|title=Cancer of the Stomach - Cancer Stat Facts|website=SEER|language=en|access-date=16 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; while insyd South Korea e be over 65% den Japan over 70%, mostly secof screening efforts.&lt;ref name=WCR2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Jap2011&gt;{{cite web |title=がん診療連携拠点病院等院内がん登録生存率集計: [国立がん研究センター がん登録・統計] |url=https://ganjoho.jp/reg_stat/statistics/brochure/hosp_c_reg_surv.html |website=ganjoho.jp |access-date=2 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Globally, stomach cancer be de fifth-leading type of cancer den de third-leading cause of death from cancer, wey dey make up 7% of cases den 9% of deaths.&lt;ref name=WCR2014Epi&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Stewart BW, Wild C | collaboration = International Agency for Research on Cancer |author4=World Health Organization|title=World Cancer Report 2014| url = https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5 |date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|chapter=1.1 The global and regional burden of cancer |ref={{harvid|World Cancer Report 2014}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2018, e newly occur insyd 1.03 million people wey e cause 783,000 deaths.&lt;ref name=Bray2018&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A | title = Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries | journal = CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians| volume = 68 | issue = 6 | pages = 394–424 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30207593 | doi = 10.3322/caac.21492 | s2cid = 52188256 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Before de 1930s, na e be a leading cause of cancer deaths insyd de [[Western countries|Western world]];  rates sharply decline among younger generations insyd de West, although dem remain high for people wey dey live insyd East Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Tobias SJ, Hochhauser D, Souhami RL |title=Cancer and its management|date=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4443-0637-8|page=259|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sW0eCoZFt4C&amp;pg=PA259 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| veditors = Khleif RT, Skeel SN |title=Handbook of cancer chemotherapy|date=2011|publisher=Wolter Kluwer|isbn=978-1-60831-782-0|page=127|edition=8th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nz_87OLrtcC&amp;pg=PA127}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Knight JA |title=Human Longevity: The Major Determining Factors|date=2010|publisher=Author House|isbn=978-1-4520-6722-3|page=339|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBY_GxOY_6oC&amp;pg=PA339|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916003533/https://books.google.com/books?id=HBY_GxOY_6oC&amp;pg=PA339|archive-date=16 September 2015}}{{self-published inline|date=August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; De decline insyd de West be believed to be secof de decline of salted den pickled food consumption, as a result of de development of [[refrigeration]] as a method of preserving food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| veditors = Moore RJ, Spiegel D |title=Cancer, culture, and communication|date=2004|publisher=Kluwer Academic|isbn=978-0-306-47885-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b105731/page/n157 139]|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b105731}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stomach cancer dey occur most commonly insyd [[East Asia]], wey [[Eastern Europe]] follow.&lt;ref name=WCR2014/&gt; E dey occur twice as often insyd males as insyd females.&lt;ref name=WCR2014&gt;{{cite book|title={{harvnb|World Cancer Report 2014}}|date=2014|chapter=5.4 Stomach Cancer}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web|work=[[National Cancer Institute]] |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/hp/stomach-treatment-pdq#section/all |title=Gastric cancer treatment guidelines |date=14 October 2022 }}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stomach Cancer}}
[[Category:Stomach cancer| ]]
[[Category:Abdomen]]
[[Category:Epstein–Barr virus–associated diseases]]
[[Category:Infectious causes of cancer]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Acting</title>
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'''Acting''' be an activity insyd wich dem dey tell a story by means of ein [[Enactment (psychology)|enactment]] by an [[actor]] wey dey adopt a [[Character (arts)|character]]—in [[theatre]], [[television]], [[film]], [[radio]], anaa any oda medium wey dey make use of de [[Mimesis|mimetic]] [[Mode (literature)|mode]].

Acting dey involve a broad range of skills, wey dey include a well-developed [[imagination]], [[emotional expression|emotional facility]], physical expressivity, [[vocal projection]], clarity of [[speech]], den de ability to interpret [[drama]]. Acting sanso dey demand an ability to employ [[dialect]]s, [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accents]], [[improvisational theatre|improvisation]], observation den emulation, [[Mime artist|mime]], den [[stage combat]]. Chaw actors dey train at length insyd specialist programs anaa colleges to develop dese skills. Na de vast majority of professional actors go thru extensive training. Actors den actresses often go get chaw instructors den teachers for a full range of training wey dey involve [[singing]], scene-work, [[audition]] techniques, den acting for [[camera]].

== References ==</text>
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'''Acting''' be an activity insyd wich dem dey tell a story by means of ein [[Enactment (psychology)|enactment]] by an [[actor]] wey dey adopt a [[Character (arts)|character]]—insyd [[theatre]], [[television]], [[film]], [[radio]], anaa any oda medium wey dey make use of de [[Mimesis|mimetic]] [[Mode (literature)|mode]].

Acting dey involve a broad range of skills, wey dey include a well-developed [[imagination]], [[emotional expression|emotional facility]], physical expressivity, [[vocal projection]], clarity of [[speech]], den de ability to interpret [[drama]]. Acting sanso dey demand an ability to employ [[dialect]]s, [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accents]], [[improvisational theatre|improvisation]], observation den emulation, [[Mime artist|mime]], den [[stage combat]]. Chaw actors dey train at length insyd specialist programs anaa colleges to develop dese skills. Na de vast majority of professional actors go thru extensive training. Actors den actresses often go get chaw instructors den teachers for a full range of training wey dey involve [[singing]], scene-work, [[audition]] techniques, den acting for [[camera]].

Chaw [[History of theatre|early sources]] insyd de [[Western culture|West]] wey dey examine de [[art]] of acting ([[Ancient Greek]]: {{wikt-lang|grc|ὑποκριτής|italic=yes}}, {{grc-transl|ὑποκριτής}}) discuss am as part of [[rhetoric]].&lt;ref&gt;Csapo and Slater (1994, 257); ''hypokrisis'', wich literally dey mean na &quot;acting,&quot; be de word dem use insyd discussions of [[rhetoric]]al delivery.&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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'''Acting''' be an activity insyd wich dem dey tell a story by means of ein [[Enactment (psychology)|enactment]] by an [[actor]] wey dey adopt a [[Character (arts)|character]]—insyd [[theatre]], [[television]], [[film]], [[radio]], anaa any oda medium wey dey make use of de [[Mimesis|mimetic]] [[Mode (literature)|mode]].

Acting dey involve a broad range of skills, wey dey include a well-developed [[imagination]], [[emotional expression|emotional facility]], physical expressivity, [[vocal projection]], clarity of [[speech]], den de ability to interpret [[drama]]. Acting sanso dey demand an ability to employ [[dialect]]s, [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accents]], [[improvisational theatre|improvisation]], observation den emulation, [[Mime artist|mime]], den [[stage combat]]. Chaw actors dey train at length insyd specialist programs anaa colleges to develop dese skills. Na de vast majority of professional actors go thru extensive training. Actors den actresses often go get chaw instructors den teachers for a full range of training wey dey involve [[singing]], scene-work, [[audition]] techniques, den acting for [[camera]].

Chaw [[History of theatre|early sources]] insyd de [[Western culture|West]] wey dey examine de [[art]] of acting ([[Ancient Greek]]: {{wikt-lang|grc|ὑποκριτής|italic=yes}}, {{grc-transl|ὑποκριτής}}) discuss am as part of [[rhetoric]].&lt;ref&gt;Csapo and Slater (1994, 257); ''hypokrisis'', wich literally dey mean na &quot;acting,&quot; be de word dem use insyd discussions of [[rhetoric]]al delivery.&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q222749|c=Category:Acting|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Acting|species=no}}
* {{IMDb name|nm19072497}}
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    <title>Saline (medicine)</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261102) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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'''Saline''' (dem sanso know as '''saline solution''') be a mixture of sodium chloride (salt) den [[water]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pro2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sodium Chloride Injection - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-chloride-injection.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041708/https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-chloride-injection.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=www.drugs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; E get several uses insyd medicine wey dey include cleaning wounds, removal den storage of contact lenses, den help plus dry eyes.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot; /&gt; By injection into a vein, e be used to treat hypovolemia such as dat from [[gastroenteritis]] den diabetic ketoacidosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pro2017&quot; /&gt; Large amounts fi result in fluid overload, [[Edema|swelling]], acidosis, den high blood sodium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pro2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 69 |url=https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse |date=2015 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |edition=69th |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse/page/683 683], 770}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd those plus long-standing low blood sodium, excessive use fi result in osmotic demyelination syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot; /&gt;

Saline dey insyd de [[Volume expander#Crystalloids|crystalloid]] family of medications.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Marini JJ, Wheeler AP |title=Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials |date=2010 |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-9839-6 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmxl0ERFvYgC&amp;pg=PA54 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=jmxl0ERFvYgC&amp;pg=PA54 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be most commonly used as a [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterile]] 9&amp;nbsp;g of salt per litre (0.9%) solution, dem know as ''normal saline''.&lt;ref name=Pro2017/&gt; Higher den lower concentrations sanso occasionally fi be used.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hypertonic Saline - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/hypertonic-saline.html |website=www.drugs.com |access-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041321/https://www.drugs.com/pro/hypertonic-saline.html |archive-date=18 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Pestana C |title=Fluids and Electrolytes in the Surgical Patient |date=2000 |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-2425-8 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfCuIUwv3pEC&amp;pg=PA11 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=CfCuIUwv3pEC&amp;pg=PA11 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saline be acidic, plus a [[pH]] of 5.5 (secof mainly dissolved carbon dioxide).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Reddi BA | title = Why is saline so acidic (and does it really matter?) | journal = International Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 747–750 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23630439 | pmc = 3638298 | doi = 10.7150/ijms.5868 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

De medical use of saline begin around 1831.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Bozzetti F, Staun M, van Gossum A |title=Home Parenteral Nutrition |date=2014 |edition=2nd |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78064-311-3 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnYXBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184101/https://books.google.com/books?id=fnYXBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4 |archive-date=18 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 |year=2019 |hdl=10665/325771 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva |id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2023, na sodium salts be de 227th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =  Sodium Salts Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/SodiumSalts | access-date = 20 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:1831 introductions]]
[[Category:Intravenous fluids]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Salts]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Chlorhexidine</title>
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'''Chlorhexidine'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Varoni E, Tarce M, Lodi G, Carrassi A |date=September 2012 |title=Chlorhexidine (CHX) in dentistry: state of the art |journal=Minerva Stomatologica |volume=61 |issue=9 |pages=399–419 |pmid=22976567}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a disinfectant den antiseptic wich be used for skin disinfection before surgery den to disinfect surgical instruments.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=WHO Model Formulary 2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-92-4-154765-9 |veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/321 321]–22 |hdl=10665/44053}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alqarni H, Jamleh A, Chamber MS |date=2022-10-03 |title=Chlorhexidine as a Disinfectant in the Prosthodontic Practice: A Comprehensive Review |journal=Cureus |volume=14 |issue=10 |doi=10.7759/cureus.30566 |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=9676089 |pmid=36415428 |doi-access=free |article-number=e30566}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso be used for cleaning wounds, preventing dental plaque, treating yeast infections of de mouth, den to keep urinary catheters from blocking.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 69 |url=https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse |date=2015 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |edition=69 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse/page/568 568], 791, 839}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be used as a liquid anaa a powder.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot; /&gt; E commonly be used insyd salt form, either de gluconate&lt;ref name=&quot;PubChem CG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chlorhexidine Gluconate |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chlorhexidine-Gluconate |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=PubChem}}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa de acetate.&lt;ref name=&quot;PubChem CA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chlorhexidine Acetate |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chlorhexidine-Acetate |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=PubChem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects fi include skin irritation, [[Human tooth|tooth]] discoloration, den [[allergic reactions]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 69|url=https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0-85711-156-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bnf69britishnati0000unse/page/568 568], 791, 839|edition=69}}&lt;/ref&gt; although, apart from discoloration, de risk dey appear to be de same as that for [[povidone-iodine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wade RG, Bourke G, Wormald JC, Totty JP, Stanley GH, Lewandowski A, Rakhra SS, Gardiner MD | title = Chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine skin antisepsis before upper limb surgery (CIPHUR): an international multicentre prospective cohort study | journal = BJS Open | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | article-number = zrab117 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34915557 | pmc = 8677347 | doi = 10.1093/bjsopen/zrab117  | doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wade RG, Burr NE, McCauley G, Bourke G, Efthimiou O | title = The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis | journal = Annals of Surgery | volume = 274 | issue = 6 | pages = e481–e488 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 32773627 | doi = 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076 | s2cid = 225289226 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chlorhexidine rinse sanso be known to have a bitter metallic aftertaste. Rinsing plus water no be recommended as e be known to increase de bitterness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chlorhexidine (Oral Route) Precautions |website=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/chlorhexidine-oral-route/precautions/drg-20068551 |access-date=27 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fi cause eye problems if direct contact occur.&lt;ref name=AHFS2017&gt;{{cite web|title=Chlorhexidine Gluconate topical|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chlorhexidine-gluconate-topical.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113023435/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chlorhexidine-gluconate-topical.html|archive-date=13 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tabor E, Bostwick DC, Evans CC | title = Corneal damage due to eye contact with chlorhexidine gluconate | journal = JAMA | volume = 261 | issue = 4 | pages = 557–558 | date = January 1989 | pmid = 2909794 | doi = 10.1001/jama.1989.03420040091021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein use insyd [[pregnancy]] dey appear to be safe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ |title=Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=978-1-60831-708-0|page=252|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&amp;pg=PA252|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113121448/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&amp;pg=PA252|archive-date=13 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chlorhexidine fi cam mixed insyd [[ethanol|alcohol]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Prevantics Swab- chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol solution | website=DailyMed | date=26 October 2022 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=db61e7fd-c421-4e3c-bc88-0343230273de | access-date=24 January 2023 | archive-date=24 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124030815/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=db61e7fd-c421-4e3c-bc88-0343230273de | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Prevantics Swab- chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol solution | website=DailyMed | date=26 October 2022 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ff999b50-0b6b-404e-b4f1-c6694fe47a9b | access-date=24 January 2023 | archive-date=24 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124030813/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ff999b50-0b6b-404e-b4f1-c6694fe47a9b | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Prevantics Maxi Swabstick- chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol solution | website=DailyMed | date=26 October 2022 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=93ca3c07-40b4-3a91-e053-2995a90a0afd | access-date=24 January 2023 | archive-date=24 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124030820/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=93ca3c07-40b4-3a91-e053-2995a90a0afd | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; water, anaa [[surfactant solution]].&lt;ref name=BNF69/&gt; E be effective against a range of [[microorganisms]], buh no dey inactivate [[spores]].&lt;ref name=WHO2008/&gt;

Chlorhexidine cam into medical use insyd de 1950s&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Schmalz G, Bindslev DA |title=Biocompatibility of Dental Materials|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-77782-3|page=351|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrreTHuo54wC&amp;pg=PA351|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113080904/https://books.google.ca/books?id=mrreTHuo54wC&amp;pg=PA351|archive-date=13 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-06 |title=FDA &amp; OTC Antiseptics |url=https://www.contractpharma.com/fda-otc-antiseptics/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Contract Pharma |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey be available [[over the counter]] insyd de [[United States]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2017 /&gt; E be on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free |author = &lt;!--none given--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 270th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 900,000 prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=17 August 2025 | archive-date=17 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817043812/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Chlorhexidine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Chlorhexidine | access-date = 17 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:Antiseptics]]
[[Category:Biguanides]]
[[Category:4-Chlorophenyl compounds]]
[[Category:Disinfectants]]
[[Category:Oral hygiene]]
[[Category:Otologicals]]
[[Category:Over-the-counter drugs insyd de United States]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Allopurinol</title>
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'''Allopurinol''' be a [[medication]] dem use to decrease [[hyperuricemia|high blood uric acid levels]].&lt;ref name=Patcher2006rev&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C | title = Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol | journal = Pharmacological Reviews | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–114 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16507884 | pmc = 2233605 | doi = 10.1124/pr.58.1.6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E specifically be used to prevent [[gout]], prevent specific types of [[kidney stones]] den for de high uric acid levels wey fi occur plus [[chemotherapy]].&lt;ref name=WHO2008&gt;{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | hdl-access=free | page = 39}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; Dem dey take am [[Oral administration|orally]] (by mouth) anaa [[intravenously]] (dem inject into a vein).&lt;ref name=AHFS2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Allopurinol|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/allopurinol.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429134301/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/allopurinol.html|archive-date=29 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects wen dem use orally dey include itchiness den rash.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; Common side effects wen dem use by injection dey include [[vomiting]] den [[kidney problems]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; While e no be recommended historically, starting allopurinol during an attack of gout dey appear to be safe.&lt;ref name=Rob2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Robinson PC, Stamp LK | title = The management of gout: Much has changed | journal = Australian Family Physician | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 299–302 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27166465 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Satpanich&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Satpanich P, Pongsittisak W, Manavathongchai S | title = Early versus Late Allopurinol Initiation in Acute Gout Flare (ELAG): a randomized controlled trial | journal = Clinical Rheumatology | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 213–221 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 34406530 | doi = 10.1007/s10067-021-05872-8 | ref = 6 | s2cid = 237156638 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd those already on de medication, e for be continued even during an acute gout attack.&lt;ref name=Rob2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2008/&gt; While ein use during [[pregnancy]] no dey appear to result in harm, dis use no be well studied.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com Pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Allopurinol Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/allopurinol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031050/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/allopurinol.html|archive-date=20 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allopurinol dey insyd de [[xanthine oxidase inhibitor]] family of medications.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt;

Na allopurinol be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1966.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Allopurinol be available as a [[generic medication]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 45th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 14{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top300Drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Allopurinol Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Allopurinol | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Allopurinol''' be a [[medication]] dem use to decrease [[hyperuricemia|high blood uric acid levels]].&lt;ref name=Patcher2006rev&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C | title = Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol | journal = Pharmacological Reviews | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–114 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16507884 | pmc = 2233605 | doi = 10.1124/pr.58.1.6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E specifically be used to prevent [[gout]], prevent specific types of [[kidney stones]] den for de high uric acid levels wey fi occur plus [[chemotherapy]].&lt;ref name=WHO2008&gt;{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | hdl-access=free | page = 39}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; Dem dey take am [[Oral administration|orally]] (by mouth) anaa [[intravenously]] (dem inject into a vein).&lt;ref name=AHFS2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Allopurinol|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/allopurinol.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429134301/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/allopurinol.html|archive-date=29 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects wen dem use orally dey include itchiness den rash.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; Common side effects wen dem use by injection dey include [[vomiting]] den [[kidney problems]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; While e no be recommended historically, starting allopurinol during an attack of gout dey appear to be safe.&lt;ref name=Rob2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Robinson PC, Stamp LK | title = The management of gout: Much has changed | journal = Australian Family Physician | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 299–302 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27166465 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Satpanich&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Satpanich P, Pongsittisak W, Manavathongchai S | title = Early versus Late Allopurinol Initiation in Acute Gout Flare (ELAG): a randomized controlled trial | journal = Clinical Rheumatology | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 213–221 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 34406530 | doi = 10.1007/s10067-021-05872-8 | ref = 6 | s2cid = 237156638 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd those already on de medication, e for be continued even during an acute gout attack.&lt;ref name=Rob2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2008/&gt; While ein use during [[pregnancy]] no dey appear to result in harm, dis use no be well studied.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com Pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Allopurinol Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/allopurinol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031050/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/allopurinol.html|archive-date=20 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allopurinol dey insyd de [[xanthine oxidase inhibitor]] family of medications.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt;

Na allopurinol be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1966.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Allopurinol be available as a [[generic medication]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 45th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 14{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top300Drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Allopurinol Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Allopurinol | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165980774 Allopurinol pathway on PharmGKB]

[[Category:Antigout agents]]
[[Category:CYP1A2 inhibitors]]
[[Category:Dermatoxins]]
[[Category:Hepatotoxins]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Xanthine oxidase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Allopurinol''' be a [[medication]] dem use to decrease [[hyperuricemia|high blood uric acid levels]].&lt;ref name=Patcher2006rev&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C | title = Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol | journal = Pharmacological Reviews | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–114 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16507884 | pmc = 2233605 | doi = 10.1124/pr.58.1.6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E specifically be used to prevent [[gout]], prevent specific types of [[kidney stones]] den for de high uric acid levels wey fi occur plus [[chemotherapy]].&lt;ref name=WHO2008&gt;{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | url = https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | hdl-access=free | page = [https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/39 39]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; Dem dey take am [[Oral administration|orally]] (by mouth) anaa [[intravenously]] (dem inject into a vein).&lt;ref name=AHFS2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Allopurinol|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/allopurinol.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429134301/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/allopurinol.html|archive-date=29 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects wen dem use orally dey include itchiness den rash.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; Common side effects wen dem use by injection dey include [[vomiting]] den [[kidney problems]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; While e no be recommended historically, starting allopurinol during an attack of gout dey appear to be safe.&lt;ref name=Rob2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Robinson PC, Stamp LK | title = The management of gout: Much has changed | journal = Australian Family Physician | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 299–302 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27166465 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Satpanich&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Satpanich P, Pongsittisak W, Manavathongchai S | title = Early versus Late Allopurinol Initiation in Acute Gout Flare (ELAG): a randomized controlled trial | journal = Clinical Rheumatology | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 213–221 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 34406530 | doi = 10.1007/s10067-021-05872-8 | ref = 6 | s2cid = 237156638 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd those already on de medication, e for be continued even during an acute gout attack.&lt;ref name=Rob2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2008/&gt; While ein use during [[pregnancy]] no dey appear to result in harm, dis use no be well studied.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com Pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Allopurinol Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/allopurinol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031050/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/allopurinol.html|archive-date=20 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allopurinol dey insyd de [[xanthine oxidase inhibitor]] family of medications.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt;

Na allopurinol be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1966.&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Allopurinol be available as a [[generic medication]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2016/&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 45th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 14{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top300Drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Allopurinol Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Allopurinol | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165980774 Allopurinol pathway on PharmGKB]

[[Category:Antigout agents]]
[[Category:CYP1A2 inhibitors]]
[[Category:Dermatoxins]]
[[Category:Hepatotoxins]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Xanthine oxidase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Category:Xanthine oxidase inhibitors</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>31193</id>
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      <id>115551</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T18:55:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>115551</origin>
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    <title>Category:Digestive system</title>
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      <id>115586</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:55:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>115586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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    <title>Category:Milk</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:56:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>115587</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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    <title>Category:Food sensitivity</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T23:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>115588</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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    <title>Category:Finnish heritage disease</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:03:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>115589</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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    <title>Category:Ötzi</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:04:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>115590</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
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    <title>Category:Lactose</title>
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      <id>115591</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T00:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>115591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Wikt-lang</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:53:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh template</comment>
      <origin>115593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="245" sha1="rgjohtsyzijx95ntpv60mdex76wi6xf" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|i={{{italics|{{{italic|{{{i}}}}}}}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis in Wikidata, not here! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Template:Grc-transl</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:54:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh template</comment>
      <origin>115594</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="121" sha1="s1apyjx17ww2sb2kiy8nycvx3rpfq24" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Ancient Greek|translit|system=Wiktionary}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Module:Wikt-lang</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>31202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115596</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:57:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh module</comment>
      <origin>115596</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="8097" sha1="a1gmtrj3hb88pnlx5jl8b226ejby5y3" xml:space="preserve">require('strict')
local m_data = mw.loadData(&quot;Module:Wikt-lang/data&quot;)
local langData = m_data.languages or m_data

local p = {}

local function ifNotEmpty(value)
	if value == &quot;&quot; then
		return nil
	else
		return value
	end
end

local function makeEntryName(word, languageCode)
	local data = langData[languageCode]
	local ugsub = mw.ustring.gsub
	word = tostring(word)
	if word == nil then
		error(&quot;The function makeEntryName requires a string argument&quot;)
	elseif word == &quot;&quot; then
		return &quot;&quot;
	else
		-- Remove bold and italics, so that words that contain bolding or emphasis can be linked without piping.
		word = word:gsub(&quot;\'\'\'&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
		word = word:gsub(&quot;\'\'&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
		if data == nil then
			return word
		else
			local replacements = data and data[&quot;replacements&quot;]
			if replacements == nil then
				return word
			else
				-- Decompose so that the diacritics of characters such
				-- as á can be removed in one go.
				-- No need to compose at the end, because the MediaWiki software
				-- will handle that.
				if replacements.decompose then
					word = mw.ustring.toNFD(word)
					for i, from in ipairs(replacements.from) do
						word = ugsub(
							word,
							from,
							replacements.to and replacements.to[i] or &quot;&quot;)
					end
				else
					for regex, replacement in pairs(replacements) do
						word = ugsub(word, regex, replacement)
					end
				end
				return word
			end
		end
	end
end

local function fixScriptCode(firstLetter, threeLetters)
	return string.upper(firstLetter) .. string.lower(threeLetters)
end

local function getCodes(codes)
	local languageCode, scriptCode, invalidCode
	local errorText
	if codes == nil or codes == &quot;&quot; then
		errorText = 'no language or script code provided'
	elseif codes:find(&quot;^%a%a%a?$&quot;) or codes:find(&quot;^%a%a%a?%-%a%a%a%a$&quot;) then
		-- A three- or two-letter lowercase sequence at beginning of first parameter
		languageCode =
			codes:find(&quot;^%a%a%a?&quot;) and (
				codes:match(&quot;^(%l%l%l?)&quot;)
				or codes:match(&quot;^(%a%a%a?)&quot;)
					:gsub(&quot;(%a%a%a?)&quot;, string.lower, 1)
			)
		-- One uppercase and three lowercase letters at the end of the first parameter
		scriptCode =
			codes:find(&quot;%a%a%a%a$&quot;) and (
				codes:match(&quot;(%u%l%l%l)$&quot;)
				or gsub(
					codes:match(&quot;(%a%a%a%a)$&quot;),
					&quot;(%a)(%a%a%a)&quot;,
					fixScriptCode,
					1
				)
			)
	elseif codes:find(&quot;^%a%a%a?%-%a%a%a?$&quot;)
	or codes:find(&quot;^%a%a%a%-%a%a%a%-%a%a%a$&quot;) then
		languageCode = codes
	
	-- Private-use subtag: x followed by one or more sequences of 1-8 lowercase
	-- letters separated by hyphens. This only allows for one sequence, as it is
	-- needed for proto-languages such as ine-x-proto (Proto-Indo-European).
	elseif codes:find(&quot;^%a%a%a?%-x%-%a%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?$&quot;) then
		languageCode, scriptCode =
			codes:match(&quot;^(%a%a%a%-x%-%a%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?)%-?(.*)$&quot;)
		if not languageCode then
			errorText = '&lt;code&gt;'..codes..'&lt;/code&gt; is not a valid language or script code.'
		elseif scriptCode ~= &quot;&quot; and not scriptCode:find(&quot;%a%a%a%a&quot;) then
			errorText = '&lt;code&gt;'..scriptCode..'&lt;/code&gt; is not a valid script code.'
		else
			scriptCode = scriptCode:gsub(
				&quot;(%a)(%a%a%a)&quot;,
				fixScriptCode,
				1
			)
		end
	elseif codes:find(&quot;^%a%a%a?&quot;) then
		languageCode, invalidCode = codes:match(&quot;^(%a%a%a?)%-?(.*)&quot;)
		languageCode = string.lower(languageCode)
		errorText = '&lt;code&gt;'..invalidCode..'&lt;/code&gt; is not a valid script code.'
	elseif codes:find(&quot;%-?%a%a%a%a$&quot;) then
		invalidCode, scriptCode = codes:match(&quot;(.*)%-?(%a%a%a%a)$&quot;)
		scriptCode = gsub(
			scriptCode,
			&quot;(%a)(%a%a%a)&quot;,
			fixScriptCode
		)
		errorText = '&lt;code&gt;'..invalidCode..'&lt;/code&gt; is not a valid language code.'
	else
		errorText = '&lt;code&gt;'..codes..'&lt;/code&gt; is not a valid language or script code.'
	end
	if errorText then
		errorText = ' &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller&quot;&gt;[' .. errorText .. ']&lt;/span&gt;'
	else
		errorText = &quot;&quot;
	end
	languageCode = m_data.redirects[languageCode] or languageCode
	return languageCode, scriptCode, errorText
end

local function tag(text, languageCode, script, italicize)
	local data = langData[languageCode]
	-- Use Wikipedia code if it has been given: for instance,
	-- Proto-Indo-European has the Wiktionary code &quot;ine-pro&quot; but the Wikipedia
	-- code &quot;ine-x-proto&quot;.
	languageCode = data and data.Wikipedia_code or languageCode
	if script and script ~= &quot;&quot; then
		languageCode = languageCode .. &quot;-&quot; .. script
	end

	if not text then text = &quot;[text?]&quot; end
	
	local textDirectionMarkers = { &quot;&quot;, &quot;&quot;, &quot;&quot; }
	if data and data[&quot;direction&quot;] == &quot;rtl&quot; then
		textDirectionMarkers = { ' dir=&quot;rtl&quot;', '&amp;rlm;', '&amp;lrm;' }
	end
	
	local out = { textDirectionMarkers[2] }
	if italicize then
		table.insert(out, &quot;&lt;i lang=\&quot;&quot; .. languageCode .. &quot;\&quot;&quot; .. textDirectionMarkers[1] .. &quot;&gt;&quot; .. text .. &quot;&lt;/i&gt;&quot;)
	else
		table.insert(out, &quot;&lt;span lang=\&quot;&quot; .. languageCode .. &quot;\&quot;&quot; .. textDirectionMarkers[1] .. &quot;&gt;&quot; .. text .. &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;)
	end
	table.insert(out, textDirectionMarkers[3])
	
	return table.concat(out)
end

local function linkToWiktionary(entry, linkText, languageCode)
	local data = langData[languageCode]
	local name
	if languageCode then
		if data and data.name then
			name = data.name
		else
			-- On other languages' wikis, use mw.getContentLanguage():getCode(),
			-- or replace 'en' with that wiki's language code.
			name = mw.language.fetchLanguageName(languageCode, 'en')
			if name == &quot;&quot; then
				error(&quot;Name for the language code &quot; .. (&quot;%q&quot;):format(languageCode or nil)
					.. &quot; could not be retrieved with mw.language.fetchLanguageName, &quot;
					.. &quot;so it should be added to [[Module:Wikt-lang/data]]&quot;)
			end
		end
		if entry:sub(1, 1) == &quot;*&quot; then
			if name ~= &quot;&quot; then
				entry = &quot;Reconstruction:&quot; .. name .. &quot;/&quot; .. entry:sub(2)
			else
				error(&quot;Language name is empty&quot;)
			end
		elseif data and data.type == &quot;reconstructed&quot; then
			mw.log(&quot;Reconstructed language without asterisk:&quot;, languageCode, name, entry)
			local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
			-- Track reconstructed entries with no asterisk by transcluding
			-- a nonexistent template. This technique is used in Wiktionary:
			-- see [[wikt:Module:debug]].
			-- [[Special:WhatLinksHere/tracking/wikt-lang/reconstructed with no asterisk]]
			pcall(frame.expandTemplate, frame,
				{ title = 'tracking/wikt-lang/reconstructed with no asterisk' })
			if name ~= &quot;&quot; then
				entry = &quot;Reconstruction:&quot; .. name .. &quot;/&quot; .. entry
			else
				error(&quot;Language name is empty&quot;)
			end
		elseif data and data.type == &quot;appendix&quot; then
			if name ~= &quot;&quot; then
				entry = &quot;Appendix:&quot; .. name .. &quot;/&quot; .. entry
			else
				error(&quot;Language name is empty&quot;)
			end
		end
		if entry and linkText then
			return &quot;[[wikt:&quot; .. entry .. &quot;#&quot; .. name .. &quot;|&quot; .. linkText .. &quot;]]&quot;
		else
			error(&quot;linkToWiktionary needs a Wiktionary entry or link text, or both&quot;)
		end
	else
		return &quot;[[wikt:&quot; .. entry .. &quot;|&quot; .. linkText .. &quot;]]&quot;
	end
end

function p.wiktlang(frame)
	local parent = frame:getParent()
	local args = parent.args[1] and parent.args or frame.args
	
	local codes = args[1] and mw.text.trim(args[1])
	local word1 = ifNotEmpty(args[2])
	local word2 = ifNotEmpty(args[3])
	
	if not args[2] or '' == args[2] then
		return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:#d33&quot;&gt;[text?] Parameter 2 is required&lt;/span&gt;';
	end
	
	local languageCode, scriptCode, errorText = getCodes(codes)
	
	local italics = args.italics or args.i or args.italic
	italics = not (italics == &quot;n&quot; or italics == &quot;-&quot; or italics == &quot;no&quot;)
	
	local entry, linkText
	if word2 and word1 then
		entry = makeEntryName(word1, languageCode)
		linkText = word2
	elseif word1 then
		entry = makeEntryName(word1, languageCode)
		linkText = word1
	end

	local italicize = italics and (scriptCode == &quot;Latn&quot; or require(&quot;Module:Unicode data&quot;).is_Latin(linkText))

	local out
	if languageCode and entry and linkText then
		out = tag(linkToWiktionary(entry, linkText, languageCode), languageCode, scriptCode, italicize)
	elseif entry and linkText then
		out = linkToWiktionary(entry, linkText)
	else
		out = '&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;[text?]&lt;/span&gt;'
	end
	
	if out and errorText then
		return out .. errorText
	else
		return errorText or error(&quot;The function wiktlang generated nothing&quot;)
	end
end

return p</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Module:Wikt-lang/doc</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>31203</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115597</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T09:58:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh module</comment>
      <origin>115597</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3602" sha1="mw7doij3rlifhms5x0dy0ut09wl7r14" xml:space="preserve">{{Module rating|beta}}
{{Language templates}}
{{Lua|Module:Wikt-lang/data|Module:Unicode data}}
&lt;!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --&gt;

This module is used by {{tlx|Wikt-lang}}. It is inspired by the templates [[wikt:Template:m|{{((}}m{{))}}]] and [[wikt:Template:l|{{((}}l{{))}}]] and their associated modules on Wiktionary. It has a Wiktionary link function that links to the correct section of the Wiktionary entry, and applies correct language formatting and italics. The language-tagging function does most of what {{t|Lang}} does, except that italics can't be customized and categories aren't added.

The module uses [[Module:Wikt-lang/data]] to retrieve the language name for a language code, and to perform the necessary entry-name replacements (for instance, removing macrons from Latin entry names). These are unfortunately not automatically retrieved from Wiktionary's [[wikt:Category:Language data modules|Wikt-lang data modules]]. For language codes that do not have a &lt;code&gt;name&lt;/code&gt; value in this module, the language name is fetched with &lt;code&gt;mw.language.fetchLanguage&lt;/code&gt;. When &lt;code&gt;mw.language.fetchLanguage&lt;/code&gt; does not fetch the correct language name (or any language name at all), please add it to [[Module:Wikt-lang/data]], and similarly when the correct entry name is not generated, please add the entry name replacements to the module.

===Examples===
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|en|language}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|en|language}}
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|en|language|languages}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|en|language|languages}}
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|fr|bourguignon}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|fr|bourguignon}}
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|la|homō}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|la|homō}}
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|grc|δημοκρατίᾱ}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|grc|δημοκρατίᾱ}}
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|ru|язы́к}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|ru|язы́к}}
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|ar|العَرَبِيَّة}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|ar|العَرَبِيَّة}} 
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|fa|فارسی}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|fa|فارسی}} 
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|ine-x-proto|*h₂enǵʰ-}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|ine-x-proto|*h₂enǵʰ-}}

====Invalid codes====
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|EN|language}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|EN|language}}
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|En|language|languages}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|En|language|languages}}
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|La|homō}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|La|homō}}
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|Grc|δημοκρατίᾱ}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|Grc|δημοκρατίᾱ}}
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|Ru|язы́к}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|Ru|язы́к}}
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|Ar|العَرَبِيَّة}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|Ar|العَرَبِيَّة}} 
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|Fa|فارسی}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|Fa|فارسی}} 

====Errors====
* {{mlx|Wikt-lang|wiktlang|en-Latin|language}} -&gt; {{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|en-Latin|language}}

== Comparison of codes ==
{{#invoke:Wikt-lang/comparison|main}}

== Tracking categories ==
* [[Template:Tracking/wikt-lang/reconstructed with no asterisk]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | |
&lt;!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --&gt;
[[Category:Language-related modules]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Module documentation pages]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mw7doij3rlifhms5x0dy0ut09wl7r14</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Wikt-lang/data</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>31204</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115598</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:00:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh module</comment>
      <origin>115598</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="16897" sha1="8tj97w4z3r8egb2yln5y5o5p3euah70" xml:space="preserve">local U = mw.ustring.char

-- Diacritics, from the [[Combining Diacritical Marks]] block.
local grave        = U(0x300)
local acute        = U(0x301)
local circumflex   = U(0x302)
local tilde        = U(0x303)
local macron       = U(0x304)
local breve        = U(0x306)
local dot          = U(0x307)
local diaeresis    = U(0x308)
local double_acute = U(0x30B)
local caron        = U(0x30C)
local double_grave = U(0x30F)
local invbreve     = U(0x311)
local dot_below    = U(0x323)
local undertie     = U(0x35C)

--[[
	
	This is a table of Wiktionary language codes with data belonging to them.
	Name is the &quot;canonical name&quot; used on Wiktionary.
	Article is the Wikipedia article.
	Script is the ISO 15924 code.
]]
local data = {
	[&quot;languages&quot;] = {
		[&quot;aaq&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Penobscot&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ab&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Abkhaz&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;abe&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Abenaki&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;alg-pro&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Algonquian&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Algonquian language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ang&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Old English&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = {&quot;Old English&quot;},
			-- Remove macrons, acutes, and overdots
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from = { &quot;[&quot; .. macron .. acute .. dot .. &quot;]&quot; },
			},
		},
		[&quot;ar&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Arabic language&quot;,
			[&quot;direction&quot;] = &quot;rtl&quot;, -- Should be in the script data module.
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif;
				[U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627),
				-- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan,
				-- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra,
				-- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed.
				[&quot;[&quot;..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D)
					..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650)
					..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670)..&quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;ara&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Arabic language&quot;,
			[&quot;direction&quot;] = &quot;rtl&quot;, -- Should be in the script data module.
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif;
				[U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627),
				-- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan,
				-- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra,
				-- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed.
				[&quot;[&quot;..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D)
					..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650)
					..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670)..&quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;arb&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Modern Standard Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Modern Standard Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;direction&quot;] = &quot;rtl&quot;, -- Should be in the script data module.
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif;
				[U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627),
				-- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan,
				-- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra,
				-- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed.
				[&quot;[&quot;..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D)
					..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650)
					..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670)..&quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;apc&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;North Levantine Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;North Levantine Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;direction&quot;] = &quot;rtl&quot;, -- Should be in the script data module.
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif;
				[U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627),
				-- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan,
				-- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra,
				-- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed.
				[&quot;[&quot;..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D)
					..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650)
					..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670)..&quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;ajp&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;South Levantine Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;South Levantine Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;direction&quot;] = &quot;rtl&quot;, -- Should be in the script data module.
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif;
				[U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627),
				-- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan,
				-- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra,
				-- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed.
				[&quot;[&quot;..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D)
					..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650)
					..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670)..&quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;arz&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Egyptian Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Egyptian Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;direction&quot;] = &quot;rtl&quot;, -- Should be in the script data module.
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif;
				[U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627),
				-- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan,
				-- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra,
				-- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed.
				[&quot;[&quot;..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D)
					..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650)
					..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670)..&quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;av&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Avar&quot;
		},
		[&quot;be&quot;] = {
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Belarusian language&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = { [acute] = &quot;&quot;, },
		},
		[&quot;bn&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Bengali&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Bengali language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;blj&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Bulungan&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Bulungan language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;bua&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Buryat&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;cel-pro&quot;] = {							-- Incorrect tag
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Celtic&quot;,
			[&quot;Wikipedia_code&quot;] = &quot;cel-x-proto&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;cel-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Celtic&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;cel-bry-pro&quot;] = {						-- Incorrect tag
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Brythonic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Common Brittonic&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
		},
	    [&quot;com&quot;] = {
	    	[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Comanche&quot;,
	    	[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Comanche language&quot;,
	    },
		[&quot;cu&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Old Church Slavonic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Old Church Slavonic&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;de&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;German&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;German language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;en&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;English&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;English language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;es&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Spanish&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Spanish language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;egy&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Egyptian&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;evn&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Evenki&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Evenki language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;fr&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;French&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;French language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;frm&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Middle French&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Middle French&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;frp&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Franco-Provençal&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ff&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Fula&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;gem-pro&quot;] = {							-- Incorrect tag
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Germanic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Germanic language&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {},
			[&quot;Wikipedia_code&quot;] = &quot;gem-x-proto&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;gem-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Germanic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Germanic language&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {},
		},
		[&quot;gml&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Middle Low German&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;gmw-ecg&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;East Central German&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;gmw-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-West Germanic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Proto-West Germanic language&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {},
		},
		[&quot;gmq-x-gut&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Gutnish&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Gutnish&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;goh&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from = {
					&quot;[&quot; .. macron .. circumflex .. diaeresis .. &quot;]&quot;,
				},
			},
		},
		[&quot;got&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Gothic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Gothic language&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- Latin to Gothic since people will not want to have to copy
				-- and paste Gothic letters in
				[&quot;[AÁaáĀā]&quot;] = &quot;𐌰&quot;,
				[&quot;[Bb]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌱&quot;,
				[&quot;[Gg]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌲&quot;,
				[&quot;[Dd]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌳&quot;,
				[&quot;[EeĒē]&quot;]   = &quot;𐌴&quot;,
				[&quot;[Qq]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌵&quot;,
				[&quot;[Zz]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌶&quot;,
				[&quot;[Hh]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌷&quot;,
				[&quot;[Þþ]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌸&quot;,
				[&quot;[IiÍí]&quot;]   = &quot;𐌹&quot;,
				[&quot;[Kk]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌺&quot;,
				[&quot;[Ll]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌻&quot;,
				[&quot;[Mm]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌼&quot;,
				[&quot;[Nn]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌽&quot;,
				[&quot;[Jj]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌾&quot;,		
				[&quot;[UuÚúŪū]&quot;] = &quot;𐌿&quot;,	
				[&quot;[Pp]&quot;]     = &quot;𐍀&quot;,		
				[&quot;[Rr]&quot;]     = &quot;𐍂&quot;,	
				[&quot;[Ss]&quot;]     = &quot;𐍃&quot;,	
				[&quot;[Tt]&quot;]     = &quot;𐍄&quot;,	
				[&quot;[WwYy]&quot;]   = &quot;𐍅&quot;,
				[&quot;[Ff]&quot;]     = &quot;𐍆&quot;,
				[&quot;[Xx]&quot;]     = &quot;𐍇&quot;,
				[&quot;[Ƕƕ]&quot;]    = &quot;𐍈&quot;, -- Not sure if &quot;hw&quot; and &quot;hv&quot; can safely be converted
				[&quot;[OoŌō]&quot;]   = &quot;𐍉&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;gsw&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Alemannic German&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;grc&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Ancient Greek&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Ancient Greek&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from = {
					-- Replace variant letterforms with standard ones.
					&quot;ϐ&quot;, &quot;ϵ&quot;, &quot;ϑ&quot;, &quot;ϰ&quot;, &quot;ϱ&quot;, &quot;ϲ&quot;, &quot;ϕ&quot;,
					-- Remove macrons and breves.
					&quot;[&quot; .. macron .. breve .. undertie .. &quot;]&quot;
				},
				to   = {
					&quot;β&quot;, &quot;ε&quot;, &quot;θ&quot;, &quot;κ&quot;, &quot;ρ&quot;, &quot;σ&quot;, &quot;φ&quot;,
				}
			},
		},
		[&quot;grk-pro&quot;] = {							-- Incorrect tag
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Hellenic&quot;,
			[&quot;Wikipedia_name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Greek&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Greek language&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {},
			[&quot;Wikipedia_code&quot;] = &quot;grk-x-proto&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;grk-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Hellenic&quot;,
			[&quot;Wikipedia_name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Greek&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Greek language&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {},
		},
		[&quot;grt&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Garo&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ha&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Hausa&quot;,
			-- remove tilde, grave, acute, macron, circumflex
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from = { &quot;[&quot; .. grave .. circumflex .. macron .. acute .. tilde .. &quot;]&quot; },
			},
		},
		[&quot;hi&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Hindi&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Hindi&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ilo&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Ilocano&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Ilocano language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ine-bsl-pro&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Balto-Slavic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Balto-Slavic language&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ine-pro&quot;] = {							-- Incorrect tag
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Indo-European&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Indo-European language&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {},
			[&quot;Wikipedia_code&quot;] = &quot;ine-x-proto&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ine-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Indo-European&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Indo-European language&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {},
		},
		[&quot;ja&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Japanese&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Japanese language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;jbo&quot;] = { -- Lojban
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;appendix&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ket&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Ket&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Ket language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ksk&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Kansa&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Kansa language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;la&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Latin&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Latin&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from = { &quot;[&quot; .. macron .. breve .. diaeresis .. &quot;]&quot; },
			},
		},
		[&quot;lt&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Lithuanian&quot;,
			-- remove acute, tilde, grave
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from = { &quot;[&quot; .. acute .. tilde .. grave .. &quot;]&quot; },
			},
		},
		[&quot;mkh-mvi&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Middle Vietnamese&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;moe&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Cree&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;mul&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Translingual&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;nci&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Classical Nahuatl&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Classical Nahuatl&quot;,
			-- Remove macrons, acutes, circumflexes and graves
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				-- Remove macrons, acutes, circumflexes, graves, and saltillo;
				-- see [[Saltillo (linguistics)]].
				from = { &quot;[&quot; .. grave .. acute .. macron .. circumflex .. &quot;Ꞌꞌʻʼ'ʔ]&quot; },
			},
		},
		[&quot;nds-de&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;German Low German&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;non&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Old Norse&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;non-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Norse&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;odt&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Old Dutch&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;oge&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Old Georgian&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;oj&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Ojibwe&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;orv&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Old East Slavic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Old East Slavic&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[U(0x484)] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;osp&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Old Spanish&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;osx&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Old Saxon&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;gug&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Paraguayan Guarani&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;pt&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Portuguese&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Portuguese language&quot;,
			-- [&quot;scripts&quot;] = { &quot;Latn&quot; },
		},
		[&quot;pa&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Punjabi&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Punjabi language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;pgl&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Primitive Irish&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Primitive Irish&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;pis&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Pijin&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Pijin language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;poz-x-poly-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nuclear Polynesian&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Polynesian language&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;rap&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Rapa Nui&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Rapa Nui language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ru&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Russian&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Russian language&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = { [acute] = &quot;&quot;, },
		},
		[&quot;rw&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Rwanda-Rundi&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;se&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[&quot;([đflmnŋrsšŧv])'%1&quot;] = &quot;%1%1&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;sem-pro&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Semitic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Semitic&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;sh&quot;] = {
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Serbo-Croatian language&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from =  { &quot;([AaEeIiOoUuRrАаЕеИиОоУуРр])[&quot; .. double_grave
					.. grave .. invbreve .. acute .. macron .. tilde .. &quot;]&quot; },
				to   = { &quot;%1&quot; },
			},
		},
		[&quot;sl&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Slovene&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				-- remove tonal orthography
				from = {&quot;ł&quot;, &quot;[&quot; .. grave .. acute .. macron .. double_grave .. invbreve .. circumflex .. dot_below .. &quot;]&quot;},
				to = {&quot;l&quot;},
			},
		},
		[&quot;sla-pro&quot;] = {							-- Incorrect tag
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Slavic&quot;, -- also Common Slavic
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[&quot;[ÀÁÃĀȀȂ]&quot;] = &quot;A&quot;,
				[&quot;[àáãāȁȃ]&quot;] = &quot;a&quot;,
				[&quot;[ÈÉẼĒȄȆ]&quot;] = &quot;E&quot;,
				[&quot;[èéẽēȅȇ]&quot;] = &quot;e&quot;,
				[&quot;[ÌÍĨĪȈȊ]&quot;] = &quot;I&quot;,
				[&quot;[ìíĩīȉȋ]&quot;] = &quot;i&quot;,
				[&quot;[ÒÓÕŌȌȎŐ]&quot;] = &quot;O&quot;, 
				[&quot;[òóõōȍȏő]&quot;] = &quot;o&quot;,
				[&quot;[ÙÚŨŪȔȖŰ]&quot;] = &quot;U&quot;,
				[&quot;[ùúũūȕȗű]&quot;] = &quot;u&quot;,
				[&quot;[ỲÝỸȲ]&quot;] = &quot;Y&quot;,
				[&quot;[ỳýỹȳ]&quot;] = &quot;y&quot;,
				[&quot;Ǭ&quot;] = &quot;Ǫ&quot;,
				[&quot;ǭ&quot;] = &quot;ǫ&quot;,
				[&quot;[&quot; .. grave .. acute .. double_acute .. tilde .. macron .. double_grave .. invbreve .. &quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
				[&quot;ĭ&quot;] = &quot;ь&quot;,
				[&quot;ŭ&quot;] = &quot;ъ&quot;,
			},
			[&quot;Wikipedia_code&quot;] = &quot;sla-x-proto&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;sla-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Slavic&quot;, -- also Common Slavic
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[&quot;[ÀÁÃĀȀȂ]&quot;] = &quot;A&quot;,
				[&quot;[àáãāȁȃ]&quot;] = &quot;a&quot;,
				[&quot;[ÈÉẼĒȄȆ]&quot;] = &quot;E&quot;,
				[&quot;[èéẽēȅȇ]&quot;] = &quot;e&quot;,
				[&quot;[ÌÍĨĪȈȊ]&quot;] = &quot;I&quot;,
				[&quot;[ìíĩīȉȋ]&quot;] = &quot;i&quot;,
				[&quot;[ÒÓÕŌȌȎŐ]&quot;] = &quot;O&quot;, 
				[&quot;[òóõōȍȏő]&quot;] = &quot;o&quot;,
				[&quot;[ÙÚŨŪȔȖŰ]&quot;] = &quot;U&quot;,
				[&quot;[ùúũūȕȗű]&quot;] = &quot;u&quot;,
				[&quot;[ỲÝỸȲ]&quot;] = &quot;Y&quot;,
				[&quot;[ỳýỹȳ]&quot;] = &quot;y&quot;,
				[&quot;Ǭ&quot;] = &quot;Ǫ&quot;,
				[&quot;ǭ&quot;] = &quot;ǫ&quot;,
				[&quot;[&quot; .. grave .. acute .. double_acute .. tilde .. macron .. double_grave .. invbreve .. &quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
				[&quot;ĭ&quot;] = &quot;ь&quot;,
				[&quot;ŭ&quot;] = &quot;ъ&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;tts&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Isan&quot;, -- also &quot;Northeastern Thai&quot;
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Isan language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;tzo&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Tzotzil&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Tzotzil language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ug&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Uyghur&quot;, --also less commonly &quot;Uighur&quot;
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Uyghur language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;uk&quot;] = {
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Ukrainian language&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = { [acute] = &quot;&quot;, }
		},
		[&quot;ur&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Urdu&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Urdu&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;xcl&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Old Armenian&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Classical Armenian&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[&quot;[՞՜՛՟]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
				[&quot;և&quot;] = &quot;եւ&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;xgf&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Tongva&quot;, -- not ISO name &quot;Gabrielino-Fernandeño&quot;
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Tongva language&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[&quot;['`ʔ]&quot;] = &quot;ʼ&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;xlu&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Luwian&quot;, -- not ISO name &quot;Cuneiform Luwian&quot;
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Cuneiform Luwian&quot;
		},
		[&quot;xpq&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Mohegan-Pequot&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;xpr&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Parthian&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Parthian language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;xxt&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Tambora&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Tambora language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;xvn&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Vandalic&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Vandalic language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;yua&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Yucatec Maya&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Yucatec Maya language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;zh&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Chinese&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Chinese language&quot;,
			-- [&quot;scripts&quot;] = { &quot;Hani&quot; },
		},
		[&quot;zle-ort&quot;] = {
			[&quot;name&quot;] = &quot;Old Ruthenian&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Old Ruthenian&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = { [acute] = &quot;&quot;, },
		},
	},

-- Here, keys (for example, &quot;gem&quot;) are Wikipedia language codes used in
-- {{lang}}, and values (for example, &quot;gem-pro&quot;) are the equivalent Wiktionary
-- code.
-- Subtags are not currently supported.
	[&quot;redirects&quot;] = {
		[&quot;aae&quot;] = &quot;sq&quot;,
		[&quot;aiq&quot;] = &quot;fa&quot;,
		[&quot;aln&quot;] = &quot;sq&quot;,
		[&quot;als&quot;] = &quot;sq&quot;,
		[&quot;azb&quot;] = &quot;az&quot;,
		[&quot;azj&quot;] = &quot;az&quot;,
		[&quot;bgn&quot;] = &quot;bal&quot;,
		[&quot;bs&quot;] = &quot;sh&quot;,
		[&quot;bxr&quot;] = &quot;bua&quot;,
		[&quot;ciw&quot;] = &quot;oj&quot;,
		[&quot;cnr&quot;] = &quot;sh&quot;,
		[&quot;fil&quot;] = &quot;tl&quot;,
		[&quot;fuf&quot;] = &quot;ff&quot;,
		[&quot;gem&quot;] = &quot;gem-pro&quot;, -- Not correct, but is commonly used.
		[&quot;hak&quot;] = &quot;zh&quot;,
		[&quot;hbo&quot;] = &quot;he&quot;,
		[&quot;hr&quot;] = &quot;sh&quot;,
		[&quot;ine&quot;] = &quot;ine-pro&quot;, -- Not correct, but might be commonly used.
		[&quot;kjv&quot;] = &quot;sh&quot;,
		[&quot;nan&quot;] = &quot;zh&quot;,
		[&quot;prs&quot;] = &quot;fa&quot;,
		[&quot;rn&quot;] = &quot;rw&quot;,
		[&quot;sli&quot;] = &quot;gmw-ecg&quot;,
		[&quot;sr&quot;] = &quot;sh&quot;,
		[&quot;src&quot;] = &quot;sc&quot;,
		[&quot;sro&quot;] = &quot;sc&quot;,
		[&quot;tw&quot;] = &quot;ak&quot;,
		[&quot;wae&quot;] = &quot;gsw&quot;,
		[&quot;wep&quot;] = &quot;nds-de&quot;,
		[&quot;yue&quot;] = &quot;zh&quot;,
		[&quot;xno&quot;] = &quot;fro&quot;,
	},
}

return data</text>
      <sha1>8tj97w4z3r8egb2yln5y5o5p3euah70</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Wikt-lang/comparison</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>31205</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115599</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:03:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh module</comment>
      <origin>115599</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="1159" sha1="mr8xe2all5tlkxhu90o41n95t9slbgn" xml:space="preserve">require('strict')
local p = {}

local function get_test_patterns(main)
	local data = require('Module:Wikt-lang/data/sandbox')
	local language_codes = {}

	if main then
		for code, values in pairs(data[&quot;languages&quot;]) do
			table.insert(language_codes, {code, values.Wiktionary_name})
		end
	end

	local function comp(a, b)
		return a[1] &lt; b[1]
	end

	table.sort(language_codes, comp)
	return language_codes
end

function p.main(frame)
	local wiktionary_test_patterns = get_test_patterns(true)
	local name_from_tag = require('Module:Lang')._name_from_tag
	
	local wikitable = {}
	local header = '{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;\n|+\n! Language code\n! Wiktionary name\n! English Wikipedia name\n|-\n'
	table.insert(wikitable, header)
	local row = '! scope=&quot;row&quot; | %s\n | %s\n | %s\n|-\n'
	for i = 1, #wiktionary_test_patterns do
		local code = wiktionary_test_patterns[i][1]
		local wiktionary_name = wiktionary_test_patterns[i][2]
		local en_wiki_name = name_from_tag({code})
		if wiktionary_name then
			table.insert(wikitable, string.format(row, code, wiktionary_name, en_wiki_name))
		end
	end
	table.insert(wikitable, &quot;|}&quot;)
	return table.concat(wikitable)
end

return p</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Wikt-lang/comparison/doc</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>31206</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115600</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh module</comment>
      <origin>115600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="150" sha1="p65fuw40r1aren7tbwnl543kkvk52yo" xml:space="preserve">== Comparison of codes with name difference ==
{{#invoke:Wikt-lang/comparison|main}}

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Module documentation pages]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p65fuw40r1aren7tbwnl543kkvk52yo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Wikt-lang/data/sandbox</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>31207</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115601</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:06:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh module</comment>
      <origin>115601</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="8800" sha1="980dtbbltnwuq0goe6gmpqi5ap886ck" xml:space="preserve">local U = mw.ustring.char

-- Diacritics, from the [[Combining Diacritical Marks]] block.
local grave        = U(0x300)
local acute        = U(0x301)
local circumflex   = U(0x302)
local tilde        = U(0x303)
local macron       = U(0x304)
local breve        = U(0x306)
local dot          = U(0x307)
local diaeresis    = U(0x308)
local double_acute = U(0x30B)
local caron        = U(0x30C)
local double_grave = U(0x30F)
local invbreve     = U(0x311)
local dot_below    = U(0x323)
local undertie     = U(0x35C)

--[[
This is a table of Wiktionary language codes with data belonging to them.
* &quot;Wiktionary_name&quot; is the &quot;canonical name&quot; used on Wiktionary. Should be set only if different from the name from Module:Lang.
]]
local data = {
	[&quot;languages&quot;] = {
		[&quot;aaq&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Penobscot&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;abe&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Abenaki&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ajp&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;South Levantine Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif;
				[U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627),
				-- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan,
				-- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra,
				-- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed.
				[&quot;[&quot;..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D)
					..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650)
					..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670)..&quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
	[&quot;alg-pro&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Algonquian&quot;,
			[&quot;article&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Algonquian language&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ang&quot;] = {
			-- Remove macrons, acutes, and overdots
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from = { &quot;[&quot; .. macron .. acute .. dot .. &quot;]&quot; },
			},
		},
		[&quot;apc&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;North Levantine Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif;
				[U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627),
				-- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan,
				-- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra,
				-- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed.
				[&quot;[&quot;..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D)
					..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650)
					..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670)..&quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;ar&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif;
				[U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627),
				-- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan,
				-- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra,
				-- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed.
				[&quot;[&quot;..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D)
					..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650)
					..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670)..&quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;arb&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Modern Standard Arabic&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif;
				[U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627),
				-- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan,
				-- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra,
				-- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed.
				[&quot;[&quot;..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D)
					..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650)
					..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670)..&quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;arz&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif;
				[U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627),
				-- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan,
				-- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra,
				-- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed.
				[&quot;[&quot;..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D)
					..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650)
					..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670)..&quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;be&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[acute] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;cel-x-bryproto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Brythonic&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;cu&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Old Church Slavonic&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;egy&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Egyptian&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;frp&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Franco-Provençal&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;gem-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;gmw-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-West Germanic&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;goh&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from = {
					&quot;[&quot; .. macron .. circumflex .. diaeresis .. &quot;]&quot;,
				},
			},
		},
		[&quot;got&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				-- Latin to Gothic since people will not want to have to copy
				-- and paste Gothic letters in
				[&quot;[AÁaáĀā]&quot;] = &quot;𐌰&quot;,
				[&quot;[Bb]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌱&quot;,
				[&quot;[Gg]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌲&quot;,
				[&quot;[Dd]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌳&quot;,
				[&quot;[EeĒē]&quot;]   = &quot;𐌴&quot;,
				[&quot;[Qq]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌵&quot;,
				[&quot;[Zz]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌶&quot;,
				[&quot;[Hh]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌷&quot;,
				[&quot;[Þþ]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌸&quot;,
				[&quot;[IiÍí]&quot;]   = &quot;𐌹&quot;,
				[&quot;[Kk]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌺&quot;,
				[&quot;[Ll]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌻&quot;,
				[&quot;[Mm]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌼&quot;,
				[&quot;[Nn]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌽&quot;,
				[&quot;[Jj]&quot;]     = &quot;𐌾&quot;,		
				[&quot;[UuÚúŪū]&quot;] = &quot;𐌿&quot;,	
				[&quot;[Pp]&quot;]     = &quot;𐍀&quot;,		
				[&quot;[Rr]&quot;]     = &quot;𐍂&quot;,	
				[&quot;[Ss]&quot;]     = &quot;𐍃&quot;,	
				[&quot;[Tt]&quot;]     = &quot;𐍄&quot;,	
				[&quot;[WwYy]&quot;]   = &quot;𐍅&quot;,
				[&quot;[Ff]&quot;]     = &quot;𐍆&quot;,
				[&quot;[Xx]&quot;]     = &quot;𐍇&quot;,
				[&quot;[Ƕƕ]&quot;]    = &quot;𐍈&quot;, -- Not sure if &quot;hw&quot; and &quot;hv&quot; can safely be converted
				[&quot;[OoŌō]&quot;]   = &quot;𐍉&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;grc&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from = {
					-- Replace variant letterforms with standard ones.
					&quot;ϐ&quot;, &quot;ϵ&quot;, &quot;ϑ&quot;, &quot;ϰ&quot;, &quot;ϱ&quot;, &quot;ϲ&quot;, &quot;ϕ&quot;,
					-- Remove macrons and breves.
					&quot;[&quot; .. macron .. breve .. undertie .. &quot;]&quot;
				},
				to   = {
					&quot;β&quot;, &quot;ε&quot;, &quot;θ&quot;, &quot;κ&quot;, &quot;ρ&quot;, &quot;σ&quot;, &quot;φ&quot;,
				}
			},
		},
		[&quot;grk-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Hellenic&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {},
		},
		[&quot;ha&quot;] = {
			-- remove tilde, grave, acute, macron, circumflex
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from = { &quot;[&quot; .. grave .. circumflex .. macron .. acute .. tilde .. &quot;]&quot; },
			},
		},
		[&quot;ine-x-bsproto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Balto-Slavic&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ine-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;jbo&quot;] = { -- Lojban
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;appendix&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;la&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from = { &quot;[&quot; .. macron .. breve .. diaeresis .. &quot;]&quot; },
			},
		},
		[&quot;lt&quot;] = {
			-- remove acute, tilde, grave
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from = { &quot;[&quot; .. acute .. tilde .. grave .. &quot;]&quot; },
			},
		},
		[&quot;moe&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Cree&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;mul&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Translingual&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;nci&quot;] = {
			-- Remove macrons, acutes, circumflexes and graves
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				-- Remove macrons, acutes, circumflexes, graves, and saltillo;
				-- see [[Saltillo (linguistics)]].
				from = { &quot;[&quot; .. grave .. acute .. macron .. circumflex .. &quot;Ꞌꞌʻʼ'ʔ]&quot; },
			},
		},
		[&quot;nds-de&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;German Low German&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;non-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Norse&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;orv&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[U(0x484)] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;poz-x-polproto&quot;] = { -- is this even in use?
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Proto-Nuclear Polynesian&quot;,
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;ru&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[acute] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;rw&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Rwanda-Rundi&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;se&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[&quot;([đflmnŋrsšŧv])'%1&quot;] = &quot;%1%1&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;sem-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
		},
		[&quot;sh&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				from =  { &quot;([AaEeIiOoUuRrАаЕеИиОоУуРр])[&quot; .. double_grave
					.. grave .. invbreve .. acute .. macron .. tilde .. &quot;]&quot; },
				to   = {&quot;%1&quot;},
			},
		},
		[&quot;sl&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				decompose = true,
				-- remove tonal orthography
				from = {&quot;ł&quot;, &quot;[&quot; .. grave .. acute .. macron .. double_grave .. invbreve .. circumflex .. dot_below .. &quot;]&quot;},
				to = {&quot;l&quot;},
			},
		},
		[&quot;sla-x-proto&quot;] = {
			[&quot;type&quot;] = &quot;reconstructed&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[&quot;[ÀÁÃĀȀȂ]&quot;] = &quot;A&quot;,
				[&quot;[àáãāȁȃ]&quot;] = &quot;a&quot;,
				[&quot;[ÈÉẼĒȄȆ]&quot;] = &quot;E&quot;,
				[&quot;[èéẽēȅȇ]&quot;] = &quot;e&quot;,
				[&quot;[ÌÍĨĪȈȊ]&quot;] = &quot;I&quot;,
				[&quot;[ìíĩīȉȋ]&quot;] = &quot;i&quot;,
				[&quot;[ÒÓÕŌȌȎŐ]&quot;] = &quot;O&quot;, 
				[&quot;[òóõōȍȏő]&quot;] = &quot;o&quot;,
				[&quot;[ÙÚŨŪȔȖŰ]&quot;] = &quot;U&quot;,
				[&quot;[ùúũūȕȗű]&quot;] = &quot;u&quot;,
				[&quot;[ỲÝỸȲ]&quot;] = &quot;Y&quot;,
				[&quot;[ỳýỹȳ]&quot;] = &quot;y&quot;,
				[&quot;Ǭ&quot;] = &quot;Ǫ&quot;,
				[&quot;ǭ&quot;] = &quot;ǫ&quot;,
				[&quot;[&quot; .. grave .. acute .. double_acute .. tilde .. macron .. double_grave .. invbreve .. &quot;]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
				[&quot;ĭ&quot;] = &quot;ь&quot;,
				[&quot;ŭ&quot;] = &quot;ъ&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;tts&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Isan&quot;, -- also &quot;Northeastern Thai&quot;
		},
		[&quot;uk&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[acute] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;xcl&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[&quot;[՞՜՛՟]&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
				[&quot;և&quot;] = &quot;եւ&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;xgf&quot;] = {
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[&quot;['`ʔ]&quot;] = &quot;ʼ&quot;,
			},
		},
		[&quot;xlu&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Luwian&quot;, -- not name &quot;Cuneiform Luwian&quot;
		},
		[&quot;zle-x-ort&quot;] = {
			[&quot;Wiktionary_name&quot;] = &quot;Old Ruthenian&quot;,
			[&quot;replacements&quot;] = {
				[acute] = &quot;&quot;,
			},
		},
	},
}

return data</text>
      <sha1>980dtbbltnwuq0goe6gmpqi5ap886ck</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Wikt-lang/data/doc</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>31208</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115602</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:08:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh module</comment>
      <origin>115602</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="906" sha1="3ugm996r93aduptwjmu8db2jw7v1b81" xml:space="preserve">{{language templates}}

The &lt;code&gt;redirects&lt;/code&gt; table in [[Module:Wikt-lang/data]] connects Wikipedia language codes to the corresponding code used on the English Wiktionary. [[wikt:Wiktionary:Language treatment]] records this relationship for ISO codes. For instance, all of &lt;code&gt;bs&lt;/code&gt; (Bosnian), &lt;code&gt;hr&lt;/code&gt; (Croatian), &lt;code&gt;sr&lt;/code&gt; (Serbian), &lt;code&gt;cnr&lt;/code&gt; (Montenegrin), &lt;code&gt;kjv&lt;/code&gt; (Kajkavian) are placed under the header for &lt;code&gt;sh&lt;/code&gt; (Serbo-Croatian) in Wiktionary entries. See for instance [[wikt:kaj#Serbo-Croatian]], the word that Kajkavian is named after. The subsumed codes should still be used in language-tagging on Wikipedia.

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | |
&lt;!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --&gt;
[[Category:Language-related modules]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Module documentation pages]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3ugm996r93aduptwjmu8db2jw7v1b81</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Ancient Greek</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>31209</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115603</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:11:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh module</comment>
      <origin>115603</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="8035" sha1="387recgkr1t21snee9bymmgpyic72ng" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

local macron = mw.ustring.char(0x304)
local breve = mw.ustring.char(0x306)
local rough = mw.ustring.char(0x314)
local smooth = mw.ustring.char(0x313)
local diaeresis = mw.ustring.char(0x308)
local acute = mw.ustring.char(0x301)
local grave = mw.ustring.char(0x300)
local circumflex = mw.ustring.char(0x342)
local Latin_circumflex = mw.ustring.char(0x302)
local subscript = mw.ustring.char(0x345)
local macron_circumflex = macron .. diaeresis .. '?' .. Latin_circumflex

local is_velar = { ['κ'] = true, ['γ'] = true, ['χ'] = true, ['ξ'] = true, }

local UTF8_char = &quot;[%z\1-\127\194-\244][\128-\191]*&quot;
local basic_Greek = &quot;[\206-\207][\128-\191]&quot; -- excluding first line of Greek and Coptic block: ͰͱͲͳʹ͵Ͷͷͺͻͼͽ;Ϳ

local info = {}

-- The tables are shared among different characters so that they can be checked
-- for equality if needed, and to use less space.
local vowel = { vowel = true, diacritic_seat = true }
local iota = { vowel = true, diacritic_seat = true, offglide = true }
local upsilon = { vowel = true, diacritic_seat = true, offglide = true }
-- Technically rho is only a seat for rough or smooth breathing.
local rho = { consonant = true, diacritic_seat = true }
local consonant = { consonant = true }
local diacritic = { diacritic = true }
-- Needed for equality comparisons.
local breathing = { diacritic = true }

local function add_info(characters, t)
	if type(characters) == &quot;string&quot; then
		for character in string.gmatch(characters, UTF8_char) do
			info[character] = t
		end
	else
		for _, character in ipairs(characters) do
			info[character] = t
		end
	end
end

add_info({ macron, breve,
		diaeresis,
		acute, grave, circumflex,
		subscript,
	}, diacritic)

add_info({rough, smooth}, breathing)
add_info(&quot;ΑΕΗΟΩαεηοω&quot;, vowel)
add_info(&quot;Ιι&quot;, iota)
add_info(&quot;Υυ&quot;, upsilon)
add_info(&quot;ΒΓΔΖΘΚΛΜΝΞΠΡΣΤΦΧΨϜϘϺϷͶϠβγδζθκλμνξπρσςτφχψϝϙϻϸͷϡ&quot;, consonant)
add_info(&quot;Ρρ&quot;, rho)

local not_recognized = {}
setmetatable(info, { __index =
	function()
		return not_recognized
	end
})

local function quote(str)
	return &quot;“&quot; ..  str .. &quot;”&quot;
end

local correspondences = {
	-- Vowels
	[&quot;α&quot;] = &quot;a&quot;,
	[&quot;ε&quot;] = &quot;e&quot;,
	[&quot;η&quot;] = &quot;e&quot; .. macron,
	[&quot;ι&quot;] = &quot;i&quot;,
	[&quot;ο&quot;] = &quot;o&quot;,
	[&quot;υ&quot;] = &quot;u&quot;,
	[&quot;ω&quot;] = &quot;o&quot; .. macron,

	-- Consonants
	[&quot;β&quot;] = &quot;b&quot;,
	[&quot;γ&quot;] = &quot;g&quot;,
	[&quot;δ&quot;] = &quot;d&quot;,
	[&quot;ζ&quot;] = &quot;z&quot;,
	[&quot;θ&quot;] = &quot;th&quot;,
	[&quot;κ&quot;] = &quot;k&quot;,
	[&quot;λ&quot;] = &quot;l&quot;,
	[&quot;μ&quot;] = &quot;m&quot;,
	[&quot;ν&quot;] = &quot;n&quot;,
	[&quot;ξ&quot;] = &quot;x&quot;,
	[&quot;π&quot;] = &quot;p&quot;,
	[&quot;ρ&quot;] = &quot;r&quot;,
	[&quot;σ&quot;] = &quot;s&quot;,
	[&quot;ς&quot;] = &quot;s&quot;,
	[&quot;τ&quot;] = &quot;t&quot;,
	[&quot;φ&quot;] = &quot;ph&quot;,
	[&quot;ψ&quot;] = &quot;ps&quot;,
	
	-- Archaic letters
	[&quot;ϝ&quot;] = &quot;w&quot;,
	[&quot;ϻ&quot;] = &quot;ś&quot;,
	[&quot;ϙ&quot;] = &quot;q&quot;,
	[&quot;ϡ&quot;] = &quot;š&quot;,
	[&quot;ͷ&quot;] = &quot;v&quot;,
	
	-- Diacritics
	[smooth] = '',
	[rough] = '', -- h is added below in the `transliterate` function.
	[breve] = '',
}

local ALA_LC = {
	[&quot;χ&quot;] = &quot;ch&quot;,
	[acute] = '',
	[grave] = '',
	[circumflex] = '',
	[subscript] = '',
	[diaeresis] = '',
	[macron] = '',
}

local Wiktionary_transliteration = {
	[&quot;χ&quot;] = &quot;kh&quot;,
	[circumflex] = Latin_circumflex,
	[subscript] = 'i',
}

local function add_index_metamethod(t, index_metamethod)
	local mt = getmetatable(t)
	if not mt then
		mt = {}
		setmetatable(t, mt)
	end
	mt.__index = index_metamethod
end

--[=[
		This breaks a word into meaningful &quot;tokens&quot;, which are
		individual letters or diphthongs with their diacritics.
		Used by [[Module:grc-accent]] and [[Module:grc-pronunciation]].
--]=]
local function tokenize(text)
	local tokens, vowel_info, prev_info = {}, {}, {}
	local token_i = 1
	local prev
	for character in string.gmatch(mw.ustring.toNFD(text), UTF8_char) do
		local curr_info = info[character]
		-- Split vowels between tokens if not a diphthong.
		if curr_info.vowel then
			if prev and (not (curr_info.offglide and prev_info.vowel)
					-- υυ → υ, υ
					-- ιυ → ι, υ
					or prev_info.offglide and curr_info == upsilon) then
				token_i = token_i + 1
			end
			tokens[token_i] = (tokens[token_i] or &quot;&quot;) .. character
			table.insert(vowel_info, { index = token_i })
		elseif curr_info.diacritic then
			tokens[token_i] = (tokens[token_i] or &quot;&quot;) .. character
			if prev_info.vowel or prev_info.diacritic then
				if character == diaeresis then
					-- Current token is vowel, vowel, possibly other diacritics,
					-- and a diaeresis.
					-- Split the current token into two:
					-- the first letter, then the second letter plus any diacritics.
					local previous_vowel, vowel_with_diaeresis = string.match(tokens[token_i], &quot;^(&quot; .. basic_Greek .. &quot;)(&quot; .. basic_Greek .. &quot;.+)&quot;)
					if previous_vowel then
						tokens[token_i], tokens[token_i + 1] = previous_vowel, vowel_with_diaeresis
						token_i = token_i + 1
					end
				end
			elseif prev_info == rho then
				if curr_info ~= breathing then
					return string.format(&quot;The character %s cannot have the accent %s on it.&quot;, prev, &quot;◌&quot; .. character)
				end
			else
				error(&quot;The character &quot; .. quote(prev) .. &quot; cannot have a diacritic on it.&quot;)
			end
		elseif curr_info == rho then
			if prev and not (prev_info == breathing and info[string.match(tokens[token_i], &quot;^&quot; .. basic_Greek)] == rho) then
				token_i = token_i + 1
			end
			tokens[token_i] = (tokens[token_i] or &quot;&quot;) .. character
		else
			if prev then
				token_i = token_i + 1
			end
			tokens[token_i] = (tokens[token_i] or &quot;&quot;) .. character
		end
		prev = character
		prev_info = curr_info
	end
	return tokens
end

function p.transliterate(text, system)
	add_index_metamethod(correspondences, system == &quot;ALA-LC&quot; and ALA_LC or Wiktionary_transliteration)
	
	if text == '῾' then
		return 'h'
	end
	
	text = mw.ustring.toNFD(text)
	
	--[[
		Replace semicolon or Greek question mark with regular question mark,
		except after an ASCII alphanumeric character (to avoid converting
		semicolons in HTML entities).
	--]]
	text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, &quot;([^A-Za-z0-9])[;&quot; .. mw.ustring.char(0x37E) .. &quot;]&quot;, &quot;%1?&quot;)
	
	-- Handle the middle dot. It is equivalent to semicolon or colon, but semicolon is probably more common.
	text = text:gsub(&quot;·&quot;, &quot;;&quot;)
	
	local tokens = tokenize(text)

	--now read the tokens
	local output = {}
	for i, token in pairs(tokens) do
		-- substitute each character in the token for its transliteration
		local translit = string.gsub(mw.ustring.lower(token), UTF8_char, correspondences)
		
		if token == 'γ' and is_velar[tokens[i + 1]] then
			-- γ before a velar should be &lt;n&gt;
			translit = 'n'
		elseif token == 'ρ' and tokens[i - 1] == 'ρ' then
			-- ρ after ρ should be &lt;rh&gt;
			translit = 'rh'
		elseif system == &quot;Wiktionary&quot; and mw.ustring.find(token, '^[αΑ].*' .. subscript .. '$') then
			-- add macron to ᾳ
			translit = mw.ustring.gsub(translit, '([aA])', '%1' .. macron)
		end
		
		if token:find(rough) then
			if mw.ustring.find(token, '[Ρρ]') then
				translit = translit .. 'h'
			else -- vowel
				translit = 'h' .. translit
			end
		end
		
		if system == &quot;ALA-LC&quot; and mw.ustring.find(token, '^[υΥ][^ιΙ]*$') then
			translit = translit:gsub('u', 'y'):gsub('U', 'Y')
		end
		
		-- Remove macron from a vowel that has a circumflex.
		if mw.ustring.find(translit, macron_circumflex) then
			translit = translit:gsub(macron, '')
		end
		
		-- Capitalize first character of transliteration.
		if token ~= mw.ustring.lower(token) then
			translit = mw.ustring.gsub(translit, &quot;^.&quot;, mw.ustring.upper)
		end
		
		table.insert(output, translit)
	end
	
	return table.concat(output)
end

function p.translit(frame)
	local text = frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1]
	
	local system = frame.args.system
	if system == nil or system == &quot;&quot; then
		system = &quot;Wiktionary&quot;
	elseif not (system == &quot;ALA-LC&quot; or system == &quot;Wiktionary&quot;) then
		error('Transliteration system in |system= not recognized; choose between &quot;ALA-LC&quot; and &quot;Wiktionary&quot;')
	end
	
	local transliteration = p.transliterate(text, system)
	return '&lt;span title=&quot;Ancient Greek transliteration&quot; lang=&quot;grc-Latn&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;' .. transliteration .. '&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'
end

function p.bare_translit(frame)
	return p.transliterate(frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1])
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>387recgkr1t21snee9bymmgpyic72ng</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:IMDb name</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>31210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115604</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:13:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh template</comment>
      <origin>115604</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1682" sha1="fgvsrutmimxr5eeuc3oq971b1fzz2qy" xml:space="preserve">[https://www.imdb.com/{{#if: {{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}
  | name/{{#if:{{#invoke:ustring|match|1={{{1|{{{id}}}}}}|2=^nm}}
    | {{Trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}/
    | nm{{padleft:{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}|7}}/
    }}
  | {{#if: {{#property:P345}}
    | name/{{First word|1={{#property:P345}}|sep=,}}/
    | find?q={{urlencode:{{#if: {{{2|{{{name|}}}}}}
      | {{{2|{{{name}}}}}}
      | {{PAGENAMEBASE}}
      }}}}&amp;s=nm
    }}
  }}{{#if: {{{1|}}} {{{id|}}} {{#property:P345}} | {{#switch: {{lc:{{{section|}}}}}
  | award | awards = awards Awards for | biography | bio = bio Biography for
  }}}} {{#if: {{{2|{{{name|}}}}}}
  | {{{2|{{{name}}}}}}
  | {{PAGENAMEBASE}}
  }}] at [[IMDb (identifier)|IMDb]]&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if: {{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}{{#property:P345}}
  | {{Edit at Wikidata|pid=P345|nbsp=yes|{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}}}
  | {{Main other|[[Category:IMDb name with no id set]]}}
}}{{#switch:{{#invoke:string2|matchAny|^nm.........|^nm.......|nm|.........|source={{{1|{{{id}}}}}}|plain=false}}
  | 1 | 3 =  {{Main other|[[Category:IMDb template with invalid id set]]}}{{Preview warning|IMDb ID starting with ''nm'' should be followed by seven or eight digits, such as ''nm0000567'' or ''nm12345678''}}
  | 4 = {{Main other|[[Category:IMDb template with invalid id set]]}}{{Preview warning|IMDb ID should not contain more than eight digits}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;!-- Tracking categories
--&gt;{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{Main other|[[Category:Pages using IMDb name with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:IMDb name]] with unknown parameter &quot;_VALUE_&quot;|showblankpositional=1| 1 | 2 | id | name | section }}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fgvsrutmimxr5eeuc3oq971b1fzz2qy</sha1>
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    <title>Category:Acting</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>31212</id>
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      <id>115607</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:22:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>115607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
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  <page>
    <title>Alcohol intoxication</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>31213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115608</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:31:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500241|Alcohol intoxication]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>115608</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="93" sha1="5xqvlk4rjlyeajrundmjzhsg3fjtzyr" xml:space="preserve">'''Alcohol intoxication''', dem sanso know as '''drunkenness''' anaa '''alcohol poisoning''',</text>
      <sha1>5xqvlk4rjlyeajrundmjzhsg3fjtzyr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>115611</id>
      <parentid>115608</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:42:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>115611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2391" sha1="tmv10kkqqwhc7qtyrj46fyetnxulszm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Alcohol intoxication''', dem commonly describe insyd higher doses as '''drunkenness''' anaa '''inebriation''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite dictionary |entry=inebriation |dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/inebriation |access-date=24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; den known insyd [[overdose]] as '''alcohol poisoning''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Garfunkel |first1=Lynn C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwajBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA13 |title=Pediatric Clinical Advisor E-Book: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment |last2=Kaczorowski |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Christy |first3=Cynthia |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07058-4 |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; be de behavior den physical effects wey recent consumption of [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jun2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=YC |title=Alcohol and the Nervous System |last2=Namkoong |first2=K |chapter=Alcohol |date=2014 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |isbn=978-0-444-62619-6 |volume=125 |pages=115–21 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62619-6.00007-0 |pmid=25307571}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Acute intoxication |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040704055527/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-date=4 July 2004 |access-date=24 May 2018 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; De technical term ''intoxication'' insyd common speech fi suggest say a large amount of alcohol be consumed, wey dey lead to accompanying physical symptoms den deleterious health effects. Mild intoxication be mostly referred to by slang terms such as ''tipsy'' anaa ''buzzed''. In addition to de [[toxicity]] of [[ethanol]], de main [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] component of alcoholic beverages, oda physiological symptoms fi arise from de activity of [[acetaldehyde]], a [[metabolite]] of alcohol.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Zakhari|first=Samir|year=2006|title=Overview: how is alcohol metabolized by the body?|journal=Alcohol Research &amp; Health|volume=29|issue=4|pages=245–254|issn=1535-7414|pmc=6527027|pmid=17718403}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese effects no fi arise til hours after ingestion den fi contribute to a condition dem colloquially know as a [[hangover]]. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Barbiturate overdose</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>31214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115609</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:31:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500612|Barbiturate overdose]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>115609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="26" sha1="cn6jzfs8u8k390jnlaj5gu8syp4731c" xml:space="preserve">'''Barbiturate overdose'''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Montelukast</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>31215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>115610</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T10:32:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468242|Montelukast]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>115610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="63" sha1="hu2uzkc0fyb7e6rme3z9shtm9m8i0is" xml:space="preserve">'''Montelukast''', dem sell under de brand name '''Singulair'''</text>
      <sha1>hu2uzkc0fyb7e6rme3z9shtm9m8i0is</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Cite dictionary</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T11:44:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh template</comment>
      <origin>115612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="166" sha1="jdzpxvlfcwjuua45ovk7i5lcp6qre48" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=encyclopaedia
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{{documentation}}

[[Category:Lua-based templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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