Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Talk:Main Page 1 2124 115639 115379 2026-11-03T18:58:53Z Jwale2 15 /* Support */ 115639 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Admin == Hello everybro, as ebe me wey I start de Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I dey seek de support of fellow editors so say I go be de Administrator give dis project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I for be de admin so say I go fi perform oda tasks wey dey hia such as make we komot invalid articles, support fresh editors, komot vandalism den develop existing editors. Thanks waa * Hello everyone, as I started the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I am seeking the support of fellow editors so that I can be the Administrator of this project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I have to be an admin so that I can perform important tasks such as removing of invalid articles, support new editors, remove vandalism and also developing existing editors. Thanks very much ''You go fi support me for here '' '''Thanks everybro''' - [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 17:47, 6 July 2023 (GMT) :[[User:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[User talk:Ibn Dagara|talk]]) 22:15, 17 October 2023 (GMT) I strongly support [[User:Xibitgh|Xibitgh]] ([[User talk:Xibitgh|talk]]) ==Support== #[[User:NanaYawBotar|NanaYawBotar]] ([[User talk:NanaYawBotar|talk]]) 18:00, 6 July 2023 (GMT) # [[User:Jwale2|Jwale2]] ([[User talk:Jwale2|talk]]) 18:54, 6 July 2023 (GMT) # [[User:Gyanford|Gyanford]] ([[User talk:Gyanford|talk]]) 19:27, 6 July 2023 (GMT) #[[User:Cornelius Agordome|Cornelius Agordome]] ([[User talk:Cornelius Agordome|talk]]) 11:05, 10 July 2023 (GMT) #[[User:Amuzujoe|Amuzujoe]] ([[User talk:Amuzujoe|talk]]) 21:39, 10 July 2023 (GMT) # [[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]] ([[User talk:Yaw tuba|talk]]) 18:27, 19 July 2023 (GMT) # [[User:Azorbli|Azorbli]] ([[User talk:Azorbli|talk]]) # [[User:MartinezYA|MartinezYA]] ([[User talk:MartinezYA|talk]]) 05:51, 18 October 2023 (GMT) #[[User:Xibitgh|Xibitgh]] ([[User talk:Xibitgh|talk]]) == Support == support [[Special:Contributions/197.210.76.72|197.210.76.72]] 13:56, 14 August 2023 (GMT) == Support == support [[User:Umargana1|Umargana1]] ([[User talk:Umargana1|talk]]) 13:58, 14 August 2023 (GMT) == Update links from Incubator to local == Some links on the FA blurb are still external to the incubator project. (Also, if we could get some more templates and modules imported from enwiki, like [[:en:Template:Documentation]], that would be great. Maybe we can raise it on Meta so someone with more experience can import/recreate them with dependencies?). [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 19:32, 23 August 2023 (GMT) :Also, the page is using a Portuguese map, instead of the English file: [[:File:Ghana Regions map.png]] [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 19:35, 23 August 2023 (GMT) ::Thanks for the observation [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 14:43, 2 September 2023 (GMT) == Request to continue Adminship == Hello everybro, I dey seek de support of fellow editors so say I go continue be de Administrator give dis project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I for continue de adminship so say I go fi perform oda tasks wey dey hia such as make we komot invalid articles, support fresh editors, komot vandalism den develop existing editors. Thanks waa * Hello everyone, I am seeking the support of fellow editors so that I can continue being the Administrator of this project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I have to continue being an admin so that I can perform important tasks such as removing of invalid articles, supporting new editors, remove vandalism and also developing existing editors. Thanks very much ''You go fi support me for here '' '''Thanks everybro''' - [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:41, 13 October 2023 (GMT) ===Support=== # [[User:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[User talk:Ibn Dagara|talk]]) 22:15, 17 October 2023 (GMT) #[[User:Azorbli|Azorbli]] ([[User talk:Azorbli|talk]]) # [[User:MartinezYA|MartinezYA]] ([[User talk:MartinezYA|talk]]) 05:51, 18 October 2023 (GMT) # [[User:Xibitgh|Xibitgh]] ([[User talk:Xibitgh|talk]]) #[[User:Jwale2|Jwale2]] ([[User talk:Jwale2|talk]]) 14:01, 19 October 2023 (GMT) # [[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]] ([[User talk:Yaw tuba|talk]]) 06:23, 22 October 2023 (GMT) == Ghana Month Edit-a-thon == Dear Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia Community, We are excited to announce a month-long initiative aimed at enhancing gender representation on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. This project, organized by the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikimedians Community, seeks to address the underrepresentation of notable female personalities on our platform. Project Objectives: 1. To increase the visibility and representation of Ghanaian women on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. 2. To create a more inclusive and diverse portrayal of Ghanaian history and culture. 3. To engage the community in actively contributing to articles related to notable female personalities. Planned Activities: 1. Editing Workshops: Hands-on workshops to teach participants how to contribute and edit articles on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. Guidance on creating and improving articles related to notable female personalities in Ghana. 2. Panel Discussions: Featuring gender activists, notable female personalities, and Wikimedians. Discussing the importance of gender representation and its impact on knowledge diversity. 3. Content Creation Competition: A friendly competition encouraging participants to create or improve Wikipedia articles. Incentives such as awards, certificates, or recognition for outstanding contributions. 4. Outreach Events: Awareness campaigns at media stations with urban reach using Ghanaian Pidgin. Emphasizing that Ghanaian Pidgin is a written language, encouraging public participation. 5. Closing Ceremony: An in-person event at the end of the month to celebrate achievements. Showcasing edited articles, sharing success stories, and expressing gratitude to participants. Significance of the Project: Gender representation is a crucial aspect of creating a comprehensive and diverse narrative. By actively participating in this initiative, you contribute to breaking gender stereotypes and fostering a more inclusive portrayal of Ghanaian history and achievements. Your involvement is instrumental in making a positive impact on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia community. How You Can Participate: Join our WhatsApp group for regular updates and discussions. Follow us on X (formerly Twitter) for real-time updates and engagement ([https://twitter.com/Ghpidginwiki @Ghpidginwiki]) . Register for upcoming events using Wikimedia Event Registration tools. Let's come together as a community to make a meaningful change. Your participation matters! Thank you for your support and commitment. Best regards, [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:54, 14 January 2024 (GMT) == Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience == {{int:Hello}} Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please-translate}}. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] is pleased to let you know about our plans to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. For this, our team would want you to read about the tool and test it so you can: * Give us your feedback * Ask us questions * Tell us how to improve it. Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it. '''Background information''' [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February 2021 in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and provide feedback to make it better. [https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will: * Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones. * Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device. Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since it has a Content Translation tool enabled by default. We plan to enable the tool by 15th of February 2024, if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats: * As a reply to this message * On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]]. '''Try the tool''' Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&from=en&to=gpe&sx=true#/sx our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, you’ll have access to [[:trv:Special:ContentTranslation|https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation]] with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve. '''Provide feedback''' Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on: * The tool * What you think about our plans to enable it * Your ideas for improving the tool. Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback. [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 05:26, 31 January 2024 (GMT) On behalf of the WMF Language team. :Thanks for this message and we are grateful the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia has been selected to try this new feature. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:09, 1 February 2024 (GMT) == Flower of the month == [[File:Chrysothemis_pulchella_̠11.jpg|thumb|<center>Chrysothemis pulchella</center>]] Dear all. For your huge efforts on Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia I want to award you with the [[:als:Wikipedia:Blueme vum Monet|Flower of the month]]. Best regards, --[[User:Holder|Holder]] ([[User talk:Holder|talk]]) 06:00, 8 March 2024 (GMT) :We appreciate you @[[User:Holder|Holder]] [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 14:55, 8 March 2024 (GMT) == Request to continue Adminship == Hello everybro, I dey seek de support of fellow editors so say I go continue be de Administrator give dis project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I for continue de adminship so say I go fi perform oda tasks wey dey hia such as make we komot invalid articles, support fresh editors, komot vandalism den develop existing editors. Thanks waa * Hello everyone, I am seeking the support of fellow editors so that I can continue being the Administrator of this project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I have to continue being an admin so that I can perform important tasks such as removing of invalid articles, supporting new editors, remove vandalism and also developing existing editors. Thanks very much ''You go fi support me for here '' '''Thanks everybro''' - [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:05, 11 October 2024 (GMT) :Carry on plus the good job, adey throw my support give you. [[Special:Contributions/154.161.146.186|154.161.146.186]] 01:43, 12 October 2024 (GMT) ==== Support ==== *[[User:Heatrave|Heatrave]] ([[User talk:Heatrave|talk]]) 11:26, 11 October 2024 (GMT) *Bro dey for long on Wikipedia top n so he get more knowledge on it top, I dey support am strongly [[User:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[User talk:Ruky Wunpini|talk]]) 11:48, 11 October 2024 (GMT) *yh we dey give you total support. [[User:Jwale2|Jwale2]] ([[User talk:Jwale2|talk]]) 13:15, 11 October 2024 (GMT) *I Dey support DaSupremo. Eve hard working and he Dey do the job well. [[Special:Contributions/154.160.6.233|154.160.6.233]] 14:46, 11 October 2024 (GMT) *[[User:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[User talk:Zakaria Tunsung|talk]]) 00:55, 13 October 2024 (GMT) *I dey support Supremo for dis role [[User:Gyanford|Gyanford]] *Adey support DaSupremo for dis role sake of he be the co-founder wey he sana be experienced editor [[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]] == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 9th November 2024. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 03:28, 23 October 2024 (GMT) :Hello [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], thanks for reaching out and thanks for considering the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia for this feature. I will share this info on our WhatsApp page for others' valuable contribution. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:41, 23 October 2024 (GMT) ::Hello [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], ::Thank you for responding to this message. We will go ahead and enable the feature since there are no objections to having it in your Wiki. [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 22:59, 6 November 2024 (GMT) :::Noted with thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 23:11, 6 November 2024 (GMT) == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:55, 13 March 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == Our Digi Rights Edit-a-thon == Hello everyone! Our Digi Rights Edit-a-thon be project wey dey seek make e amplify youth voices den dey enhance civic engagement insyd a secure digital space by make we create den improve content on Wikipedia den Wikidata. De focus regions dey include de Sahel region, neighbouring West Africa, den de Horn of Africa. We go contribute to bridging content gaps on topics such as de African Union Convention on Cybersecurity and Personal Data Protection, e-democracy, digital mobilisation insyd social movements, SDG16, freedom of expression, den human rights. Additionally, de initiative go highlight de roles of governments, NGOs, den grassroots organisations wey dey address censorship, surveillance, den online disinformation insyd Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, den Togo You fi join dis campaign for dis link top: (https://w.wiki/EWvG). Thanks waa [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 08:51, 19 June 2025 (GMT) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 00:35, 6 January 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-12-22_Wikipedias&oldid=29825860 --> == Annual review of de Universal Code of Conduct den Enforcement Guidelines == <section begin="announcement-content" /> I dey wrep to you make you know say dem now gbele de annual review period give de Universal Code of Conduct den Enforcement Guidelines. You fi make suggestions for changes thru 9 February 2026. Dis be de first step of chaw dem go take for de annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information den find a conversation to join on de UCoC page for Meta top]]. De [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) be a global group dem dedicate to providing an equitable den consistent implementation of de UCoC. Na dem plan den implement dis annual review by de U4C. For more information den de responsibilities of de U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you fi review de U4C Charter]]. Please share dis information plus oda members insyd your community werever else wey fi be appropriate. -- In cooperation plus de U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> 21:01, 19 January 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Re-using references with different details – introducing Sub-referencing == [[File:Sub-referencing re-use + RefPreview.png|thumb|Sub-referencing: Example]] Hi, I’m Johannes from WMDE’s [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Sorry for writing in English, please support us by translating this message! We’ve been working on a new feature to improve re-using references with different details: '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]]'''. We’ve deployed the feature to German-language Wikipedia four months ago. After iterating on the initial feedback we’re ready to rollout sub-referencing to additional wikis. '''What to expect?''' You will notice footnotes like [1.1] in Wikipedia articles, if citations are used with different details (e.g. different page numbers) using sub-references. We are implementing a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|long-held community wish]]: Many Wikipedia articles currently contain references that are almost identical but differ in details such as the page number. This leads to cluttered reference lists which make it harder for readers to quickly assess how many different sources have been used. And unlike with [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Status quo: Re-using references in wikitext and VisualEditor|identical reuses]], re-using references with different details [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Status quo: Re-using references with different details in wikitext|previously required duplicating the reference]], which led to longer wikitext and – [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Status quo: Re-using references with different details in VisualEditor|especially in VisualEditor]] – also to more time expenditure. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] solves these issue: We are adding a new [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#In wikitext|wikitext attribute]] <code><nowiki>details="..."</nowiki></code> – similar to the existing attribute <code><nowiki>ref name="..."</nowiki></code>. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#In VisualEditor|VisualEditor users]] can use the "add details" button to insert sub-references. You can find detailed instructions [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our project page]]. We also [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published a report]] about our learnings on the first three months of sub-referencing on German Wikipedia which you might find interesting. '''Deployment''' We’ll likely deploy sub-referencing to this project on February 17. Please let me know if you have any questions. We look forward to your feedback on the new feature, either on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|our discussion page]], my [[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|user talk page]], or as a reply to this post. Best regards from the Technical Wishes team --[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 15:34, 3 February 2026 (GMT) :Today we've deployed [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing]] to gpewiki. Please let us know if you notice any issues or if you have suggestions on how to improve the feature. We’re already [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings#Further deployments and our next steps|working on some ideas]] like improving the reader’s view if there are lots of sub-references in the same article. You can find more information about the feature and how to re-use references with different details using sub-references in VisualEditor and Wikitext in the announcement above or on [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|our project page]]. :: :Some suggestions: We are using a [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] for pages using sub-referencing to quickly identify any issues with the new feature. You can change the category name via [[MediaWiki:Cite-tracking-category-ref-details]]. You might want to create the category page (currently [[:Category:Pages that use sub-references]]) using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> to hide it from the default reader’s view (see [[:d:Q129764848]]). :: :You could also consider creating local versions of [[MediaWiki:Cite-ve-dialog-subreference-help-dialog-link]] and [[MediaWiki:Cite-ve-dialog-subreference-help-dialog-link-ve]] to point directly at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|translated versions of our project page]] (if existing – or link to local help pages on sub-referencing if the community creates them). The default ''Special:MyLanguage'' links to our metawiki project page unfortunately won't work properly for logged-out editors and will always lead to the English version. Both links are used for VisualEditor users, the first one is displayed in a pop-up when using the "add details" button for the first time, the second link is permanent when using the VE dialogue to add details to a reference. :: :If you’ve enabled the gadget [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference tooltips]] in your user preferences instead of using the default [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews/sv|Reference Previews]], you [[:phab:T416304#11622766|won’t see the entire sub-reference information]]. We will soon provide guidance to communities on how to update the gadget. :: :You can use our [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing talk page]] to provide feedback on the new feature – or just reply to this post. Thanks for piloting the feature! [[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 16:23, 24 February 2026 (GMT) == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:57, 26 April 2026 (GMT) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 June 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 June 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 July 2026 (GMT) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Request to continue Adminship == Hello everybro, I dey seek de support of fellow editors so say I go continue be de Administrator give dis project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I for continue de adminship so say I go fi perform oda tasks wey dey hia such as make we komot invalid articles, support fresh editors, komot vandalism den develop existing editors. Thanks waa * Hello everyone, I am seeking the support of fellow editors so that I can continue being the Administrator of this project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I have to continue being an admin so that I can perform important tasks such as removing of invalid articles, supporting new editors, remove vandalism and also developing existing editors. Thanks very much ''You go fi support me for here ''[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 09:10, 26 October 2026 (GMT) === Support === #[[User:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[User talk:Ibn Dagara|talk]]) 09:26, 26 October 2026 (GMT) #[[User:Tenaciuos Ntaawa|Tenaciuos Ntaawa]] ([[User talk:Tenaciuos 10 Ntaawa|talk]]) 14:42, 26 October 2026 (GMT) #I strongly support this request. [[User:KISUMAR123|KISUMAR123]] ([[User talk:KISUMAR123|talk]]) #Strong support [[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]] ([[User talk:Yaw tuba|talk]]) 23:34, 27 October 2026 (GMT) #Strong Support <font style="white-space:nowrap:#FFD700 0.1em 0.1em 1.5em,#01EE796D -0.1em -0.1em 1.5em;color:#00000F">[[User:Sunkanmi12|<font color="#01EE796D"><b>—Sunkanmi12</b></font>]][[User talk:Sunkanmi12|<font color="#FFD700"><sup>✉️</sup></font>]]</font> #I strongly support this request. [[User:Asamoah Daniel Kwame Oware|Asamoah Daniel Kwame Oware]] ([[User talk:Asamoah Daniel Kwame Oware|talk]]) #Adey support.[[User:Jwale2|Jwale2]] ([[User talk:Jwale2|talk]]) 18:58, 3 November 2026 (GMT) a0db7vjb0w28pdmgtv0butg0ikt0ht8 Psychosis 0 22098 115640 81018 2026-11-03T19:20:16Z ~2026-58511-29 8686 A few purposeful misspellings done by someone else. 115640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Inside psychopathology, '''psychosis''' is a condition in which one is unable to distinguish, what's real and what is not from one another.<ref name="Continuum">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arciniegas DB | title = Psychosis | journal = Continuum | volume = 21 | issue = 3 Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry | pages = 715–736 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26039850 | pmc = 4455840 | doi = 10.1212/01.CON.0000466662.89908.e7 }}</ref> Examples of psychotic symptoms be delusions, hallucinations, den disorganized anaa incoherent thoughts anaa speech.<ref name="Continuum" /> Psychosis be a description of a person ein state anaa symptoms, rather dan a particular mental illness, wey e no dey relate to psychopathy (a personality construct<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackburn |first=Ronald |date=2005 |title=Psychopathy as a Personality Construct. |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-04993-015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905192012/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-04993-015 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Driessen |first1=Josi M. A. |last2=van Baar |first2=Jeroen M. |last3=Sanfey |first3=Alan G. |last4=Glennon |first4=Jeffrey C. |last5=Brazil |first5=Inti A. |date=July 2021 |title=Moral strategies and psychopathic traits |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=130 |issue=5 |pages=550–561 |doi=10.1037/abn0000675 |hdl=2066/236779 |issn=1939-1846 |pmid=34472890 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> wey be characterized by impaired empathy den remorse, along plus bold, disinhibited, den egocentric traits). Common causes of chronic (i.e. ongoing anaa repeating) psychosis dey include [[schizophrenia]] anaa schizoaffective disorder, [[bipolar disorder]], den brain damage (usually as a result of alcoholism).<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Radua J, Ramella-Cravaro V, Ioannidis JP, Reichenberg A, Phiphopthatsanee N, Amir T, Yenn Thoo H, Oliver D, Davies C, Morgan C, McGuire P, Murray RM, Fusar-Poli P |date=February 2018 |title=What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=49–66 |doi=10.1002/wps.20490 |pmc=5775150 |pmid=29352556}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Korsakoff Psychosis – Special Subjects |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-in/professional/special-subjects/illicit-drugs-and-intoxicants/korsakoff-psychosis |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en-IN}}</ref> Acute (temporary) psychosis sanso fi be caused by severe distress, sleep deprivation, sensory deprivation,<ref name="Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry">{{Cite book |last1=Gelder |first1=Michael G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pN9rAAAAMAAJ |title=Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry |last2=Gath |first2=Dennis |last3=Mayou |first3=Richard |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-261294-6 |language=en}}</ref> some [[Medication|medications]], den drug use (wey dey include alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, den stimulants).<ref name="Griswold">{{cite journal |vauthors=Griswold KS, Del Regno PA, Berger RC |date=June 2015 |title=Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0615/p856.html |url-status=live |journal=American Family Physician |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=856–863 |pmid=26131945 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222162048/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0615/p856.html |archive-date=2021-02-22 |access-date=2021-12-06}}</ref> Dem dey term acute psychosis primary if e dey result from a psychiatric condition den secondary if e be caused by anoda medical condition anaa drugs.<ref name="Griswold" /> De diagnosis of a mental-health condition dey require excluding oda potential causes.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE3FXgW9gDkC&pg=PA279 |title=The Diagnosis of Psychosis |vauthors=Cardinal RN, Bullmore ET |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49790-9 |page=279 |language=en |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806010504/https://books.google.com/books?id=wE3FXgW9gDkC&pg=PA279 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dem fi do tests to check whether psychosis be caused by central nervous system diseases, toxins, anaa oda health problems.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c52vBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA523 |title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry |vauthors=Foster NL |date=2011 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-1-58562-952-7 |page=523 |language=en |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819021425/https://books.google.com/books?id=c52vBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA523 |archive-date=2020-08-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> Treatment fi include antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy, den social support.<ref name="NIH2018QA">{{cite web |title=RAISE Questions and Answers |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/raise-questions-and-answers.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008203120/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/raise-questions-and-answers.shtml |archive-date=8 October 2019 |access-date=23 January 2018 |website=NIMH |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NHS20163">{{cite web |date=23 December 2016 |title=Psychosis |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/psychosis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015043847/https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Psychosis/Pages/Prevention-OLD.aspx |archive-date=15 October 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |website=NHS}}</ref> Early treatment dey appear to improve outcomes.<ref name="NIH2018QA" /> Medications dey appear e get a moderate effect.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Haddad PM, Correll CU |date=November 2018 |title=The acute efficacy of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a review of recent meta-analyses |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=303–318 |doi=10.1177/2045125318781475 |pmc=6180374 |pmid=30344997}}</ref> Outcomes dey depend on de underlying cause.<ref name="NHS20163" /> Dem no well-understand psychosis at de neurological level, buh dopamine (along plus oda neurotransmitters) be known to play an important role.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stahl SM |date=June 2018 |title=Beyond the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia to three neural networks of psychosis: dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate |journal=CNS Spectrums |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=187–191 |doi=10.1017/S1092852918001013 |pmid=29954475 |s2cid=49599226 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Grace AA |date=August 2016 |title=Dysregulation of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=524–532 |doi=10.1038/nrn.2016.57 |pmc=5166560 |pmid=27256556}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Leucht S, Leucht C, Huhn M, Chaimani A, Mavridis D, Helfer B, Samara M, Rabaioli M, Bächer S, Cipriani A, Geddes JR, Salanti G, Davis JM |date=October 2017 |title=Sixty Years of Placebo-Controlled Antipsychotic Drug Trials in Acute Schizophrenia: Systematic Review, Bayesian Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Efficacy Predictors |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=174 |issue=10 |pages=927–942 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121358 |pmid=28541090 |s2cid=27256686 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Insyd de United States about 3% of people dey develop psychosis at some point insyd dema lives.<ref name="NIH2018QA" /> Na dem describe psychosis as early as de 4th century BC by Hippocrates den possibly as early as 1500 BC insyd de Ebers Papyrus.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4krPhqFG8sC&pg=PA508 |title=Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology |vauthors=Gibbs RS |date=2008 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-6937-2 |page=508}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lB-KCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348 |title=Concepts for Nursing Practice – E-Book |vauthors=Giddens JF |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-38946-4 |page=348 |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819141258/https://books.google.com/books?id=lB-KCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348 |archive-date=2020-08-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q170082|c=Category:Psychosis|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151105074035/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/what-is-psychosis.shtml National Institute of Mental Health] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Psychosis| ]] [[Category:1840s neologisms]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4rbu6dzzkx1q2oeskahjhbhb77vwuea 115646 115640 2026-11-03T22:50:05Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58511-29|~2026-58511-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-58511-29|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] 81018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Insyd psychopathology, '''psychosis''' be a condition in wich one be unable to distinguish, insyd one ein experience of life, between wat be real den wat no be real.<ref name="Continuum">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arciniegas DB | title = Psychosis | journal = Continuum | volume = 21 | issue = 3 Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry | pages = 715–736 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26039850 | pmc = 4455840 | doi = 10.1212/01.CON.0000466662.89908.e7 }}</ref> Examples of psychotic symptoms be delusions, hallucinations, den disorganized anaa incoherent thoughts anaa speech.<ref name="Continuum" /> Psychosis be a description of a person ein state anaa symptoms, rather dan a particular mental illness, wey e no dey relate to psychopathy (a personality construct<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackburn |first=Ronald |date=2005 |title=Psychopathy as a Personality Construct. |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-04993-015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905192012/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-04993-015 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Driessen |first1=Josi M. A. |last2=van Baar |first2=Jeroen M. |last3=Sanfey |first3=Alan G. |last4=Glennon |first4=Jeffrey C. |last5=Brazil |first5=Inti A. |date=July 2021 |title=Moral strategies and psychopathic traits |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=130 |issue=5 |pages=550–561 |doi=10.1037/abn0000675 |hdl=2066/236779 |issn=1939-1846 |pmid=34472890 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> wey be characterized by impaired empathy den remorse, along plus bold, disinhibited, den egocentric traits). Common causes of chronic (i.e. ongoing anaa repeating) psychosis dey include [[schizophrenia]] anaa schizoaffective disorder, [[bipolar disorder]], den brain damage (usually as a result of alcoholism).<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Radua J, Ramella-Cravaro V, Ioannidis JP, Reichenberg A, Phiphopthatsanee N, Amir T, Yenn Thoo H, Oliver D, Davies C, Morgan C, McGuire P, Murray RM, Fusar-Poli P |date=February 2018 |title=What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=49–66 |doi=10.1002/wps.20490 |pmc=5775150 |pmid=29352556}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Korsakoff Psychosis – Special Subjects |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-in/professional/special-subjects/illicit-drugs-and-intoxicants/korsakoff-psychosis |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en-IN}}</ref> Acute (temporary) psychosis sanso fi be caused by severe distress, sleep deprivation, sensory deprivation,<ref name="Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry">{{Cite book |last1=Gelder |first1=Michael G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pN9rAAAAMAAJ |title=Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry |last2=Gath |first2=Dennis |last3=Mayou |first3=Richard |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-261294-6 |language=en}}</ref> some [[Medication|medications]], den drug use (wey dey include alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, den stimulants).<ref name="Griswold">{{cite journal |vauthors=Griswold KS, Del Regno PA, Berger RC |date=June 2015 |title=Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0615/p856.html |url-status=live |journal=American Family Physician |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=856–863 |pmid=26131945 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222162048/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0615/p856.html |archive-date=2021-02-22 |access-date=2021-12-06}}</ref> Dem dey term acute psychosis primary if e dey result from a psychiatric condition den secondary if e be caused by anoda medical condition anaa drugs.<ref name="Griswold" /> De diagnosis of a mental-health condition dey require excluding oda potential causes.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE3FXgW9gDkC&pg=PA279 |title=The Diagnosis of Psychosis |vauthors=Cardinal RN, Bullmore ET |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49790-9 |page=279 |language=en |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806010504/https://books.google.com/books?id=wE3FXgW9gDkC&pg=PA279 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dem fi do tests to check whether psychosis be caused by central nervous system diseases, toxins, anaa oda health problems.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c52vBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA523 |title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry |vauthors=Foster NL |date=2011 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-1-58562-952-7 |page=523 |language=en |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819021425/https://books.google.com/books?id=c52vBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA523 |archive-date=2020-08-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> Treatment fi include antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy, den social support.<ref name="NIH2018QA">{{cite web |title=RAISE Questions and Answers |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/raise-questions-and-answers.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008203120/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/raise-questions-and-answers.shtml |archive-date=8 October 2019 |access-date=23 January 2018 |website=NIMH |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NHS20163">{{cite web |date=23 December 2016 |title=Psychosis |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/psychosis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015043847/https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Psychosis/Pages/Prevention-OLD.aspx |archive-date=15 October 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |website=NHS}}</ref> Early treatment dey appear to improve outcomes.<ref name="NIH2018QA" /> Medications dey appear e get a moderate effect.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Haddad PM, Correll CU |date=November 2018 |title=The acute efficacy of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a review of recent meta-analyses |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=303–318 |doi=10.1177/2045125318781475 |pmc=6180374 |pmid=30344997}}</ref> Outcomes dey depend on de underlying cause.<ref name="NHS20163" /> Dem no well-understand psychosis at de neurological level, buh dopamine (along plus oda neurotransmitters) be known to play an important role.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stahl SM |date=June 2018 |title=Beyond the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia to three neural networks of psychosis: dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate |journal=CNS Spectrums |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=187–191 |doi=10.1017/S1092852918001013 |pmid=29954475 |s2cid=49599226 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Grace AA |date=August 2016 |title=Dysregulation of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=524–532 |doi=10.1038/nrn.2016.57 |pmc=5166560 |pmid=27256556}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Leucht S, Leucht C, Huhn M, Chaimani A, Mavridis D, Helfer B, Samara M, Rabaioli M, Bächer S, Cipriani A, Geddes JR, Salanti G, Davis JM |date=October 2017 |title=Sixty Years of Placebo-Controlled Antipsychotic Drug Trials in Acute Schizophrenia: Systematic Review, Bayesian Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Efficacy Predictors |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=174 |issue=10 |pages=927–942 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121358 |pmid=28541090 |s2cid=27256686 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Insyd de United States about 3% of people dey develop psychosis at some point insyd dema lives.<ref name="NIH2018QA" /> Na dem describe psychosis as early as de 4th century BC by Hippocrates den possibly as early as 1500 BC insyd de Ebers Papyrus.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4krPhqFG8sC&pg=PA508 |title=Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology |vauthors=Gibbs RS |date=2008 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-6937-2 |page=508}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lB-KCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348 |title=Concepts for Nursing Practice – E-Book |vauthors=Giddens JF |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-38946-4 |page=348 |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819141258/https://books.google.com/books?id=lB-KCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348 |archive-date=2020-08-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q170082|c=Category:Psychosis|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151105074035/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/what-is-psychosis.shtml National Institute of Mental Health] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Psychosis| ]] [[Category:1840s neologisms]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] d5h8nkkgf97yp3v53p3r3knyvmjv8sf Alcohol intoxication 0 31213 115613 115611 2026-11-03T15:46:43Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alcohol intoxication''', dem commonly describe insyd higher doses as '''drunkenness''' anaa '''inebriation''',<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry=inebriation |dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/inebriation |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> den known insyd [[overdose]] as '''alcohol poisoning''',<ref name="Gar2007">{{cite book |last1=Garfunkel |first1=Lynn C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwajBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Pediatric Clinical Advisor E-Book: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment |last2=Kaczorowski |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Christy |first3=Cynthia |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07058-4 |page=13}}</ref> be de behavior den physical effects wey recent consumption of [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] cause.<ref name="Jun2014">{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=YC |title=Alcohol and the Nervous System |last2=Namkoong |first2=K |chapter=Alcohol |date=2014 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |isbn=978-0-444-62619-6 |volume=125 |pages=115–21 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62619-6.00007-0 |pmid=25307571}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Acute intoxication |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040704055527/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-date=4 July 2004 |access-date=24 May 2018 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> De technical term ''intoxication'' insyd common speech fi suggest say a large amount of alcohol be consumed, wey dey lead to accompanying physical symptoms den deleterious health effects. Mild intoxication be mostly referred to by slang terms such as ''tipsy'' anaa ''buzzed''. In addition to de [[toxicity]] of [[ethanol]], de main [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] component of alcoholic beverages, oda physiological symptoms fi arise from de activity of [[acetaldehyde]], a [[metabolite]] of alcohol.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zakhari|first=Samir|year=2006|title=Overview: how is alcohol metabolized by the body?|journal=Alcohol Research & Health|volume=29|issue=4|pages=245–254|issn=1535-7414|pmc=6527027|pmid=17718403}}</ref> Dese effects no fi arise til hours after ingestion den fi contribute to a condition dem colloquially know as a [[hangover]]. Symptoms of [[Substance intoxication|intoxication]] at lower doses fi include mild [[sedation]] den poor coordination.<ref name=Mer2018/> At higher doses, der fi be slurred speech, [[Ataxia#Exogenous substances (metabolic ataxia)|trouble walking]], impaired vision, mood swings den vomiting.<ref name=Mer2018/> Extreme doses fi result in a [[Hypoventilation|respiratory depression]], coma, anaa death.<ref name="Mer2018">{{cite web |title=Alcohol Toxicity and Withdrawal |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/recreational-drugs-and-intoxicants/alcohol-toxicity-and-withdrawal |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition}}</ref> Complications fi include [[seizures]], [[aspiration pneumonia]], [[hypoglycemia|low blood sugar]], den injuries anaa [[self-harm]] such as [[suicide]].<ref name=Mer2018/><ref name=NHS2018/> Alcohol intoxication fi lead to [[alcohol-related crime]], plus perpetrators more likely to be intoxicated dan victims.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sung |first=Hung-En |title=Alcohol and Crime |year=2016 |encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology |pages=1–2 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosa039.pub2 |isbn=978-1-4051-6551-8}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 21uuj38mkp10x824m5kc7jcuhr0q8ig 115614 115613 2026-11-03T15:52:20Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alcohol intoxication''', dem commonly describe insyd higher doses as '''drunkenness''' anaa '''inebriation''',<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry=inebriation |dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/inebriation |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> den known insyd [[overdose]] as '''alcohol poisoning''',<ref name="Gar2007">{{cite book |last1=Garfunkel |first1=Lynn C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwajBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Pediatric Clinical Advisor E-Book: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment |last2=Kaczorowski |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Christy |first3=Cynthia |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07058-4 |page=13}}</ref> be de behavior den physical effects wey recent consumption of [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] cause.<ref name="Jun2014">{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=YC |title=Alcohol and the Nervous System |last2=Namkoong |first2=K |chapter=Alcohol |date=2014 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |isbn=978-0-444-62619-6 |volume=125 |pages=115–21 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62619-6.00007-0 |pmid=25307571}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Acute intoxication |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040704055527/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-date=4 July 2004 |access-date=24 May 2018 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> De technical term ''intoxication'' insyd common speech fi suggest say a large amount of alcohol be consumed, wey dey lead to accompanying physical symptoms den deleterious health effects. Mild intoxication be mostly referred to by slang terms such as ''tipsy'' anaa ''buzzed''. In addition to de [[toxicity]] of [[ethanol]], de main [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] component of alcoholic beverages, oda physiological symptoms fi arise from de activity of [[acetaldehyde]], a [[metabolite]] of alcohol.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zakhari|first=Samir|year=2006|title=Overview: how is alcohol metabolized by the body?|journal=Alcohol Research & Health|volume=29|issue=4|pages=245–254|issn=1535-7414|pmc=6527027|pmid=17718403}}</ref> Dese effects no fi arise til hours after ingestion den fi contribute to a condition dem colloquially know as a [[hangover]]. Symptoms of [[Substance intoxication|intoxication]] at lower doses fi include mild [[sedation]] den poor coordination.<ref name=Mer2018/> At higher doses, der fi be slurred speech, [[Ataxia#Exogenous substances (metabolic ataxia)|trouble walking]], impaired vision, mood swings den vomiting.<ref name=Mer2018/> Extreme doses fi result in a [[Hypoventilation|respiratory depression]], coma, anaa death.<ref name="Mer2018">{{cite web |title=Alcohol Toxicity and Withdrawal |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/recreational-drugs-and-intoxicants/alcohol-toxicity-and-withdrawal |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition}}</ref> Complications fi include [[seizures]], [[aspiration pneumonia]], [[hypoglycemia|low blood sugar]], den injuries anaa [[self-harm]] such as [[suicide]].<ref name=Mer2018/><ref name=NHS2018/> Alcohol intoxication fi lead to [[alcohol-related crime]], plus perpetrators more likely to be intoxicated dan victims.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sung |first=Hung-En |title=Alcohol and Crime |year=2016 |encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology |pages=1–2 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosa039.pub2 |isbn=978-1-4051-6551-8}}</ref> Alcohol intoxication typically dey begin after two anaa more [[alcoholic drink]]s.<ref name=DSM5/> Alcohol get de potential for abuse. Risk factors dey include a social situation wer heavy drinking be common wey a person get an impulsive personality.<ref name=DSM5/> Diagnosis be usually based on de history of events den physical examination.<ref name=Jun2014/> Verification of events by witnesses fi be useful.<ref name=Jun2014/> Legally, alcohol intoxication often be defined as a [[blood alcohol concentration]] (BAC) of greater dan 5.4–17.4&nbsp;mmol/L (25–80&nbsp;mg/dL anaa 0.025–0.080%).<ref>{{cite journal |date=22 April 2018 |title=Ethanol Level: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2090019-overview?pa=tZlaRqU6qrJZktQC5WWvdZUn3AyA7274pd4Hf2zSCvNL1t86c9tryKJmi8Xcaw5t8SIvl8zjYv73GUyW5rsbWA%3D%3D |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Medscape}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Canfield |first1=DV |last2=Dubowski |first2=KM |last3=Cowan |first3=M |last4=Harding |first4=PM |date=January 2014 |title=Alcohol Limits and Public Safety. |journal=Forensic Science Review |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=9–22 |pmid=26226968}}</ref> Dis fi be measured by blood anaa [[breathalyzer|breath testing]].<ref name="DSM5">{{Citation |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/497 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/497 497–499] |year=2013 |place=Arlington |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8}}</ref> Alcohol be broken down insyd de human body at a rate of about 3.3&nbsp;mmol/L (15&nbsp;mg/dL) per hour,<ref name=Jun2014/> wey dey depend on an individual ein [[metabolic rate]] ([[metabolism]]).<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Alcohol Alert |url=https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA72/AA72.htm |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=pubs.niaaa.nih.gov |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228215303/https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA72/AA72.htm }}</ref> De [[DSM-5]] dey define alcohol intoxication as at least one of de following symptoms wey develop during anaa close after alcohol ingestion: slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady walking/movement, nystagmus (uncontrolled eye movement), attention anaa memory impairment, anaa near unconsciousness anaa coma.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |date=2013-05-22 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8 |edition=5th|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] f8h646ucaguzhd19jlkdgthng5pv997 115615 115614 2026-11-03T15:58:23Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alcohol intoxication''', dem commonly describe insyd higher doses as '''drunkenness''' anaa '''inebriation''',<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry=inebriation |dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/inebriation |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> den known insyd [[overdose]] as '''alcohol poisoning''',<ref name="Gar2007">{{cite book |last1=Garfunkel |first1=Lynn C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwajBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Pediatric Clinical Advisor E-Book: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment |last2=Kaczorowski |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Christy |first3=Cynthia |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07058-4 |page=13}}</ref> be de behavior den physical effects wey recent consumption of [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] cause.<ref name="Jun2014">{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=YC |title=Alcohol and the Nervous System |last2=Namkoong |first2=K |chapter=Alcohol |date=2014 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |isbn=978-0-444-62619-6 |volume=125 |pages=115–21 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62619-6.00007-0 |pmid=25307571}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Acute intoxication |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040704055527/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-date=4 July 2004 |access-date=24 May 2018 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> De technical term ''intoxication'' insyd common speech fi suggest say a large amount of alcohol be consumed, wey dey lead to accompanying physical symptoms den deleterious health effects. Mild intoxication be mostly referred to by slang terms such as ''tipsy'' anaa ''buzzed''. In addition to de [[toxicity]] of [[ethanol]], de main [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] component of alcoholic beverages, oda physiological symptoms fi arise from de activity of [[acetaldehyde]], a [[metabolite]] of alcohol.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zakhari|first=Samir|year=2006|title=Overview: how is alcohol metabolized by the body?|journal=Alcohol Research & Health|volume=29|issue=4|pages=245–254|issn=1535-7414|pmc=6527027|pmid=17718403}}</ref> Dese effects no fi arise til hours after ingestion den fi contribute to a condition dem colloquially know as a [[hangover]]. Symptoms of [[Substance intoxication|intoxication]] at lower doses fi include mild [[sedation]] den poor coordination.<ref name=Mer2018/> At higher doses, der fi be slurred speech, [[Ataxia#Exogenous substances (metabolic ataxia)|trouble walking]], impaired vision, mood swings den vomiting.<ref name=Mer2018/> Extreme doses fi result in a [[Hypoventilation|respiratory depression]], coma, anaa death.<ref name="Mer2018">{{cite web |title=Alcohol Toxicity and Withdrawal |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/recreational-drugs-and-intoxicants/alcohol-toxicity-and-withdrawal |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition}}</ref> Complications fi include [[seizures]], [[aspiration pneumonia]], [[hypoglycemia|low blood sugar]], den injuries anaa [[self-harm]] such as [[suicide]].<ref name=Mer2018/><ref name=NHS2018/> Alcohol intoxication fi lead to [[alcohol-related crime]], plus perpetrators more likely to be intoxicated dan victims.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sung |first=Hung-En |title=Alcohol and Crime |year=2016 |encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology |pages=1–2 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosa039.pub2 |isbn=978-1-4051-6551-8}}</ref> Alcohol intoxication typically dey begin after two anaa more [[alcoholic drink]]s.<ref name=DSM5/> Alcohol get de potential for abuse. Risk factors dey include a social situation wer heavy drinking be common wey a person get an impulsive personality.<ref name=DSM5/> Diagnosis be usually based on de history of events den physical examination.<ref name=Jun2014/> Verification of events by witnesses fi be useful.<ref name=Jun2014/> Legally, alcohol intoxication often be defined as a [[blood alcohol concentration]] (BAC) of greater dan 5.4–17.4&nbsp;mmol/L (25–80&nbsp;mg/dL anaa 0.025–0.080%).<ref>{{cite journal |date=22 April 2018 |title=Ethanol Level: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2090019-overview?pa=tZlaRqU6qrJZktQC5WWvdZUn3AyA7274pd4Hf2zSCvNL1t86c9tryKJmi8Xcaw5t8SIvl8zjYv73GUyW5rsbWA%3D%3D |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Medscape}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Canfield |first1=DV |last2=Dubowski |first2=KM |last3=Cowan |first3=M |last4=Harding |first4=PM |date=January 2014 |title=Alcohol Limits and Public Safety. |journal=Forensic Science Review |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=9–22 |pmid=26226968}}</ref> Dis fi be measured by blood anaa [[breathalyzer|breath testing]].<ref name="DSM5">{{Citation |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/497 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/497 497–499] |year=2013 |place=Arlington |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8}}</ref> Alcohol be broken down insyd de human body at a rate of about 3.3&nbsp;mmol/L (15&nbsp;mg/dL) per hour,<ref name=Jun2014/> wey dey depend on an individual ein [[metabolic rate]] ([[metabolism]]).<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Alcohol Alert |url=https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA72/AA72.htm |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=pubs.niaaa.nih.gov |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228215303/https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA72/AA72.htm }}</ref> De [[DSM-5]] dey define alcohol intoxication as at least one of de following symptoms wey develop during anaa close after alcohol ingestion: slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady walking/movement, nystagmus (uncontrolled eye movement), attention anaa memory impairment, anaa near unconsciousness anaa coma.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |date=2013-05-22 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8 |edition=5th|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596}}</ref> Management of alcohol intoxication dey involve supportive care.<ref name=Jun2014/> Typically, dis dey include putting de person insyd de recovery position, keeping de person warm, den dey make sure breathing be sufficient.<ref name="NHS2018">{{cite web |date=17 October 2017 |title=Alcohol poisoning |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-poisoning/ |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=nhs.uk}}</ref> [[Gastric lavage]] den [[activated charcoal]] no been found to be useful.<ref name=Jun2014/> Repeated assessments fi be required to rule out oda potential causes of a person ein symptoms.<ref name=Jun2014/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] d4fbsgdjzmqyc342yqf78cdvkjynb09 115616 115615 2026-11-03T16:04:57Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alcohol intoxication''', dem commonly describe insyd higher doses as '''drunkenness''' anaa '''inebriation''',<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry=inebriation |dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/inebriation |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> den known insyd [[overdose]] as '''alcohol poisoning''',<ref name="Gar2007">{{cite book |last1=Garfunkel |first1=Lynn C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwajBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Pediatric Clinical Advisor E-Book: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment |last2=Kaczorowski |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Christy |first3=Cynthia |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07058-4 |page=13}}</ref> be de behavior den physical effects wey recent consumption of [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] cause.<ref name="Jun2014">{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=YC |title=Alcohol and the Nervous System |last2=Namkoong |first2=K |chapter=Alcohol |date=2014 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |isbn=978-0-444-62619-6 |volume=125 |pages=115–21 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62619-6.00007-0 |pmid=25307571}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Acute intoxication |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040704055527/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-date=4 July 2004 |access-date=24 May 2018 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> De technical term ''intoxication'' insyd common speech fi suggest say a large amount of alcohol be consumed, wey dey lead to accompanying physical symptoms den deleterious health effects. Mild intoxication be mostly referred to by slang terms such as ''tipsy'' anaa ''buzzed''. In addition to de [[toxicity]] of [[ethanol]], de main [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] component of alcoholic beverages, oda physiological symptoms fi arise from de activity of [[acetaldehyde]], a [[metabolite]] of alcohol.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zakhari|first=Samir|year=2006|title=Overview: how is alcohol metabolized by the body?|journal=Alcohol Research & Health|volume=29|issue=4|pages=245–254|issn=1535-7414|pmc=6527027|pmid=17718403}}</ref> Dese effects no fi arise til hours after ingestion den fi contribute to a condition dem colloquially know as a [[hangover]]. Symptoms of [[Substance intoxication|intoxication]] at lower doses fi include mild [[sedation]] den poor coordination.<ref name=Mer2018/> At higher doses, der fi be slurred speech, [[Ataxia#Exogenous substances (metabolic ataxia)|trouble walking]], impaired vision, mood swings den vomiting.<ref name=Mer2018/> Extreme doses fi result in a [[Hypoventilation|respiratory depression]], coma, anaa death.<ref name="Mer2018">{{cite web |title=Alcohol Toxicity and Withdrawal |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/recreational-drugs-and-intoxicants/alcohol-toxicity-and-withdrawal |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition}}</ref> Complications fi include [[seizures]], [[aspiration pneumonia]], [[hypoglycemia|low blood sugar]], den injuries anaa [[self-harm]] such as [[suicide]].<ref name=Mer2018/><ref name=NHS2018/> Alcohol intoxication fi lead to [[alcohol-related crime]], plus perpetrators more likely to be intoxicated dan victims.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sung |first=Hung-En |title=Alcohol and Crime |year=2016 |encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology |pages=1–2 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosa039.pub2 |isbn=978-1-4051-6551-8}}</ref> Alcohol intoxication typically dey begin after two anaa more [[alcoholic drink]]s.<ref name=DSM5/> Alcohol get de potential for abuse. Risk factors dey include a social situation wer heavy drinking be common wey a person get an impulsive personality.<ref name=DSM5/> Diagnosis be usually based on de history of events den physical examination.<ref name=Jun2014/> Verification of events by witnesses fi be useful.<ref name=Jun2014/> Legally, alcohol intoxication often be defined as a [[blood alcohol concentration]] (BAC) of greater dan 5.4–17.4&nbsp;mmol/L (25–80&nbsp;mg/dL anaa 0.025–0.080%).<ref>{{cite journal |date=22 April 2018 |title=Ethanol Level: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2090019-overview?pa=tZlaRqU6qrJZktQC5WWvdZUn3AyA7274pd4Hf2zSCvNL1t86c9tryKJmi8Xcaw5t8SIvl8zjYv73GUyW5rsbWA%3D%3D |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Medscape}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Canfield |first1=DV |last2=Dubowski |first2=KM |last3=Cowan |first3=M |last4=Harding |first4=PM |date=January 2014 |title=Alcohol Limits and Public Safety. |journal=Forensic Science Review |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=9–22 |pmid=26226968}}</ref> Dis fi be measured by blood anaa [[breathalyzer|breath testing]].<ref name="DSM5">{{Citation |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/497 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/497 497–499] |year=2013 |place=Arlington |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8}}</ref> Alcohol be broken down insyd de human body at a rate of about 3.3&nbsp;mmol/L (15&nbsp;mg/dL) per hour,<ref name=Jun2014/> wey dey depend on an individual ein [[metabolic rate]] ([[metabolism]]).<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Alcohol Alert |url=https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA72/AA72.htm |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=pubs.niaaa.nih.gov |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228215303/https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA72/AA72.htm }}</ref> De [[DSM-5]] dey define alcohol intoxication as at least one of de following symptoms wey develop during anaa close after alcohol ingestion: slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady walking/movement, nystagmus (uncontrolled eye movement), attention anaa memory impairment, anaa near unconsciousness anaa coma.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |date=2013-05-22 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8 |edition=5th|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596}}</ref> Management of alcohol intoxication dey involve supportive care.<ref name=Jun2014/> Typically, dis dey include putting de person insyd de recovery position, keeping de person warm, den dey make sure breathing be sufficient.<ref name="NHS2018">{{cite web |date=17 October 2017 |title=Alcohol poisoning |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-poisoning/ |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=nhs.uk}}</ref> [[Gastric lavage]] den [[activated charcoal]] no been found to be useful.<ref name=Jun2014/> Repeated assessments fi be required to rule out oda potential causes of a person ein symptoms.<ref name=Jun2014/> Acute intoxication be documented thru out history, den alcohol remain one of de world ein most widespread [[recreational drug]]s.<ref name=":5">{{cite book |last1=Belenko |first1=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3pZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 |title=Drugs, Crime, and Justice |last2=Spohn |first2=Cassia |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4833-5542-9 |page=PT21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Scott C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9i5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1382 |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4833-7438-3 |page=PT1382}}</ref> Sam religions, such as [[Islam]], dey consider alcohol intoxication to be a sin.<ref name=DSM5/><ref>{{cite book |last=Kolig |first=Erich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3iEBiWQOBwC&pg=PA101 |title=Conservative Islam: A Cultural Anthropology |date=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-7425-8 |page=101}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5owzikbtvzz6aci2curp1qwziclecuc 115617 115616 2026-11-03T16:27:14Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alcohol intoxication''', dem commonly describe insyd higher doses as '''drunkenness''' anaa '''inebriation''',<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry=inebriation |dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/inebriation |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> den known insyd [[overdose]] as '''alcohol poisoning''',<ref name="Gar2007">{{cite book |last1=Garfunkel |first1=Lynn C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwajBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Pediatric Clinical Advisor E-Book: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment |last2=Kaczorowski |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Christy |first3=Cynthia |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07058-4 |page=13}}</ref> be de behavior den physical effects wey recent consumption of [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] cause.<ref name="Jun2014">{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=YC |title=Alcohol and the Nervous System |last2=Namkoong |first2=K |chapter=Alcohol |date=2014 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |isbn=978-0-444-62619-6 |volume=125 |pages=115–21 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62619-6.00007-0 |pmid=25307571}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Acute intoxication |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040704055527/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-date=4 July 2004 |access-date=24 May 2018 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> De technical term ''intoxication'' insyd common speech fi suggest say a large amount of alcohol be consumed, wey dey lead to accompanying physical symptoms den deleterious health effects. Mild intoxication be mostly referred to by slang terms such as ''tipsy'' anaa ''buzzed''. In addition to de [[toxicity]] of [[ethanol]], de main [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] component of alcoholic beverages, oda physiological symptoms fi arise from de activity of [[acetaldehyde]], a [[metabolite]] of alcohol.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zakhari|first=Samir|year=2006|title=Overview: how is alcohol metabolized by the body?|journal=Alcohol Research & Health|volume=29|issue=4|pages=245–254|issn=1535-7414|pmc=6527027|pmid=17718403}}</ref> Dese effects no fi arise til hours after ingestion den fi contribute to a condition dem colloquially know as a [[hangover]]. Symptoms of [[Substance intoxication|intoxication]] at lower doses fi include mild [[sedation]] den poor coordination.<ref name=Mer2018/> At higher doses, der fi be slurred speech, [[Ataxia#Exogenous substances (metabolic ataxia)|trouble walking]], impaired vision, mood swings den vomiting.<ref name=Mer2018/> Extreme doses fi result in a [[Hypoventilation|respiratory depression]], coma, anaa death.<ref name="Mer2018">{{cite web |title=Alcohol Toxicity and Withdrawal |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/recreational-drugs-and-intoxicants/alcohol-toxicity-and-withdrawal |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition}}</ref> Complications fi include [[seizures]], [[aspiration pneumonia]], [[hypoglycemia|low blood sugar]], den injuries anaa [[self-harm]] such as [[suicide]].<ref name=Mer2018/><ref name=NHS2018/> Alcohol intoxication fi lead to [[alcohol-related crime]], plus perpetrators more likely to be intoxicated dan victims.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sung |first=Hung-En |title=Alcohol and Crime |year=2016 |encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology |pages=1–2 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosa039.pub2 |isbn=978-1-4051-6551-8}}</ref> Alcohol intoxication typically dey begin after two anaa more [[alcoholic drink]]s.<ref name=DSM5/> Alcohol get de potential for abuse. Risk factors dey include a social situation wer heavy drinking be common wey a person get an impulsive personality.<ref name=DSM5/> Diagnosis be usually based on de history of events den physical examination.<ref name=Jun2014/> Verification of events by witnesses fi be useful.<ref name=Jun2014/> Legally, alcohol intoxication often be defined as a [[blood alcohol concentration]] (BAC) of greater dan 5.4–17.4&nbsp;mmol/L (25–80&nbsp;mg/dL anaa 0.025–0.080%).<ref>{{cite journal |date=22 April 2018 |title=Ethanol Level: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2090019-overview?pa=tZlaRqU6qrJZktQC5WWvdZUn3AyA7274pd4Hf2zSCvNL1t86c9tryKJmi8Xcaw5t8SIvl8zjYv73GUyW5rsbWA%3D%3D |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Medscape}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Canfield |first1=DV |last2=Dubowski |first2=KM |last3=Cowan |first3=M |last4=Harding |first4=PM |date=January 2014 |title=Alcohol Limits and Public Safety. |journal=Forensic Science Review |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=9–22 |pmid=26226968}}</ref> Dis fi be measured by blood anaa [[breathalyzer|breath testing]].<ref name="DSM5">{{Citation |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/497 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/497 497–499] |year=2013 |place=Arlington |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8}}</ref> Alcohol be broken down insyd de human body at a rate of about 3.3&nbsp;mmol/L (15&nbsp;mg/dL) per hour,<ref name=Jun2014/> wey dey depend on an individual ein [[metabolic rate]] ([[metabolism]]).<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Alcohol Alert |url=https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA72/AA72.htm |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=pubs.niaaa.nih.gov |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228215303/https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA72/AA72.htm }}</ref> De [[DSM-5]] dey define alcohol intoxication as at least one of de following symptoms wey develop during anaa close after alcohol ingestion: slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady walking/movement, nystagmus (uncontrolled eye movement), attention anaa memory impairment, anaa near unconsciousness anaa coma.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |date=2013-05-22 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8 |edition=5th|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596}}</ref> Management of alcohol intoxication dey involve supportive care.<ref name=Jun2014/> Typically, dis dey include putting de person insyd de recovery position, keeping de person warm, den dey make sure breathing be sufficient.<ref name="NHS2018">{{cite web |date=17 October 2017 |title=Alcohol poisoning |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-poisoning/ |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=nhs.uk}}</ref> [[Gastric lavage]] den [[activated charcoal]] no been found to be useful.<ref name=Jun2014/> Repeated assessments fi be required to rule out oda potential causes of a person ein symptoms.<ref name=Jun2014/> Acute intoxication be documented thru out history, den alcohol remain one of de world ein most widespread [[recreational drug]]s.<ref name=":5">{{cite book |last1=Belenko |first1=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3pZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 |title=Drugs, Crime, and Justice |last2=Spohn |first2=Cassia |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4833-5542-9 |page=PT21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Scott C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9i5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1382 |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4833-7438-3 |page=PT1382}}</ref> Sam religions, such as [[Islam]], dey consider alcohol intoxication to be a sin.<ref name=DSM5/><ref>{{cite book |last=Kolig |first=Erich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3iEBiWQOBwC&pg=PA101 |title=Conservative Islam: A Cultural Anthropology |date=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-7425-8 |page=101}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q205972|c=Category:Drunken people|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Drunkenness|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-dangers-of-alcohol-overdose Alcohol overdose]: [[NIAAA]] * [http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-poisoning/Pages/Introduction.aspx Alcohol poisoning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011032049/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/alcohol-poisoning/Pages/Introduction.aspx |date=11 October 2017 }}: NHS Choices {{Authority control}} [[Category:Alcohol abuse]] [[Category:Drinking culture]] [[Category:Health effects of alcohol|Intox]] [[Category:Substance intoxication]] [[Category:Disorders secof use of alcohol]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3455cpzv3yf3ri0wjavt4hbsisomal4 Barbiturate overdose 0 31214 115618 115609 2026-11-03T16:47:55Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barbiturate overdose''' be [[poisoning]] secof excessive doses of [[barbiturate]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Medical Terms|date=2009|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781408102091|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAZCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001420/https://books.google.ca/books?id=yAZCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Symptoms of barbiturate overdose typically dey include difficulty thinking, poor coordination, decreased [[level of consciousness]], den a decreased effort to breathe ([[respiratory depression]]).<ref name=We2015>{{cite journal|last1=Weaver|first1=MF|title=Prescription Sedative Misuse and Abuse.|journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine|date=3 September 2015|volume=88|issue=3|pages=247–56|pmid=26339207|pmc=4553644}}</ref> Complications of [[overdose]] fi include [[noncardiogenic pulmonary edema]].<ref name=Rosen2014/> If death occur, e typically be secof a lack of breathing.<ref name=Kap2008/> == References == <references /> == External links == 8q2ls5jiyk5a0nd4dwte6fa9e0ydtmt 115619 115618 2026-11-03T16:53:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barbiturate overdose''' be [[poisoning]] secof excessive doses of [[barbiturate]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Medical Terms|date=2009|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781408102091|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAZCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001420/https://books.google.ca/books?id=yAZCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Symptoms of barbiturate overdose typically dey include difficulty thinking, poor coordination, decreased [[level of consciousness]], den a decreased effort to breathe ([[respiratory depression]]).<ref name=We2015>{{cite journal|last1=Weaver|first1=MF|title=Prescription Sedative Misuse and Abuse.|journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine|date=3 September 2015|volume=88|issue=3|pages=247–56|pmid=26339207|pmc=4553644}}</ref> Complications of [[overdose]] fi include [[noncardiogenic pulmonary edema]].<ref name=Rosen2014/> If death occur, e typically be secof a lack of breathing.<ref name=Kap2008/> Barbiturate overdose fi occur by accident anaa purposefully insyd an [[suicide|attempt to cause death]].<ref name=Kap2008/> De toxic effects be additive to those of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] den [[benzodiazepines]].<ref name=Kap2008/> De lethal dose dey vary plus a person ein [[Drug tolerance|tolerance]] den how dem dey take de drug.<ref name=Kap2008>{{cite book|last1=Sadock|first1=Benjamin J.|last2=Sadock|first2=Virginia A.|title=Kaplan & Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781787468|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubG51n2NgfwC&pg=PA149|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104004453/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ubG51n2NgfwC&pg=PA149|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> De effects of barbiturates dey occur via de [[GABA neurotransmitter]].<ref name=Rosen2014>{{cite book|last=Marx|first=John A. Marx|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1455706051|pages=Sedative Hypnotics |edition=8th|chapter=165}}</ref> Exposure fi be verified by testing de urine anaa blood.<ref name=Jill2008>{{cite book|last1=Baren|first1=Jill M.|title=Pediatric Emergency Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1416000877|page=955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpvux6RS-jsC&pg=PA955|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104004448/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wpvux6RS-jsC&pg=PA955|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 55w780drtlgqp4ujxbrnwt0o7qukg48 115620 115619 2026-11-03T16:54:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barbiturate overdose''' be [[poisoning]] secof excessive doses of [[barbiturate]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Medical Terms|date=2009|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781408102091|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAZCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001420/https://books.google.ca/books?id=yAZCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Symptoms of barbiturate overdose typically dey include difficulty thinking, poor coordination, decreased [[level of consciousness]], den a decreased effort to breathe ([[respiratory depression]]).<ref name=We2015>{{cite journal|last1=Weaver|first1=MF|title=Prescription Sedative Misuse and Abuse.|journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine|date=3 September 2015|volume=88|issue=3|pages=247–56|pmid=26339207|pmc=4553644}}</ref> Complications of [[overdose]] fi include [[noncardiogenic pulmonary edema]].<ref name=Rosen2014/> If death occur, e typically be secof a lack of breathing.<ref name=Kap2008/> Barbiturate overdose fi occur by accident anaa purposefully insyd an [[suicide|attempt to cause death]].<ref name=Kap2008/> De toxic effects be additive to those of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] den [[benzodiazepines]].<ref name=Kap2008/> De lethal dose dey vary plus a person ein [[Drug tolerance|tolerance]] den how dem dey take de drug.<ref name=Kap2008>{{cite book|last1=Sadock|first1=Benjamin J.|last2=Sadock|first2=Virginia A.|title=Kaplan & Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781787468|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubG51n2NgfwC&pg=PA149|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104004453/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ubG51n2NgfwC&pg=PA149|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> De effects of barbiturates dey occur via de [[GABA neurotransmitter]].<ref name=Rosen2014>{{cite book|last=Marx|first=John A. Marx|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1455706051|pages=Sedative Hypnotics |edition=8th|chapter=165}}</ref> Exposure fi be verified by testing de urine anaa blood.<ref name=Jill2008>{{cite book|last1=Baren|first1=Jill M.|title=Pediatric Emergency Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1416000877|page=955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpvux6RS-jsC&pg=PA955|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104004448/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wpvux6RS-jsC&pg=PA955|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> While once a common cause of overdose, barbiturates now be a rare cause.<ref name=Mu2013>{{cite journal|last1=Müller|first1=D|last2=Desel|first2=H|title=Common causes of poisoning: etiology, diagnosis and treatment.|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|date=October 2013|volume=110|issue=41|pages=690–9; quiz 700|pmid=24194796|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2013.0690|pmc=3813891}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] rfa4lnl7qw00i8zs5s8azjitkaagudd 115621 115620 2026-11-03T16:58:00Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 115621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barbiturate overdose''' be [[poisoning]] secof excessive doses of [[barbiturate]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Medical Terms|date=2009|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781408102091|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAZCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001420/https://books.google.ca/books?id=yAZCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Symptoms of barbiturate overdose typically dey include difficulty thinking, poor coordination, decreased [[level of consciousness]], den a decreased effort to breathe ([[respiratory depression]]).<ref name=We2015>{{cite journal|last1=Weaver|first1=MF|title=Prescription Sedative Misuse and Abuse.|journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine|date=3 September 2015|volume=88|issue=3|pages=247–56|pmid=26339207|pmc=4553644}}</ref> Complications of [[overdose]] fi include [[noncardiogenic pulmonary edema]].<ref name=Rosen2014/> If death occur, e typically be secof a lack of breathing.<ref name=Kap2008/> Barbiturate overdose fi occur by accident anaa purposefully insyd an [[suicide|attempt to cause death]].<ref name=Kap2008/> De toxic effects be additive to those of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] den [[benzodiazepines]].<ref name=Kap2008/> De lethal dose dey vary plus a person ein [[Drug tolerance|tolerance]] den how dem dey take de drug.<ref name=Kap2008>{{cite book|last1=Sadock|first1=Benjamin J.|last2=Sadock|first2=Virginia A.|title=Kaplan & Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781787468|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubG51n2NgfwC&pg=PA149|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104004453/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ubG51n2NgfwC&pg=PA149|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> De effects of barbiturates dey occur via de [[GABA neurotransmitter]].<ref name=Rosen2014>{{cite book|last=Marx|first=John A. Marx|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1455706051|pages=Sedative Hypnotics |edition=8th|chapter=165}}</ref> Exposure fi be verified by testing de urine anaa blood.<ref name=Jill2008>{{cite book|last1=Baren|first1=Jill M.|title=Pediatric Emergency Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1416000877|page=955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpvux6RS-jsC&pg=PA955|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104004448/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wpvux6RS-jsC&pg=PA955|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> While once a common cause of overdose, barbiturates now be a rare cause.<ref name=Mu2013>{{cite journal|last1=Müller|first1=D|last2=Desel|first2=H|title=Common causes of poisoning: etiology, diagnosis and treatment.|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|date=October 2013|volume=110|issue=41|pages=690–9; quiz 700|pmid=24194796|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2013.0690|pmc=3813891}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Causes of death]] [[Category:Poisoning by drugs, medicaments den biological substances]] [[Category:Barbiturates]] [[Category:Drug overdose]] [[Category:Suicide by poison]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] j407jfxwtw4ups8g1tb76bi3ll59d10 115622 115621 2026-11-03T17:03:13Z DaSupremo 9 /* Notable cases */ Improve article 115622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barbiturate overdose''' be [[poisoning]] secof excessive doses of [[barbiturate]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Medical Terms|date=2009|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781408102091|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAZCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001420/https://books.google.ca/books?id=yAZCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Symptoms of barbiturate overdose typically dey include difficulty thinking, poor coordination, decreased [[level of consciousness]], den a decreased effort to breathe ([[respiratory depression]]).<ref name=We2015>{{cite journal|last1=Weaver|first1=MF|title=Prescription Sedative Misuse and Abuse.|journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine|date=3 September 2015|volume=88|issue=3|pages=247–56|pmid=26339207|pmc=4553644}}</ref> Complications of [[overdose]] fi include [[noncardiogenic pulmonary edema]].<ref name=Rosen2014/> If death occur, e typically be secof a lack of breathing.<ref name=Kap2008/> Barbiturate overdose fi occur by accident anaa purposefully insyd an [[suicide|attempt to cause death]].<ref name=Kap2008/> De toxic effects be additive to those of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] den [[benzodiazepines]].<ref name=Kap2008/> De lethal dose dey vary plus a person ein [[Drug tolerance|tolerance]] den how dem dey take de drug.<ref name=Kap2008>{{cite book|last1=Sadock|first1=Benjamin J.|last2=Sadock|first2=Virginia A.|title=Kaplan & Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781787468|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubG51n2NgfwC&pg=PA149|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104004453/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ubG51n2NgfwC&pg=PA149|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> De effects of barbiturates dey occur via de [[GABA neurotransmitter]].<ref name=Rosen2014>{{cite book|last=Marx|first=John A. Marx|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1455706051|pages=Sedative Hypnotics |edition=8th|chapter=165}}</ref> Exposure fi be verified by testing de urine anaa blood.<ref name=Jill2008>{{cite book|last1=Baren|first1=Jill M.|title=Pediatric Emergency Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1416000877|page=955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpvux6RS-jsC&pg=PA955|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104004448/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wpvux6RS-jsC&pg=PA955|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> While once a common cause of overdose, barbiturates now be a rare cause.<ref name=Mu2013>{{cite journal|last1=Müller|first1=D|last2=Desel|first2=H|title=Common causes of poisoning: etiology, diagnosis and treatment.|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|date=October 2013|volume=110|issue=41|pages=690–9; quiz 700|pmid=24194796|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2013.0690|pmc=3813891}}</ref> ==Notable cases== People wey be known to die by suicide from barbiturate overdose dey include [[Stefan Zweig]],<ref>{{cite news |title="Stefan Zweig, Wife End Lives In Brazil"|quote=Stefan Zweig, Wife End Lives In Brazil; Austrian-Born Author Left a Note Saying He Lacked the Strength to Go on – Author and Wife Die in Compact: Zweig and Wife Commit Suicide|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/02/24/archives/stefan-zweig-wife-end-lives-in-brazil-austrianborn-author-left-a.html |work=New York Times |date=February 23, 1942 |access-date=February 23, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Died|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,773116,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014145959/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,773116,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 14, 2010|magazine=Time|date= March 2, 1942|access-date=June 30, 2010}}</ref> Gillian Bennett,<ref>{{Cite web|title=DeadAtNoon|url=http://deadatnoon.com/|access-date=23 June 2020|website=deadatnoon.com}}</ref> [[Charles Boyer]], [[Ruan Lingyu]], [[Victor Folke Nelson]],<ref name="DeathCert">City of Boston Registry, Certificate of Death record for Victor Folke Nelson, No. 10407, filed 14 December 1939.</ref><ref name="BG">"Dr. Brickley Says Nelson Took Poison." ''The Boston Globe''. 11 December 1939.</ref> [[Dalida]],<ref name="NYT-Dalida">{{cite news |title=Dalida|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/05/obituaries/dalida.html |work=New York Times |date=5 May 1987 |access-date=28 February 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104021101/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/05/obituaries/dalida.html |archive-date=4 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=v |first=Jeremy |last=Simmonds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3y7tocgPzgC |publisher=[[Independent Publishers Group|Chicago Review Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-55652-754-8 |page=225 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518103005/https://books.google.com/books?id=S3y7tocgPzgC |archive-date=18 May 2016 }}</ref> [[Jeanne-Paule Marie Deckers]], [[Felix Hausdorff]], [[Abbie Hoffman]], [[Phyllis Hyman]], [[Marilyn Monroe]], [[Cesare Pavese]], [[C. P. Ramanujam]], [[George Sanders]], [[Carole Landis]], [[Jean Seberg]], [[Lupe Vélez]] den de members of de [[Heaven's Gate (religious group)|Heaven's Gate]] cult. Odas wey die as a result of accidental barbiturate overdose dey include [[Pier Angeli]], [[Brian Epstein]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Inger Stevens]], [[Dinah Washington]], [[Ellen Wilkinson]], [[Mary Ure]], den [[Alan Wilson (musician)|Alan Wilson]]; insyd sam cases na dese be speculated to be suicides as well. Those wey die of a combination of barbiturates den oda drugs dey include [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], [[Dorothy Kilgallen]], [[Malcolm Lowry]], [[Edie Sedgwick]] den [[Kenneth Williams]]. [[Dorothy Dandridge]] die of either an overdose anaa an unrelated [[embolism]]. Na [[Ingeborg Bachmann]] fi die of de consequences of barbiturate withdrawal (na she be hospitalized plus burns, de doctors wey dey treat am no be aware of ein barbiturate addiction). [[Maurice Chevalier]] attempt suicide insyd March 1971 by swallowing a large amount of barbiturates den slitting ein wrists. While he live, he suffer severe organ damage as a result wey he die from multiple organ failure nine months later. == References == <references /> [[Category:Causes of death]] [[Category:Poisoning by drugs, medicaments den biological substances]] [[Category:Barbiturates]] [[Category:Drug overdose]] [[Category:Suicide by poison]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 53sbu6ietazxp49l20afiriqzt5z6lb Montelukast 0 31215 115623 115610 2026-11-03T17:08:48Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Montelukast''', dem sell under de brand name '''Singulair''' among odas, be a medication dem use insyd de maintenance treatment of [[asthma]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> E generally be less preferred for dis use dan [[inhaled corticosteroids]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> E no be useful for acute [[asthma attack]]s.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Oda uses dey include [[allergic rhinitis]] den [[hives]] of long duration.<ref name=AHFS2018/> For allergic rhinitis e be a [[second-line treatment]].<ref name="Grainger Drake-Lee 2006 pp. 360–367">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grainger J, Drake-Lee A | title = Montelukast in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Otolaryngology | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 360–367 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17014443 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2006.01276.x | publisher = Wiley | s2cid = 27200676 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == ribvldh3888dmmqrk0irut964rriusn 115624 115623 2026-11-03T17:11:24Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Montelukast''', dem sell under de brand name '''Singulair''' among odas, be a medication dem use insyd de maintenance treatment of [[asthma]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> E generally be less preferred for dis use dan [[inhaled corticosteroids]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> E no be useful for acute [[asthma attack]]s.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Oda uses dey include [[allergic rhinitis]] den [[hives]] of long duration.<ref name=AHFS2018/> For allergic rhinitis e be a [[second-line treatment]].<ref name="Grainger Drake-Lee 2006 pp. 360–367">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grainger J, Drake-Lee A | title = Montelukast in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Otolaryngology | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 360–367 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17014443 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2006.01276.x | publisher = Wiley | s2cid = 27200676 }}</ref> Common side effects dey include [[abdominal pain]], [[cough]], den [[headache]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> Severe side effects fi include allergic reactions, such as [[anaphylaxis]] den [[eosinophilia]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> Ein use insyd [[pregnancy]] dey appear to be safe.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Insyd 2019, concerns over neuropsychiatric side effects result in montelukast wey dey receive a black box warning insyd de [[United Kingdom]] for behavioural changes, depression, den suicidality. Montelukast dey insyd de [[leukotriene receptor antagonist]] family of medications.<ref name=AHFS2018/> E dey work by blocking de action of [[leukotriene D4]] insyd de lungs wey dey result in decreased [[inflammation]] den relaxation of [[smooth muscle]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> == References == <references /> == External links == tkhq6l1mfrtge42iz20geyqw0m8wkfq 115625 115624 2026-11-03T17:14:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Montelukast''', dem sell under de brand name '''Singulair''' among odas, be a medication dem use insyd de maintenance treatment of [[asthma]].<ref name="AHFS20182">{{cite web |title=Montelukast Sodium Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/montelukast-sodium.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607202202/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/montelukast-sodium.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS}}</ref> E generally be less preferred for dis use dan [[inhaled corticosteroids]].<ref name="AHFS20182" /> E no be useful for acute [[asthma attack]]s.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Oda uses dey include [[allergic rhinitis]] den [[hives]] of long duration.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> For allergic rhinitis e be a [[second-line treatment]].<ref name="Grainger Drake-Lee 2006 pp. 360–367">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grainger J, Drake-Lee A | title = Montelukast in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Otolaryngology | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 360–367 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17014443 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2006.01276.x | publisher = Wiley | s2cid = 27200676 }}</ref> Common side effects dey include [[abdominal pain]], [[cough]], den [[headache]].<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Severe side effects fi include allergic reactions, such as [[anaphylaxis]] den [[eosinophilia]].<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Ein use insyd [[pregnancy]] dey appear to be safe.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Insyd 2019, concerns over neuropsychiatric side effects result in montelukast wey dey receive a black box warning insyd de [[United Kingdom]] for behavioural changes, depression, den suicidality. Montelukast dey insyd de [[leukotriene receptor antagonist]] family of medications.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> E dey work by blocking de action of [[leukotriene D4]] insyd de lungs wey dey result in decreased [[inflammation]] den relaxation of [[smooth muscle]].<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Montelukast be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1998.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|page=269|edition=76}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 20th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 25{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Montelukast Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Montelukast | access-date = 12 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] mffkh6ye9y1cme2gffe0nj3on1tma7y 115626 115625 2026-11-03T17:17:32Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Montelukast''', dem sell under de brand name '''Singulair''' among odas, be a medication dem use insyd de maintenance treatment of [[asthma]].<ref name="AHFS20182">{{cite web |title=Montelukast Sodium Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/montelukast-sodium.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607202202/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/montelukast-sodium.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS}}</ref> E generally be less preferred for dis use dan [[inhaled corticosteroids]].<ref name="AHFS20182" /> E no be useful for acute [[asthma attack]]s.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Oda uses dey include [[allergic rhinitis]] den [[hives]] of long duration.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> For allergic rhinitis e be a [[second-line treatment]].<ref name="Grainger Drake-Lee 2006 pp. 360–367">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grainger J, Drake-Lee A | title = Montelukast in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Otolaryngology | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 360–367 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17014443 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2006.01276.x | publisher = Wiley | s2cid = 27200676 }}</ref> Common side effects dey include [[abdominal pain]], [[cough]], den [[headache]].<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Severe side effects fi include allergic reactions, such as [[anaphylaxis]] den [[eosinophilia]].<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Ein use insyd [[pregnancy]] dey appear to be safe.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Insyd 2019, concerns over neuropsychiatric side effects result in montelukast wey dey receive a black box warning insyd de [[United Kingdom]] for behavioural changes, depression, den suicidality. Montelukast dey insyd de [[leukotriene receptor antagonist]] family of medications.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> E dey work by blocking de action of [[leukotriene D4]] insyd de lungs wey dey result in decreased [[inflammation]] den relaxation of [[smooth muscle]].<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Montelukast be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1998.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|page=269|edition=76}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 20th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 25{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Montelukast Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Montelukast | access-date = 12 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Alkene derivatives]] [[Category:Chloroarenes]] [[Category:Cyclopropanes]] [[Category:CYP2C8 inhibitors]] [[Category:Leukotriene antagonists]] [[Category:Drugs wey Merck & Co. develop]] [[Category:Quinolines]] [[Category:Tertiary alcohols]] [[Category:Thioethers]] [[Category:Meta-Phenylene compounds]] [[Category:Ortho-Phenylene compounds]] [[Category:Depressogens]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] b2ahx5wygdbz0s127olauivnzz9ztt9 115627 115626 2026-11-03T17:21:11Z DaSupremo 9 /* Society den culture */ Improve article 115627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Montelukast''', dem sell under de brand name '''Singulair''' among odas, be a medication dem use insyd de maintenance treatment of [[asthma]].<ref name="AHFS20182">{{cite web |title=Montelukast Sodium Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/montelukast-sodium.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607202202/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/montelukast-sodium.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS}}</ref> E generally be less preferred for dis use dan [[inhaled corticosteroids]].<ref name="AHFS20182" /> E no be useful for acute [[asthma attack]]s.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Oda uses dey include [[allergic rhinitis]] den [[hives]] of long duration.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> For allergic rhinitis e be a [[second-line treatment]].<ref name="Grainger Drake-Lee 2006 pp. 360–367">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grainger J, Drake-Lee A | title = Montelukast in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Otolaryngology | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 360–367 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17014443 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2006.01276.x | publisher = Wiley | s2cid = 27200676 }}</ref> Common side effects dey include [[abdominal pain]], [[cough]], den [[headache]].<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Severe side effects fi include allergic reactions, such as [[anaphylaxis]] den [[eosinophilia]].<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Ein use insyd [[pregnancy]] dey appear to be safe.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Insyd 2019, concerns over neuropsychiatric side effects result in montelukast wey dey receive a black box warning insyd de [[United Kingdom]] for behavioural changes, depression, den suicidality. Montelukast dey insyd de [[leukotriene receptor antagonist]] family of medications.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> E dey work by blocking de action of [[leukotriene D4]] insyd de lungs wey dey result in decreased [[inflammation]] den relaxation of [[smooth muscle]].<ref name="AHFS20182" /> Montelukast be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1998.<ref name="AHFS20182" /> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|page=269|edition=76}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 20th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 25{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Montelukast Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Montelukast | access-date = 12 August 2025 }}</ref> == Society den culture== === Brand names === De ''Mont'' insyd montelukast dey stand for [[Montreal]], wer [[Merck & Co.|Merck (MSD)]] develop de drug.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Li JK |year=2006 |chapter=8 |title= Laughing Gas, Viagra, and Lipitor: The Human Stories Behind the Drugs We Use |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vx5nDAAAQBAJ&q=montelukast+montreal&pg=PA234 |publisher= Oxford University Press |page= 234 |isbn=978-0-19-530099-4 |access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref> Dem dey sell montelukast under a variety of brand names wey dey include Monalast (Ziska Pharmaceuticals Ltd) Montenaaf (NAAFCO Pharma) Montelon-10 (Apex), Montene (Square), Montair-10, Lukotas,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lukotas 10mg Tablet Price, Substitutes, Uses and Composition |url=https://www.rxjinn.com/prescription/Lukotas+10mg+Tablet/ |website=RxJinn }}</ref> Montelo-10, Monteflo, den Tukast L insyd [[India]], Reversair (ACI Bangladesh), Monas, Miralust, Montiva, Provair, Montril, Lumona, Lumenta, Arokast den Trilock insyd Bangladesh, Ventair insyd Nepal, Montika insyd Pakistan, Montelair insyd [[Brazil]], Zykast insyd de Philippines though dem combine plus [[levocetirizine]], Desmont, Levmont, Aircomb den Notta insyd [[Turkey]], Topraz den Monte-Air insyd [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Monte-Air |date=22 June 2022 |url=https://www.medicinesfaq.com/brand/monte-air |access-date=19 February 2024 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Alkene derivatives]] [[Category:Chloroarenes]] [[Category:Cyclopropanes]] [[Category:CYP2C8 inhibitors]] [[Category:Leukotriene antagonists]] [[Category:Drugs wey Merck & Co. develop]] [[Category:Quinolines]] [[Category:Tertiary alcohols]] [[Category:Thioethers]] [[Category:Meta-Phenylene compounds]] [[Category:Ortho-Phenylene compounds]] [[Category:Depressogens]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] p67ttxdurblzdhkqa7zdskxok9rb2g8 Category:Alkene derivatives 14 31217 115628 2026-11-03T17:21:35Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115628 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Category:Cyclopropanes 14 31218 115629 2026-11-03T17:21:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115629 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Category:Leukotriene antagonists 14 31219 115630 2026-11-03T17:23:48Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115630 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Category:Ortho-Phenylene compounds 14 31220 115631 2026-11-03T17:24:04Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115631 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Category:Meta-Phenylene compounds 14 31221 115632 2026-11-03T17:24:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115632 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Retinitis pigmentosa 0 31222 115633 2026-11-03T17:30:33Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513354|Retinitis pigmentosa]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Retinitis pigmentosa''' ('''RP''') be == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 78qqd2mad9v04b2i1ej200r6as8anyd 115634 115633 2026-11-03T17:35:06Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Retinitis pigmentosa''' ('''RP''') be a member of a group of [[genetic disorder]]s dem call inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) wey cause [[vision impairment|loss of vision]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Symptoms dey include [[nyctalopia|trouble seeing at night]] den decreasing [[peripheral vision]] (side den upper anaa lower visual field).<ref name=NIH2014/> As peripheral vision dey worsen, people fi experience "[[tunnel vision]]".<ref name=NIH2014/> Complete [[blindness]] be uncommon.<ref name="Kel2008">{{cite book |last1=Openshaw |first1=Amanda |url=http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |title=Understanding Retinitis Pigmentosa |date=Feb 2008 |publisher=University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center |access-date=2017-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829205230/http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Onset of symptoms generally be gradual den often dey begin insyd kiddie time.<ref name=NIH2014/><ref name=Kel2008/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 3plvkvbomoihm1ejuy6nx1oqfjf86uv 115635 115634 2026-11-03T17:38:41Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Retinitis pigmentosa''' ('''RP''') be a member of a group of [[genetic disorder]]s dem call inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) wey cause [[vision impairment|loss of vision]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Symptoms dey include [[nyctalopia|trouble seeing at night]] den decreasing [[peripheral vision]] (side den upper anaa lower visual field).<ref name=NIH2014/> As peripheral vision dey worsen, people fi experience "[[tunnel vision]]".<ref name=NIH2014/> Complete [[blindness]] be uncommon.<ref name="Kel2008">{{cite book |last1=Openshaw |first1=Amanda |url=http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |title=Understanding Retinitis Pigmentosa |date=Feb 2008 |publisher=University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center |access-date=2017-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829205230/http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Onset of symptoms generally be gradual den often dey begin insyd kiddie time.<ref name=NIH2014/><ref name=Kel2008/> Retinitis pigmentosa generally be inherited from one anaa both parents.<ref name="OMIM">{{cite web |title=OMIM Entry: Retinitis Pigmentosa |url=https://www.omim.org/entry/268000#inheritance |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man}}</ref> E be caused by genetic variants insyd nearly 100 [[genes]].<ref name=OMIM/> De underlying mechanism dey involve de progressive loss of rod [[photoreceptor cell]]s wey line de [[retina]] of de eyeball.<ref name=NIH2014/> De [[rod cell]]s dey secrete a [[Neuroprotection|neuroprotective]] substance (rod-derived cone viability factor, RdCVF) wey dey protect de cone cells from [[apoptosis]]. Wen dese rod cells die, dis substance no longer be provided. Dis generally be followed by de loss of cone photoreceptor cells.<ref name=NIH2014/> Diagnosis be thru [[Eye examination#Retinal examination|eye examination of de retina]] wey dey find dark pigment deposits wey de rupture of de underlying [[Retinal pigment epithelium|retinal pigmented epithelial cells]] cause, given dat dese cells dey contain [[melanin]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Oda supportive testing fi include de [[Electroretinography|electroretinogram]] (ERG), [[visual field test]]ing (VFT), ocular coherence tomography (OCT) den [[Genetic testing|DNA testing]] to determine de gene responsible for a person ein particular type of RP.<ref name=NIH2014/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] fmj0d76ys2rfwlnrp0uhiignj34aprv 115636 115635 2026-11-03T17:40:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Retinitis pigmentosa''' ('''RP''') be a member of a group of [[genetic disorder]]s dem call inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) wey cause [[vision impairment|loss of vision]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Symptoms dey include [[nyctalopia|trouble seeing at night]] den decreasing [[peripheral vision]] (side den upper anaa lower visual field).<ref name=NIH2014/> As peripheral vision dey worsen, people fi experience "[[tunnel vision]]".<ref name=NIH2014/> Complete [[blindness]] be uncommon.<ref name="Kel2008">{{cite book |last1=Openshaw |first1=Amanda |url=http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |title=Understanding Retinitis Pigmentosa |date=Feb 2008 |publisher=University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center |access-date=2017-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829205230/http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Onset of symptoms generally be gradual den often dey begin insyd kiddie time.<ref name=NIH2014/><ref name=Kel2008/> Retinitis pigmentosa generally be inherited from one anaa both parents.<ref name="OMIM">{{cite web |title=OMIM Entry: Retinitis Pigmentosa |url=https://www.omim.org/entry/268000#inheritance |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man}}</ref> E be caused by genetic variants insyd nearly 100 [[genes]].<ref name=OMIM/> De underlying mechanism dey involve de progressive loss of rod [[photoreceptor cell]]s wey line de [[retina]] of de eyeball.<ref name=NIH2014/> De [[rod cell]]s dey secrete a [[Neuroprotection|neuroprotective]] substance (rod-derived cone viability factor, RdCVF) wey dey protect de cone cells from [[apoptosis]]. Wen dese rod cells die, dis substance no longer be provided. Dis generally be followed by de loss of cone photoreceptor cells.<ref name=NIH2014/> Diagnosis be thru [[Eye examination#Retinal examination|eye examination of de retina]] wey dey find dark pigment deposits wey de rupture of de underlying [[Retinal pigment epithelium|retinal pigmented epithelial cells]] cause, given dat dese cells dey contain [[melanin]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Oda supportive testing fi include de [[Electroretinography|electroretinogram]] (ERG), [[visual field test]]ing (VFT), ocular coherence tomography (OCT) den [[Genetic testing|DNA testing]] to determine de gene responsible for a person ein particular type of RP.<ref name=NIH2014/> Der currently no be cure give retinitis pigmentosa.<ref name=Kel2008/> Efforts to manage de problem fi include de use of [[low vision aids]], portable lighting, anaa [[orientation den mobility]] training.<ref name=NIH2014/> [[Vitamin A palmitate]] supplements fi be useful to slow progression.<ref name=NIH2014/> A [[visual prosthesis]] fi be an option give people plus severe symptoms.<ref name=NIH2014/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hkn1q0l2eu3oeyp1m1jygoyfewb41gz 115637 115636 2026-11-03T17:43:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Retinitis pigmentosa''' ('''RP''') be a member of a group of [[genetic disorder]]s dem call inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) wey cause [[vision impairment|loss of vision]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Symptoms dey include [[nyctalopia|trouble seeing at night]] den decreasing [[peripheral vision]] (side den upper anaa lower visual field).<ref name=NIH2014/> As peripheral vision dey worsen, people fi experience "[[tunnel vision]]".<ref name=NIH2014/> Complete [[blindness]] be uncommon.<ref name="Kel2008">{{cite book |last1=Openshaw |first1=Amanda |url=http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |title=Understanding Retinitis Pigmentosa |date=Feb 2008 |publisher=University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center |access-date=2017-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829205230/http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Onset of symptoms generally be gradual den often dey begin insyd kiddie time.<ref name=NIH2014/><ref name=Kel2008/> Retinitis pigmentosa generally be inherited from one anaa both parents.<ref name="OMIM">{{cite web |title=OMIM Entry: Retinitis Pigmentosa |url=https://www.omim.org/entry/268000#inheritance |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man}}</ref> E be caused by genetic variants insyd nearly 100 [[genes]].<ref name=OMIM/> De underlying mechanism dey involve de progressive loss of rod [[photoreceptor cell]]s wey line de [[retina]] of de eyeball.<ref name=NIH2014/> De [[rod cell]]s dey secrete a [[Neuroprotection|neuroprotective]] substance (rod-derived cone viability factor, RdCVF) wey dey protect de cone cells from [[apoptosis]]. Wen dese rod cells die, dis substance no longer be provided. Dis generally be followed by de loss of cone photoreceptor cells.<ref name=NIH2014/> Diagnosis be thru [[Eye examination#Retinal examination|eye examination of de retina]] wey dey find dark pigment deposits wey de rupture of de underlying [[Retinal pigment epithelium|retinal pigmented epithelial cells]] cause, given dat dese cells dey contain [[melanin]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Oda supportive testing fi include de [[Electroretinography|electroretinogram]] (ERG), [[visual field test]]ing (VFT), ocular coherence tomography (OCT) den [[Genetic testing|DNA testing]] to determine de gene responsible for a person ein particular type of RP.<ref name=NIH2014/> Der currently no be cure give retinitis pigmentosa.<ref name=Kel2008/> Efforts to manage de problem fi include de use of [[low vision aids]], portable lighting, anaa [[orientation den mobility]] training.<ref name=NIH2014/> [[Vitamin A palmitate]] supplements fi be useful to slow progression.<ref name=NIH2014/> A [[visual prosthesis]] fi be an option give people plus severe symptoms.<ref name=NIH2014/> Der only be one FDA-approved [[gene therapy]] wey be commercially available to RP patients plus [[Leber congenital amaurosis]] type 2. E dey replace de miscoded [[RPE65]] protein wey be produced within de retinal pigmented epithelium. E be found to be effective insyd approximately 50% of de patients wey receive de therapy. De earlier a kiddie receive de RPE65 therapy, de better dema chances be for a positive outcome. Der be chaw oda therapies be researched at dis time, plus de goal of being approved insyd de next few years. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jh1dtnelsiig6srr2mepwm4sdqh0wtj 115638 115637 2026-11-03T17:44:28Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Retinitis pigmentosa''' ('''RP''') be a member of a group of [[genetic disorder]]s dem call inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) wey cause [[vision impairment|loss of vision]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Symptoms dey include [[nyctalopia|trouble seeing at night]] den decreasing [[peripheral vision]] (side den upper anaa lower visual field).<ref name=NIH2014/> As peripheral vision dey worsen, people fi experience "[[tunnel vision]]".<ref name=NIH2014/> Complete [[blindness]] be uncommon.<ref name="Kel2008">{{cite book |last1=Openshaw |first1=Amanda |url=http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |title=Understanding Retinitis Pigmentosa |date=Feb 2008 |publisher=University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center |access-date=2017-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829205230/http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Onset of symptoms generally be gradual den often dey begin insyd kiddie time.<ref name=NIH2014/><ref name=Kel2008/> Retinitis pigmentosa generally be inherited from one anaa both parents.<ref name="OMIM">{{cite web |title=OMIM Entry: Retinitis Pigmentosa |url=https://www.omim.org/entry/268000#inheritance |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man}}</ref> E be caused by genetic variants insyd nearly 100 [[genes]].<ref name=OMIM/> De underlying mechanism dey involve de progressive loss of rod [[photoreceptor cell]]s wey line de [[retina]] of de eyeball.<ref name=NIH2014/> De [[rod cell]]s dey secrete a [[Neuroprotection|neuroprotective]] substance (rod-derived cone viability factor, RdCVF) wey dey protect de cone cells from [[apoptosis]]. Wen dese rod cells die, dis substance no longer be provided. Dis generally be followed by de loss of cone photoreceptor cells.<ref name=NIH2014/> Diagnosis be thru [[Eye examination#Retinal examination|eye examination of de retina]] wey dey find dark pigment deposits wey de rupture of de underlying [[Retinal pigment epithelium|retinal pigmented epithelial cells]] cause, given dat dese cells dey contain [[melanin]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Oda supportive testing fi include de [[Electroretinography|electroretinogram]] (ERG), [[visual field test]]ing (VFT), ocular coherence tomography (OCT) den [[Genetic testing|DNA testing]] to determine de gene responsible for a person ein particular type of RP.<ref name=NIH2014/> Der currently no be cure give retinitis pigmentosa.<ref name=Kel2008/> Efforts to manage de problem fi include de use of [[low vision aids]], portable lighting, anaa [[orientation den mobility]] training.<ref name=NIH2014/> [[Vitamin A palmitate]] supplements fi be useful to slow progression.<ref name=NIH2014/> A [[visual prosthesis]] fi be an option give people plus severe symptoms.<ref name=NIH2014/> Der only be one FDA-approved [[gene therapy]] wey be commercially available to RP patients plus [[Leber congenital amaurosis]] type 2. E dey replace de miscoded [[RPE65]] protein wey be produced within de retinal pigmented epithelium. E be found to be effective insyd approximately 50% of de patients wey receive de therapy. De earlier a kiddie receive de RPE65 therapy, de better dema chances be for a positive outcome. Der be chaw oda therapies be researched at dis time, plus de goal of being approved insyd de next few years. E be estimated to affect 1 insyd 4,000 people.<ref name="NIH2014">{{cite web |date=May 2014 |title=Facts About Retinitis Pigmentosa |url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/pigmentosa/pigmentosa_facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307155841/https://nei.nih.gov/health/pigmentosa/pigmentosa_facts |archive-date=7 March 2019 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=National Eye Institute}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8jb6472x678u0x03s9gvr9w7jgjvspu 115644 115638 2026-11-03T22:44:27Z DaSupremo 9 /* Notable cases */ Improve article 115644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Retinitis pigmentosa''' ('''RP''') be a member of a group of [[genetic disorder]]s dem call inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) wey cause [[vision impairment|loss of vision]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Symptoms dey include [[nyctalopia|trouble seeing at night]] den decreasing [[peripheral vision]] (side den upper anaa lower visual field).<ref name=NIH2014/> As peripheral vision dey worsen, people fi experience "[[tunnel vision]]".<ref name=NIH2014/> Complete [[blindness]] be uncommon.<ref name="Kel2008">{{cite book |last1=Openshaw |first1=Amanda |url=http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |title=Understanding Retinitis Pigmentosa |date=Feb 2008 |publisher=University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center |access-date=2017-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829205230/http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Onset of symptoms generally be gradual den often dey begin insyd kiddie time.<ref name=NIH2014/><ref name=Kel2008/> Retinitis pigmentosa generally be inherited from one anaa both parents.<ref name="OMIM">{{cite web |title=OMIM Entry: Retinitis Pigmentosa |url=https://www.omim.org/entry/268000#inheritance |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man}}</ref> E be caused by genetic variants insyd nearly 100 [[genes]].<ref name=OMIM/> De underlying mechanism dey involve de progressive loss of rod [[photoreceptor cell]]s wey line de [[retina]] of de eyeball.<ref name=NIH2014/> De [[rod cell]]s dey secrete a [[Neuroprotection|neuroprotective]] substance (rod-derived cone viability factor, RdCVF) wey dey protect de cone cells from [[apoptosis]]. Wen dese rod cells die, dis substance no longer be provided. Dis generally be followed by de loss of cone photoreceptor cells.<ref name=NIH2014/> Diagnosis be thru [[Eye examination#Retinal examination|eye examination of de retina]] wey dey find dark pigment deposits wey de rupture of de underlying [[Retinal pigment epithelium|retinal pigmented epithelial cells]] cause, given dat dese cells dey contain [[melanin]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Oda supportive testing fi include de [[Electroretinography|electroretinogram]] (ERG), [[visual field test]]ing (VFT), ocular coherence tomography (OCT) den [[Genetic testing|DNA testing]] to determine de gene responsible for a person ein particular type of RP.<ref name=NIH2014/> Der currently no be cure give retinitis pigmentosa.<ref name=Kel2008/> Efforts to manage de problem fi include de use of [[low vision aids]], portable lighting, anaa [[orientation den mobility]] training.<ref name=NIH2014/> [[Vitamin A palmitate]] supplements fi be useful to slow progression.<ref name=NIH2014/> A [[visual prosthesis]] fi be an option give people plus severe symptoms.<ref name=NIH2014/> Der only be one FDA-approved [[gene therapy]] wey be commercially available to RP patients plus [[Leber congenital amaurosis]] type 2. E dey replace de miscoded [[RPE65]] protein wey be produced within de retinal pigmented epithelium. E be found to be effective insyd approximately 50% of de patients wey receive de therapy. De earlier a kiddie receive de RPE65 therapy, de better dema chances be for a positive outcome. Der be chaw oda therapies be researched at dis time, plus de goal of being approved insyd de next few years. E be estimated to affect 1 insyd 4,000 people.<ref name="NIH2014">{{cite web |date=May 2014 |title=Facts About Retinitis Pigmentosa |url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/pigmentosa/pigmentosa_facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307155841/https://nei.nih.gov/health/pigmentosa/pigmentosa_facts |archive-date=7 March 2019 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=National Eye Institute}}</ref> == Notable cases == * [[Jennifer L. Armentrout]], American author of YA paranormal den Science Fiction * [[Walt Bodine]]. American broadcaster, Kansas City * [[Willie Brown (politician)|Willie Brown]], 41st Mayor of San Francisco, California * [[Alex Bulmer]], Canadian playwright<ref>{{cite web |last=Maga |first=Carly |date=12 December 2017 |title=Blind actor Alex Bulmer leads the way into theatre's future |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/2017/12/12/blind-actor-alex-bulmer-leads-the-way-into-theatres-future.html |access-date=9 August 2020 |website=Toronto Star |language=en}}</ref> * [[Molly Burke]], Canadian YouTuber den motivational speaker<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.mollyburkeofficial.com/about |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Molly Burke Official |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Mark Erelli]], American singer/songwriter, guitarist give [[Lori McKenna]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Lauren |date=September 29, 2022 |title=Losing his vision has opened Mark Erelli's eyes |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/09/29/arts/losing-his-vision-has-opened-mark-erellis-eyes/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=The Boston Globe |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Neil Fachie]], British paralympic cyclist<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120627100338/http://www.paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/neil-fachie Neil Fachie]</ref> * [[William (Bill) Fulton]], urban planner, author, den former Mayor of Ventura, California * [[Gordon Gund]], American businessman den professional sports team owner * [[Rigo Tovar]], Mexican musician, singer den actor * [[Lindy Hou]], Australian tandem cyclist den triathlete<ref>{{cite news |last=McDonald |first=Margie |date=31 May 2008 |title=Wheel turns a full circle as proud Lindy rides for two countries in Beijing |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/proud-lindy-rides-for-two-countries/story-e6frg7mo-1111116493868 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523074829/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/proud-lindy-rides-for-two-countries/story-e6frg7mo-1111116493868 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 23, 2013 |access-date=1 February 2012 |publisher=[[The Australian]] |page=54}}</ref> * [[Amar Latif]], entrepreneur, television personality den professional traveller * [[Rachael Leahcar]], Australian singer/songwriter, actress den motivational speaker * [[Steve Lonegan]], Mayor of Bogota, New Jersey; Republican candidate for U.S. Senate<ref>{{cite web |last=Rizzo |first=Salvador |date=2013-09-25 |title=Lonegan opens up about is blindness |url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/09/lonegan_opens_up_about_his_blindness.html#incart_m-rpt-1}}</ref> * [[Chris McCausland]], British stand-up comedian den actor<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duerden |first=Nick |date=16 June 2023 |title=Chris McCausland: 'A miracle to cure my blindness completely? I'd consider that' |url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/comedy/chris-mccausland-miracle-cure-blindness-2417677?srsltid=AfmBOorsUIvIJwOi5rfyv8585oiyUAlvmJ5HCe0jtbJLHktzEY1a8eK5 |work=[[i (British newspaper)|The i paper]]}}</ref> * [[Robin Millar (producer)|Robin Millar]], English record producer, musician den businessman<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomson |first1=Alice |date=15 July 2023 |title='I was 16. My doctor said, "You'll go blind. Get on with it"' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/robin-millar-record-producer-interview-blindness-david-bowie-sade-3bd0kb0l6 |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> * [[Woody Shaw]], American jazz trumpeter<ref>{{cite book |last=Spencer |first=Frederick J. |url=https://archive.org/details/jazzdeathmedical00spen |title=Jazz and Death: Medical Profiles of Jazz Greats |date=2002 |publisher=University of Mississippi Press |isbn=978-1-57806-453-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jazzdeathmedical00spen/page/55 55]–57 |url-access=registration}}</ref> * [[Regina Sorenson]], Australian television personality<ref>{{cite news |last=Guertin |first=Lachlan |date=26 April 2022 |title=Big Brother's Reggie Bird tears up detailing her battle with blindness |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/big-brother-reggie-bird-battle-with-blindness-000516074.html |access-date=13 July 2022 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> * [[Shel Talmy]], American record producer, songwriter den arranger<ref>{{cite web |last=Wayne |first=Artie |title=SHEL TALMY INTERVIEWED BY ARTIE WAYNE, PART TWO |url=http://www.spectropop.com/ShelTalmy2/index.htm |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=spectropop.com |publisher=Artie Wayne}}</ref> * [[Sabriye Tenberken]], German Tibetologist den developer of [[Tibetan Braille]] * [[Danelle Umstead]], American Paralympic alpine skier, ''[[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)|Dancing with the Stars]]'' contestant<ref>{{Cite news |title=Danelle Umstead |url=https://www.teamusa.org/para-alpine-skiing/athletes/danelle-umstead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501110921/http://www.teamusa.org/para-alpine-skiing/athletes/Danelle-Umstead |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |access-date=2018-09-13 |work=Team USA}}</ref> * [[Jon Wellner]], American actor<ref>{{cite web |title=CSI Cast: Jon Wellner |url=http://www.cbs.com/primetime/csi/cast/jon-wellner/ |access-date=October 5, 2010 |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref> * [[Steve Wynn]], American business magnate den Las Vegas casino developer<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Paumgarten |first=Nick |date=2006-10-16 |title=Doh! Dept: The $40-Million Elbow |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/23/061023ta_talk_paumgarten |access-date=2012-08-13 |magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref> * [[Sheena Iyengar]], S.T. Lee Professor of Business insyd de Management Department at Columbia Business School<ref>{{cite web |title=Take 5: Sheena Iyengar, author and expert on choice |date=26 March 2018 |url=http://www.nj.com/inside-jersey/index.ssf/2018/03/take_5_sheena_iyengar_author_and_expert_on_choice.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510191447/http://www.nj.com/inside-jersey/index.ssf/2018/03/take_5_sheena_iyengar_author_and_expert_on_choice.html |archive-date=2018-05-10 |access-date=2018-05-10}}</ref> * [[:ja:嶋津雄大|Yudai Shimazu]] - Japanese athlete == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] nu8g8i355fal2l11zazk92nqxsbbniv 115645 115644 2026-11-03T22:48:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Retinitis pigmentosa''' ('''RP''') be a member of a group of [[genetic disorder]]s dem call inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) wey cause [[vision impairment|loss of vision]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Symptoms dey include [[nyctalopia|trouble seeing at night]] den decreasing [[peripheral vision]] (side den upper anaa lower visual field).<ref name=NIH2014/> As peripheral vision dey worsen, people fi experience "[[tunnel vision]]".<ref name=NIH2014/> Complete [[blindness]] be uncommon.<ref name="Kel2008">{{cite book |last1=Openshaw |first1=Amanda |url=http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |title=Understanding Retinitis Pigmentosa |date=Feb 2008 |publisher=University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center |access-date=2017-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829205230/http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Onset of symptoms generally be gradual den often dey begin insyd kiddie time.<ref name=NIH2014/><ref name=Kel2008/> Retinitis pigmentosa generally be inherited from one anaa both parents.<ref name="OMIM">{{cite web |title=OMIM Entry: Retinitis Pigmentosa |url=https://www.omim.org/entry/268000#inheritance |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man}}</ref> E be caused by genetic variants insyd nearly 100 [[genes]].<ref name=OMIM/> De underlying mechanism dey involve de progressive loss of rod [[photoreceptor cell]]s wey line de [[retina]] of de eyeball.<ref name=NIH2014/> De [[rod cell]]s dey secrete a [[Neuroprotection|neuroprotective]] substance (rod-derived cone viability factor, RdCVF) wey dey protect de cone cells from [[apoptosis]]. Wen dese rod cells die, dis substance no longer be provided. Dis generally be followed by de loss of cone photoreceptor cells.<ref name=NIH2014/> Diagnosis be thru [[Eye examination#Retinal examination|eye examination of de retina]] wey dey find dark pigment deposits wey de rupture of de underlying [[Retinal pigment epithelium|retinal pigmented epithelial cells]] cause, given dat dese cells dey contain [[melanin]].<ref name=NIH2014/> Oda supportive testing fi include de [[Electroretinography|electroretinogram]] (ERG), [[visual field test]]ing (VFT), ocular coherence tomography (OCT) den [[Genetic testing|DNA testing]] to determine de gene responsible for a person ein particular type of RP.<ref name=NIH2014/> Der currently no be cure give retinitis pigmentosa.<ref name=Kel2008/> Efforts to manage de problem fi include de use of [[low vision aids]], portable lighting, anaa [[orientation den mobility]] training.<ref name=NIH2014/> [[Vitamin A palmitate]] supplements fi be useful to slow progression.<ref name=NIH2014/> A [[visual prosthesis]] fi be an option give people plus severe symptoms.<ref name=NIH2014/> Der only be one FDA-approved [[gene therapy]] wey be commercially available to RP patients plus [[Leber congenital amaurosis]] type 2. E dey replace de miscoded [[RPE65]] protein wey be produced within de retinal pigmented epithelium. E be found to be effective insyd approximately 50% of de patients wey receive de therapy. De earlier a kiddie receive de RPE65 therapy, de better dema chances be for a positive outcome. Der be chaw oda therapies be researched at dis time, plus de goal of being approved insyd de next few years. E be estimated to affect 1 insyd 4,000 people.<ref name="NIH2014">{{cite web |date=May 2014 |title=Facts About Retinitis Pigmentosa |url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/pigmentosa/pigmentosa_facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307155841/https://nei.nih.gov/health/pigmentosa/pigmentosa_facts |archive-date=7 March 2019 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=National Eye Institute}}</ref> == Notable cases == * [[Jennifer L. Armentrout]], American author of YA paranormal den Science Fiction * [[Walt Bodine]]. American broadcaster, Kansas City * [[Willie Brown (politician)|Willie Brown]], 41st Mayor of San Francisco, California * [[Alex Bulmer]], Canadian playwright<ref>{{cite web |last=Maga |first=Carly |date=12 December 2017 |title=Blind actor Alex Bulmer leads the way into theatre's future |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/2017/12/12/blind-actor-alex-bulmer-leads-the-way-into-theatres-future.html |access-date=9 August 2020 |website=Toronto Star |language=en}}</ref> * [[Molly Burke]], Canadian YouTuber den motivational speaker<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.mollyburkeofficial.com/about |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Molly Burke Official |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Mark Erelli]], American singer/songwriter, guitarist give [[Lori McKenna]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Lauren |date=September 29, 2022 |title=Losing his vision has opened Mark Erelli's eyes |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/09/29/arts/losing-his-vision-has-opened-mark-erellis-eyes/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=The Boston Globe |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Neil Fachie]], British paralympic cyclist<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120627100338/http://www.paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/neil-fachie Neil Fachie]</ref> * [[William (Bill) Fulton]], urban planner, author, den former Mayor of Ventura, California * [[Gordon Gund]], American businessman den professional sports team owner * [[Rigo Tovar]], Mexican musician, singer den actor * [[Lindy Hou]], Australian tandem cyclist den triathlete<ref>{{cite news |last=McDonald |first=Margie |date=31 May 2008 |title=Wheel turns a full circle as proud Lindy rides for two countries in Beijing |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/proud-lindy-rides-for-two-countries/story-e6frg7mo-1111116493868 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523074829/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/proud-lindy-rides-for-two-countries/story-e6frg7mo-1111116493868 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 23, 2013 |access-date=1 February 2012 |publisher=[[The Australian]] |page=54}}</ref> * [[Amar Latif]], entrepreneur, television personality den professional traveller * [[Rachael Leahcar]], Australian singer/songwriter, actress den motivational speaker * [[Steve Lonegan]], Mayor of Bogota, New Jersey; Republican candidate for U.S. Senate<ref>{{cite web |last=Rizzo |first=Salvador |date=2013-09-25 |title=Lonegan opens up about is blindness |url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/09/lonegan_opens_up_about_his_blindness.html#incart_m-rpt-1}}</ref> * [[Chris McCausland]], British stand-up comedian den actor<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duerden |first=Nick |date=16 June 2023 |title=Chris McCausland: 'A miracle to cure my blindness completely? I'd consider that' |url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/comedy/chris-mccausland-miracle-cure-blindness-2417677?srsltid=AfmBOorsUIvIJwOi5rfyv8585oiyUAlvmJ5HCe0jtbJLHktzEY1a8eK5 |work=[[i (British newspaper)|The i paper]]}}</ref> * [[Robin Millar (producer)|Robin Millar]], English record producer, musician den businessman<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomson |first1=Alice |date=15 July 2023 |title='I was 16. My doctor said, "You'll go blind. Get on with it"' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/robin-millar-record-producer-interview-blindness-david-bowie-sade-3bd0kb0l6 |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> * [[Woody Shaw]], American jazz trumpeter<ref>{{cite book |last=Spencer |first=Frederick J. |url=https://archive.org/details/jazzdeathmedical00spen |title=Jazz and Death: Medical Profiles of Jazz Greats |date=2002 |publisher=University of Mississippi Press |isbn=978-1-57806-453-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jazzdeathmedical00spen/page/55 55]–57 |url-access=registration}}</ref> * [[Regina Sorenson]], Australian television personality<ref>{{cite news |last=Guertin |first=Lachlan |date=26 April 2022 |title=Big Brother's Reggie Bird tears up detailing her battle with blindness |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/big-brother-reggie-bird-battle-with-blindness-000516074.html |access-date=13 July 2022 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> * [[Shel Talmy]], American record producer, songwriter den arranger<ref>{{cite web |last=Wayne |first=Artie |title=SHEL TALMY INTERVIEWED BY ARTIE WAYNE, PART TWO |url=http://www.spectropop.com/ShelTalmy2/index.htm |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=spectropop.com |publisher=Artie Wayne}}</ref> * [[Sabriye Tenberken]], German Tibetologist den developer of [[Tibetan Braille]] * [[Danelle Umstead]], American Paralympic alpine skier, ''[[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)|Dancing with the Stars]]'' contestant<ref>{{Cite news |title=Danelle Umstead |url=https://www.teamusa.org/para-alpine-skiing/athletes/danelle-umstead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501110921/http://www.teamusa.org/para-alpine-skiing/athletes/Danelle-Umstead |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |access-date=2018-09-13 |work=Team USA}}</ref> * [[Jon Wellner]], American actor<ref>{{cite web |title=CSI Cast: Jon Wellner |url=http://www.cbs.com/primetime/csi/cast/jon-wellner/ |access-date=October 5, 2010 |publisher=[[CBS]]}}</ref> * [[Steve Wynn]], American business magnate den Las Vegas casino developer<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Paumgarten |first=Nick |date=2006-10-16 |title=Doh! Dept: The $40-Million Elbow |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/23/061023ta_talk_paumgarten |access-date=2012-08-13 |magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref> * [[Sheena Iyengar]], S.T. Lee Professor of Business insyd de Management Department at Columbia Business School<ref>{{cite web |title=Take 5: Sheena Iyengar, author and expert on choice |date=26 March 2018 |url=http://www.nj.com/inside-jersey/index.ssf/2018/03/take_5_sheena_iyengar_author_and_expert_on_choice.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510191447/http://www.nj.com/inside-jersey/index.ssf/2018/03/take_5_sheena_iyengar_author_and_expert_on_choice.html |archive-date=2018-05-10 |access-date=2018-05-10}}</ref> * [[:ja:嶋津雄大|Yudai Shimazu]] - Japanese athlete == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1417/ GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Retinitis Pigmentosa Overview] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/all/tests/?term=retinitis+pigmentosa/ NCBI/Molecular diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Channelopathies]] [[Category:Blindness]] [[Category:Disorders of choroid den retina]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 263ru3yi9omnk38plwh94u9acnhcke6 User talk:~2026-58511-29 3 31224 115647 2026-11-03T22:52:27Z DaSupremo 9 /* Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia */ new section 115647 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia == This is the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia which is different from English Wikipedia [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:52, 3 November 2026 (GMT) 65tpdt15ogvgek2vaw1d7ywqfbp0ac3 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 0 31225 115648 2026-11-04T09:51:25Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1479858|Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis''' ('''SSPE''') be == References == lil0esketfkiiltpslenqzlfyrf3hrt 115649 115648 2026-11-04T09:53:59Z DaSupremo 9 added [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 115649 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis''' ('''SSPE''') be == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5283d0s3k112dvilvvngo0nie8e89ef 115650 115649 2026-11-04T09:56:18Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis''' ('''SSPE''') be progressive [[encephalitis|brain inflammation]] secof persistent [[measles|measles infection]].<ref name=Stat2021>{{cite journal |last1=Rocke |first1=Z |last2=Belyayeva |first2=M |title=Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis |date=January 2021 |pmid=32809508|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Onset generally be 7 to 10 years after de initial infection.<ref name=CDC2019>{{cite web |title=Measles - Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Manual {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=16 May 2021 |language=en-us |date=13 May 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015227/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Initial symptoms dey include memory loss den irritability wich be followed by [[myoclonus|involuntary jerking movements]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> Complications fi include [[seizures]] den [[blindness]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 1czwmpp18xncs5erceiuknqfkbcawd8