Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1192 115692 79515 2026-11-04T19:27:42Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q48804007}} [[File:Ahafo in Ghana 2018.svg|thumb|Ahafo region wey dey Ghana map insyd]] [[File:Districts of the Ahafo Region (2019).png|thumb|District map wey dey de Ahafo region insyd]] [[File:Flag of Brong-Ahafo Region.gif|thumb|Brong-Ahafo Region dema flag]] De '''Ahafo Region''' be fresh region wey dem create insyd Ghana plus [[Goaso]] as ein capital.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190411215130/http://citifmonline.com/2017/11/21/commission-of-enquiry-on-creation-of-new-regions-commences-work/ "Commission of enquiry on creation of new regions commences work - Ghana News"]. ''Ghana News''. 2017-11-21. Retrieved 2017-12-12.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190924135011/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/3917-creation-of-new-administrative-regions-council-of-state-recommends-commission-of-enquiry "CREATION OF NEW ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS—COUNCIL OF STATE RECOMMENDS COMMISSION OF ENQUIRY - Government of Ghana"]. ''www.ghana.gov.gh''. Archived from [http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/3917-creation-of-new-administrative-regions-council-of-state-recommends-commission-of-enquiry the original] on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2017-12-12.</ref> De region get administrative den governmental legislature lyk all de ten wey dey Ghana already. Dem carve de region out of de south-eastern part of de Brong Ahafo Region wey ebe in fulfillment of [[New Patriotic Party]] ein campaign promise. As dem dey go de 2016 Ghanaian general election, de den candidate [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] talk say if dem vote give am, he go see say he go create 6 new regions out of de already regions wey dey exist for Ghana insyd as dis be way he carry govament closer to citizens. De execution of plans for de creation, dem carry de plans give de newly created Ministry for Regional Reorganization den Development<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170731040155/http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/January-11th/2nd-ministerial-list-out-akufo-addo-creates-new-ministries-re-aligns-old.php "2nd Ministerial list out: Akufo-Addo creates new ministries, re-aligns old".] ''myjoyonline.com''. myjoyonline. Archived from [http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/January-11th/2nd-ministerial-list-out-akufo-addo-creates-new-ministries-re-aligns-old.php the original] on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.</ref> wey dey under de leadership of Hon. [[Dan Botwe]]. Government of Ghana ministry charged wid de responsibility for supervising de creation of de new regions for Ghana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170731040155/http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/January-11th/2nd-ministerial-list-out-akufo-addo-creates-new-ministries-re-aligns-old.php "2nd Ministerial list out: Akufo-Addo creates new ministries, re-aligns old"]. MyJoyonline. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20170731040155/http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/January-11th/2nd-ministerial-list-out-akufo-addo-creates-new-ministries-re-aligns-old.php the original] on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.</ref> insyd March 2017, de ministry carry de blue print for de creation of de region plus others to de Council of State. De Council met over 36 times from de time of submission to August 2017.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193348/https://www.ghanacrusader.com/council-of-state-met-36-times-on-creation-of-new-regions-nana-otuo-siriboe-ii/ "Council of State met 36 times on new Regions - Nana Otuo Siriboe II"]. ''GhanaCrusader.com - Latest News in Ghana and Beyond''. 2017-08-16. Archived from [https://www.ghanacrusader.com/council-of-state-met-36-times-on-creation-of-new-regions-nana-otuo-siriboe-ii/ the original] on 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2017-12-12.</ref> De final stage for de creation of de region dem decide am through referendum by de people wey dey de new region insyd on 27 December 2018.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171211071727/http://presidency.gov.gh/index.php/2017/10/06/creation-of-new-region-in-your-hands-president-akufo-addo-to-nayiri/ ""Creation Of New Region In Your Hands" – President Akufo-Addo To Nayiri – The Presidency, Republic of Ghana"]. ''presidency.gov.gh''. Archived from [http://presidency.gov.gh/index.php/2017/10/06/creation-of-new-region-in-your-hands-president-akufo-addo-to-nayiri/ the original] on 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2017-12-12.</ref> == Major Towns == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: centre;" |- bgcolor=#EEEEEE |align=center colspan=4|'''Major Towns wey dey de Ahafo Region'''. |- " !class="unsortable"| No. !class="unsortable"| Settlement !class="unsortable"| Population !class="unsortable"| Population year |- |align=center| '''1''' |align=center| [[Mim, Ahafo]] |align=center| 30,753 |align=center| 2017 |- |align=center| '''2''' |align=center| [[Goaso]] |align=center| 24,846 |align=center| 2017 |- |align=center| '''3''' |align=center| [[Bechem]] |align=center| 17,677 |align=center| 2013 |- |align=center| '''4''' |align=center| [[Duayaw Nkwanta]] |align=center| 16,541 |align=center| 2013 |- |align=center| '''5''' |align=center| [[Techimantia]] |align=center| |align=center| |- |align=center| '''6''' |align=center| [[Kenyasi]] |align=center| |align=center| |- |} == Administrative divisions == De political administration for de region insyd be through de local government system. As edey dis administration system under, dem divide de region into six MMDA's (made up of 0 Metropolitan, 3 Municipal den 3 Ordinary Assemblies).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190617031734/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/Home/Region/12 "Ghana Districts - Ahafo".] ''GhanaDistricts.com''. Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development. Archived from [http://www.ghanadistricts.com/Home/Region/12 the original] on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.</ref> Every District den Municipal Assembly, be administered by Chief Executive, wey dey rep de central government buh dem dey collect dema authority from Assembly wey ebe headed by presiding member elected from among de members demselves. De current list be as follows: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Districts wey dey de Ahafo Region<ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ghana.aspx Brong-Ahafo Region]. Geohive.com.</ref> |- ! # ! MMDA Name ! Capital ! MMDA Type ! Chief Executive ! Member of Parliament !Party |- ! 1 | [[Asunafo North Municipal District|Asunafo North]] | '''[[Goaso]]''' | Municipal | Osei Yaw Boahen | [[Evans Bobie Opoku]] |NPP |- ! 2 | [[Asunafo South District|Asunafo South]] | [[Kukuom]] | Ordinary | Frank Aduse Poku | [[Eric Opoku (politician)|Eric Opoku]] |NDC |- ! 3 | [[Asutifi North District|Asutifi North]] | [[Kenyasi]] | Ordinary | Anthony Mensah | [[Patrick Banor]] |NPP |- ! 4 | [[Asutifi South District|Asutifi South]] | [[Hwidiem]] | Ordinary | Robert Mensah Dwomoh | [[Collins Dauda]] |NDC |- ! 5 | [[Tano North Municipal District|Tano North]] | [[Duayaw Nkwanta]] | Municipal | Ernest Kwarteng | [[Freda Prempeh]] |NPP |- ! 6 | [[Tano South Municipal District|Tano South]] | [[Bechem]] | Municipal | Collins Takyi Offinam | [[Benjamin Yeboah Sekyere]] |NPP |- |} == History == Dem do referendum for 27 December 2018<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Referendum-Massive-YES-votes-for-6-new-regions-711692 "Referendum: Massive YES votes for 6 new regions | General News 2018-12-28"]. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. 28 December 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-02.</ref> wey dem approve de creation of Ahafo Region. Out of de total of 307,108 registered votes, 277.663 took part for de referendum wid 276,763 (99.68 per cent) voting give de creation of de new region. 675 (0.24 per cent) rejected de motion den 225 rejected ballots representing 0.08% of total votes cast.<ref>[https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/referendum-6-new-regions-get-massive-yes-votes/6l8qds7 "Referendum: 6 new regions get massive 'YES' votes"]. ''www.pulse.com.gh''. 2018-12-28. Retrieved 2019-01-02.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2018/12/29/all-six-proposed-regions-meet-constitutional-threshold-requirements-ec/ "All six proposed regions meet constitutional threshold requirements – EC".] ''Ghana Business News''. 29 December 2018.</ref><ref>Zurek, Kweku. [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/confirmed-results-of-the-2018-referendum-on-new-regions.html "CONFIRMED: Results of the 2018 Referendum on new regions".] ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 2019-01-02.</ref> Dem create de new region on 13th of February 2019 by Constitutional Instrument 114.<ref name=":0" /> Dem announce Goaso say dat go be dema capital for de new region. == Economy == Ahafo get plenty rich natural resources such as Gold, Diamonds, Timber etc. Gold deposit dey in large quantities for areas lyk Mim, Ahafo Kenyasi den Yamfo Areas. Newmont Gold Ghana Limited be one of de biggest mining companies for de world insyd, rydee dem get dema mining operations for Kenyasi den Yamfo Areas. Ahafo be one of de forest belts for Ghana insyd, get plenty forest reserves. Timber industry be de second highest employer for de Region insyd. Dem get large den medium timber companies scattered across de Region insyd. Notable among dem be timber companies lyk Ayum Forest Products Co. Ltd.<ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/trade-minister-inaugurates-5-member-board-of-revitalised-ayum-forest-product-ltd/ "Trade Minister inaugurates 5-member-board of revitalised Ayum Forest Product Ltd - MyJoyOnline.com".] ''www.myjoyonline.com''. 2020-09-14. Retrieved 2023-10-04.</ref> Mim Exbo wood Co. Ltd, Ocean-wood Co. Ltd,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240313125416/https://www.thetradevision.com/global-trade-data/ghana-import-export-data "Ghana Import Export Data".] ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240313125416/https://www.thetradevision.com/ www.thetradevision.com]'' Retrieved 2023-10-04.</ref> Supremo-wood processing Co LTD,<ref>Nartey, Laud (24 November 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230210172652/https://3news.com/rising-youth-population-means-more-job-opportunities-should-be-created-bawumia/ "Rising youth population means more job opportunities should be created – Bawumia".] ''3news''. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</ref> all dey Mim, Ahafo. Ahafo Region dem known am to be bread basket for Ghana. Dema soil type for de region supports de production of both food den cash crops. De region be known for ein large cocoa den cashew productions.<ref>Segbefia, Sedem (2021-08-02). [https://thebftonline.com/2021/08/02/gcx-targets-20000mt-raw-cashew-for-auction-next-season/ "GCX targets 20,000MT raw cashew for auction next season".] ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2023-10-05.</ref> De major agro-processing company for region insyd be Mim Cashew & Agric Products company LTD wey dey Mim, Ahafo.<ref>[https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/Business/242086/Mim-Cashew-implementing-new-strategies-to-revamp-operations "Mim Cashew implementing new strategies to revamp operations".] ''BusinessGhana''. Retrieved 2023-10-05.</ref> == Tourism == Tourist Attractions wey dey Ahafo Region be: * Mim Bour wey dey Mim, Ahafo<ref>Ghana, Destination (2022-12-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230324054824/https://visitandtourghana.com/top-10-tourist-attractions-in-ghanas-brong-ahafo-region-you-should-visit/ "Top 10 Tourist Sites in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana".] ''Destination Ghana''. Retrieved 2023-10-06.</ref><ref>[https://myshsrank.com/post/tourtist-attractions-in-ghana-by-region "Tourist Sites & Attractions in Ghana by Region - Myshsrank".] ''myshsrank.com''. Retrieved 2023-10-06.</ref> * Mim Lake sanso dey Mim, Ahafo * De White-necked Rockfowl conservation wey dey Asumura * Okomfo Anokye tree wey dey Sankore == Geography den climate == === Location den size === De Ahafo Region be bordered for de north by de Bono region, de east by [[Ashanti Region]], de west by de [[Bono Region]], de south by de [[Western North Region]] den e get up to 6 districts. === Climate den vegetation === De Ahafo Region be part of de forest belt for Ghana den e get vegetation wey dey consist predominantly of fertile soil, grassland, especially savanna wid clusters of drought-resistant trees such as baobabs or acacias. Between December den April be de dry season for de area. De wet season be between about July den November wid ein average annual rainfall be 750 to 1050 mm (30 to 40 inches). De highest temperatures dey reached at de end of de dry season, dema lowest be December den January. However, dema hot Harmattan wind from de Sahara blows frequently between December den de beginning of February. De temperatures dey vary between 14 °C (59 °F) for night den 40 °C (104 °F) during de day. == References == [[Category:Regions of Ghana]] [[Category:Pages plus maps]] [[Category:Ghana]] <references /> [[Category:2019 insyd Ghana]] [[Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 2019]] pt3jjhqe4liovypihympijaptbb6z1s 0 1633 115719 40266 2026-11-05T01:24:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q42659477}} '''Henrietta Joy Abena Nyarko Mensa-Bonsu''', JSC, FGA (dem born am 29 October 1957) be Supreme Court Judge of de Republic of Ghana.<ref name=":0">[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-shall-demonstrate-uncompromising-fidelity-to-the-Constitution-Justice-Kulendi-962779 "I shall demonstrate uncompromising fidelity to the Constitution – Justice Kulendi"]. ''ghanaweb''. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> Ebe presido [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana-Akufo-Addo]] wey nominate am.<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/5-key-highlights-from-vetting-of-Supreme-Court-Justice-nominees-950719 "5 key highlights from vetting of Supreme Court nominees"]. 13 May 2020.</ref><ref>[https://citinewsroom.com/2020/05/vetting-of-supreme-court-justice-nominees-begins-today "Vetting of Supreme Court Justice nominees begins today"]. ''Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana''. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/The-court-is-busy-957175 "The court is busy!"]. ''ghanaweb''. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> She be de 5th female member of de Court.<ref>[https://citinewsroom.com/2020/05/four-supreme-court-justice-nominees-approved-by-parliament "Four Supreme Court Justice nominees approved by Parliament"]. ''Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana''. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Justice-Mensa-Bonsu-joins-Supreme-Court-Bench-962893 "Justice Mensa-Bonsu joins Supreme Court Bench"]. ''ghanaweb''. 27 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> Prior to ein appointment as Supreme Court judge, na she be Ghanaian law professor wey she serve as member of de United Nations Independent Panel for Peace Operations.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022035/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Guard-peace-in-the-country-Prof-Henrietta-Mensa-Bonsu-509118 "'Guard peace in the country' – Prof. Henrietta Mensa-Bonsu"]. ''ghanaweb''. Archived from [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Guard-peace-in-the-country-Prof-Henrietta-Mensa-Bonsu-509118 the original] on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024849/https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/prof-mensa-bonsu-appointed-member-united-nations-secretary-general%E2%80%99s-high-level-independent "Prof. Mensa-Bonsu Appointed Member Of United Nations Secretary-General's High Level Independent Panel On Peace Operations. | University of Ghana"]. ''University of Ghana''. Archived from [https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/prof-mensa-bonsu-appointed-member-united-nations-secretary-general%E2%80%99s-high-level-independent the original] on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.</ref> == Ein Early life den Education == Dem born Mensa-Bonsu for 29 October 1957 insyd for [[Kumasi]].<ref>Service, Judicial. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220726050055/https://judicial.gov.gh/index.php/publications/news-publications/js-latest-news/item/399-four-new-supreme-court-justices-sworn-into-office "Four New Supreme Court Justices Sworn into Office"]. ''judicial government of ghana''. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref> She attend [[Wesley Girls' Senior High School|Wesley Girls High School]] for both ein ordinary level certificate den advanced level certificate obtain for 1975 den 1977 insyd respectively. She continue for [[University of Ghana]] wer she graduate plus Bachelor of Laws (LLB) insyd 1980 wey she study for de Ghana School of Law from 1980 cam 1982. Dem bell am for de Ghana bar for 1982 insyd. Mensa-Bonsu get postgraduate studies for Yale University, she obtain Master of Laws (LLM) for 1985 insyd.<ref>Graphic, Daily. [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/prof-mensa-bonsu-delivers-2014-alumni-lecture-today.html "Prof Mensa-Bonsu delivers 2014 Alumni Lecture today – Graphic Online"]. ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 25 November 2017.</ref> == Ein Life matter == Mensa-Bonsu marry Kwaku Mensa-Bonsu wey dem get three kiddies (daughters), five grand kiddies, three foster sons den three foster grand kiddies.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200811095306/https://www.todaygh.com/prof-henrietta-mensa-bonsu/ "Prof Henrietta Mensa-Bonsu"]. ''today ghana''. 17 November 2017. Archived from [https://www.todaygh.com/prof-henrietta-mensa-bonsu/ the original] on 11 August 2020.</ref> [[Category:Ghanaian legal scholars]] [[Category:20th-century Ghanaian lawyers]] [[Category:20th-century Ghanaian educators]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian educators]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian lawyers]] [[Category:21st-century women lawyers]] [[Category:Justices of de Supreme Court of Ghana]] [[Category:Fellows of de Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences]] [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Ghana School of Law alumni]] [[Category:Yale University alumni]] [[Category:People wey komot Ashanti Region]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Ghanaian judges]] == References == <references /> == External links == '''Henrietta Mensa-Bonsu''' at Wikipedia ein sisto projects * [[wikiquote:Joy_Henrietta_Mensa-Bonsu|Quotations]] from Wikiquote * [[wikidata:Q42659477|Data]] from Wikidata my1yqfceallqouootrgyu0w7wa4xpbe 0 1799 115734 113244 2026-11-05T03:52:09Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q23883006}} '''Nana Aba Anamoah''' (birth name: '''Rosemond Nana Aba McEwan-Anamoah''',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-18|title=Beyond the Face: Nana Aba Anamoah - Sophia Apenkro Blog|url=https://www.sophiaapenkro.com/beyond-the-face-nana-aba-anamoah/|access-date=2024-05-03|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725150326/https://www.sophiaapenkro.com/beyond-the-face-nana-aba-anamoah/|archive-date=2024-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=sophiaapenkro beyond-the-face-nana-aba-anamoah|url=https://www.sophiaapenkro.com/beyond-the-face-nana-aba-anamoah/|website=sophiaapenkro|date=18 August 2023|access-date=22 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725150326/https://www.sophiaapenkro.com/beyond-the-face-nana-aba-anamoah/|archive-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> dem born am for June 19, 1980)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nana Aba Anamoah, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Nana-Aba-Anamoah-3364|access-date=2021-08-02|website=ghanaweb.}}</ref> be [[Ghanaian]] media personality.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/|access-date=2022-05-28|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526112709/https://www.thestandpoint.com.gh/|archive-date=2021-05-26}}</ref><ref name="yen">{{Cite web|last=Shem|first=Shemcy|date=2018-01-15|title=Interesting Details About Nana Aba Anamoah and Her Family|url=https://yen.com.gh/103465-nana-aba-anamoah-biography-family.html|access-date=2019-09-28|website=Yen- Ghana news.|language=en}}</ref> Til ein resignation from TV3, na she present de news wey she host top shows, wey dey include The Divas Show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/photos/381/18368.php|title=Biggie-small, Nana Aba Anamoah of TV3 Divas Show fame|access-date=2024-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829202654/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/photos/381/18368.php|archive-date=2023-08-29}}</ref> Dem know am as 'English Madam' for social media top secof ein fluency insyd de English language.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Boye|first=Maurice Divine|date=2022-04-29|title=Nana Aba Anamoah Biography, Age, Husband, Son, Net Worth|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2022/04/29/nana-aba-anamoah-biography-age-husband-son-net-worth/|access-date=2024-05-11|website=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618142422/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2022/04/29/nana-aba-anamoah-biography-age-husband-son-net-worth/|archive-date=2024-06-18}}</ref> Na she be de General Manager of GHOne TV den Starr 103.5 FM.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Debrah|first=Ameyaw|title=Nana Aba Anamoah Appointed General Manager Of GhOne TV - Ameyaw Debrah|url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/nana-aba-anamoah-appointed-general-manager-of-ghone-tv/|access-date=2021-03-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NDC has done more for healthcare in Ghana than NPP - Sammy Gyamfi responds to Nana Aba Anamoah - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ndc-has-done-more-for-healthcare-in-ghana-than-npp-sammy-gyamfi-responds-to-nana-aba-anamoah/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=myjoyonline.|date=17 May 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> She currently be de director of business development give EIB network.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-26|title=Nana Aba Anamoah steps down from role as EIB general manager, takes charge of business development|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Nana-Aba-Anamoah-steps-down-from-role-as-EIB-general-manager-takes-charge-of-business-development-1869668|access-date=2024-04-10|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dzidzoamenu|first=Isaac|date=2023-10-26|title=Nana Aba Anamoah promoted to EIB Business Dev't Director — Kasapa102.5FM|url=https://kasapafmonline.com/?p=288868|access-date=2024-04-10|language=en-US}}</ref> She sanso be de ambassador give women dema football insyd Ghana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ambassador for women football|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/confirmed-minister-endorses-nana-aba-anamoah-and-sandra-ankobea-as-ambassadors-for-women-football-in-ghana|access-date=16 March 2022|website=ghanasoccernet.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-26|title=MoYS to unveil Nana Aba Anamoah, Sandra Ankobiah as women's football ambassadors - MyJoyOnline|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/moys-to-unveil-nana-aba-anamoah-sandra-ankobiah-as-womens-football-ambassadors/|access-date=2024-04-02|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister endorses Nana Aba Anamoah and Sandra Akobea as ambassadors for women football|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Minister-endorses-Nana-Aba-Anamoah-and-Sandra-Akobea-as-ambassadors-for-women-football-434764?gallery=2|access-date=2024-04-02|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> Anamoah be a member of de Women's Premier League committee insyd Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/sports/sports-news/rosalind-amoh-nana-aba-get-women-s-league-appointments.html|title=Rosalind Amoh, Nana Aba get Women's League appointments|date=2019-11-27|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=GFA names members of Women's League Committee|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/gfa-names-members-of-womens-league-committee|access-date=2024-04-02|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=GFA names members of Women's League Committee|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/gfa-names-members-of-womens-league-committee|access-date=2024-05-03|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref> She sanso be a football fanatic wey dey support Manchester United den Accra Great Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Great Olympics staunch fan Nana Aba Anamoah makes donation to team ahead of Christmas|url=https://footballghana.com/great-olympics-staunch-fan-nana-aba-anamoah-makes-donation-to-team-ahead-of-christmas|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Footballghana|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Nana Aba Anamoah's Alleged Old Trafford "Selfie" Causes Controversy+Photos|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201509/255653.php|access-date=2024-06-15|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427132250/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201509/255653.php|archive-date=2024-04-27}}</ref> == Ein Education == Anamoah be a product of Ghana National College wey she get a background insyd Development Finance from de [[University of Ghana]] Business School. She sanso graduate banking den finance for [[Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration|GIMPA]]. She take up Executive Education courses wey dey include one insyd 21st Century Leadership from de Harvard Kennedy School (Harvard University).<ref name=yen/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwendwa |first=Venic |date=2020-10-23 |title=Nana Aba Anamoah biography: age, husband, kids, education, house, home region |url=https://yen.com.gh/103465-nana-aba-anamoah-biography-family-home.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news. |language=en}}</ref> == Ein Awards == *TV Personality of de Year, RTP Awards (2017, 2019).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-13|title=RTP Awards 2019: Check out the full list of winners|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/rtp-awards-2019-check-out-the-full-list-of-winners/bcsdpec|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Pulse Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTP Awards Africa {{!}} 2017|url=https://rtpawardsafrica.com/winners/2017-2/|access-date=2021-03-18|language=en-US}}</ref> *TV Personality (Female), Glitz Africa Awards 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of winners of Ghana Entertainment awards 2018 – Glitz Africa Magazine|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/list-of-winners-of-ghana-entertainment-awards-2018/|access-date=2019-09-28|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928150541/https://www.glitzafrica.com/list-of-winners-of-ghana-entertainment-awards-2018/|archive-date=2019-09-28}}</ref> *TV News Anchor of de Year (2004, 2008, 2012, 2017). * TV Development Show Host of de Year, RTP Awards 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 RTP Awards: Stacy Amoateng tops all + full list of winners |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/2018-RTP-Awards-Stacy-Amoateng-tops-all-full-list-of-winners-690780 |access-date=2019-09-28 |website=ghanaweb |language=en}}</ref> *Excellence in Media Honors at de Ghana Women of de Year Honors 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Women of the Year Honours 2019 – Glitz Africa Magazine|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/ghana-women-of-the-year-honours-2019/|access-date=2021-03-19|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926215845/https://www.glitzafrica.com/ghana-women-of-the-year-honours-2019/|archive-date=2020-09-26}}</ref> == Ein Life matter == Nana Aba Anamoah be a Catholic. She give up for ein Medical School after she know say she dey preg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Day |first=Gideon Nicholas |date=2024-02-16 |title=I abandoned medical school to give birth - Nana Aba Anamoah reveals |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/i-abandoned-medical-school-to-give-birth-nana-aba-anamoah-reveals/99pr4nk |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> She be mommie of one,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nana Aba Anamoah reveals the challenges she faced at age 20 with her son |url=https://ghanaguardian.com/nana-aba-anamoah-reveals-the-challenges-she-faced-at-age-20-with-her-son |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=The Guardian News- Ghana |language=en}}</ref> a son Jyotir, wey dey attend school insyd de [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-10 |title=Nana Aba Anamoah's son starts University in the U.S |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Nana-Aba-Anamoah-s-son-starts-University-in-the-U-S-714208 |access-date=2021-03-19 |website=ghanaweb. |language=en}}</ref> == Philanthropy == Dem sanso know am for ein charitable endeavors; for 25 January 2022, she launch Hearts Wide Open, a foundation she establish make e serve as a support system for those wey dey need funding for medical emergencies, school fees etc.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-27|title=Cheddar gifts Nana Aba's boy an all expenses paid trip to Dubai|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Cheddar-gifts-Nana-Aba-s-boy-an-all-expenses-paid-trip-to-Dubai-1455190|access-date=2022-01-28|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128091932/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Cheddar-gifts-Nana-Aba-s-boy-an-all-expenses-paid-trip-to-Dubai-1455190|url-status=dead}}</ref> Insyd April 2023, Nana Aba support a man financially wey na dem offer a job insyd de [[United Kingdom]] buh he lack funds make he undergo medical checkup.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Distinguished|first=Isaac Donkor|date=April 9, 2023|title=Consider it done; I'll sort it out for him – Nana Aba Anamoah promises to help a needy guy|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1223592/consider-it-done-ill-sort-it-out-for-him-nana.html|access-date=19 July 2023|website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anamoah, Nana Aba}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Ghanaian television journalists]] [[Category:Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration alumni]] [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Ghanaian radio journalists]] [[Category:Ghana National College alumni]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Fante people]] [[Category:Ewe people]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian journalists]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women journalists]] [[Category:Ghanaian newspaper journalists]] == External links == {{sister project links|d=Q23883006|c=Category:Nana Aba Anamoah|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} ldu9ivxd4lwfvbmu5wjg3rcisy3mvzw 0 1892 115742 113419 2026-11-05T05:08:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Queenstar Maame Pokua Sawyerr''' (dem born am 1 July 1964) be [[Ghana|Ghanaian]] politician den de former deputy [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Regional]] Minister of Ghana.<ref name="min">{{cite web|title=List of Regional Ministers in Ghana with Their Deputies.|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/469518/1/list-of-regional-ministers-in-ghana-with-their-dep.html|access-date=23 November 2013|publisher=ModernGhana}}</ref><ref name="sdf">{{cite web|title=List of Regional Ministers in Ghana with Their Deputies|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=277257|access-date=23 November 2013|publisher=GhanaWeb}}</ref><ref name="jmnko">{{cite web|title=Regional Ministers|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/2012-02-08-08-18-09/regional-ministers|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014214651/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/2012-02-08-08-18-09/regional-ministers|archive-date=14 October 2013|access-date=23 November 2013|publisher=Government of Ghana}}</ref> Na she be de member of parliament of de Agona East Constituency since 2013.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32|access-date=2022-11-20|website=Parliament of Ghana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064908/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32|archive-date=2024-04-18}}</ref> == Early life den education == Na dem born Sawyerr for 1 July, 1964 wey she dey hail from Agona Kwanyako insyd de [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]] of Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> She receive ein higher national diploma from [[Accra Technical University|Accra Polytechnic]] wey she receive a bachelor's degree insyd Business Administration den master's insyd Public Administration from Atlantic International University.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-queenstar-pokuah-sawyerr-2/|title=HON. QUEENSTAR POKUAH SAWYERR|date=2018-07-05|publisher=UK-Ghana Chamber of Commerce|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427151557/https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-queenstar-pokuah-sawyerr-2/|archive-date=2019-04-27}}</ref><ref name="mps">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Sawyerr, Queenstar Pokuah |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5405 |access-date=2019-04-27 |website=Ghana MPs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204085744/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5405 |archive-date=2022-02-04}}</ref> Atlantic International University be an unaccredited distance learning institution wey na dem characterize am as a degree mill,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-28 |title=Probe IGP's ‘Fake’ doctorate degree - Academics |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Probe-IGP-s-Fake-doctorate-degree-Academics-481571 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> wey na dem widely dismiss ein degrees as "fake."<ref>{{Cite web |last=quist |date=2016-08-03 |title=Gifty Anti, IGP, Hassan Ayariga and others indicted in fake doctorate degree scandal |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/fake-doctorates-gifty-anti-igp-hassan-ayariga-and-others-indicted-in-fake-doctorate/ytpybd5 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Ein life matter == Sawyerr marry plus four kiddies.<ref name="mps" /> She be a Christian wey she dey worship as an Anglican.<ref name=":1" /> == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Sawyerr, Queenstar Maame Pokua}} [[Category:National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2013–2017]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2017–2021]] [[Category:Women members of de Parliament of Ghana]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025]] [[Category:Accra Technical University alumni]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women politicians]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2025–2029]] <references /> == External links == {{Wikiquote}} 2ww937r5qviz1me47pceatsh24yb7o8 0 1959 115749 87497 2026-11-05T06:05:49Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q958}} '''South Sudan''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/suːˈdɑːn, -ˈdæn/]]), officially de '''Republic of South Sudan''', be a landlocked country insyd East Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-26|title=South Sudan joins list of least developed countries, bringing global total to 49|publisher=UNCTAD|url=https://unctad.org/press-material/south-sudan-joins-list-least-developed-countries-bringing-global-total-49|access-date=2024-06-03|language=en}}</ref> Ebe bordered for de north by [[Sudan]]; for de east by [[Ethiopia]]; for de south by de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Uganda]] den [[Kenya]]; den for de west by de [[Central African Republic]]. South Sudan ein diverse landscape dey include vast plains den plateaus, dry den tropical savannahs, inland floodplains, den forested mountains. De Nile River system be de defining physical feature of de country, wey dey run south to north across ein center, wich be dominated by a large swamp dem know as de Sudd. South Sudan get a population of 12.7 million. Juba be de capital den largest city.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250208002815/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ "South Sudan"]. ''The World Factbook'' (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20261103202300/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2023.zip Archived 2023 edition].)</ref> South Sudan be a member of de United Nations,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sudan-un-membership-idUKTRE76D3I120110714|title=South Sudan admitted to U.N. as 193rd member|last=Worsnip|first=Patrick|date=14 July 2011|publisher=Reuters|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715144119/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/07/14/uk-sudan-un-membership-idUKTRE76D3I120110714|archive-date=15 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1=|title=UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State|publisher=United Nations News Service|date=14 July 2011|access-date=14 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803100613/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1=|archive-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[African Union]],<ref name="au54">{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/South-Sudan-Becomes-African-Unions-54th-Member-126320433.html|title=South Sudan Becomes African Union's 54th Member|publisher=Voice of America News|date=28 July 2011|access-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916115846/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/South-Sudan-Becomes-African-Unions-54th-Member-126320433.html|archive-date=16 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> East African Community,<ref>"South Sudan admitted into EAC", Daily Nation, 2 March 2016, reprinted at nation.co.ke, accessed 4 March 2016</ref> den de Intergovernmental Authority on Development.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html|title=Ethiopia Agrees to Back Somalia Army Operations, IGAD Says|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=25 November 2011|date=25 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729154359/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html|archive-date=29 July 2012}}</ref> Ebe one of de least developed countries insyd de world, wey dey rank second to last insyd de Human Development Index, ahead of [[Somalia]], wey e get de second-lowest nominal GDP per capita, after [[Burundi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP per capita, current prices |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD?year=2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219114021/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD?year=2024 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=19 January 2025 |publisher=IMF}}</ref> == Government den politics == === Constituent States === ==== 2011–2015 ==== [[File:SouthSudanStates.svg|thumb|De ten states of South Sudan prior to 2015, dem group insyd de three historical provinces of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan {{legend|#9BCD9B|Bahr el Ghazal}} {{legend|#7AC5CD|Equatoria}} {{legend|#EEE685|Greater Upper Nile}}]] Prior to 2015, na dem divide South Sudan into ten states, wich sanso dey correspond to three historical regions: Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria, den Greater Upper Nile region: ;Bahr el Ghazal *Northern Bahr el Ghazal *Western Bahr el Ghazal *Lakes *Warrap ;Equatoria *Western Equatoria *Central Equatoria (wey dey contain de national capital city of Juba) *Eastern Equatoria ;Greater Upper Nile *Jonglei *Unity *Upper Nile State ;Bar el Ghazal #Aweil #Aweil East #Eastern Lakes #Gogrial #Gok #Lol #Tonj #Twic #Wau #Western Lakes ;Equatoria #Amadi #Gbudwe #Torit #Jubek (wey dey contain de national capital city of Juba) #Maridi #Kapoeta #Tambura #Terekeka #Yei River ;Greater Upper Nile region #Boma #Central Upper Nile #Akobo #Northern Upper Nile #Jonglei State #Latjoor #Maiwut #Northern Liech #Ruweng (Rubkona, Rubkotna) #Southern Liech #Bieh #Fashoda State #Fangak State For 14 January 2017 na dem create anoda four states; Central Upper Nile, Northern Upper Nile, Tumbura den Maiwut.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Sudanese President creates four more states |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article61403 |website=Sudan Tribune |date=12 August 2017 |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918153344/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article61403 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jan2017 South Sudan|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/database?location%5B%5D=13&date_range=last_12_months&from_month=01&from_year=2017&to_month=01&to_year=2017|publisher=International Crisis Group|access-date=6 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905184735/https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/database?location%5B%5D=13&date_range=last_12_months&from_month=01&from_year=2017&to_month=01&to_year=2017|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ====2020–present==== [[File:SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg|thumb|Administrative areas of South Sudan as of 2020]] Under de terms of a peace agreement dem sign for 22 February 2020, na dem san divide South Sudan into ten states, plus two administrative areas den one area plus special administrative status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/6-years-war-peace-finally-south-sudan-200223114919537.html|title=After 6 years of war, will peace finally come to South Sudan?|publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 February 2020|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820130930/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/6-years-war-peace-finally-south-sudan-200223114919537.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem dey dispute de Kafia Kingi area between South Sudan den Sudan wey dem dey dispute Ilemi Triangle between South Sudan den Kenya. Dem san group de states den administrative areas into de three former historical provinces of de Sudan; Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria den Greater Upper Nile: ;Bahr el Ghazal *Northern Bahr el Ghazal *Western Bahr el Ghazal *Lakes *Warrap ;Equatoria *Western Equatoria *Central Equatoria (wey dey contain de national capital city of Juba) *Eastern Equatoria ;Greater Upper Nile *Jonglei *Unity *Upper Nile ;Administrative Areas *Greater Pibor Administrative Area *Ruweng Administrative Area (Rubkotna) ;Special Administrative Status Areas *Abyei Special Administrative Area === Military === Na dem initiate a defence paper insyd 2007 by then Minister for SPLA Affairs Dominic Dim Deng, wey na dem produce a draft insyd 2008. E declare say Southern Sudan go eventually maintain land, air, den riverine forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27642|title=Juba parliament authorizes establishment of South Sudan air force|date=25 June 2008|work=Sudan Tribune|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116123534/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27642|archive-date=16 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aircraft.zurf.info/article/creation-south-sudan-air-force|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212205613/http://aircraft.zurf.info/article/creation-south-sudan-air-force|archive-date=12 February 2011|title=Creation of the South Sudan Air Force|date=9 January 2011|work=aircraft.zurf.info}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, South Sudan get de third highest military spending as a percentage of GDP insyd de world, behind Oman den Saudi Arabia per.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS&country=|title=The World Bank|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428135151/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS&country=|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == Demographics == === Largest cities === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" |Largest cities anaa towns insyd South Sudan According to de 2008 Census<ref>[http://citypopulation.de/SouthSudan-Cities.html "South Sudan: States, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"]. ''citypopulation.de''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200129153703/http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthSudan-Cities.html Archived] from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</ref> |- !Rank !Name !State !Pop. |- |1 |Juba |Central Equatoria |230,195 |- |2 |Wau |Western Bahr el Ghazal |118,331 |- |3 |Malakal |Upper Nile |114,528 |- |4 |Yambio |Western Equatoria |105,881 |- |5 |Yei |Central Equatoria |69,720 |- |6 |Renk |Upper Nile |69,079 |- |7 |Aweil |Northern Bahr el Ghazal |59,217 |- |8 |Maridi |Western Equatoria |55,602 |- |9 |Bentiu |Unity |41,328 |- |10 |Bor |Jonglei |25,188 |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q958|c=Category:South Sudan|n=Category:South Sudan|b=no|v=no|voy=South Sudan|m=no|mw=no|s=no|q=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://twitter.com/southsudangov?lang=en Government of South Sudan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210220043020/https://www.southsudanembassyusa.org/ Government of South Sudan] – USA and UN Mission * [https://embrss.org.uk/ Government of South Sudan] – UK Mission * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110837/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ South Sudan]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082 South Sudan profile] from the BBC News. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201028205654/http://sudanproject.ryanspencerreed.com/gallery/ Photographer's Account of South Sudan – "The Cost of Silence: A Traveling Exhibition"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101020011532/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/11/southern-sudan/teague-text "Sudan's Shaky Peace"], ''National Geographic'', November 2010. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101017153604/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/11/southern-sudan/steinmetz-photography Photo gallery] by George Steinmetz. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140419170725/http://www.hnkcnews.com/2014/04/19/un-outrage-at-south-sudan-attack/ UN Outrage at South Sudan Attack] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Countries for Africa insyd]] [[Category:2011 establishments insyd South Sudan]] [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:East African Community]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Countries den territories wer English be official language]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of de African Union]] [[Category:Member states of de United Nations]] [[Category:South Sudan| ]] [[Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 2011]] 4w5un4pkb456djbfvc98d9e2srs1ouu 0 2015 115752 55744 2026-11-05T06:47:57Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q1144508}} De '''United Nations Economic Commission for Africa''' ('''UNECA''' anaa '''ECA'''; French be: ''Commission économique pour l'Afrique'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uneca.org/fr|title=Commission économique pour l'Afrique|date=April 3, 2020}}</ref> CEA) United Nations Economic den Social Council wey establish am for 1958 insyd so say dem go encourage economic cooperation among dema member states (de nations of de African continent)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/about_eca/overview_of_eca.htm|title=Overview of the ECA|publisher=UNECA|access-date=2008-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916140341/http://www.uneca.org/about_eca/overview_of_eca.htm|archive-date=2008-09-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> following sam recommendation of de United Nations General Assembly. Ebe one of five regional commissions. De ECA get 54 member states, wey dey correspond for de 54 member states of de United Nations wey dey lie for de continent of Africa insyd anaa for de oceans wey dey close de continent insyd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About {{!}} United Nations Economic Commission for Africa|url=https://www.uneca.org/about|access-date=2025-04-09|website=www.uneca.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506163905/https://www.uneca.org/about|archive-date=2021-05-06}}</ref> == Dema Programme == Dem structure de commission ein work for seven programme divisions: * African Centre for Statistics * Macroeconomic Policy * Social development Policy * Innovation den Technology * Regional integration den Trade * Capacity Development == Dema Locations == * Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Headquarters, Africa Hall, opened 1961) * Yaoundé, Cameroon (Central African subregional headquarters) * Kigali, Rwanda (East African subregional headquarters) * Rabat, Morocco (North African subregional headquarters) * Lusaka, Zambia (Southern African subregional headquarters) * Niamey, Niger (West African subregional headquarters) == Dema Member States == Map wey dey show de Member States of de ECA. * [[Algeria]] * [[Angola]] * [[Benin]] * [[Botswana]] * [[Burkina Faso]] * [[Burundi]] * [[Cape Verde]] * [[Cameroon]] * [[Central African Republic]] * [[Chad]] * [[Comoros]] * [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] * [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]] * [[Djibouti]] * [[Egypt]] * [[Eritrea]] * [[Eswatini]] * [[Ethiopia]] * [[Equatorial Guinea]] * [[Gabon]] * [[The Gambia|Gambia (Republic of The)]] * [[Ghana]] * [[Guinea]] * [[Guinea-Bissau]] * [[Ivory Coast]] * [[Kenya]] * [[Lesotho]] * [[Liberia]] * [[Libya]] * [[Madagascar]] * [[Malawi]] * [[Mali]] * [[Mauritania]] * [[Mauritius]] * [[Mozambique]] * [[Morocco]] * [[Namibia]] * [[Niger]] * [[Nigeria]] * [[Rwanda]] * [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] * [[Senegal]] * [[Seychelles]] * [[Sierra Leone]] * [[Somalia]] * [[South Africa]] * [[South Sudan]] * [[Sudan]] * [[Tanzania|United Republic of Tanzania]] * [[Togo]] * [[Tunisia]] * [[Uganda]] * [[Zambia]] * [[Zimbabwe]] == Dema Executive Secretaries == {| class="wikitable" !Name !Country !Years |- |Vera Songwe |Cameroon |2017–present |- |Carlos Lopes |Guinea-Bissau |2012 - 2016 |- |Abdoulie Janneh |Gambia |2005 - 2012 |- |K. Y. Amoako |Ghana |1995 - 2005 |- |Layashi Yaker |Algeria |1992 - 1995 |- |Issa Diallo |Guinea |1991 - 1992 |- |Adebayo Adedeji |Nigeria |1975 - 1991 |- |Robert K. A. Gardiner |Ghana |1961 - 1975 |- |Mekki Abbas |Sudan |1959 - 1961 |} == Make you see dis one too == * [[:en:United_Nations_System|United Nations System]] * [[:en:United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Western_Asia|United Nations Economic den Social Commission for Western Asia]] overlapping membership == References == [[Category:United Nations Development Group]] [[Category:United Nations Economic den Social Council]] [[Category:Organizations wey dem establish for 1958 insyd]] [[Category:Organisations wey dey base for Addis Ababa insyd]] [[Category:Ethiopia den de United Nations]] <references /> [[Category:1958 establishments insyd Africa]] s5r1jcjypnvh2j354qoq1t0qly19zpn 0 2034 115754 50130 2026-11-05T07:30:38Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q26923631}} '''Vida Akoto Banfo''' (dem born am 7 February 1949) be Ghanaian Justice give de Supreme Court of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/afari-gyan-blocked-from-tendering-biometric-verification-printouts.html|title=Afari-Gyan blocked from tendering biometric verification printouts - Graphic Online - {{!}} 2016|last=Obour|first=Samuel K.|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-05}}</ref> Na she serve for de Supreme Court bench from 2009 to 2019.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO">{{cite web|title=Give Same Level of Attention to All Cases - Justice Akoto-Bamfo Entreats the Bench As She Exits|url=http://www.judicial.gov.gh/index.php/component/k2/item/368-give-same-level-of-attention-to-all-cases-justice-akoto-bamfo-entreats-the-bench-as-she-exits|website=judicial.gov.gh|accessdate=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144743/http://www.judicial.gov.gh/index.php/component/k2/item/368-give-same-level-of-attention-to-all-cases-justice-akoto-bamfo-entreats-the-bench-as-she-exits|archive-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> == Ein Early life den Education == Dem born am for Pokuase wey dey [[Greater Accra Region]], for 7 February 1949 insyd. Ein parents be Alfred Kingsley Bannerman-Williams den Grace Darkua Dodoo.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO" /> She attend Mfantsiman Girls’ Secondary School wey dey [[Saltpond]] for ein O’ Level for 1963 insyd den [[Aburi Girls' Senior High School|Aburi Girls' Secondary School]] from 1967 go 1969.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO" /> She do ein law studies for [[University of Ghana]] wey she get ein LLB for 1974 insyd. She then proceed go de Ghana School of Law insyd Accra.<ref name="newjudges">{{cite web|title=New Justices Get Approval|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/246637/1/new-justices-get-approval.html|website=ModernGhana.com|publisher=Modern Ghana|accessdate=30 November 2019|date=31 October 2009}}</ref> == Ein Professional Career == Prior to make she join de bench insyd 1981, Akoto-Bamfo work for de Attorney-General ein Office as a National Service personnel.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO" /> She later join British Indian Insurance Company insyd [[Accra]], den de now defunct Zenith Assurance as Manager in charge of claims from 1976 to 1981.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO" /> For der, na she be responsible for settling insurance claims. She cam turn a District Magistrate insyd 1981.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO" /> As a magistrate, na dem first station am for de New Town Magistrate Court for ein first two years.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO" /> Na dem later transfer am to Cocoa Affairs wer she work as one of de first Magistrates der.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO" /> Na dem later appoint am a Circuit Court judge for Tema for a brief while before she return go Cocoa Affairs insyd 1986.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO" /> She remain for Cocoa Affairs from then til 1991 wen na dem promote am to de High Court bench.<ref name="ghanaweb">{{cite web|title=Justice Akoto-Bamfo delivers farewell judgment as she retires|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Justice-Akoto-Bamfo-delivers-farewell-judgment-as-she-retires-723251|website=GhanaWeb.com|publisher=GhanaWeb|accessdate=30 November 2019|date=14 February 2019}}</ref> After she serve as a justice of de High Court for three years, na dem transfer am to [[the Gambia]] on secondment for two years as Chairperson of de Assets Commission.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO" /> Na dem appoint am an Appeal Court Judge insyd 1999 wey na she continue for dis position insyd til ein nomination den appointment to de Supreme Court of Ghana by [[John Atta Mills|John Evans Atta Mills]], [[President of Ghana|Presido of Ghana]] insyd 2009.<ref name="newjudges" /> She retire insyd February 2019.<ref name="ghanaweb" /> Na dem appoint am togeda plus Nasiru Sulemana Gbadegbe den Benjamin Teiko Aryeetey (he now retire).<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO" /> She join Justices Stephen Alan Brobbey, [[Georgina Theodora Wood]] (then Chief Justice) den Samuel K. Date-Bah, wey dem all retire.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO" /> ==Ein life matter== Na Vida Akoto-Bamfo marry de late Eugene Akoto-Bamfo Snr., a Legal Officer.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO"/> Na she identify as a Methodist buh she dey fellowship for de Police Church.<ref name="AKOTO-BAMFO"/>  == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Akoto-Bamfo, Vida}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Justices of de Supreme Court of Ghana]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Alumni of Aburi Girls' Senior High School]] [[Category:Mfantsiman Girls' Secondary School alumni]] [[Category:Ghanaian women judges]] [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:Ghanaian Christians]] [[Category:Ghana School of Law alumni]] [[Category:People wey komot Greater Accra Region]] [[Category:Ghanaian Methodists]] ddkh6yut0rtw2jxq4d411r72kcdzssx 0 2037 115755 113658 2026-11-05T07:35:30Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vivian Kai Lokko''' (born 15 January) be a Ghanaian media personality, journalist den business anchor for Citi FM.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ghana Women IN Business & Leadership|url=https://www.ghanawomeninbusiness.com/speakers-2016.php?disable_mobile=true|access-date=2021-08-27|website=www.ghanawomeninbusiness.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828000114/https://www.ghanawomeninbusiness.com/speakers-2016.php?disable_mobile=true|archive-date=2021-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-31|title=Journalists sacked from courtroom ahead of ruling on Achimota School Vs Rasta students case|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/journalists-sacked-from-courtroom-ahead-of-ruling-on-achimota-school-vs-rasta/0lm3f77|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Pulse Ghana|language=en}}</ref> Na dem dey claim she be de Ghanaian journalist per wey na dem nominate am by de American Embassy insyd Washington make she cover de hosting of about 50 African leaders by former US Presido Barack Obama. Insyd 2013, na she win de overall Business Journalist of de Year for radio insyd Ghana.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2015-11-13|title=Contact Us|url=https://citibusinessnews.com/contact-us|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Citi Business News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Early life den education == Na dem born Vivian on 15 January wey na dem know am as Vivian Kai Mensah til she get married insyd 2015.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=2015-01-27|title=Citi FM's Vivian Kai Mensah ties the knot|url=https://citifmonline.com/2015/01/photos-citi-fms-vivian-kai-mensah-ties-knot/|access-date=2024-06-18|website=Citi FM|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618140338/https://citifmonline.com/2015/01/photos-citi-fms-vivian-kai-mensah-ties-knot/|archive-date=2024-06-18}}</ref> Na she graduate plus a BA insyd Political Science den Theater Arts from de [[University of Ghana]]. She further go de Gordon Institute of Business Science insyd de [[University of Pretoria]] insyd [[South Africa]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2019-06-14|title=Vivian Kai Lokko|url=https://cititvonline.com/vivian/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Citi TV|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219112458/https://cititvonline.com/vivian/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Awards den nominations == Na she be nominated by American Embassy make she cover de hosting of about 50 African leaders by US Presido Barack Obama insyd Washington. Insyd October 2014, na dem sanso nominate am make she cover de Global African Investment Forum wey de Daily Mail den David Cameron host. Insyd 2014, na dem nominate Vivian for de Radio Newscaster of de Year category during de 2014 Radio and Television Personality Awards.<ref name=":1" /> Na Vivian cover annual meetings of MultiChoice Africa, Standard Bank of South Africa den oda meetings insyd [[Mauritius]] den [[South Africa]]. Na dem award am de 'Most Outstanding Female Media Personality' at de Feminine Ghana Achievement Awards insyd March 2018.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Citi FM's Vivian Kai Lokko adjudged Most Outstanding Female Media Personality {{!}} University of Ghana Alumni Relations Office|url=https://ar.ug.edu.gh/citi-fm%E2%80%99s-vivian-kai-lokko-adjudged-most-outstanding-female-media-personality|access-date=2021-08-27|website=ar.ug.edu.gh}}</ref> == Ein life matter == Vivian marry Evans Nii Nortey Lokko insyd 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vivian Kai Lokko , Biography , Age , Education , Date of Birth , Husband , Net Worth , Birthday » GhLinks.com.gh™|url=https://www.ghlinks.com.gh/vivian-kai-lokko-biography-age-education/|access-date=2021-08-28|language=en-US}}</ref> == Legacy == Na ebe during ein leadership wey Citi FM win de Best Business Radio station insyd 2012 den 2013.<ref name=":1" /> Na dem dey claim she be among 'Top 50 Ghanaian Journalists' by Avance Media.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avance Media {{!}} Top 50 Ghanaian Journalists|url=https://avancemedia.org/ghanaianjournalists/|access-date=2021-08-27|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Lokko, Vivian Kai}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Ghanaian radio journalists]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women journalists]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian journalists]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:University of Pretoria alumni]] [[Category:People wey komot Accra]] <references />{{Commons}} hy3hek7p9xk1egibd1l9pte1u1dsfj1 0 2061 115758 113698 2026-11-05T08:15:03Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yawa Hansen-Quao''' (dem born am for [[Accra]]) be Ghanaian founder, social entrepreneur den feminist.<ref name=":0">[http://www.alueducation.com/en/leadershipis-qa-with-yawa-hansen-quao-founder-of-leading-ladies-network/ "#LeadershipIs: Q&A with Yawa Hansen-Quao, Founder of Leading Ladies' Network - ALU"]. Retrieved 2015-08-20.</ref><ref name="VenturesAfrica">{{Cite web|title=Leading Lady: Yawa Hansen-Quao, Ghana|publisher=Ventures Africa|url=http://venturesafrica.com/leading-lady-yawa-hansen-quao-ghana/|access-date=2015-08-20}}</ref> She be part of de advisory board give Ashesi University,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/ashesi-s-leadership.html|access-date=13 June 2023|website=Ashesi University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603153856/http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/ashesi-s-leadership.html|archive-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> Women's Institute for Global Leadership, Benedictine University. She be founder of de Leading Ladies Network (LLN), den member of de African Leadership Network den de World Economic Forum's Global Shapers Community. She be de force wey reckon plus education den well-being of girl child.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Directors (College) - Ashesi University College|url=http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/ashesi-s-leadership/board-of-directors-ghana.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917152829/http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/ashesi-s-leadership/board-of-directors-ghana.html|archive-date=2015-09-17|access-date=2015-08-22|website=Ashesi University College Ghana}}</ref><ref name="WEF">{{Cite web|title=Yawa Hansen-Quao|url=http://www.weforum.org/contributors/yawa-hansen-quao|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=2015-08-22}}</ref> ==Awards den achievements== Insyd 2016, na dem award am de 2016 Eisenhower Fellows for de inaugural Eisenhower Fellowship Africa Program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashesi alumna, Yawa Hansen-Quao '07, awarded Eisenhower Fellowship |url=https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/at-a-glance/awards-and-recognition/2773-ashesi-alumna-yawa-hansen-quao-awarded-prestigious-eisenhower-fellowship.html |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=Ashesi University College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710203206/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/at-a-glance/awards-and-recognition/2773-ashesi-alumna-yawa-hansen-quao-awarded-prestigious-eisenhower-fellowship.html |archive-date=2020-07-10}}</ref> Insyd March 2021, na dem announce Hansen-Quao as de Vlisco Ghana Ambassador for de year. Na dem choose am secof ein role insyd educating women leaders den odas insyd Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vlisco unveils Yawa Hansen-Quao as 2021 ambassador for Ghana|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/vlisco-unveils-yawa-hansen-quao-as-2021-ambassador-for-ghana.html|first= Mohammed|last= Ali|date=2021-03-12|access-date=2021-03-13|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-10 |title=Vlisco unveils Yawa Hansen-Quao as the Ghana Ambassador for 2021 |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Vlisco-unveils-Yawa-Hansen-Quao-as-the-Ghana-Ambassador-for-2021-1200871 |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Debrah|first=Ameyaw|title=Vlisco Names Female Leadership Advocate, Yawa Hansen-Quao As Ghana Ambassador For 2021 - Ameyaw Debrah|url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/vlisco-names-female-leadership-advocate-yawa-hansen-quao-as-ghana-ambassador-for-2021/|date=2021-03-12|access-date=2021-03-13|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=Yawa Hansen-Quao Is Vlisco's 2021 Ambassador For Ghana|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/yawa-hansen-quao-is-vliscos-2021-ambassador-for-ghana/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-11 |title=Vlisco announces leadership advocate as 2021 Ambassador for Ghana |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/vlisco-announces-leadership-advocate-as-2021-ambassador-for-ghana/ |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=MyJoyonline. |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Hansen-Quao, Yawa}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Ghanaian feminists]] [[Category:American people of Ghanaian descent]] [[Category:Ashesi University alumni]] [[Category:People wey komot Accra]] [[Category:Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre alumni]] [[Category:Ghana Institute of Journalism alumni]] <references /> ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzsjAxyzglc "How to find your voice as a woman in Africa | Yawa Hansen-Quao | TEDxAccra"]. YouTube. msbj1qdwfqcod1xz51bpkgr4h8iume9 0 3887 115731 111302 2026-11-05T03:01:09Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q29119101}} '''Mandisa Muriel Lindelwa Maya''' (dem born am 20 March 1964) be de Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa. Na she formerly be de President of de Supreme Court of Appeal from 2017 go 2022. She join de bench for May 2000 insyd as judge give de Transkei Division of de High Court of South Africa wey dem elevate am go de Supreme Court of Appeal for 2006 insyd. Born for Eastern Cape insyd, Maya start ein legal career for Transkei, as prosecutor den state law adviser till dem admit as sam advocate for 1994 insyd. Presido Thabo Mbeki appoint am go de Mthatha High Court for May 2000 insyd den for de Supreme Court of Appeal for June 2006 insyd. For de appellate court insyd, dem elevate am go deputy presidency for September 2015 insyd den de presidency for May 2017 insyd, succeeding Lex Mpati for both positions insyd. Na she be de first black woman wey serve for de Supreme Court of Appeal insyd, as well as de court ein first woman deputy president den first woman president. Dem unsuccessfully nominate Maya for elevation go de Constitutional Court for 2009 den 2012 insyd, wey President Cyril Ramaphosa controversially decline say she go confirm ein nomination as Chief Justice of South Africa for March 2022 insyd. For September 2022 insyd, however, Ramaphosa appoint am as de first woman Deputy Chief Justice, wey for dat capacity insyd she dey deputise Raymond Zondo. Na she be de president give de South African chapter of de International Association of Women Judges from 2018 go 2023, wey dem appoint as de Chancellor give de University of Mpumalanga for 1 July 2021 insyd. == Ein Early life den education == Dem born Maya for 20 March 1964 for St Cuthbert's, sam rural area of Tsolo wey dey de Transkei region of de Eastern Cape.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240305061424/https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judges/acting-judges/12-acting-judges/197-justice-maya-mandisa-muriel-lindelwa "Justice Maya Mandisa Muriel Lindelwa"]. ''Constitutional Court of South Africa''. Retrieved 29 December 2019.</ref> Na she be de eldest of six kiddies born to Sandile den Nombulelo Maya, wey na dem both be teachers.<ref name=":1">Tolsi, Niren (9 April 2017). [https://www.news24.com/news24/newsmaker-mandisa-maya-making-history-20170409-2 "Newsmaker: Mandisa Maya making history"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> Na ein home language be Xhosa.<ref>Thamm, Marianne (20 June 2022). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-06-20-judge-mandisa-mayas-support-of-afrikaans-in-her-mother-tongue-isixhosa-a-pioneering-moment/ "Speaking clearly in tongues: Judge Mandisa Maya's support of Afrikaans in her mother tongue, isiXhosa, a pioneering moment"]. ''Daily Maverick''. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> Ein family move go King William's Town for 1966 insyd after ein father get some job plus Radio Bantu, wey she attend school for der till 1977, when, secof de disruptive effects of de Soweto uprising, dem send am go attend school for Mthatha insyd.<ref>[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-04-24-wild-coast-roots-sustain-top-judge-mandisa-maya/ "Wild Coast roots sustain top judge Mandisa Maya"]. ''Business Day''. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> She matriculate for 1981 insyd for St John's College, Mthatha.<ref name=":2">[https://gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2001/april/2001-april-vol014-no1-pp21-22.pdf "New judges: Judge Mandisa Maya"] (PDF). ''Advocate''. '''14''' (1): 22. April 2001.</ref> == Ein Legal education den career == As Maya enroll for University of Transkei insyd, she try say she go register for sam degree for medicine insyd but sam forensic medicine textbook put am off for de registration day.<ref name=":1" /> She study towards sam BProc instead, wey she graduate for 1986 insyd.<ref name=":0" /> Thereafter she attend de University of Natal, wey she plete plus LLB for 1988 insyd.<ref name=":0" /> Na she sana be clerk for Mthatha firm of Dazana Mafungo Inc. between 1987 den 1988, wey after graduation she work for de magistrate's court wey dey Mthatha insyd, wer na she be court interpreter den public prosecutor.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Transkei Division: 2000–2006 == For 1 May 2000 insyd, Maya join de bench permanently as judge give de Transkei Division.<ref name=":2" /> She sana serve as acting judge for de Labour Court, de Bhisho High Court (Ciskei Division), den Grahamstown den Port Elizabeth High Courts (Eastern Cape Division) insyd.<ref name=":0" /> For February 2005 insyd, dem appoint am as acting judge for de Supreme Court of Appeal insyd, wey she remain for dat court wey dey Bloemfontein insyd for over one year, till dem elevate am permanently de year wey dey follow.<ref>Johannesburg Bar Council (13 June 2012). [https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/judge-mandisa-maya-the-joburg-bar-councils-assessm "Judge Mandisa Maya: The Joburg Bar Council's assessment"]. ''PoliticsWeb''. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> === Ein Nominations go de Constitutional Court === For ein first decade tym for de Supreme Court of Appeal insyd, dem nominate Maya twice unsuccessfully for appointment as puisne judge give de Constitutional Court. Judicial Service Commission first interview am for September 2009 insyd as one of 24 candidates give four vacancies.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/news24/you-be-the-judge-20150429 "You be the judge"]. ''News24''. 1 September 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> Na she be one of de seven candidates wey de Judicial Service Commission shortlist after ein hearings,<ref>[https://www.news24.com/news24/jsc-names-concourt-shortlist-20090922 "JSC names ConCourt shortlist"]. ''News24''. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> wey Pierre de Vos view am as strong candidate plus sam demonstrated "sensitivity for gender issues".<ref>de Vos, Pierre (23 September 2009). [http://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/not-a-bad-list-all-things-considered/ "Not a bad list – all things considered"]. ''Constitutionally Speaking''. Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref> However, Presido Jacob Zuma decline say he go appoint am, instead he confirm de appointments of Johan Froneman, Chris Jafta, Sisi Khampepe den Mogoeng Mogoeng.<ref>Grootes, Stephen (2009). [http://ewn.co.za/2009/10/12/Zuma-gets-3-out-of-4-right-with-Con-Court-appointments "Zuma gets 3 out of 4 right with Con Court appointments"]. ''EWN''. Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref> === Deputy Presidency === For June 2015 insyd, na Maya be President Zuma ein sole nominee for appointment as Deputy President give de Supreme Court of Appeal, sam position wey Kenneth Mthiyane lef for der secof ein retirement for 2014 insyd.<ref>Wakefield, Adam (10 June 2015). [https://www.news24.com/news24/judge-candidates-announced-and-theyre-all-women-20150610 "Judge candidates announced – and they're all women"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> Following sam interview for Johannesburg for July insyd, de Judicial Service Commission recommend am as suitable for appointment.<ref>Evans, Jenni (9 July 2015). [https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-has-his-hands-full-with-4-concourt-candidates-judicial-row-20150709 "Zuma has his hands full with 4 ConCourt candidates, judicial row"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> Zuma confirm ein appointment for 23 September 2015 insyd, wey she cam turn de first woman wey serve as de court ein Deputy President.<ref>[https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sca-gets-first-female-deputy-president-1920474 "SCA gets first female deputy president"]. ''IOL''. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> As de Supreme Court President Lex Mpati retire de year wey dey follow, she stand insyd as acting President.<ref name=":0" /> === Presidency === [[File:Supreme Court of Appeal, Bloemfontein, South Africa.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supreme Court of Appeal, Bloemfontein, South Africa.jpg|thumb|De façade of de [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)|Supreme Court of Appeal]] courthouse wey dey [[:en:Bloemfontein|Bloemfontein]], wer Maya work for 12 years]] Presido Zuma announce for March 2017 insyd say Maya be ein sole nominee wey go succeed Mpati as Supreme Court President.<ref>Evans, Jenni (6 March 2017). [https://www.news24.com/news24/judge-maya-makes-sca-history-again-20170306 "Judge Maya makes SCA history... again"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> Before den after ein confirmation interview plus de Judicial Service Commission for April 2017 insyd, na she be highly candid about wat she dey describe as de Supreme Court ein "challenges", wey she dey describe court as "not the most collegial of courts" den ein judges as afflicted plus "superiority complexes den disrespect".<ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/2017-04-07-00-race-tensions-on-the-sca-ripped-open/ "Race tensions on the SCA ripped open"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> De Judicial Service Commission endorse ein appointment, wey Zuma confirm plus immediate effect for 26 May 2017 insyd.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/news24/zuma-appoints-mandisa-maya-as-sca-president-20170526 "Zuma appoints Mandisa Maya as SCA president"]. ''News24''. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref><ref>[http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2017/05/26/Judge-Mandisa-Maya-is-new-president-of-the-Supreme-Court-of-Appeal "Judge Mandisa Maya is new president of the Supreme Court of Appeal"]. ''The Times''. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.</ref> === Nomination as Chief Justice === For October 2021 insyd, Presido Cyril Ramaphosa announce say Maya be part of longlist of eight candidates wey go succeed Mogoeng Mogoeng as Chief Justice of South Africa,<ref>[https://www.news24.com/news24/newsletters/icymi/featured/8-candidates-nominated-for-chief-justice-post-including-zondo-maya-and-mlambo-20211004 "8 candidates nominated for chief justice post, including Zondo, Maya and Mlambo"]. ''News24''. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref><ref>[https://mg.co.za/news/2021-10-29-and-then-there-were-six-ramaphosa-fails-to-release-shortlist-for-chief-justice/ "And then there were six: Ramaphosa fails to release shortlist for chief justice"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> wey de month wey dey follow, he announce say he shortlist Maya den three others: Raymond Zondo, Mbuyiseli Madlanga, den Dunstan Mlambo.<ref>[https://mg.co.za/news/2021-11-18-zondo-maya-mlambo-and-madlanga-shortlisted-for-chief-justice/ "Zondo, Maya, Mlambo and Madlanga shortlisted for chief justice"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> De Judicial Service Commission consider Maya ein candidacy for sam interview for 2 February 2022 insyd,<ref>[https://mg.co.za/news/2022-02-02-chief-justice-interviews-mandisa-maya/ "Chief justice interviews: Mandisa Maya"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> wey Maya open plus sam lengthy address about de failure of judicial leadership say she go address sexism for de judiciary insyd; among other things, she object give de absence of formal policies for sexual harassment den maternity top, wey she dey recall say, as she cam turn de first serving judge wey preg, de Department of Justice "simply no know wat dem go do plus me".<ref>Chabalala, Jeanette (2 February 2022). [https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/chief-justice-interviews-mandisa-maya-hits-out-at-judiciarys-lack-of-a-sexual-harassment-policy-20220202 "Chief Justice interviews: Mandisa Maya hits out at judiciary's lack of a sexual harassment policy"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> Dem bizz am about ein own gender, wey she cry as commissioner Sylvia Lucas congratulate am for "breaking the glass ceiling".<ref>Macupe, Bongekile (2 February 2022). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/chief-justice-interviews-there-has-never-been-a-shortage-of-women-judges-to-lead-maya-20220202 "Chief Justice interviews: 'There has never been a shortage of women judges to lead' – Maya"]. ''City Press''. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> == Constitutional Court: 2022–present == For May 2022 insyd, Maya accept Ramaphosa ein nomination give de position of Deputy Chief Justice.<ref>[https://mg.co.za/news/2022-05-04-ramaphosa-nominates-maya-as-deputy-chief-justice/ "Ramaphosa nominates Maya as deputy chief justice"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 4 May 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> After dem interview am for June 2022 insyd, de Judicial Service Commission endorse de nomination,<ref>Macupe, Bongekile (20 June 2022). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/mandisa-maya-endorse-me-for-deputy-chief-justice-job-to-push-women-up-in-the-judiciary-ladder-20220620 "Mandisa Maya: 'Endorse me for Deputy Chief Justice job to push women up in the judiciary ladder'"]. ''City Press''. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref><ref>Mafolo, Karabo (20 June 2022). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-06-20-mandisa-maya-set-to-become-sas-first-female-deputy-chief-justice/ "Mandisa Maya set to become South Africa's first female Deputy Chief Justice"]. ''Daily Maverick''. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> wey Ramaphosa announce for 25 July say dem go appoint give de position plus effect from 1 September 2022.<ref>Chabalala, Jeanette (25 July 2022). [https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/its-official-justice-mandisa-maya-appointed-deputy-chief-justice-20220725 "It's official: Justice Mandisa Maya appointed deputy chief justice"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref><ref>[https://mg.co.za/news/2022-07-25-ramaphosa-appoints-mandisa-maya-as-deputy-chief-justice/ "Ramaphosa appoints Mandisa Maya as deputy chief justice"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> For February 2023 insyd, Zondo announce say dem appoint Maya say make she chair sam new committee wey dem task plus drafting sam sexual harassment policy give de judiciary,<ref>[https://mg.co.za/news/2023-02-24-work-to-be-done-maya-heading-committee-drawing-up-anti-sexual-harassment-policy/ "Work to be done: Maya heading committee drawing up anti-sexual harassment policy"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 24 February 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> wey for June 2023 insyd, she hand down judgment for sam unanimous court ein behalf for ''Ashebo v Minister of Home Affairs den Others'', wey block de deportation of sam asylum seeker.<ref>Hawker, Dianne (28 December 2023). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-12-28-the-constitutional-court-had-a-busy-year-some-significant-rulings/ "From refugee rights to tax record transparency, the Constitutional Court had a busy year — here are some significant judgments"]. ''Daily Maverick''. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> == International Association of Women Judges == Na Maya be founding member of de South African chapter of de International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ) for 2002 insyd. She serve as de chapter ein deputy president from 2008 go 2010 den as ein presido from 2018 go 2023.<ref name=":0" /> Dem later elect am as IAWJ ein regional director give [[West Africa|West]] den Southern Africa for 2021 insyd,<ref>[https://www.derebus.org.za/justice-maya-elected-regional-director-for-west-and-southern-africa-of-the-international-association-of-women-judges/ "Justice Maya elected Regional Director for West and Southern Africa of the International Association of Women Judges"]. ''De Rebus''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> den as ein vice pee for 2023 insyd.<ref name=":0" /> == Ein Honours == Nelson Mandela University award Maya plus honorary LLDs for 2018 insyd, Walter Sisulu University for 2019 insyd, den de University of Fort Hare for 2020 insyd.<ref name=":0" /> For July 2021 insyd, dem appoint am as de Chancellor give de University of Mpumalanga.<ref>[https://mg.co.za/special-reports/2021-07-26-justice-mandisa-maya-is-the-new-chancellor-of-ump/ "Justice Mandisa Maya is the new Chancellor of UMP"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> == Ein life matter == Maya marry Dabulamanzi Mlokoti, sam businessman wey dey komot from Johannesburg,<ref name=":0" /> wey she get three kiddies.<ref name=":0" /> Ein daughter, Wela Mlokoti, na she be clerk for de Constitutional Court top for Chris Jafta ein chambers wey she rise go public prominence wey dey lodge sam disciplinary complaint against Judge Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane, wey na she dey act for de Constitutional Court insyd for dat tym.<ref>Rabkin, Franny (5 April 2019). [https://mg.co.za/article/2019-04-05-00-constitutional-court-interviews-turn-he-said-she-said/ "Constitutional Court interviews turn he-said-she-said"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. Retrieved 16 November 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/news/2022-07-15-high-court-judge-should-apologise-to-clerk-for-wrongly-implying-mistake/ "High court judge should apologise to clerk for wrongly implying mistake"]. ''Sunday Times''. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:20th-century South African lawyers]] [[Category:20th-century South African women lawyers]] [[Category:21st-century South African judges]] [[Category:21st-century women judges]] [[Category:Constitutional court women judges]] [[Category:Judges of de Constitutional Court of South Africa]] [[Category:Judges of de Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)]] [[Category:Judges of de Eastern Cape High Court]] [[Category:Fulbright alumni]] [[Category:University of Natal alumni]] [[Category:Walter Sisulu University alumni]] [[Category:Duke University School of Law alumni]] [[Category:Xhosa people]] [[Category:Chancellors of de University of Mpumalanga]] 5lozsad2ut8by5pyy9s754vthmnlb2i 0 4609 115723 85200 2026-11-05T01:45:41Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenyatta University''' ('''KU''') be public research varsity plus ein main campus insyd Nairobi, [[Kenya]].<ref>[http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/status-of-universities-universities-authorized-to-operate-in-kenya-1 "Commission for University Education - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya)"]. ''www.cue.or.ke''. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> E acquire de status of varsity insyd 1985, wey ebe de third varsity after University of Nairobi (1970) den Moi University (1984). As of October 2014, na ebe one of 23 public varsities insyd de country.<ref>Nganga, Gilbert (2 October 2011). [http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20110930191006499 "Kenya: Double Student Intake Kicks Off At Kenyatta"]. University World News (UWN). Retrieved 1 December 2014.</ref> == Demma Location == De main campus of Kenyatta University dey tap ova 1,000 acres (1.6 sq mi) top, for Kahawa, insyd de Kasarani Sub-county, north of Nairobi City County, approximately 17.5 kilometres (10.9 mi), by road, northeast of de central business district of Nairobi, de capital city of Kenya, off of de Nairobi-Thika Road.<ref>Google (27 June 2021). [https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Nairobi+Central,+Nairobi,+Kenya/Kenyatta+University,+Mfangano+Island+KAKAMEGA+CENTRE+Suba+North,+Kenya/@-1.2302047,36.8080103,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x182f10d4ff33ee35:0x2c74859636685b55!2m2!1d36.8191878!2d-1.2800161!1m5!1m1!1s0x182f3f730caccbcf:0x61ce9c37fcab2c21!2m2!1d36.9312599!2d-1.1803952!3e0 "Kenyatta University"] (Map). ''Google Maps''. Google. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref><ref>Google (27 June 2021). [https://www.google.com/maps/place/1%C2%B010'50.0%22S+36%C2%B055'41.0%22E/@-1.1808107,36.9202422,1504m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-1.1805556!4d36.9280556 "Location of Kenyatta University Main Campus"] (Map). ''Google Maps''. Google. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> De list of KU campuses dey include de locations wey dey follow:<ref>KU (25 March 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160321140552/http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/explore/all-themes/ku-campuses "The Campuses of Kenyatta University"]. Nairobi: Kenyatta University (KU). Archived from [http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/explore/all-themes/ku-campuses the original] on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</ref> # Main Campus - Kahawa, Nairobi # Ruiru Campus - Ruiru # Parklands Campus - Parklands # Kitui Campus - Kwa Vonza # Mombasa Campus - Mombasa # City Centre Campus - Nairobi Central Business District # Nyeri Campus - Nyeri # Nakuru Campus - Nakuru # Kericho Campus - Kericho - Dem close am # Dadaab Campus -Dadaab # Embu Campus - Embu Dem rename Ruiru campus as Kenyatta Model School for play groups, pre- primary den primary learners insyd 2024. Dem close de Arusha den Kigali campuses insyd Tanzania den Rwanda respectively for 2018 insyd.<ref>Mutegi, Mugambi (13 December 2020). [http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/Kenyatta-University-to-open-Rwanda-campus-next-year/-/539550/3011736/-/algdl6/-/index.html "Kenyatta University to open Rwanda campus next year"]. ''Business Daily Africa''. Nairobi.</ref> == Demma History == For 1965 insyd, the British government handed over the Templar Barracks in Kahawa, to the newly formed government of Kenya. The southern part of the facility remains in military use, as the Kahawa Barracks. The other part of the barracks were converted into a college called Kenyatta College, which offered Advanced Level (A-Level) secondary education at Form 5 and 6 level, as well as some undergraduate diploma courses. In 1978 the entire Faculty of Education of the [[University of Nairobi]] was transferred to Kenyatta College, and its name was changed to Kenyatta University College, following an Act of Parliament. The school became the only institution in Kenya training teachers at degree level, and discontinued all other courses. Degrees offered at Kenyatta were in the name of the University of Nairobi. In 1985, it was granted full university status and was renamed Kenyatta University.<ref>KU (25 March 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160405140222/http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/contacts/87-about-ku/177-about-ku "Short History of Kenyatta University"]. Nairobi: Kenyatta University (KU). Archived from t[http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/contacts/87-about-ku/177-about-ku he original] on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240427103257/https://www.kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/KenyattaUniversityAct_Cap210C.pdf Kenyatta University Act] (PDF). 1985.</ref> U.S. President [[:en:Barack_Obama|Barack Obama]], whose late father, [[:en:Barack_Obama,_Sr.|Barack Obama, Sr.]] (an economist) and paternal relatives are from Kenya, visited Kenya in 2015; while there, he visited the university's main campus.<ref>Baker, Peter (26 July 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/27/world/africa/obama-calls-on-kenya-to-confront-its-problems.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=1 "Obama Delivers Tough-Love Message to End Kenya Trip"]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''. New York City. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</ref> == Demma Academics == As of March 2016, de varsity get 12 campuses wey dey offer bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, den doctoral degrees. De degrees dem award include dose insyd medicine den law. De varsity get open-learning, e-learning wich dem known as de digital school,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240525203917/https://www.ku.ac.ke/dsvol/ "Kenyatta University Digital School of Virtual and Open Learning"]. ''ku.ac.ke''. 25 May 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2024.</ref> school-based, part-time den full-time teaching. Kenyatta University be accredited by de Kenya Commission of University Education, de Inter-University Council for East Africa, de Africa Association of Universities, de International Association of Universities den de Commonwealth Universities.<ref>KU (7 June 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150428155535/http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/about-ku/about-ku/accreditation "Accreditation of Kenyatta University"]. Nairobi: Kenyatta University (KU). Archived from [http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/about-ku/about-ku/accreditation the original] on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</ref> === Demma Library === Kenyatta University ein library be one of de largest insyd Africawey edey offer scholarly information resources den services to ein students den researchers.<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/10-most-beautiful-universities-africa-0 "The 10 most beautiful universities in Africa"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</ref> For addition to lending services, de library dey offer E-services wey e get branches insyd de respective satellite campuses.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200703022947/https://library.ku.ac.ke/about-library/ "Library"]. Archived from [https://library.ku.ac.ke/about-library/ the original] on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</ref> === Demma Schools den institutes === As of April 2024, de varsity dey maintain de schools wey dey follow: {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+ |School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences |- |School of Business, Economics and Tourism |- |School of Education |- |School of Pure And Applied Sciences |- |School of Law, Arts and Social Sciences |- |School of Health Sciences |- |Digital School of Virtual & Open Learning |- |School of Engineering and Architecture |- |Graduate School |} === Demma Institutes den centers === De varsity dey host institutes den centers such as; # Confucius Institute at Kenyatta University # Africa Centre for Transformative and Inclusive Leadership (ACTIL) # Chandaria Business Innovations and Incubation Centre (CBIIC) # Center for Refugee Studies and Empowerment # Cisco Networking Academy # Centre for Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development # Center for International Programmes and Collaboration (CIPC) # Centre for Gender Equity & Empowerment # National Phytotherapeutics Research Centre === Demma Degrees den courses === De varsity dey offer 14 doctorate den PhD courses, 94 master's degree courses, 117 bachelor's degree courses den 12 postgraduate diploma courses as dem accredit by de Commission for University Education insyd Kenya (CUE).<ref>[http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/accredited-universities "Programmes developed and mounted by Universities in Kenya in accordance with the Universities Act"]. ''www.cue.or.ke''. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</ref> == Demma Student life == === Demma International students === De Centre for International Programmes den Collaboration be unit under de office of de Vice Chancellor, responsible make edey coordinate international activities, collaborations den linkages. === Demma Athletics === Kenyatta University partner plus IAAF as athletics-village insyd de 2017 world under 18 championship Nairobi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170727114949/http://www.wu18nairobi2017.com/ "IAAF World U18 Championships Nairobi 2017"]. ''www.wu18nairobi2017.com''. Retrieved 1 September 2017.</ref> Na dem host de athletes insyd de Nyayo hostels wey dem use de campus facilities for training. Kenyatta University dey offer de disciplines wey dey follow: ==== Demma Men's sports ==== Football, rugby, hockey, volleyball, netball, handball, basketball, tennis, table tennis, squash, badminton, chess, scrabble, darts, boxing, bodybuilding, taekwondo, swimming, athletics (track den field), scrabble, karate, Roll Ball, woodball, judo, wrestling, Goalball, baseball, softball. ==== Demma Women's sports ==== Football, rugby, hockey, volleyball, netball, handball, basketball, tennis, table tennis, squash, badminton, chess, scrabble, darts, boxing, fitness modelling, Taekwondo, swimming, athletics (track den field), Scrabble, Karate, Roll Ball, woodball, Judo, goalball, baseball, softball Seminars Short – term Courses for coaching insyd, Sports management, training den Sports leadership wey dem dey offer. ==== Demma Sports facilities ==== * Two swimming pools * One gymnasium * Five soccer fields * Eight tennis courts * Four volleyball courts * One rugby field * Two badminton courts * One squash court * Three netball fields * Two athletics & track fields (IAAF Track) * Three handball courts * Two hockey fields * Four basketball courts * Two common rooms for indoor sports & board games. ==== Demma Sports achievements ==== * 2012 - National Champions, Kenya University Women's Games * 2011 - National Champions, Kenya University Games * 2010 - 3rd Best University, East Africa University Games * 2009 - National Champions, Kenya University Games * 2006 - 6th Best University, East Africa University Games * 2004 - 2nd Best University, East Africa University Games == Demma Alumni == De individuals wey dey follow be sam of de "prominent alumni" for de Kenyatta University website:<ref>KU (25 March 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160318114651/http://alumni.ku.ac.ke/ "Kenyatta University: Alumni Board Members"]. Nairobi: Kenyatta University (KU). Retrieved 25 March 2016.</ref> * Dr. Eddah Gachukia - academic director, Riara Group of Schools * Dr. Geoffrey William Griffin - founder director of Starehe Boys' Centre den School * Daudi Kabaka - musician den band leader of Kenyatta University Band * Mwai Kibaki - former Presido of Kenya, 2002 to 2013 * Jakaya Kikwete - Presido of de United Republic of Tanzania, 2005 to 2015 * Benjamin Mkapa - former Presido of Tanzania, 1995 to 2005 * Daniel arap Moi - former Presido of Kenya, 1978 to 2002 * Professor Joseph Maina Mungai - former Vice-Chancellor, University of Nairobi * Kalonzo Musyoka - former Vice pee of Kenya * Dr. James Mwangi - managing director den chief executive officer, Equity Bank Group * Esther Ngumbi – entomologist den winner of de 2018 Society for Experimental Biology Presidential Award * Dr. Mostafa Tolba - former executive director of de United Nations Environment Programme == Demma Notable staff den professors == * Prof Mike Boit - sports science, former athlete. He receive honorary Doctorate of Science (DSc) from de University of Glasgow for recognition of ein contributions to de academic research of sports den ein development insyd Kenya 2014 * Ambassador Joseph Magutt Kenya ein ambassador to de Republic of Germany * Prof Olive Mugenda - former vice-chancellor (2009-2016), Board Chair KU hospital == Demma Management == De chancellor be Benson Wairegi. De Vice Chancellor be Professor Paul Wainaina wey na dem reinstate am for November 3, 2022, after dem suspend am for July 12, 2022, secof tussle plus de government ova varsity ein land.<ref>[https://nation.africa/kenya/news/suspended-vc-prof-paul-wainaina-set-to-return-to-ku-4006634 "KU VC Prof Paul Wainaina who was suspended after tiff with Uhuru set to return"]. ''Nation''. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</ref> During ein suspension, na dem appoint Professor Waceke Wanjohi make he act as de Vice Chancellor.<ref>[https://nation.africa/kenya/news/uhuru-ku-land-drama-prof-waceke-wanjohi-appointed-acting-vc-3877836 "Uhuru-KU land drama: Prof Waceke Wanjohi appointed Acting VC"]. ''Nation''. 13 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.</ref> Professor Wainaina succeed Professor Olive Mugenda, de first female Vice Chancellor of public varsity insyd Kenya, wey retire after de end of ein tenure for January 2016 insyd.<ref>Wanzala, Ouma (8 February 2018). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/economy/Five-confirmed-as-vice-chancellors/3946234-4297058-en6guc/index.html "Five confirmed as vice-chancellors"]. ''Business Daily Africa''. Nairobi. Retrieved 8 February 2018.</ref><ref>Mugambi Mutegi, and Kiarie Njoroge (25 March 2016). [http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/My-track-record-speaks-for-itself--says-Prof-Mugenda/-/539444/3132468/-/y6kmk6z/-/index.html "My track record speaks for itself, says Prof Mugenda"]. ''Business Daily Africa''. Nairobi. Retrieved 8 February 2018.</ref> Der be four Deputy Vice Chancellors den four Registrars, make dem assist de Vice Chancellor carry out ein mandate. De Deputy Vice Chancellors be: * DVC Academic Affairs: Professor John Okumu * DVC Administration: Professor Fatuma Chege * DVC Finance and Development: Professor Godfrey Mse * DVC Research, Innovation & Outreach: Professor F.Q Gravenir == Demma Businesses den investments == De varsity dey own den operate de following income-generating businesses den investments:<ref>Mutegi, Mugambi (23 March 2016). [http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/KU-plans-diversifying-into-commercial-dairy-farming/-/539550/3131092/-/11gppae/-/index.html "KU plans diversifying into commercial dairy farming"]. ''Business Daily Africa''. Nairobi. Retrieved 25 March 2015.</ref> # Kenyatta University Funeral Home # North Coast Beach Hotel - Mombasa # Uni-City Shopping Mall & Office Complex - Nairobi # Kenyatta University Conference Center - Nairobi (100 rooms) # Kenyatta University Bookstore - Nairobi # Television station KUTV # Kenyatta University Children's Hospital - Nairobi (Under construction) # Kenyatta University Dairy Farm - (for development insyd) # Kenyatta University Hospital<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190721074519/http://www.kuh.co.ke/ "Kenyatta University Teaching Research & Referral Hospital"]. ''kuh.co.ke''. Retrieved 1 September 2017.</ref> (KUH) == Gallery == [[File:Kenyatta_University_Entrance.jpg|250x250px|thumb|Kenyatta University Entrance]][[File:KenyattaUnivLibrary.jpg|thumb|Main library|250x250px]][[File:KenyattaUnivCampanile.jpg|thumb|The Campanile|250x250px]] [[File:KenyattaUnivAdmin.jpg|thumb|Central Administration Complex|250x250px]] [[File:KenyattaUnivComputerCentre.jpg|thumb|Student's Computer Centre|250x250px]] [[File:KenyattaUnivEducationBd.jpg|thumb|Education Building|250x250px]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Kenyatta University]] [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Education insyd Nairobi]] [[Category:Education insyd Mombasa]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1985]] [[Category:1985 establishments insyd Kenya]] [[Category:1980s insyd Nairobi]] [[Category:Kiambu County]] [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Africa]] [[Category:Universities insyd West Africa]] [[Category:Universities insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Education insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Education insyd West Africa]] [[Category:Education insyd Africa]] jnmfdt75mkpcx6jlsqbdnk8vfxo0rdn 0 5252 115733 31266 2026-11-05T03:34:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Minia University''' be public varsity insyd Minia, [[Egypt]]. Na dem establish am insyd 1976 by virtue of Republican Decree No. (93), wey dey separate am from [[Assiut University]]. De campus dey north of Minia. Ein emblem be Nefertiti Bust. == University logo == Dem choose de image of Queen Nefertiti within open book as logo give de varsity. De Nefertiti bust sanso be de slogan of Minya governorate due to ein historical den ideological role wey e play for de history of ancient Egypt insyd. Na dem found de head of Nefertiti insyd de Tel Amarna region, to de south of Minya Governorate.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200623221458/https://miniauniversity.webs.com// "Minia University - www.minia.edu.eg"]. ''Minia University - www.minia.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2020-06-23.</ref> == Faculties == De university get 17 faculties:<ref>Zohny, Hazem (20 April 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181019040917/http://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2011.48 "The woes of Egyptian PhD students"]. ''Nature Asia''. doi:[[doi:10.1038/nmiddleeast.2011.48|10.1038/nmiddleeast.2011.48]]. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> * Faculty of Agriculture * Faculty of Education * Faculty of Science * Faculty of Arts (off campus) * Faculty of Fine Arts * Faculty of Engineering (off campus) * Faculty of Medicine * Faculty of Physical Education * Faculty of Dentistry (off campus) * Faculty of Dar Al-Uloom (Islamic teachings) * Faculty of Nursing * Faculty of Tourism den Hotels * Faculty of Al-Alsun (languages) * Faculty of Pharmacy * Faculty of Computer Science * Faculty of Specific Education * Faculty of Kindergarten == Activities == Insyd 2018, de varsity, for conjunction plus de Ministry of Higher Education den Scientific Research, spearhead week-long sports event give people plus disabilities. Na ebe de first of ein kind insyd Egypt ein history insyd.<ref>[https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1260332 "Start of First Disability Challenge"]. ''Al Masry Al Youm''. 17 February 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Minia-University/306912549374745 Minia University] for Facebook top [[Category:Minya University]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1976]] [[Category:1976 establishments insyd Egypt]] [[Category:Universities insyd Egypt]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1976]] i63rrjood532a5zwcd1641xnk6j0vra 0 5877 115748 75162 2026-11-05T06:05:37Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''South Eastern Kenya University''' "SEKU" be public university plus ein main campus wey dey locate insyd Kwa Vonza, Kitui County, Kenya.<ref>[http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/status-of-universities-universities-authorized-to-operate-in-kenya-1 "Commission for University Education - Status of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) - Status of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya)"]. ''www.cue.or.ke''. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> Na ebe formerly South Eastern University College "SEUCO", constituent college of de [[University of Nairobi]] prior to ein award of Charter insyd 2013. Se Vice Chancellor of SEKU be Prof.Eng. Douglas Shitanda.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240603141543/https://profiles.seku.ac.ke/index.php/south-eastern-kenya-university-management/126-prof-geoffrey-m-muluvi.html "Prof. Eng. Douglas. Shitanda"]. ''profiles.seku.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> == Location == Edey specifically locate near Kwa Vonza along de Machakos-Kitui Highway den close to de Kitui Campus of [[Kenyatta University]]. De gate be about 7&nbsp;km from de Kwa Vonza junction, but chaw structures insyd de university be about 17&nbsp;km from de junction. == Undergraduate Courses == # Bachelor of Arts # Bachelor of Arts (Social Work) # Bachelor of Arts (Gender & Development Studies) # Bachelor of Education (Arts) # Bachelor of Education (Science) # Bachelor of Education (Early Childhood) # Bachelor of Science (Agriculture) # Bachelor of Science (Dryland Agriculture) # Bachelor of Science (Horticulture) # Bachelor of Science (Range Management) # Bachelor of Science (Dryland Animal Science) # Bachelor of Science (Foods Nutrition and Dietetics) # Bachelor of Science (Agribusiness Management & Entrepreneurship) # Bachelor of Science (Agricultural Education & Extension) # Bachelor of Science (Hydrology den Water Resources Management) # Bachelor of Science (Fisheries Management den Aquatic Technology) # Bachelor of Science (Applied Aquaculture Sciences) # Bachelor of Science (Mathematics) # Bachelor of Science (Actuarial Science) # Bachelor of Science (Statistics) # Bachelor of Science (Biology ) # Bachelor of Science (Molecular Biology & Biochemistry) # Bachelor of Science (Chemistry) # Bachelor of Science (Physics) # Bachelor of Science (Electronics) # Bachelor of Science (Forestry) # Bachelor of Science (Environmental Conservation & Natural Resources Management) # Bachelor of Science (Land Resources Management) # Bachelor of Science (Environmental Management) # Bachelor of Science ( Agro-ecosystems den Environmental Management) # Bachelor of Science (Public Health) # Bachelor of Science (Nursing) # Bachelor of Science (Population Health) # Bachelor of Science (Meteorology) # Bachelor of Science (Geology) # Bachelor of Science (Computer Science) # Bachelor of Information Technology # Bachelor of Commerce # Bachelor of Procurement den Supply Chain Management # Bachelor of Economics den Statistics # Bachelor of Economics # Bachelor of Project Planning & Management # Bachelor of Business & Information Technology # Bachelor of Science in Medical Microbiology. # Bachelor of Science in Aquatic Sciences == Masters Programmes == # Master of Business Administration # Master of Science (Agro meteorology) # Master of Science (Mineral Exploration and Mining) # Master of Science (Exploration Geo-Physics) # Master of Education # Master of Education ( Kiswahili Methods) # Master of Education (Early Childhood Education) # Master of Science (Environmental Management) # Master of Science (Climate Change & Agroforestry) # Master of Science (Agricultural Resource Management) # Master of Science (Livestock Production Systems) # Master of Science (Agronomy) # Master of Science (Mammalian Physiology) # Master of Science (Reproductive Biology) # Master of Science (Rangeland Resources Management) # Master of Science (Public Health) # Master of Science (Epidemiology) # Master of Science (International Health) # Master of Science (Infectious Disease Diagnosis) # Master of Science( Biotechnology) # Master of Science (Biochemistry) # Master of Science (Physics) # Master of Science (Integrated Water Resources Management) # Master of Science (Biodiversity Conservation den Management) == PHD Programmes == # Doctor of Philosophy (Dryland Resource Management) # Doctor of Philosophy (Agricultural Economics) # Doctor of Philosophy (Environmental Management) # Doctor of Philosophy (Climate Change & Agroforestry) # Doctor of Philosophy (Educational Administration den Planning) # Doctor of Philosophy (Physics) # Doctor of Philosophy (Animal Science) == Certificate den Diploma Programmes == # Short Course in Computer Applications # Certificate in Animal Health Husbandry # Certificate in Artificial Insemination den Fertility Management # Certificate in Information Technology # Certificate in Computer Packages & Applications # Certificate in Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) den Audit # Diploma in Sales den Marketing # Diploma in Human Resource Management # Diploma in Purchasing den Supplies Management # Diploma in Business Management # Diploma in Forestry # Diploma in Information Technology # Diploma in Computer Science # Diploma in Range land Management # Diploma in Apiculture # Diploma in Animal Health # Diploma in Crop Protection # Diploma in Electronics == Schools == # School of Environment, Water den Natural Resources<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230205020458/https://water.seku.ac.ke/ "Water Resources Science & Technology"]. ''water.seku.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> # School of Education<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240603130025/https://education.seku.ac.ke/ "SEKU School of Education"]. ''education.seku.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> # School of Humanities den Social Sciences # School of Pure den Applied Sciences<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153722/https://pure.seku.ac.ke/ "School of pure and applied sciences"]. ''pure.seku.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> # School of Business den Economics<ref>[https://business.seku.ac.ke/ "SEKU School of Business"]. ''business.seku.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> # School of Environment & Natural Resources Management # School of Engineering den Technology<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240603131528/https://engineering.seku.ac.ke/ "welcome to School of Engineering & Technology"]. ''engineering.seku.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> # School of Agriculture den Veterinary Sciences<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230208171854/http://agriculture.seku.ac.ke/ "SEKU School of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences"]. ''agriculture.seku.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> # School of Nursing Sciences den Public Health<ref>[https://health.seku.ac.ke/ "SEKU School of Health Sciences"]. ''health.seku.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> == Research == Dem dey claim say de University dey take lead role insyd dem dey make water purification devices. SEKU distribute low-cost ceramic water filters to more dan 1,000 residents of Kitui den ein environs. De move dey aim make e improve de socio-economic parameters den health of de locals by make dem access clean water. Dis be secof chaw of dis region be semi-arid.<ref>MUTUA, -MARTIN. [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000087624&story_title=south-eastern-kenya-university-pioneers-making-water-purifiers-using-local-materials "South Eastern Kenya University pioneers making water purifiers using local materials"]. ''The Standard''. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</ref> == Campuses == * SEKU Main Campus (Kwa Vonza)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021103909/http://www.seku.ac.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=2&lang=en "About SEKU"]. Archived from [http://www.seku.ac.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=2&lang=en the original] on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref> * Wote Town Campus * Mtito-Andei Town Campus * Kitui Town campus == References == <references /> [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1976]] [[Category:Universities insyd Kenya]] [[Category:1976 establishments insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Education insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1976]] bdb192m3uobxfarb3ilxphlyh7xtc9r 0 5878 115751 106490 2026-11-05T06:29:05Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Technical University of Mombasa''' ('''TUM''') be public university wey dey locate insyd de coastal city of Mombasa.<ref>[http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/status-of-universities-universities-authorized-to-operate-in-kenya-1 "Commission for University Education – Status of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) – Status of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya)"]. ''cue.or.ke''. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history "TUM – Historical Background"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> Ebe among de oldest institution of higher learning insyd Kenya. Ebe one of de National Polytechnics dem recently elevate to fully fledged University insyd Kenya. Na dem award am ein charter insyd 2013 by-then presido Mwai Kibaki.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170606123047/http://www.tum.ac.ke/topstory/157 "TUM Acquires ISO 9001:2008 Certification | Technical University of Mombasa"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 10 May 2018.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history "TUM – Historical Background"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref><ref>Mukhongo, Dr Lawrence. [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001312446/how-technical-university-of-mombasa-is-transforming-its-tvet-programmes "How Technical University of Mombasa is transforming its TVET programmes".] ''The Standard''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> == Schools == * School of Engineering & technology<ref>[https://tum.ac.ke/academics/engineering "TUM – School of Engineering"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> * School of Applied den Health Sciences<ref>[https://tum.ac.ke/academics/applied "TUM – School of Applied & Heath Sciences"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> * School of Business<ref>[https://tum.ac.ke/academics/business "TUM – School of Applied & Heath Sciences"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> * Institute of Computing den Informatics<ref>[https://tum.ac.ke/academics/ici "TUM – School of Applied & Heath Sciences"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> * School of Humanities den Social Sciences<ref>[https://tum.ac.ke/academics/sohss "TUM – School of Applied & Heath Sciences"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> * School of Medicine<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180116131436/https://medicine.tum.ac.ke/ "Home &#x7C; TUM Medicine"]. Archived from [https://medicine.tum.ac.ke/ the original] on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</ref> * Institute of Research, Innovation den Extension (ARIE)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175841/http://www.tum.ac.ke/research "TUM - Login"].</ref> == TUM history == TUM fi trace back to de late 1940s wen Sir Philip Mitchell, Aga Khan III, de Sultan of Zanzibar, den Secretary of State for de colonies, Sir Bernard Reilly start de Mombasa Institute of Muslim Education (MIOME).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history "TUM – Historical Background"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> After ein inception, MIOME start dey provide technical education to Muslim students of East Africa. Insyd May 1951, MIOME enroll ein first batch of students make dem undergo technical education programme wich place special emphasis for Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Seamanship den Navigation, den Woodwork.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history "TUM – Historical Background"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> Insyd 1966 MIOME cam turn Mombasa Technical Institute (MTI) wey dem start dey admit all people from different walks of life regardless of religion anaa race.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history "TUM – Historical Background"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> Insyd de year 1976, MTI cam turn Mombasa Polytechnic. Mombasa Polytechnic continue dey develop more market driven programs, anchor for de five established Departments of Business Studies, Electrical den Electronics Engineering, Building den Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering den Applied Sciences.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history "TUM – Historical Background"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> For 23 August 2007, thru Legal Notice dem elevate Mombasa Polytechnic to University College thus de name Mombasa Polytechnic University College (MPUC).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history "TUM – Historical Background"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> Insyd 2013 after dem elevate am to fully fledged University Mombasa Polytechnic University College (MPUC) cam turn Technical University of Mombasa (TUM). TUM open two strategic satellite Campuses insyd Kwale den Lamu County.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history "TUM – Historical Background"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231004165420/https://www.jkuat.ac.ke/coast-region-gets-first-chartered-university/ "Coast Region Gets First Chartered University"]. ''jkuat.ac.ke''. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> == Directorates == * Directorate of TVET * Directorate of Quality Assurance<ref>[https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/policy-statement "TUM – Quality Policy Statement"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> * TUM Entreprises (TUMEL) * School of Graduate Studies<ref>[https://www.tum.ac.ke/academics/sgs "TUM – School of Graduate Studies"]. ''tum.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> == Campuses == * Main Campus, Tudor, Mombasa<ref>[http://www.tum.ac.ke/ "Home"]. ''tum.ac.ke''.</ref> * Lamu Campus * Kwale Campus == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://tum.ac.ke/ Official website] [[Category:Education insyd Mombasa]] [[Category:Universities insyd Kenya]] [[Category:1951 establishments insyd Africa]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1951]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1951]] [[Category:Technical universities den colleges]] 5qanhtzmgiiji1gdfzt7vefzoajpr9u 0 5891 115753 111055 2026-11-05T06:58:46Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''University of Kabianga''' dey locate insyd Kabianga, Belgut constituency, Kericho county insyd Kenya. De university dey situate insyd de Kabianga Complex, along plus de Kabianga Boys High School den Primary School as well as de Kabianga Tea Farm. De Kabianga Complex get long history.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240305164422/http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/ "University of Kabianga | Innovation and Excellence |"]. ''kabianga.ac.ke''. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/education/article/2000223176/kabianga-university-wins-sh303m-in-grants "University of Kabianga (UoK) wins Sh303m in grants"]. ''Nikko Tanui''. Standard. 13 November 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2021.</ref> De institution get three campuses<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-kabianga "University of Kabianga"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.</ref> wey dey include Kapkatet campus, Kericho Town campus den de Main campus. == History == De Government School, Kabianga, na dem start am insyd 1925. Kabianga Teachers’ Training College exist between 1929 den 1963, wen na dem move de College to de present Kericho Teachers Training College.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240303025654/http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/history-accreditation "History & Accreditation | University of Kabianga | Innovation and Excellence"]. ''kabianga.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> After de relocation, na dem establish Kabianga Farmers Training Centre insyd 1959 for de premises. Na ein objective be make e serve as Agricultural Training facility give farmers from de South Rift den beyond. Kabianga Farmers Training Centre cam turn Kabianga Campus of [[Moi University]] insyd May 2007. Insyd May 2009, dem elevate de university campus to university college.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240303025654/http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/history-accreditation "History & Accreditation | University of Kabianga | Innovation and Excellence"]. ''kabianga.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> For 1 March 2013, na dem award am charter by H.E, Hon. Mwai Kibaki wey e cam turn fully fledged university.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240303025654/http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/history-accreditation "History & Accreditation | University of Kabianga | Innovation and Excellence"]. ''kabianga.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> == Location == De university dey situate insyd de tea-growing highlands of Kericho insyd de southwestern end of de Rift Valley Province of Kenya den within de proximity of de multinational tea growing companies, Unilever, James Finlay, den George Williamson. Edey locate approximately 26 km from Kericho town wey ebe about 6.2 km off-road junction dem dey bell Kabianga Dairies, formerly 'Premier Dairies' for Kericho-Kisii road top. Nearby shopping centers be Chepnyogaa market den Kabianga market. Dem know dese markets for high-value cattle auctions den oda businesses. De community wey dey surround am dey consist of de Kipsigis speakers. Dem know dis community for mixed farming. De main agricultural activity being dairy farming, plus de location of Kabianga Dairy<ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsVGSxN9j2M Kabianga farmers’ cooperative society || New Shop]'', retrieved 22 March 2024</ref> approximately three kilometers from de university. == Current status == De University of Kabiange dey join de list of de universities dem establish recently plus view of make dem dey create more learning opportunities. Currently, de university get 8000<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-kabianga "University of Kabianga"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.</ref> students dem estimate. De University of Kabianga dey locate insyd Kericho for Kenya insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130707022546/http://www.cue.or.ke/services/accreditation/status-of-universities "Status of Universities. Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya, 2013"]. Commission for University Education. Archived from [http://www.cue.or.ke/services/accreditation/status-of-universities the original] on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> Na de institution be<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240322191359/https://kabianga.ac.ke/uok-shines-latest-times-higher-education-ranking "UoK shines in the Latest Times Higher Education (The Ranking)"]. ''kabianga.ac.ke''. 4 July 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</ref> de fifth best University nationally den 51st best insyd Sub-Saharan Africa by Times Higher Education for 2023 insyd. == Academics == De University of Kabianga dey offer academic programmes for de undergraduate den graduate levels. De schools dey include: * School of Science & Technology<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231009084501/http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/school/sst "School of Science & Technology | University of Kabianga | Innovation and Excellence"]. ''kabianga.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> * Information Science & Knowledge Management<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210119094027/http://www.kabianga.ac.ke/main/school/siskm "School of Information Science & Knowledge Management | University of Kabianga | Innovation and Excellence"]. ''kabianga.ac.ke''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> * Education, Arts and Social Sciences<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240321142916/https://seass.kabianga.ac.ke/ "School of Education | University of Kabianga | Innovation and Excellence"]. ''kabianga.ac.ke''. Retrieved 21 March 2024.</ref> * Business & Economics<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200510204017/http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/school/sobe "School of Business & Economics"]. ''kabianga.ac.ke''. 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> * Agricultural Sciences den Natural Resources<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240321142914/https://sasnr.kabianga.ac.ke/ "Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources"]. ''kabianga.ac.ke''. 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2024.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240620184021/http://www.kabianga.ac.ke/ Official website] [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2013]] [[Category:2013 establishments insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Education insyd Rift Valley Province]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2013]] 9eq9rv5imwwag95iw2xfop01pye9kl9 0 8385 115743 113421 2026-11-05T05:08:12Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Godwin Kwesi Blay Ekra Jnr''' (born March 7, 1994) dem know am by de showbiz name '''Qwasi Blay Jnr.''', be a [[Ghanaian]] actor.<ref name= ghanaweb>{{cite web | url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Get-familiar-with-Ghanaian-most-wanted-actor-Qwasi-Blay-837322| title=Get familiar with Ghanaian most wanted actor, Qwasi Blay| date=14 January 2020| publisher=ghanaweb | access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> He be best known for ein roles insyd de films ''Dance with the Devil'', ''Grey Dust'' den'' The Billionaires Wife.'' Na dem feature am insyd nine movies den nine TV series''.<ref name="gbafrica">{{cite web| url=https://www.gbafrica.net/qwasi-blay-jnr-ghanas-most-wanted-actor/| title=QWASI BLAY JNR/ Ghana's Most Wanted Actor| publisher=gbafrica| access-date=23 October 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026062529/https://www.gbafrica.net/qwasi-blay-jnr-ghanas-most-wanted-actor/| archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>'' == Early life == Na dem born am insyd Ghana as de third kiddie insyd a family plus five siblings: four males den a female. He plete primary den junior higher education for Great Lamptey Mills. Wey he continue education from Aburi Secondary Technical (SHS). He take ein tertiary education for de [[Koforidua Technical University]] wey he obtain a Higher National Diploma (HND) insyd Purchasing den Supply.<ref name="ghanaweb" /><ref name="gbafrica" /> == Career == He start ein acting career insyd 2016 as a kiddie, wey he appear insyd ''Grey Dust'', ''Grilled'', den serial ''Deju Vu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://irokotv.com/actors/5845/quasi-blay-jr|title=Movies and Series starring Quasi Blay Jr.|publisher=irokotv|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027025125/https://irokotv.com/actors/5845/quasi-blay-jr|archive-date=27 October 2020}}</ref> He receive de Best Entertainment Male honor for de tertiary level den Best Male Entertainment Act for de maiden edition of de Social Media Entertainment awards.<ref name="gbafrica" /> Na later dem nominate am for de Best Performance in a leading role at de 9th edition of de Ghana Movie Awards for the role insyd de film ''Adoma.''<ref name="ghanaweb" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Guide|first=Daily|date=2019-12-23|title=Surprises At 2019 Ghana Movie Awards|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/61890/surprises-at-2019-ghana-movie-awards.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Movie Awards » 2019 Nominations|url=https://ghanamovieawards.com/2019-nominations/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=ghanamovieawards.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129131019/https://ghanamovieawards.com/2019-nominations/|archive-date=2020-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-09|title=Nominees Released for 2019 Ghana Movie Awards - Full List|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/12/09/nominees-released-for-2019-ghana-movie-awards-full-list/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031180101/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/12/09/nominees-released-for-2019-ghana-movie-awards-full-list/|archive-date=2020-10-31}}</ref> Na dem nominate Qwasi for de 2021 Ghana Movie Awards as de "Best Performance By An Actor In A Leading Role" insyd ein lead role insyd de movie ''Cross''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Ghana Movie Awards: Qwasi Blay Jnr Nominated For "Best Lead Actor"|url=https://peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/movies/202112/457954.php|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303055953/https://peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/movies/202112/457954.php|archive-date=2024-03-03}}</ref> == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Film !Role !Genre !Ref. |- |2018 |''Grey Dust'' | |Film | |- |2019 |''Dance with the Devil'' | |Film | |- |2020 |''2 Days After Friday'' | |Film |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ytainment.com/2-days-after-friday-jackie-appiah-john-dumelo-christabel-ekeh-others-feature-in-venus-film-production-masterpiece/|title=2 Days After Friday|publisher=ytainment|access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Shadowless'' | |Film | |- |2021 |''Cross'' | |Film | |- |2021 |''Illusions'' | |Film | |- |2021 |''Famous'' | |Film | |- |2021 |''Players vrs Slayers'' | |Film | |- |2022 |''Anyone Out There'' | |Film | |- |2021 |''Till Sunset'' | |Series | |- |2021 |''Deja Vu'' | |Series | |- |2021 |''Case Study'' | |Series | |- |2021 |''The Rich Girl'' | |Series | |- |2022 |''La Maison Chiq'' | |Series |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-03|title=Qwasi Blay Jnr starred in all New Movie series "La Maison Chiq" Produced by Woodin|url=https://www.disturbingafrica.net/qwasi-blay-jnr-starred-in-all-new-movie-series-la-maison-chiq-produced-by-woodin/|access-date=2022-12-16|website=Disturbing Africa|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024064250/https://www.disturbingafrica.net/qwasi-blay-jnr-starred-in-all-new-movie-series-la-maison-chiq-produced-by-woodin/|archive-date=2022-10-24}}</ref> |- |2023 |''The Billionaires Wife'' | |Series |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Graphic|first=Showbiz|date=22 February 2023|title=Showmax announces new Original drama, The Billionaire's Wife|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/showmax-announces-new-original-drama-the-billionaires-wife.html|access-date=9 June 2023|website=Graphic.com.gh}}</ref> |- |2023 |''Strange World'' | |Series | |- |2023 |''Madam'' | |Series |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-07|title=Money, power and sex at play in Sparrow Production's new 'Madam' series - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/money-power-and-sex-at-play-in-sparrow-productions-new-madam-series/|access-date=2023-06-09|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Goal Diggers'' | |Series |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Qwasi Blay Showcases Utmost Character In New Movie Series, Goal Diggers|url=https://peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/movies/202402/499043.php|access-date=2024-02-08|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303073707/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/movies/202402/499043.php|archive-date=2024-03-03}}</ref> |} == Awards den nominations == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Event !Prize !Recipient !Result |- |2019 |2019 Ghana Movie Awards |Best Lead actor<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aryee|first=Naa Ayeley|date=2019-12-10|title=Full list of nominees for Ghana Movie Awards 2019; Moesha, Serwaa make list|url=https://yen.com.gh/140407-full-list-nominees-ghana-movie-awards-2019-released-event-slated-december-20.html|access-date=2022-03-07|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229090323/https://yen.com.gh/140407-full-list-nominees-ghana-movie-awards-2019-released-event-slated-december-20.html|archive-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> |Adoma |Dem nominate am |- |2019 |2019 Ghana Movie Awards |Discovery of the year<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title='Gold Coast Lounge', 'Away Bus' top 2019 Ghana Movie Awards nominations list - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ae%cb%9cgold-coast-loungeae-ae%cb%9caway-busae-top-2019-ghana-movie-awardsa-nominations-list/|access-date=2022-03-07|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> |Adoma |Dem nominate am |- |2021 |2021 Ghana Movie Awards |Best Performance By An Actor In A Leading Role<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Movie Awards 2021: Full list of nominations - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ghana-movie-awards-2021-full-list-of-nominations/|access-date=2021-12-27|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> |Cross |Dem nominate am |} == References == <references /> == External links == * [[imdbname:6750035|Qwasi Blay Jnr.]] at IMDb [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian singers]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian male singers]] [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Ghanaian film actors]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian male actors]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Film actors]] rs6wgabqvqrcqlw4gbi7ecouyuac190 0 8422 115720 115485 2026-11-05T01:30:12Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Julyana Al-Sadeq''' (Arabic: جوليانا الصادق; born 9 December 1994) be Jordanian taekwondo athlete.<ref>[http://www.taekwondodata.com/julyana-al-sadeq.afh0.html "TaekwondoData"]. ''TaekwondoData''. Retrieved 20 August 2018.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180830002952/http://jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordans-juliana-al-sadeq-makes-taekwondo-history "Jordan's Juliana Al Sadeq makes taekwondo history"]. ''Jordan Times''. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.</ref><ref>[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%8C_%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A1%D9%A8.jpg/220px-%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%8C_%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A1%D9%A8.jpg "Julyana Al-Sadeq reaches taekwondo Olympic quarterfinals"]. ''cdnimgen.royanews.tv''. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref> She win de gold medal for de 2018 Asian Games for de women's 67 kg weight category top.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180820172922/https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/AL-SADEQ-Julyana-3000404/ "AL SADEQ Julyana | Asian Games 2018 Jakarta Palembang"]. ''Asian Games 2018 Jakarta Palembang''. Archived from [https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/AL-SADEQ-Julyana-3000404/ the original] on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.</ref> Insyd December 2022, she cam turn de first Jordanian den Arab woman make dem rank am world number one dey follow ein victory for de Saudi Grand Prix.<ref name=":0">[https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1135822/taekwondo-profile-julyana-al-sadeq "Julyana Al-Sadeq - Making a mark for Arab and Muslim women"]. ''www.insidethegames.biz''. 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref><ref>[https://www.thenewsmarket.com/news/jordanian-taekwondo-star-julyana-al-sadeq-determined-to-break-new-ground-at-paris-2024/s/68894e99-e50d-49f8-91ab-97077825dcf1 "Jordanian taekwondo star Julyana Al−Sadeq determined to break new ground at Paris 2024"]. ''The NewsMarket''. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230511000843/https://jordantimes.com/news/local/jordans-juliana-al-sadiq-tops-world-taekwondo-ranking "Jordan's Juliana Al Sadiq tops world taekwondo ranking"]. ''Jordan Times''. 2023-01-04. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref> == Early life den education == Al-Sadeq dey hail from Amman.<ref>Lewis, Andy. [https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/olympics/2024/07/03/jordans-julyana-al-sadeq-hopes-to-inspire-as-she-chases-olympic-taekwondo-dream/ "Jordan's Julyana Al Sadeq hopes to inspire as she chases Olympic taekwondo dream"]. ''The National''. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref> She obtain bachelor’s degree insyd physical education from de University of Jordan.<ref>[https://hbtf.com/en/news/supports-taekwondo-champion "Housing Bank Supports the National Taekwondo Champion Julyana Al Sadeq - Housing Bank"]. ''hbtf.com''. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref> == Ein life matter == Al-Sadeq get older bro Yazan Al Sadeq, wey get success for de 2010 Youth Olympic Games insyd Singapore.<ref name=":0" /> Insyd 2021, Al-Sadeq go viral for social media top for ein perceived resemblance to Lady Gaga.<ref>Colombo, Charlotte. [https://www.businessinsider.com/lady-gaga-julyana-al-sadeq-taekwondo-viral-photo-twitter-trend-2021-7?r=US&IR=T "A taekwondo Olympian from Jordan has gone viral after an image appeared to show an uncanny resemblance to Lady Gaga"]. ''Business Insider''. Retrieved 2024-09-08.</ref> == References == [[Category:Living people]] <references /> == External links == * [https://web.worldtaekwondo.martial.services/profile/b1fed9f7-9ef5-49ed-870a-2b04c04225d3 Julyana Al-Sadeq] profile at World Taekwondo * [https://worldtkd.simplycompete.com/playerProfileV2?month=8&year=2024&userId=11e6eef5-9a8f-27b0-92b4-12f817a4f090 Julyana Al-Sadeq] ranking at World Taekwondo * [https://www.taekwondodata.com/julyana-al-sadeq.afh0.html Julyana Al-Sadeq] at TaekwondoData.com * [https://olympics.com/en/athletes/julyana-al-sadeq Julyana Al-Sadeq] at Olympics.com * [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/144280 Julyana Al-Sadeq] at Olympedia [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Jordanian female taekwondo practitioners]] [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Amman]] [[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at de 2014 Asian Games]] [[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at de 2018 Asian Games]] [[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Jordan]] [[Category:Asian Games medalists insyd taekwondo]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2018 Asian Games]] [[Category:Asian Taekwondo Championships medalists]] [[Category:Islamic Solidarity Games medalists insyd taekwondo]] [[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic taekwondo practitioners for Jordan]] [[Category:21st-century Jordanian sportswomen]] [[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at de 2022 Asian Games]] [[Category:Islamic Solidarity Games bronze medalists]] [[Category:Islamic Solidarity Games medalists for Jordan]] [[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:University of Jordan alumni]] [[Category:Jordanian Muslims]] jgbvbfwjxgtgs78n3cndzuomdieci77 0 10465 115705 112877 2026-11-04T22:16:27Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eseohe Arhebamen''' anaa '''Eseohe Arhebamen-Yamasaki''', alias '''Edoheart''' (dem born am as '''Obehioye Eseohe Ikhianose Oghomwenyenmwen Cleopatra Anne Arhebamen'''), be poet, dancer, singer, musician, producer, performance artist den visual artist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.demandafrica.com/entertainment/music/exclusive-inside-for-the-love-ep-with-nigerian-born-artist-edoheart/|title=Exclusive Interview Inside "For The Love – EP" With Nigerian Born Artist Edoheart|date=24 February 2020|website=Demand Africa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229165828/https://www.demandafrica.com/entertainment/music/exclusive-inside-for-the-love-ep-with-nigerian-born-artist-edoheart/|archive-date=29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="EP">{{cite web|url=http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/466508|title=Viies esituskunsti festival Diverse Universe meenutab maailma mitmekesisust|last=Kressa|first=Kaarel|work=Eesti Payaleht|date=24 April 2009|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="PP">{{cite web|url=http://www.parnupostimees.ee/?id=112386|title=Pärnu kunstihallis kohtusid nüüdisaegne tants ja macho-metal|last=Kivila|first=Marian|work=Pärnu Postimees|date=28 April 2009|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="SIRP">{{cite web|url=http://www.sirp.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8743:ikka-teel&catid=6:kunst&Itemid=10&issue=3251|title=Ikka teel|last=Kivila|first=Marian|work=SIRP Eesti Kultuurileht Number 18 (3251)|date=8 May 2009|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="Hankooki">{{cite web|url=http://weekly.hankooki.com/lpage/08_life/200809/wk20080903133924100510.htm|title=국내 최대 실험예술 축제 열린다|last=정|first=영주|work=Hankook Ilbo|date=3 September 2008|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="12Q">{{cite web|url=https://12questionslmp.wordpress.com/2011/04/04/eseohe-arhebamen/|title=Eseohe Arhebamen|last=Keralis|first=Spencer|work=12 Questions|date=4 April 2011|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akwaabamusic.com/blog/huuuuuuge-edoheart/|title=Huuuuuuge: Edoheart - Akwaaba Music|last=Lebrave|first=Benjamin|publisher=Akwaaba Music|date=31 August 2010|accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> Dem born Eseohe for Zaria, [[Nigeria]]<ref name="TPBBC">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/talking_point_programme/4556215.stm|title=What's it like to live in Africa?|work=Talking Point|publisher=BBC News|date=4 June 2005|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> wey she dey komot from royal family of de Benin Empire. Eseohe Arhebamen ein maternal grandmummie be Princess Theresa Maria Nodumwenben Osazuwa, princess of de Edo people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.performance.ee/2009/eseohe%20arhebamen.htm|title=Eseohe Arhebamen|last=Paldrok|first=Al|publisher=Diverse Universe Performance Festival|date=2009|accessdate=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120055431/http://www.performance.ee/2009/eseohe%20arhebamen.htm|archive-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200703030157.html|title=Nigeria: Help! Wicked People Have Sold Our Farmlands, Now We Have Nothing to Live On|last=Ebegbulem|first=Simon|newspaper=Vanguard|date=3 March 2007|accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref> Eseohe Arhebamen ein great-grandpoppie Osazuwa Eredia, na Princess Theresa Osazuwa ein poppie, be de Oba N’Ugu den Enogie of Umoghumwun, wey emake Eseohe Arhebamen royal descendant den princess. "De foundation of de kingdom of Ugu, plus ein capital at Umoghumwun wey dem trace am go Prince Idu, de eldest son of Oba Eweka I."<ref>Osadolor Osarhieme, Benson (23 July 2001). ''[https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2001/544/pdf/Disse.pdf#page=89 The Military System of Benin Kingdom, c.1440 - 1897]'' (PDF) (Doctoral thesis). University of Hamburg, Germany. p. 77. Retrieved 5 April 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Eweka|first=E. B.|year=1992|title=Evolution of Benin Chieftaincy Titles|location=Benin City|publisher=Uniben Press|pages=124–125}}</ref> == Ein Early life == Eseohe Arhebamen be de oldest of five siblings wey she frequently play parental role for dema upbringing. At de age of seven<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.softblow.org/arhebamen.html|title=Eseohe Arhebamen|last=Wong|first=Cyril|work=Softblow|date=November 2005|accessdate=5 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202104816/http://www.softblow.org/arhebamen.html|archive-date=2 December 2024}}</ref> Eseohe ein family migrate go de [[United States]] wey dem settle for Detroit, Michigan. At age 17 she enroll insyd de University of Michigan at de Residential College. Although dem strongly encourage am say make she pursue medicine as career path, Eseohe instead follow ein passion for poetry, language den de arts. As undergraduate student Eseohe focus for literary means den performance top as way wey go affect social change.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/2000/apr/04-07-2000/news/03.html|title="Night" march on Diag goes co-ed|last=Brill|first=Marta|newspaper=The Michigan Daily|date=7 April 2000|accessdate=5 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912095541/http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/2000/apr/04-07-2000/news/03.html|archive-date=12 September 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="EJ">{{cite web|url=http://eji.snre.umich.edu/poetryslam.html|title=The Environmental Justice Poetry Slam Ann Arbor, MI|work=Environmental Justice Initiative|publisher=The University of Michigan - School of Natural Resources & Environment|date=21 November 2002|accessdate=5 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416194502/https://eji.snre.umich.edu/poetryslam.html|archive-date=16 April 2024}}</ref> As she dey University of Michigan, she win prestigious awards give ein writing<ref name="12Q" /><ref name="120WA">{{cite web|url=http://www.ns.umich.edu/new/releases/3474-students-share-more-than-120-000-in-writing-awards|title=Students share more than $120,000 in writing awards|last=Mendler|first=Janet Nellis|publisher=University of Michigan News Service|date=3 May 2000|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> wey she dey University of Michigan Anthology of Hopwood Award winners insyd.<ref name="THA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hf7kPAVRZhkC&q=Eseohe+Arhebamen+hopwood+awards&pg=PA207|title=The Hopwood Awards: 75 Years of Prized Writing|first1=Nicholas|last1=Delbanco|first2=Andrea|last2=Beauchamp|first3=Michael|last3=Barrett|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|year=2006|isbn=0472069268|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> == Ein Career == As she be 19 years old, Eseohe earn position as Writer-in-Residence plus InsideOut Literary Arts insyd Detroit, Michigan way she work plus kiddies insyd impoverished inner-city schools say she go expand demma literary skills. After say she move go New York insyd 2003, Eseohe form de company EdoHeart alias Edoheart wey ecam turn ein performance name. Eseohe Arhebamen be synonymous plus Edoheart. == Butoh vocal theatre == Eseohe Arhebamen be de first indigenous den native-born African butoh performer. In addition, Eseohe Arhebamen be de first performer wey combine butoh dance plus singing, talking, mudra, sign language, spoken word, den experimental vocalizations after de traditional dance styles of de Edo people of [[West Africa]]. She refers to this dance style as Butoh-Vocal Theatre. Eseohe Arhebamen's Butoh-Vocal Theatre style arises out of her work in poetry, music and the traditional Edo theater in which performers dance and sing simultaneously, and is influenced by her expressed belief in a common lingual history between the Edo people of Nigeria and the Japanese. On 26 September 2010 Eseohe gave a performance at a Yukio Waguri intensive workshop demonstrating her style of Butoh-Vocal Theatre during which she danced butoh while singing Pure Imagination from Willy Wonka &amp;amp; the Chocolate Factory. == Ein Marriage == Insyd 2006, Eseohe marry ein long tym sweetheart Seth Yamasaki, wey be son of Pulitzer Prize winning photographer Taro Yamasaki, den grandson of Minoru Yamasaki, Japanese-American architect wey be best known for designing de World Trade Center. De two dey stay insyd Brooklyn, New York. == Ein Poetry books == * 2003: Seeding de Clouds (Ornithology Press) == Ein Discography == * 2019: Okada 8000 (Edoheart & Nick Hook) * 2019: 1H (Edoheart) * 2018: Raw Cash Remix (Edoheart) * 2018: Na Fiya Ft. Masterkraft (Edoheart) * 2017: Majokko Olokun (Edoheart) * 2013: Edoheart – Sosomoneycockplease EP (Akwaaba Music) * 2012: Get As E Be - EP (Edoheart) * 2010: Shchedryk Avant Remix (Clinical Archives) * 2010: Monsoon in Ibadan (Clinical Archives) * 2010: Wa Domo Edo (Edoheart) * 2009: De Hunger Artist (Eseohe) == Ein Film den video == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miC_zVIwi1Q "I'm That African" (2019)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnwlsBwcQP8 "Raw Cash Remix" (2018)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeE8bavfBxw "I No Send" (2018)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQIaM0VSuCs "Na Fiya Ft. Masterkraft" (2018)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iT-abIQ1UV8 "Sugar In A Plum" (2012)] * [http://vimeo.com/26835146 "Fire Butoh 4!" (2011)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W54I8bDDDhc "Sometimes (Take me away)" (2011)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFdKNDHXLb4 "Sosomoneycockplease (Video edit)" (2010)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrwyHgRxTns "Excerpt of Fire Butoh 3 for the Low Lives Exhibition" (2010)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEsFGCy2WJ0 "Blue Butterfly Butoh" (2009)] * [http://vimeo.com/channels/98263 "The Cement Factory" (2009)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TEThGNVycs "#18 / Number 18" (2009)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOFzL9AR_xE "eAir Butoh Sketch" (2009)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxNzfiYNXwc "Fire Butoh 3 Visuals" (2008)] * [http://vimeo.com/5309251 "Fire Butoh 3" (2008)] * [http://edoheart.org/fire-butoh-2-part-one-and-part-2.html "Fire Butoh 2" (2008)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3I1GcIbtLP0 "Es Su Casa" (2008)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olXFSOJFZ8k "Fire Butoh 1" (2007)] == Ein Anthologies den catalogues == * 2009: Diverse Universe Festival 2005–2009, Academia Gustaviana Selts Mty * 2009: Low Lives, Jorge Rojas * 2009: Kunsti Aastaraamat, Parnu Linnavalitsuse kultuuriosakond (Cultural Department of Parnu City Government), Printon Printing House * 2009: 세계 실험예술의 메카, 홍대 앞 - 인터넷서점 인터파크도서 * 2006: The Hopwood Awards: 75 Years of Prized Writing, University of Michigan Press * 2006: De New Spend Less Revolution, Harriman House == Ein Awards == * 2012: Tisch School of de Arts Department Sponsored Tuition Award, New York University * 2006: Poet of de Day, Poets Against de War * 2002: Environmental Justice Initiative First Place Award, University of Michigan * 2002: College Unions Poetry Slam Invitational National Champion First Place, University of Michigan Team * 2000: Writer-in-Residence, InsideOut Literary/Arts Project * 2000: Arthur Miller Award (Fiction) * 2000: Jeffrey L. Weisberg Memorial Prize in Poetry * 2000: Hopwood Minor Poetry Award * 2000: Hopwood Underclassmen Fiction Award * 1998: Residential College Fellowship, University of Michigan == References == <references /> == External links == * [http://www.edoheart.org Official Homepage] * [http://www.edoheart.org/teaching Edoheart - Teaching: Classes & Workshops] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Nigerian women poets]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian women singers]] [[Category:Musicians wey komot Edo State]] [[Category:University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni]] [[Category:Butoh]] [[Category:Nigerian artists]] [[Category:People wey komot Zaria]] [[Category:Edo people]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian poets]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian women writers]] [[Category:African poets]] [[Category:Edo writers]] [[Category:Nigerian dancers]] gffsog6zqvgpj2sqtyxek1u5qugk8nb 0 10958 115729 114469 2026-11-05T02:53:49Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mahamudu Bawumia''' (born 7 October 1963) be [[Ghana|Ghanaian]] politician den former central banker wey dey serve as de fifth [[Vice-President of Ghana|vice president of Ghana]] insyd de fourth Ghanaian Republic..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanastar.com/news/ghanas-new-president-vice-president-peacefully-sworn-in/|title=Ghana's New President, Vice President Peacefully Sworn In|date=7 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bawumia cuts sod for Ghana Armed Forces inner roads construction|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/bawumia-cuts-sod-for-ghana-armed-forces-inner-roads-construction.html|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Barracks Roads Reconstruction Begins|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/barracks-roads-reconstruction-begins/|date=22 May 2020|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Akufo-Addo's govt has track record for fixing problems; we will overcome COVID challenges – Bawumia|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/akufo-addo-s-govt-has-track-record-for-fixing-problems-we-will-overcome-covid-challenges-bawumia.html|access-date=16 May 2021|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Apiate Explosion: 'Calls For Resettlement Too Premature' – Regional Minister|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202201/459347.php|access-date=25 January 2022|website=Peacefmonline|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214062540/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202201/459347.php|archive-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> He assume office for 7 January 2017 as vice pee of [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citifmonline.com/2016/12/11/samira-bawumia-laud-ghanaians-for-voting-npp/|title=Samira Bawumia laud Ghanaians for voting NPP|last=Nyabor|first=Jonas|date=11 December 2016|website=Ghana News|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020132/http://citifmonline.com/2016/12/11/samira-bawumia-laud-ghanaians-for-voting-npp/|archive-date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Who is Dr. Mahamudu Bawumia?|language=en-GB|newspaper=ModernGhana.|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/178891/1/who-is-dr-mahamudu-bawumia.html|access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahamudu Bawumia, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Mahamudu-Bawumia-1188|access-date=20 July 2023|website=ghanaweb.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=H.E. Dr. Mahamudu Bawumia|url=https://ghanaceosummit.com/speaker/mahamudu-bawumia/|access-date=30 August 2023|website=Ghana CEO Summit|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325221902/https://ghanaceosummit.com/speaker/mahamudu-bawumia/|archive-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> He be de [[New Patriotic Party]] (NPP) nominee for president insyd de 2024 general election.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Danso|first=Gifty|date=4 November 2023|title=Vice President Bawumia Wins NPP Flagbearer Race by 61%|work=The Accra Times|url=https://theaccratimes.com/vice-president-bawumia-wins-npp-flagbearer-race-by-61/|access-date=16 October 2024|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241012215629/https://theaccratimes.com/vice-president-bawumia-wins-npp-flagbearer-race-by-61/|archive-date=12 October 2024}}</ref> He san run as vice presido give NPP for de 2012 election den he come be lead witness for petitioners for 2012/2013 Presidential Election Petition, wey challenge de declaration say [[John Mahama]] win de election nu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Bawumia provides evidence at Supreme Court hearing|url=https://ghananewsagency.org/politics/dr-bawumia-provides-evidence-at-supreme-court-hearing--59019|access-date=2 February 2020|website=ghananewsagency.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ELECTION PETITION: Day 2 Of Hearing...Bawumia In The Witness Box|url=http://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201304/161525.php|access-date=2 February 2020|website=peacefmonline|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202105234/https://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201304/161525.php|archive-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> He marry Republic of Ghana ein second lady, Samira Ramadan, now dem dey call am Samira Bawumia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Check out Samira's lovely birthday message to Bawumia|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/October-7th/check-out-samiras-lovely-birthday-message-to-bawumia.php|access-date=2 February 2020|website=myjoyonline|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202105214/http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/October-7th/check-out-samiras-lovely-birthday-message-to-bawumia.php|archive-date=2 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/178891/who-is-dr-mahamudu-bawumia.html|title=Who is Dr. Mahamudu Bawumia?|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahamudu Bawumia, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Mahamudu-Bawumia-1188|access-date=19 July 2023|website=ghanaweb.}}</ref> He dey hold PHD for economics insyd for Simon Fraser University. == Early life den education == Dem born Bawumia insyd [[Tamale, Ghana]], to Alhaji Mumuni Bawumia den Hajia Mariama Bawumia. He be de twelfth of ein poppie ein 18 kiddies den de second of ein mommie ein five.<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.E Alhaji Dr. Mahamudu Bawumia|url=https://www.moc.gov.gh/he-alhaji-dr-mahamudu-bawumia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913155259/https://www.moc.gov.gh/he-alhaji-dr-mahamudu-bawumia|archive-date=13 September 2021|access-date=6 March 2021|website=Ministry of Communications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Mahamudu Bawumia, NPP Vice Presidential Candidate|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1188|access-date=2 February 2020|website=ghanaweb.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bawumia Is 'One Of The Brightest Sparks The NPP Has Seen' – Oppong-Nkrumah|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202210/475680.php|access-date=30 August 2023|website=Peacefmonline|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116133232/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202210/475680.php|archive-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> Mahamudu Bawumia attend de Sakasaka Primary School insyd Tamale<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 May 2020|title=Bawumia surprises primary school teacher who transformed his life|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Bawumia-surprises-primary-school-teacher-who-transformed-his-life-954595|access-date=6 March 2021|website=ghanaweb|language=en}}</ref> wey he gain admission to [[Tamale Senior High School|Tamale Secondary School]] insyd 1975. After he graduate from Tamale Secondary School, he go de [[United Kingdom]], wer na he study banking wey he obtain de Chartered Institute of Bankers Diploma (ACIB). Na he be presido of de Ghana United Nations Students’ Association (GUNSA) insyd 1981. He take a First Class Honours Degree insyd economics at Buckingham University insyd 1987. He then obtain a master's degree insyd economics for Lincoln College, Oxford, wey he obtain a PhD insyd economics for de Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada insyd 1995.<ref name="sfu">{{cite web|url=https://www.sfu.ca/sfunews/stories/2016/sfu-alumnus-to-serve-ghana-as-vice-president.html|title=SFU alumnus to serve Ghana as vice-president|author=Wan Yee Lok|publisher=Simon Fraser University|website=SFU News|date=16 December 2016|access-date=20 April 2017}}</ref> Ein areas of specialization dey include macroeconomics, international economics, development economics den monetary policy. He get chaw publications. == Ein life matter == Bawumia marry Samira Bawumia wey dem get four kiddies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=H.E. Dr. Mahamudu Bawumia |url=https://ghanaceosummit.com/speaker/mahamudu-bawumia/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=Ghana CEO Summit |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325221902/https://ghanaceosummit.com/speaker/mahamudu-bawumia/ |archive-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> He be a member of de Mabia (Mossi-Dagbon) ethnicity, wey dey share same heritage plus influential figures as Thomas Sankara, Alhassane Ouattara, Haruna Iddrisu, among odas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Handbook of the Mabia Languages of West Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342391962}}</ref> He be a Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Eric |last=Nana|date=7 November 2023 |work=Modern Ghana |title=Bawumia is a religious prostitute; he cannot be our president – Sam George |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1271502/bawumia-is-a-religious-prostitute-he-cannot-be.html}}</ref> Na dem name Bawumia after Yaa Naa Mahamadu Bila, a king of Dagbon wey rule from 1948 to 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2022 |title=Ya Naa Mahamadu Abdulai named me after him – Bawumia |url=https://thecustodianghonline.com/2022/08/ya-naa-mahamadu-abdulai-named-me-after-him-bawumia/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=The Custodian Newspaper Online |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505140637/https://thecustodianghonline.com/2022/08/ya-naa-mahamadu-abdulai-named-me-after-him-bawumia/ |archive-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> De name Bawumia dey mean "Dem hear" insyd Dagbanli den Mampruli languages. ==Oda activities== * Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2017)<ref>[http://www.data4sdgs.org/Board Board of Directors] Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data.</ref> == Works dem select == * "Monetary Policy And Financial Sector Reform In Africa: Ghana's Experience by Mahamudu Bawumia (31 August 2010). * "The Determination of Bank Interest Spreads in Ghana: An Empirical Analysis of Panel Data" with Martin Ofori and Franklin Belnye, September 2005. * "Developing a Composite Indicator of Economic Activity in Ghana", with Benjamin Amoah, Bank of Ghana Working Paper, February 2004. * "A Simple Vector Error Correction Forecasting Model for Ghana", with Joseph Atta-Mensah, Bank of Ghana Working Paper, August 2003. * "Monetary Growth, Inflation and Exchange Rate Policy in Ghana" Research Department, Bank of Ghana, Journal of the West African Monetary Institute, 2003. * "The Transmission Mechanism for Monetary Policy in Ghana", with Philip Abradu-Otoo, Bank of Ghana Policy Paper, August 2003. * "The Determinants of Exchange Rates in Ghana", with Zakari Mumuni. Bank of Ghana Working Paper. March 2003. * "The Feasibility of Monetary Union in West Africa". Mimeo. Economic Commission for Africa, November 2002. * "Comparative Institutional Features of Different Common Central Banks", West African Monetary Institute. Mimeo. February 2002. * "Designing an Exchange Rate Mechanism for the West African Monetary Zone", West African Monetary Institute. Mimeo. February 2002. * "Explaining African Economic Growth Performance: The Case of Ghana", with Ernest Aryeetey and A. Fosu. Paper prepared for the African Economic Research Consortium. April 2001. * "Assessing the effectiveness of Intervention on the Foreign Exchange Market in Ghana". Research Department, Bank of Ghana, February 2000. * "A Review of the Literature of the Impact of Financial Sector Liberalisation on the Poor", with Dr E.K.Y. Addison and Maxwell Opoku Afari, Research Department, Bank of Ghana, August 2000. * "Financial Markets in Africa. Issues and Challenges for Research," with Professor Ernest Aryeetey, ISSER. October 2000 AERC . * "Currency Substitution and Money Demand in Ghana: A Cointegration Analysis". Research Department, Bank of Ghana, November 2000. * "Why the Apparent Rush to Market Reform?" Journal of Economics, 1999. * "The Sequencing of Fiscal Reform during Structural Adjustment. Lessons from Ghana, Uganda, and Zimbabwe", Comparative Economic Studies, Vol. XXXVIII No.2/3 Summer-Fall 1996. * "A Closer Look at The Distributional Impact of Ghana’s Structural Adjustment Program (1983–1992). Journal of Modern African Studies. Vol.36 No.1, March 1998. * "Estimating the Aggregate Values of Human Capital in Sub- Saharan Africa", co-authored with Samuel A.Laryea. Review of Human Factor Studies. Vol. III No.1. June 1997. * "Africa, the Challenge of Development". Book Chapter in Stephen. Gardner's Comparative Economic Systems, Dryden 1999. == Initiatives == De Digital Ghana Agenda, wey de Vice Pee, Mahamudu Bawumia lead bring transformation to de country, wich dey include;<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2023 |title=Bawumia vows to make Ghana digital hub of Africa |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2023/06/bawumia-vows-to-make-ghana-digital-hub-of-africa/ |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ben Yedder |first=Omar |date=1 August 2023 |title=Ghana's VP places education and digitalisation at heart of his policy |url=https://african.business/2023/08/politics/ghanas-vp-places-education-and-digitalisation-at-heart-of-his-policy |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=African Business |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Mobile Money Interoperability<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAWUMIA LAUNCHES PHASE TWO OF MOBILE MONEY INTEROPERABILITY – Ghana Telecoms Chamber |url=https://telecomschamber.com/news-media/industry-news/bawumia-launches-phase-two-mobile-money-interoperability |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=telecomschamber.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207185341/https://telecomschamber.com/news-media/industry-news/bawumia-launches-phase-two-mobile-money-interoperability |archive-date=7 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Calendar – Sign in to Access & Edit Your Schedule |url=https://accounts.google.com/v3/signin/identifier?continue=https%3A%2F%2Fcalendar.google.com%2Fcalendar%2Fu%2F0%2Fr%2Fmonth&emr=1&followup=https%3A%2F%2Fcalendar.google.com%2Fcalendar%2Fu%2F0%2Fr%2Fmonth&ifkv=ASKXGp2wAr0L_ioruCNFRGo2dnVym4lYCg8VWo8-1YDlWf-gqkDdjX3uaDUUaJC8siSd_8hahsaoqQ&osid=1&passive=1209600&service=cl&flowName=WebLiteSignIn&flowEntry=ServiceLogin&dsh=S-989850210%3A1701974792921240 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=accounts.google.com}}</ref> * National Identification System (Ghana Card)<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=Vice President Applauds National Identification Authority's Achievements. |url=https://nia.gov.gh/2023/07/04/vice-president-applauds-national-identification-authoritys-achievements/ |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=National Identification Authority |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207185343/https://nia.gov.gh/2023/07/04/vice-president-applauds-national-identification-authoritys-achievements/ |archive-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> *National Health Insurance App<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2022 |title=Vice President Bawumia launches NHIS Mobile Registration App |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/health/nhis-2/2022/ |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> *Digitisation of de National Lotteries Authority *Digitsed Procurement Platform for de Public Procurement Authority *Digitized motor insurance database<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2022 |title=Implementation of Motor Insurance Database improves insurance sector – Dr. Bawumia |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Implementation-of-Motor-Insurance-Database-improves-insurance-sector-Dr-Bawumia-1510952 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207191618/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Implementation-of-Motor-Insurance-Database-improves-insurance-sector-Dr-Bawumia-1510952 |archive-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> *Ghana.Gov (Platform to allow MMDAs to offer digitized services to citizens from a single portal) *E-Pharmacy and Telehealth Services App<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=Bawumia launches E-pharmacy and Telehealth services - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/bawumia-launches-e-pharmacy-and-telehealth-services/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title=Bawumia to launch E-Health, Africa’s first electronic management system for patients |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/10/bawumia-to-launch-e-health-africas-first-electronic-management-system-for-patients/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=Bawumia launches Telehealth services |url=https://3news.com/news/politics/bawumia-launches-telehealth-services/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> *Electrical Buses official launch == Scholarships den awards == * 2007 — Fellow of de Chartered Institute of Bankers (FCIB). * 2000 — Who Is Who Among America's Teachers? – Baylor University. * 1999 — Young Researcher Award: Baylor University, Texas, USA. * 1995–1999 — President's Research Fellowship: Ph.D. Simon Fraser University. * 1991–1995 — 4 Graduate Fellowships: Ph.D. Simon Fraser University, Canada. * 1986 Sir Alan Peacock Prize. Best Economics Student, Department of Economics, University of Buckingham, United Kingdom. * June 2019, na dem adjudge Dr. Bawumia Digital Leader of de Year at de 9th Ghana Information Technology & Telecom Awards (GITTA)<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Bawumia grabs Digital Leader of the Year award |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Bawumia-grabs-Digital-Leader-of-the-Year-award-759239 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2019 |title=Bawumia, ICT, telecom experts honoured at 9th GITTA |language=en-US |work=Starr Fm |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/07/bawumia-ict-telecom-experts-honoured-at-9th-gitta/ |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Vice President Bawumia adjudged Digital Leader of the Year |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/featured/vice-president-bawumia-adjudged-digital-leader-of-the-year/2019/ |access-date=7 December 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Bawumia, Mahamudu}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Ghanaian economists]] [[Category:Ghanaian Muslims]] [[Category:Alumni of de University of Buckingham]] [[Category:Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford]] [[Category:Simon Fraser University alumni]] [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:Vice-presidents of Ghana]] [[Category:People wey komot Tamale, Ghana]] [[Category:Tamale Senior High School alumni]] [[Category:People wey komot North East Region (Ghana)]] [[Category:Mamprusi people]] <references />{{Commons}}{{authority control}} ifeijnd82yxey2yv5jzorj5pdljmrxj 0 11135 115750 110728 2026-11-05T06:19:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Susanne Wenger''' MFR, dem sanso know am as '''Adunni Olorisha''' (4 July 1915 – 12 January 2009), na he be Austrian-Nigerian artist den Yoruba priestess <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/wenger_susanne.htm|title=Susanne Wenger}}</ref> wey expatriate to [[Nigeria]]. Na ein main focus be de Yoruba culture wey na she be successful for building an artist cooperative insyd Osogbo.<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/mar/26/obituary-suzanne-wenger Obituary], theguardian.com, 26 March 2009; accessed 2 April 2017.</ref> She partner plus local artists insyd Osogbo make dem redevelop den redecorate de Osun Osogbo Sacred Grove plus sculptures den carvings wey dey depict de various activities of de Orishas. Na Wenger be a leading advocate give de preservation of de Osun Grove. Secof ein efforts, na dem make de grove a national monument insyd 1965, wey later dem mark am as a world heritage site.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ogundiran|first=Akinwumi|date=2014|title=The Osun-Osogbo Grove as a Social Common and an Uncommon Ground: An Analysis of Patrimonial Patronage in Postcolonial Nigeria|journal=International Journal of Cultural Property|language=en|volume=21|issue=2|pages=173–198|doi=10.1017/S0940739114000058|s2cid=162599099|issn=0940-7391}}</ref> ==Early life den career== Na dem born Susanne Wenger insyd Graz, Austria. She be de daughter of an English den French high school teacher den a mommie born to a high ranking Austro-Hungarian army officer.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Probst|first=Peter|date=2008|title=M odernism against M odernity: A Tribute to Susanne Wenger|journal=Critical Interventions|language=en|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=245–255|doi=10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356|s2cid=170247850|issn=1930-1944}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://susannewengerfoundation.at/en/susanne-wenger-art-ritual|title=Susanne Wenger - "Art is Ritual"|date=27 February 2014|website=Susanne Wenger Foundation|language=en|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815235331/https://susannewengerfoundation.at/en/susanne-wenger-art-ritual|archive-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> Wenger attend de School of Applied Arts insyd Graz insyd 1930, wey specialize insyd pottery. She later continue ein studies, first for de Higher Graphical Federal Education and Research Institute den for de Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alongsyd, among odas, Herbert Boeckl.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/susanne-wenger-a-brief-walk-in-to-the-life-of-adunni-olorisa-id8175055.html|title=Susanne Wenger: A brief walk in to the life of Adunni Olorisa|last=Oreva|first=Duke|access-date=18 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> While for de academy, she learn de fresco technique wey she improve for ein drawing skills.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Laduke|first=Betty|date=1989|title=Susanne Wenger and Nigeria's Sacred Osun Grove|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womans-art-journal_spring-summer-1989_10_1/page/17|journal=Woman's Art Journal|volume=10|issue=1|pages=17–21|doi=10.2307/1358125|issn=0270-7993|jstor=1358125}}</ref> == Death == For 12 January 2009, Wenger die for de age of 93 insyd Oshogbo.<ref name="guardian" /> == Exhibitions == * 1995: Retrospective of the 80th Birthday, Minoritenkirche Stein an der Donau (outside the Old Town of Krems) * 2004: On a holy river in Africa, Kunsthalle Krems * 2006: Susanne Wenger - life with the gods of Africa, Graz City Museum * 2016: ''Between the Sweet Water and the Swarm of Bees: A Collection of Works by Susanne Wenger'', The Michael C. Carlos Museum at Emory University, Atlanta, GA == References == [[Category:Nigerian artists]] <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wenger, Susanne}} [[Category:1915 births]] [[Category:2009 deaths]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:20th-century Austrian women artists]] [[Category:Austrian emigrants to Nigeria]] [[Category:Austrian people of Swiss descent]] [[Category:Austrian women illustrators]] [[Category:Austrian illustrators]] [[Category:Austrian comics artists]] [[Category:Austrian female comics artists]] [[Category:Nigerian artists]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Nigerian people of Swiss descent]] [[Category:Nigerian women artists]] [[Category:Artists wey komot Graz]] [[Category:Yoruba people]] [[Category:People wey komot Osogbo]] [[Category:Austrian people of English descent]] [[Category:Austrian people of French descent]] [[Category:Austrian people of Hungarian descent]] jhdy8n2146rdg3cbk4158rxyse2fshz 0 11606 115721 46671 2026-11-05T01:30:16Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jussuf Abbo''', originally '''Jussuff Abbu''', (14 February 1890<ref>Files in: Landesverwaltungsamt Berlin, Abteilung I - Entschädigungsbehörde (Berlin State Administration Office, Department I - Compensation Authority), Berlin Fehrbelliner Platz.</ref> – 29 August 1953) na he be a Jewish visual artist wey komot Ottoman Palestine. Ein mediums include printmaking den sculpture. Na he be active mainly insyd Germany til he flee go England insyd 1935 secof Nazi persecution.<ref>Badr, Hanan; Samour, Nahed (2023), Badr, Hanan; Samour, Nahed (eds.), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.8973324.4 "Arab Berlin – Ambivalent Tales of a City"], ''Arab Berlin'', Dynamics of Transformation (1 ed.), transcript Verlag, p. 22, retrieved 2023-12-25</ref><ref>Hever-Chybowski, Tal (2023), Badr, Hanan; Samour, Nahed (eds.), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.8973324.21 ""Memories in the Nights of Despair": Jussuf Abbo in Berlin's Yiddish Literature of the 1920s"], ''Arab Berlin'', Dynamics of Transformation (1 ed.), transcript Verlag, pp. 239–248, retrieved 2023-12-25</ref> == Bibliography == * Hüneke, Andreas: Abbo, Jussuff. In: Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker (AKL). Band 1 [General encyclopedia of artists. The visual artists of all times and peoples (AKL). Volume 1], Seemann, Leipzig 1983, p.&nbsp;61, {{ISBN|3-598-22741-8}}. * Dogramaci, Burcu: Jussufs gedicht für Jussuf Abbo [Jussuf's poem for Jussuf Abbo] in ''Der blaue Reiter ist gefallen [The blue rider has fallen]: Else-Lasker-Schüler anniversary almanac'', Hammer, 2015, pp.&nbsp;275–277 (contribution about the friendship between Else Lasker-Schüler and Jussuf Abbo), {{ISBN|978-3-7795-0532-7}}. * Wächter, Anja / Mieves, Esther: Jussuf Abbo in ''New /old homeland: R/Emigration of artists after 1945'', Kunsthaus Dahlem, 2017, pp.&nbsp;160–166, {{ISBN|978-3-9816615-4-5}}. * Dickson, Rachel / Macdougall, Sarah: ''Forced Journeys: Artists In Exile In Britain c.1933-45'', Ben Uri Gallery, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-9001571-3-4}}. * Abbo (Schulz), Ruth: ''Über den Verlust einer kunstkerischen Existenz. Jussuf Abbo im Exil [Losing one's Artistic Existence - Jussuf Abbo in Exile] in ''KUNST IM EXIL in Großbritannien 1933-45 [Artists in Exile in Great Britain 1933-45]'', Frölich & Kaufmann, 1986, {{ISBN|3-88725-218-7}}. A translation of this article in English is available online. See external link below. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160923230105/http://www.phm.org.uk/our-collection/object-of-the-month/june-2016-bust-of-george-lansbury-by-jussuf-abbo-1937/ ''Bust of George Lansbury by Jussuf Abbo, 1937''], short biography at People's History Museum (PHM), Manchester, 2016 * [https://www.moma.org/artists/40 ''Lithographs by Jussuf Abbo, 1920s''] at the Museum of Modern Art, New York * [https://www.jussufabbo.art/#ruth ''Losing one's Artistic Existence - Jussuf Abbo in Exile''] by Ruth Abbo (Schulz) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240620112710/https://archive.metromod.net/viewer.p/69/2949/object/5138-7740597 ''Entry about Jussuf Abbo in METROMOD archive''] by [[:de:Burcu Dogramaci|Burcu Dogramaci]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abbo, Jussuf}} [[Category:1890 births]] [[Category:1953 deaths]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Egyptian people]] [[Category:People wey komot Safed]] [[Category:Sculptors wey komot Berlin]] [[Category:Berlin University of the Arts alumni]] [[Category:Jewish sculptors]] [[Category:20th-century German printmakers]] [[Category:20th-century German sculptors]] [[Category:20th-century German male artists]] [[Category:Expressionist sculptors]] [[Category:20th-century Egyptian male artists]] [[Category:Artists wey komot de Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Sculptors wey komot de Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:20th-century Egyptian sculptors]] [[Category:20th-century Egyptian Jews]] [[Category:20th-century Jews wey komot de Ottoman Empire]] rp8ybfk1qb15lzgbji88xf0igzr78rk 0 11825 115722 113046 2026-11-05T01:34:20Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kama La Mackerel''' be a [[Mauritius|Mauritian]]-[[Canadians|Canadian]] multidisciplinary artist, activist, translator, den community organizer who resides insyd [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].<ref name="this">Leah Lalich, [https://this.org/2016/12/08/how-one-montreal-artist-is-creating-stage-magic-for-lgbtq-performers/ "How one Montreal artist is creating stage magic for LGBTQ performers"]. ''[[This Magazine]]'', December 8, 2016.</ref> Their artistic practice moves between theatre, dance, spoken word den written poetry, watercolours, photography, performance, sculpture den installation.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Boivin|first=Jade|title=Kama La Mackerel {{!}} esse arts + opinions|url=https://esse.ca/en/kama-la-mackerel|access-date=2021-07-08|website=esse.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-30|title=Prix pour artistes émergents {{!}} L'artiste transgenre Kama La Mackerel récompensée|url=https://www.lapresse.ca/arts/2021-06-30/prix-pour-artistes-emergents/l-artiste-transgenre-kama-la-mackerel-recompensee.php|access-date=2021-07-08|website=La Presse|language=fr |last1=Groguhé |first1=Marissa }}</ref> Working across multiple disciplines, La Mackerel's work explores their identity as a trans femme of colour hu reaches back beyond de immediate constraints of de colonial circumstances of their life to de spiritual ancestral lineages of queer femmes.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Lafontant|first=Laurent Maurice|date=October 6, 2020|title=Kama La Mackerel's "Zom-Fam" and Creoleness|url=https://www.neverapart.com/features/zom-fam-kama-la-mackerel/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Never Apart|language=en-US}}</ref> == Early life den education == Dem born La Mackerel insyd Pamplemousses, Mauritius where they grow up insyd a Hindu den Catholic family.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kama La Mackerel {{!}} MOMENTA Biennale de l'image|url=https://momentabiennale.com/en/artist/kama-la-mackerel/|access-date=2021-09-16|website=momentabiennale.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kama La Mackerel's "Zom-Fam" and Creoleness|url=https://www.neverapart.com/features/zom-fam-kama-la-mackerel/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Never Apart|language=en-US}}</ref> De first of their family to attend university, at de age of eighteen, they move go India to pursue a Bachelor insyd Literature den Cultural Studies at de University of Pune, India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A night of healing|url=https://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2015-09-21/arts/a-night-of-healing/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The Journal|date=22 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref> While insyd India they san study den train insyd contemporary dance den Kathak, de latter under de mentorship of [[Nandkishore Kapote]]. Insyd 2008 they immigrate to Canada where they complete a Master's degree insyd Theory, Culture den Politics at Trent University insyd Peterborough, Ontario.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kama La Mackerel – Asian Heritage in Canada|url=https://library.ryerson.ca/asianheritage/authors/kama-la-mackerel/|access-date=2021-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitzgibbon|first=Camila|date=2020-09-22|title=MAI opens its 2020-21 season with "ZOM-FAM" from October 6-10 {{!}} Montreal Theatre Hub|url=https://montrealtheatrehub.com/2020/09/22/mai-opens-its-2020-21-season-with-zom-fam-from-october-6-10/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=montrealtheatrehub.com|language=en-CA|archive-date=2021-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713084848/https://montrealtheatrehub.com/2020/09/22/mai-opens-its-2020-21-season-with-zom-fam-from-october-6-10/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Insyd 2011 they move go Montreal, where they actively begin to pursue their artistic interests.<ref name=":4" /> == Community Organizing == La Mackerel's experience of not finding queer community spaces dat were hospitable to trans people of colour, lead dem to create community events den spaces dat center 2SLGBTQ+ people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Enos|first=Elysha|date=August 12, 2016|title=Montreal Pride criticized for not bringing marginalized groups to the centre|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/montreal-pride-inclusion-trans-black-1.3717876|access-date=July 21, 2021|website=CBC}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-12-08|title=How one Montreal artist is creating stage magic for LGBTQ performers|url=https://this.org/2016/12/08/how-one-montreal-artist-is-creating-stage-magic-for-lgbtq-performers/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=This Magazine|language=en-CA}}</ref> === Gender B(l)ender (2013-2018) === Insyd 2013, responding to de lack of queer-friendly open mic spaces insyd Montreal, La Mackerel found ''Gender B(l)ender'', a monthly open mic/cabaret event wey dey hold on de last Friday of every month. Venues include at Café l’Artère den librairie L’Euguélionne.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-07|title=Kama La Mackerel, artiste des interespaces|url=https://revuejeu.org/2021/06/07/kama-la-mackerel-artiste-des-interespaces/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=JEU Revue de théâtre|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717182105/https://revuejeu.org/2021/06/07/kama-la-mackerel-artiste-des-interespaces/|archive-date=2021-07-17}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Over a 5 year period La Mackerel organize den host 40 editions of de event wich get over 600 performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hommage à Gender b(l)ender|url=http://cdeacf.ca/evenement/2021/06/29/hommage-gender-blender|access-date=2021-07-21|website=CDÉACF|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191017/http://cdeacf.ca/evenement/2021/06/29/hommage-gender-blender|archive-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> Performers include Asher Lionheart, Iyan Hayadi, Jespa Jacob Smith, Roxane Nadeau, Kim Ninkuru, Tranna Wintour, Valerie Bah, [[Kai Cheng Thom]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khaleeli|first=Bee|date=2018-02-19|title=Telling and enacting trans history|url=https://www.mcgilldaily.com/2018/02/telling-and-enacting-trans-history/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The McGill Daily|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Making Your Queer Dreams Come True {{!}} Fringe Arts|url=https://thelinknewspaper.ca/article/montreal-gender-blender|access-date=2021-07-21|website=thelinknewspaper.ca|language=en}}</ref> === Self-Love Cabaret: L'Amour se conjugue à la première personne (2012-2016) === Running for four years between 2012 den 2016, de Self-Love Cabaret be an anti-valentine, artistic event wich seek to challenge de dominant, heteronormative den consumerist holiday of coupledom: Valentine's Day by showcasing creative expressions of self-love.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-28|title=The Self-Love Cabaret: l'amour se conjugue à la première personne|url=https://knowledgethroughthearts.wordpress.com/projects-by-kama-la-mackerel/the-self-love-cabaret-lamour-se-conjugue-a-la-premiere-personne/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=P. Lantz Initiative for Excellence in Education & the Arts|language=en}}</ref> === Contemporary Poetics of Trans Women of Colour Artists (2018) === Curate den facilitate by La Mackerel, dis event bring together six trans women of colour artists: [[Arielle Twist]], [[Kai Cheng Thom]], Kim Ninkuru, Adri Almeida, [[Gwen Benaway]] den La Mackerel.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Contemporary Poetics of Trans Women of Colour Artists," with Gwen Benaway (Toronto), Kai Cheng Thom (Toronto), Kim Ninkuru (Toronto), Arielle Twist (Halifax), Adri Almeida (Toronto), curated and facilitated by Kama La Mackerel (Montreal), Part of "The Ar|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/igsf/channels/event/contemporary-poetics-trans-women-colour-artists-gwen-benaway-toronto-kai-cheng-thom-toronto-kim-291243|access-date=2021-07-21|website=IGSF|language=en}}</ref> === Speak B(l)ack: A Black History Month spoken word show den open mic (2017-2019) === Part of McGill University's Black History Month events, ''Speak B(l)ack'' dey host by La Mackerel den get performers such as Stephanie Lawrence, Kim Ninkuru, den Shanice Nicole.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SPEAK B(L)ACK - A Black History Month Spoken Word Show|url=https://moishistoiredesnoirs.com/en/programmation-en/45-litterature/832-speak-b-l-ack-a-black-history-month-spoken-word-show-en|access-date=2021-07-21|website=MHN|language=en-ca|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190350/https://moishistoiredesnoirs.com/en/programmation-en/45-litterature/832-speak-b-l-ack-a-black-history-month-spoken-word-show-en|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Interdisciplinary Arts Practice == While La Mackerel wey chaw dey bell for their debut poetry collection ''ZOM-FAM'', their creative practice moves between dance, theatre, photography, sculpture, textiles, digital arts den video. La Mackerel be a self-taught artist den their practice emerges from a need to survive den find methods for navigating patriarchal colonial violence, den DIY grassroots cultural practices like zine-making, YouTube tutorials, open mic nights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kama La Mackerel|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/p-lantz/arts-initiatives/kama-la-mackerel|access-date=2021-07-21|website=P. Lantz Initiative for Excellence in Education and the Arts|language=en}}</ref> Major projects include ''From Thick Skin to Femme Armour, Breaking de Promise of Tropical Emptiness, 'Race' is a Drag!, My Body is the Ocean, Bois d'Ébène.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kingma|first=Eloe|date=2016-05-13|title=Kama La Mackerel: From Thick Skin to Femme Armour Tour|url=https://www.nica-institute.com/kama-la-mackerel-from-thick-skin-to-femme-armour-tour/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Netherlands Institute for Cultural Analysis (NICA)|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parris|first=Amanda|date=March 8, 2016|title=International Women's Day: 9 artists who are making a difference|url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/exhibitionists/international-women-s-day-9-artists-who-are-making-a-difference-1.3481136|access-date=July 21, 2021|website=CBC Arts}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Kama La Mackerel {{!}} esse arts + opinions|url=https://esse.ca/en/kama-la-mackerel|access-date=2021-07-21|website=esse.ca}}</ref> === ''<nowiki/>'RACE' IS A DRAG!'' (2012) === Through a series of impromptu public performances, during de summer of 2012, La Mackerel produced ''<nowiki/>'Race' is a Drag! -'' a series of photographs dat document de artist through their process of reclaiming public space. Most notable be de way de photographs capture de reactions of passersby whose gaze carries heterosexist den racist microaggressions trans women regularly experience.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hamilton|first=Rebz|date=Fall 2018|title=Apocalypse Queer|url=https://www.sodep.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Inter_130-Rebz-Hamilton.pdf|access-date=July 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190840/https://www.sodep.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Inter_130-Rebz-Hamilton.pdf|archive-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> === ''From Thick Skin to Femme Armour'' (2016) === ''From Thick Skin to Femme Armour'' be a extend multidisciplinary research art project wich honours trans women den femme of colour resistance den resilience. De project get toure insyd Europe insyd 2016 as a spoken word solo show.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kama La Mackerel – articulating decoloniality|url=https://feministmediastudio.ca/kama-la-mackerel-articulating-languages-of-decoloniality/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=FEMINIST MEDIA STUDIO|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190629/https://feministmediastudio.ca/kama-la-mackerel-articulating-languages-of-decoloniality/|archive-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> De project involves watercolours, textiles plus text, photographs, video den a series of wearable objects.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Our Own Words: Fem & Trans, Past & Future {{!}} MR Online|url=https://mronline.org/2021/04/09/our-own-words-fem-trans-past-future/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=mronline.org|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> === ''Breaking the Promise of Tropical Emptiness: Trans subjectivity in the Mauritian postcard'' === Insyd dis series of fifteen photographs, wey take by South-African writer den scholar Nedine Moonsamy, La Mackerel challenges de way postcards contribute to colonial framing of tropical spaces as empty lands to colonize.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca|first=Zone Arts-|title=Kama La Mackerel, l'artiste trans et anticoloniale aux multiples talents|url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1807812/kama-la-mackerel-artiste-trans-anticoloniale-prix-conseil-des-arts-queer|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Radio-Canada.ca|date=9 July 2021 |language=fr-ca}}</ref> De artist poses their body against scenic Mauritian vistas, reinscribing their trans body onto their native island.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breaking the Promise of Tropical Emptiness: trans subjectivity in the Mauritian postcard|url=https://www.artciteinc.ca/exhibitions/breaking-the-promise-of-tropical-emptiness-trans-subjectivity-in-the-mauritian-postcard|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Artcite Inc.|language=en-CA|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190424/https://www.artciteinc.ca/exhibitions/breaking-the-promise-of-tropical-emptiness-trans-subjectivity-in-the-mauritian-postcard|url-status=dead}}</ref> === ''ZOM-FAM'' === Insyd 2020 La Mackerel publish their debut poetry collection ''ZOM-FAM'' plus Metonymy Press to wide acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The best Canadian poetry of 2020|url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/the-best-canadian-poetry-of-2020-1.5831407|access-date=July 21, 2021|website=CBC Books}}</ref> De title be a Mauritian Kreol term denoting "man-woman."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-13|title=Mauritian-Canadian trans artist unveiled as a finalist for an emerging LGBTQ writers' award|url=https://montreal.citynews.ca/2021/08/13/mauritian-canadian-trans-artist/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=CityNews Montreal}}</ref> De work consists of eight poems wich were originally compose as spoken word pieces dat eventually becam de material of a solo stage performance. De decision to move from spoken word to theatrical stage performance be prompt by a desire to create chaw texture insyd de work through movement, ritual den embodiment. As de poems migrate from stage to page, La Mackerel carry de stage movement over into de written poetry by using de page as a stage den allowing de words to break plus traditional poem stanzas den envisioning de words as de body den de page as de stage.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Dawn|first=Amber|date=2020-08-27|title=ZOM-FAM: Interview with Kama La Mackerel|url=https://roommagazine.com/zom-fam-interview-with-kama-la-mackerel-3/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=ROOM Magazine|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191420/https://roommagazine.com/zom-fam-interview-with-kama-la-mackerel-3/|archive-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> Written insyd Canada, de poems explore de artist's experience of growing up on de island of Mauritius, insyd particular their relationship to land, water, family, language, den gender within, den insyd resistance to, de ideological den material framing of de island's colonial history. While written primarily insyd English, de poems pay tribute to de ancestral languages of de island, using Kreol den Mauritian colloquialisms wich grow from de interrelations of English, Kreol, French, Bhopuri, Tamil, Hindi. De island den de ocean dey situate at de heart of de work den lay de foundation for La Mackerel's poetic excavation of ancestral femme lineages connecting dem to their femme spirituality.<ref name=":3" /> Insyd de summer of 2021 de book be launch insyd Mauritius den be hail as de first publish work of queer Mauritian literature.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Knegt|first=Peter|date=August 20, 2021|title=The first piece of queer Mauritian literature ever published is by Montreal's Kama La Mackerel|url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/the-first-piece-of-queer-mauritian-literature-ever-published-is-by-montreal-s-kama-la-mackerel-1.6147537|access-date=August 26, 2021|website=CBC Arts}}</ref> De cover art of de book be make by Aun Li den Kai Yun Ching.<ref>{{Cite book|last=La Mackerel|first=Kama|title=ZOM-FAM|publisher=Metonymy Press|year=2020|isbn=9781999058845}}</ref> == Translation == La Mackerel focuse their translation on works by Canadian Anglophone trans women writers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-09 |title=Kama La Mackerel, the multi-talented trans and anti-colonial artist |url=https://news.in-24.com/lifestyle/art/80635.html |access-date=2021-07-22 |website=News in 24 Lifestyle English |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722174220/https://news.in-24.com/lifestyle/art/80635.html |archive-date=2021-07-22 }}</ref> Titles they have translate include [[Vivek Shraya]]'s ''I'm Afraid of Men'' ({{lang|fr|J'ai peur des hommes}}) den [[Kai Cheng Thom]]'s ''From the Stars in the Sky to the Fish in the Sea'' ({{lang|fr|L'enfant de fourrure, de plumes, d'écailles, de feuilles et de paillettes}}) den ''Fierce Femmes and Notorious Liars: A Dangerous Trans Girl's Confabulous Memoir'' ({{lang|fr|Fèms magnifiques et dangereuses: Mémoires affabulées d'une fille trans}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kama La Mackerel |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/19390926.Kama_La_Mackerel |access-date=2021-07-22 |website=[[Goodreads]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=L'entrevue éclair avec… Kama La Mackerel, traducteur.ice de «Fèms magnifiques et dangereuses» |url=https://labibleurbaine.com/litterature/lentrevue-eclair-avec-kama-la-mackerel-traducteur-ice-de-fems-magnifiques-et-dangereuses/ |access-date=2021-10-21 |website=Bible urbaine |language=fr-CA }}</ref> Their 2023 translation of [[Valérie Bah]]'s ''[[The Rage Letters]]'' be shortlist for de 2024 [[Lambda Literary Award for Transgender Fiction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.them.us/story/lambda-literary-awards-2024-shortlist-announcement |title=Announcing the Finalists for the 36th Annual Lambda Literary Awards |work=[[them.]] |date=2024-03-27 |access-date=2024-04-05 }}</ref> == Awards == La Mackerel be a recipient of a Canada Council for de Arts Joseph S. Stauffer prize for emerging artists den be shortlist as a finalist for de [[Dayne Ogilvie Prize]] for LGBTQ Canadian writers insyd 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joseph S. Stauffer Prizes|url=https://canadacouncil.ca/funding/prizes/joseph-s-stauffer-prizes|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Canada Council for the Arts|language=en}}</ref><ref>Ryan Porter, [https://quillandquire.com/omni/emerging-queer-writers-celebrated-as-finalists-announced-for-dayne-ogilvie-prize/ "Emerging queer writers celebrated as finalists announced for Dayne Ogilvie Prize"]. ''[[Quill & Quire]]'', May 26, 2021.</ref> == References == 1vd04tblw1jhd2c5x8x9ews1yeagwcm 0 12218 115699 112791 2026-11-04T21:07:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Buhlebezwe Siwani''' (dem born am insyd 1987 insyd Johannesburg) be a multidisciplinary artist dem know for ein work insyd performance art, installations, den photographic stills.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.buhlebezwesiwani.com/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=buhlebezwesiwani|language=en}}</ref> == Biography == Na dem raise Buhlebezwe Siwani insyd Johannesburg, wey na she live insyd de Eastern Cape den KwaZulu Natal.<ref>Candice Allison (5 December 2016). [https://africanah.org/buhlebezwe-siwani-2/ "Buhlebezwe Siwani"]. ''AFRICANAH.ORG''. Retrieved 6 February 2021.</ref> Siwani plete ein BAFA (Hons) for de [[University of the Witwatersrand|Wits]] School of Arts insyd Johannesburg insyd 2011 den ein MFA for de Michaelis School of Fine Arts insyd 2015 wer she graduate cum laude.<ref name=":0" /> == Exhibitions == *''IYEZA'', Standard Bank Gallery, Johannesburg (2023);<ref>{{Cite web| title=iYEZA By Buhlebezwe Siwani| url=https://sponsorships.standardbank.com/sbgs/sponsorship/arts-and-culture/gallery/current-exhibitions/Iyeza| access-date=2025-01-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303030231/https://sponsorships.standardbank.com/sbgs/sponsorship/arts-and-culture/gallery/current-exhibitions/Iyeza| archive-date=2024-03-03}}</ref> * ''Dedisa ubumnyama,'' Cairns Art Gallery, Cairns (2021);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dedisa Ubumnyama (Turn the darkness away) - What's On - Exhibitions - Cairns Art Gallery|url=https://www.cairnsartgallery.com.au/whats-on/exhibitions/buhlebezwe-Siwani|access-date=2021-10-16|website=www.cairnsartgallery.com.au}}</ref> *''ukuqhaqha,'' Camera Work, Palazzo Rasponi, Ravenna (2021);<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-09|title=%%title%% {{!}} Festival Internazionale di Fotografia|url=https://photopenup.com/esposizione/ukuqhaqha/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Photo Open Up|language=it-IT|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016181427/https://photopenup.com/esposizione/ukuqhaqha/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''The Power of My Hands. Africa(s): Women Artists –'' Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris, Paris, France (2021);<ref>{{Cite web|last=agence|first=GAYA-La nouvelle|title=The Power of My Hands|url=https://www.mam.paris.fr/fr/expositions/exposition-power-my-hands|access-date=2021-10-14|website=www.mam.paris.fr|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027071201/https://www.mam.paris.fr/fr/expositions/exposition-power-my-hands|archive-date=2021-10-27}}</ref> *''Goddesses of Healing'', Mbassy, Hamburg (2021);<ref>{{Cite web|title=GODDESSES OF HEALING — M.Bassy|url=https://m-bassy.org/programm/goddesses-of-healing|access-date=2021-10-16|website=m-bassy.org|language=de}}</ref> *''Casablanca Biennial'', Casablanca (2021);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Participants|url=https://www.biennalecasablanca.net/participants-1|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Biennale internationale de Casablanca|language=en-US|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016174421/https://www.biennalecasablanca.net/participants-1|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Living, Forgiving, Remembering –'' Museum Arnhem, Arnhem, Netherlands (2020-2021);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Living, Forgiving, Remembering {{!}} Museum Arnhem|url=https://www.museumarnhem.nl/en/tentoonstellingen/living-forgiving-remembering|access-date=2021-10-14|website=www.museumarnhem.nl}}</ref> *''Witness: Afro Perspectives from the Jorge M. Pérez Collection –'' El Espacio 23, Miami, USA (2020-2021);<ref>{{Cite web|title=El Espacio 23 {{!}} WITNESS: Afro Perspectives from the Jorge M. Pérez Collection|url=https://elespacio23.org/2020/06/06/witness-afro-perspectives-from-the-jorge-m-perez-collection/|access-date=2021-10-14|language=en-US}}</ref> *''Inkanyamba –'' Galeria Municipal de Almada, Almada (2020);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artshell|url=https://app.artshell.eu/exported-events/5ee8d835daf46f001b947ee5/5ee8d837daf46f001b947eec|access-date=2021-10-14|website=app.artshell.eu}}</ref> *''14th Curitiba Biennial'', Curitiba (2020);<ref>{{Cite web|title=14ª Curitiba International Biennial of Contemporary Art|url=http://bienaldecuritiba.com.br/bienal14/index-en.html|access-date=2021-10-16|website=bienaldecuritiba.com.br|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517192550/http://bienaldecuritiba.com.br/bienal14/index-en.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Materiality'', Iziko National Gallery, Cape Town (2020);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Matereality {{!}} Iziko|url=https://www.iziko.org.za/exhibitions/matereality|access-date=2021-10-16|website=www.iziko.org.za}}</ref> * ''Othunjiweyo –'' Galeria Madragoa, Lisbon (2019);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buhlebezwe Siwani: othunjiweyo|url=https://contemporaryand.com/exhibition/buhlebezwe-siwani-othunjiweyo/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Contemporary And|language=de}}</ref> *''Present Passing: South by Southeast'', Osage Art Foundation, Hong Kong (2019);<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-20|title=One Land and One Humanity: Present Passing at Osage Hong Kong|url=https://www.cobosocial.com/dossiers/one-land-and-one-humanity-present-passing-at-osage-hong-kong/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=COBO Social|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016174422/https://www.cobosocial.com/dossiers/one-land-and-one-humanity-present-passing-at-osage-hong-kong/|archive-date=2021-10-16}}</ref> *''Bamako Encounters'', Mali (2019);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bamako Encounters - African Biennale of Photography: Streams of Consciousness - Announcements - e-flux|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/278260/bamako-encounters-african-biennale-of-photographystreams-of-consciousness/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=www.e-flux.com|language=en}}</ref> *''Ngoma: Art and Cosmology'', Johannesburg Art Gallery, Johannesburg (2019);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ngoma: Art and Cosmology|url=https://friendsofjag.org/news-stories/ngoma-art-and-cosmology|access-date=2021-10-16|website=#FRIENDSOFJAG|language=en-US}}</ref> *''Cosmopolis #2: Rethinking the Human,'' Centre Pompidou, Paris (2019);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmopolis #2|url=https://cosmopolis.centrepompidou.fr/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=cosmopolis.centrepompidou.fr|language=en}}</ref> *''The Third Bank'', Bienal Ano Zero, Coimbra (2019);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anozero’19|url=http://anozero-bienaldecoimbra.pt/2019/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=anozero-bienaldecoimbra.pt}}</ref> * ''iNcence'' – No Man's Art Gallery, Netherlands (2018);<ref>{{Cite web|title=iNcence {{!}} Buhlebezwe Siwani|url=https://www.nomansart.com/exhibitions/goluboy-2nrht-9mp4f-sgg9l-w6b3x|access-date=2021-02-06|website=NO MAN'S ART GALLERY|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130090052/https://www.nomansart.com/exhibitions/goluboy-2nrht-9mp4f-sgg9l-w6b3x|archive-date=2024-11-30}}</ref> * ''Qab'Imbola –'' WHATIFTHEWORLD, Cape Town (2018);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qab'Imbola {{!}} WHATIFTHEWORLD/ GALLERY|url=https://www.whatiftheworld.com/exhibition/qabimbola-2/|access-date=2021-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref> *''Tell Freedom'', KaDE Museum, Amsefoort (2018);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tell Freedom. 15 South African artists|url=https://www.kunsthalkade.nl/en/exhibitions/tell-freedom-15-south-african-artists|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Tell Freedom. 15 South African artists &mdash; Kunsthal KAdE|language=en}}</ref> *''White blood blue night'', Centre d'art contemporain d'Alfortville, Alfortville (2018);<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHITE BLOOD, BLUE NIGHT {{!}} Cnap|url=https://www.cnap.fr/white-blood-blue-night|access-date=2021-10-16|website=www.cnap.fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016174421/https://www.cnap.fr/white-blood-blue-night|archive-date=2021-10-16}}</ref> *''Imfazwe yenkaba,'' Galeria Madragoa, Lisbon (2017);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imfazwe yenkaba – Madragoa|url=https://www.galeriamadragoa.pt/exhibitions/60756c7dba50a8663daf96a4|access-date=2021-10-16|website=www.galeriamadragoa.pt}}</ref> *''Deep Memory'', Kalmar Art Museum, Kalmar (2017);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deep memory {{!}} Kalmar Art Museum|url=https://www.kalmarkonstmuseum.se/en/exhibition/deep-memory/|access-date=2021-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref> *''Art/Afrique'', The Louis Vuitton Foundation, Paris (2017); * ''Ingxowa yeGqwirhakazi –'' WHATIFTHEWORLD, Cape Town (2016);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ingxowa yeGqwirhakazi {{!}} WHATIFTHEWORLD/ GALLERY|url=https://www.whatiftheworld.com/exhibition/ingxowa-yegqwirhakazi/|access-date=2021-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Imfihlo –'' Graduate Exhibition, Michaelis Galleries, Cape Town (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imfihlo, 2015|url=https://www.buhlebezwesiwani.com/imfihlo-2015|access-date=2021-02-06|website=buhlebezwesiwani|language=en}}</ref> == Residencies == * Het Vijfde Seizoen, Amersfoort (2017)<ref name=":0" /> * Rote Fabrik, Pro Helvetia, Zurich, Switzerland (2016)<ref name=":0" /> * Watch and talk, Theater Spektakel, Zurich, Switzerland (2015)<ref name=":0" /> * Cite Des Arts, Paris (2020)<ref name=":0" /> == Awards == * Standard Bank Young Artist Award for Visual Arts (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buhlebezwe,Siwani|url=http://sponsorships.standardbank.com/sbgs/sponsorship/arts-and-culture/young-artist-award/Buhlebezwe,Siwani|access-date=2021-10-14|website=sponsorships.standardbank.com|language=en|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024053925/https://sponsorships.standardbank.com/sbgs/sponsorship/arts-and-culture/young-artist-award/Buhlebezwe,Siwani|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Prix Bisi Silva (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Rencontres de Bamako Awards 8 Prizes|url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/les-rencontres-de-bamako-awards-8-prizes/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Contemporary And|language=de}}</ref> * Katrine Harries Print Cabinet Purchase Award (2015)<ref name=":0" /> * Martienssen Prize Award (2010)<ref name=":0" /> == Ein life matter == Buhlebezwe dey live den dey work between Amsterdam den Cape Town. == References == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Siwani, Buhlebezwe}} [[Category:21st-century South African women artists]] [[Category:Conceptual artists]] [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:South African people]] [[Category:Artists wey komot Johannesburg]] [[Category:University of Cape Town alumni]] [[Category:Artists wey komot Amsterdam]] [[Category:Artists wey komot Cape Town]] r8zuog901113t3akx08wbz277wh1edb 0 12230 115741 114289 2026-11-05T04:56:33Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pieter Hugo''' (born 1976)<ref name="http://www.pieterhugo.com">{{cite web|title=Pieter Hugo|url=http://www.pieterhugo.com/|publisher=Pieter Hugo|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref> be a South African photographer wey primarily dey work insyd portraiture.<ref name="independent.co.uk">Hugh Montgomery (9 April 2011). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/africa-united-photographer-pieter-hugo-casts-a-new-light-on-tired-stereotypes-of-his-home-continent-2264048.html "Africa united: Photographer Pieter Hugo casts a new light on tired stereotypes of his home continent &#x7C; Features &#x7C; Culture"]. ''The Independent''. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/africa-united-photographer-pieter-hugo-casts-a-new-light-on-tired-stereotypes-of-his-home-continent-2264048.html Archived] from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2016.</ref> He dey live insyd Cape Town.<ref name="Los Angeles Times">Leah Ollman (9 February 2007), [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-feb-09-et-galleries9-story.html Photography that goes only skin deep] ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> Hugo get four monographs dem publish. Ma he do solo exhibitions for Museu Coleção Berardo, Lisbon (2018), Museum für Kuns und Kulturgeschichte, Dortmund, Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Germany, National Portrait Gallery, London, Ludwig Museum, Budapest, Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane, Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow den de South African National Gallery, Cape Town. Na dem include am insyd group exhibitions for de National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art insyd Seoul, de Rijksmuseum, de Netherlands, Tate Modern, London, DeVos Art Museum, Marquette, Michigan, den Museo de Arte Contemporaneo de Santiago, Chile. == Early life == Na dem born Hugo insyd Johannesburg, South Africa.<ref name="http://www.pieterhugo.com" /> == Career == He begin ein career dey work insyd de film industry insyd Cape Town, before he undertake a two-year residency for Fabrica research centre, Treviso, Italy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pieter Hugo on artnet|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/pieter-hugo/|website=Artnet.com|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref> Na Hugo get four monographs dem publish: ''Pieter Hugo: The Hyena and Other Men'' (2008), ''Pieter Hugo: Selected Works'' (2009), ''This Must Be the Place'' (2012), den ''Pieter Hugo: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea'' (2017). Na he produce fashion photography features give ''Arena Homme Plus'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arena Homme + – Pieter Hugo|url=https://www.wefolk.com/news/2016/04/arena-homme|access-date=5 July 2019|website=We Folk|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705093355/https://www.wefolk.com/news/2016/04/arena-homme|archive-date=5 July 2019}}</ref> ''Re-Edition Magazine'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Re-Edition Magazine with Ellie Grace Cumming – Pieter Hugo|url=https://www.wefolk.com/news/2019/02/re-edition|access-date=5 July 2019|website=We Folk|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705093356/https://www.wefolk.com/news/2019/02/re-edition|archive-date=5 July 2019}}</ref> ''Document Journal'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pieter Hugo Archives|url=https://www.documentjournal.com/tag/pieter-hugo/|access-date=5 July 2019|website=Document Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> ''System Magazine''<ref>{{Cite web|title=System Magazine issue No. 5|url=http://system-magazine.com/issue5/|access-date=5 July 2019|website=System Magazine|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705093356/http://system-magazine.com/issue5/|archive-date=5 July 2019}}</ref> den ''AnOther Man''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Another Man X Nike- Pieter Hugo – Morocco|url=https://bakerkent.com/work/another-man-pieter-hugo-morocco/|access-date=5 July 2019|website=Baker Kent|language=en-US}}</ref> He sanso collaborate for publications top plus Louis Vuitton den Hood By Air.<ref>{{Cite web|title=We Folk|url=https://www.wefolk.com/recent-work/pieter-hugo-ph-amp-hba|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822112518/https://www.wefolk.com/recent-work/pieter-hugo-ph-amp-hba|archive-date=22 August 2016|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> Na Hugo contribute to publications such as ''The New Yorker'',<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Search {{!}} The New Yorker|language=en-US|magazine=The New Yorker|url=https://www.newyorker.com/search/q/Pieter%20Hugo|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref> ''Zeit'' magazine, ''Le Monde'' den ''The New York Times Magazine''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pieter Hugo on designer Garth Walker|url=https://aperture.org/blog/pieter-hugo-garth-walker/|access-date=5 July 2019|website=Aperture Foundation NY|date=13 January 2014|language=en-US}}</ref> Insyd May 2015 na dem invite am make he guest edit de supplement ''DeLuxe'' give de Dutch newspaper ''NRC.nl''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pieter Hugo Afrika in foto's|url=https://issuu.com/bintphotobooks/docs/ph/4|access-date=5 July 2019|website=Issuu|language=en}}</ref> Insyd 2011 Hugo collaborate plus Michael Cleary, wey dem co-direct de music video give South African musician Spoek Mathambo ein cover version of Joy Division ein "She's Lost Control". For de video, Hugo win de Young Director Award for de Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Van Wyk|first=Lisa|date=24 June 2011|title=Pieter Hugo wins Young Director Award at Cannes|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-06-24-pieter-hugo-wins-young-director-award-at-cannes|access-date=10 December 2018|website=Mail & Guardian}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Spoek Mathambo "Control"|url=https://www.youngdirectoraward.com/winners-2011/spoek-mathambo-control-35/|access-date=10 December 2018|website=Young Director Award}}</ref> Insyd 2015 he direct de music video for "Dirty", a song by South African musical artists Dookoom.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 October 2015|title=Texx and the City interview Dookoom about 'Dirty' music video (directed by Pieter Hugo)|url=http://artthrob.co.za/2015/10/20/texx-and-the-city-interview-dookoom-about-dirty-music-video-directed-by-pieter-hugo/}}</ref> ==Ein life matter== As of 2013, na Hugo marry film editor Tamsyn Reynolds, plus whom he get two kiddies.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=14 July 2020|title=Pieter Hugo: Melancholy etched in the flesh|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-10-17-p12-fri-hugo/|date=17 October 2013|newspaper=Mail & Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=14 July 2020|title=KIN – Pieter Hugo|url=https://pieterhugo.com/KIN|website=pieterhugo.com}}</ref> == Publications == === Publications by Hugo === * ''Looking Aside.'' Punctum, 2006. {{ISBN|978-88-95410-00-5}}. * ''The Hyena & Other Men'' Munich: Prestel, 2007. {{ISBN|978-3791339603}}. With an essay by Adetokunbo Abiola. * ''Messina/Musina.'' Munich: Punctum, 2007. {{ISBN|978-88-95410-03-6}}. With a short story by Stacy Hardy, "The Donkey Fuckers", and a conversation between Hugo and Joanna Lehan. * ''Nollywood.'' Munich: Prestel, 2009. {{ISBN|978-3791343129}}. With texts by Chris Abani, Stacy Hardy and Zina Saro-Wiwa. * ''Rwanda 2004: Vestiges of a Genocide.'' London; Paris: oodee, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-9570389-0-5}}. Edition of 500 copies. With an essay by Linda Melvern. * ''Permanent Error.'' Munich: Prestel, 2011. {{ISBN|978-3791345208}}. * ''This Must Be The Place: Selected Works.'' Munich: Prestel, 2012. {{ISBN|978-3791346892}}. With essays by TJ Demos and Aaron Schuman. * ''J-SEK.'' London: One League, 2012. Produced by Hugo and Louis Vuitton with an essay by Montle Moorosi. * ''There's a Place in Hell for Me and My Friends.'' London; Paris: oodee, 2012. {{ISBN|978-095703-892-9}}. * ''Kin.'' New York: Aperture, 2014. {{ISBN|978-1597113014}}. With a short story by Ben Okri. * ''The Journey.'' Self-published, 2015. Newspaper format. * ''Flat Noodle Soup Talk.'' Paris: Bessard, 2016. {{ISBN|979-10-91406-48-2}}. Edition of 500 copies. Photographs made in Beijing. * ''PH&HBA. Pieter Hugo in collaboration with Hood by AIr.'' 2016. {{ISBN|9780955084089}}. London: See W. * ''1994.'' Munich: Prestel. 2017. {{ISBN|978-3-7913-8273-9}}. With text by Ashraf Jamal. * ''Pieter Hugo. Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea.'' 2017. {{ISBN|978-3-7913-8384-2}} Ralf Beil & Uta Ruhkamp (ed.) Munich: Prestel * ''La Cucaracha.'' Barcelona: RM, 2019. {{ISBN|978-84-17975-15-9}}. With essays by Mario Bellatin and Ashraf Jamal. Edition of 1500 copies. === Books den catalogues === * Ewing, William; Nathalie Herschdorfer and Jean-Christophe Blaser. 2005. reGeneration: 50 Photographers of Tomorrow 2005–2006. New York: Aperture. {{ISBN|978-1931788984}}. * Matt, Gerald et al. 2006. Black, Brown, White: Photography from South Africa. Vienna: Kunsthalle Wien. {{ISBN|978-3938821336}}. * Ewing, William (ed). 2006. Face: The New Photographic Portrait. London: Thames & Hudson. {{ISBN|978-0500287323}}. * Yildiz, Adnan et al. 2007. An Atlas of Events. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian * Hug, Alfonso et al. 2008. The Tropics: Views from the Middle of the Globe. Bielefeld: Kerber. {{ISBN|978-3866781665}}. * Dempsey, Kate (ed). 2008. Presumed Innocence. Lincoln, Massachusetts: DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park. {{ISBN|978-0945506560}}. * De Cultura, Área, and Ajuntament de Tarragona (eds). 2009. Pieter Hugo: Selected Works. Tarragona: Tinglado 2. {{ISBN|978-84-935674-6-0}}. * Cresci, Mario (ed). 2009. Future Images. Milan: 24 ORE Cultura. {{ISBN|978-8864130170}}. * Blackwell, Lewis. 2009. Photo-wisdom: Master Photographers on Their Art. Auckland: PQ Blackwell. {{ISBN|9780473150945}}. * Maggia, Filippo et al. 2010. ''Breaking News: Contemporary Photography from the Middle East and Africa.'' Milan: Skira. {{ISBN|978-8857206455}}. * Enwezor, Okwui (ed). 2010. ''Contemporary African Photography from the Walther Collection. Events of the Self: Portraiture and Social Identity''. Göttingen: Steidl. {{ISBN|978-3-86930-157-0}}. * Celant, Germano and Melissa Harris (eds). 2010. ''Immagini Inquietanti''. Milan: La Triennale di Milano. Exhibition catalogue. * Rubenstein, Bonnie, et al. 2011. ''Figure + Ground. Contact Photography Festival.'' Toronto: Scotiabank. 2011 Festival Catalogue. * Ovesen, Solvej Helweg and Katerina Gregos (eds). 2011. ''The Eye is a Lonely Hunter: Images of Humankind. 4.'' Fotofestival Mannheim Ludwigshafen. Heidelberg: Kehrer. {{ISBN|978-3868282405}}. * Krifa, Michket and Laura Serani (eds). 2011. ''For A Sustainable World. Rencontres de Bamako African Photography Biennial, 9th Edition''. Arles and Paris: Actes Sud and Institut Français. {{ISBN|978-2330001551}}. * Kemfert, Beate and Christina Leber (eds). 2011. ''Road Atlas: Street Photography from Helen Levitt to Pieter Hugo.'' Munich: Hirmer. {{ISBN|978-3777439617}}. * Herschdorfer, Nathalie. 2011. ''Afterwards: Contemporary Photography Confronting the Past''. London: Thames & Hudson. {{ISBN|9780500543986}}. * Gavin, Francesca. 2011.''100 New Artists''. London: Laurence King. {{ISBN|978-1856697347}}. * Garb, Tamar. 2011. ''Figures & Fictions: Contemporary South African Photography''. Göttingen and London: Steidl and V&A. {{ISBN|9783869302669}}. * Fabiani, Francesca. 2011. ''Re-cycle. Strategie per l'architettura, la città e il pianeta''. Rome: MAXXI and Elekta. {{ISBN|978-8837088965}}. * Beckmann, Anne-Marie and Freddy Langer. 2011. ''XL Photography 4: Art Collection.'' Deutsche Börse. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. {{ISBN|978-3775728027}}. * Markus Brüderlin (ed.), 2013. ''Art & Textiles: Fabric as Material and Concept in Modern Art from Klimt to the Present,'' 2013. Exhibition catalogue. Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. * ''Nine Weeks.'' Cape Town: Stevenson, 2016. {{ISBN|978-0-620-69507-7}}. Pieter Hugo in conversation with Hansi Momodu-Gordon. * Jamal, Ashraf. 2017. '''Giants'. In the World: Essays on Contemporary South African Art''. Skira: Milan. {{ISBN|978-8857235639}} == Exhibitions == ===Solo exhibitions=== * 2004: ''The Albino Project,'' Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome, Italy, 2004; Fabrica Features, Lisbon, Portugal, 2004. * 2007: ''Messina/Musina,'' Standard Bank Young Artist Award 2007 touring exhibition, National Arts Festival, Grahamstown, South Africa; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Museum, Port Elizabeth; Durban Art Gallery, Durban; Oliewenhuis Art Museum, Bloemfontein; Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town; National Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iziko.org.za/calendar/event/standard-bank-young-artist-for-visual-art-2007-pieter-hugo-messina-musina|title=Event View – Calendar – Iziko Museums|website=Iziko.org.za|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050333/http://www.iziko.org.za/calendar/event/standard-bank-young-artist-for-visual-art-2007-pieter-hugo-messina-musina|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref> * 2007: ''Pieter Hugo: The Hyena & Other Men,'' Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2008;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foam.org/museum/programme/2008-year-in-review|title=2008: Year in Review|website=Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam|accessdate=11 July 2018}}</ref> Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art, Herzliya, Israel, 2010;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herzliyamuseum.co.il/english/april-2010/april-10/pieter-hugo|title=Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art – pieter Hugo|website=Herzliyamuseum.co.il|accessdate=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402103608/http://www.herzliyamuseum.co.il/english/april-2010/april-10/pieter-hugo|archive-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Photographic Centre Peri, Turku, Finland, 2010; Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow, 2012 * 2008: ''Nollywood,'' Johannesburg, South Africa, 2008; Australian Center for Photography, Sydney, Australia, 2009;<ref name="extraspazio">{{cite web|url=http://www.extraspazio.it/cms/artists_exhibitions.php?id_artist=86&titoloid=168|title=e x t r a s p a z i o|website=Extraspazio.it|language=it|accessdate=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124421/http://www.extraspazio.it/cms/artists_exhibitions.php?id_artist=86&titoloid=168|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane, Australia, 2010;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ima.org.au/pages/exhibitions.php?archive=true&year=2010|title=Exhibitions|website=Institute of Modern Art|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222140834/http://www.ima.org.au/pages/exhibitions.php?archive=true&year=2010|archivedate=22 February 2011|url-status=dead|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> * 2008: ''Portraits,'' Open Eye Gallery, Liverpool, UK, 2008; Ffotogallery, Cardiff, [[United Kingdom|UK]], 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ffotogallery.org/pieter-hugo-%E2%80%93-portraits|title=Pieter Hugo – Portraits|date=19 October 2008|website=Ffotogallery.org|accessdate=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175943/http://www.ffotogallery.org/pieter-hugo-%e2%80%93-portraits|archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> * 2008: ''Pieter Hugo: Selected Works,'' Tinglado 2, Tarragona, Spain, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tinglado2.tarragona.cat/|title=Tinglado 2 Espai d'art contemporani|website=Tinglado2.tarragona.cat|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref> Tinglado 2, Tarragona, Spain, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yossimilo.com/artists/piet_hugo/?show_bio=bio|title=Yossi Milo Gallery – Pieter Hugo|website=www.yossimilo.com}}</ref> * 2010: ''On Reality and Other Stories,'' Le château d'eau, pôle photographique de Toulouse, Toulouse, France, 2010; Forest Centre Culturel, BRASS, Brussels, Belgium, 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdnphotooftheday.com/tag/forest-centre-culturel|title=Forest Centre Culturel|date=26 August 2010|publisher=PDN Photo of the Day|accessdate=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811062636/http://pdnphotooftheday.com/tag/forest-centre-culturel|archive-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> * 2010: ''Permanent Error,'' Scotiabank CONTACT Photography Festival, Toronto, [[Canada]], 2011;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scotiabankcontactphoto.com/Public-Installations/619|title=Scotiabank CONTACT Photography Festival|author=Scotiabank CONTACT Festival|website=Scotiabankcontactphoto.com|accessdate=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311182113/http://scotiabankcontactphoto.com/Public-Installations/619|archive-date=11 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2013: ''This must be the place – Selected works 2003–2012,'' Museum Ludwig, Budapest * 2015: ''Portraits: From the unsaid to the un-dead,'' Institute of Contemporary Art Indian Ocean, [[Mauritius]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/picturelibrary/docs/south_african_art_times_february_20|title=South African Art Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401173134/https://issuu.com/picturelibrary/docs/south_african_art_times_february_20|archive-date=1 April 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> * 2015: ''In Focus,'' National Portrait Gallery, London<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/about/press/news-release-unseen-pieter-hugo-photographs|title=News Release: TAYLOR WESSING PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT PRIZE ANNOUNCES CHANGES FOR 2015...UNSEEN PIETER HUGO PHOTOGRAPHS FORM FIRST IN FOCUS DISPLAY – National Portrait Gallery|website=www.npg.org.uk}}</ref> * 2015–2016: Fondation Cartier-Bresson, Paris, 2015;<ref>[http://www.artistikrezo.com/2015011918562/art/photo-et-video/portrait-intime-de-lafrique-du-sud-par-pieter-hugo.html ''"Portrait intime de l'Afrique du Sud par Pieter Hugo"''] par Stéphanie Pioda dans ''Artistik Rezo'' 19 janvier 2015.</ref> * 2017: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg, Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kunstmuseum-wolfsburg.de/exhibitions/pieter-hugo-between-the-devil-and-the-deep-blue-sea/|title=Pieter Hugo: Between the Devil and the deep blue Sea – Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg|website=www.kunstmuseum-wolfsburg.de|access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref> * 2017: ''Verisimilar Worlds: The West African Works 2005–2010,'' Organ Vida International Photography Festival, Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb, Croatia. * 2017–2018: ''Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea,'' Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Dortmund, Germany,2017;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://photography-now.com/exhibition/127743|title=Exhibition Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com|website=photography-now.com|access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref> Museu Coleção Berardo, Lisbon, Portugal, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.museuberardo.pt/node/1846|title=Pieter Hugo. Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea|website=en.museuberardo.pt|language=en|access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref> * 2018: Aquí se rompió una taza, Centro Fotográfico Álvarez Bravo, Oaxaca, [[Mexico]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Magazine|first=Wallpaper*|date=11 December 2018|title=Pieter Hugo's fascinating photographs bring Mexican culture to life|url=https://www.wallpaper.com/art/pieter-hugo-captures-mexican-culture|access-date=29 June 2020|website=Wallpaper*}}</ref> *2019: Africa to China, Pékin Fine Arts, Hong Kong, China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pekinfinearts.com/en/exhibition/pieter-hugo%EF%BC%9Aafrica-to-china/|title=Pieter Hugo：Africa To China|website=Pekin Fine Arts|language=en-US|access-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724003035/https://pekinfinearts.com/en/exhibition/pieter-hugo%EF%BC%9Aafrica-to-china/|archive-date=24 July 2019}}</ref> *2019–2020: ''La Cucaracha,'' Huxley Parlour, London, 2020<ref>{{cite news|first1=Sean|last1=O'Hagan|accessdate=29 June 2020|title=The big picture: Pieter Hugo turns his camera on Mexico|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/feb/02/pieter-hugo-la-cucaracha-mexico-the-big-picture|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 February 2020|issn=0261-3077|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> === Group exhibitions === * 2010: ''Life Less Ordinary: Performance and display in South African art,'' Ffotogallery, Cardiff, Wales<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ffotogallery.org/life-less-ordinary-performance-and-display-in-south-african-art|title=Life Less Ordinary: Performance and Display in South African Art|website=Ffotogallery.org|date=19 June 2010|accessdate=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030441/http://www.ffotogallery.org/life-less-ordinary-performance-and-display-in-south-african-art|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> * 2010: ''1910–2010: From Pierneef to Gugulective,'' Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * 2010: ''Lie of the Land: Representations of the South African Landscape,'' Iziko Old Town House Museum,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iziko.org.za/calendar/event/the-lie-of-the-land-representations-of-the-south-african-landscape|title=Event View – Calendar – Iziko Museums|website=Iziko.org.za|accessdate=1 February 2016}} </ref> * 2010: ''After A, Photo Notes on South Africa,'' Atri Reportage Festival, Atri, Italy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reportageatrifestival.it/eng/?p=141|title=After A|website=Reportage Atri Festival|accessdate=13 September 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621134418/http://www.reportageatrifestival.it/eng/?p=141|archivedate=21 June 2010}}</ref> * 2010: ''Disquieting Images,'' Triennale di Milano, Milan, Italy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.triennale.org/index.php?idq=1271|title=Triennale di Milano – Home|website=Triennale.org|accessdate=1 February 2016}} </ref> * 2010: ''Counterlives,'' Ackland Art Museum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ackland.org/OnView/archive/CCM1_041102|title=Counterlives|website=Ackland Art Museum|accessdate=13 September 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326040618/http://www.ackland.org/OnView/archive/CCM1_041102|archivedate=26 March 2012}} </ref> * 2011: ''Figures and Fictions: Contemporary South African Photography,'' Victoria and Albert Museum, London<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/whatson/event/1137/figures-fictionscontemporary-south-african-photography-2133/|title=Today {{!}} What's On {{!}} Victoria and Albert Museum|website=Vam.ac.uk|date=16 June 2015|accessdate=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105131635/http://www.vam.ac.uk/whatson/event/1137/figures-fictionscontemporary-south-african-photography-2133/|archive-date=5 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Gevisser|authorlink=|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/apr/23/figures-and-fictions-mark-gevisser|title=Figures & Fictions at the V&A|date=23 April 2011|accessdate=28 February 2017|work=The Guardian|location=London}} </ref> * 2011: ''For a Sustainable World,'' African Photography Encounters Bamako, [[Mali]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.happeningafrica.com/les-rencontres-de-bamako/|title=Les Rencontres de Bamako|last=isabelwilcox|date=14 November 2011|website=Happening Africa|language=en-US|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2011: ''The Global Contemporary: Art Worlds after 1989,'' ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe, Germany<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/35144/the-global-contemporary-art-worlds-after-1989/|title=The Global Contemporary. Art Worlds After 1989 – Announcements – e-flux|website=www.e-flux.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2011: ''The Eye is a Lonely Hunter: Images of Humankind,'' Fotofestival Mannheim Ludwigshafen Heidelberg, Germany<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.raviagarwal.com/2018/01/24/2011-the-eye-is-a-lonely-hunter-images-of-humankind/|title=2011: The Eye is a Lonely Hunter, Images of Humankind|date=24 January 2018|website=Ravi Agarwal|language=en-US|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2011: ''ARS 11,'' Kiasma, Helsinki Museum of Contemporary Art, Helsinki, Finland<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artdaily.com/news/46842/ARS-11-at-KIASMA-will-Change-Your-Perceptions-About-Africa-and-Contemporary-Art-#.XSXAACN941I|title=ARS 11 at KIASMA will Change Your Perceptions About Africa and Contemporary Art|website=artdaily.com|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2011: ''Lens: Fractions of Contemporary Photography and Video in South Africa,'' Stellenbosch University Art Museum, South Africa<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.stevenson.info/artists/hugo/hugo-cv.html|title=STEVENSON {{!}} Pieter Hugo|website=archive.stevenson.info|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2011: ''Il corpo metafora di un'esperienza,'' CIAC Centro Italiano Arte Contemporanea, Foligno, Italy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2011/05/29/cultura/il-corpo-metafora-di-un-esperienza-a-foligno-fino-al-giugno-5unDQJ5jTrFy5HBHmylZJL/pagina.html|title="Il corpo metafora di un'esperienza": a Foligno fino al 12 giugno|website=LaStampa.it|language=IT|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710104739/https://www.lastampa.it/2011/05/29/cultura/il-corpo-metafora-di-un-esperienza-a-foligno-fino-al-giugno-5unDQJ5jTrFy5HBHmylZJL/pagina.html|archive-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2011: Contact Photography Festival, Toronto, Canada<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/ten-contact-shows-to-see/article579266/|title=Ten Contact shows to see|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2011: ''Beguiling: The Self and the Subject,'' Irma Stern Museum, Cape Town, South Africa;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/07/08/beguiling-the-self-and-the-subject-opens-saturday-at-cape-towns-irma-stern-museum/|title=Beguiling: The Self and the Subject Opens Saturday at Cape Town's Irma Stern Museum|website=Sunday Times Books LIVE @ Sunday Times Books LIVE|language=en|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> Contact Photography Festival, Toronto, Canada * 2011: ''All Cannibals,'' Me Collectors Room, Berlin, Germany<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.me-berlin.com/kannibalen/|title=[lang_de]Alles Kannibalen? [lang_de] [lang_en] All Cannibals? [lang_en]|date=26 May 2011|website=me Collectors Room Berlin|language=en|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2011: Paraty em Foco photography festival, Brazil<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://loeildelaphotographie.com/en/rio-de-janeiro-paraty-em-foco-photo-festival/|title=Rio de Janeiro : Paraty em Foco Photo Festival|date=26 September 2011|website=The Eye of Photography Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2012: Bienal de Fotografía de Lima, Peru<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.serperuano.com/2012/03/bienal-de-fotografia-de-lima-foli-presentan-el-folilab/|title=Bienal de Fotografía de Lima (FOLI), presentan el FOLILAB|date=28 March 2012|website=Serperuano.com|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2012: FotoTriennale.dk, Funen, Denmark<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fototriennale.dk/en/press/index.html|title=Press|website=fototriennale.dk|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710145453/http://fototriennale.dk/en/press/index.html|archive-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2012: Moscow Photobiennale, Moscow Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://photography-now.com/exhibition/84421|title=Exhibition Photobiennale Moscow 2012 - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com|website=photography-now.com|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2012: ''International Art Exhibition,'' Rwesero Arts Museum, Nyanza, [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rozenbergquarterly.com/the-national-art-gallery-a-shining-gem-on-rwesero-hill/|title=The National Art Gallery, A Shining Gem on Rwesero Hill : Rozenberg Quarterly|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2012: ''Qui Vive?'' 3rd Moscow International Biennale for Young Art, Moscow<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.art-agenda.com/announcements/187309/n-a|title=art-agenda|website=www.art-agenda.com|language=en|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2012: ''Photography of The Rainbow Nation,'' Beelden aan Zee, The Hague, the Netherlands<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thepassengertimes.com/2013/01/03/pieter-hugo-best-photographers/|title=Pieter Hugo /best photographers|last=Times|first=The PasseNger|date=3 January 2013|language=it-IT|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2012: ''Africa, There and Back,'' Museum Folkwang, Essen, Germany<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artmap.com/folkwang/exhibition/africa-there-and-back-2012|title=Africa, there and back at Folkwang Museum Essen - Artmap.com|website=artmap.com|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2012: ''Transitions – Social Landscape Project,'' Market Photo Workshop, Johannesburg, South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africasacountry.com/2014/02/new-photography-book-depicts-the-south-african-social-landscape|title=New Photography Book Depicts the South African Social Landscape|website=africasacountry.com|language=en-US|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2012: Deutsche Börse Photography Prize 2012, The Photographers' Gallery, London<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deutscheboersephotographyfoundation.org/en/support/photography-prize/2012.php|title=Deutsche Börse Photography Prize 2012|website=www.deutscheboersephotographyfoundation.org|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> * 2012: ''Distance and Desire: Encounters with the African Archive Part II: Contemporary Reconfigurations,'' The Walther Collection Project Space, New York City<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/25/arts/design/distance-and-desire-encounters-with-the-african-archive-part-ii-contemporary-reconfigurations.html|title='Distance and Desire': 'Encounters With the African Archive' '(Part II: Contemporary Reconfigurations)'|last=Cotter|first=Holland|date=24 January 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=10 July 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * 2013: ''Nothing to Declare?,'' Academy of Arts, Berlin, Germany<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adk.de/de/programm/index.htm?we_objectID=31727|title=Nothing to declare? – Weltkarten der Kunst nach '89|website=www.adk.de|language=de|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aestheticamagazine.com/nothing-to-declare-world-maps-of-art-since-89-at-akademie-der-kunste-in-berlin/|title=Aesthetica Magazine – Nothing to declare? World maps of art since '89 at Akademie der Künste in Berlin|website=Aesthetica Magazine|language=en-GB|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2013: ''Landmark: The Fields of Photography,'' Somerset House, London<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aestheticamagazine.com/landmark-the-fields-of-photography-londo/|title=Aesthetica Magazine – Landmark: the Fields of Photography, London|website=Aesthetica Magazine|language=en-GB|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2013: ''Either/Or,'' Nikolaj Copenhagen Contemporary Art Center, Denmark<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nikolajkunsthal.dk/en/udstillinger/either-or|title=Either / Or {{!}} www.nikolajkunsthal.dk|website=www.nikolajkunsthal.dk|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712131413/https://www.nikolajkunsthal.dk/en/udstillinger/either-or|archive-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2013: ''The Glorious Rise and Fall ... (and so on),'' Groot Ziekengasthuis, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://debeijer.com/the-glorious-rise-and-fall-and-so-on/|title=Jasper de Beijer {{!}} THE GLORIOUS RISE AND FALL....(AND SO ON)|language=en|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2013: ''Distance and Desire: Encounters with the African Archive,'' The Walther Collection, Ulm, Germany<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/exhibition/distance-and-desire-encounters-with-the-african-archive/|title=Distance and Desire: Encounters with the African Archive {{!}} Contemporary And|website=www.contemporaryand.com|language=de|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127193926/https://contemporaryand.com/exhibition/distance-and-desire-encounters-with-the-african-archive/|archive-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> * 2013: ''Transition: Social Landscape,'' Rencontres d'Arles festival, Arles, France<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rencontres-arles.com//en/expositions/view/470/transition-social-landscape|title=TRANSITION, SOCIAL LANDSCAPE|last=d'Arles|first=Les Rencontres|website=www.rencontres-arles.com|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712131418/https://www.rencontres-arles.com/en/expositions/view/470/transition-social-landscape|archive-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2013: ''Present Tense,'' Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal; Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian – Délégation en France, Paris<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/32493/present-tense-photos-from-the-south-of-africa/|title=Present Tense: Photos from the South of Africa – Announcements – e-flux|website=www.e-flux.com|language=en|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2013: ''Art and Textile: Fabric as Material and Concept in Modern Art from Klimt to the Present,'' Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Germany<ref>{{Cite book|title=Art & textiles fabric as material and concept in modern art from Klimt to the present|last1=Böhme|first1=Hartmut|last2=Brüderlin|first2=Markus|last3=Brock|first3=Bazon|last4=Gordon|first4=Beverly|last5=Heinen|first5=Ulrich|last6=Martin|first6=Jean-Hubert|last7=Petit|first7=Emmanuel|last8=Ruhkamp|first8=Uta|last9=Salm-Salm|first9=Marie-Amélie zu|date=2013|publisher=Hatje Cantz|isbn=9783775736275|location=Ostfildern|language=English|oclc=917156688}}</ref> * 2014: ''Public Intimacy: Art and Social Life in South Africa'' at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artmap.com/yerbabuena/exhibition/public-intimacy-2014|title=Public Intimacy at Yerba Buena Center San Francisco - Artmap.com|website=artmap.com|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2014: ''Apartheid and After,'' Huis Marseille, Museum for Photography, Amsterdam, the Netherlands<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huismarseille.nl/en/tentoonstelling/apartheid-after/|title=Apartheid & After|website=Huis Marseille|language=en-US|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2014: ''Present Tense,'' Galeria Municipal Almeida Garrett, Porto, Portugal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artecapital.net/recomendacoes.php?ref=795|title=Present Tense: Fotografias do sul de Africa {{!}} COLECTIVA {{!}} ARTECAPITAL.NET|website=www.artecapital.net|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2014: ''Here Africa,'' Château de Penthes, Geneve-Pregny, Switzerland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/31160/here-africa-ici-l-afrique-at-chteau-de-penthes/|title=Here Africa / Ici l'Afrique at Château de Penthes – Announcements – e-flux|website=www.e-flux.com|language=en|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2014: ''Animalis,'' Fundació Forvm per la Fotografia, Tarragona, Spain<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arteinformado.com/agenda/f/animalis-93910|title=Animalis, Exposición, Fotografía, jul 2014|last=ARTEINFORMADO|date=30 June 2014|website=ARTEINFORMADO|language=es|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2014: ''T.R.I.P. Travel Routes in Photography,'' Baths of Diocletian, Rome, Italy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eng.babelmed.net/article/7548-trip-travel-routes-in-photography/|title=T.R.I.P.: Travel Routes in Photography {{!}} BAB|last=Mahdil|first=Maison|website=eng.babelmed.net|language=en|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2014'': Prospect.3: Notes for Now (P.3),'' New Orleans Biennial, USA<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=Ed|last2=Locke|first2=Hew|last3=Arni|first3=Claire|last4=N|first4=Pushpamala|last5=Hugo|first5=Pieter|date=4 October 2014|title=Prospect.3: Notes for Now|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/555938|journal=Southern Review|language=en|volume=50|issue=4|pages=594–602|issn=2168-5541}}</ref> * 2015: ''Prix Pictet: Disorder,'' Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris, Paris;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mam.paris.fr/fr/expositions/exposition-prix-pictet-2015-disorder|title=Prix Pictet 2015 – " Disorder "|last=agence|first=GAYA-La nouvelle|website=www.mam.paris.fr|date=13 November 2015|language=fr|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014182749/http://www.mam.paris.fr/fr/expositions/exposition-prix-pictet-2015-disorder|archive-date=14 October 2017}}</ref> Somerset House, London; et al.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prixpictet.com/2016/01/venues-announced-for-prix-pictet-disorder-global-tour/|title=Venues announced for Prix Pictet Disorder global tour {{!}} Prix Pictet {{!}} The global award in photography and sustainability|website=www.prixpictet.com|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712131404/https://www.prixpictet.com/2016/01/venues-announced-for-prix-pictet-disorder-global-tour/|archive-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2015: ''I will go there, take me home,'' Metropolitan Arts Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themaclive.com/exhibition/i-will-go-there-take-me-home-curated-by-gregory-mccartney|title=I Will Go There, Take Me Home {{!}} The MAC Belfast|website=themaclive.com|language=en|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2015: ''Beastly/Tierisch,'' Fotomuseum Winterthur, Switzerland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.artoffer.com/Fotomuseum-Winterthur/Beastly-Tierisch/900|title=Beastly / Tierisch, 30. May 2015 – 4. Oct 2015, Fotomuseum Winterthur|website=en.artoffer.com|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2015: ''Strange Worlds,'' Fondazione Fotografia Modena, Foro Boario, Modena, Italy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fondazionefotografia.org/en/mostra/strange-worlds/|title=Strange Worlds – Fondazione Fotografia|website=www.fondazionefotografia.org|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2016: ''A Closer Look: Portraits from the Paul G Allen Family Collection,'' Pivot Art + Culture, Allen Institute, Seattle, [[United States|USA]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/visual-arts/a-closer-look-at-more-of-paul-allens-art-collection-at-pivot/|title='A Closer Look' at more of Paul Allen's art collection at Pivot|date=8 December 2016|website=The Seattle Times|language=en-US|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2016: ''Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism,'' Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Israel<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa-tamuseum.org.il/|title=Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism, Tel Aviv Museum of Art|website=Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism|language=en-US|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112164322/http://www.africa-tamuseum.org.il/|archive-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamuseum.org.il/about-the-exhibition/regarding-africa|title=Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism – Tel Aviv Museum of Art|website=www.tamuseum.org.il|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712131406/http://www.tamuseum.org.il/about-the-exhibition/regarding-africa|archive-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2017: ''Lavoro in Movimento/Work in Motion,'' MAST Foundation, Bologna<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mast.org/lavoro-in-movimento|title=MAST Foundation : Work in Motion Exhibition|date=12 July 2019|website=mast.org}}</ref> * 2017: ''Good Hope. South Africa and The Netherlands from 1600,'' Rijksmuseum, the Netherlands<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/good-hope|title=Good Hope. South Africa and The Netherlands from 1600 – Exhibitions – past – What's on|website=Rijksmuseum|language=en|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2017: ''10 Years Old 2007–2017: A History of the World Told Through the Images of the Fondazione Cassa,'' di Risparmio di Modena Collection, Fondazione Fotografia Modena, Foro Boario, Italy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fondazionefotografia.org/en/mostra/10/|title=10 years old – Fondazione Fotografia|website=www.fondazionefotografia.org|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2017: ''Up to Now. Fabrica Photography,'' Fondazione Palazzo Magnani, Reggio Emilia, Italy as part of ''Time maps. Memory, archives, future,'' Fotografia Europea Festival<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fotografiaeuropea.it/fe2017/en/mostra/fabrica-photography/|title=Fotografia Europea 2017 {{!}} Fabrica Photography|language=en-US|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712131406/https://www.fotografiaeuropea.it/fe2017/en/mostra/fabrica-photography/|archive-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2017: ''AFRICA. Telling a world,'' Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea, Milan, Italy<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa, raccontare un mondo = Africa, telling a world|last=Bria|first=Ginevra|year=2017|isbn=9788836637553|oclc=1002281292}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/exhibition/africa-telling-a-world/|title=AFRICA. Telling a world {{!}} Contemporary And|website=www.contemporaryand.com|language=de|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2017: ''Dangerous Art,'' Haifa Museum of Art, Israel<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hma.org.il/eng/Exhibitions/5380/opening_of_the_exhibitions%3A_Dangerous_Art|title=opening of the exhibitions: Dangerous Art|website=Haifa Museums – Six Museums in One Frame|language=en|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2018: ''Another Kind of Life: Photography on the Margins,'' Barbican Art Gallery, London<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barbican.org.uk/our-story/press-room/another-kind-of-life-photography-on-the-margins|title=Another Kind of Life: Photography on the Margins {{!}} Barbican|website=www.barbican.org.uk|language=en|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712131407/https://www.barbican.org.uk/our-story/press-room/another-kind-of-life-photography-on-the-margins|archive-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2018: ''In This Imperfect Present Moment,'' Seattle Art Museum, Washington, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://seattleartmuseum.org/visit/calendar/events?EventId=62044|title=Events Detail|website=seattleartmuseum.org|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712131404/http://seattleartmuseum.org/visit/calendar/events%3FEventId%3D62044|archive-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2018: ''Troubled Intensions Ahead:'' ''Confusing Public and Private,'' 3rd Beijing Photo Biennial, China<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artlinkart.com/en/exhibition/overview/711frysp/type/group/2018/09|title=Troubled Intentions Ahead: Confusing Public and Private – 3rd Beijing Photo Biennial {{!}} exhibition {{!}} ARTLINKART {{!}} Chinese contemporary art database|website=www.artlinkart.com|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafamuseum.org/en/exhibit/detail/605|title=Confusing Public and Private：The 3rd Beijing Photo Biennial CAFA Art Museum|website=www.cafamuseum.org|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2018: ''Civilization: The Way We Live Now,'' National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Seoul, South Korea; Ullens Center for Contemporary Art in Beijing, China; the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; and the National Museum of Civilization, Marseille, France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://photography-now.com/exhibition/134413|title=Exhibition Civilization: The Way We Live Now - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com|website=photography-now.com|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2018: ''Hacer Noche (Crossing Night),'' Oaxaca, Mexico<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artafricamagazine.org/mexicos-first-ever-showcase-south-african-art-afro-hacer-noche-crossing-night/|title=Hacer Noche/Crossing Night / Afro-Mexican|last=douw|date=26 February 2019|website=Art Africa Magazine|language=en-GB|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2018: ''Recent Histories / Contemporary African Photography and Video Art from The Walther Collection,'' Huis Marseille, Amsterdam, the Netherlands<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huismarseille.nl/en/tentoonstelling/recent-histories/|title=Recent Histories|website=Huis Marseille|language=en-US|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2019: ''Unseen: 35 Years of Collecting Photographs,'' J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unseen: 35 Years of Collecting Photographs|url=https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/unseen/index.html|access-date=29 June 2020|website=Getty Museum|language=en}}</ref> * 2019: ''Here We Are Today: A View of The World in Photography & Video Art,'' Bucerius Kunst Forum, Hamburg, Germany<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buceriuskunstforum.de/en/exhibitions/here-we-are-today-a-view-of-the-world-in-photography-video-art/|title=Here we are today A View of the World in Photography & Video Art {{!}} Bucerius Kunst Forum|website=www.buceriuskunstforum.de|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> * 2019: ''Crossing Night: Regional Identities x Global Context,'' Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit, MI<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2020|title=CROSSING NIGHT: REGIONAL IDENTITIES x GLOBAL CONTEXT|url=https://mocadetroit.org/crossing-night-regional-identities-x-global-context/|access-date=29 June 2020|website=MOCAD|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630002848/https://mocadetroit.org/crossing-night-regional-identities-x-global-context/|archive-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> * 2019: ''IncarNations: African Art as Philosophy,'' Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels, Brussels, Belgium<ref>{{Cite web|title=Incarnations|url=https://www.bozar.be/en/activities/154489-incarnations|access-date=29 June 2020|website=BOZAR|language=en}}</ref> * 2020: ''Through an African Lens: Sub-Saharan Photography from the Museum's Collection,'' Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas<ref>{{Cite web|title=Through an African Lens: Sub-Saharan Photography from the Museum's Collection|url=https://www.mfah.org/exhibitions/through-african-lens-sub-saharan-photography-mfah-collection|access-date=13 June 2020|website=The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609030155/https://www.mfah.org/exhibitions/through-african-lens-sub-saharan-photography-mfah-collection|archive-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> * 2020: ''Civilisation, Photography, Now'', Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, Auckland, New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Civilisation, Photography, Now|url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/whats-on/exhibition/civilisation-photography-now|access-date=9 July 2020|website=Auckland Art Gallery|date=13 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> * 2020: ''Five Stories, One Point of View,'' MUSAC Collection, Museo de Arte Contermporáneo de Castilla y León, León, Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MUSAC|url=http://musac.es/|access-date=9 July 2020|website=musac.es|language=en}}</ref> * 2020: ''Allied with Power: African and African Diaspora Art'' from the Jorge M. Pérez Collection, Pérez Art Museum, Miami, FL.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Allied with Power: African and African Diaspora Art from the Jorge M. Pérez Collection|url=https://pamm.org/about/news/2020/allied-power-african-and-african-diaspora-art-jorge-m-p%C3%A9rez-collection|access-date=9 July 2020|website=pamm.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712102642/https://pamm.org/about/news/2020/allied-power-african-and-african-diaspora-art-jorge-m-p%C3%A9rez-collection|archive-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * Official website {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hugo, Pieter}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:South African people]] [[Category:Artists wey komot Cape Town]] [[Category:South African photographers]] [[Category:Portrait photographers]] [[Category:People wey komot Johannesburg]] 3ocjzz4xrshyyvsd9i0prjqbwqj4sjm 0 12867 115726 113069 2026-11-05T01:57:33Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kofi Okyere-Agyekum''' (born 8 March 1958) be Ghanaian politician wey he be member of de Seventh Parliament for de Fourth Republic of Ghana. He represent [[Fanteakwa South (Ghana parliament constituency)|Fanteakwa South]] Constituency for [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] under de ticket of de [[New Patriotic Party]] (NPP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=277|title=Parliament of Ghana|access-date=2025-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428051448/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=277|archive-date=2023-04-28}}</ref> == Early life den education == Na dem born Okyere-Agyekum for 8 March 1958, he komot from [[Osino]], a town for [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] insyd Ghana.<ref name="mps">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Agyekum, Okyere Kofi |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5543 |access-date=2020-02-09 |website=www.ghanamps.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928045354/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5543 |archive-date=2024-09-28}}</ref> He go [[University of Ghana]] wey he get [[Bachelor of Science]] degree insyd Agricultural Economics for 1981.<ref name="mps" /> Later, he attend [[Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration]] (GIMPA) wey he get Master’s of Business Administration (MBA) insyd Finance for 2007.<ref name="mps" /> == Politics == Okyere-Agyekum be member of de [[New Patriotic Party]] (NPP). For 2012, he contest for Fanteakwa South seat under NPP for de Sixth Parliament of de Fourth Republic wey he win. He later san represent de constituency for de Seventh den Eighth Parliament of de Fourth Republic of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=120 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201195856/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=120 |archive-date=2023-12-01}}</ref> === 2016 Election === For the 2016 Ghanaian general election, Agyekum contest for Fanteakwa South constituency under de [[New Patriotic Party]] (NPP) wey he win plus 11,274 votes, wey dey represent 60.79% of de total votes. He beat Abigail Elorm Akwambea Mensah from [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]] (NDC) wey get 5,726 votes (30.88%), Godfried Mark Dankwah Nyarko from PPP wey get 1,256 votes (6.77%), Danso Okra Daniel (Independent) wey get 223 votes (1.20%), den Kwablah Isaac Tetteh from Convention People's Party (CPP) wey get 66 votes (0.36%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Fanteakwa South Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/eastern/fanteakwa_south/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301202427/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/eastern/fanteakwa_south/ |archive-date=2024-03-01}}</ref> === 2020 election === For de [[2020 Ghanaian general election]], Agyekum san win as Member of Parliament for Fanteakwa South under de New Patriotic Party (NPP). He get 10,565 votes, wey dey represent 49.09% of de total votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Fanteakwa South Constituency Results - Election 2020|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/eastern/fanteakwa_south/|access-date=2023-10-24|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004195518/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/eastern/fanteakwa_south/|archive-date=2023-10-04}}</ref> He beat Gyan Stephen Ayisi (Independent Candidate) wey get 5,775 votes (26.83%), den Richard Fred Kwashie Junior from National Democratic Congress (NDC) wey get 5,181 votes (24.07%).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results for Fanteakwa South|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=120|access-date=2023-10-24|website=mobile.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Employment == * Corporate manager, Uniliver, 1984–2000<ref name="mps" /> * Supply chain manager, Cleansing Solution Limited, Tema<ref name="mps" /> * Member of Parliament (January 7, 2013–present; 2nd term)<ref name="mps" /> == Ein life matter == Okyere-Agyekum be Christian (Presbyterian).<ref name="mps" /> He marry wey he get three kiddies.<ref name="mps2">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Agyekum, Okyere Kofi|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5543|access-date=2020-02-09|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928045354/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5543|archive-date=2024-09-28}}</ref> == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Okyere-Agyekum, Kofi}} [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2017–2021]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:1958 births]] [[Category:New Patriotic Party politicians]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration alumni]] [[Category:Politicians wey komot Eastern Region (Ghana)]] [[Category:Ghanaian Presbyterians]] 7mbceabk5wx7xzz49jup8i40mgeq271 0 13324 115717 110871 2026-11-05T00:50:43Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Indonesia''',<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Indonesia "INDONESIA Definition & Meaning"]. ''Dictionary.com''. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</ref><ref>[[mwod:Indonesia|"Indonesia"]]. ''Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary''. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</ref> officially de '''Republic of Indonesia''',<ref>''Republik Indonesia'' ([reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia] ^ⓘ) is the most used official name, though the name Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (''Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia'', NKRI) also appears in some official documents.</ref> be a country insyd Southeast Asia den Oceania, between de Indian den [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] oceans. E dey comprise over 17,000 islands, wey dey include Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, den parts of Borneo den New Guinea, Indonesia be de world ein largest archipelagic state den de 14th-largest country by area, at {{convert|1904569|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}}. Plus over 280 million people, Indonesia be de world ein fourth-most-populous country den de most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, de world ein most populous island, be home to more dan half of de country ein population. Indonesian society dey comprise hundreds of ethnic den linguistic groups, plus Javanese be de largest. De nation ein identity be unified under de motto ''Bhinneka Tunggal Ika'', dem define by a national language, cultural den religious pluralism, a history of colonialism den rebellion against am. A newly industrialised country, Indonesia ein economy dey rank as de world ein 16th-largest by nominal GDP den de 7th-largest by PPP. As de world ein third-largest democracy den a middle power insyd global affairs, de country be a member of chaw multilateral organisations, wey dey include de United Nations, World Trade Organization, G20, MIKTA, BRICS den a founding member of de Non-Aligned Movement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, East Asia Summit, APEC den de Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. == Demographics == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="8" | Largest cities insyd Indonesia 2023 BPS estimate |- !Rank !Name !Province !Pop. !Rank !Name !Province !Pop. |- |1 |Jakarta |''Special Capital Region'' |11,135,191 |11 |South Tangerang |Banten |1,429,529 |- |2 |Surabaya |East Java |3,017,382 |12 |Batam |Riau Islands |1,294,548 |- |3 |Bandung |West Java |2,579,837 |13 |Pekanbaru |Riau |1,138,530 |- |4 |Medan |North Sumatra |2,539,829 |14 |Bogor |West Java |1,137,018 |- |5 |Bekasi |West Java |2,526,133 |15 |Bandar Lampung |Lampung |1,073,451 |- |6 |Depok |West Java |1,967,831 |16 |Padang |West Sumatra |939,851 |- |7 |Tangerang |Banten |1,927,815 |17 |Malang |East Java |885,271 |- |8 |Palembang |South Sumatra |1,781,672 |18 |Samarinda |East Kalimantan |868,499 |- |9 |Semarang |Central Java |1,699,585 |19 |Tasikmalaya |West Java |761,080 |- |10 |Makassar |South Sulawesi |1,477,861 |20 |Denpasar |Bali |670,210 |} == References == <references /> === Bibliography === * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZtDIhWzFeUC|title=Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society|editor-last=Ammon|editor-first=Ulrich|editor-last2=Dittmar|editor-first2=Norbert|editor-last3=Mattheier|editor-first3=Klaus J.|editor-last4=Trudgill|editor-first4=Peter|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2006|edition=2nd, revised and extended|volume=3|isbn=978-3-11-018418-1|access-date=29 June 2010}} * {{cite book|last=Bevins|first=Vincent|title=The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World|date=2020|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-5417-4240-6}} * {{cite book|last=Cribb|first=Robert|title=Historical atlas of Indonesia|publisher=Routledge|year=2013}} * {{cite book|last=Crouch|first=Harold|title=The army and politics in Indonesia|publisher=Cornell UP|year=2019}} * {{cite journal|last=Earl|first=George SW|title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations|journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA)|year=1850}} * {{cite book|last=Effendy|first=Bahtiar|title=Islam and the State in Indonesia|url=https://archive.org/details/islamstateinindo0000effe|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2003}} * {{Cite journal|last=Emmers|first=Ralf|date=2005|title=Regional Hegemonies and the Exercise of Power in Southeast Asia: A Study of Indonesia and Vietnam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-survey_july-august-2005_45_4/page/645|journal=Asian Survey|publisher=University of California Press|volume=45|issue=4|pages=645–665|doi=10.1525/as.2005.45.4.645|jstor=10.1525/as.2005.45.4.645}} * {{cite book|last1=Fossati|first1=Diego|first2=Yew-Foong|last2=Hui|title=The Indonesia national survey project: Economy, society and politics|publisher=ISEAS Publishing|year=2017}} * {{cite book|editor-surname1=Frederick|editor-given1=William H.|editor-surname2=Worden|editor-given2=Robert L.|year=2011|title=Indonesia: A Country Study|series=Area handbook series, 39|others=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division|edition=6th|place=Washington, DC|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dgmXWMgWcwC|isbn=978-0-8444-0790-6}} * {{cite book|surname=Friend|given=T.|title=Indonesian Destinies|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-674-01137-6|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last1=Hadiz|first1=Vedi R.|first2=Richard|last2=Robison|title=The political economy of oligarchy and the reorganization of power in Indonesia|chapter=Beyond Oligarchy|publisher=Cornell UP|year=2014|pages=35–56|url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1813/54629/INDO_96_0_1381338354_35_58.pdf?sequence=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519011543/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1813/54629/INDO_96_0_1381338354_35_58.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=19 May 2021|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Human Rights Watch|title=World Report 2025: Events of 2024|publisher=HRW, 2025| url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2025/01/World%20Report%202025.pdf}} * {{cite book|last=Indonesia|first=Statistics|title=Statistical yearbook of Indonesia 2009|publisher=Statistics Indonesia, 2019|url=https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-184_No-01.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519010522/https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-184_No-01.pdf|archive-date=2021-05-19|access-date=2025-04-06}} * {{cite book|last=Kitley|first=Philip|title=Television, nation, and culture in Indonesia|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2014}} * {{cite book|last=Melvin|first=Jess|date=2018|title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-57469-4}} * {{cite journal|last1=Mietzner|first1=Marcus|first2=Burhanuddin|last2=Muhtadi|title=Explaining the 2016 Islamist mobilisation in Indonesia: Religious intolerance, militant groups and the politics of accommodation|journal=Asian Studies Review|issue=42|volume=3|year=2018|pages=479–497|doi=10.1080/10357823.2018.1473335|s2cid=150302264|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326286879}} * {{cite book|surname=Ricklefs|given=Merle Calvin|year=1991|title=A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300|edition=2nd|place=Basingstoke; Stanford, CA|publisher=Palgrave; Stanford University 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Freedom|url=https://archive.org/details/easttimorpriceof00tayl|publisher=Zed Books|year=1999}} * {{cite book|surname=Vickers|given=Adrian|title=A History of Modern Indonesia|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-521-54262-6}} * {{cite book|last1=Whitten|first1=T.|last2=Soeriaatmadja|first2=R.&nbsp;E.|last3=Suraya|first3=A.&nbsp;A.|year=1996|title=The Ecology of Java and Bali|publisher=Periplus Editions|location=Hong Kong}} * Winters, Jeffrey A. "Oligarchy and democracy in Indonesia." in ''Beyond Oligarchy'' (Cornell UP, 2014) pp.&nbsp;11–34. [https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/54621/INDO_96_0_1381338354_11_34.pdf?sequence=1 online] [https://web.archive.org/web/20201023093720/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/54621/INDO_96_0_1381338354_11_34.pdf?sequence=1 Archived] 23 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine * {{cite book|last=Witton|first=Patrick|year=2003|title=Indonesia|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia0000unse_i2g4|publisher=Lonely Planet|location=Melbourne|isbn=978-1-74059-154-6}} == External links == {{Sister project links|voy=Indonesia|d=Q252}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210413004319/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia Indonesia]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14921238 Indonesia] from BBC News * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ID Key Development Forecasts for Indonesia] from International Futures '''Government''' * [http://www.setneg.go.id/ Minister of The State Secretary] (insyd Indonesian) * [http://www.bps.go.id/ Statistics Indonesia] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/ID.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] [https://web.archive.org/web/20141012020339/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/ID.html Archived] 12 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine '''General information''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090426085755/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/indonesia.htm Indonesia] ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286480/Indonesia Indonesia] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * {{osmrelation-inline|304751}} * [http://www.indonesia.travel/ Official site of Indonesian Tourism] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Indonesia|Indonesia]] [[Category:Countries for Asia insyd]] [[Category:Member states of ASEAN]] [[Category:Member states of de Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:1945 establishments insyd Indonesia]] [[Category:Island countries]] [[Category:1945 establishments insyd Asia]] [[Category:1945 establishments insyd Southeast Asia]] [[Category:Countries for Melanesia insyd]] [[Category:Developing 8 Countries member states]] [[Category:G15 nations]] [[Category:G20 members]] [[Category:Former OPEC member states]] [[Category:Maritime Southeast Asia]] [[Category:Member states of de United Nations]] [[Category:Newly industrializing countries]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Southeast Asian countries]] [[Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 1945]] [[Category:Countries den territories wer Malay be official language]] [[Category:BRICS nations]] 2tmlsmrqy0l0w04jjzx5qeessqxf7gx 0 13340 115746 113516 2026-11-05T05:52:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Selimiye Mosque''' (Greek: Τέμενος Σελιμιγιέ ''Témenos Selimigié''; Turkish: ''Selimiye Camii''), historically dem know am as '''Cathedral of Saint Sophia''' anaa '''Ayasofya Mosque''' (Turkish: ''Ayasofya Camii''), be a former Christian cathedral dem convert into a mosque, wey locate insyd North Nicosia. Historically na e be de main mosque for de island of Cyprus.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AdybAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|page=8|title=Cyprus, Greece, and Malta|publisher=Britanncia Educational Publishing|year=2013|isbn=9781615309856}}</ref> Dem house de Selimiye Mosque insyd de largest den oldest surviving Gothic church insyd Cyprus (interior dimensions: 66 X 21 m) dem possibly construct for de site of an earlier Byzantine church. For total, de mosque get a capacity make e hold 2500 worshipers plus available for worship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lefkoşa'ya 3657 mümin aranıyor|url=http://haberkibris.com/c307ac93-2011_02_20.html|publisher=Haber Kıbrıs|access-date=9 January 2016|date=20 February 2011}}</ref> Ebe de largest surviving historical building insyd Nicosia, den according to sources, e "fi be de largest church dem build insyd de Eastern Mediterranean insyd de millennium between de rise of [[Islam]] den de late Ottoman period".<ref name=":0">[[:en:Selimiye_Mosque,_Nicosia#CITEREFSchabel2012|Schabel 2012]], p. 158.</ref> Na ebe de coronation church of de kings of Cyprus. == History == === Earlier Byzantine church === De name of de cathedral dey derive from ''Hagia Sophia'', wey dey mean "Holy Wisdom" insyd Greek. According to Kevork K. Keshishian, de dedication of de cathedral to de Holy Wisdom be a remnant from de Byzantine cathedral, wich occupy de same place.<ref name="kesh">{{cite book|last1=Keshishian|first1=Kevork K.|title=Nicosia: Capital of Cyprus Then and Now|publisher=The Moufflon Book and Art Centre|location=Nicosia|pages=173–8|edition=2nd}}</ref> However, such a cathedral be absent from Byzantine sources wey e no dey associate plus any excavated ruins. In spite of dis, der be evidence of de existence of such a cathedral; an 11th-century manuscript dey mention de existence of an episcopal church dem dedicate to Holy Wisdom insyd de city.<ref>[[:en:Selimiye_Mosque,_Nicosia#CITEREFPapacostas2006|Papacostas 2006]], p. 11.</ref> === Ottoman period === [[File:JOHN_THOMSON_selimiye_1878.jpg|thumb|Selimiye Mosque insyd 1878, immediately after de British takeover of de city]] During de 50-day Ottoman siege of de city insyd 1570, na de cathedral provide refuge give great number of people. Wen de city fall for 9 September, Francesco Contarini, de bishop of Paphos, deliver de last Christian sermon insyd de building, in wich he ask for divine help wey he exhort de people. Na Ottoman soldiers storm de cathedral, wey dem break de door den kill de bishop along plus odas. Dem smash anaa throw out Christian items, such as furniture den ornaments insyd de cathedral<ref name="kesh"/> wey dem destroy de choir as well as de nave.<ref name="gurkan">{{cite book|last1=Gürkan|first1=Haşmet Muzaffer|title=Dünkü ve Bugünkü Lefkoşa|year=2006|publisher=Galeri Kültür|isbn=9963660037|pages=117–8|edition=3rd|language=Turkish}}</ref> Then, dem wash de interior of de mosque make dem make am ready for de first Friday prayer wey dem go host for 15 September, wich na de commander Lala Mustafa Pasha attend wey he see de official conversion of de cathedral into a mosque. During de same year, na dem add de two minarets, as well as Islamic features such as de mihrab den de minbar.<ref>[[:en:Selimiye_Mosque,_Nicosia#CITEREFAlasya2002|Alasya 2002]], p. 363.</ref> Na de first imam of de mosque be Moravizade Ahmet Efendi, wey hail from de Morea province of de Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bağışkan|first1=Tuncer|title=Lefkoşa Şehidaları (1)|url=http://www.yeniduzen.com/Ekler/adres-kibris/160/lefkosa-sehidalari-1/1465|publisher=Yeni Düzen|access-date=18 March 2015|date=31 May 2014}}</ref> All imams maintain de tradition of make dem climb de stairs to de minbar before Friday sermons while dem dey lean for a sword dem use during de conquest of Nicosia make e signify dat na Nicosia be captured by conquest.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fehmi|first1=Hasan|title=A'dan Z'ye KKTC: sosyal ve ansiklopedik bilgiler|date=1992|publisher=Cem Publishing House|page=129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSJIAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C3%A7%C4%B1karken,+fetihten+kalma+bir%22|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Dey follow ein conversion, de mosque cam turn de property of de Sultan Selim Foundation, which na ebe responsible for maintaining am. Oda donors form a number of foundations make dem help plus de maintenance. Okçuzade Mehmed Paşa, a governor of Cyprus insyd de 16th century, donate a shop make e provide income give de Sultan Selim Foundation; oda donations dey include estates insyd de countrysyd den oda shops. De foundation employ trustees (''mütevelli'') make dem look after de funds den transfer 40,000 ''akçe'' annually to [[Medina]] insyd late 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jennings|first1=Ronald C.|title=Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571-1640|url=https://archive.org/details/christiansmuslim0000jenn|date=1993|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York and London|page=[https://archive.org/details/christiansmuslim0000jenn/page/54 54]}}</ref> During de Ottoman period, na ebe de largest mosque insyd de whole island, wey na dem use am weekly by de Ottoman governor, administrators den elite for de Friday prayers. Insyd de late 18th century, a large procession wey consist of de leading officials for de front for horseback, na lower-ranking officials dey follow for foot, cam to de mosque every Friday.<ref>[[:en:Selimiye_Mosque,_Nicosia#CITEREFBa%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9Fkan2013|Bağışkan 2013]].</ref> De Friday prayers sanso attract a large number of Muslims from Nicosia den surrounding villages. Secof de crowds wey dey frequent de mosque, a market develop next to am wey de area cam turn a trade center. De area around de mosque cam turn a center of education as well, plus madrasahs such as de Great Madrasah wey dem build Little Madrasah nearby.<ref name="gurkan"/> Insyd1874, upon rumours say Sultan Abdülaziz go visit Nicosia, a new gate, dem bell de "Aziziye Gate" after de sultan, na dem build am for de east end of de building. Na de gate be an enlargement of a pre-existing Lusignan window for de site, den pieces of marble den oda material from de surroundings wey na dem use insyd ein construction. De decorations of de gate include an inscription by calligrapher Es-Seyyid Ahmet Şukri Efendi, de calligraphy teacher of de local high school. De inscription dey consist of a praise of de sultan wey dey mention say na dem build de gate for Abdülaziz ein orders by Nazif Pasha. Ebe surrounded by two ornate figures wey dey depict cypress trees. Na dem use de gate afterwards as de women dema entrance, wey later e fall into disuse, wey dey remain permanently locked.<ref>[[:en:Selimiye_Mosque,_Nicosia#CITEREFBa%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9Fkan2005|Bağışkan 2005]], p. 101.</ref> === British rule den 20th century === Insyd 1949, de mu'addhins stop dey climb to de minaret make dem read de adhan wey dem start dey use loudspeakers instead. For 13 August 1954, de Mufti of Cyprus officially rename de mosque "Selimiye Mosque", in honour of de Ottoman sultan Selim II, wey head de empire during de conquest of Cyprus.<ref name="kesh"/> == Architecture == De choir get a surrounding ambulatory, buh no apse chapels. Dis dey follow de plan of Notre Dame de Paris, wich na in turn influence a number of oda cathedrals, wey dey include Notre Dame de Mantes for Archbishop Thierry ein hometown. De transepts dey consist of chapels wey get de same height as dat of de aisles, wey na dem attach to de second bays to de west of de ambulatory. Dis dey follow de plan of de Poitiers Cathedral, wich be de episcopal church of de French town of Lusignan, de hometown of de House of Lusignan. Na de north den south entrances initially dey insyd de fourth bay of de nave, although de Ottoman-built Aziziye Gate dey for de eastern end of de cathedral. Na dem think de initial arrangement be modelled after Sens Cathedral.<ref name=":0" /> == Burials insyd de church == (burials der na wen e still be a church) * Hugh III of Cyprus * Aimery of Jerusalem ==Gallery== <gallery perrow="5"> Nicosia Selimiye Mosque 02.jpg|Selimiye Mosque, eastern view Nicosia Selimiye Mosque 03.jpg Selimiye Mosque Panorama.jpg </gallery> == References == <references /> === Bibliography === * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Kıbrıs |encyclopedia=İslam Ansiklopedisi |year=2012 |publisher=Türk Diyanet Vakfı |volume=25|pages=383–4|location= |id=|last=Alasya|first=Halil Fikret|url=http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/ayrmetin.php?idno=250383|language=Turkish|ref={{harvid|Alasya|2002}}}} * {{cite journal|last1=Andrews|first1=Justine M.|title=Santa Sophia in Nicosia: the Sculpture of the Western Portals and Its Reception|journal=Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies|date=1999|volume=30|issue=1|pages=63–90|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/32t6t59w|access-date=15 March 2015|publisher=UCLA}} * {{cite book|last1=Bağışkan|first1=Tuncer|title=Kıbrıs'ta Osmanlı Türk Eserleri|date=2005|publisher=Turkish Cypriot Association of Museum Lovers|language=Turkish}} * {{cite web|last1=Bağışkan|first1=Tuncer|title=Ayasofya (Selimiye) Meydanı ve Mahallesi|url=http://www.yeniduzen.com/Ekler/adres-kibris/124/ayasofya-selimiye-meydani-ve-mahallesi/735|publisher=Yeni Düzen|access-date=15 March 2015|language=Turkish|date=21 September 2013}} * {{cite book|last1=Güven|first1=Suna|editor1-last=Mohammad|editor1-first=Gharipour|title=Sacred Precincts: The Religious Architecture of Non-Muslim Communities Across the Islamic World|date=2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004280229|pages=415–429|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XymeBQAAQBAJ&q=st+sophia+in+Nicosia%2C+Cyprus&pg=PA423|access-date=17 March 2015|chapter=St Sophia in Nicosia, Cyprus: From a Lusignan Cathedral to an Ottoman Mosque}} * {{cite book |last1=Olympios |first1=Michalis |title=Building the Sacred in a Crusader Kingdom: Gothic Church Architecture in Lusignan Cyprus c. 1209 - c. 1373 |date=2018 |publisher=Brepols |location=Turnhout |isbn=978-2-503-53606-4}} * {{cite journal|last1=Papacostas|first1=Tassos|title=In search of a lost Byzantine monument: Saint Sophia of Nicosia|journal=Yearbook of Scientific Research Centers|date=2006|pages=11–37|url=https://www.academia.edu/2248233|access-date=15 March 2015|location=Nicosia}} * {{cite book |last1=Papacostas |first1=Tasos |editor1-last=Michaelides |editor1-first=D. |title=Historic Nicosia |date=2012 |publisher=Rimal Publications |location=Nicosia |chapter=Byzantine Nicosia: 650-1191}} * {{cite book |last1=Plagnieux |first1=Philippe |last2=Soulard |first2=Thierry |editor1-last=de Vaivre |editor1-first=Jean-Bernard |editor2-last=Plagnieux |editor2-first=Philippe |title=L'art gothique en Chypre |date=2006 |publisher=L'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres |location=Paris |language=French |chapter=Cathédrale Sainte-Sophie|ref={{harvid|Plagnieux and Soulard|2006}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Schabel |first1=Chris |editor1-last=Michaelides |editor1-first=Demetrios |title=Historic Nicosia |date=2012 |publisher=Rimal Publications |location=Nicosia |isbn=9789963610440 |chapter=Frankish & Venetian Nicosia 1191-1570: Ecclesiastical Monuments and Topography}} * {{cite book|last1=Setton|first1=Kenneth M.|last2=Hazard|first2=Harry W.|title=A History of the Crusades: The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States|date=1977|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=9780299068240|pages=165–207|chapter=The Arts in Cyprus|url=http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0018.pdf|access-date=18 March 2015|ref={{harvid|Setton|1977}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160416/http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0018.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015}} == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131123164505/http://www.stwing.upenn.edu/~durduran/drnic1.html#selim UPenn Website] * [http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/DA/DA.nsf/All/BC8DB498E39DA650C2257276003EA4CD?OpenDocument] [[Category:Churches dem plete insyd de 1220s]] [[Category:Gothic architecture insyd Cyprus]] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd North Nicosia]] [[Category:Mosques insyd de Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] [[Category:Mosques dem convert from churches insyd Cyprus]] [[Category:1570 establishments insyd de Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Former cathedrals insyd Cyprus]] [[Category:Burial sites of de House of Lusignan]] [[Category:Mosques dem plete insyd de 1570s]] [[Category:2025 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] b6tcculef4z5fg5mikc47k6gib0k3zm 0 13713 115694 112696 2026-11-04T19:56:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Aqsa Mosque''' (Arabic: جامع الأقصى, <small>romanized:</small> ''Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā'', <small>lit. </small>'congregational mosque of Al-Aqsa'), dem sanso know as de '''Qibli Mosque''' anaa '''Qibli Chapel''' (المصلى القبلي, ''al-muṣallā al-qiblī'', <abbr>lit.</abbr> 'prayer hall of de qibla (south)'),<ref name="MujiralDin">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=George|author-link=|title=The Holy City: Historical, Topographical and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem|publisher=Parker|year=1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd07AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA151|pages=143–160|quote=The following detailed account of the Haram es-Sherif, with some interesting notices of the City, is extracted from an Arabic work entitled " The Sublime Companion to the History of Jerusalem and Hebron, by Kadi Mejir-ed-din, Ebil-yemen Abd-er-Rahman, El-Alemi," who died A. H. 927, (A. d. 1521)… "I have at the commencement called attention to the fact that the place now called by the name Aksa (i. e. the most distant), is the Mosk [Jamia] properly so called, at the southern extremity of the area, where is the Minbar and the great Mihrab. But in fact Aksa is the name of the whole area enclosed within the walls, the dimensions of which I have just given, for the Mosk proper [Jamia], the Dome of the Rock, the Cloisters, and other buildings, are all of late construction, and Mesjid el-Aksa is the correct name of the whole area."|access-date=22 June 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd07AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA151|url-status=live}} and also {{cite book|last=von Hammer-Purgstall|first=J.F.|author-link=|title=Fundgruben des Orients|publisher=Gedruckt bey A. Schmid|volume=2|year=1811|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSowAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA240|language=fr|page=93|chapter=Chapitre vingtième. Description de la mosquée Mesdjid-ol-aksa, telle qu'elle est de nos jours, (du temps de l'auteur, au dixième siècle de l'Hégire, au seizième après J. C.)|quote=Nous avons dès le commencement appelé l'attention sur que l'endroit, auquel les hommes donnent aujourd'hui le nom d'Aksa, c'est à-dire, la plus éloignée, est la mosquée proprement dite, bâtie à l'extrêmité méridionale de l'enceinte où se trouve la chaire et le grand autel. Mais en effet Aksa est le nom de l'enceinte entière, en tant qu'elle est enfermée de murs, dont nous venons de donner la longueur et la largeur, car la mosquée proprement dite, le dôme de la roche Sakhra, les portiques et les autres bâtimens, sont tous des constructions récentes, et Mesdjidol-aksa est le véritable nom de toute l'enceinte. (Le Mesdjid des arabes répond à l'ίερόν et le Djami au ναός des grecs.)|access-date=22 June 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062642/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSowAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref> be de main congregational mosque anaa prayer hall insyd de Al-Aqsa mosque compound insyd de Old City of Jerusalem. Insyd sam sources na dem sanso name de building ''al-Masjid al-Aqṣā,''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salameh|first=Khader|date=2009|title=A New Saljuq Inscription in the Masjid al-Aqsa, Jerusalem|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175638009x427620|journal=Levant|volume=41|issue=1|pages=107–117|doi=10.1179/175638009x427620|s2cid=162230613|issn=0075-8914|access-date=20 August 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062642/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/175638009X427620|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>1936 Survey of Palestine map of the Old City of Jerusalem</ref> buh dis name primarily dey apply to de whole compound insyd wich de building dey tap, wich einself dem sanso know as "Al-Aqsa Mosque". De wider compound be known as Al-Aqsa anaa Al-Aqsa mosque compound, dem sanso know as al-Ḥaram al-Sharīf (الحرم الشريف, <abbr>lit.</abbr> 'De Noble Sanctuary').<ref name="Ker09">{{cite news|first=Isabel|last=Kershner|title=Unusual Partners Study Divisive Jerusalem Site|work=The New York Times|date=14 November 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/15/world/middleeast/15mount.html?_r=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Aaron W.|author-link=|title=Theorizing Islam: Disciplinary Deconstruction and Reconstruction|publisher=Taylor & Francis|series=Religion in Culture|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-54594-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWV_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|page=45|quote=Although later commentators would debate whether or not this journey was a physical one or took place at an internal level, it would come to play a crucial role in establishing Muhammad's prophetic credentials. In the first part of this journey, referred to as the isra, he traveled from the Kaba in Mecca to "the farthest mosque" (al-masjid al-aqsa), identified with the Temple Mount in Jerusalem: the al-Aqsa mosque that stands there today eventually took its name from this larger precinct, in which it was constructed.|access-date=24 June 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063147/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWV_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Sway, Mustafa A. (2015), [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1724483297 "Al-Aqsa Mosque: Do Not Intrude!"], ''Palestine - Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture'', 20/21 (4): 108–113, ProQuest [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1724483297 1724483297], [https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063144/https://www.proquest.com/docview/1724483297 archived] from the original on 19 July 2023, retrieved 28 July 2022 – via ProQuest, <q>Ahmed ibn Hanbal (780–855): "Verily, 'Al-Aqsa' is a name for the whole mosque which is surrounded by the wall, the length and width of which are mentioned here, for the building that exists in the southern part of the Mosque, and the other ones such as the Dome of the Rock and the corridors and other [buildings] are novel (muhdatha)." Mustafa Sway: More than 500 years ago, when Mujir Al-Din Al-Hanbali offered the above definition of Al-Aqsa Mosque in the year 900 AH/1495, there were no conflicts, no occupation and no contesting narratives surrounding the site.</q></ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Omar|first=Abdallah Marouf|title=Al-Aqsa Mosque's Incident in July 2017: Affirming the Policy of Deterrence.|journal=Insight Turkey|volume=19|issue=3|date=2017|pages=69–82|doi=10.25253/99.2017193.05|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/26300531|jstor=26300531|quote=In a treaty signed by Jordan and the Palestinian Authority on March 31, 2013, both sides define al-Aqsa Mosque as being "al-Masjid al-Aqsa with its 144 dunums, which include the Qibli Mosque of al-Aqsa, the Mosque of the Dome of the Rock, and all its mosques, buildings, walls, courtyards". ... Israel insists on identifying al-Aqsa Mosque as being a small building. ... Nonetheless, the Executive Board of UNESCO adopted the Jordanian definition of al-Aqsa Mosque in its Resolution (199 EX/PX/DR.19.1 Rev).|issn=1302-177X}}<br />{{cite conference|title=Occupied Palestine: draft decision (199 EX/PX/DR.19.1 REV), UNESCO Executive Board|date=2016|publisher=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000244378}}</ref> During de rule of de Rashidun caliph Umar (r. 634–644) anaa de Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), na dem erect a small prayer house for de compound near de mosque ein site. De present-day mosque, locate for de south wall of de compound, na de fifth Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik originally build (r. 685–705) anaa ein successor al-Walid I (r. 705– 715) (anaa both) as a congregational mosque for de same axis as de Dome of de Rock, a commemorative Islamic monument. After e be destroyed insyd an earthquake insyd 746, na dem rebuild de mosque insyd 758 by de Abbasid caliph al-Mansur. Na dem further expand am upon insyd 780 by de Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi, after wich e consist of fifteen aisles den a central dome. However, na dem san destroy am during de 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake. Na de mosque be rebuilt by de Fatimid caliph al-Zahir (r. 1021–1036), wey reduce am to seven aisles buh dem adorn ein interior plus an elaborate central archway dem cover insyd vegetal mosaics; de current structure dey preserve de 11th-century outline. During de periodic renovations dem undertake, na de ruling Islamic dynasties construct additions to de mosque den win precincts, such as ein dome, façade, minarets, den minbar den interior structure. Upon ein capture by de Crusaders insyd 1099, na dem use de mosque as a palace; na e sanso be de headquarters of de religious order of de Knights Templar. After de area be conquered by Saladin insyd 1187, na dem restore de structure ein function as a mosque. Na dem undertake more renovations, repairs, den expansion projects insyd later centuries by de Ayyubids, de Mamluks, de Ottomans, de Supreme Muslim Council of British Palestine, den during de Jordanian occupation of de West Bank. Since de beginning of de ongoing Israeli occupation of de West Bank, de mosque remain under de independent administration of de Jerusalem Islamic Waqf.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arab states neglect Al-Aqsa says head of Jerusalem Waqf|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/khatib-muslim-endowments-israel-jordan-al-aqsa.html|access-date=5 April 2016|work=Al-Monitor|date=5 September 2014|archive-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424012208/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/khatib-muslim-endowments-israel-jordan-al-aqsa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Definition == De "Al-Aqsa Mosque" dey translate into "de Farthest Mosque" insyd English. [[File:Mesjid_el-Aksa_and_Jami_el-Aksa_in_the_1841_Aldrich_and_Symonds_map_of_Jerusalem_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Extract of an 1841 British map wey dey show both "Mesjid el-Aksa" den "Jami el-Aksa"]] De Arabic term "Al-Aqsa Mosque" be de translation of both ''al-Masjid al-Aqṣā'' (ٱلْمَسْجِد ٱلْأَقْصَىٰ) den ''Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā'' (جَامِع ٱلْأَقْصَىٰ), wich get distinct meanings insyd Arabic.<ref name="Robinson">{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|last2=Smith|first2=E.|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine|title-link=|publisher=John Murray|year=1841|quote="The Jámi'a el-Aksa is the mosk alone; the Mesjid el-Aksa is the mosk with all the sacred enclosure and precincts, including the Sükhrah. Thus the words Mesjid and Jāmi'a differ in usage somewhat like the Greek ίερόν and ναός."}}</ref><ref name="Palmer">{{cite journal|author-link=|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|title=History of the Haram Es Sherif: Compiled from the Arabic Historians|journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly|volume=3|issue=3|year=1871|issn=0031-0328|doi=10.1179/peq.1871.012|pages=122–132|quote=EXCURSUS ON THE NAME MASJID EL AKSA. In order to understand the native accounts of the sacred area at Jerusalem, it is essentially necessary to keep in mind the proper application of the various names by which it is spoken of. When the Masjid el Aksa is mentioned, that name is usually supposed to refer to the well-known mosque on the south side of the Haram, but such is not really the case. The latter building is called El Jámʻi el Aksa, or simply El Aksa, and the substructures are called El Aksa el Kadímeh (the ancient Aksa), while the title El Masjid el Aksa is applied to the whole sanctuary. The word Jámi is exactly equivalent in sense to the Greek συναγωγή, and is applied to the church or building in which the worshippers congregate. Masjid, on the other hand, is a much more general term; it is derived from the verb sejada "to adore," and is applied to any spot, the sacred character of which would especially incite the visitor to an act of devotion. Our word mosque is a corruption of masjid, but it is usually misapplied, as the building is never so designated, although the whole area on which it stands may be so spoken of. The Cubbet es Sakhrah, El Aksa, Jam'i el Magharibeh, &c., are each called a Jami, but the entire Haram is a masjid. This will explain how it is that 'Omar, after visiting the churches of the Anastasis, Sion, &c., was taken to the "Masjid" of Jerusalem, and will account for the statement of Ibn el 'Asa'kir and others, that the Masjid el Aksa measured over 600 cubits in length-that is, the length of the whole Haram area. The name Masjid el Aksa is borrowed from the passage in the Coran (xvii. 1), when allusion is made to the pretended ascent of Mohammed into heaven from ·the temple of Jerusalem; "Praise be unto Him who transported His servant by night from El Masjid el Haram (i.e., 'the Sacred place of Adoration' at Mecca) to El Masjid el Aksa (i.e., 'the Remote place of Adoration' at Jerusalem), the precincts of which we have blessed," &c. The title El Aksa, "the Remote," according to the Mohammedan doctors, is applied to the temple of Jerusalem "either because of its distance from Mecca, or because it is in the centre of the earth."}}</ref><ref name=":0">Warren, Charles; Conder, Claude Reignier (1884). ''[[iarchive:surveyofwesternp00warruoft/page/118/mode/2up|The survey of Western Palestine. Jerusalem]]''. Published for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. London. p. 119 – via Internet Archive.</ref> De former (''al-Masjid al-Aqṣā'') dey refer to de [[Quran]] ein ''Surah 17'' – "de furthest mosque" – den thus be used for whole compound of de Temple Mount, dem sanso know as de Haram al-Sharif, while de latter name (''Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā'') be used for de subject of dis article – de silver-domed congregational mosque building.<ref name="Robinson" /><ref name="Palmer" /><ref name=":0" /> Arabic den Persian writers such as 10th-century geographer al-Muqaddasi,<ref name="MukaddasiNasir">{{cite book|last=Le Strange|first=Guy|author-link=|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin|year=1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&pg=RA1-PA94|pages=96|quote=Great confusion is introduced into the Arab descriptions of the Noble Sanctuary by the indiscriminate use of the terms Al Masjid or Al Masjid al Akså, Jami' or Jami al Aksâ; and nothing but an intimate acquaintance with the locality described will prevent a translator, ever and again, misunderstanding the text he has before him-since the native authorities use the technical terms in an extraordinarily inexact manner, often confounding the whole, and its part, under the single denomination of "Masjid." Further, the usage of various writers differs considerably on these points : Mukaddasi invariably speaks of the whole Haram Area as Al Masjid, or as Al Masjid al Aksî, "the Akså Mosque," or "the mosque," while the Main-building of the mosque, at the south end of the Haram Area, which we generally term the Aksa, he refers to as Al Mughattâ, "the Covered-part." Thus he writes "the mosque is entered by thirteen gates," meaning the gates of the Haram Area. So also "on the right of the court," means along the west wall of the Haram Area; "on the left side" means the east wall; and "at the back" denotes the northern boundary wall of the Haram Area. Nasir-i-Khusrau, who wrote in Persian, uses for the Main-building of the Aksâ Mosque the Persian word Pushish, that is, "Covered part," which exactly translates the Arabic Al Mughatta. On some occasions, however, the Akså Mosque (as we call it) is spoken of by Näsir as the Maksurah, a term used especially to denote the railed-off oratory of the Sultan, facing the Mihrâb, and hence in an extended sense applied to the building which includes the same. The great Court of the Haram Area, Nâsir always speaks of as the Masjid, or the Masjid al Akså, or again as the Friday Mosque (Masjid-i-Jum'ah).|access-date=31 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063147/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&pg=RA1-PA94|url-status=live}}</ref> 11th-century scholar Nasir Khusraw,<ref name="MukaddasiNasir" /> 12th-century geographer al-Idrisi<ref>{{cite book|last1=Idrīsī|first1=Muhammad|authorlink1=|last2=Jaubert|first2=Pierre Amédée|authorlink2=|title=Géographie d'Édrisi|publisher=à l'Imprimerie royale|year=1836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRA7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA343|language=fr|pages=343–344|quote=Sous la domination musulmane il fut agrandi, et c'est (aujourd'hui) la grande mosquée connue par les Musulmans sous le nom de Mesdjid el-Acsa مسجد الأقصى. Il n'en existe pas au monde qui l'égale en grandeur, si l'on en excepte toutefois la grande mosquée de Cordoue en Andalousie ; car, d'après ce qu'on rapporte, le toit de cette mosquée est plus grand que celui de la Mesdjid el-Acsa. Au surplus, l'aire de cette dernière forme un parallelogramme dont la hauteur est de deux cents brasses (ba'a), et le base de cents quatre-vingts. La moitié de cet espace, celle qui est voisin du Mihrab, est couverte d'un toit (ou plutôt d'un dôme) en pierres soutenu par plusieurs rangs de colonnes ; l'autre est à ciel ouvert. Au centre de l'édifice est un grand dôme connu sous le nom de Dôme de la roche; il fut orné d'arabesques en or et d'autres beaux ouvrages, par les soins de divers califes musulmans. Le dôme est percé de quatre portes; en face de celle qui est à l'occident, on voit l'autel sur lequel les enfants d'Israël offraient leurs sacrifices; auprès de la porte orientale est l'église nommée le saint des saints, d'une construction élégante ; au midi est une chapelle qui était à l'usage des Musulmans; mais les chrétiens s'en sont emparés de vive force et elle est restée en leur pouvoir jusqu'à l'époque de la composition du présent ouvrage. Ils ont converti cette chapelle en un couvent où résident des religieux de l'ordre des templiers, c'est-à-dire des serviteurs de la maison de Dieu.|access-date=31 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063143/https://books.google.com/books?id=BRA7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA343|url-status=live}} Also at {{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=G.|last2=Willis|first2=R.|title=The Holy City: Historical, Topographical, and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem|publisher=J.W. Parker|chapter=Account of Jerusalem during the Frank Occupation, extracted from the Universal Geography of Edrisi. Climate III. sect. 5. Translated by P. Amédée Jaubert. Tome 1. pp. 341—345.|issue=v. 1|year=1849|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_sqAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA131|ref=none|access-date=31 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063201/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Holy_City/T_sqAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA3-PA131&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}</ref> den 15th-century Islamic scholar Mujir al-Din,<ref name="MujiralDin"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Islamic Sources|journal=Journal of the Central Conference of American Rabbis|date=Fall 2000|pages=60–68|url=https://www.academia.edu/6338726|author=Mustafa Abu Sway|quote=Quoting Mujir al-Din: "Verily, ‘Al-Aqsa’ is a name for the whole mosque which is surrounded by the wall, the length and width of which are mentioned here, for the building that exists in the southern part of the Mosque, and the other ones such as the Dome of the Rock and the corridors and other [buildings] are novel"|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=29 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529020617/https://www.academia.edu/6338726/The_Holy_Land_Jerusalem_and_Al_Aqsa_Mosque_in_the_Quran_Sunnah_and_other_Islamic_Literary_Sources_i|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as 19th-century American den British Orientalists Edward Robinson, Guy Le Strange den Edward Henry Palmer explain dat de term Masjid al-Aqsa dey refer to de entire esplanade plaza dem sanso know as de Temple Mount anaa Haram al-Sharif ('Noble Sanctuary') – i.e. de entire area wey dey include de Dome of de Rock, de fountains, de gates, den de four minarets – secof none of dese buildings exist for de time na dem wrep de Quran.<ref>{{cite book|last=Le Strange|first=Guy|author-link=|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin|year=1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&pg=RA1-PA89|quote=THE AKSÀ MOSQUE. The great mosque of Jerusalem, Al Masjid al Aksà, the "Further Mosque," derives its name from the traditional Night Journey of Muhammad, to which allusion is made in the words of the Kuran (xvii. I)... the term "Mosque" being here taken to denote the whole area of the Noble Sanctuary, and not the Main-building of the Aksà only, which, in the Prophet's days, did not exist.|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&pg=RA1-PA89|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Strange 1887 pp. 247–305">{{cite journal|last=Strange|first=Guy le|title=Description of the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem in 1470 A.D., by Kamâl (or Shams) ad Dîn as Suyûtî|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=19|issue=2|year=1887|issn=0035-869X|jstor=25208864|pages=247–305|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00019420|s2cid=163050043|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25208864|quote=…the term Masjid (whence, through the Spanish Mezquita, our word Mosque) denotes the whole of the sacred edifice, comprising the main building and the court, with its lateral arcades and minor chapels. The earliest specimen of the Arab mosque consisted of an open courtyard, within which, round its four walls, run colonades or cloisters to give shelter to the worshippers. On the side of the court towards the Kiblah (in the direction of Mekka), and facing which the worshipper must stand, the colonade, instead of being single, is, for the convenience of the increased numbers of the congregation, widened out to form the Jami' or place of assembly… coming now to the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem, we must remember that the term 'Masjid’ belongs not only to the Aksa mosque (more properly the Jami’ or place of assembly for prayer), but to the whole enclosure with the Dome of the Rock in the middle, and all the other minor domes and chapels.}}</ref> Al-Muqaddasi refer to de southern building (de subject of dis article) as ''Al Mughattâ'' ("de covered-part") den Nasir Khusraw refer to am plus de Persian word ''Pushish'' (sanso be de "covered part", exactly as "Al Mughatta") anaa de ''Maqsurah'' (a part-for-the-whole synecdoche).<ref name="MukaddasiNasir" /> Dem sanso dey refer to de building as (al-)Qibli Mosque anaa (al-) Qibli Chapel (''Muṣallā al-Qiblī''), in reference to ein location for de southern end of de compound as a result of de Islamic qibla dem move from Jerusalem to [[Mecca]].<ref name="scholars">{{cite journal|last=Abu-Sway|first=Mustafa|title=Al-Aqsa Mosque: Do Not Intrude!|journal=Palestine-Israel Journal|date=2013-03-31|url=https://pij.org/articles/1644/alaqsa-mosque-do-not-intrude|quote=Not only do the Israeli occupation authorities prevent freedom of movement and freedom of worship, they interfere in defining Al-Aqsa Mosque by restricting the meaning of Al-Aqsa Mosque to the southernmost building, Qibli Mosque, rather than all 144 dunums or 36 acres.|ref=none}}</ref> "Qibli" be de name dem use insyd official publications by de governmental organization wich dey administer de site, de Jerusalem Islamic Waqf (part of de Jordanian government),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201031114752/https://haramalaqsa.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/al-aqsa-definition-AR.pdf Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, The Administration Department of Awgaf and Al-Aqsa Mosque Affairs, Jerusalem: Al-Aqsa Mosque]: "Al-Aqsa Mosque is a second name for al-Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem; both expressions have the same meaning and refer to the same Holy Site and its components; it is the place, which Allah, Exalted be He, allocated to be Prophet Muhammad's home of al-Isra', the Holy Journey at Night, and al-Mi'raj, from which the Prophet ascended to Heavens… Al-Aqsa Mosque includes the Qibli Mosque (al-Jami' al-Aqsa), the Marwani Mosque, the Dome of the Rock Mosque, al-Buraq Mosque, the lower Asa, Bab al-Rahmah, all grounds, prayer halls, corridors with all the historical buildings built on them…"</ref> den de Jordanian government more widely.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230418135925/https://rcja.org.jo/%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82/the-true-image-of-the-holy-aqsa-mosque/ Royal Committee for Jerusalem Affairs]: "Al-Musalla Al-Qibli is the large mosque building standing in the southern side of Al-Aqsa Mosque compound, it is called so because it stands in the direction of Al-Qiblah (direction of Mecca). Its construction in its current form was commenced by the Umayyad Caliph Abd Al-Malik Ibn Marwan, the building was completed during the reign of his son, Al-Walid Ibn Abd Al-Malik. Again, this edifice is a part of the blessed Aqsa Mosque and must not be referred to as Al-Aqsa Mosque itself."</ref><ref name="JordanPal">[https://ecf.org.il/media_items/1507 Jordan-PLO Agreement on the Jerusalem Holy Sites - English (2013)]: "Recalling the unique religious importance, to all Muslims, of al-Masjid al-Aqsa with its 144 Dunums, which include the Qibli Mosque of al-Aqsa, the Mosque of the Dome of the Rock and all its mosques, buildings, walls, courtyards, attached areas over and beneath the ground and the Waqf properties tied-up to al-Masjid al-Aqsa, to its environs or to its pilgrims (hereinafter referred to as "Al-Haram Al-Sharif")"</ref> E sanso be de official name dem use by de Palestine Liberation Organization. Na chaw international organizations such as de United States State Department<ref>United States State Department, [https://www.state.gov/report/custom/40e1ae14ea/ INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORTS: Israel, West Bank and Gaza, 2018]: "The Waqf continued to restrict non-Muslims who visited the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif from entering the Dome of the Rock and other buildings dedicated for Islamic worship, including the Al-Qibli/Al-Aqsa Mosque."</ref> de Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (wey ein role be make e act as "de collective voice of de Muslim world"),<ref>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, 11 Jun 2015, [https://web.archive.org/web/20250318014621/https://issuu.com/oic-journal/docs/binder1 OIC Journal - Issue 29]: "As a result of its immense religious significance, the Old City is home to a number of important religious monuments, such as the Al-Aqsa Mosque, which comprises several sacred landmarks including the Dome of the Rock, the Southern Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Qibli) and the Buraq Wall, and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher."</ref> den UNESCO,<ref>{{cite web|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|title=39 COM 7A.27 - Decision|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|date=2022-04-04|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/6243/|access-date=2022-05-29|quote=…the historic Gates and windows of the Qibli Mosque inside Al-Aqsa Mosque/ Al-Haram Al-Sharif, which is a Muslim holy site of worship and an integral part of a World Heritage Site|archive-date=30 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530124745/https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/6243/|url-status=live|ref=none}}</ref> as well as various scholars den media organizations use am.<ref>For example: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-61105497 BBC] 25 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine, [https://english.alarabiya.net/in-translation/2021/05/26/Seizing-the-al-Aqsa-Mosque-minbar-started-the-war- Al-Arabiya], [https://web.archive.org/web/20251008171306/https://jordantimes.com/news/local/royal-directives-work-commences-renew-carpets-jerusalem-mosques the Jordan Times], [https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2016/al-aqsa-mosque-jerusalem-360-degrees-tour-4k-video/index.html Al-Jazeera], [https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/palestine-al-aqsa-islam-one-of-islam-holiest-significiance Middle East Eye], [https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170717-palestinians-wounded-in-israeli-attack-on-worshippers-near-al-aqsa/ Middle East Monitor].</ref> == Architecture == De rectangular al-Aqsa Mosque den ein precincts dey cover {{convert|14.4|ha|acre|sp=us}}, although de mosque einself be about {{convert|0.46|ha|sp=us|order=flip}} for area insyd wey e fi hold up to 5,000 worshippers.<ref name="LHL">[http://www.lifeintheholyland.com/al_aqsa_mosque.htm Al-Aqsa Mosque] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116021815/http://www.lifeintheholyland.com/al_aqsa_mosque.htm Archived] 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine Life in the Holy Land.</ref> E be {{convert|272|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|184|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} wide. Unlike de Dome of de Rock, wich dey reflect classical Byzantine architecture, de Aqsa Mosque be characteristic of early Islamic architecture.<ref>Gonen, 2003, p. 95.</ref> === Dome === [[File:Dome_of_the_Al-Aqsa_Mosque_(20160).jpg|thumb|De silver-colored dome dey consist of lead sheeting]] Nothing remains of de original dome wey Abd al-Malik build. De present-day dome dey mimick dat of az-Zahir, wich consist of wood dem plate plus lead enamelwork, buh wich na ebe destroyed by fire insyd 1969. Today dem make am of concrete plus lead sheeting.<ref name="Archnet">[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=475 Al-Aqsa Mosque Restoration] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090103003046/http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=475 Archived] 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.</ref> Al-Aqsa ein dome be one of de few domes make dem build in front of de ''mihrab'' during de Umayyad den Abbasid periods, na de odas be de Umayyad Mosque insyd Damascus (715) den de Great Mosque of Sousse (850).<ref>Necipogulu, 1998, p. 14.</ref> Na dem paint de interior of de dome plus 14th-century-era decorations. During de 1969 burning, na de paintings be assumed to be irreparably lost, buh na dem completely reconstruct am dey use de ''trateggio'' technique, a method wey dey use fine vertical lines make e distinguish reconstructed areas from original ones.<ref name="Archnet"/> === Facade den porch === [[File:Al-Aqsa_Mosque_(Temple_Mount,_Jerusalem,_2008).jpg|thumb|De facade of de mosque. Na ebe constructed by de Fatimids, wey de Crusaders, de Ayyubids den de Mamluks expand am]] Na de facade of de mosque be built insyd 1065 CE on de instructions of de Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah. Na dem crown am plus a balustrade wey dey consist of arcades den small columns. Na de Crusaders damage de facade, buh na ebe restored den renovated by de Ayyubids. Na one addition be de covering of de facade plus tiles.<ref name="Nusseibeh">Ma'oz, Moshe and Nusseibeh, Sari. (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9evpVS_ackwC&pg=PA137 Jerusalem: Points of Friction, and Beyond]'' BRILL. pp. 136–138. {{ISBN|90-411-8843-6}}.</ref> De second-hand material of de facade ein arches dey include sculpted, ornamental material dem take from Crusader structures insyd Jerusalem.<ref>Hillenbrand, Carolle. (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC&pg=PA382 The Crusades: The Islamic Perspective]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20200715042920/https://books.google.com/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC&pg=PA382 Archived] 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Routeledge, p. 382 {{ISBN|0-415-92914-8}}.</ref> === Interior === De al-Aqsa Mosque get seven aisles of hypostyle naves plus chaw additional small halls to de west den east of de southern section of de building.<ref name="ADL">[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=36 Al-Aqsa Mosque] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090103022822/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=36 Archived] 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.</ref> Der be 121 stained glass windows insyd de mosque from de Abbasid den Fatimid eras. Na dem restore about a fourth of dem insyd 1924.<ref name="Yuvaz149-153">Yuvaz, 1996, pp.&nbsp;149–153.</ref> De spandrels of de arch opposite de main entrance dey include a mosaic decoration den inscription wey dey date back to Fatimid period.<ref name="Islam p.151">The Encyclopaedia of Islam; By H. A. R. Gibb, E. van Donzel, P. J. Bearman, J. van Lent; p.151</ref><gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:المسجد_الأقصى_من_الداخل.jpg|Interior view of de mosque wey dey face de mihrab File:Al_Aqsa_mosque_(17127686720).jpg|View of de hypostyle prayer hall File:Facad_near_central_dome_of_Aqsa_mosque.jpeg|Decorated wall above mihrab near central dome wey dey face main entrance File:Aqsa3.jpg|Interior view of de mosque wey dey show de ''mihrab'', wey dey indicate de ''qiblah'' File:Inscription_showing_contributors_name_to_restore_dome_of_Aqsa.jpeg|Inscription wey dey show Quran ein aayat & contributors name to restore dome of Aqsa after 1969 burning File:Al_Aqsa_(6888221391).jpg|Interior decoration of Aqsa main dome File:El_Aksa_(i.e.,_al-Aqsa)_Mosque._Cedar_pulpit_&_mihrab_LOC_matpc.03246.jpg|De original minbar dem install under Saladin. De mihrab be visible to de left. File:The_al-Aqsa_Mosque_(2177686417).jpg|A man dey pray insyd de mosque insyd 2008 </gallery> === Minbar === Na de ''minbar'' of de mosque be built by a craftsman dem name Akhtarini from Aleppo on de orders of de Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din. Na dem intend am to be a gift for de mosque wen na Nur ad-Din capture Jerusalem from de Crusaders wey he take six years take build (1168–74). Nur ad-Din die wey de Crusaders still control Jerusalem, buh insyd 1187, Saladin capture de city wey na he install de ''minbar''. Na dem make de structure of ivory den carefully crafted wood. Na inscribe arabic calligraphy, geometrical den floral designs insyd de woodwork.<ref name="Oweis">Oweis, Fayeq S. (2002) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UjQAnCS1ongC&pg=PA115 The Elements of Unity in Islamic Art as Examined Through the Work of Jamal Badran]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20200715044121/https://books.google.com/books?id=UjQAnCS1ongC&pg=PA115 Archived] 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Universal-Publishers, pp. 115–117. {{ISBN|1-58112-162-8}}.</ref> == Current situation == === Administration === Dem know de administrative body responsible for de whole Al-Aqsa Mosque compound as "de Jerusalem Waqf", an organ of de Jordanian government.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-706288 ''Jordan: We don't accept instructions from Israel on Temple Mount guards''], Khaled Abu Toameh for The Jerusalem Post, 10 May 2022 (accessed the same day).</ref> De Jerusalem Waqf be responsible for administrative matters insyd de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound. Religious authority for de site, for de oda hand, be de responsibility of de Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, wey de government of de State of Palestine appoint.<ref>Yaniv Berman, [http://www.spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi?ID=1280 "Top Palestinian Muslim Cleric Okays Suicide Bombings"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514113916/http://spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi?ID=1280 Archived] 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine ''Media Line'', 23 October 2006.</ref> After de 1969 arson attack, de ''waqf'' employed architects, technicians den craftsmen insyd a committee wey dey carry out regular maintenance operations. Na de Islamic Movement insyd Israel den de ''waqf'' have attempt make dem increase Muslim control of de Temple Mount as a way of countering Israeli policies den de escalating presence of Israeli security forces around de site since de Second Intifada. Sam activities include refurbishing abandoned structures den renovating.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000525002731/http://www.passia.org/jerusalem/publications/khaled_khatib_Conservation_Jerusalem/chapter1.htm Social Structure and Geography] Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs.</ref> Ownership of de al-Aqsa Mosque be a contentious issue insyd de Israel-Palestinian conflict. During de negotiations for de 2000 Camp David Summit, na Palestinians demand complete ownership of de mosque den oda Islamic holy sites insyd East Jerusalem.<ref>[http://www.passia.org/publications/bookmaps/page2.htm#_edn8 Camp David Projections] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230312/http://www.passia.org/publications/bookmaps/page2.htm Archived] 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs. July 2000.</ref> == References == <references /> ===Sources=== *{{cite journal |last1=Allan |first1=J. 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|url-status=live}} *{{cite journal |last=Le Strange |first=Guy |title=Description of the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem in 1470 A.D., by Kamâl (or Shams) ad Dîn as Suyûtî |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=19 |issue=2 |year=1887 |issn=0035-869X |pages=247–305 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00019420 |jstor=25208864 |s2cid=163050043 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1772796}} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Le Strange |editor1-first=Guy |title=Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine by Nasir Khusrau in 1017 AD |date=1888 |publisher=Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534281}} *{{cite book |title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 |first=G. |last=Le Strange |author-link= |year=1890a |publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund |url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft}} *{{cite book |last1=Jarrar |first1=Sabri |title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |chapter=Suq al-Ma'rifa: An Ayyubid Hanbalite Shrine in Haram al-Sharif |editor-first=Gülru |editor-last=Necipoğlu |edition=Illustrated, annotated |publisher=Brill |year=1998 |isbn=978-90-04-11084-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FG6ZlkRjD2IC&pg=PA71 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111130058/https://books.google.com/books?id=FG6ZlkRjD2IC&pg=PA71 |url-status=live}} *{{cite book |last=Pringle |first=D. |author-link= |title=The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume 3, The City of Jerusalem: A Corpus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-521-39038-5 |archive-date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022062308/https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC |url-status=live}} *{{cite journal |last1=Pruitt |first1=Jennifer |title=The Fatimid Holy City: Rebuilding Jerusalem in the Eleventh Century |journal=The Medieval Globe |date=2017 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=35–56 |doi=10.17302/TMG.3-2.3 |s2cid=165391034 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758485/pdf}} *{{cite book |last=Sprinzak |first=Ehud |editor-last=Rapoport |editor-first=David |title=Inside Terrorist Organizations |chapter=From Messianic Pioneering to Vigilante Terrorism: The Case of the Gush Emunim Underground |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdCTI5FqayAC&pg=PA149 |publisher=Brill |year=1996 |isbn=90-04-10633-2 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111144359/https://books.google.com/books?id=NdCTI5FqayAC&pg=PA149 |url-status=live}} *{{cite journal |last1=Yavuz |first1=Yildirim |title=The Restoration Project of the Masjid al-Aqsa by Mïmar Kemalettın (1922–1926) |journal=Muqarnas |date=1996 |volume=13 |pages=149–164 |jstor=1523257}} ==Read further== *{{cite book |title=Jerusalem in History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIRpQcoieYQC&pg=PA105 |first1=Kamil Jamil |last1='Asali |year=1990 |publisher=Interlink Books |isbn=1-56656-304-6 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111200510/https://books.google.com/books?id=xIRpQcoieYQC&pg=PA105 |url-status=live}} *{{cite book |last=Auld |first=Sylvia |chapter=The Minbar of al-Aqsa: Form and Function |editor-last=Hillenbrand |editor-first=R |title=Image and Meaning in Islamic Art |location=London |publisher=Altajir Trust |year=2005 |pages=42–60}} *{{cite journal |last=Grabar |first=Oleg |title=The Haram al-Sharif: An Essay in Interpretation |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5052/original/DPC1775.pdf?1384787486 |journal=Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies |series=Constructing the Study of Islamic Art |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=2000 |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414045823/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5052/original/DPC1775.pdf?1384787486 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=dead}} *{{cite book |title=The Crusades: The Essential Readings |first=Thomas F. |last=Madden |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=0-631-23023-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVuPvRSyV98C&q=minbar+saladdin+fire&pg=PA230 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519163302/https://books.google.com/books?id=DVuPvRSyV98C&q=minbar+saladdin+fire&pg=PA230 |url-status=}} *{{cite book |last=Netzer |first=Ehud |title=The Architecture of Herod, the Great Builder |url=https://archive.org/details/architectureofhe0000netz |year=2008 |publisher=Baker Academic |isbn=978-0-8010-3612-5}} *{{cite book |last=Patel |first=Ismail |title=Virtues of Jerusalem: An Islamic Perspective |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Aqsa Publishers |isbn=0-9536530-2-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJykv68bXxQC&pg=PA13 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519163303/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJykv68bXxQC&pg=PA13 |url-status=live}} *{{cite book |last=Raby |first=Julian |title=Essays in Honour of J. M. Rogers |publisher=Brill |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=knVwZW_ogBQC&pg=PA298 |isbn=90-04-13964-8 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519163304/https://books.google.com/books?id=knVwZW_ogBQC&pg=PA298 |url-status=live}} ==External links== {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aqsa Mosque, Al-}} [[Category:Al-Aqsa Mosque| ]] [[Category:8th-century mosques]] [[Category:Arabic architecture]] [[Category:Entering heaven alive]] [[Category:Establishments insyd de Rashidun Caliphate]] [[Category:Islamic shrines]] [[Category:Palestinian nationalism]] [[Category:Umayyad architecture insyd de State of Palestine]] [[Category:Fatimid architecture]] [[Category:7th-century mosques]] [[Category:20th-century attacks on mosques]] [[Category:21st-century attacks on mosques]] [[Category:2025 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] fcbvworaokc39yp31hn1evl9kulfagw 0 13789 115693 112695 2026-11-04T19:54:44Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Al-Aqsa''' (/æl ˈæksə/; Arabic: الأَقْصَى, romanized: Al-Aqṣā) anaa '''al-Masjid al-Aqṣā''' (Arabic: المسجد الأقصى) be de compound of Islamic religious buildings wey dey sit atop de Temple Mount, dem sanso know as de '''Haram al-Sharif''', insyd de Old City of Jerusalem, wey dey include de Dome of de Rock, chaw mosques den prayer halls, madrasas, zawiyas, khalwas den oda domes and religious structures, as well as de four encircling minarets. Dem consider am de third holiest site insyd [[Islam]]. De compound ein main congregational mosque anaa prayer hall be variously known as ''[[Al-Aqsa Mosque]]'', ''Qibli Mosque'' anaa ''al-Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā'', while insyd sam sources dem sanso know am as ''al-Masjid al-Aqṣā''; de wider compound be sam times known as '''Al-Aqsa Mosque compound''' so say e go avoid confusion. == Definition == [[File:Mesjid_el-Aksa_and_Jami_el-Aksa_in_the_1841_Aldrich_and_Symonds_map_of_Jerusalem_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Extract of an 1841 British map wey dey show both "Mesjid el-Aksa" (de Haram compound) den "Jami el-Aksa" (de mosque)]] De English term "Al-Aqsa Mosque" be de translation of both ''al-Masjid al-Aqṣā'' ({{lang|ar|ٱلْمَسْجِد ٱلْأَقْصَىٰ}}) den ''Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā'' ({{lang|ar|جَامِع ٱلْأَقْصَىٰ}}), wich get distinct Islamic meanings insyd Arabic.<ref name="Robinson">{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|last2=Smith|first2=E.|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine|title-link=|publisher=John Murray|year=1841|quote="The Jámi'a el-Aksa is the mosk alone; the Mesjid el-Aksa is the mosk with all the sacred enclosure and precincts, including the Dome of the Rock. Thus the words Mesjid and Jāmi'a differ in usage somewhat like the Greek ίερόν and ναός."}}</ref><ref name="Palmer">{{cite journal|author-link=|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|title=History of the Haram Es Sherif: Compiled from the Arabic Historians|journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly|volume=3|issue=3|year=1871|issn=0031-0328|doi=10.1179/peq.1871.012|pages=122–132|quote=EXCURSUS ON THE NAME MASJID EL AKSA. In order to understand the native accounts of the sacred area at Jerusalem, it is essentially necessary to keep in mind the proper application of the various names by which it is spoken of. When the Masjid el Aksa is mentioned, that name is usually supposed to refer to the well-known mosque on the south side of the Haram, but such is not really the case. The latter building is called El Jámʻi el Aksa, or simply El Aksa, and the substructures are called El Aksa el Kadímeh (the ancient Aksa), while the title El Masjid el Aksa is applied to the whole sanctuary. The word Jámi is exactly equivalent in sense to the Greek συναγωγή, and is applied to the church or building in which the worshippers congregate. Masjid, on the other hand, is a much more general term; it is derived from the verb sejada "to adore," and is applied to any spot, the sacred character of which would especially incite the visitor to an act of devotion. Our word mosque is a corruption of masjid, but it is usually misapplied, as the building is never so designated, although the whole area on which it stands may be so spoken of. The Cubbet es Sakhrah, El Aksa, Jam'i el Magharibeh, &c., are each called a Jami, but the entire Haram is a masjid. This will explain how it is that 'Omar, after visiting the churches of the Anastasis, Sion, &c., was taken to the "Masjid" of Jerusalem, and will account for the statement of Ibn el 'Asa'kir and others, that the Masjid el Aksa measured over 600 cubits in length-that is, the length of the whole Haram area. The name Masjid el Aksa is borrowed from the passage in the Coran (xvii. 1), when allusion is made to the pretended ascent of Mohammed into heaven from ·the temple of Jerusalem; "Praise be unto Him who transported His servant by night from El Masjid el Haram (i.e., 'the Sacred place of Adoration' at Mecca) to El Masjid el Aksa (i.e., 'the Remote place of Adoration' at Jerusalem), the precincts of which we have blessed," &c. The title El Aksa, "the Remote," according to the Mohammedan doctors, is applied to the temple of Jerusalem "either because of its distance from Mecca, or because it is in the centre of the earth."}}</ref> De former (''al-Masjid al-Aqṣā'') dey refer to de [[Quran]] ein ''Surah 17'' – "de farthest mosque" – traditionally dey refer to de entirety of de Temple Mount compound, while dem use de latter name (''Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā'') specifically for de silver-domed congregational mosque building. Arabic den Persian writers such as 10th-century geographer al-Muqaddasi,<ref name="MukaddasiNasir">{{cite book|last=Le Strange|first=Guy|author-link=|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin|year=1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&pg=RA1-PA94|pages=96|quote=Great confusion is introduced into the Arab descriptions of the Noble Sanctuary by the indiscriminate use of the terms Al Masjid or Al Masjid al Akså, Jami' or Jami al Aksâ; and nothing but an intimate acquaintance with the locality described will prevent a translator, ever and again, misunderstanding the text he has before him-since the native authorities use the technical terms in an extraordinarily inexact manner, often confounding the whole, and its part, under the single denomination of "Masjid." Further, the usage of various writers differs considerably on these points : Mukaddasi invariably speaks of the whole Haram Area as Al Masjid, or as Al Masjid al Aksî, "the Akså Mosque," or "the mosque," while the Main-building of the mosque, at the south end of the Haram Area, which we generally term the Aksa, he refers to as Al Mughattâ, "the Covered-part." Thus he writes "the mosque is entered by thirteen gates," meaning the gates of the Haram Area. So also "on the right of the court," means along the west wall of the Haram Area; "on the left side" means the east wall; and "at the back" denotes the northern boundary wall of the Haram Area. Nasir-i-Khusrau, who wrote in Persian, uses for the Main-building of the Aksâ Mosque the Persian word Pushish, that is, "Covered part," which exactly translates the Arabic Al Mughatta. On some occasions, however, the Akså Mosque (as we call it) is spoken of by Näsir as the Maksurah, a term used especially to denote the railed-off oratory of the Sultan, facing the Mihrâb, and hence in an extended sense applied to the building which includes the same. The great Court of the Haram Area, Nâsir always speaks of as the Masjid, or the Masjid al Akså, or again as the Friday Mosque (Masjid-i-Jum'ah).|access-date=31 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063147/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&pg=RA1-PA94|url-status=live}}</ref> 11th-century scholar Nasir Khusraw,<ref name="MukaddasiNasir" /> 12th-century geographer al-Idrisi<ref>{{cite book|last1=Idrīsī|first1=Muhammad|authorlink1=|last2=Jaubert|first2=Pierre Amédée|authorlink2=|title=Géographie d'Édrisi|publisher=à l'Imprimerie royale|year=1836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRA7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA343|language=fr|pages=343–344|quote=Sous la domination musulmane il fut agrandi, et c'est (aujourd'hui) la grande mosquée connue par les Musulmans sous le nom de Mesdjid el-Acsa مسجد الأقصى. Il n'en existe pas au monde qui l'égale en grandeur, si l'on en excepte toutefois la grande mosquée de Cordoue en Andalousie; car, d'après ce qu'on rapporte, le toit de cette mosquée est plus grand que celui de la Mesdjid el-Acsa. Au surplus, l'aire de cette dernière forme un parallelogramme dont la hauteur est de deux cents brasses (ba'a), et le base de cents quatre-vingts. La moitié de cet espace, celle qui est voisin du Mihrab, est couverte d'un toit (ou plutôt d'un dôme) en pierres soutenu par plusieurs rangs de colonnes; l'autre est à ciel ouvert. Au centre de l'édifice est un grand dôme connu sous le nom de Dôme de la roche; il fut orné d'arabesques en or et d'autres beaux ouvrages, par les soins de divers califes musulmans. Le dôme est percé de quatre portes; en face de celle qui est à l'occident, on voit l'autel sur lequel les enfants d'Israël offraient leurs sacrifices; auprès de la porte orientale est l'église nommée le saint des saints, d'une construction élégante; au midi est une chapelle qui était à l'usage des Musulmans; mais les chrétiens s'en sont emparés de vive force et elle est restée en leur pouvoir jusqu'à l'époque de la composition du présent ouvrage. Ils ont converti cette chapelle en un couvent où résident des religieux de l'ordre des templiers, c'est-à-dire des serviteurs de la maison de Dieu.|access-date=31 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063143/https://books.google.com/books?id=BRA7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA343|url-status=live}} Also at {{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=G.|last2=Willis|first2=R.|title=The Holy City: Historical, Topographical, and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem|publisher=J.W. Parker|chapter=Account of Jerusalem during the Frank Occupation, extracted from the Universal Geography of Edrisi. Climate III. sect. 5. Translated by P. Amédée Jaubert. Tome 1. pp. 341—345.|issue=v. 1|year=1849|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_sqAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA131|ref=none|access-date=31 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063201/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Holy_City/T_sqAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA3-PA131&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}</ref> den 15th-century Islamic scholar Mujir al-Din,<ref name="MujiralDin">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=George|author-link=|title=The Holy City: Historical, Topographical and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem|publisher=Parker|year=1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd07AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA151|pages=143–160|quote=The following detailed account of the Haram es-Sherif, with some interesting notices of the City, is extracted from an Arabic work entitled " The Sublime Companion to the History of Jerusalem and Hebron, by Kadi Mejir-ed-din, Ebil-yemen Abd-er-Rahman, El-Alemi," who died A. H. 927, (A. d. 1521)… "I have at the commencement called attention to the fact that the place now called by the name Aksa (i. e. the most distant), is the Mosk Jamia properly so called, at the southern extremity of the area, where is the Minbar and the great Mihrab. But in fact Aksa is the name of the whole area enclosed within the walls, the dimensions of which I have just given, for the Mosk proper Jamia, the Dome of the Rock, the Cloisters, and other buildings, are all of late construction, and Mesjid el-Aksa is the correct name of the whole area."|access-date=22 June 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062708/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd07AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA151|url-status=live}} and also {{cite book|last=von Hammer-Purgstall|first=J.F.|author-link=|title=Fundgruben des Orients|publisher=Gedruckt bey A. Schmid|volume=2|year=1811|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSowAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA240|language=fr|page=93|chapter=Chapitre vingtième. Description de la mosquée Mesdjid-ol-aksa, telle qu'elle est de nos jours, (du temps de l'auteur, au dixième siècle de l'Hégire, au seizième après J. C.)|quote=Nous avons dès le commencement appelé l'attention sur que l'endroit, auquel les hommes donnent aujourd'hui le nom d'Aksa, c'est à-dire, la plus éloignée, est la mosquée proprement dite, bâtie à l'extrêmité méridionale de l'enceinte où se trouve la chaire et le grand autel. Mais en effet Aksa est le nom de l'enceinte entière, en tant qu'elle est enfermée de murs, dont nous venons de donner la longueur et la largeur, car la mosquée proprement dite, le dôme de la roche Sakhra, les portiques et les autres bâtimens, sont tous des constructions récentes, et Mesdjidol-aksa est le véritable nom de toute l'enceinte. (Le Mesdjid des arabes répond à l'ίερόν et le Djami au ναός des grecs.)|access-date=22 June 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719062642/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSowAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Islamic Sources|journal=Journal of the Central Conference of American Rabbis|date=Fall 2000|pages=60–68|url=https://www.academia.edu/6338726|author=Mustafa Abu Sway|quote=Quoting Mujir al-Din: "Verily, ‘Al-Aqsa’ is a name for the whole mosque which is surrounded by the wall, the length and width of which are mentioned here, for the building that exists in the southern part of the Mosque, and the other ones such as the Dome of the Rock and the corridors and other [buildings] are novel"|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=29 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529020617/https://www.academia.edu/6338726/The_Holy_Land_Jerusalem_and_Al_Aqsa_Mosque_in_the_Quran_Sunnah_and_other_Islamic_Literary_Sources_i|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as 19th-century American den British Orientalists Edward Robinson, Guy Le Strange den Edward Henry Palmer explain say de term Masjid al-Aqsa dey refer to de entire esplanade plaza dem sanso know as de Temple Mount anaa Haram al-Sharif ('Noble Sanctuary') – i.e. de entire area wey dey include de Dome of the Rock, de fountains, de gates, den de four minarets – secof na none of dese buildings exist for de time na dem wrep de Quran.<ref>{{cite book|last=Le Strange|first=Guy|author-link=|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin|year=1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&pg=RA1-PA89|quote=THE AKSÀ MOSQUE. The great mosque of Jerusalem, Al Masjid al Aksà, the "Further Mosque," derives its name from the traditional Night Journey of Muhammad, to which allusion is made in the words of the Kuran (xvii. I)... the term "Mosque" being here taken to denote the whole area of the Noble Sanctuary, and not the Main-building of the Aksà only, which, in the Prophet's days, did not exist.|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxUyssIX-H4C&pg=RA1-PA89|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Strange 1887 pp. 247–305">{{cite journal|last=Strange|first=Guy le|title=Description of the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem in 1470 A.D., by Kamâl (or Shams) ad Dîn as Suyûtî|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=19|issue=2|year=1887|issn=0035-869X|jstor=25208864|pages=247–305|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00019420|s2cid=163050043|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25208864|quote=…the term Masjid (whence, through the Spanish Mezquita, our word Mosque) denotes the whole of the sacred edifice, comprising the main building and the court, with its lateral arcades and minor chapels. The earliest specimen of the Arab mosque consisted of an open courtyard, within which, round its four walls, run colonades or cloisters to give shelter to the worshippers. On the side of the court towards the Kiblah (in the direction of Mekka), and facing which the worshipper must stand, the colonade, instead of being single, is, for the convenience of the increased numbers of the congregation, widened out to form the Jami' or place of assembly… coming now to the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem, we must remember that the term 'Masjid’ belongs not only to the Aksa mosque (more properly the Jami’ or place of assembly for prayer), but to the whole enclosure with the Dome of the Rock in the middle, and all the other minor domes and chapels.}}</ref> Al-Muqaddasi refer to de southern building (de subject of dis article) as ''Al Mughattâ'' ("de covered-part") den Nasir Khusraw refer to am plus de Persian word ''Pushish'' (sanso be de "covered part," exactly as "Al Mughatta") anaa de ''Maqsurah'' (a part-for-the-whole synecdoche). During de period of Mamluk<ref>St Laurent, B., & Awwad, I. (2013). [https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=art_fac The Marwani Musalla in Jerusalem: New Findings]. ''Jerusalem Quarterly''.</ref> (1250–1517) den Ottoman rule (1517–1917), na de wider compound sanso begin say ebe popularly known as de Haram al-Sharif, anaa ''al-Ḥaram ash-Sharīf'' (), wich dey translate as de "Noble Sanctuary". E dey mirror de terminology of de [[Masjid al-Haram]] insyd [[Mecca]];<ref>{{cite book|first1=Sabri|last1=Jarrar|title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World|chapter=Suq al-Ma'rifa: An Ayyubid Hanbalite Shrine in Haram al-Sharif|editor-first=Gülru|editor-last=Necipoğlu|edition=Illustrated, annotated|publisher=Brill|year=1998|isbn=978-90-04-11084-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FG6ZlkRjD2IC&pg=PA71|page=85|quote="Al-Masjid al-Aqsa" was the standard designation for the whole sanctuary until the Ottoman period, when it was superseded by "al-Haram al-Sharif”; "al-Jami’ al-Aqsa" specifically referred to the Aqsa Mosque, the mughatta or the covered aisles, the site on which ‘Umar founded the first mosque amidst ancient ruins.}} </ref><ref>{{cite journal|author-link=|last=Grabar|first=Oleg|title=The Haram al-Sharif: An Essay in Interpretation|url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5052/original/DPC1775.pdf?1384787486|journal=Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies|series=Constructing the Study of Islamic Art|volume=2|issue=2|year=2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414045823/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5052/original/DPC1775.pdf?1384787486|archive-date=2016-04-14|quote=It is only at a relatively late date that the Muslim holy space in Jerusalem came to be referred to as al-haram al-sharif (literally, the Noble Sacred Precinct or Restricted Enclosure, often translated as the Noble Sanctuary and usually simply referred to as the Haram). While the exact early history of this term is unclear, we know that it only became common in Ottoman times, when administrative order was established over all matters pertaining to the organization of the Muslim faith and the supervision of the holy places, for which the Ottomans took financial and architectural responsibility. Before the Ottomans, the space was usually called al-masjid al-aqsa (the Farthest Mosque), a term now reserved to the covered congregational space on the Haram, or masjid bayt al-maqdis (Mosque of the Holy City) or, even, like Mecca's sanctuary, al-masjid al-ḥarâm.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Schick|editor=Khalid El-Awaisi|chapter=Geographical Terminology in Mujir al-Din's History of Jerusalem|title=Geographical Dimensions of Islamic Jerusalem|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publisher|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4438-0834-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APMYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|pages=91–106|quote=Mujir al-Din defined al-Masjid al-Aqsā as the entire compound, acknowledging that in common usage it referred to the roofed building at the south end of the compound. As he put it (1999 v.2, 45; 1973 v.2, 11), the jami' that is in the core of al-Masjid al-Aqsa at the qiblah where the Friday service takes place is known among the people as "al-Masjid al-Aqsa", and (1999 v.2, 63-64; 1973 v.2, 24) what is known among the people as "al-Aqsa" is the jami in the core of the masjid in the direction of the giblah, where the minbar and the large mihrab are. The truth of the matter is that the term "al-Aqsa" is for all of the masjid and what the enclosure walls surround. What is intended by "al-Masjid al-Aqsā" is everything that the enclosure walls surround. Mujir al-Din did not identify al-Masjid al-Aqsā by the alternative term "al-Haram al-Sharif". That term began to be used in the Mamluk period and came into more general use in the Ottoman period. He only used the term when giving the official title of the government-appointed inspector of the two noble harams of Jerusalem and Hebron (Nazir al-Haramavn al-Sharifayn). While Mujir al-Din did not explicitly discuss why the masjid of Bayt al-Magdis "is not called the haram" (1999 v.1, 70; 1973 v.1, 7), he may well have adopted the same position as Ibn Taymiyah, his fellow Hanbali in the early 14th century (Ziyarat Bayt al-Maqdis Matthews 1936, 13; Iqtida' al-Sirat al-Mustaqim Mukhalafat Ashab al-Jahim Memon 1976: 316) in rejecting the idea that al-Masjid al-Aqsa (or the tomb of Abraham in Hebron) can legitimately be called a haram, because there are only three harams (where God prohibited hunting): Makkah, Madinah, and perhaps Täif. However Mujir al-Din was not fully consistent and also used al-Masiid al-Aqsã to refer to the roofed building, as for example when he referred to al-Nasir Muhammad installing marble in al-Masjid al-Aqsà (1999 v.2, 161; 1973 v.2, 92); he used the term al-Jami al-Aqsa in the parallel passage (1999 v.2, 396; 1973 v.2, 271)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wazeri|first=Yehia Hassan|title=The Farthest Mosque or the Alleged Temple an Analytic Study|journal=Journal of Islamic Architecture|publisher=Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University|volume=2|issue=3|date=2014-02-20|issn=2356-4644|doi=10.18860/jia.v2i3.2462|s2cid=190588084|url=https://www.academia.edu/7333141|quote=Many people think that Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa is only the mosque established south of the Dome of the Rock, where the obligatory five daily prayers are performed now. Actually, Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa is a term that applies to all parts of the Masjid, including the area encompassed within the wall, such as the gates, the spacious yards, the mosque itself, the Dome of the Rock, Al-Musalla Al-Marawani, the corridors, domes, terraces, free drinking water (springs), and other landmarks, like minarets on the walls. Furthermore, the whole mosque is unroofed with the exception of the building of the Dome of the Rock and Al-Musalla Al-Jami`, which is known by the public as Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa. The remaining area, however, is a yard of the mosque. This is agreed upon by scholars and historians, and accordingly, the doubled reward for performing prayer therein is attained if the prayer is performed in any part of the area encompassed by the wall. Indeed, Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, which is mentioned in Almighty Allah's Glorious Book in the first verse of Sura Al-Isra' is the blessed place that is now called the Noble Sanctuary (Al-Haram Al-Qudsi Ash-Sharif) which is enclosed within the great fence and what is built over it. Moreover, what applies to the mosque applies by corollary to the wall encircling it, since it is part of it. Such is the legal definition of Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa. Regarding the concept (definition) of Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, Shaykh `Abdul-Hamid Al-Sa'ih, former Minister of (Religious) Endowments and Islamic Sanctuaries in Jordan said: "The term Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, for the Muslim public, denotes all that is encircled by the wall of Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, including the gates". Therefore, (the legally defined) Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa and Al-Haram Al-Qudsi Ash-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary) are two names for the same place, knowing that Al-Haram Ash-Sharif is a name that has only been coined recently.|doi-access=free}}</ref> na dis term elevate de compound to de status of Haram, wich na previously dem reserve am for de Masjid al-Haram insyd Mecca den de [[Prophet's Mosque|Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] insyd [[Medina]] per. Oda Islamic figures dispute de haram status of de site.<ref name="Reiter2">{{cite book|last=Reiter|first=Yitzhak|author-link=|title=Jerusalem and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|year=2008|isbn=978-0-230-61271-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZbFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|pages=21–23|ref=none|quote=During the Middle Ages, when the issue of Jerusalem's status was a point of controversy, the supporters of Jerusalem's importance (apparently after its liberation from Crusader control) succeeded in attributing to al-Quds or to Bayt-al-Maqdis (the Arabic names for Jerusalem) the status of haram that had been accorded to the sacred compound. The site was thus called al-Haram al-Sharif, or al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif. Haram, from an Arabic root meaning "prohibition," is a place characterized by a particularly high level of sanctity a protected place in which blood may not be shed, trees may not be felled, and animals may not be hunted. The status of haram was given in the past to the Sacred Mosque in Mecca and to the Mosque of the Prophet in al-Madina (and some also accorded this status to the Valley of Wajj in Ta'if on the Arabian Peninsula?). Thus, al-Masjid al-Aqsa became al-Haram al-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary) in order to emphasize its exalted status alongside the two other Muslim sanctuaries. Although, as noted before, Ibn-Taymiyya refuted the haram status of the Jerusalem mosque, al-Aqsa's upgrading to haram status was successful and has prevailed. It became a commonly accepted idea and one referred to in international forums and documents. It was, therefore, surprising that during the 1980s the Palestinians gradually abandoned the name that had been given to the Haram/Temple Mount compound in apparent honor of Jerusalem's status as third in sanctity – al-Haram al-Sharif – in favor of its more traditional name-al-Aqsa. An examination of relevant religious texts clarifies the situation: since the name al-Aqsa appears in the Quran, all Muslims around the world should be familiar with it; thus it is easier to market the al-Aqsa brand-name. An additional factor leading to a return to the Qur'anic name is an Israeli demand to establish a Jewish prayer space inside the open court of the compound. The increased use of the name al-Aqsa is particularly striking against the background of what is written on the Web site of the Jerusalem Waqf, under the leadership of (former) Palestinian mufti Sheikh Ikrima Sabri. There it is asserted that "al Masjid al-Aqsa was erroneously called by the name al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif," and that the site's correct name is al-Aqsa. This statement was written in the context of a fatwa in response to a question addressed to the Web site's scholars regarding the correct interpretation of the Isra' verse in the Quran (17:1), which tells of the Prophet Muhammad's miraculous Night Journey from the "Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque" – al-Aqsa. In proof of this, Sabri quotes Ibn-Taymiyya, who denied the existence of haram in Jerusalem, a claim that actually serves those seeking to undermine the city's sacred status. Sabri also states that Arab historians such as Mujir al-Din al-Hanbali, author of the famed fifteenth-century work on Jerusalem, do not make use of the term "haram" in connection with the al-Aqsa site. Both Ibn-Taymiyya and Mujir al-Din were affiliated with the Hanbali School of law-the relatively more puritan stream in Islam that prevailed in Saudi Arabia. The Hanbalies rejected innovations, such as the idea of a third haram. One cannot exclude the possibility that the Saudis, who during the 1980s and 1990s donated significant funds to Islamic institutions in Jerusalem, exerted pressure on Palestinian-Muslim figures to abandon the term "haram" in favor of "al-Aqsa". The "al-Aqsa" brand-name has thus become popular and prevalent. Al-Haram al-Sharif is still used by official bodies (the Organization of the Islamic Conference [OIC], the Arab League), in contrast to religious entities. The public currently uses the two names interchangeably. During the last generation, increasing use has been made of the term "al-Aqsa" as a symbol and as the name of various institutions and organizations. Thus, for example, the Jordanian military periodical that has been published since the early 1970s is called al-Aqsa; the Palestinian police unit established by the PA in Jericho is called the Al-Aqsa Division; the Fatah's armed organization is called the Al-Aqsa Brigades; the Palestinian Police camp in Jericho is called the Al-Aqsa Camp; the Web sites of the southern and northern branches of the Islamic movement in Israel and the associations that they have established are called al-Aqsa; the Intifada that broke out in September 2000 is called the al-Aqsa Intifada and the Arab summit that was held in the wake of the Intifada's outbreak was called the al-Aqsa Summit. These are only a few examples of a growing phenomenon.}}</ref> Na usage of de name Haram al-Sharif by local Palestinians wane insyd recent decades, in favor of de traditional name of Al-Aqsa Mosque. == History == === Umayyad period === [[File:SWqanatirTempleMount.JPG|thumb|Southwest ''qanatir'' (arches) of de Al-Aqsa. Qubat al-Nahawiyya sanso be partially visible to de right.]] Insyd 637, de Rashidun Caliphate under Umar, de father-in-law of de Islamic prophet Muhammad, besiege den capture Jerusalem from de Byzantine Empire. Der be no contemporary records, buh chaw traditions, about de origin of de main Islamic buildings for de Temple Mount.<ref name="BahatAtlas">{{cite book|author=Dan Bahat|title=The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedatlas0000baha|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1990|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedatlas0000baha/page/81 81]–82}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Andreas Kaplony|title=Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem's Sacred Esplanade|editor=Oleg Grabar and Benjamin Z. Kedar|chapter=635/638–1099: The Mosque of Jerusalem (Masjid Bayt al-Maqdis)|publisher=Yad Ben-Zvi Press|year=2009|pages=100–131}}</ref> Na a popular account from later centuries be say na dem lead Umar to de place reluctantly by de Christian patriarch Sophronius.<ref name="PetersJ">{{cite book|author=F. E. Peters|title=Jerusalem|url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemholycit00pete|url-access=registration|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1985|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jerusalemholycit00pete/page/186 186–192]|isbn=978-0-691-07300-2}}</ref> Na he find am dem cover am plus rubbish, buh na dem find de sacred Rock plus de help of a Jew wey convert, Ka'b al-Ahbar. Al-Ahbar advise Umar make he build a mosque to de north of de rock, so say worshippers go face both de rock den Mecca, buh instead Umar choose make he build am to de south of de rock. E cam be known as al-Aqsa Mosque. According to Muslim sources, na Jews participate insyd de construction of de haram, wey dem dey lay de groundwork for both al-Aqsa den de Dome of de Rock mosques.<ref>Yehoshua Frenkel, 'Jerusalem', in Abdelwahab Meddeb, Benjamin Stora (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wbg1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 ''A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day,''] Princeton University Press, 2013 p.108.</ref> De first known eyewitness testimony be dat of de pilgrim Arculf wey visit about 670. According to Arculf ein account as Adomnán record, na he see a rectangular wooden house of prayer dem build over sam ruins, large enough make e hold 3,000 people.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Wilkinson|title=Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusades|year=2002|page=170}}</ref> [[File:Jerusalem_Tempelberg_BW_1.JPG|thumb|De main mosque prayer hall along de southern wall of Al-Aqsa]] === Abbasid period === Na de Abbasids generally exhibit little interest insyd Jerusalem, though de historian Shelomo Dov Goitein dey notes dem "paid special tribute" to de city during de early part of dema rule, wey Grabar dey assert dat de early Abbasids dema work for de mosque dey suggest "a major attempt to assert Abbasid sponsorship of holy places". Nevertheless, for contrast to de Umayyad period, maintenance of de al-Aqsa Mosque during Abbasid rule often cam for de initiative of de local Muslim community, rather dan from de caliph. De second Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur (r. 754–775), visit Jerusalem insyd 758, for ein return from de [[Hajj]] pilgrimage to Mecca. Na he find de structures for de Haram in ruins from de 746 earthquake, wey dey include de al-Aqsa Mosque. According to de tradition wey Mujir al-Din cite, na dem beseech de caliph by de city ein Muslim residents make he fund de buildings dema restoration. For response, na he get de gold den silver plaques wey dey cover de mosque ein doors dem convert go dinars den dirhams make he finance de reconstruction. === Fatimid period === [[File:Interior_of_the_Al-Aksa_mosque,_Jerusalem._Chromolithograph_Wellcome_V0050126.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century chromolithograph of de prayer hall ein interior. De mosaic designs for de drum of de dome, de pendentives, den de archway in front of de ''mihrab'' date from de mid-11th-century Fatimid reconstruction]] Insyd 970, de Egypt-based Fatimid Caliphate conquer Palestine from de Ikhshidids, nominal allegiants of de Abbasids. Unlike de Abbasids den de Muslim inhabitants of Jerusalem, wey na dem be Sunnis, de Fatimids follow Shia Islam insyd ein Isma'ili form. Insyd 1033, anoda earthquake severely damage de mosque. De Fatimid caliph al-Zahir (r. 1021–1036) make dem reconstruct de mosque between 1034 deb 1036, though na dem no plete de til 1065, during de reign of Caliph al-Mustansir (r. 1036–1094). Na de new mosque be considerably smaller, dem reduce from fifteen aisles to seven, probably a reflection of de local population ein significant decline by dis time.Dey exclude de two aisles for each side of de central nave, na dem make up each aisle of eleven arches wey dey run perpendicular to de ''qibla''. Na de central nave be twice de breadth of de oda aisles wey e get a gabled roof plus a dome.Na de mosque likely lack de side doors of ein predecessor. [[File:Lazhar_Neftien_Aqsa_27.jpg|thumb|Caliph al-Zahir ein inscription above de ''mihrab'']] === Crusader/Ayyubid/Mamluk period === [[File:Baldwin_II_ceeding_the_Temple_of_Salomon_to_Hugues_de_Payens_and_Gaudefroy_de_Saint-Homer.jpg|thumb|Baldwin II of Jerusalem, wey dey assign de captured Al-Aqsa to Hugues de Payens den Godfrey]] Na de Crusaders capture Jerusalem insyd 1099, during de First Crusade. Na dem name de mosque ''Templum Solomonis'' (Solomon's Temple), wey dem distinguish am from de Dome of de Rock, wich na dem name ''Templum Domini'' (Temple of God). While na dem turn de Dome of de Rock into a Christian church under de care of de Augustinians,<ref name="Pringle403">Pringle, 1993, p. 403.</ref> na dem use de Qibli mosque as a royal palace wey e sanso be as a stable give horses. Insyd 1119, na de Crusader king accommodate de headquarters of de Knights Templar next to ein palace within de building.<ref name="auto1">Boas, 2001, p. 91.</ref> Na dis be probably by Baldwin II of Jerusalem den Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem for de Council of Nablus insyd January 1120.<ref>{{cite web|last=Selwood|first=Dominic|title=Birth of the Order|url=http://www.dominicselwood.com/birth-of-the-order/|access-date=20 April 2013|archive-date=17 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217105335/http://www.dominicselwood.com/birth-of-the-order/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During dis period, na de building undergo sam structural changes, wey dey include de expansion of ein northern porch, den de addition of an apse den a dividing wall. Na dem sanso build a new cloister den church for de site, along plus various oda structures. De Templars construct vaulted western den eastern annexes to de building; de western currently dey serve as de women's mosque den de eastern as de Islamic Museum.<ref name="Nusseibeh">Ma'oz, Moshe and Nusseibeh, Sari. (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9evpVS_ackwC&pg=PA137 Jerusalem: Points of Friction, and Beyond]'' BRILL. pp. 136–138. {{ISBN|90-411-8843-6}}.</ref> De Temple Mount get a mystique secof ebe above wat na dem believe to be de ruins of de Temple of Solomon.<ref name="HC">The History Channel, ''Decoding the Past: The Templar Code'', 7 November 2005, video documentary written by Marcy Marzuni.</ref><ref>Barber, ''The New Knighthood'', p. 7.</ref> [[File:Saladin_Minbar-Aqsa.JPG|right|thumb|De doors of de Saladin Minbar, early 1900s. Na dem build de ''minbar'' for Nur al-Din ein orders, but Saladin wey install am]] === Early modern period === [[File:Jerusalem_Al_Aqsa_Moschee_um_1900.jpg|thumb|De front view of de main prayer hall insyd 1900]] After de Ottomans assume power insyd 1517, dem no undertake any major renovations anaa repairs to de mosque einself, buh dem do to de Noble Sanctuary as a whole. Na dis include dem build de Fountain of Qasim Pasha (1527), wey dem restore de Pool of Raranj, wey dem build three free-standing domes—de most notable be de Dome of de Prophet dem build insyd 1538. Na all construction be ordered by de Ottoman governors of Jerusalem wey e no be de sultans demaselves.<ref name="AG07">[http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Al-Aqsa Guide] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081006175930/http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Archived] 6 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Friends of Al-Aqsa 2007.</ref> Na de sultans make additions to existing minarets, however. Insyd 1816, na de mosque be restored by Governor Sulayman Pasha al-Adil after na e be insyd a dilapidated state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pappe|first=Ilan|title=The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Huyaynis 1700 – 1948|date=2012|publisher=Saqi Books|isbn=978-0-86356-801-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzshBQAAQBAJ|chapter=Chapter 2: In the Shadow of Acre and Cairo: The Third Generation|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715070725/https://books.google.com/books?id=WzshBQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> === British Mandate period === Between 1922 den 1924, na dem restore de Dome of de Rock den Qibli Mosque by de Supreme Muslim Council,<ref name=":1">[http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/islam_restoration.html "Hashemite Restorations of the Islamic Holy Places in Jerusalem"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080223104713/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/islam_restoration.html Archived] 2008-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, Jordanian government website.</ref> under Amin al-Husayni (de Grand Mufti of Jerusalem), wey commission [[Turkey|Turkish]] architect Ahmet Kemalettin Bey make he restore al-Aqsa Mosque den de monuments insyd ein precincts. De council sanso commission British architects, Egyptian engineering experts den local officials make dem contribute to den oversee de repairs den additions wich na dem carry out insyd 1924–25 by Kemalettin. De renovations include reinforcing de mosque ein ancient Umayyad foundations, wey dey rectify de interior columns, wey dey replace de beams, wey dey erect a scaffolding, wey dey conserve de arches den drum of de main dome ein interior, wey dey rebuild de southern wall, den dey replace timber insyd de central nave plus a slab of concrete. De renovations sanso reveal Fatimid-era mosaics den inscriptions for de interior arches wey na ebe covered plus plasterwork. Na dem decorate de arches plus gold den green-tinted gypsum wey na dem replace dema timber tie beams plus brass. Na dem sanso carefully renew a quarter of de stained glass windows also so as make e preserve dema original Abbasid den Fatimid designs.<ref name="Yuvaz149-153">Yuvaz, 1996, pp.&nbsp;149–153.</ref> === After 1948 === [[File:King_Hussein_flying_over_Temple_Mount_when_it_was_under_Jordanian_control.jpg|thumb|King Hussein wey dey fly over Al-Aqsa wen na de West Bank dey under Jordanian control, 1965]] Since 1948, na de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound dey under de custodianship of de Hashemite rulers of Jordan, dem administer thru de Jerusalem Waqf, de current version of wich na ebe instituted by Jordan after ein conquest den occupation of de West Bank, wey dey include East Jerusalem, during de 1948 war.<ref name="Sachar">{{cite book|last=Sachar|first=Howard M.|title=A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=2013|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-8041-5049-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X4BAAAAQBAJ|access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref> De Jerusalem Waqf remain under Jordanian control after Israel occupy de Old City of Jerusalem during de Six-Day War of June 1967, though control over access to de site pass to Israel. Jordan undertake two renovations of de Dome of de Rock, wey dey replace de leaking, wooden inner dome plus an aluminum dome insyd 1952, den, wen de new dome leak, dem carry out a second restoration between 1959 den 1964.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:Al_aqsa_moschee_2.jpg|thumb|De prayer hall (Al Aqsa Mosque / Al Qibli mosque) dome insyd 1982, dem cover insyd aluminum den visibly silver, wey dey follow de 1969 fire, rather dan de original grey lead]] == Buildings den architecture == De entire precinct anaa courtyard (''sahn'') of de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound fi host more dan 400,000 worshippers, wey dey make am one of de largest mosques insyd de world.<ref name="Prawer">{{cite book|last1=Prawer|first1=P.M.H.J.|last2=Prawer|first2=J.|last3=Ben-Shammai|first3=H.|author4=Yad Yitsḥaḳ Ben-Tsevi|author5=Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim|title=The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638–1099)|publisher=NYU Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8147-6639-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qQUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|access-date=2022-05-31|page=81|quote=... The Temple Mount, al-Haram al-Sharif, is a large esplanade (sahn in Arabic) ...}}</ref><ref name="NG">{{cite book|author=National Geographic Society (U.S.)|last2=de Blij|first2=H.J.|last3=Downs|first3=R.|author4=John Wiley & Sons|title=Wiley/National Geographic College Atlas of the World|publisher=Wiley|year=2007|isbn=978-0-471-74117-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPQ5AQAAIAAJ|access-date=2022-06-15|page=49|quote=Al 'Aqsa is the second oldest mosque in Islam after the Kaaba in Mecca and is third in holiness after the mosques in Mecca and Medina. It holds up to 400,000 worshippers at one time.}}</ref> De compound dey comprise chaw buildings, wey dey include de Dome of de Rock, Qibli Mosque, four encircling minarets, various oda domed shrines den de entry gates. === Dome of de Rock === [[File:Palestine-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg|thumb|De Dome of de Rock]] De Dome of de Rock be de gold-domed Islamic shrine for de center of de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound. Na ein initial construction be undertaken by de Umayyad Caliphate for de orders of Abd al-Malik during de Second Fitna insyd 691–692 CE. De original dome collapse insyd 1015 wey na dem rebuild am insyd 1022–23. De Dome of de Rock be de world ein oldest surviving work of Islamic architecture,<ref name="Ahmed Sonn 2010 p. 229">{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=A.S.|last2=Sonn|first2=T.|title=The SAGE Handbook of Islamic Studies|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4739-7168-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qihRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT229|quote=Questions of visual domination and conversion were among the important factors in the construction of the oldest surviving Islamic monument, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.|page=229}}</ref><ref name="George 2010 p.">{{cite book|last=George|first=A.|title=The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy|publisher=Saqi|year=2010|isbn=978-0-86356-673-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpxEAQAAIAAJ|quote=The answer to this question begins with the oldest surviving Islamic monument : the Dome of the Rock|page=60}}</ref> wey na dem model ein architecture den mosaics after nearby Byzantine churches den palaces,<ref name="avner43">{{cite book|last=Avner|first=Rina|year=2010|chapter=The Dome of the Rock in light of the development of concentric martyria in Jerusalem|title=Muqarnas|volume=27: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World|publisher=Brill|place=Leiden|isbn=978-900418511-1|pages=31–50 [43–44]|jstor=25769691|chapter-url=https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/9484/original/DTP101967.pdf?1396907242|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325025745/https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/9484/original/DTP101967.pdf?1396907242|url-status=dead}}</ref> although na dem change ein outsyd appearance significantly during de Ottoman period den again insyd de modern period, notably plus de addition of de gold-plated roof, insyd 1959–61 den again insyd 1993. De octagonal plan of de structure fi be influenced by de Byzantine-era Church of de Seat of Mary (dem sanso know as ''Kathisma'' insyd Greek den ''al-Qadismu'' insyd Arabic), wich na dem build between 451 den 458 for de road between Jerusalem den Bethlehem. De dome dey sit on a slightly raised platform access by eight staircases, each of wich dem top by a free-standing arcade dem know insyd Arabic as de ''qanatir'' anaa ''mawazin''. Na dem erect de arcades insyd different periods from de 10th to 15th centuries.<ref name=":21"/> ==== Architecture ==== [[File:Dehio_10_Dome_of_the_Rock_Section.jpg|thumb|Cross section of de Dome (print from 1887, after de first detailed drawings of de Dome, wey de English artist Frederick Catherwood make insyd 1833).]] De Dome of de Rock ein structure be basically octagonal. Dem cap am for ein centre by a dome, approximately {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} for diameter insyd, dem mount for an elevated circular drum wey dey stand for 16 supports (4 tiers den 12 columns).<ref name="BRIT">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030854/Dome-of-the-Rock|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Dome of the Rock|access-date=4 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615131142/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030854/Dome-of-the-Rock|archive-date=15 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Surrounding dis circle be an octagonal arcade of 24 piers den columns. De octagonal arcade den de inner circular drum create an inner ambulatorium wey dey encircle de holy rock. De outer walls sanso be octagonal. Dem each dey measure approximately {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} wide den {{convert|36|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} high. De outer dem inner octagon create a second, outer ambulatorium wey dey surround de inner one. Both de circular drum den de exterior walls dey contain chaw windows. ==== Encircling archways ==== [[File:Al-Haram_ash-Sharif._Temple_mount._-_9033987228.jpg|thumb|A view of de southeastern wey dey look inwards towards de Dome of de Rock]] Surrounding de Dome of de Rock, for de top of each of de eight flights of stairs up onto de platform for wich e dey tap, be eight freestanding sets of archways dem call "Al-Mawazin", each be supported by 2 to 4 columns, dem set between two pilasters. E be likely dat sam of de archways dey date back to de period of de construction of de Dome of de Rock wey na dem fi be an integral part of ein initial construction plan. For particular, dem dey think say de four arcades wey dey face de four entrances dem build at de same time as de dome.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonzalez-Quijano|first=Yves|date=2010-09-01|title=Jérusalem, capitale " éternelle et indivisible " de la culture arabe?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.4488|journal=Méditerranée|issue=114|pages=131–133|doi=10.4000/mediterranee.4488|issn=0025-8296}}</ref> === Al-Aqsa/Qibli Mosque === [[File:Dome_of_the_Al-Aqsa_Mosque_(20160).jpg|thumb|De silver-colored dome dey consist of lead sheeting]] De [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] anaa Qibli Mosque be de main congregational mosque prayer hall of de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound, plus capacity for around 5,000 worshippers. Na dem destroy am den rebuild am chaw times. ==== Facade ==== [[File:Al-Aqsa_Mosque_(Temple_Mount,_Jerusalem,_2008).jpg|thumb|De facade of de prayer hall. Na ebe constructed by de Fatimids, then ebe expanded by de Crusaders, de Ayyubids den de Mamluks]] Na dem build de facade of de mosque insyd 1065 CE for de instructions of de Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah. Na dem crown am plus a balustrade wey dey consist of arcades den small columns. De Crusaders damage de facade, buh na ebe restored den renovated by de Ayyubids. Na one addition be de covering of de facade plus tiles.<ref name="Nusseibeh"/> De second-hand material of de facade ein arches dey include sculpted, ornamental material dem take from Crusader structures insyd Jerusalem.<ref>Hillenbrand, Carolle. (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC&pg=PA382 The Crusades: The Islamic Perspective]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20200715042920/https://books.google.com/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC&pg=PA382 Archived] 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Routeledge, p. 382 {{ISBN|0-415-92914-8}}.</ref> De facade dey consist of fourteen stone arches,<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem|publisher=Atlas Travel and Tourist Agency|url=http://www.atlastours.net/holyland/al_aqsa_mosque.html|access-date=29 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726195105/http://www.atlastours.net/holyland/al_aqsa_mosque.html|archive-date=26 July 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> chaw of wich be of a Romanesque style. De outer arches dem add by de Mamluks dey follow de same general design. De entrance to de mosque be thru de facade ein central arch.<ref name="SD">[http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/jerusalem-al-aqsa-mosque.htm Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724183611/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/jerusalem-al-aqsa-mosque.htm Archived] 24 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine Sacred Destinations.</ref> ==== Interior ==== [[File:Al_Aqsa_(6888221391).jpg|thumb|Interior decoration of de prayer hall ein main dome]] De al-Aqsa Mosque get seven aisles of hypostyle naves plus chaw additional small halls to de west den east of de southern section of de building.<ref name="ADL36">[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=36 Al-Aqsa Mosque] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090103022822/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=36 Archived] 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.</ref> Der be 121 stained glass windows insyd de mosque from de Abbasid den Fatimid eras. Na dem restore about a fourth of dem insyd 1924.<ref name="Yuvaz149-153">Yuvaz, 1996, pp.&nbsp;149–153.</ref> De spandrels of de arch opposite de main entrance dey include a mosaic decoration den inscription wey dey date back to Fatimid period.<ref name="Islam p.151">The Encyclopaedia of Islam; By H. A. R. Gibb, E. van Donzel, P. J. Bearman, J. van Lent; p.151</ref> ==== Minbar ==== [[File:El_Aksa_(i.e.,_al-Aqsa)_Mosque._Cedar_pulpit_&_mihrab_LOC_matpc.03246_(cropped_and_retouched).jpg|thumb|View of de minbar insyd de 1930s]] Na de ''minbar'' of de mosque be built by a craftsman dem name Akhtarini from Aleppo for de orders of de Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din. Na dem intend am say e be a gift for de mosque wen Nur ad-Din go capture Jerusalem from de Crusaders wey e take six years make dem build (1168–74). Nur ad-Din die wey de Crusaders still controll Jerusalem, buh insys 1187, Saladin capture de city wey na dem install de ''minbar''. Na dem make de structure of ivory den carefully crafted wood. Na dem inscribe Arabic calligraphy, geometrical den floral designs insyd de woodwork.<ref name="Oweis">Oweis, Fayeq S. (2002) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UjQAnCS1ongC&pg=PA115 The Elements of Unity in Islamic Art as Examined Through the Work of Jamal Badran]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20200715044121/https://books.google.com/books?id=UjQAnCS1ongC&pg=PA115 Archived] 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Universal-Publishers, pp. 115–117. {{ISBN|1-58112-162-8}}.</ref> === Al-Marwani Mosque === De Marwani Mosque be anoda Islamic prayer hall wey situate insyd a large vaulted space beneath de main level of de southeastern corner of de compound, buh still above de bedrock den within de enclosing walls of de Temple Mount. E be colloquially known as Solomon's Stables.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://campsci.com/museum/images/46e.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020719023533/http://campsci.com/museum/images/46e.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-07-19|title=Photograph of King Solomon's Stables|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> De mosque dey consist of three hallways, de first of wich dey act as de main entrance, de second hallway wich dey serve as de prayer hall plus room for 4,000 worshippers, den a third wich be closed off plus stone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Ghosheh, M. Hashim.|title=Guide to the Masjid al-Aqsa; an Architectural and Historical Guide to the Islamic Monuments in the Masjid al-Aqsa.|publisher=Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs.|year=2005}}</ref> De whole structure be supported by 16 stone columns wey ebe de largest roofed space within de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound. De Jerusalem Islamic Waqf acquire a permit make dem use Solomon's Stables insyd 1996 as an alternative place of worship for occasional rainy days of de holy month of [[Ramadan]].<ref name="Gonen2003">{{cite book|author=Rivka Gonen|title=Contested Holiness: Jewish, Muslim, and Christian Perspectives on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem|url=https://archive.org/details/contestedholines00rivk|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|isbn=978-0-88125-799-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/contestedholines00rivk/page/167 167]–169}}</ref> === Oda domed structures === [[File:Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Ascension_04.jpg|thumb|Dome of de Ascension of [[Muhammad]]]] ==== Dome of de Ascension ==== De Dome of the Ascension be a free-standing domed structure dem build by de Umayyads wey dey stand just north de Dome of de Rock wey dey commemorate de Islamic Prophet [[Muhammad]] ein ascension (''al-Miʿrāj'') to heaven, according to Islamic tradition.<ref name=":15234415">{{Cite web|title=Temple Mount, Dome of Ascension / The Qubbat al-Miraj|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.15234415|website=JSTOR|last1=Abbasids|first1=Originally Built by the Ummayads or the|last2=Current Edifice Was Built By The Ayyubid Governor Of Jerusalem|first2=Izz ad-Din az-Zanjili}}</ref> Na de original edifice be probably built by either de Umayyads anaa de Abbasids (samtime between 7th-10th centuries),<ref name=":15234415"/> while na de current edifice be built by de Ayyubid governor of Jerusalem, Izz ad-Din az-Zanjili,<ref name="t048_qub_al">{{cite web|title=Qubbat al-Miʿraj|url=http://i2ud.org/j/html3/monuments/sites/t048_qub_al/|website=Institute for International Urban Development (I2UD)|access-date=2023-08-09|archive-date=2022-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602125455/http://i2ud.org/j/html3/monuments/sites/t048_qub_al/|url-status=dead}}</ref> insyd 1200 anaa 1201 (during Sultan Al-Adil I ein reign de bro of Saladin Al-Ayyubi<ref name="auto5">Al-Jallad, I. (2017). معالم المسجد الأقصى تحت المجهر [Al-Aqsa Mosque landmarks under the microscope]. Baytul Maqdis Center for Literature.</ref>). An Arabic inscription date to 1200 anaa 1201 (597 AH) wey dey describe am as renovated<ref name=":21"/><ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last=Bahat|first=Dan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qQUCgAAQBAJ&dq=jerusalem+temple+mount+dome+of+the+ascension&pg=PA86|title=The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638-1099)|publisher=New York University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8147-6639-2|editor-last=Prawer|editor-first=Joshua|pages=86|language=en|editor-last2=Ben-Shammai|editor-first2=Haggai}}</ref> den rededicated as a waqf.<ref name="PawerJerusalem">{{cite book|last1=Pawer|first1=Jonathan|title=The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638-1099)|date=1996|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0814766390|page=86}}</ref><ref name="Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore, Jerusalem: The Biography, p. 276.</ref> Na de dome no exist insyd de Crusader era, as na e no be described by Crusader travelers during dema visit to de mosque during de Crusader occupation period, wey na der be no mention of de presence of a dome west of de Dome of de Rock.<ref>وصف الأماكن المقدسة في فلسطين للرحالة الألماني ثيودريش [Description of the Holy Places in Palestine by the German traveler Theodoric] (S. Al-Bishawy & R. Shaheen, Trans.). (2003). Dar Al-Shorok for publication and distribution.</ref> De Ayyubid inscription dey talk about rebuilding a dome after ein disappearance, guided by de information dem find insyd history books,<ref name="auto5">Al-Jallad, I. (2017). معالم المسجد الأقصى تحت المجهر [Al-Aqsa Mosque landmarks under the microscope]. Baytul Maqdis Center for Literature.</ref> plus de use of sam Crusader materials.<ref name=":15234415"/><ref name="tika2013">{{Cite web|date=2013|title=Al-Aqsa Mosque al-Haram ash-Sharif|url=https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/TANITIM%20BRO%C5%9E%C3%9CRLER%C4%B0/PDF/Haram-Ash-sharief-Final-En_2013.pdf|url-status=live|website=TİKA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612224506/http://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/TANITIM%20BRO%C5%9E%C3%9CRLER%C4%B0/PDF/Haram-Ash-sharief-Final-En_2013.pdf|archive-date=2017-06-12}}</ref><ref name="auto5" /> [[File:Palestine-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Chain_(south_exposure).jpg|left|thumb|De Dome of de Chain]] ==== Dome of de Chain ==== De Dome of de Chain be a free-standing domed structure wey locate adjacently east of de Dome of de Rock, den ein exact historical use den significance be a matter of scholarly debate, buh historical sources dey indicate na dem build am under de reign of Abd al-Malik, de same Umayyad caliph wey build de Dome of de Rock.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosen-Ayalon|first=Myriam|date=1989|title=The Early Islamic Monuments of Al-Ḥaram Al-Sharīf: An Iconographic Study|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43588798|journal=Qedem|volume=28|pages=III–73|jstor=43588798|issn=0333-5844}}</ref> Dem erect am insyd 691–92 CE,<ref name="Pringle">Pringle (1993), pp. 182–185</ref> de Dome of de Chain be one of de oldest surviving structures for de al-Aqsa Mosque compound.<ref name="Archnet2">Archnet: ''Qubba al-Silsila''</ref> Na ebe built by de Umayyads, wey e cam turn a Christian chapel under de Crusaders, before dem restore am as an Islamic prayer house by de Ayyubids. Na ebe then renovated by de Mamluks, Ottomans den de Jordanian-based ''waqf''. [[File:Palestine-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Chain-Mihrab.jpg|right|thumb|De ''mihrab'']] De building dey consist of a domed structure plus two concentric open arcades, plus no lateral walls wey dey close insyd am. De dome, wey dey rest on a hexagonal drum, dem make am of timber wey ebe supported by six columns wich togeda dey create de inner arcade. De second, outer row of eleven columns dey create an eleven-sided outer arcade. De ''qibla'' wall dey contain de ''mihrab'' anaa prayer niche wey ebe flanked by two smaller columns.<ref name="Pringle">Pringle (1993), pp. 182–185</ref> Der be a total of seventeen columns insyd de structure, wey dey exclude de ''mihrab''.<ref name="OConnor">Murphy-O'Connor (2008), p. 97</ref> [[File:Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_al-Khalili.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Dome of al-Khalili]] ==== Dome of al-Khalili ==== De Dome of al-Khalili be a small domed-building wey locate north of de Dome of de Rock. Na dem build de Dome of al-Khalili insyd de early 18th century during Ottoman rule of Palestine for dedication to Shaykh Muhammad al-Khalili, a scholar of fiqh wey die insyd 1734.<ref>[http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Al-Aqsa Guide] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081006175930/http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Archived] October 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Al-Aqsa Friends 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=object;ISL;pa;Mus01;39;en|title=Cloak belonging to Sheikh Muhammad al-Khalili|work=Discover Islamic Art|publisher=Museum With No Frontiers|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref> [[File:Dome_of_the_Prophet_(Temple_Mount,_2008).jpg|left|thumb|De Dome of de Prophet]] ==== Dome of de Prophet ==== De Dome of de Prophet be a free-standing dome wey locate for de northwest part of de elevated platform wer de Dome of de Rock dey stand near de Dome of de Ascension.<ref name="Kaplony">{{cite book|last=Kaplony|first=Andreas|title=The Ḥaram of Jerusalem (324-1099): Temple, Friday Mosque, Area of Spiritual Power|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|year=2002|isbn=978-3515079013|location=Zurich|pages=84}}</ref> [[File:ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Tablets_(Spirits).jpg|thumb|Dome of de spirits]] ==== Dome of de Spirits ==== De Dome of de Spirits, anaa possibly "Dome of de Winds", be a small dome wey dey stand to de north of de Dome of de Rock wey ebe dated to de 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goldhill|first=Simon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5svEAAAQBAJ&dq=jerusalem+qubbat+al-arwah&pg=PA348|title=Jerusalem: City of Longing|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-674-26385-7|pages=110|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite book|last=Murphy-O'Connor|first=Jerome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKIUDAAAQBAJ|title=The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-923666-4|pages=98|language=en}}</ref> E fi be associated plus de proximity of de Well of Souls, wer, according to legend, de souls of de dead go be gathered for prayer for de day of judgment. Na dem probably build am during Umayyad period secof Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadani (3-4H/9-10th century) insyd ein Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan mention dat na der be a dome insyd al-Aqsa enclave dem call Kubbat Jibril (Dome of Gabriel). Wey na dem bell am Kubbat al-Ruh den Kubbat al-Arvah (Dome of de Spirits). Na dem probably rebuild am during de 10th century AH/16th century AC during de Ottoman period.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hadi|first=Mahdi Abdul|date=2013|title=Al-Aqsa Mosque Al-Haram Ash-Sharif.|url=https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/TANITIM%20BRO%C5%9E%C3%9CRLER%C4%B0/PDF/Haram-Ash-sharief-Final-En_2013.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612224506/http://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/TANITIM%20BRO%C5%9E%C3%9CRLER%C4%B0/PDF/Haram-Ash-sharief-Final-En_2013.pdf|archive-date=2017-06-12|access-date=|website=Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, PASSIA. (Supported by TİKA)}}</ref> [[File:Israel-2013-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_Yusuf_01.jpg|left|thumb|De Dome of Yusuf]] ==== Dome of Yusuf ==== De Dome of Yusuf be a free-standing domed structure wey Saladin (born Yusuf) build insyd de 12th century, wey na dem renovate am chaw times.<ref name="Hillenbrand">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC&q=%22dome+of+joseph%22+jerusalem&pg=PA191|title=The Crusades: Islamic perspectives|author=Carole Hillenbrand|edition=Illustrated, reprint, annotated|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=978-0-415-92914-1|page=191|quote=a monumental inscription dated 587(AH)/1191 in [Saladin's] name on the Dome of Joseph [Qubbat Yusuf] on the Haram esplanade: 'the victorious king, the probity of this world and of [true] religion, the Sultan of Islam and of the Muslims, the servant of the two noble sanctuaries and of Jerusalem.'}}</ref><ref name="Gulru">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FG6ZlkRjD2IC&q=%22qubbat+yusuf%22+jerusalem&pg=PA73|page=73|title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World|first=Gülru|last=Necipoğlu|author-link=|edition=Illustrated, annotated|publisher=BRILL|year=1998|isbn=978-90-04-11084-7}}</ref><ref name="Ayalon">{{cite book|page=97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7CfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22qubbat+yusuf%22+%22renovated+several+times%22|title=Islamic art and archaeology in Palestine|author=Myriam Rosen-Ayalon|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Left Coast Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-59874-064-6}}</ref> E dey bear inscriptions from de 12th den 17th centuries: one date 1191 insyd Saladin ein name, den two dey mention Yusuf Agha, possibly a governor of Jerusalem anaa a eunuch insyd de Ottoman imperial palace.<ref name="ADL">[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5266 Qubbat Yusuf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805051948/http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5266 Archived] August 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.</ref><ref name="FA07">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081006175930/http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Al-Aqsa Guide] Friends of al-Aqsa 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081220121813/http://www.aqsa.org.uk/MULTIMEDIA/AlAqsaGuide/tabid/82/language/en-GB/Default.aspx Archived] December 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine</ref> [[File:ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_Yusuf_Agha.jpg|thumb|De Dome of Yusuf Agha]] ==== Dome of Yusuf Agha ==== De Dome of Yusuf Agha be a small square building insyd de courtyard between de Islamic Museum den [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] (al-Qibli). Na dem build am insyd 1681 wey e dey commemorate Yusuf Agha, wey sanso endow de Dome of Yusuf,<ref name="t194_qubbat_yusuf">{{cite web|title=Qubbat Yusuf Agha|url=http://i2ud.org/j/html3/monuments/sites/t194_qubbat_yusuf-agha/|website=Institute for International Urban Development (I2UD)|access-date=2023-08-09|archive-date=2022-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425055845/http://i2ud.org/j/html3/monuments/sites/t194_qubbat_yusuf-agha/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hillenbrand|first=Robert|editor1-last=Auld|editor1-first=Sylvia|title=Ottoman Jerusalem|date=2000|publisher=British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem|location=London|isbn=978-1-901435-03-0|page=16|url=https://www.academia.edu/33221398|quote=[…] two structures erected by Yusuf Agha in 1681 – the Qubbat Yusuf (an open-plan aedicule) and the Qubbat Yusuf Agha (a closed domed square) — clearly suggest that, despite the identical terminology, different forms connoted different functions in Jerusalem at that time.}}</ref> a smaller den more intricate-looking structure about {{convert|120|m}} to de north. Na dem convert am insyd de 1970s into a ticket office.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pilgrimage, Sciences and Sufism|date=2013|publisher=Museum with No Frontiers|isbn=978-3-902782-11-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTrdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT59|quote=the Haram al-Sharif is free, but an entrance fee is charged for visiting the Dome of the Rock, the Jami'a Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Islamic Museum. Tickets can be purchased with local currency from the kiosk outside the Islamic Museum}}</ref> ==== Oda examples ==== Insyd de southwest corner of de upper platform be a quadrangular structure wich dey include a portion dem top by anoda dome. Ebe known as de Dome of Literature (''Qubba Nahwiyya'' insyd Arabic) wey dey date to 1208.<ref name=":21"/> Dey stand further east, close to one of de southern entrance arcades, be a stone ''minbar'' dem know as de "Summer Pulpit" anaa Minbar of Burhan al-Din, dem use for open-air prayers. E dey appear to be an older ciborium from de Crusader period, as dem attest by ein sculptural decoration, wich na then dem reuse under de Ayyubids. Sam time after 1345, a Mamluk judge name Burhan al-Din (d. 1388) restore am wey he add a stone staircase, wey dey give am ein present form.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burgoyne|first=Michael Hamilton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR_qAAAAMAAJ|title=Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study|publisher=British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem by the World of Islam Festival Trust|year=1987|isbn=978-0-905035-33-8|pages=319–320|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Neci̇poğlu|first=Gülru|date=2008|title=The Dome of the Rock as Palimpsest: ʻabd Al-Malik's Grand Narrative and Sultan Süleyman's Glosses|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27811114|journal=Muqarnas|volume=25|pages=17–105|doi=10.1163/22118993_02501004|jstor=27811114|issn=0732-2992}}</ref> === Minarets === [[File:Izrael,_imgp6590_(2016-11).jpg|thumb|Ghawanima Minaret, plus de Dome of de Rock insyd de background]] De mosque compound get four minarets, plus three along de western perimeter of de esplanade den one along de northern wall. Dese be de Ghawanima Minaret, Bab al Silsila Minaret, Fakhriyya Minaret den [[Bab al-Asbat Minaret]]. Na dem construct de earliest dated minaret for de northwest corner of de Temple Mount insyd 1298, plus three oda minarets dem add over de course of de 14th century.<ref name="auto3">{{cite book|last1=Grabar|first1=Oleg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CW6U921i4fEC&q=ghawanima+minaret+sultan+lajin|title=Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem's Sacred Esplanade|last2=Ḳedar|first2=Benjamin Z.|date=2009|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-72272-9|pages=191|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Murphy-O'Connor|first=Jerome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKIUDAAAQBAJ&dq=ghawanima+minaret&pg=PA90|title=The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-923666-4|pages=90|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ghawanima Minaret ==== De Ghawanima Minaret anaa Al-Ghawanima Minaret na dem build for de northwestern corner of de Noble Sanctuary during de reign of Sultan Lajin circa 1298, anaa between 1297 den 1299,<ref name="auto3"/> anaa circa 1298.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Cytryn-Silverman|first=K|date=2008|title=Three Mamluk Minarets in Ramla|url=https://www.academia.edu/19984772|journal=Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam|volume=35|pages=379–432}}</ref> Dem name am after Shaykh Ghanim ibn Ali ibn Husayn, wey na dem appoint am de Shaykh of de Salahiyyah Madrasah by Saladin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minarets|url=https://masjidalaqsa.net/minarets/|website=MasjidAlAqsa.net}}</ref> [[File:Bab_al-Silsila_minaret_-_Al-Aqsa_Mosque.JPG|thumb|Bab al-Silsila Minaret]] ==== Bab al-Silsila Minaret (Minaret of de Chain Gate) ==== De Bab al-Silsila Minaret (Minaret of de Chain Gate) na dem build am insyd 1329 by Tankiz, de Mamluk governor of Syria, near de Chain Gate, for de western border of de al-Aqsa Mosque.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burgoyne|first1=Michael Hamilton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR_qAAAAMAAJ&q=%22bab+al-silsila+minaret%22+1329|title=Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study|last2=Richards|first2=Donald Sidney|publisher=British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem by the World of Islam Festival Trust|year=1987|isbn=978-0-905035-33-8|pages=77, 244|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Galor|first1=Katharina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cvYAQAAQBAJ&dq=%22bab+al-silsila+minaret%22+tankiz&pg=PA222|title=The Archaeology of Jerusalem: From the Origins to the Ottomans|last2=Bloedhorn|first2=Hanswulf|date=2013-11-26|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11195-8|pages=222|language=en}}</ref> Dem sanso know de minaret as Mahkamah Minaret since de minaret dey locate near de Madrasa al-Tankiziyya wich serve as a law court during de times of Ottomans.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghushah|first=M.H.|url=https://fada.birzeit.edu/handle/20.500.11889/4857|title=Guide to the Masjid al-Aqsa|publisher=Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs.|year=2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318092347/https://fada.birzeit.edu/handle/20.500.11889/4857|archive-date=2025-03-18|access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref> [[File:Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Al-Fakhariyya_Minaret.jpg|left|thumb|Fakhriyya Minaret]] ==== Fakhriyya Minaret ==== De Fakhriyya Minaret<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Burgoyne|first1=Michael Hamilton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR_qAAAAMAAJ&q=fakhriyya+minaret|title=Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study|last2=Richards|first2=Donald Sidney|date=1987|publisher=British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem by the World of Islam Festival Trust|isbn=978-0-905035-33-8|pages=270|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MJuf1yZrY0C&dq=fakhriyya+minaret&pg=PA309|title=Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|year=2011|isbn=978-0-307-79859-6|pages=309|language=en}}</ref> anaa Al-Fakhiriyya Minaret,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grabar|first=Oleg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeIOowshe6EC&q=fakhiriyya&pg=PA9|title=The Dome of the Rock|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-674-02313-0|pages=9|language=en}}</ref> na dem build for de junction of de southern wall den western wall,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patel|first=Ismail Adam|title=Virtues of Jerusalem and islamic perspective|publisher=al-Aqsa Publisher|year=2006|location=United Kingdom|pages=100}}</ref> over de solid part of de wall.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapolony|first=Andreas|title=The Ḥaram of Jerusalem (324-1099): Temple, Friday Mosque, Area of Spiritual Power|publisher=Freiburger Islamstudien|year=2010|pages=281}}</ref> Dem no know de exact date of ein original construction buh na dem build am samtime after 1345 den before 1496.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kedar|first=Benjamin Z.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MzzDQAAQBAJ&dq=fakhriyya+minaret+construction+date&pg=PT43|title=The Templars and their Sources|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1-315-47527-1|editor-last=Borchardt|editor-first=Karl|pages=21|language=en|chapter=Vestiges of Templar presence in the Aqsa Mosque|editor-last2=Döring|editor-first2=Karoline|editor-last3=Josserand|editor-first3=Philippe|editor-last4=Nicholson|editor-first4=Helen J.}}</ref> Na dem name am after Fakhr al-Din al-Khalili, de poppie of Sharif al-Din Abd al-Rahman wey supervise de building ein construction.Na dem rebuild de minaret insyd 920.<ref name="Passia">{{Cite journal|last=Passia|date=2013|title=Mesjid Aksa Rehberi (Haram-i Serif)|journal=TIKA|pages=3–66}}</ref> [[File:HaShvatim_IMG_1529.jpg|right|thumb|Bab al-Asbat Minaret]] ==== Bab al-Asbat Minaret (Minaret of de Tribes' Gate) ==== Na dem build de last den most notable minaret insyd 1367: de Bāb al-ʾAsbāṭ Minaret, near de Tribes' Gate (al-ʾAsbāṭ Gate). Ebe composed of a cylindrical stone shaft (dem build later by de Ottomans), wich dey spring up from a rectangular Mamluk-built base on top of a triangular transition zone.<ref name="Asbat">[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5551 Bab al-Asbat Minaret] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629165310/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=5551 Archived] 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.</ref> De shaft dey narrow above de muezzin ein balcony wey ebe dotted plus circular windows, wey dey end plus a bulbous dome. === Oda features === [[File:TM_washing.JPG|thumb|De ''al-Kas'' ablution fountain for Muslim worshippers for de southern portion of de lower platform]] De main compound enclosure sanso dey house an ablution fountain (dem know as ''al-Kas''), dem originally supply plus water via a long narrow aqueduct wey dey lead from de so-called ''Solomon's Pools'' near Bethlehem, buh dem now supply from Jerusalem ein water mains. Gardens dey take up de eastern den chaw of de northern side of de enclosure, plus an Islamic school wey dey occupy a small part of de space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://campsci.com/museum/images/43e.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020718222845/http://campsci.com/museum/images/43e.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-07-18|title=Photograph of the northern wall area|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> === Northern den western porticos === De complex be bordered for de south den east by de outer walls of de Old City of Jerusalem. For de north den west ebe bordered by two long porticos (''riwaq''), dem build during de Mamluk period.<ref>Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study, by MH Burgoyne and DS Richards, pages 104-107 (North Portico) and West Portico 192-194</ref> Na dem sanso build a number of oda structures along dese areas, mainly sanso from de Mamluk period. For de north side, dem include de Isardiyya Madrasa, dem build samtime before 1345, den de Almalikiyya Madrasa, dem date to 1340.<ref name=":212">{{Cite book|last=Murphy-O'Connor|first=Jerome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKIUDAAAQBAJ|title=The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-923666-4|pages=90–92|language=en}}</ref> For de west side, dem include de Ashrafiyya Madrasa, wey Sultan Qaytbay build between 1480 den 1482,<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last1=Blair|first1=Sheila S.|title=The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250-1800|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo0000blai|last2=Bloom|first2=Jonathan|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1995|location=New Haven; London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo0000blai/page/92 92]–93}}</ref> den de adjacent Uthmaniyya Madrasa, dem date to 1437.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burgoyne|first=Michael Hamilton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR_qAAAAMAAJ|title=Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study|publisher=British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem by the World of Islam Festival Trust|year=1987|isbn=978-0-905035-33-8|pages=544–547|language=en}}</ref> De Sabil of Qaytbay, contemporary plus de Ashrafiyya Madrasa, sanso dey stand nearby. === Gates === [[File:Har_HaBayit_map1_en.jpg|thumb|Map of de Haram compound plus chaw of de gates]] Der be currently eleven open gates wey dey offer access to de Muslim Haram al-Sharif. * Bab al-Asbat (Gate of de Tribes); north-east corner * Bab al-Hitta/Huttah (Gate of Remission, Pardon, anaa Absolution); northern wall * Bab al-Atim/'Atm/Attim (Gate of Darkness); northern wall * Bab al-Ghawanima (Gate of Bani Ghanim); north-west corner * Bab al-Majlis / an-Nazir/Nadhir (Council Gate / Inspector ein Gate); western wall (northern third) * Bab al-Hadid (Iron Gate); western wall (central part) * Bab al-Qattanin (Gate of de Cotton Merchants); western wall (central part) * Bab al-Matarah/Mathara (Ablution Gate); western wall (central part) * Two twin gates dey follow south of de Ablution Gate, e Tranquility Gate den de Gate of de Chain: ** Bab as-Salam / al-Sakina (Tranquility Gate / Gate of de Dwelling), de northern one of de two; western wall (central part) ** Bab as-Silsileh (Gate of de Chain), de southern one of de two; western wall (central part) * Bab al-Magharbeh/Maghariba (Moroccans' Gate/Gate of de Moors; see Maghrebis); western wall (southern third); de entrance per give non-Muslims Dem now close a twelfth gate still open during Ottoman rule to de public: * Bab as-Sarai (Gate of de Seraglio); a small gate to de former residence of de Pasha of Jerusalem; western wall, northern part (between de Bani Ghanim den Council gates). == Current situation == === Administration === De administrative body responsible for de whole Al-Aqsa Mosque compound be known as "de Jerusalem Waqf", an organ of de Jordanian government.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-706288 ''Jordan: We don't accept instructions from Israel on Temple Mount guards''], Khaled Abu Toameh for The Jerusalem Post, 10 May 2022 (accessed the same day).</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=5 September 2014|title=Arab states neglect Al-Aqsa says head of Jerusalem Waqf|work=Al-Monitor|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/khatib-muslim-endowments-israel-jordan-al-aqsa.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424012208/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/khatib-muslim-endowments-israel-jordan-al-aqsa.html|archive-date=24 April 2016}}</ref> == References == <references /> === Sources === * {{cite journal|last1=Allan|first1=J. 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annotated|publisher=Brill|year=1998|isbn=978-90-04-11084-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FG6ZlkRjD2IC&pg=PA71|archive-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111130058/https://books.google.com/books?id=FG6ZlkRjD2IC&pg=PA71|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Pringle|first=D.|title=The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume 3, The City of Jerusalem: A Corpus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-521-39038-5|archive-date=22 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022062308/https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC|url-status=live}} * {{cite journal|last1=Pruitt|first1=Jennifer|title=The Fatimid Holy City: Rebuilding Jerusalem in the Eleventh Century|journal=The Medieval Globe|date=2017|volume=3|issue=2|pages=35–56|doi=10.17302/TMG.3-2.3|s2cid=165391034|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758485/pdf}} * {{cite book|last=Sprinzak|first=Ehud|editor-last=Rapoport|editor-first=David|title=Inside Terrorist Organizations|chapter=From Messianic Pioneering to Vigilante Terrorism: The Case of the Gush Emunim Underground|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdCTI5FqayAC&pg=PA149|publisher=Brill|year=1996|isbn=90-04-10633-2|archive-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111144359/https://books.google.com/books?id=NdCTI5FqayAC&pg=PA149|url-status=live}} * {{cite journal|last1=Yavuz|first1=Yildirim|title=The Restoration Project of the Masjid al-Aqsa by Mïmar Kemalettın (1922–1926)|journal=Muqarnas|date=1996|volume=13|pages=149–164|jstor=1523257}} ==Read further== *{{cite book |title=Jerusalem in History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIRpQcoieYQC&pg=PA105 |first1=Kamil Jamil |last1='Asali |year=1990 |publisher=Interlink Books |isbn=1-56656-304-6 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111200510/https://books.google.com/books?id=xIRpQcoieYQC&pg=PA105 |url-status=live}} *{{cite book |last=Auld |first=Sylvia |chapter=The Minbar of al-Aqsa: Form and Function |editor-last=Hillenbrand |editor-first=R |title=Image and Meaning in Islamic Art |location=London |publisher=Altajir Trust |year=2005 |pages=42–60}} *{{cite journal |last=Grabar |first=Oleg |title=The Haram al-Sharif: An Essay in Interpretation |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5052/original/DPC1775.pdf?1384787486 |journal=Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies |series=Constructing the Study of Islamic Art |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=2000 |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414045823/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5052/original/DPC1775.pdf?1384787486 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=dead}} *{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=R. W. |title=The structural history of the Aqsa Mosque: a record of archaeological gleanings from the repairs of 1938–1942 |date=1949 |publisher=Oxford University Press (for the Government of Palestine by Geoffrey Cumberlege) |location=London |url=http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?id=6681&folder_id=83&loc_id=15330 |oclc=913480179 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023045404/https://web.archive.org/web/20201023045404/http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?id=6681&folder_id=83&loc_id=15330 |url-status=live |access-date=17 March 2025}} *{{cite book |title=The Crusades: The Essential Readings |first=Thomas F. |last=Madden |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=0-631-23023-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVuPvRSyV98C&q=minbar+saladdin+fire&pg=PA230 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519163302/https://books.google.com/books?id=DVuPvRSyV98C&q=minbar+saladdin+fire&pg=PA230 |url-status=}} *{{cite book |last=Netzer |first=Ehud |title=The Architecture of Herod, the Great Builder |url=https://archive.org/details/architectureofhe0000netz |year=2008 |publisher=Baker Academic |isbn=978-0-8010-3612-5}} *{{cite book |last=Patel |first=Ismail |title=Virtues of Jerusalem: An Islamic Perspective |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Aqsa Publishers |isbn=0-9536530-2-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJykv68bXxQC&pg=PA13 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519163303/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJykv68bXxQC&pg=PA13 |url-status=live}} *{{cite book |last=Raby |first=Julian |title=Essays in Honour of J. M. Rogers |publisher=Brill |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=knVwZW_ogBQC&pg=PA298 |isbn=90-04-13964-8 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519163304/https://books.google.com/books?id=knVwZW_ogBQC&pg=PA298 |url-status=live}} == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q121610806|c=Category:Al-Aqsa|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aqsa Mosque, Al-}} [[Category:Al-Aqsa| ]] [[Category:8th-century mosques]] [[Category:Arabic architecture]] [[Category:Entering heaven alive]] [[Category:Establishments insyd de Rashidun Caliphate]] [[Category:Islamic shrines]] [[Category:Palestinian nationalism]] [[Category:Umayyad architecture insyd de State of Palestine]] [[Category:Fatimid architecture]] [[Category:Islam insyd Jerusalem]] [[Category:National symbols of Palestine]] [[Category:20th-century attacks on mosques]] [[Category:21st-century attacks on mosques]] [[Category:2025 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] hl6jp5uh5cex4s465tsumc2bc9se5zv 0 15626 115756 115425 2026-11-05T07:39:55Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Voting Rights Act of 1965''' be a landmark piece of federal legislation insyd de [[United States]] wey dey prohibit racial discrimination insyd voting.<ref name="DOJvra65">{{Cite web|date=July 28, 2017|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://nvrmi.com/?page_id=41|access-date=May 23, 2014|publisher=National Voting Rights Museum and Institute}}</ref> Na e be signed into law by Presido Lyndon B. Johnson during de height of de civil rights movement on August 4, 1965.wey Congress later amend de Act five times make e expand ein protections.<ref name="DOJvra65" /> Dem design am make e enforce de voting rights wey be protected by de Fourteenth den Fifteenth Amendments to de United States Constitution, na de Act sought make e secure de right to vote give racial minorities thru out de country. especially insyd de South. According to de U.S. Department of Justice, de Act be considered e be de most effective piece of federal civil rights legislation dem ever enact insyd de country. Na de National Archives and Records Administration state: "Na de Voting Rights Act of 1965 be de most significant statutory change insyd de relationship between de federal den de state governments insyd de area of voting since de Reconstruction period dey follow de Civil War".<ref name="NARA20220208VRA1965">{{Cite web|date=February 8, 2022|title=Milestone Documents: Voting Rights Act (1965)|url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/voting-rights-act|access-date=November 4, 2023|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration}}</ref> De act dey contain chaw provisions wey dey regulate elections. De act ein "general provisions" dey provide nationwide protections for voting rights. Section 2 be a general provision wey dey prohibit state den local government from make dem dey impose any voting rule wey "dey result insyd de denial anaa abridgement of de right of any citizen make dem vote on account of race anaa color" anaa membership insyd de language minority group.<ref name="2021supremecourt">{{Cite web|date=July 1, 2021|title=Brnovich, Attorney General of Arizona, et al. v. Democratic National Committee et al.|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-1257_g204.pdf}}</ref> Oda general provisions specifically dey outlaw literacy tests den similar devices wey na be historically used make dem disenfranchise racial minorities. De act sanso dey contain "special provisions" wey dey apply to certain jurisdictions per. A core special provision be de Section 4 requirement, wich prohibit certain jurisdictions from make dem dey implement any change wey dey affect voting widout first receiving confirmation from de U.S. attorney general anaa de U.S. District Court for D.C. wey de change no dey discriminate against protected minorities.<ref name="DOJsection5">{{Cite web|title=About Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_5/about.php|access-date=April 21, 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> Anoda special provision dey require jurisdictions wey dey contain significant language minority populations make dem provide bilingual ballots den oda election materials. Section 4 den chaw oda special provisions apply to jurisdictions dem encompass by de "coverage formula" na dem prescribe insyd Section 4(b). Na de coverage formula be originally designed make e encompass jurisdictions wey engage insyd egregious voting discrimination insyd 1965, wey Congress update de formula insyd 1970 den 1975. Insyd ''Shelby County v. Holder'' (2013), na de U.S. Supreme Court struck down de coverage formula as unconstitutional, wey dey reason am say na e be obsolete. Na de court no strike down Section 5, buh widout a coverage formula, Section 5 be unenforceable.<ref name="scotusblogplain">{{Cite web|last=Howe|first=Amy|date=June 25, 2013|title=Details on Shelby County v. Holder: In Plain English|url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/06/details-on-shelby-county-v-holder-in-plain-english|access-date=July 1, 2013|website=SCOTUSBlog}}</ref> De jurisdictions wich na dem previously be covered by de coverage formula massively increase de rate of voter registration purges after de Shelby decision.<ref name="Feder-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Feder |first=Catalina |last2=Miller |first2=Michael G. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Voter Purges After Shelby: Part of Special Symposium on Election Sciences |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X20916426 |journal=American Politics Research |language=en-US |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=687–692 |doi=10.1177/1532673x20916426 |issn=1532-673X |s2cid=221131969 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210105160727/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X20916426 |archive-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref> Insyd 2021, na de ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'' Supreme Court ruling reinterprete Section 2 of de Voting Rights Act of 1965, substantially dey weaken am.<ref name="section2less">{{Cite web|date=July 1, 2021|title=The Supreme Court Deals A New Blow To Voting Rights, Upholding Arizona Restrictions|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/998758022/the-supreme-court-upheld-upholds-arizona-measures-that-restrict-voting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226123935/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/998758022/the-supreme-court-upheld-upholds-arizona-measures-that-restrict-voting?t=1640522230054|archive-date=December 26, 2021|access-date=September 7, 2021|website=NPR|language=en}}</ref><ref name="2021supremecourt"/> Na de ruling interpret de "totality of circumstances" language of Section 2 make e mean say e no dey generally prohibit voting rules wey dey disparate impact on de groups wey e seek make e protect, wey dey include a rule dem block under Section 5 before de Court inactivate dat section insyd ''Shelby County v. Holder''.<ref name="section2less" /><ref name="2021supremecourt" /> For particular, na de ruling hold say na fears of election fraud fi justify such rules widout evidence wey na any such fraud occur insyd de past anaa dat na de new rule fi make elections safer.<ref name="2021supremecourt" /> Research dey show dat na de Act successfully den massively increase voter turnout den voter registrations, in particular among black people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bernini |first=Andrea |last2=Facchini |first2=Giovanni |last3=Tabellini |first3=Marco |last4=Testa |first4=Cecilia |date=July 2023 |title=Black Empowerment and White Mobilization: The Effects of the Voting Rights Act |journal=National Bureau of Economic Research |language=en |volume=Working Paper 31425 |doi=10.3386/w31425 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Fresh-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Fresh |first=Adriane |date=February 23, 2018 |title=The Effect of the Voting Rights Act on Enfranchisement: Evidence from North Carolina |journal=The Journal of Politics |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=713–718 |doi=10.1086/697592 |s2cid=158668168}}</ref><ref name="Ang-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Ang |first=Desmond |date=2019 |title=Do 40-Year-Old Facts Still Matter? Long-Run Effects of Federal Oversight under the Voting Rights Act |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=1–53 |doi=10.1257/app.20170572 |issn=1945-7782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na dem sanso link de state Act to concrete outcomes, such as greater public goods provision (such as public education) give areas plus higher black population shares, more members of Congress wey dey vote give civil rights-related legislation, den greater Black representation insyd local offices. == Background == At firs. De United States Constitution gree make each state fit decide how dem go take check who go fit vote.<ref>United States Constitution art. I, sec. 2, cl. 1</ref><ref name="Bending">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|50}} But after de Civil War, dem pass three Reconstruction Amendments wey limit dis power. De Thirteenth Amendment (1865) talk say no more slavery 'unless na punishment for crime'; de Fourteenth Amendment (1868) gree say anybody wey dem bon or naturalize for United States fit be citizen and dem go get due process and equal protection; and di Fifteenth Amendment (1870) talk say '[t]he right of citizens for de United States to vote no go fit deny or cut down by de United States or by any State sekof of race, color, or any past condition of servitude.' Dis Amendments sef give Congress power to make sure dem enforce de rules through 'correct legislation.'<ref>{{cite web|title=Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm|access-date=June 25, 2015|publisher=United States Senate}}</ref> To make de Reconstruction Amendments work, Congress dey pass Enforcement Acts for 1870s. Dem acts make am illegal if you go try block person from voting plus dey put federal eye for electoral wahala, include voter registration.{{rp|310}} But for 1875, Supreme Court come strike some parts of de law as e no gree with de constitution for United States v. Cruikshank and United States v. Reese.<ref name="democracy2">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|97}} After Reconstruction Era finish for 1877, dem no dey follow these laws well again, e for 1894, Congress come cancel most of demma rules.{{rp|310}} Southern states dey try make e hard for racial minorities to vote during den after Reconstruction. From 1868 to 1888, dem dey use all kinds of fraud plus violence for South to hold down African-American vote.<ref name="Direct">{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Jones|first2=Jeffery|date=September 2002|title=Race, Voting Rights, and Segregation: Direct Disenfranchisement|url=http://www.umich.edu/~lawrace/disenfranchise1.htm|access-date=August 3, 2013|work=The Geography of Race in the United States|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> From 1888 to 1908, Southern states come legalize am by bringing Jim Crow laws; dem change constitution den pass law wey go limit how people fit vote, like literacy tests, poll taxes, property ownership, moral character checks, plus some rules wey go allow person wey no fit vote cause him grandpapa don vote (wey dey leave many African Americans wey grandfathers be slave or no fit vote).<ref name="Direct2">{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Jones|first2=Jeffery|date=September 2002|title=Race, Voting Rights, and Segregation: Direct Disenfranchisement|url=http://www.umich.edu/~lawrace/disenfranchise1.htm|access-date=August 3, 2013|work=The Geography of Race in the United States|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> During this time, Supreme Court dey mostly back efforts wey dey discriminate against minorities. For Giles v. Harris (1903), dem hold say no matter wetin happen with Fifteenth Amendment, judiciary no fit force states to register racial minorities to vote.<ref name="democracy3">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|100}} [[File:Bloody_Sunday-Alabama_police_attack.jpeg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloody_Sunday-Alabama_police_attack.jpeg|alt=refer to caption|thumb|Alabama police for 1965 attack voting rights marchers on [[:en:Selma_to_Montgomery_marches#%22Bloody_Sunday%22_events|"Bloody Sunday"]], de first of de [[:en:Selma_to_Montgomery_marches|Selma to Montgomery marches]]]] Before dem pass de Voting Rights Act for 1965, many people dey try stop Southern states from denying black voters demma chance to vote.<ref name="DOJvra652">{{cite web|date=July 28, 2017|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref> Dem dey use literacy tests, poll taxes, plus other bureaucratic wahala to block dem. African Americans dey face plenty serious issues like harassment, intimidation, economic punishments, and even physical violence wen dem wan register or vote. As a result, no plenty African Americans fit register as voters, so dem no get much political power at all, both for demma areas plus for de whole country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act (1965)|url=https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=100|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925101516/https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=100|archive-date=September 25, 2020|access-date=March 13, 2021|publisher=Our Documents}}</ref> During de 1950s, de Civil Rights Movement come put pressure on de federal government to help protect de voting rights of minority groups. For 1957, Congress pass de first civil rights law since Reconstruction: de Civil Rights Act of 1957. This law give the attorney general power to sue for people wey their Fifteenth Amendment rights dey denied, create the Civil Rights Division for Department of Justice to enforce civil rights through court case, plus set up de Commission on Civil Rights to check how dem dey deny people demma voting rights. More protections come for de Civil Rights Act of 1960, wey allow federal courts to pick referees wey go handle voter registration for places wey de practice voting discrimination against racial minority groups. Even though dem acts help courts fix federal voting rights wahala, de strict legal standards make am hard for de Department of Justice to carry dem cases well. Like, to win case against any state wey dey use literacy test, dem need prove say de rejected voter-registration forms of racial minorities be like de accepted forms of whites. Dis one mean say dem go compare thousands of applications for each state county, plus e fit take months. De department wan try but dem get wahala from local election officials wey go dey claim say dem lose de voter registration records of racial minorities, remove dem wey don register from de electoral lists, plus just resign so de registration go stop. Plus, de department dey always need to appeal cases plenty times before de judiciary go fit help because many federal district court judges no dey support racial minorities to vote. So, from 1957 to 1964, de rate wey African-American voters register for de South increase small-small even as de department dey fight 71 voting rights cases.<ref name="democracy4">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|514}} Dem try stop Southern states from disfranchising people, but overall, na small success dem get, for some areas e no even work well at all. sekof de Department of Justice no fit stop de discriminatory election style wey dey happen one-by-one; as dem fit prove one unconstitutional, dem go just bring another one wey go start de whole wahala again.<ref name="DOJvra653">{{cite web|date=July 28, 2017|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref> Congress no take am easy say discrimination dey happen plenty for racial minorities for public places and government services, so dem pass Civil Rights Act for 1964. De act get some voting rights protection; e say make registrars share literacy tests well well to everybody wey wan vote and dem go accept application wey get small errors, plus e create say if person get sixth-grade education, e fit read well well to vote.<ref name="Bending2">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|97}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Public Law 88-352|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/CivilRightsActOf1964.pdf|access-date=October 19, 2013|location=Title I}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Major Features of the Civil Rights Act of 1964|url=http://www.congresslink.org/print_basics_histmats_civilrights64text.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206191323/http://www.congresslink.org/print_basics_histmats_civilrights64text.htm|archive-date=December 6, 2014|access-date=March 26, 2015|work=CongressLink|publisher=Dirksen Congressional Center}}</ref> But still, even as civil rights leaders dey lobby, de Act no fit stop most voting discrimination.<ref name="eyes">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|253}} President Lyndon B. Johnson see am, den after 1964 elections wey Democrats carry majorities for both Congress, e tell Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach make e draft “de goddamndest, toughest voting rights act wey you fit”.<ref name="Bending3">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|48–50}} But Johnson no push am for public side that time; him advisers talk say e go cost am politically if he dey chase voting rights bill too soon after Congress don pass Civil Rights Act for 1964, plus Johnson dey fear say if e dey champion voting rights, e fit spoil hin Great Society reforms by vexing Southern Democrats for Congress.<ref name="Bending4">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|47–48, 50–52}} [[File:Fannie_Lou_Hamer_1964-08-22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fannie_Lou_Hamer_1964-08-22.jpg|alt=Fannie Lou Hamer is a Black woman wearing a floral dress. She is mid-speaking at a convention. She is seated. The photo is in black and white.|thumb|Fannie Lou Hamer, wey start Freedom Farm Cooperative, dey talk for SNCC on top African-American right to vote.]] After de 1964 elections, civil rights groups like Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) plus Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) dey push make de government protect voting rights for de minorities.<ref name="eyes2">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|254–255}} Demma efforts lead to protests for Alabama, especially for Selma, wey Sheriff Jim Clark ein police dey swear for any African-American wey wan register to vote. For de Selma wahala, James Forman from SNCC talk say: 'Our plan, as usual, be to make U.S. government come join if dem go arrest people— plus if dem no come, e go show say government no dey with us plus e go make more people wake up for black matters. Our slogan for this movement be 'One Man, One Vote.'<ref name="eyes3">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|255}} For January 1965, Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel,<ref name="Garrow">{{cite book|last=Kryn|first=Randy|title=We Shall Overcome: The Civil Rights Movement in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s|url=https://archive.org/details/weshallovercomec0002unse|publisher=Carlson Publishing|year=1989|isbn=978-0-926019-02-7|editor1-last=Garrow|editor1-first=David J.|location=Brooklyn, NY|chapter=James L. Bevel: The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement}}</ref><ref name="Kryn">{{cite web|last=Kryn|first=Randy|title=Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel|url=http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/node/287|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174523/http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/node/287|archive-date=March 3, 2016|access-date=April 7, 2014|work=Chicago Freedom Movement|publisher=Middlebury College}}</ref> plus some other civil rights leaders gather for plenty peaceful protests for Selma, but police plus white counter-protesters no gree, dem begin beat people waa. For January den February, dis protests dey trend for media, everybody dey talk am for de issue wey concern voting rights. King plus some other protesters wey dey march for February 1, dem arrest dem because dem no follow de anti-parade law; dis one make plenty people join de march and dem too dey get arrest.<ref name="eyes4">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|259–261}} On February 4, Malcolm X come give strong speech for Selma, he talk say many African Americans no dey support King’s peaceful style;<ref name="eyes5">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|262}} later, he go talk say he wan make whites fear so dem go support King. De next day, King come out from jail plus him letter wey him write about voting rights, “Letter From A Selma Jail,” show for De New York Times.<ref name="eyes6">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|262}} As wahala for Selma dey gather national attention, President Johnson change him mind say him go delay voting rights law. On February 6, him go announce say him go send proposal go Congress.<ref name="Bending5">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|69}} Johnson no talk wetin dey insyde de proposal or de time him go show am for Congress.<ref name="eyes7">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|264}} For February 18 wey people dey for Marion, Alabama, state troopers yawa break for corner night wey dem dey shout for voting rights, as officer James Bonard Fowler shoot den kill young African-American protester Jimmie Lee Jackson wey no carry anything plus dey protect em mama.<ref name="eyes8">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|265}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Fleming|first=John|title=The Death of Jimmie Lee Jackson|url=http://www.annistonstar.com/view/full_story/2746471/article-The-Death-of-Jimmie-Lee-Jackson|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113092652/http://www.annistonstar.com/view/full_story/2746471/article-The-Death-of-Jimmie-Lee-Jackson|archive-date=January 13, 2014|newspaper=The Anniston Star|date=March 6, 2005|access-date=March 16, 2015}}</ref> Dis event ginger us, plus na Bevel start am,<ref name="eyes9">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|267}}{{rp|267}}<ref name="Kryn2">{{cite web|last=Kryn|first=Randy|title=Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel|url=http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/node/287|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174523/http://cfm40.middlebury.edu/node/287|archive-date=March 3, 2016|access-date=April 7, 2014|work=Chicago Freedom Movement|publisher=Middlebury College}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fager|first=Charles|title=Selma, 1965: The March That Changed the South|date=July 1985|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-0405-0|edition=2nd|location=Boston, MA}}</ref>{{rp|81–86}} so on March 7, SCLC and SNCC start di first Selma to Montgomery march wey dem plan make dem waka go capital, Montgomery, to show sey voting rights no dey and to go tell Governor George Wallace how dem dey feel. For de first march, police on horse catch dem for Edmund Pettus Bridge wey dey near Selma. Police fire tear gas for crowd plus dem dey trample protesters. De video wey everybody see, dem call am 'Bloody Sunday', make plenty people vex for de country.<ref name="democracy5">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|515}} On March 9, dem do another march wey dem call 'Turnaround Tuesday'. That evening, three white ministers wey join de march, dem attack dem on de street and beat dem with clubs by four Ku Klux Klan members.<ref name="The March to Montgomery">{{Cite web |title=Civil Rights Movement History & Timeline (Selma & the March to Montgomery) |url=https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis65.htm |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.crmvet.org}}</ref> De worst one wey don suffer na Reverend James Reeb from Boston, wey die on Thursday, March 11.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baumgartner|first=Neil|date=December 2012|title=James Reeb|url=http://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/witnesses/reeb.htm|access-date=November 16, 2020|work=Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia|publisher=[[Ferris State University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021022054/https://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/witnesses/reeb.htm|archive-date=October 21, 2020}}</ref> After wetin happen for Selma, President Johnson talk for TV joint Congress meeting on March 15, him call on lawmakers say make dem pass strong voting rights law. For him speech, him use de words 'we go fit overcome', like de slogan wey civil rights people dey use.<ref name="eyes10">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|278}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Wicker|first=Tom|title=Johnson Urges Congress at Joint Session to Pass Law Insuring Negro Vote|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0315.html|access-date=August 3, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 15, 1965}}</ref> Two days later, dem introduce de Voting Rights Act of 1965 for Congress, as civil rights leaders, wey plenty federal soldiers dey protect, lead 25,000 people waka from Selma go Montgomery.<ref name="democracy6">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|516}}<ref name="eyes11">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|279, 282}} == Legislative history == Dem try wey dem dey use court matter to stop bad election wahala no dey work well for U.S. Department of Justice, plus de federal anti-discrimination laws no plenty to fight de wahala wey state officials dey give for 15th Amendment enforcement. So de Congress talk say dem need new big federal law to free people from state disfranchisement.<ref name="DOJvra654">{{cite web|date=July 28, 2017|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref> De U.S. Supreme Court talk am clear for South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966) like dis: {{Blockquote|text=Lately, Congress dey try body to tackle voting wahala by allowing case-by-case lawsuit for vote discrimination. The Civil Rights Act wey pass for 1957 gree Attorney General make e dey seek injunctions against anybody wey go interfere with people right to vote on top race matter. Dem perfect am for the Civil Rights Act of 1960 so that States fit join as defendants, make Attorney General fit check local voting records, and courts go fit register voters for areas wey dey face serious discrimination. Title I for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 make dem hear voting cases fast fast for three-judge courts and e ban some tactics wey dem dey use to disqualify Negroes from voting for federal elections. Even though Justice Department and plenty federal judges dey try, all these new laws no really solve the voting discrimination problem. [...] The earlier laws no really work for plenty reasons. Voting cases dey hard to prepare, sometimes e fit take as much as 6,000 man-hours just to go through registration records before trial. Litigation dey slow well well, partly because dem dey allow delay for voting officials and others wey involve for the matter. Even when dem finally get correct decisions, some States just switch to other discriminatory methods wey federal laws no cover, or dem go create hard new tests wey go prolong the wahala wey dey exist between white and Negro registration. Also, some local officials dey just ignore court orders or close their registration offices just to freeze voting rolls. The 1960 law wey gree federal officers do registration no really change local wahala, 'cause e get plenty procedures wey dey complicated.[42]}}{{Blockquote|content=  Congress dey use dem power under Fifteenth Amendment for sharp way when dem pass Voting Rights Act for 1965. First: the law fit solve voting wahala wey no need any court matter before e go start. Dis one clear say na better way to handle the wahala, since we fit see other cases wey dey follow constitutional rules. See Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U. S. 294, 379 U. S. 302–304; United States v. Darby, 312 U. S. 100, 312 U. S. 120–121. Dem find say when dem dey carry case-by-case go court, e no fit quench the plenty and steady wahala wey dey for voting, because e dey take too much time and energy to fight the block tactics wey always dey show for these cases. After almost hundred years of serious fight against Fifteenth Amendment, Congress fit decide say make dem shift the time and stubbornness advantage from the people wey dey do the bad to the victims. [...] Second: the Act sabi say e no go cover plenty States and political zones, wey most times Congress fit sabi them by name. Dis one too be correct way to tackle the wahala. Congress don learn say plenty discrimination dey happen for some parts of the country, and dem no sabi how the wahala fit spread go other places later. As dem dey do am, Congress decide say make dem focus for the places wey need urgent action. See McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U. S. 420, 366 U. S. 427; Salsburg v. Maryland, 346 U. S. 545, 346 U. S. 550–554. The equality matter wey South Carolina talk no go fit stop dis approach, because dat one dey concern how States join the Union, no be the remedies for local wahala wey don show up later. See Coyle v. Smith, 221 U. S. 559, and cases wey dey cited..[43]}} ===== Original bill ===== ===== Senate ===== [[File:Lyndon_Johnson_and_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._-_Voting_Rights_Act.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_and_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._-_Voting_Rights_Act.jpg|alt=refer to caption|thumb|[[:en:President_of_the_United_States|United States President]] [[:en:Lyndon_B._Johnson|Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[:en:Martin_Luther_King_Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]], plus [[:en:Rosa_Parks|Rosa Parks]] at de signing of de Voting Rights Act on August 6, 1965]] De Voting Rights Act wey dem introduce for Congress on March 17, 1965, na S. 1564, plus na Mike Mansfield wey be de Senate majority leader (D-MT) plus Senate minority leader Everett Dirksen (R-IL) sponsor am. Dem two dey work with Attorney General Katzenbach to fit draft de bill language.<ref name="congresslink">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=http://www.congresslink.org/print_basics_histmats_votingrights_contents.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030140112/http://www.congresslink.org/print_basics_histmats_votingrights_contents.htm|archive-date=October 30, 2014|access-date=March 26, 2015|work=The Dirksen Congressional Center|publisher=Congresslink}}</ref> Even though Democrats dey hold two-thirds of de seats for both chambers after de 1964 Senate elections,<ref name="Bending6">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|49}} Johnson dey fear say Southern Democrats go filibuster de law because dem don oppose other civil rights matter. E call Dirksen make e help gather Republican support. Dirksen no plan to support voting rights law dis quick after e don support de Civil Rights Act of 1964, but when e hear about de police wahala for Selma on Bloody Sunday, e talk say e ready to accept dis 'revolutionary' law.<ref name="Bending7">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|95–96}} Sekof Dirksen dey help Katzenbach write de law, dem come dey call am de 'Dirksenbach' bill.<ref name="Bending8">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|96}} After Mansfield plus Dirksen bring de bill, 64 more senators join am as co-sponsors,<ref name="Bending9">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|150}} with 46 Democrats plus 20 Republicans insyde de mix.<ref name="acsc.lib.udel.edu">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|access-date=May 29, 2016|publisher=The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> De bill get plenty special terms wey dey target some state plus local governments: one "coverage formula" wey go fit check which place go follow de Act other special terms ("covered jurisdictions"); one "preclearance" requirement wey no go allow covered jurisdictions change dem voting procedure without first get approval from de U.S. attorney general or de U.S. District Court for D.C. say de changes no dey discriminatory; plus dem suspend "tests or devices", like literacy tests, for covered jurisdictions. De bill too allow make federal examiners dey register voters, plus federal observers dey monitor elections, for covered jurisdictions wey dem find say dem dey do bad discrimination. De bill set de special provisions to expire after five years.{{rp|319–320}}<ref name="democracy7">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|520, 524}}<ref name="RevisedBailout">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|5–6}} Dis formula wey dem dey use cover some places cause plenty wahala for congress matter. E go fit cover any place if (1) dem dey use “test or device” since November 1, 1964, plus (2) less than 50 percent of people wey fit vote for dia place no register or no vote for November 1964 election.{{rp|317}} Dis formula no reach plenty areas apart from Deep South. To make some lawmakers wey think say de bill dey gree only South people calm down, dem add one rule wey say no be no racial discrimination for voting around everywhere.<ref name="1982hist">{{cite journal |last1=Boyd |first1=Thomas M. |last2=Markman |first2=Stephen J. |year=1983 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Legislative History |url=http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr/vol40/iss4/3 |journal=Washington and Lee Law Review |volume=40 |issue=4 |access-date=August 31, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|1352}} De bill too get way wey place wey dem cover fit “bail out” if dem fit show for federal court say dem no use any “test or device” wey go discriminate for de last 5 years before dem ask for bail out.<ref name="RevisedBailout2">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|6}} Plus, de bill get “bail in” way wey federal courts fit apply remedy for places wey no dey cover but fit still dey discrimination.<ref name="3c">Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 3(c); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973a(c))</ref><ref name="bail-in">{{cite journal |last=Crum |first=Travis |year=2010 |title=The Voting Rights Act's Secret Weapon: Pocket Trigger Litigation and Dynamic Preclearance |url=http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/note/the-voting-rights-act%27s-secret-weapon:-pocket-trigger-litigation-and-dynamic-preclearance |url-status=dead |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830171847/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/note/the-voting-rights-act%27s-secret-weapon:-pocket-trigger-litigation-and-dynamic-preclearance/ |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|2006–2007}} De bill first land for Senate Judiciary Committee, and di chair, Senator James Eastland (D-MS), no gree am with some other Southern senators wey dey insyde de committee. To make sure say de bill no go die for committee, Mansfield come suggest motion wey go make de Judiciary Committee report de bill come outsyde by April 9, plus de Senate waka pass am strong with vote of 67 to 13.<ref name="Bending11">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|150}}<ref name="acsc.lib.udel.edu2">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|access-date=May 29, 2016|publisher=The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> As de committee dey check de bill, Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) dey lead effort to change de bill to stop poll taxes. Even though de Twenty-fourth Amendment wey ban poll taxes for federal elections don ratify one year before, Johnson administration plus de sponsors of de bill no add any provision wey go stop poll taxes for state elections sekof dem dey fear say courts go fit cancel de legislation as unconstitutional.<ref name="democracy10">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|521}}<ref name="eyes12">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref> Plus, by excluding poll taxes from de definition of “tests or devices”, de coverage formula no touch Texas or Arkansas, wey reduce opposition from dem two states strong congressional teams.<ref name="democracy8">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|521}} But, with support from some liberal committee members, Kennedy's way to stop poll taxes gree by 9-4 vote. As response, Dirksen come with another amendment wey say if state get at least 60 percent of people wey fit vote registered or if dem get voter turnout wey pass national average from last presidential election, dem go free. This amendment wey no go cover all states except Mississippi pass during meeting wey three liberal members no dey. Dirksen say him go remove de amendment if dem go take away de poll tax ban. For de end, dem report de bill outsyde committee on April 9 by 12-4 vote without any recommendation.<ref name="Bending10">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|152–153}} For April 22, full Senate don start dey talk about de bill. Dirksen naim talk first for de bill side, e talk say “we need law if we wan make sure say de Fifteenth Amendment ... go work well well, plus if we wan make Declaration of Independence really mean something.”<ref name="Bending12">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|154}} Senator Strom Thurmond (R-SC) reply say de bill go cause “despotism and tyranny”, plus Senator Sam Ervin (D-NC) argue say de bill no dey constitutional as e go take state dem right under Article I, Section 2 of de Constitution to set voter qualifications, plus de bill dey target only some pipo. For May 6, Ervin drop amendment wey go remove de coverage formula's automatic trigger plus make federal judges fit appoint federal examiners to handle voter registration. Dis amendment no go well, 42 Democrats plus 22 Republicans vote against am.<ref name="Bending13">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|154–156}} After long talk, Ted Kennedy's amendment wey wan stop poll taxes sef no work, e end 49–45 for May 11.<ref name="acsc.lib.udel.edu3">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|access-date=May 29, 2016|publisher=The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> But e be so say, de Senate talk say dem go include provision wey go allow attorney general fit sue any place, whether dem dey covered or not, to contest dem use of poll taxes.<ref name="eyes13">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Juan|url=https://archive.org/details/eyesonprizeameri00will|title=Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-009653-8|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|156–157}}<ref name="RevisedBailout3">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Senator Robert F. Kennedy (D-NY) bring amendment wey go make English-illiterate citizens wey don finish at least sixth grade for non-English school fit vote, plus e pass 48–19. Southern lawmakers come try bring plenty amendments to make di law weak, but all of dem fall flat, dem all no work.<ref name="Bending14">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|159}} For May 25, Senate don vote for cloture,by 70–30 vote, so dey fit avoid filibuster wahala plus limit wetin dem go talk about de bill.<ref>{{cite web|title=Senate Vote #67 in 1965: To Invoke Cloture and End Debate on S. 1564, the Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s67|access-date=October 14, 2013|work=govtrack.us|publisher=Civic Impulse, LLC}}</ref> On May 26, dem pass de bill by 77–19 vote (Democrats 47–16, Republicans 30–2); na only senators wey dey represent Southern states oppose am, dem vote against am.<ref name="Bending15">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|161}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Senate Vote #78 in 1965: To Pass S. 1564, the Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s78|access-date=October 14, 2013|work=govtrack.us|publisher=Civic Impulse, LLC}}</ref> ===== House of Representatives ===== Emanuel Celler (D-NY), wey be Chair of the House Judiciary Committee, bring de Voting Rights Act come House of Representatives on March 19, 1965, as H.R. 6400.<ref name="acsc.lib.udel.edu4">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|access-date=May 29, 2016|publisher=The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> Dis Judiciary Committee na de first one wey check de bill. De ranking Republican for de committee, William McCulloch (R-OH), generally gree make people get better voting rights, but he no support de ban wey dey stop poll tax and de coverage formula, so he lead de fight against de bill for committee. Dem finally gree de bill on May 12, but dem no submit de report until June 1.<ref name="Bending16">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|162}} De bill get two amendments from subcommittee: one wey go punish person wey go disturb de right to vote plus another wey go ban all poll taxes. De ban on poll tax get support from de Speaker of de House John McCormack. De bill come next go Rules Committee, wey de chair, Howard W. Smith (D-VA), no gree accept de bill plus hold am down till June 24, wen Celler start de process to push de bill out from committee.<ref name="acsc.lib.udel.edu5">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|access-date=May 29, 2016|publisher=The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> Under pressure from de people wey want de bill, Smith finally allow de bill come out one week later, plus de full House begin debate de bill on July 6.<ref name="Bending17">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|163}} To tackle de Voting Rights Act, McCulloch bring one bill wey dem dey call H.R. 7896. Dis bill go allow attorney general fit appoint federal registrars after dem receive 25 serious complaints say dem dey discriminate for one area, plus e go put nationwide ban on literacy tests for people wey fit show say dem don reach sixth-grade education. McCulloch bill get support from House minority leader Gerald Ford plus Southern Democrats join am as option for de Voting Rights Act.<ref name="Bending18">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|162–164}} Johnson administration see H.R. 7896 as serious wahala for the Voting Rights Act to pass. But support for H.R. 7896 begin decline as William M. Tuck come talk say e prefer H.R. 7896 because de Voting Rights Act go make sure say African Americans fit vote. Dis talk make plenty supporters of H.R. 7896 vex, plus de bill con fail for House with 171–248 vote on July 9.<ref>{{cite web|title=House Vote #86 in 1965: To Recommit H.R. 6400, the 1965 Voting Rights Act, with Instructions to Substitute the Text of H.R. 7896 Prohibiting the Denial to Any Person of the Right to Register or to Vote Because of his Failure to Pay a Poll Tax or Any Other Such Tax, for the Language of the Committee Amendment|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h86|access-date=October 14, 2013|work=govtrack.us|publisher=Civic Impulse, LLC}}</ref> Later that night, de House come pass de Voting Rights Act with 333–85 vote (Democrats 221–61, Republicans 112–24).<ref name="Bending19">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|163–165}}<ref name="acsc.lib.udel.edu6">{{cite web|title=Voting Rights Act|url=http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|access-date=May 29, 2016|publisher=The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra|archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=House Vote #87 in 1965: To Pass H.R. 6400, the Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h87|access-date=October 14, 2013|work=govtrack.us|publisher=Civic Impulse, LLC}}</ref> ===== Conference committee ===== Chambers don set up conference committee make dem settle wahala wey dey between House and Senate version of di bill. Big matter na di poll tax wey dey cause palava; Senate version gree make attorney general fit sue states wey dey use poll tax to discriminate, but House version just ban all poll tax straight up. At first, di committee members no fit gree. To fit broker compromise, Attorney General Katzenbach come draft law wey talk say poll tax no be constitution matter and make Department of Justice sue di states wey still dey collect poll tax. To calm di worries of liberal committee members wey dey feel say dis matter no dey strong enough, Katzenbach come call Martin Luther King Jr. for support wey make dem agree. King's backing fit break di stalemate, plus on July 29, di conference committee come report dem own version from committee.<ref name="Bending20">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|166–167}} De House don approve dis version of de conference report for de bill on August 3 with 328–74 vote (Democrats 217–54, Republicans 111–20),<ref>{{cite web|title=House Vote #107 in 1965: To Agree to Conference Report on S. 1564, the Voting Rights Act|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h107|access-date=October 14, 2013|work=govtrack.us|publisher=Civic Impulse, LLC}}</ref> plus de Senate follow am on August 4 with 79–18 vote (Democrats 49–17, Republicans 30–1).<ref name="Bending21">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|167}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Senate Vote #178 in 1965: To Agree to Conference Report on S. 1564, the Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/s178|access-date=October 14, 2013|work=govtrack.us|publisher=Civic Impulse, LLC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Moholtra|first=Ajay|date=June 1, 2008|title=Rosa Parks Early Life & Childhood|url=http://www.rosaparksfacts.com/rosa-parks-early-life-childhood/|access-date=April 1, 2015|publisher=Rosa Park Facts.com}}</ref> On August 6, President Johnson sign de Act into law, with King, Rosa Parks, John Lewis, plus other civil rights leaders wey dey for de signing ceremony.<ref name="Bending22">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|168}} ===== Amendments ===== {{main|Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965}} [[File:Bush_Signs_Voting_Rights_Act_of_2006.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bush_Signs_Voting_Rights_Act_of_2006.jpg|alt=refer to caption|thumb|[[:en:President_of_the_United_States|United States President]] [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] signs amendments to de Act for July 2006]] Congress dey pass big amendments for de Act for 1970, 1975, 1982, 1992, plus 2006. Each time dem amend, e be sekof de special provisions for de Act go finish soon. De Act suppose finish for 1970, but Congress dey renew de special provisions sekof of de wahala wey still dey for voting discrimination.<ref name="Bending23">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|209–210}}<ref name="RevisedBailout4">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|6–8}} Congress add de coverage formula plus de special provisions wey dey follow am, like Section 5 wey need preclearance, for five years for 1970, seven years for 1975, plus 25 years for both 1982 plus 2006. For 1970 plus 1975, dem plus dat, dem even extend de coverage formula by adding new trigger dates for 1968 plus 1972.For 1975, coverage dey enlarge again wen Congress change wetin 'tests or devices' mean. E fit cover any area wey dey give English-only election info, like ballots, if dem get one language minority wey dey more than five percent of voting-age people for dat area. Dis expansion bring plenty areas join coverage, even many no dey for South. To make am pa, de special provisions wey dem don reauthorize, Congress come liberalize de bailout matter for 1982, allow jurisdictions wey fit waka comot coverage once dem follow de Act plus do something wey go help increase minority political participation.<ref name="democracy9">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|523}} On top de original special rules dem dey reauthorize, Congress also chop plenty new provisions join de Act. For example, dem expand de ban wey dey on 'tests or devices' to cover everywhere for 1970, plus by 1975, de ban don become permanent sha.<ref name="RevisedBailout5">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|6–9}} Also, for 1975, Congress widen de Act make e fit protect language minorities from voting wahala. Dem define 'language minority' as people wey be American Indian, Asian American, Alaskan Natives or people wey get Spanish background.<ref name="VRA-14(c)(3)2">Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 14(c)(3); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973l(c)(3))</ref> Congress come add some new provisions, like de preclearance requirement plus Section 2 wey dey stop discriminatory voting laws, to make sure language minorities no go face discrimination.<ref name="enfranchise">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|199}} Congress come put bilingual election matter for Section 203 wey make election officials for some areas wey get plenty people wey no sabi English, must provide ballot and voting info for their language. E been wan expire after 10 years, but Congress come reauthorize Section 203 for 1982 for seven years, then e later expand plus reauthorize am for 1992 for 15 years, plus for 2006, dem reauthorize am again for 25 years.{{rp|19–21, 25, 49}} Bilingual election requirement dey cause serious wahala. Some people wey support am talk say, dem need am make new citizens fit vote well, but others dey argue say, e go cost plenty money wey no go fit cover.{{rp|26}} Some of de changes wey dem make, na because of court verdicts wey Congress no gree. For 1982, Congress change de law to overturn De Supreme Court case Mobile v. Bolden (1980), wey talk say Section 2 fit only stop discrimination wey dem plan well. Congress come expand Section 2 give am clear say any voting wahala wey go cause discrimination dey banned, no matter whether na intentional or not. Dis 'results test' wey dem create, shift plenty vote dilution cases from preclearance wahala to Section 2 cases.<ref name="democracy11">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|644–645}} For 2006, Congress change de law again to overturn two Supreme Court cases: Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board (2000),<ref name="Reno">''Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board'', {{ussc|528|320|2000}}</ref> wey talk say Section 5 preclearance fit block only voting changes wey dem do for 'retrogressive' purpose instead of any wahala, PLUS Georgia v. Ashcroft (2003),<ref name="Ash">''Georgia v. Ashcroft'', {{ussc|539|461|2003}}</ref> wey set broader test to check if redistricting plan dey cause wahala under Section 5, limit no be only if minority fit choose demma candidates.<ref name="Promise">{{cite journal |last=Persily |first=Nathaniel |year=2007 |title=The Promise and Pitfalls of the New Voting Rights Act |url=http://yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/article/the-promise-and-pitfalls-of-the-new-voting-rights-act/ |url-status=dead |journal=Yale Law Journal |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=174–254 |doi=10.2307/20455790 |jstor=20455790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926061938/http://yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/article/the-promise-and-pitfalls-of-the-new-voting-rights-act/ |archive-date=September 26, 2013 |access-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|207–208}} Since Supreme Court don quash the coverage formula wey no dey jom for Shelby County v. Holder (2013), plenty bills don show for Congress make dem fit create new coverage formula and change some other things; but none of dem bills don pass.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moving Forward on the VRAA|url=http://www.naacpldf.org/case-issue/voting-rights-amendment-act-2014|access-date=April 19, 2014|publisher=NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=H.R. 885: Voting Rights Amendment Act of 2015|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr885#|access-date=December 27, 2015|publisher=govtrack.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reps. Sensenbrenner and Conyers Reintroduce Bipartisan Voting Rights Amendment Act of 2017|url=https://sensenbrenner.house.gov/2017/7/reps-sensenbrenner-and-conyers-reintroduce-bipartisan-voting-rights-amendment-act-of-2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115021441/https://sensenbrenner.house.gov/2017/7/reps-sensenbrenner-and-conyers-reintroduce-bipartisan-voting-rights-amendment-act-of-2017|archive-date=November 15, 2019|access-date=November 15, 2019|website=Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner|language=en}}</ref> ==Provisions== [[File:Voting Rights Act - first page (hi-res).jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|The first page of the Voting Rights Act of 1965]] De act get two types of provisions: "general provisions", wey dey apply for de whole country, den "special provisions", wey dey apply to only certain states den local governments.<ref name="GAO78">{{cite journal|first1=Elmer B.|last1=Staats|title=Voting Rights Act: Enforcement Needs Strengthening|issue=GGD-78-19|url=http://www.gao.gov/products/GGD-78-19|journal=Report of the Comptroller General of the United States|access-date=October 27, 2013|date=February 6, 1978}}</ref>{{rp|1}} "De Voting Rights Act be aimed for de subtle, as well as de obvious, state regulations wey get de effect of denying citizens dema right to vote because of dema race. Moreover, compatible plus de decisions of dis Court, de Act dey give broad interpretation to de right to vote, recognizing say voting dey include "all action necessary to make a vote effective." 79 Stat. 445, 42 U.S.C. § 19731(c)(1) (1969 ed., Supp. I). See ''Reynolds v. Sims'', 377 U. S. 533, 377 U. S. 555 (1964)."<ref>{{cite web |title=Allen v. State Bd. of Elections, 393 U.S. 544 (1969), at 565-566 |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/544/ |publisher=Justia US Supreme Court Center |access-date=December 26, 2021 |date=March 3, 1969}}</ref> Most provisions dem design to protect de voting rights of racial den language minorities. De term "language minority" mean "persons wey be American Indian, Asian American, Alaskan Natives or of Spanish heritage."<ref name="VRA-14(c)(3)" /> De act ein provisions dem color by numerous judicial interpretations den congressional amendments. ===== ''Early enforcement hurdles'' ===== Even tho e don pass, VRA still dey face three big wahala: # Literacy test wahala: Plenty counties don swap banned tests with 'good moral character' talk (like Alabama wey in 1966 dem require say voter wey want register go fit recite Constitution well well). Supreme Court come strike dem down for United States v. Louisiana (1966), but e still dey slow—by 1967, DOJ don file 71 lawsuits make people fit register. # Economic wahala: Planters like Mississippi’s Theodore Bilbo Jr. dey threaten to push sharecroppers wey go register; e cause dem to bring de 1966 'Voter Registration Protection Act' (42 U.S.C. § 1971(e)) wey fit allow federal law suit against private people. # Jurisdictional wahala: South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966) gree say VRA dey valid, but local officials dey use Section 4 'bail-in' process start some delay—Mississippi Hinds County take 18 months before dem follow federal court order.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-06|title=Civil Rights Division {{!}} Statutes Enforced By The Voting Section|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/statutes-enforced-voting-section|access-date=2025-06-21|website=www.justice.gov|language=en}}</ref> ===== General provisions ===== ===== General prohibition of discriminatory voting laws ===== Section 2 no gree any place make dem fit do any kind of voting wahala wey go make person no fit vote because of him race, color, or language wey e dey belong to.{{rp|37}}<ref name="VRA-2">Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 2; (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973)</ref> This Section 2 get two ways wey e dey protect people from voter discrimination for laws wey don already start, unlike Section 5 wey no dey like that.<ref name="20200918VoxcomMillhiser">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=Chief Justice Roberts's lifelong crusade against voting rights, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|work=Vox.com|date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219232608/https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|archive-date=December 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="20201002VoxcomMillhiser">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=The Supreme Court will hear a case that could destroy what remains of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/10/2/21498587/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-amy-coney-barrett|access-date=January 3, 2021|work=Vox.com|date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216220650/https://www.vox.com/2020/10/2/21498587/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-amy-coney-barrett|archive-date=December 16, 2020}}</ref> First, e no allow anybody to discriminate people based on race or color wen dem dey vote. Second, e no make election practices wey go fit deny person right to vote based on race or color.<ref name="20200918VoxcomMillhiser2">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=Chief Justice Roberts's lifelong crusade against voting rights, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|work=Vox.com|date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219232608/https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|archive-date=December 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="20201002VoxcomMillhiser2">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=The Supreme Court will hear a case that could destroy what remains of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/10/2/21498587/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-amy-coney-barrett|access-date=January 3, 2021|work=Vox.com|date=October 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216220650/https://www.vox.com/2020/10/2/21498587/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-amy-coney-barrett|archive-date=December 16, 2020}}</ref><ref name="20201008NCSLSonoren">{{cite web|last1=Soronen|first1=Lisa|date=October 8, 2020|title=Supreme Court to Decide Significant Voting Case|url=https://www.ncsl.org/blog/2020/10/08/supreme-court-to-decide-significant-voting-case.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210103044435/https://www.ncsl.org/blog/2020/10/08/supreme-court-to-decide-significant-voting-case.aspx|archive-date=January 3, 2021|access-date=January 3, 2021|website=ncsl.org|publisher=The National Conference of State Legislatures}}</ref><ref name="20210701VoxcomMillhiser">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=The Supreme Court leaves the Voting Rights Act alive — but only barely|url=https://www.vox.com/2021/7/1/22559046/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-brnovich-dnc-samuel-alito-elena-kagan-democracy|access-date=July 2, 2023|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox.com]]|publisher=[[Vox (website)|Vox.com]]|date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625214832/https://www.vox.com/2021/7/1/22559046/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-brnovich-dnc-samuel-alito-elena-kagan-democracy|archive-date=June 25, 2023}}</ref> If dem violate dis second protection on purpose, e go still be violation of de Fifteenth Amendment.<ref name="20201008NCSLSonoren2">{{cite web|last1=Soronen|first1=Lisa|date=October 8, 2020|title=Supreme Court to Decide Significant Voting Case|url=https://www.ncsl.org/blog/2020/10/08/supreme-court-to-decide-significant-voting-case.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210103044435/https://www.ncsl.org/blog/2020/10/08/supreme-court-to-decide-significant-voting-case.aspx|archive-date=January 3, 2021|access-date=January 3, 2021|website=ncsl.org|publisher=The National Conference of State Legislatures}}</ref> Supreme Court don gree say private people fit sue to make this rules work.<ref name="PrivateRight">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2010 |title=Public Rights and Private Rights of Action: The Enforcement of Federal Election Laws |url=http://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol44p113.pdf |journal=Indiana Law Review |volume=44 |pages=113–160 |doi=10.18060/4081 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312032939/https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol44p113.pdf |archive-date=March 12, 2020 |access-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|138}}<ref>''Allen v. State Bd. of Elections'', {{ussc|393|544|1969}}</ref> For Mobile v. Bolden (1980), Supreme Court talk say wen dem first make am for 1965, Section 2 just dey repeat Fifteenth Amendment, so e only dey ban those voting laws wey dem create or keep for discrimination reason.<ref name="Mobile">''Mobile v. Bolden'', {{ussc|446|55|1980}}</ref>{{rp|60–61}}<ref name="20200918VoxcomMillhiser3">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=Chief Justice Roberts's lifelong crusade against voting rights, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|work=Vox.com|date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219232608/https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|archive-date=December 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="DOJvra655">{{cite web|date=July 28, 2017|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref><ref name="20210301MotherJonesBerman">{{cite news|last1=Berman|first1=Ari|title=Voting Rights: Republicans Are Trying to Kill What's Left of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/03/republicans-are-trying-to-kill-whats-left-of-the-voting-rights-act/|access-date=March 6, 2021|publisher=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303015305/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/03/republicans-are-trying-to-kill-whats-left-of-the-voting-rights-act/|archive-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref> For 1982, Congress change Section 2 make e get "results" test,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Denniston|first1=Lyle|date=August 13, 2015|title=Constitution Check: Is another key part of the Voting Rights Act in trouble?|url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/constitution-check-is-another-key-part-of-the-voting-rights-act-in-trouble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508195814/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/constitution-check-is-another-key-part-of-the-voting-rights-act-in-trouble|archive-date=May 8, 2020|access-date=January 11, 2021|publisher=[[National Constitution Center]]}}</ref> wey dey stop any voting law wey go fit cause discrimination effect, no matter whether dem purposely make am or maintain am for dat reason.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mcdonald |first=Laughlin |year=1985 |title=The Attack on Voting Rights |url=http://beck.library.emory.edu/southernchanges/article.php?id=sc07-5_002 |url-status=dead |journal=Southern Changes |volume=7 |issue=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014223427/http://beck.library.emory.edu/southernchanges/article.php?id=sc07-5_002 |archive-date=October 14, 2016 |access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 2006|title=Voting Rights Enforcement and Reauthorization: The Department of Justice's Record of Enforcing the Temporary Voting Rights Act Provisions|url=http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/051006VRAStatReport.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709180810/https://www.usccr.gov/pubs/051006VRAStatReport.pdf|archive-date=July 9, 2017|access-date=August 26, 2018|work=U.S. Commission on Civil Rights}}</ref>{{rp|3}}<ref name="20200918VoxcomMillhiser4">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=Chief Justice Roberts's lifelong crusade against voting rights, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|work=Vox.com|date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219232608/https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020|archive-date=December 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="DOJvra656">{{cite web|date=July 28, 2017|title=History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210106161217/https://www.justice.gov/crt/history-federal-voting-rights-laws|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref><ref name="20210301MotherJonesBerman2">{{cite news|last1=Berman|first1=Ari|title=Voting Rights: Republicans Are Trying to Kill What's Left of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/03/republicans-are-trying-to-kill-whats-left-of-the-voting-rights-act/|access-date=March 6, 2021|publisher=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303015305/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/03/republicans-are-trying-to-kill-whats-left-of-the-voting-rights-act/|archive-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref> De 1982 change talk say de results test no go fit guarantee protected minorities dem get di right to proportional representation.<ref name="WayOut">{{cite journal |last=Mulroy |first=Steven J. |year=1998 |title=The Way Out: A Legal Standard for Imposing Alternative Electoral Systems as Voting Rights Remedies |journal=Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review |volume=33 |ssrn=1907880}}</ref> For de case Thornburg v. Gingles (1986), de United States Supreme Court talk say di 1982 change for section 2 mean say de main gist of Section 2 claim be say some electoral law, practice, or structure dey interact with social plus historical wahala wey dey cause inequality for de chances wey black and white voters dey get to choose de reps wey dem like.<ref name="20200911DOJSection2VAR1965">{{cite web|date=September 11, 2020|title=Section 2 Of The Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/section-2-voting-rights-act|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209070954/https://www.justice.gov/crt/section-2-voting-rights-act|archive-date=December 9, 2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|publisher=The United States Department of Justice}}</ref> De United States Department of Justice talk say section 2 no be just one permanent plus nationwide rule wey fit stop discrimination for voting based on any voting standard, practice, or procedure wey go make any citizen lose im right to vote sekof of race, color, or if dem dey belong to language minority group, but e still dey stop state plus local officials from adopting or maintaining voting laws wey go dey discriminate intentionally based on race, color, or language minority group.<ref name="20200911DOJSection2VAR1965" /> De United States Supreme Court talk say dem get mind for Section 2 and wetin change for 1982 for Chisom v. Roemer (1991).<ref>{{cite web|author1=United States Department of Justice|date=December 7, 2020|title=2020-12-07 Brief amicus curiae of United States in ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'' (United States Supreme Court case Number 19-1257) and ''Arizona Republican Party v. Democratic National Committee'' (United States Supreme Court case number 19-1258), at pages 2–3.|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/162895/20201207160121126_19-1257tsacUnitedStates.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208185310/https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/162895/20201207160121126_19-1257tsacUnitedStates.pdf|archive-date=December 8, 2020|access-date=January 11, 2021|publisher=United States Supreme Court}}</ref> Dem show say now, you no need prove say you get bad mind to show say dem break § 2. Plaintiffs fit win under § 2 if dem fit show say election wey dem dey contest don cause dem to lose de right to vote sekof of color or race. Congress no just put de results test insyde de part wey use to be full § 2, dem also call dat part subsection (a) plus add new subsection (b) wey talk say to use results test, you gatz look all de circumstances. Section 2(a) dey use results test, so you no need to prove say dem get bad intent to show say dem break de section. Section 2(b) gree guidance on how to apply de results test.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chisom v. Roemer, 501 U.S. 380 (1991), at 394–395.|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/501/380/|access-date=January 11, 2021|publisher=Justia US Supreme Court Center}}</ref> Dem create framework to check if jurisdiction's election law dey violate de general rule from Section 2 wey don change.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United States Department of Justice|date=December 7, 2020|title=2020-12-07 Brief amicus curiae of United States in ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'' (United States Supreme Court case Number 19-1257) and ''Arizona Republican Party v. Democratic National Committee'' (United States Supreme Court case number 19-1258), at pages 2–3 and 11.|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/162895/20201207160121126_19-1257tsacUnitedStates.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208185310/https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/162895/20201207160121126_19-1257tsacUnitedStates.pdf|archive-date=December 8, 2020|access-date=January 11, 2021|publisher=United States Supreme Court}}</ref> Section 2 dey stop voting wahala wey fit make some people no fit vote sekof of demma race, color, or if dem belong to language-minority group. E talk say if political processes no dey open for everybody, den dem don deny dem right to vote. Base on [https://web.archive.org/web/20201102083133/https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:52%20section:10301%20edition:prelim) 52 U.S.C. 10301],[...] if we check subsection (b), e go show say if dem break the rule for subsection (a), we go fit see say as e be, political processes wey lead to nomination or election no dey open for all citizens wey dey protected under subsection (a). This means members of dis group get less chance to take part for de political process plus to choose den select demma own representatives.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United States Department of Justice|date=December 7, 2020|title=2020-12-07 Brief amicus curiae of United States in ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'' (United States Supreme Court case Number 19-1257) and ''Arizona Republican Party v. Democratic National Committee'' (United States Supreme Court case number 19-1258), at pages 11 and 3.|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/162895/20201207160121126_19-1257tsacUnitedStates.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208185310/https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/162895/20201207160121126_19-1257tsacUnitedStates.pdf|archive-date=December 8, 2020|access-date=January 11, 2021|publisher=United States Supreme Court}}</ref><ref name="20210110SCOTUSblogBrnovich">{{cite web|title=Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee|url=https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/brnovich-v-democratic-national-committee/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110160222/https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/brnovich-v-democratic-national-committee/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|publisher=[[SCOTUSblog]]}}</ref> Arizona Attorney General office talk say dem wan check the law wey fit show if election law for jurisdiction dey violate Section 2 wey dem don change and why dem adopt Section 2 for de new form: If you wan show say dem violate Section 2 wey dem amend, you go need prove say, based on wetin dey happen, de State’s “political processes” no dey open for everybody wey suppose fit join, especially de protected class. Dem members get less chance pass others wey fit vote to choose di representatives wey dem like. Na dis tin wey amended Section 2 dey try stop: “less chance pass others wey fit vote,” wen you check de State’s “political processes” as one whole. Dem change de language make e fit avoid need for direct proof of bad intention wey no dey easy to get, but dem no wan use any how “disparate impact” test wey fit spoil normal voting method. S. REP. NO. 97–417, at 28–29, 31–32, 99 (1982)<ref>{{cite web|author=Mark Brnovich|author2=Oramel H. Skinner|author3=Rusty D. Crandell|display-authors=etal|date=April 27, 2020|title=2020-04-27 Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'', at page 5.|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/142431/20200427105601341_Brnovich%20Petition.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129084133/https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-1257/142431/20200427105601341_Brnovich%20Petition.pdf|archive-date=November 29, 2020|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Office of the Arizona Attorney General|publisher=United States Supreme Court}}</ref><ref name="20210110SCOTUSblogBrnovich2">{{cite web|title=Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee|url=https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/brnovich-v-democratic-national-committee/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110160222/https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/brnovich-v-democratic-national-committee/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 10, 2021|publisher=[[SCOTUSblog]]}}</ref> For Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee (2021), de United States Supreme Court come drop some wajam for how to check Section 2 wahala.<ref name="npr decision2">{{cite web|last=Totenberg|first=Nina|date=July 1, 2021|title=The Supreme Court Deals A New Blow To Voting Rights, Upholding Arizona Restrictions|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/998758022/the-supreme-court-upheld-upholds-arizona-measures-that-restrict-voting|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210707042252/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/998758022/the-supreme-court-upheld-upholds-arizona-measures-that-restrict-voting?t=1625631699560|archive-date=July 7, 2021|access-date=July 1, 2021|work=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref name="20210701NYTLiptak2">{{cite news|last1=Liptak|first1=Adam|title=Supreme Court Upholds Arizona Voting Restrictions|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-arizona-voting-restrictions.html|access-date=July 7, 2021|work=The New York Times|date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707045129/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-arizona-voting-restrictions.html|archive-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref> De slip opinion talk say for Syllabus part sey, "De Court no wan drop any test we go cover all VRA [Section 2] challenges wey fit talk about time, place, or way to cast ballot. E go just dey okay to see some guide wey go lead to de Court decision for dis matter."<ref>{{cite web|date=July 1, 2021|title=''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'', 594 U.S. ___ (2021), Slip opinion, Syllabus, page 2|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-1257_g204.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706222115/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-1257_g204.pdf|archive-date=July 6, 2021|access-date=July 7, 2021|publisher=United States Supreme Court}}</ref> De Court drop dis guide dem wey we go use check de state rules under Section 2. E include: how heavy de burden wey de rule dey create, how de rule change from wetin we don dey do before, how de racial imbalance be, plus how much chance dem dey give voters wen dem dey look all de election rules.<ref name="abcnews decision2">{{cite web|last=Dywer|first=Devin|date=July 1, 2021|title=Supreme Court upholds Arizona restrictions in major voting rights, racial discrimination case|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/supreme-court-upholds-arizona-restrictions-major-voting-rights/story?id=78182724|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707042534/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/supreme-court-upholds-arizona-restrictions-major-voting-rights/story?id=78182724|archive-date=July 7, 2021|access-date=July 1, 2021|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref name="20210701NYTLiptak3">{{cite news|last1=Liptak|first1=Adam|title=Supreme Court Upholds Arizona Voting Restrictions|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-arizona-voting-restrictions.html|access-date=July 7, 2021|work=The New York Times|date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707045129/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-arizona-voting-restrictions.html|archive-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="20210701VoxcomMillhiser2">{{cite news|last1=Millhiser|first1=Ian|title=The Supreme Court leaves the Voting Rights Act alive — but only barely|url=https://www.vox.com/2021/7/1/22559046/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-brnovich-dnc-samuel-alito-elena-kagan-democracy|access-date=July 2, 2023|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox.com]]|publisher=[[Vox (website)|Vox.com]]|date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625214832/https://www.vox.com/2021/7/1/22559046/supreme-court-voting-rights-act-brnovich-dnc-samuel-alito-elena-kagan-democracy|archive-date=June 25, 2023}}</ref> When dem dey find out if any place law for election dey go against wetin Section 2 of VRA talk, courts dey use some factors wey Senate Judiciary Committee report for 1982 amendments talk about, wey dem dey call 'Senate Factors', including:<ref name="20200911DOJSection2VAR19652">{{cite web|date=September 11, 2020|title=Section 2 Of The Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/section-2-voting-rights-act|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209070954/https://www.justice.gov/crt/section-2-voting-rights-act|archive-date=December 9, 2020|access-date=January 3, 2021|publisher=The United States Department of Justice}}</ref> # History dey show say dem dey discriminate wey fit affect de right to vote; # How voting for de jurisdiction insyde dey show racial divide for de place; # De way dem dey use majority vote matter, big electoral districts wey too plenty, ban on bullet voting, plus other things wey fit make voting discrimination better; # E be if dem go allow minority candidates enter de candidate slating process, if dem get any; # How far dem minority people for dis area dey face wahala for money matter like school, job, plus health; # E fit be clear or small small racial code talk wey dey happen for campaigns; # How many minority candidates don win elections; # De way wey those people dem elect no dey mind de wahala wey minority group dey face; plus # Whether de policy justification for de law wey dem challenge be tenuous. De report show say no all or plenty of dem factors dey need to dey for electoral thing make e lead to discrimination, plus e also show say dis list no be complete, make court fit consider extra evidence if dem like.<ref name="WayOut2">{{cite journal |last=Mulroy |first=Steven J. |year=1998 |title=The Way Out: A Legal Standard for Imposing Alternative Electoral Systems as Voting Rights Remedies |journal=Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review |volume=33 |ssrn=1907880}}</ref>{{rp|344}}{{rp|28–29}} {{quote box|quote=No right is more precious in a free country than that of having a voice in the election of those who make the laws under which, as good citizens, we must live. Other rights, even the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined. Our Constitution leaves no room for classification of people in a way that unnecessarily abridges this right.|source=— Justice Hugo Black on the right to vote as the foundation of democracy in ''Wesberry v. Sanders'' (1964).<ref>{{cite web |title=''Wesberry v. Sanders'', 376 U.S. 1 (1964), at 17-18. |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/376/1/ |publisher=Justia US Supreme Court Center |access-date=January 5, 2021 |date=February 17, 1964 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107043412/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/376/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|width=27%|align=right|style=padding:8px;}} — [[:en:Supreme_Court_Justice|Justice]] [[:en:Hugo_Black|Black]] on [[:en:Suffrage|the right to vote]] as the foundation of [[:en:Democracy|democracy]] in ''[[:en:Wesberry_v._Sanders|Wesberry v. Sanders]]'' (1964). Section 2 no allow two kind discrimination: "vote denial", wey dey mean say person no fit cast im ballot or make dem count im vote well, plus "vote dilution".<ref>{{cite news|author-link=Mark Joseph Stern|last1=Stern|first1=Mark Joseph|title=Jurisprudence: Neil Gorsuch Declares War on the Voting Rights Act|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/06/abbott-v-perez-neil-gorsuch-says-the-voting-rights-act-does-not-prohibit-racial-gerrymandering.html|access-date=March 6, 2021|publisher=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=June 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302112234/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/06/abbott-v-perez-neil-gorsuch-says-the-voting-rights-act-does-not-prohibit-racial-gerrymandering.html|archive-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Paige A. Epstein|title=Addressing Minority Vote Dilution Through StateVoting Rights Acts. In: University of Chicago Public Law & LegalTheory Working Paper No. 47 (February 2014)|url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1918&context=public_law_and_legal_theory|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211180149/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1918&context=public_law_and_legal_theory|archive-date=December 11, 2019|access-date=March 6, 2021|publisher=University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound}}</ref>{{rp|2–6}} wey de strength or effectiveness of person vote go dey reduced.<ref name="NewDenial">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref>{{rp|691–692}} Most Section 2 wahala dey concern vote wey dem dey dilute, especially when people dey talk say de way dem redistrict or de way dem use at-large/multimember elections dey make am hard for minority voters to cast enough votes wey go fit help dem elect de candidates wey dem like.<ref name="NewDenial2">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref>{{rp|708–709}} Wen dem do at-large election, e fit spoil minority voters votes, sekof de strong majority group fit take all de seats for de place.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Ross J. |year=1989 |title=Whose Vote Counts? Minority Vote Dilution and Election Rights |url=http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1289&context=law_urbanlaw |journal=Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law |volume=35 |access-date=March 26, 2015}}</ref>{{rp|221}} Dem redistricting plans fit gerrymander am, make votes wey minority people cast dey dilute. Dem go fit 'pack' plenty minority voters for small districts or 'crack' dem by spreading dem small for plenty districts.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Role of Section 2 – Redistricting & Vote Dilution|url=http://redrawingthelines.org/redistrictingvotedilution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092433/http://redrawingthelines.org/redistrictingvotedilution|archive-date=April 2, 2015|access-date=August 4, 2015|work=Redrawing the Lines|publisher=NAACP Legal Defense Fund}}</ref> For Thornburg v. Gingles (1986), Supreme Court talk say dem dey call am "vote dilution through submergence" when dem dey complain say when area use at-large/multimember election or gerrymandered redistricting, e dey scatter minority votes. Dem set legal way wey go fit check this matter under Section 2.[a] Under Gingles test, plaintiffs(person wey take anoda go court) must show say three things dey: # De racial or language minority group dey plenty plus dey close enough to fit form majority for one single-member district'; # De minority group dey be 'politically tight' (dis mean say dem members fit vote di same way); plus # De majority dey vote together well well to fit ... normally to burst de minority candidate wey dem like'.<ref name="Gingles">''Thornburg v. Gingles'', {{ussc|478|30|1986}}</ref>{{rp|50–51}} De first condition wey dem dey call "compactness" na im dey talk whether dem fit create majority-minority district. De second and third conditions na wetin dem dey group as "racially polarized voting" or "racial bloc voting", plus e dey talk whether de voting patterns of de different racial groups be different. If person wey dey sue fit prove say these conditions dey, den e go need show, using de other Senate Factors plus evidence, say for de whole situation, de jurisdiction's redistricting plan or de way dem dey do at-large or multimember elections dey reduce de chance wey de minority group get to select candidates wey dem like.<ref name="WayOut3">{{cite journal |last=Mulroy |first=Steven J. |year=1998 |title=The Way Out: A Legal Standard for Imposing Alternative Electoral Systems as Voting Rights Remedies |journal=Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review |volume=33 |ssrn=1907880}}</ref>{{rp|344–345}} Wen dem go fit dey litigate again, dem define how dis "vote dilution through submergence" matter dey be. For Bartlett v. Strickland (2009),<ref>''Bartlett v. Strickland'', {{ussc|556|1|2009|source=f}}</ref> Supreme Court talk say, di first Gingles precondition go only fit happen if dem fit draw one district wey di minority group go dey majority of voting-age citizens. Dis one mean say, people wey dey sue no go fit win submergence case for places wey di minority group no dey big reach majority for di district, but dem dey big enough make dem fit choose dia favorite candidates plus some votes from di majority group.<ref name="Roseman">{{cite journal |last=Roseman |first=Brandon |year=2009 |title=Equal Opportunities Do Not Always Equate to Equal Representation: How Bartlett v. Strickland is a Regression in the Face of the Ongoing Civil Rights Movement |url=https://archives.law.nccu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1683&context=ncclr |journal=North Carolina Central Law Review |volume=32 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/09/AR2009030900987.html|title=Supreme Court Restricts Voting Rights Act's Scope|last=Barnes|first=Robert|date=March 10, 2009|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 21, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|A2}} Cross check be say, Supreme Court never touch if different protected minority groups fit join body wey go satisfy di Gingles preconditions as coalition, and lower courts dey cut on dis matter. De Supreme Court talk some more about de "totality of the circumstances" test wey dey Johnson v. De Grandy (1994). Dem court yan say just having de three Gingles preconditions no fit mean say person go dey responsible for vote dilution if oda tins dey against am, especially wen we dey talk about redistricting wahala. Dem court also talk say even if de three Gingles preconditions fit dey, jurisdiction no go fit carry any blame for vote dilution if dem redistricting plan get enough majority-minority districts wey match d minority people population. Dis decision clear say Section 2 no need make jurisdictions increase majority-minority districts.<ref name="Gerken">{{cite journal |last=Gerken |first=Heather K. |year=2001 |title=Understanding the Right to an Undiluted Vote |url=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/360/ |journal=Harvard Law Review |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=1663–1743 |doi=10.2307/1342651 |jstor=1342651 |access-date=November 20, 2013}}</ref> Dem also separate how majority-minority districts be, wey go fit give minorities chance to choose who dem want, from how election results be, wey Section 2 no fit promise minorities.{{rp|1013–1014}} Dem get wahala wey concern de third Gingles precondition wey no fit resolve. For Gingles matter, de Supreme Court no gree if plaintiffs go prove say de majority racial group dey vote together sekof dem dey motivated by race matter no be other tins wey fit join with race, like party affiliation. Plenty justices talk say if dem go need such proof, e go go against wetin Congress want make Section 2 be, as 'results' test, but Justice White talk say de proof dey important to show how de electoral scheme fit lead to racial discrimination.<ref name="GinglesNew">{{cite journal |last=Kosterlitz |first=Mary J. |year=1987 |title=Thornburg v. Gingles: The Supreme Court's New Test for Analyzing Minority Vote Dilution |url=https://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1961&context=lawreview |journal=Catholic University Law Review |volume=36 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|555–557}} Since Gingles, lower courts don dey argue about de matter too. {{quote box|quote=The right to vote freely for the candidate of one's choice is of the essence of a democratic society, and any restrictions on that right strike at the heart of representative government. And the right of suffrage can be denied by a debasement or dilution of the weight of a citizen's vote just as effectively as by wholly prohibiting the free exercise of the franchise. [...] Undoubtedly, the right of suffrage is a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society. Especially since the right to exercise the franchise in a free and unimpaired manner is preservative of other basic civil and political rights, any alleged infringement of the right of citizens to vote must be carefully and meticulously scrutinized.|source=— Chief Justice Earl Warren on the right to vote as the foundation of democracy in ''Reynolds v. Sims'' (1964).<ref>{{cite web |title=''Reynolds v. Sims'', 377 U.S. 533 (1964), at 555 and 561–562. |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/377/533/ |publisher=Justia US Supreme Court Center |access-date=January 5, 2021 |date=June 15, 1964}}</ref>|width=27%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}} E be true say plenty Section 2 case dem dey talk about how dem dey dilute vote with submergence,<ref name="NewDenial3">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref>{{rp|708–709}} but dem still fit talk about other ways vote fit dey diluted for this law. For Holder v. Hall (1994),<ref name="Holder">''Holder v. Hall'', {{ussc|512|874|1994}}</ref> Supreme Court talk say if minority vote dey diluted sekof small size of body wey dey govern, like one-person county commission, dem no fit bring dat matter under Section 2. Court come reason say no standard size wey no dey dilute vote for governing body, so no relief go fit happen under Section 2.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Guinier |first=Lani |year=1994 |title=(e)Racing Democracy: The Voting Rights Cases |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/guinier/publications/comment.pdf |journal=Harvard Law Review |volume=108 |access-date=November 24, 2013}}</ref> Anoda way wey vote fit dey dilute na wen dem say candidate go need majority vote to win. Dis majority-vote matter fit mek person wey minority group like, wey fit don win if na simple plurality vote, lose o after plenty voters team up behind anoda candidate for runoff election. Supreme Court never talk if we fit carry such claims come under Section 2, plus lower courts don get different ideas about am. Apart from all de talk say dem dey dilute votes, courts don still look into cases wey concern vote denial under Section 2. De Supreme Court for de case of Richardson v. Ramirez (1974)<ref>''Richardson v. Ramirez'', {{ussc|418|24|1974}}</ref> gree say law wey dey take away felons' right no fit violate Section 2 because Section 2 of de Fourteenth Amendment dey allow such laws.<ref name="democracy12">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|756–757}} One federal court for Mississippi talk say if you get 'dual registration' system wey make person register differently for state elections plus local elections, e fit dey violate Section 2 if e dey affect people wey no be equal based on de Senate Factors.<ref name="democracy13">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|754}}<ref>''Mississippi State Chapter, Operation Push v. Allain'', 674 F.Supp. 1245 (N.D. Miss. 1987)</ref> From 2013, lower federal courts dey start dey look challenges wey people bring against voter ID laws under Section 2.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sherman|first=Jon|date=November 11, 2013|title=Three Strategies (So Far) to Strike Down Strict Voter ID Laws Under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act|url=http://fairelectionsnetwork.com/blog/three-strategies-so-far-strike-down-strict-voter-id-laws-under-section-2-voting-rights-act|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108070213/http://www.fairelectionsnetwork.com/blog/three-strategies-so-far-strike-down-strict-voter-id-laws-under-section-2-voting-rights-act|archive-date=November 8, 2014|access-date=June 25, 2015|publisher=Fair Elections Legal Network}}</ref> ===== Specific prohibitions ===== Dis law get plenty rules wey no go let anybody disturb person wey wan vote well. One of de rules dey for Section 201, wey talk say no place fit force person make dem do any 'test or device' before dem go fit register to vote or cast dem ballot. 'Test or device' mean tings like reading tests, education wahala, proof say you be good person, plus any requirement wey say person must get someone wey go vouch for dem wen dem dey vote.<ref>Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 201; (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa)</ref> Before dem pass de Act, dis devices na dem main tools dem dey use for places to stop minority people from voting.<ref name="Main">{{cite journal |last=Pitts |first=Michael J. |year=2008 |title=The Voting Rights Act and the Era of Maintenance |journal=Alabama Law Review |volume=59 |ssrn=1105115}}</ref> Before, the Act fit pause tests or devices for some places wey dey under Section 4(b), but later, Congress push the ban for everywhere plus make am permanent.<ref name="RevisedBailout6">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|6–9}} For matter wey relate, Section 202 no go allow area make dem put any 'time wey you go stay' rule wey go talk say person suppose don stay for dey more than 30 days before e fit vote for presidential election.<ref name="Defending2">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=Intent and Its Alternatives: Defending the New Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%202/tokaji.pdf |journal=Alabama Law Review |volume=58 |access-date=January 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031511/http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%202/tokaji.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|353}} Section 11 get plenty protections for voters. Section 11(a) no allow anybody wey dey use law to refuse person wey qualify make e vote or no go count am ballot. Section 11(b) too no dey make anybody intimidate, harass, or force another person make e vote or try to vote. Two parts for Section 11 talk about voter fraud: Section 11(c) no go make person wey sabi submit fake voter registration make e fit vote for federal election, and Section 11(e) no allow person vote twice for federal election.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brewster |first1=Henry |last2=Dubler |first2=Grant |last3=Klym |first3=Peter |year=2013 |title=Election Law Violations |url=http://www.americancriminallawreview.com/aswcc/#ElectionLaw |url-status=dead |journal=American Criminal Law Review |volume=50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318021044/http://www.americancriminallawreview.com/aswcc/#ElectionLaw |archive-date=March 18, 2019 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=De Oliveira |first=Pedro |year=2009 |title=Same Day Voter Registration: Post-Crawford Reform to Address the Growing Burdens on Lower-Income Voters |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/geojpovlp16&div=18&id=&page= |journal=Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy |volume=16 |access-date=April 13, 2019}} </ref>{{rp|360}} Eii, at long last, Section 208 talk say no jurisdiction fit stop anybody wey no sabi English or get de disability from bringing person wey dem choose go help am for de ballot box. Only exceptions be say de assistant no fit be agent for de person work or union.<ref name="enfranchise2">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|221}} ===== Bail-in ===== Section 3(c) get one "bail-in" or "pocket trigger" way wey places wey no fit follow Section 4(b) go fit still need preclearance. So if dem catch any place wey dey treat voters bad based on race, go fit make dem follow de rules wey de Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendments talk. Court fit tell dem say, any change wey dem wan make for demma election laws, dem go need first get approval from federal government. But e get as courts dey look de Fourteenth plus Fifteenth Amendments say dem only fit catch intentional discrimination, so to bail in one place, de person wey go carry de matter go court must show say that place dey use voting way wey fit discriminate on purpose.<ref name="bail-in2">{{cite journal |last=Crum |first=Travis |year=2010 |title=The Voting Rights Act's Secret Weapon: Pocket Trigger Litigation and Dynamic Preclearance |url=http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/note/the-voting-rights-act%27s-secret-weapon:-pocket-trigger-litigation-and-dynamic-preclearance |url-status=dead |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830171847/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/note/the-voting-rights-act%27s-secret-weapon:-pocket-trigger-litigation-and-dynamic-preclearance/ |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|2009}} Section 3(c) get im own preclearance talk wey dey different from Section 5 preclearance plenty ways. Unlike Section 5 wey dey cover jurisdiction untill dem fit come out from Section 4(a) coverage, bailed-in jurisdictions go still dey under preclearance as long as court talk so. Plus, court fit fit tell jurisdiction make dem only preclear specific voting changes. For example, New Mexico wey bail-in for 1984 last for 10 years plus only need preclearance for redistricting plans. This one dey different from Section 5 wey require coverage to preclear all voting changes wey dem get.<ref name="bail-in3">{{cite journal |last=Crum |first=Travis |year=2010 |title=The Voting Rights Act's Secret Weapon: Pocket Trigger Litigation and Dynamic Preclearance |url=http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/note/the-voting-rights-act%27s-secret-weapon:-pocket-trigger-litigation-and-dynamic-preclearance |url-status=dead |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830171847/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/note/the-voting-rights-act%27s-secret-weapon:-pocket-trigger-litigation-and-dynamic-preclearance/ |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|2009–2010}}<ref name="section3">{{cite web|title=Section 3 of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/42usc/subch_ia2.php#anchor_1973|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224032531/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/42usc/subch_ia2.php#anchor_1973|archive-date=February 24, 2013|access-date=March 4, 2013|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> E be like sey Section 3(c) no dey get much use for de Act early days; no state fit bail in till 1975. From 1975 to 2013, 18 jurisdictions don bail in, wey include 16 local governments plus states of Arkansas plus New Mexico.<ref name="DOJbrief">{{cite web|title=Brief for the Federal Respondent, Shelby County v. Holder, 2013 United States Supreme Court Briefs No. 12-96|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/app/briefs/shelbymerits.pdf|access-date=December 8, 2013|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref>{{rp|1a-2a}} Even though de Supreme Court talk sey Section 4(b) formula no fit work for Shelby County v. Holder (2013), dem no talk sey Section 3(c) no good. So, dem fit still bail in jurisdictions plus make dem go through Section 3(c) preclearance.<ref name="shelby2">''Shelby County v. Holder'', {{ussc|link=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/570/12-96/|volume=570|year=2014|docket=12–96}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=GOP Has Tough Choices on Voting Rights Act|url=https://news.yahoo.com/gop-tough-choices-voting-rights-act-151906183.html|access-date=January 8, 2014|newspaper=Yahoo! News|date=July 4, 2013}}</ref>After de Shelby County matter, courts start to consider requests from de attorney general plus other plaintiffs to bail in Texas plus North Carolina,<ref>{{cite news|last=Schwinn|first=Steven D.|title=Justice Department to Sue North Carolina over Vote Restrictions|url=http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/conlaw/2013/09/justice-department-to-sue-north-carolina-over-vote-restrictions.html|access-date=January 1, 2014|newspaper=Law Professor Blogs Network|date=September 30, 2013}}</ref> plus for January 2014, one federal court bail in Evergreen, Alabama.<ref>{{cite news|last=Liptak|first=Adam|title=Judge Reinstates Some Federal Oversight of Voting Practices for an Alabama City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/15/us/judge-reinstates-federal-oversight-of-voting-practices-for-alabama-city.html?_r=0|access-date=March 2, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224015806/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/15/us/judge-reinstates-federal-oversight-of-voting-practices-for-alabama-city.html?_r=0|archive-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> Section 3(a) talk say, dem fit use narrow bail-in process for federal observer certification. If court gree say one jurisdiction violate the voting rights wey Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendments dey guarantee, dem fit certify am to receive federal observers. Dem jurisdictions wey court don certify under Section 3(a) no go need preclearance.<ref name="Observers">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|236–237}} ===== Special provisions ===== ===== Coverage formula ===== [[File:Us_s5_cvr08.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Us_s5_cvr08.PNG|alt=Map depicting states and counties encompassed by the act's coverage formula in January 2008 (excluding bailed-out jurisdictions)|thumb|States and counties wey Act dey cover as January 2008 (no include bailed-out places). Some counties later on don chop bailed-out, but plenty of the map show wetin cover jurisdictions before Supreme Court talk for ,''[[:en:Shelby_County_v._Holder|Shelby County v. Holder]]'' (2013), wey chop the coverage formula do unconstitutional.]] Section 4(b) get wetin dem dey call 'coverage formula' wey go fit show which states and local governments go follow di Act special provisions (except di Section 203(c) bilingual election matter, wey dey follow another formula). Congress wan make di coverage formula cover di places wey dey do plenty discrimination. Jurisdiction go dey covered by di formula if: # Since November 1, 1964, 1968, or 1972, dem dey use some 'test or device' to block people from registering den voting; plus # Less than half di people wey fit vote no register for November 1, 1964, 1968, or 1972; or less than half de people wey fit vote no show face for de presidential election for November 1964, 1968, or 1972. When dem first bring de law come, de coverage formula only get November 1964 dates; later dem add more dates wey be November 1968 plus November 1972, wey make more places join de coverage. For de coverage formula, de term 'test or device' mean di same four things wey dem ban for di whole country by Section 201—literacy tests, educational or knowledge requirements, proof say person dey good morally, plus say person need somebody to vouch for am wen e dey vote—plus one extra ting wey dey Section 4(f)(3): if more than five percent of citizens wey fit vote na members of one language minority group, any practice wey make dem provide registration or election materials only for English. De kinds of places wey dis coverage formula fit apply to na states an de 'political subdivisions' of states<ref name="enfranchise3">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|207–208}}. Section 14(c)(2) talk say 'political subdivision' be any county, parish, or 'any other part of a State wey dey organize registration for voting.'<ref>Voting Rights Act § 14(c)(2); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973l(c)(2))</ref> As Congress added new triggering dates to the coverage formula, new jurisdictions were brought into coverage. De 1965 coverage formula included de whole of Alabama, Alaska, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, plus Virginia; plus some subdivisions (mostly counties) for Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, plus North Carolina. The 1968 coverage don result for de partial coverage of Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, plus Wyoming. Connecticut, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, and Wyoming filed successful "bailout" lawsuits, as also provided by section 4. De 1972 coverage covered the whole of Alaska, Arizona, plus Texas, den parts of California, Florida, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, plus South Dakota. De special rules we dem put insyde de Act suppose finish for 1970, but Congress gree renew am for extra five years. For 1975, dem extend de special rules again for seven more years. Then for 1982, dem extend de coverage formula again, dis time for 25 years, but dem no change anything for de coverage formula, plus for 2006, dem extend de coverage formula again for another 25 years. E be like de history no smooth, de coverage formula dey cause wahala because e dey put some areas for spotlight, plenty from Deep South. For de case wey dem call Shelby County v. Holder (2013), de Supreme Court talk say de coverage formula no dey work well because dia criteria don old plus e dey go against equal state sovereignty plus federalism principles.<ref name="shelby3">''Shelby County v. Holder'', {{ussc|link=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/570/12-96/|volume=570|year=2014|docket=12–96}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Totenberg|first1=Nina|title=Supreme Court Weighs Future Of Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/02/27/173012038/supreme-court-weighs-future-of-voting-rights-act|access-date=March 13, 2021|work=[[NPR|National Public Radio]]|publisher=[[NPR|National Public Radio]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008132557/https://www.npr.org/2013/02/27/173012038/supreme-court-weighs-future-of-voting-rights-act|archive-date=October 8, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Liptak, A2">{{cite news|title=Supreme Court Invalidates Key Part of Voting Rights Act|author=Liptak, A.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/us/supreme-court-ruling.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 25, 2013|access-date=June 26, 2013}}</ref> De other special yanga wey dey depend on de coverage formula, like Section 5 preclearance requirement, still dey valid law. But without correct coverage formula, dem no fit enforce dem.<ref name="scotusblogplain2">{{cite web|last=Howe|first=Amy|date=June 25, 2013|title=Details on Shelby County v. Holder: In Plain English|url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/06/details-on-shelby-county-v-holder-in-plain-english|access-date=July 1, 2013|work=SCOTUSBlog}}</ref><ref name="rolls back2">{{cite magazine|url=https://swampland.time.com/2013/06/25/high-court-rolls-back-the-voting-rights-act-of-1965/|title=High Court Rolls Back the Voting Rights Act of 1965|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=June 25, 2013|access-date=June 25, 2013|author=Von Drehle, David|author-link=David Von Drehle}}</ref> ===== Preclearance requirement ===== Section 5<ref name="VRA-5">Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 5; (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973c)</ref> say any place wey fit enter this matter go need federal approval, wey dem dey call 'preclearance', before dem fit change demma election law. That place go need show say de change no dey discriminate based on race or language matter; if dem no fit show am, federal government go deny dem preclearance plus de change go no fit take effect. Supreme Court talk say Section 5 cover plenty for Allen v. State Board of Election (1969),<ref name="Allen">''Allen v. State Board of Elections'', {{ussc|393|544|1969}}</ref> say any small change for how dem dey vote go need preclearance.<ref name="DOJCoveredChanges">{{cite web|title=What Must Be Submitted Under Section 5|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_5/types.php|access-date=November 30, 2013|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> E still talk say if dem no get de preclearance, private people fit sue dem for demma local court before three judges. For this Section 5 'enforcement actions', court go check if de area make any voting change wey dem covere, plus if e don get preclearance. If de area no get de preclearance wey dem suppose to get, court go command de area make dem get am before dem carry out de change. But court no go fit reason whether de change suppose to pass or not.<ref name="DOJsection52">{{cite web|title=About Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_5/about.php|access-date=April 21, 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref><ref name="PrivateRight2">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2010 |title=Public Rights and Private Rights of Action: The Enforcement of Federal Election Laws |url=http://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol44p113.pdf |journal=Indiana Law Review |volume=44 |pages=113–160 |doi=10.18060/4081 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312032939/https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol44p113.pdf |archive-date=March 12, 2020 |access-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|128–129}}<ref name="Allen2">''Allen v. State Board of Elections'', {{ussc|393|544|1969}}</ref>{{rp|556}}<ref name="Lopez1">''Lopez v. Monterey County'' (''Lopez I''), {{ussc|519|9|1996}}</ref>{{rp|23}} Jurisdictions fit ask for preclearance through either 'administrative preclearance' or 'judicial preclearance'. If dem wan go for administrative preclearance, de attorney general go check if de change wey dem propose get any discriminatory reason or effect. Once de jurisdiction submit de change, de attorney general get 60 days to raise any objection. If dem need extra time, dem fit extend am for another 60 days if de jurisdiction bring more information later. If de attorney general raise objection, de change no go fit clear plus dem no go fit use am.<ref name="Posner">{{cite journal |last=Posner |first=Mark A. |year=2006 |title=The Real Story Behind the Justice Department's Implementation of Section 5 of the VRA: Vigorous Enforcement, As Intended by Congress |url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djclpp/vol1/iss1/2/ |journal=Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy |volume=1 |issue=1 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|90–92}} Attorney general wey gree no fit make dem review am for court,<ref>''Morris v. Gressette'', {{ussc|432|491|1977}}</ref> but if e bring wahala, de jurisdiction fit look for court approval by demself, plus de court fit just ignore de attorney general wahala if dem like.<ref name="democracy14">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|559}} If jurisdiction wan seek court approval, dem go file case against de attorney general for U.S. District Court for D.C. Three judges go check if de voting change get any discriminatory wahala, plus de one wey lose fit carry am go Supreme Court directly.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Porto L. |first=Brian |year=1998 |title=What Changes in Voting Practices or Procedures Must be Precleared Under § 5 of Voting Rights Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C.A. § 1973c) |journal=American Law Reports Federal |volume=146}}</ref> Private people fit join de court case for dis preclearance lawsuits matter.<ref name="Ash2">''Georgia v. Ashcroft'', {{ussc|539|461|2003}}</ref>{{rp|476–477}}<ref name="Posner2">{{cite journal |last=Posner |first=Mark A. |year=2006 |title=The Real Story Behind the Justice Department's Implementation of Section 5 of the VRA: Vigorous Enforcement, As Intended by Congress |url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djclpp/vol1/iss1/2/ |journal=Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy |volume=1 |issue=1 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|90}} Many times, Supreme Court don talk about wetin be "discriminatory effect" plus "discriminatory purpose" for Section 5 matter. For Beer v. United States (1976),<ref name="beer">''Beer v. United States'', {{ussc|425|130|1976}}</ref> Court talk say if voting change wan get bad discriminatory effect, e suppose cause "retrogression" (backsliding). So, if voting change dey cause discrimination, but e no dey cause more discrimination than before, dem no fit deny am preclearance because e get discriminatory effect.<ref name="end">{{cite journal |last1=McCrary |first1=Peyton |last2=Seaman |first2=Christopher |last3=Valelly |first3=Richard |year=2006 |title=The End of Preclearance As We Knew It: How the Supreme Court Transformed Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=11 |ssrn=1913565}}</ref>{{rp|283–284}} Like for example, if dem change poll tax to expensive voter registration fee, e no be "retrogressive" change sekof e dey cause same level of discrimination, no more.<ref name="ironic">{{cite journal |last=Kousser |first=J. Morgan |year=2008 |title=The Strange, Ironic Career of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, 1965–2007 |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/31447149/strange-ironic-career-section-5-voting-rights-act-1965-2007 |url-status=dead |journal=Texas Law Review |volume=86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219112130/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/31447149/strange-ironic-career-section-5-voting-rights-act-1965-2007 |archive-date=December 19, 2013 |access-date=November 16, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|695}} Dem dey use de Senate report for di Act well, as court talk say de retrogression standard be di right way to sabi wetin 'discriminatory effect' mean, sekof Section 5 na to make sure say de progress wey minority dey make no go spoil sekof of new 'discriminatory' ways.<ref name="beer2">''Beer v. United States'', {{ussc|425|130|1976}}</ref>{{rp|140–141}} De retrogression standard dey apply whether de voting change dey cause people no fit vote or make dem vote no strong.<ref name="end2">{{cite journal |last1=McCrary |first1=Peyton |last2=Seaman |first2=Christopher |last3=Valelly |first3=Richard |year=2006 |title=The End of Preclearance As We Knew It: How the Supreme Court Transformed Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=11 |ssrn=1913565}}</ref>{{rp|311}} For 2003, Supreme Court wey dey Georgia v. Ashcroft talk say courts no go fit just check say new redistricting plan get retrogressive wahala sekof e reduce minority-majority districts. Dem court people stress say judges suppose check plenty other things under de 'totality of de circumstances, like if de redistricting plan dey increase de number of 'influence districts' wey minority group fit use change election outcome small. For 2006, Congress come turn this decision upside down by amending Section 5, wey go talk clear say 'if you dey reduce protected minority fit elect demma own candidates, e mean say you dey deny or abridge them right to vote base on Section 5.<ref>Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 5(b); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973c(b))</ref> Still, e dey unclear wetin this language really mean plus how courts go fit interpret am.<ref name="democracy15">{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|publisher=Foundation Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|551–552, 916}} Before 2000, dem dey talk say de "discriminatory purpose" part for Section 5 fit mean any kind discrimination, which be de same way dem dey check if wahala be unconstitutional. For Reno v. Bossier Parish (Bossier Parish II) (2000),<ref name="Reno2">''Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board'', {{ussc|528|320|2000}}</ref> Supreme Court change am small, dem talk say for any voting change to get "discriminatory purpose" under Section 5, e go need to happen for retrogressive reason. So, if dem wan use voting change to discriminate against minority, e dey okay under Section 5 as long as e no dey try increase de wahala wey dey already.<ref name="end3">{{cite journal |last1=McCrary |first1=Peyton |last2=Seaman |first2=Christopher |last3=Valelly |first3=Richard |year=2006 |title=The End of Preclearance As We Knew It: How the Supreme Court Transformed Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=11 |ssrn=1913565}}</ref>{{rp|277–278}} This change make plenty cases wey dem deny preclearance base on discriminatory purpose reduce. For 2006, Congress come overturn Bossier Parish II by amending Section 5 to clear say "purpose" mean "any discriminatory purpose."<ref name="Promise2">{{cite journal |last=Persily |first=Nathaniel |year=2007 |title=The Promise and Pitfalls of the New Voting Rights Act |url=http://yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/article/the-promise-and-pitfalls-of-the-new-voting-rights-act/ |url-status=dead |journal=Yale Law Journal |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=174–254 |doi=10.2307/20455790 |jstor=20455790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926061938/http://yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/article/the-promise-and-pitfalls-of-the-new-voting-rights-act/ |archive-date=September 26, 2013 |access-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|199–200, 207}}<ref>Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 5(c); (formerly 42 U.S.C. 1973c(c))</ref> ===== Federal examiners plus observers ===== Till 2006 wey dem change de Act, Section 6 allow make dem appoint 'federal examiners' to check some area wey dey handle voter registration. Dem fit give federal examiners to any area if de attorney general talk say e fit do am. # Justice Ministry collect like 20 or more serious complaints wey say de area no gree make de residents vote sekof of race or if dem belong to minority language group; or # Dem need federal examiners to fit make sure say people go fit enjoy de voting rights wey dem promise for de Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendments.<ref name="Observers2">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|235–236}} Federal examiners get power to register voters, check voter registration applications, plus keep voter rolls.<ref name="Observers3">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|237}} De aim of dis federal examiner ting na to stop areas from denying protected minorities de right to vote by doing bad tings for voter registration, like saying no to qualified people, deleting qualified voters from rolls, plus de reduce de time wey people fit register. Dem use federal examiners plenty after de Act come out, but as time pass, e no dey matter like before; 1983 na de last year wey federal examiner register person to vote. For 2006, Congress stop dis provision.<ref name="Observers4">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|238–239}} Insyde de Act wey de original plan dey, for any place wey dem don certify for federal examiners, de attorney general fit require make dem appoint "federal observers". By 2006, de federal examiner part don turn only for appointing federal observers.<ref name="Observers6">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|239}} Wen Congress remove de federal examiner part for 2006, dem change Section 8 make e allow federal observers to go places wey fit de same certification wey dem use appoint federal examiners.{{rp|50}} Federal observers dey follow how poll workers and voters dey behave for polling places for de time of de election plus how election officials dey calculate ballots.<ref name="Observers7">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|248}} Dem goal be make shore say minority voters fit participate by catching den write down any bad behavior wey fit happen, like election officials wey go deny qualified minority people demma right to vote, or if dem dey intimidate voters on election day, or if dem no dey count vote properly.<ref name="Observers8">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|231–235}} De bad behavior wey federal observers catch fit also serve as proof for any court case later.<ref name="Observers9">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|233}} Between 1965 plus de Supreme Court for 2013 strike down de coverage formula for Shelby County v. Holder, attorney general don certify 153 local governments for 11 states.<ref name="DOJobservers">{{cite web|title=About Federal Observers and Election Monitoring|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/examine/activ_exam.php|access-date=January 3, 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> E be sekof of time plus resource wahala, federal observers no fit go every certified place for every election.<ref name="Observers10">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|230}} Some other provisions allow certified places to 'bail out' from demma certification.<ref name="DOJobservers2">{{cite web|title=About Federal Observers and Election Monitoring|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/examine/activ_exam.php|access-date=January 3, 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> ===== Bailout ===== For Section 4(a), any area wey dey covered fit ask for exemption wey dem dey call 'bailout.'<ref name="DOJsection53">{{cite web|title=About Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_5/about.php|access-date=April 21, 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> To get dis exemption, dem need to go meet three judges for de D.C. District Court wey go judge say dem fit bail out. Originally, if any area no use any test or method wey dey discriminate insyde de 5 years wey dem dey request for bailout, e go qualify to bail out.<ref name="RevisedBailout7">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|22, 33–34}} So, any place wey wan bail out for 1967 go need show say dem no misuse any test or device since at least 1962. Until 1970, dem wey covered go really need prove say dem no misuse any test since before de law come out five years earlier for 1965,<ref name="RevisedBailout8">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|6}} wey make am hard for plenty places wey dem cover to bail out.<ref name="RevisedBailout9">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|27}} But, Section 4(a) still talk say places wey dem cover no fit use any tests or devices anyhow, even dem no fit misbehave; so under de original law, dem fit bail out for 1970 just by following this rule. But as dem dey change de law for 1970 plus 1975 to add special rules, Congress also increase de time wey covered places must no misuse test to 10 years and then to 17 years, respectively.<ref name="RevisedBailout10">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|7, 9}} Dis extensions still make dem show say dem no use test or device anyhow since dem pass di Act for 1965. For 1982, Congress change Section 4(a) so e go dey easier to do bailout for two ways. First, dem talk say if state dey cover, local governments for that state fit bail out even if state no fit bail out. Second, dem soft de eligibility rules by changing de 17-year rule to new one, so any place wey dey cover fit bail out if dem fit show say for de last 10 years before dem ask for bailout: # De jurisdiction no use any test or device wey go discriminate or get bad effect; # No court don talk say dem deny or take away voting right sekof of race or language minority matter; # De jurisdiction de comply with de preclearance requirement; # De federal government no assign federal examiners to de jurisdiction; # De jurisdiction don kukuma stop all di wahala wey dey make dem do election wey no fair; plus # De jurisdiction don take serious action to stop voter fear plus make voting easier for de minorities dem de protect. Also, Congress talk say any place wey wan collect bailout go show proof of how minority people dey register den vote, plus how e don change over time compare to majority people. If court find say dem fit collect de bailout, dem go give judgment wey go favor dem. Court go still dey oversee matters for de next 10 years plus fit put dem back under coverage if dem still dey do voting discrimination.<ref name="RevisedBailout11">{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Richard A. |year=1984 |title=The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions |url=http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |url-status=dead |journal=Washington University Law Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060158/http://digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/lawreview/vol62/iss1/2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|22–23}}<ref name="VRA-4(a)">Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 4(a); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973b(a)(1)(F))</ref> De 1982 change wey dem make for bailout eligibility start to work on August 5, 1984. From that time till 2013, 196 places don bail out through 38 bailout moves; each time, attorney general gree for de bailout request.<ref name="DOJbrief3">{{cite web|title=Brief for the Federal Respondent, Shelby County v. Holder, 2013 United States Supreme Court Briefs No. 12-96|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/app/briefs/shelbymerits.pdf|access-date=December 8, 2013|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref>{{rp|54}} From that time till 2009, all de places wey bail out dey for Virginia. For 2009, one municipal utility place for Texas bail out after Supreme Court de Supreme Court's opinion in ''[[:en:Northwest_Austin_Municipal_Utility_District_No._1_v._Holder|Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder]]'' (2009),<ref name="NW2">''Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder'', {{ussc|557|193|2009|source=f}}</ref> talk say local governments wey no register voters fit bail out.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/us/23scotus.html|title=Justices Let Stand a Central Provision of Voting Rights Act|last=Liptak|first=Adam|date=June 23, 2009|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 22, 2009}}</ref> After dis ruling, jurisdictions don succeed for at least 20 bailout moves before Supreme Court talk say de coverage formula be unconstitutional for Shelby County case (2013).<ref name="DOJbrief2">{{cite web|title=Brief for the Federal Respondent, Shelby County v. Holder, 2013 United States Supreme Court Briefs No. 12-96|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/app/briefs/shelbymerits.pdf|access-date=December 8, 2013|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref>{{rp|54}} Separate rules fit allow any area wey don get federal observers to waka comot from dem certification alone. Under Section 13, attorney general fit cancel that area certification if 1) more than 50 percent of de area minority wey fit vote don register, plus 2) dem no dey see any reason say de people go face voting wahala again. Another option be say de District Court for D.C. fit order dem make dem cancel de certification.<ref name="Observers5">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2007 |title=The Power of Observation: The Role of Federal Observers Under the Voting Rights Act |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=mjrl |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=13 |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|237, 239}}<ref name="DOJobservers3">{{cite web|title=About Federal Observers and Election Monitoring|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/examine/activ_exam.php|access-date=January 3, 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> ===== Tings wey Bilingual election dey require ===== Two laws dey require some places to give election materials to voters for different languages: Section 4(f)(4) plus Section 203(c). Any place wey dey under dis law must provide all de materials wey concern election—like voter registration tings, ballots, notices, plus instructions—for de language of any minority group wey dey live insyde de jurisdiction.<ref name="enfranchise4">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref> Dis language minority groups wey dis law protect be Asian Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, plus Native Alaskans.<ref>Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 4(f)(4); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973b(f)(4))</ref> Congress bring dis laws to clear language wahala plus fight against language discrimination wey dey affect de groups dem de protect.<ref name="enfranchise5">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|200, 209}} Section 4(f)(4) dey apply to any area wey Section 4(b) formula fit cover wey more than five percent of people wey fit vote sabi one language wey no plenty. Section 203(c) get one formula wey no be de same as Section 4(b), so places wey only fall under 203(c) no go dey face de Act other special rules, like preclearance. Section 203(c) formula dey cover areas wey dis conditions dey: One small language group dey wey no sabi English pass di whole country; plus Either: a. De number of people wey no too sabi English for dis group be at least 10,000 wey fit vote or e big enough make e be at least five percent of di voters for di area; or b. De area be political zone wey get Indian reservation, and more than five percent of di American Indian or Alaska Native wey fit vote na members of one language group wey no sabi English well.<ref name="GAO782">{{cite journal |last1=Staats |first1=Elmer B. |date=February 6, 1978 |title=Voting Rights Act: Enforcement Needs Strengthening |url=http://www.gao.gov/products/GGD-78-19 |journal=Report of the Comptroller General of the United States |issue=GGD-78-19 |access-date=October 27, 2013}}</ref>: 223–224  Section 203(b) talk say 'limited-English proficient' be those wey no fit speak or understand English well enough to join de electoral process.<ref name="enfranchise7">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|223}} Dem go check wetin jurisdictions fit meet Section 203(c) criteria every ten years after dem finish de decennial census; na dat time dem go fit add new jurisdictions wey go dey under coverage plus some fit lose demma coverage. Plus, under Section 203(d), any jurisdiction fit try ‘bail out’ from Section 203(c) coverage if dem fit show for court say no language minority group for demma area dey suffer higher English illiteracy rate pass national rate.<ref name="enfranchise8">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|226}} After 2010 census, dem cover 150 places for 25 states under Section 203(c), plus California, Texas, den Florida dey whole state level.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Groves |first=Robert M. |date=October 13, 2011 |title=Voting Rights Act Amendments of 2006, Determinations Under Section 203 |url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_203/2011_notice.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Federal Register |volume=76 |issue=198 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123073336/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_203/2011_notice.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> == Impact == [[File:Voting_Rights_Act_-_last_page_(hi-res).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voting_Rights_Act_-_last_page_(hi-res).jpg|alt=refer to caption|thumb|Final page of de Voting Rights Act of 1965, signed by United States President [[:en:Lyndon_B._Johnson|Lyndon B. Johnson]], President of de Senate [[:en:Hubert_Humphrey|Hubert Humphrey]], plus Speaker of de House [[:en:John_William_McCormack|John McCormack]]]] De Voting Rights Act really change the game, o. By de end of 1965 , dem don register quarter million new Black voters, e be federal examiners wey help with one-third of dem. By 1966, only four out of 13 southern states fit say less than 50 percent African Americans don register to vote.<ref name="NARA20220208VRA19652">{{cite web|date=February 8, 2022|title=Milestone Documents: Voting Rights Act (1965)|url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/voting-rights-act|access-date=November 4, 2023|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]}}</ref> Wen dem pass de law for 1965, e make racial discrimination for voting reduce sharp. As dem stop literacy tests plus bring federal examiners and observers, plenty people wey be racial minorities fit register to vote.<ref name="NewDenial4">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref> {{rp|702}} Almost 250,000 African Americans don register for 1965, plus one-third of dem na federal examiners make am happen. For de areas wey dem cover, less than one-third (29.3 percent) of de African American pipo don register for 1965; by 1967, de number don increase to more than half (52.1 percent),<ref name="NewDenial5">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref> plus plenty African American pipo don register to vote for 9 out of 13 Southern states. E come be like say more African Americans dey enter office: between 1965 plus 1985, de number wey dem elect as state legislators for de 11 former Confederate states jump from 3 to 176.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grofman |first1=Bernard |last2=Handley |first2=Lisa |date=February 1991 |title=The Impact of the Voting Rights Act on Black Representation in Southern State Legislatures |url=http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~bgrofman/40%20Grofman-Handley-Impact%20of%20VRA%20on%20representation.pdf |journal=Legislative Studies Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=111 |jstor=439970 |access-date=January 5, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|112}}Nationwide, de number of African American wey dey run for office increase from 1,469 for 1970 to 4,912 for 1980.<ref name="Main2">{{cite journal |last=Pitts |first=Michael J. |year=2008 |title=The Voting Rights Act and the Era of Maintenance |journal=Alabama Law Review |volume=59 |ssrn=1105115}}</ref>{{rp|919}} By 2011, e don reach around 10,500.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|title=What's Changed for African Americans Since 1963, By the Numbers|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/08/22/whats-changed-for-african-americans-since-1963-by-the-numbers|access-date=January 5, 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 22, 2013}}</ref> E get as language minority groups also dey register well-well when Congress bring bilingual election law for 1975 and change am for 1992. For 1973, the percent of Hispanics wey don register to vote na 34.9 percent; by 2006, dat one near double. The number of Asian Americans wey don register for vote in 1996 increase by 58 percent by 2006.<ref name="enfranchise6">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=James Thomas |year=2006 |title=Enfranchising Language Minority Citizens: The Bilingual Election Provisions of the Voting Rights Act |url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020111915/http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TUCKER-ENFRANCHISING-LANGUAGE-MINORITY-CITIZENS-TEH-BILINGUAL-ELECTION-PROVISIONS-OF-THE-VOTING-RIGHTS-ACT.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|233–235}} After de Act start work well to help stop dem wey dey try make minorities no fit vote, de Act come turn be like hammer wey people dey use to fight against racial vote dilution.<ref name="NewDenial6">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref>{{rp|691}} From de 1970s, de attorney general dey always raise Section 5 wahala anytime dem dey change how people go vote wey go make minority votes no count well, like when dem dey carry land join some places, change de voting boundaries, plus dem election methods like at-large elections, runoff requirements, plus banning bullet voting<ref name="Posner3">{{cite journal |last=Posner |first=Mark A. |year=2006 |title=The Real Story Behind the Justice Department's Implementation of Section 5 of the VRA: Vigorous Enforcement, As Intended by Congress |url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djclpp/vol1/iss1/2/ |journal=Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy |volume=1 |issue=1 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|105–106}} All together, 81 percent (2,541) of de preclearance wahala wey happen between 1965 plus 2006 na based on vote dilution.<ref name="Posner4">{{cite journal |last=Posner |first=Mark A. |year=2006 |title=The Real Story Behind the Justice Department's Implementation of Section 5 of the VRA: Vigorous Enforcement, As Intended by Congress |url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djclpp/vol1/iss1/2/ |journal=Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy |volume=1 |issue=1 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|102}} Claims wey dem bring under Section 2 dey mostly concern how dem dey dilute votes.<ref name="NewDenial7">{{cite journal |last=Tokaji |first=Daniel P. |year=2006 |title=The New Vote Denial: Where Election Reform Meets the Voting Rights Act |journal=South Carolina Law Review |volume=57 |ssrn=896786}}</ref>{{rp|708–709}} From when dem create Section 2 results test for 1982 till 2006, at least 331 Section 2 cases don result wey dem publish judicial opinions. For the 1980s, 60 percent of Section 2 cases dey challenge at-large election systems; for the 1990s, 37.2 percent dey challenge at-large systems and 38.5 percent dey challenge redistricting plans. Overall, plaintiffs wey win, na 37.2 percent out of the 331 cases, and dem dey more likely to win cases wey dem bring against covered jurisdictions.<ref name="documenting">{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Ellen |last2=Aisenbrey |first2=Margaret |last3=Baldwin |first3=Anna |last4=Cheuse |first4=Emma |last5=Weisbrodt |first5=Anna |year=2006 |title=Documenting Discrimination in Voting: Judicial Findings Under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act |journal=University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform |volume=39 |ssrn=1029386}}</ref>{{rp|654–656}} Wen dem give chance for racial minorities, de Act make de Democratic and Republican parties realign. From 1890 to 1965, dem take Black disenfranchisement make de Democratic Party dey run tinz for South area. After Johnson sign de Act, de new Black voters wey get chance start dey ginger de Democratic Party to shift left for de South; dis one make de Southern white conservatives change dem mind from Democratic go Republican party.<ref name="polar">{{cite journal |last=Pildes |first=Richard H. |date=April 2011 |title=Why the Center Does Not Hold: The Causes of Hyperpolarized Democracy in America |journal=California Law Review |volume=99 |ssrn=1646989}}</ref>{{rp|290}} Dis trend make de two parties dey polarize ideologically, wit de Democratic Party becoming more Liberal plus de Republican Party more Conservative.<ref name="polar2">{{cite journal |last=Pildes |first=Richard H. |date=April 2011 |title=Why the Center Does Not Hold: The Causes of Hyperpolarized Democracy in America |journal=California Law Review |volume=99 |ssrn=1646989}}</ref>{{rp|290}} Dem trends dey cause competition between de two parties,<ref name="polar4">{{cite journal |last=Pildes |first=Richard H. |date=April 2011 |title=Why the Center Does Not Hold: The Causes of Hyperpolarized Democracy in America |journal=California Law Review |volume=99 |ssrn=1646989}}</ref>{{rp|290}}  wey de Republicans take advantage by using de [[:en:Southern_strategy|Southern strategy]].<ref name="Boyd">{{cite news|title=Nixon's Southern Strategy: 'It's All in the Charts'|last=Boyd|first=James|date=May 17, 1970|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/books/phillips-southern.pdf|access-date=August 2, 2008}}</ref> For de following decades, dem create majority-minority districts to fix de racial vote dilution wahala, wey also help dis matter. As dem dey pack de liberal-leaning minorities insyde small minority-majority districts, plenty surrounding districts turn more white, conservative, plus Republican. E be true sey dis one fit increase di number of minority representatives as dem plan am, but e also reduce de Democratic representation for white people and boost de Republicans overall.<ref name="polar3">{{cite journal |last=Pildes |first=Richard H. |date=April 2011 |title=Why the Center Does Not Hold: The Causes of Hyperpolarized Democracy in America |journal=California Law Review |volume=99 |ssrn=1646989}}</ref>{{rp|292}} By mid-1990s, dey trends come bring political change: Democratic Party plus Republican Party don dey divide well well, one dey liberal plus de other dey conservative; plus both dey fight for votes for de South,<ref name="polar5">{{cite journal |last=Pildes |first=Richard H. |date=April 2011 |title=Why the Center Does Not Hold: The Causes of Hyperpolarized Democracy in America |journal=California Law Review |volume=99 |ssrn=1646989}}</ref>{{rp|294}} with Republican Party dey hold most power for Southern politics.<ref name="Bending24">{{cite book|last=May|first=Gary|url=https://archive.org/details/bendingtowardjus0000mayg|title=Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01846-8|edition=Kindle|location=New York, NY|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|203}} Research show say de Act really boost voter turnout plus voter registration, especially for African Americans.<ref name="Fresh-20182">{{Cite journal |last=Fresh |first=Adriane |date=February 23, 2018 |title=The Effect of the Voting Rights Act on Enfranchisement: Evidence from North Carolina |journal=The Journal of Politics |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=713–718 |doi=10.1086/697592 |s2cid=158668168}}</ref><ref name="Ang-20192">{{Cite journal |last=Ang |first=Desmond |date=2019 |title=Do 40-Year-Old Facts Still Matter? Long-Run Effects of Federal Oversight under the Voting Rights Act |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=1–53 |doi=10.1257/app.20170572 |issn=1945-7782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De act dey connect with real matter, like better public goods (like education) for areas wey get plenty black people, plus more members of Congress wey dey support civil rights law.<ref name="Schuit-20162">{{Cite journal |last1=Schuit |first1=Sophie |last2=Rogowski |first2=Jon C. |date=December 1, 2016 |title=Race, Representation, and the Voting Rights Act |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=513–526 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12284 |issn=1540-5907}}</ref><ref name="Cascio-20142">{{Cite journal |last1=Cascio |first1=Elizabeth U. |last2=Washington |first2=Ebonya |date=February 1, 2014 |title=Valuing the Vote: The Redistribution of Voting Rights and State Funds following the Voting Rights Act of 1965 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/129/1/379/1897098 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=379–433 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjt028 |issn=0033-5533 |s2cid=617854}}</ref> One 2016 study for de American Journal of Political Science find say members of Congress wey represent areas wey get preclearance requirement dey show more support for civil rights law pass those wey no dey represent de covered areas.<ref name="Schuit-20163">{{Cite journal |last1=Schuit |first1=Sophie |last2=Rogowski |first2=Jon C. |date=December 1, 2016 |title=Race, Representation, and the Voting Rights Act |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=513–526 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12284 |issn=1540-5907}}</ref> One 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics study show say de Act make more people go vote, plus e increase public goods wey state government dey give to places wey get more black population.<ref name="Cascio-20143">{{Cite journal |last1=Cascio |first1=Elizabeth U. |last2=Washington |first2=Ebonya |date=February 1, 2014 |title=Valuing the Vote: The Redistribution of Voting Rights and State Funds following the Voting Rights Act of 1965 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/129/1/379/1897098 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=379–433 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjt028 |issn=0033-5533 |s2cid=617854}}</ref> For 2018 study wey com from De Journal of Politics, dem find say Section 5 of de 1965 Voting Rights Act help black people register to vote increase by 14–19 percent, white people by 10–13 percent, plus overall voter turnout increase by 10–19 percent. Additional results for Democratic vote share suggest say some of this turnout increase fit come from white people wey dey react.<ref name="Fresh-20183">{{Cite journal |last=Fresh |first=Adriane |date=February 23, 2018 |title=The Effect of the Voting Rights Act on Enfranchisement: Evidence from North Carolina |journal=The Journal of Politics |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=713–718 |doi=10.1086/697592 |s2cid=158668168}}</ref> One study wey dem do for American Economic Journal for 2019 show say preclearance really make minority people turn out plenty, even reach 2012 (the year before Supreme Court ruling stop de preclearance).<ref name="Ang-20193">{{Cite journal |last=Ang |first=Desmond |date=2019 |title=Do 40-Year-Old Facts Still Matter? Long-Run Effects of Federal Oversight under the Voting Rights Act |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=1–53 |doi=10.1257/app.20170572 |issn=1945-7782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dem estimate say preclearance bring 17 percentage points increase for minority turnout.<ref name="Ang-20194">{{Cite journal |last=Ang |first=Desmond |date=2019 |title=Do 40-Year-Old Facts Still Matter? Long-Run Effects of Federal Oversight under the Voting Rights Act |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=1–53 |doi=10.1257/app.20170572 |issn=1945-7782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> One study wey dey come from 2020 show say places wey don dey cover preclearance, their voter registration purges increase big time after that 2013 Supreme Court case, [[:en:Shelby_County_v._Holder|Shelby County v. Holder]], wey dem scatter di 'coverage formula' for Section 4(b) of di VRA wey dey determine which place suppose report dem changes for election for federal approval.<ref name="Feder-20202">{{Cite journal |last1=Feder |first1=Catalina |last2=Miller |first2=Michael G. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Voter Purges After Shelby: Part of Special Symposium on Election Sciences |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X20916426 |journal=American Politics Research |language=en-US |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=687–692 |doi=10.1177/1532673x20916426 |issn=1532-673X |s2cid=221131969 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210105160727/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X20916426 |archive-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref> Another study wey come from 2020 talk say VRA coverage fit cut di chances and start of political wahala by half.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lacroix |first=Jean |date=April 13, 2020 |title=Ballots instead of Bullets? The effect of the Voting Rights Act on political violence |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/sol/wpaper/2013-304198.html |journal=Working Papers CEB |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022202116/https://ideas.repec.org/p/sol/wpaper/2013-304198.html |archive-date=October 22, 2023}}</ref> ==Constitutionality== ===Voter eligibility provisions=== Early for de history of enforcement of de Act, de Supreme Court of de United States be rather quick to address both de constitutionality of de Act for ein entirety as well as de constitutionality of several provisions wey dey relate to voter qualifications den prerequisites to voting. During de following year, for 1966, two legal cases dem adjudicate by de Court regarding de Act. On de seventh day of March, for de landmark case of ''South Carolina v. Katzenbach'' (1966), de Supreme Court hold say de Voting Rights Act of 1965 be constitutional method to enforce de Fifteenth Amendment. A few months later, on de thirteenth day of June, de Supreme Court hold say section 4(e) of de Voting Rights Act of 1965 be constitutional for de case of ''Katzenbach v. Morgan'' (1966). Dis section dey prohibit jurisdictions from administering literacy tests to citizens wey attain sixth-grade education for American school for wey de predominant language be Spanish, such as schools for Puerto Rico.<ref>Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 4(e); (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973b(e))</ref> Although de Court don earlier hold say literacy tests no violate de Fourteenth Amendment, for de case of ''Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections'' (1959), de Katzenbach-Morgan case allow Congress to enforce Fourteenth Amendment rights—such as de right to vote—by prohibiting conduct wey e deem to interfere plus such rights, even if dat conduct no go be independently unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buss |first=William G. |date=January 1998 |title=Federalism, Separation of Powers, and the Demise of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ilr83&div=19 |journal=Iowa Law Review |volume=83 |access-date=January 7, 2014}} </ref>{{rp|405–406}}<ref>''Katzenbach v. Morgan'', </ref>{{rp|652–656}} After Congress create nationwide ban on all literacy tests den similar devices for 1970, for de case of ''Oregon v. Mitchell'' (1970), de Supreme Court uphold de ban as being constitutional.<ref name=Defending>{{cite journal|last=Tokaji|first=Daniel P.|title=Intent and Its Alternatives: Defending the New Voting Rights Act|journal=Alabama Law Review|year=2006|volume=58|url=http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%202/tokaji.pdf|access-date=January 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031511/http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%202/tokaji.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|353}} <ref name=Oregon>''Oregon v. Mitchell'', {{ussc|400|112|1970}}</ref> For dat case, de Court sanso address de constitutionality of various oda provisions wey dey relate to voter qualifications den prerequisites to voting; de Court uphold Section 202 of de 1965 law, wey dey prohibit every state den local government from requiring people to live for dema borders for longer dan 30 days before allowing dem to vote for presidential election. Additionally, de Court uphold de provision wey dey lower de minimum voting age to 18 years for federal elections, but e hold say Congress exceed ein power by lowering de voting age to 18 for state elections; dis precipitate de ratification of de Twenty-sixth Amendment de following year, wey lower de voting age for all elections from 21 years to 18 years for age. De Court be deeply divide for de Oregon-Mitchell case den majority of de justices no agree on one rationale for de holding.<ref name=Defending />{{rp|353}}<ref name=Oregon />{{rp|118–121}} ===Section 2 results test=== De question of constitutionality regarding section 2 of de Voting Rights Act of 1965, wey get general prohibition on discriminatory voting laws, no be definitively explain by de Supreme Court. As amend for 1982, section 2 dey prohibit any voting practice wey get discriminatory effect, irrespective of whether de practice be enact or be administer for de purpose of discriminating. Dis "results test" contrast plus de Fourteenth den Fifteenth Amendments, both of wey directly prohibit only purposeful discrimination. Given dis disparity, whether de Supreme Court go uphold de constitutionality of section 2 as appropriate legislation wey dem pass to enforce de Fourteenth den Fifteenth Amendments, den under wetin rationale, remain unclear.<ref name=democracy>{{cite book|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Samuel|last2=Karlan|first2=Pamela S.|last3=Pildes|first3=Richard H.|title=The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process|url=https://archive.org/details/lawofdemocracyle0000issa_z3g4|year=2012|publisher=Foundation Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-59941-935-0|edition=4th}}</ref>{{rp|758–759}} For ''Mississippi Republican Executive Opinion v. Brooks'' (1984),<ref>''Mississippi Republican Executive Opinion v. Brooks'', {{ussc|469|1002|1984}}</ref> de Supreme Court summarily affirm, without written opinion, lower court ein decision say 1982 amendment to section 2 be constitutional.<ref>{{cite news| title=Court Backs Voting Plan| first=Al| last=Kamen| date=November 14, 1984| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/14/court-backs-voting-plan/0591488a-04a4-4efa-aca3-3599338bcc59/| newspaper=The Washington Post| access-date=June 30, 2017}}</ref> Justice Rehnquist, join by Chief Justice Burger, dissent from de opinion. Dem reason say de case present complex constitutional issues wey warrant full hearing. When making later decisions, de Supreme Court be more likely to disregard previous judgment if e lack written opinion, but for lower courts de Supreme Court ein unwritten summary affirmances be as binding as be Supreme Court judgments plus written opinions. Partially due to ''Brooks'', de constitutionality of de section 2 results test don since be unanimously uphold by lower courts.<ref name=democracy />{{rp|759–760}} De case of ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'' (2021) evaluate de applicability of section 2 of de 1965 law for de wake of de decision for de case of ''Shelby County v. Holder'' (2013). De Democratic National Committee assert set of Arizona election laws den policies be discriminatory towards Hispanics den Native Americans under section 2 of de Voting Rights Act of 1965. While lower courts uphold de election laws, an ''en banc'' Ninth Circuit reverse de decision den find dese laws to be for violation of section 2 of de 1965 law.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-ballots-idUSKBN2AO18L | title = U.S. Supreme Court set to weigh Republican-backed voting restrictions | first = Andrew | last = Chung | date= February 24, 2021 | access-date = February 28, 2021 | publisher = Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227215018/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-ballots-idUSKBN2AO18L|archive-date=February 27, 2021}}</ref> De Arizona law be uphold by de Supreme Court after e introduce de means to review section 2 challenges.<ref name="npr decision">{{cite web | url = https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/998758022/the-supreme-court-upheld-upholds-arizona-measures-that-restrict-voting | title = The Supreme Court Deals A New Blow To Voting Rights, Upholding Arizona Restrictions | first = Nina | last= Totenberg | date = July 1, 2021 | access-date = July 1, 2021 | work = [[NPR]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210707042252/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/01/998758022/the-supreme-court-upheld-upholds-arizona-measures-that-restrict-voting?t=1625631699560|archive-date=July 7, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="20210701NYTLiptak">{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |title=Supreme Court Upholds Arizona Voting Restrictions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-arizona-voting-restrictions.html |access-date=July 7, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=July 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707045129/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-arizona-voting-restrictions.html |archive-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="abcnews decision">{{cite web | url = https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/supreme-court-upholds-arizona-restrictions-major-voting-rights/story?id=78182724 | title = Supreme Court upholds Arizona restrictions in major voting rights, racial discrimination case | first= Devin | last =Dywer | date = July 1, 2021 | access-date = July 1, 2021 | work = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707042534/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/supreme-court-upholds-arizona-restrictions-major-voting-rights/story?id=78182724|archive-date=July 7, 2021 }}</ref> ===Coverage formula and preclearance=== De Supreme Court don uphold de constitutionality of de Section 5 preclearance requirement for three cases. De first case be ''South Carolina v. Katzenbach'' (1966),<ref name=SCvK>''South Carolina v. Katzenbach'', {{ussc|383|301|1966}}</ref> wey dem decide about five months after de Act ein enactment. De court hold say Section 5 constitute valid use of Congress ein power to enforce de Fifteenth Amendment, reasoning say "exceptional circumstances" of pervasive racial discrimination, combine plus de inadequacy of case-by-case litigation for ending dat discrimination, justify de preclearance requirement.<ref name=SCvK />{{rp|334–335}}<ref name=TimeStill>{{cite journal|last=Posner|first=Mark A.|title=Time is Still on Its Side: Why Congressional Reauthorization of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act Represents a Congruent and Proportional Response to Our Nation's History of Discrimination in Voting|journal=New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy|year=2006|volume=10|url=http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/POSNER-TIME-IS-STILL-ON-ITS-SIDE.pdf|access-date=December 14, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|76}} De court sanso uphold de constitutionality of de 1965 coverage formula, talking say e be "rational for both practice den theory" den say de bailout provision provide adequate relief for jurisdictions wey no go deserve coverage.<ref name=SCvK />{{rp|330}}<ref name=TimeStill />{{rp|76–77}} De Supreme Court again uphold de preclearance requirement for ''City of Rome v. United States'' (1980).<ref name=Rome>''City of Rome v. United States'', {{ussc|446|156|1980}}</ref> De court hold say because Congress get explicit constitutional power to enforce de Reconstruction Amendments "by appropriate legislation", de Act no violate principles of federalism. De court sanso explicitly uphold de "discriminatory effect" prong of Section 5, stating say even though de Fifteenth Amendment directly prohibit only intentional discrimination, Congress fi constitutionally prohibit unintentional discrimination to mitigate de risk say jurisdictions go engage for intentional discrimination. Finally, de court uphold de 1975 extension of Section 5 because of de record of discrimination wey continue to persist for de covered jurisdictions. De court further suggest say de temporary nature of de special provisions be relevant to Section 5 ein constitutionality.<ref name=TimeStill />{{rp|77–78}} De final case for wey de Supreme Court uphold Section 5 be ''Lopez v. Monterey County'' (''Lopez II'', 1999).<ref name=Lopez2>''Lopez v. Monterey County'' (''Lopez II''), {{ussc|525|266|1999}}</ref> For ''Lopez II'', de court reiterate ein reasoning for ''Katzenbach'' den ''Rome'', den e uphold as constitutional de requirement say covered local governments obtain preclearance before implementing voting changes wey dema parent state require dem to implement, even if de parent state no be itself covered jurisdiction.<ref name=TimeStill />{{rp|78}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Harper|first=Charlotte Marx|title=Lopez v. Monterey County: A Remedy Gone Too Far?|journal=Baylor Law Review|date=2000|volume=52|url=http://0-www.heinonline.org.polar.onu.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/baylr52&size=2&collection=journals&index=journals/baylr1&id=1|access-date=May 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524080218/http://0-www.heinonline.org.polar.onu.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/baylr52&size=2&collection=journals&index=journals/baylr1&id=1|archive-date=May 24, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|447}} De 2006 extension of Section 5 be challenge before de Supreme Court for ''Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder'' (2009).<ref name=NW>''Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder'', {{ussc|557|193|2009|source=f}}</ref> De lawsuit be bring by municipal water district for Texas wey elect members to water board. De District wish to move voting location from private home to public school, but dat change be subject to preclearance because Texas be covered jurisdiction. De District no register voters, den thus e no appear to qualify as "political subdivision" wey eligible to bail out of coverage. Although de court indicate for dicta (non-binding part of de court ein opinion) say Section 5 present difficult constitutional questions, e no declare Section 5 unconstitutional; instead, e interpret de law to allow any covered local government, including one wey no register voters, to obtain exemption from preclearance if e meet de bailout requirements.<ref>{{cite news|last=Liptak|first=Adam|title=Justices Retain Oversight by U.S. on Voting|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/us/23scotus.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=January 21, 2014|date=June 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Bravin, Jess |title=Supreme Court Avoids Voting-Rights Act Fight |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB124567014181036773 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=June 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307161816/https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB124567014181036773 |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=May 19, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> For 5–4 decision for ''Shelby County v. Holder'' (2013),<ref name=supremes>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/02/27/the-supreme-court-voting-rights-act-case-explained/|title=Everything You Need to Know about the Supreme Court Voting Rights Act Case|author=Sean Sullivan|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 27, 2013|access-date=February 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228053644/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/02/27/the-supreme-court-voting-rights-act-case-explained/|archive-date=February 28, 2013}}</ref> de Supreme Court strike down Section 4(b) as unconstitutional.<ref name="shelby">''Shelby County v. Holder'', {{ussc|link=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/570/12-96/|volume=570|year=2014|docket=12–96}}</ref><ref name="rolls back">{{cite magazine| url=https://swampland.time.com/2013/06/25/high-court-rolls-back-the-voting-rights-act-of-1965/ | title=High Court Rolls Back the Voting Rights Act of 1965 | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=June 25, 2013| access-date=June 25, 2013 | author=Von Drehle, David|author-link=David Von Drehle}}</ref> De court reason say de coverage formula violate de constitutional principles of "equal sovereignty of de states" den federalism because ein disparate treatment of de states be "based on 40 year-old facts wey get no logical relationship to de present day", rendering de formula outdated.<ref name="shelby" /> De court no strike down Section 5, but without Section 4(b), no jurisdiction go be subject to Section 5 preclearance unless Congress enact new coverage formula.<ref name="scotusblogplain" /> After de decision, several states wey be fully or partially covered—including Texas, Mississippi, North Carolina, den South Carolina—implement laws wey be previously deny preclearance. Dis prompt new legal challenges to dese laws under oda provisions wey unaffect by de court ein decision, such as Section 2.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Wilson, McKenzie|title=Piercing the Umbrella: The Dangerous Paradox of Shelby County v. Holder|journal=Seton Hall Legislative Journal|date=2015|volume=39|url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=shlj|access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|189–200}} Research don show say de coverage formula den de requirement of preclearance substantially increase turnout among racial minorities, even as far as de year before ''Shelby County''.<ref name="Ang-2019" /> Chaw jurisdictions wey don previously be cover by de coverage formula increase de rate of voter registration purges after ''Shelby County''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feder|first1=Catalina|last2=Miller|first2=Michael G.|date=2020|title=Voter Purges After Shelby|journal=American Politics Research|language=en-US|volume=48|issue=6|pages=687–692|doi=10.1177/1532673x20916426|issn=1532-673X|s2cid=221131969}}</ref> On July 1, 2021, de Act ein preclearance requirements be further weaken for de state den local level following de ''Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee'' for 6-3 Supreme Court ruling wey hold say Section 2 preclearance provisions no fi apply to out-of-precinct voting or ballot collecting.<ref name=section2less /><ref name=2021supremecourt /> ===Racial gerrymandering=== While Section 2 den Section 5 dey prohibit jurisdictions from drawing electoral districts wey dilute de votes of protected minorities, de Supreme Court don hold say for chaw instances, de Equal Protection Clause of de Fourteenth Amendment dey prevent jurisdictions from drawing district lines to favor protected minorities. De court first recognize de justiciability of affirmative "racial gerrymandering" claims for ''Shaw v. Reno'' (1993).<ref name=Shaw>''Shaw v. Reno'' (''Shaw I''), {{ussc|509|630|1993}}</ref> For ''Miller v. Johnson'' (1995),<ref name=Miller>''Miller v. Johnson'', {{ussc|515|900|1995}}</ref> de court explain say redistricting plan be constitutionally suspect if de jurisdiction use race as de "predominant factor" for determining how to draw district lines. For race to "predominate", de jurisdiction must prioritize racial considerations over traditional redistricting principles, wey include "compactness, contiguity, [and] respect for political subdivisions or communities wey define by actual shared interests."<ref name=Miller />{{rp|916}}<ref name=RacialGerrymander>{{cite journal|last=Ebaugh|first=Nelson|title=Refining the Racial Gerrymandering Claim: Bush v. Vera|journal=Tulsa Law Journal|year=1997|volume=33|issue=2|url=http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2136&context=tlr|access-date=December 30, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|621}} If court conclude say racial considerations predominate, den de redistricting plan be consider "racially gerrymander" den must be subject to strict scrutiny, meaning say de redistricting plan go be uphold as constitutional only if e be narrowly tailor to advance compelling state interest. For ''Bush v. Vera'' (1996),<ref>''Bush v. Vera'', {{ussc|517|952|1996}}</ref>{{rp|983}} plurality of de Supreme Court assume say complying plus Section 2 or Section 5 constitute compelling interests, den lower courts don allow only dese two interests to justify racial gerrymandering.<ref name=democracy />{{rp|877}} ===Standing=== De standing requirements of de VRA be question for de 2023 case ''Arkansas State Conference NAACP v. Arkansas Board of Apportionment'', launch by de NAACP to challenge de redistricting maps on de basis dem dilute black votes. While chaw previous challenges to redistricting under de VRA don be bring by groups like de NAACP or voters within de state, de Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals hold, 2-1, for November 2023, say strict reading of de VRA no permit private rights of action, den only de United States Attorney General get standing to bring challenges. Such ruling, if uphold, get significant potential to upend chaw existing den current redistricting challenges under Section 2 of de VRA, according to legal scholars.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/federal-court-guts-voting-rights-act-denying-citizens-groups-right-sue-rcna126023 | title = Federal court threatens to deal a death blow to the Voting Rights Act | first = Jane | last = Timm | date = November 20, 2023 | accessdate = November 20, 2023 | work = NBC News }}</ref> ==Check am too== ===== Federal laws ===== * [[:en:National_Voter_Registration_Act_of_1993|National Voter Registration Act of 1993]] (NVRA) * [[:en:Help_America_Vote_Act|Help America Vote Act]] (HAVA) * [[:en:Uniformed_and_Overseas_Citizens_Absentee_Voting_Act|Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act]] (UOCAVA) * [[:en:Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964|Civil Rights Act of 1964]] ===== Attempted federal legislation ===== * [[:en:For_the_People_Act|For the People Act]] (2019 and 2021) * [[:en:John_Lewis_Voting_Rights_Act|John Lewis Voting Rights Act]] (2019 and 2021) ===== State laws ===== * [[:en:State_Voting_Rights_Act|State Voting Rights Act]] * [[:en:California_Voting_Rights_Act|California Voting Rights Act]] * [[:en:Voting_Rights_Act_of_Virginia|Voting Rights Act of Virginia]] * [[:en:John_R._Lewis_Voting_Rights_Act_of_New_York|John R. Lewis Voting Rights Act of New York]] ===== More ===== * [[:en:Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States|Voter suppression in the United States]] * [[:en:Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States|Women's suffrage in the United States]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q1608064|c=Category:Voting Rights Act of 1965|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Voting Rights Act of 1965|wikt=no|species=no}} * {{cite report|last=Garrett|first=R. Sam|date=April 25, 2023|title=The Voting Rights Act: Historical Development and Policy Background|publisher=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47520|access-date=January 19, 2024}} * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-350/uslm/COMPS-350.xml Voting Rights Act of 1965] as amended ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-350/pdf/COMPS-350.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-350/ details]) in the United States Government Publishing Office (GPO) [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection] * [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/89/public/110?link-type=pdf&.pdf Voting Rights Act of 1965] as enacted ([https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/89/public/110?link-type=details details]) in the US Statutes at Large * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190307042140/http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/PPL_VotingRightsAct_1965.pdf Text of original Act and 1970, 1975, and 1982 amendments] (PDF). Archived from [http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/PPL_VotingRightsAct_1965.pdf the original] on March 7, 2019. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180709140646/https://www.usccr.gov/pubs/060706VRAbrief524.pdf Voting Rights Enforcement and Reauthorization: An Examination of the Act's Section 5 Preclearance Provision], U.S. Commission on Civil Rights * [http://www.justicetalking.org/ShowPage.aspx?ShowID=518 Voting Rights Act: Past, Present, and Future] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081009175754/http://www.justicetalking.org/ShowPage.aspx?ShowID=518 Archived] October 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Justice Talking * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210622143641/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43626.pdf The Voting Rights Act of 1965: Background and Overview] (PDF), Congressional Research Service * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110407062458/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/133SEMO/133selma.htm ''"The Selma to Montgomery Voting Rights March: Shaking the Conscience of the Nation"''], a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places lesson plan * [https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps73399/index.htm Voting Rights Act: Evidence of Continued Need: Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, Second Session, March 8, 2006, Vol. 1] [https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps73402/index.htm Vol. 2] [https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps73403/indexlps73403.htm Vol. 3] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170709180934/https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps73404/indexlps73404.htm Vol. 4] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160420014228/http://acsc.lib.udel.edu/exhibits/show/legislation/vra The Great Society Congress] * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt9/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt9-2-2.pdf 111 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 111, Part 2 (May 25, 1965 to June 8, 1965)], ''Congressional Record'' Senate May 26 vote roll call p.&nbsp;11752 * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12-3-2.pdf 111 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 111, Part 12 (July 7, 1965 to July 16, 1965)], ''Congressional Record'' House July 9 vote roll call pp.&nbsp;16285–16286 * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-5-2.pdf 111 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 111, Part 14 (July 28, 1965 to August 9, 1965)], ''Congressional Record'' House August 3 conference report vote roll call p.&nbsp;19201 * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-6-1.pdf 111 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 111, Part 14 (July 28, 1965 to August 9, 1965)], ''Congressional Record'' Senate August 4 conference report vote roll call p.&nbsp;19378 {{Authority control}} [[Category:89th United States Congress]] [[Category:1965 insyd American politics]] [[Category:1965 insyd American law|Act]] [[Category:Events of de civil rights movement]] [[Category:Anti-discrimination law insyd de United States]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] [[Category:August 1965 insyd de United States]] [[Category:Electoral reform insyd de United States]] [[Category:History of voting rights insyd de United States]] [[Category:Liberalism insyd de United States]] [[Category:Mike Mansfield]] [[Category:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson]] [[Category:United States congressional districts]] [[Category:United States federal civil rights legislation]] [[Category:United States federal election legislation]] mkila2f4wahy96us5t4u56vdmlqx92e 0 15809 115707 114256 2026-11-04T22:30:05Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Emancipation Proclamation''', officially '''Proclamation 95''',<ref name=":1">[https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-95-regarding-the-status-slaves-states-engaged-rebellion-against-the-united <nowiki>"Proclamation 95—Regarding the Status of Slaves in States Engaged in Rebellion Against the United States [Emancipation Proclamation] | The American Presidency Project"</nowiki>]. ''presidency.ucsb.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211218125054/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-95-regarding-the-status-slaves-states-engaged-rebellion-against-the-united Archived] from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2022.</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|last1=Harward|first1=Brian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaW-DwAAQBAJ&dq=Proclamation+95%E2%80%94Regarding+the+Status+of+Slaves+in+States+Engaged+in+Rebellion+Against+the+United+States&pg=PA228|title=The Presidency in Times of Crisis and Disaster: Primary Documents in Context|date=2020|publisher=ABC-Clio|isbn=978-1-44-087088-0|location=Santa Barbara, California|page=228|access-date=April 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423211358/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaW-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228&dq=Proclamation+95%E2%80%94Regarding+the+Status+of+Slaves+in+States+Engaged+in+Rebellion+Against+the+United+States&source=bl&ots=J-N4PHTztQ&sig=ACfU3U0vp68TFMC6MVB_mh6pp3mmTaffGQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxzryaiqv3AhWylIkEHXpHC7cQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=Proclamation%2095%E2%80%94Regarding%20the%20Status%20of%20Slaves%20in%20States%20Engaged%20in%20Rebellion%20Against%20the%20United%20States&f=false|archive-date=April 23, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> na e ebe presidential proclamation den '''executive order''' wey United States Presido Abraham Lincoln issue for January 1, 1863, den American Civil War times. Na de Proclamation get de effect of changing de legal status of more dan 3.5 million enslaved African Americans insyd de secessionist Confederate states from enslaved to free. As de slaves escape de control of dema enslavers, either by fleeing to Union lines anaa thru de advance of federal troops, na dem be permanently free. In addition, na de Proclamation allow for den slaves make dem "be received into de armed service of de United States". Na de Emancipation Proclamation play a significant part insyd de end of slavery insyd de United States. On September 22, 1862, na Lincoln issue de preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/transcript_preliminary_emancipation.html |title=Text of Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation |access-date=2025-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205150008/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/transcript_preliminary_emancipation.html |archive-date=2022-12-05}}</ref> Ein third paragraph dey begin: {{blockquote|That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.}} On January 1, 1863, na Lincoln issue de final Emancipation Proclamation.<ref name=":4">[https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation/transcript.html Text of Emancipation Proclamation]</ref> Na e state: {{blockquote|I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do ... order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion, against the United States, the following, to wit:}} Na Lincoln then list de ten states<ref name=":5">[https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/johnson-and-tn-emancipation.htm#:~:text=On%20January%201%2C%201863%2C%20Abraham,was%20serving%20as%20Military%20Governor. Eleven states had seceded, but Tennessee was under Union control.]</ref> still insyd rebellion, wey dey exclude parts of states under Union control, wey he continue: {{blockquote|I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free.&nbsp;... [S]uch persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States.&nbsp;... And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God.}}Na de proclamation provide dat de executive branch, wey dey include de Army den Navy, "go recognize den maintain de freedom of said persons".<ref>{{cite book|last=Dirck|first=Brian R.|url=https://archive.org/details/executivebrancho0000dirc|title=The Executive Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1851097913|page=[https://archive.org/details/executivebrancho0000dirc/page/102 102]|quote=The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order, itself a rather unusual thing in those days. Executive orders are simply presidential directives issued to agents of the executive department by its boss.|url-access=registration}}</ref> Even though na e exclude states wey no dey insyd rebellion, as well as parts of Louisiana den Virginia under Union control,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Davis|first=Kenneth C.|title=Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned|url=https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_0|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2003|isbn=978-0-06-008381-6|edition=1st|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_0/page/228 227]–228|author-link=}}</ref> na e still apply to more dan 3.5&nbsp;million of de 4&nbsp;million enslaved people insyd de country. Na dem immediately emancipate around 25,000 to 75,000 insyd those regions of de Confederacy wer na de US Army already dey in place. Na dem no fi enforce am insyd de areas still insyd rebellion,<ref name=":0" /> buh, as na de Union army take control of Confederate regions, na de Proclamation provide de legal framework for de liberation of more dan three den a half million enslaved people insyd those regions by de end of de war. Na de Emancipation Proclamation outrage white Southerners den dema sympathizers, wey na dem see am as de beginning of a race war. Na e energize abolitionists, wey e undermine those Europeans wey na dem want make dem intervene to help de Confederacy.<ref>Allan Nevins, ''Ordeal of the Union, vol. 6: War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863'' (1960) pp. 231–241, 273</ref> Na de Proclamation lift de spirits of African Americans, both free den enslaved. Na e encourage chaw make dem escape from slavery den flee toward Union lines, wer na chaw join de Union Army.<ref name="Howard Jones 1999">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Howard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVvZb5oeVtwC|title=Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=1999|isbn=0-8032-2582-2|page=151}}</ref> Na de Emancipation Proclamation cam turn a historic document secof e "go redefine de Civil War, dem turn am [for de North] from a struggle [solely] make e preserve de Union to one [sanso] focused on ending slavery, den set a decisive course for how de nation go be reshaped after dat historic conflict."<ref>{{cite web|date=January 6, 2020|title=Emancipation Proclamation|url=https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121234009/https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation|archive-date=January 21, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2021|website=History}}</ref> Na dem never challenge de Emancipation Proclamation insyd court. Make dem ensure de abolition of slavery insyd all of de U.S., na Lincoln sanso insist dat Reconstruction plans for Southern states require dem make dem enact laws wey dey abolish slavery (wich na occur during de war insyd Tennessee, Arkansas, den Louisiana); na Lincoln encourage border states make dem adopt abolition (wich occur during de war insyd Maryland, Missouri, den West Virginia) wey na dem push for passage of de [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th Amendment]]. Na de Senate pass de 13th Amendment by de necessary two-thirds vote on April 8, 1864; na de House of Representatives do so on January 31, 1865; den de required three-fourths of de states ratify am on December 6, 1865. Na de amendment make slavery den involuntary servitude unconstitutional, "except as a punishment for a crime".<ref>{{cite web|title=13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html|access-date=June 27, 2013|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> == Authority == [[File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Abraham_Lincoln_-_overall.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Abraham_Lincoln_-_overall.jpg|thumb|Abraham Lincoln]] De United States Constitution wey dem write for 1787 no use the word 'slavery' but e get plenty provisions wey concern unfree persons. The Three-Fifths Compromise (for Article I, Section 2) talk say dem go share congressional representation, and so the number of each state votes for Electoral College go be 'based on the whole Number of free Persons' and 'three-fifths of all other Persons'<ref name=":1" />. Under the Fugitive Slave Clause (Article IV, Section 2), 'No person held to Service or Labour for one State' no go fit become free if dem run go another place. Article I, Section 9 dey allow Congress make laws wey go stop the 'Importation of Persons', but dem no go fit do am until 1808<ref name="Foner—2010——16">{{harvnb|Foner|2010|p=16}}</ref>. E be like for the Fifth Amendment wey talk say, 'No person shall... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law'—dem see slaves as property<ref name=":2" />. Even though abolitionists dey use the Fifth Amendment fight slavery, na di same law help Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) fit treat slaves as property.<ref name=":3" /> Slavery dey backed by law and white supremacy culture wey dey everywhere<ref name=":4" />. But between 1777 and 1804, every Northern state dey provide for quick or steady end of slavery. Southern states no do am, and di slave population for di South dey grow, reaching almost four million people as Civil War start, when most slave states wan separate from the US<ref name="Foner—2010-14-16">{{harvnb|Foner|2010|pp=14–16}}</ref>. Lincoln accept say Constitution before 1865 dey limit federal government power to stop slavery for peacetime and e commit matter to individual states<ref name="Mackubin">{{cite web|last=Mackubin|first=Thomas Owens|date=March 25, 2004|title=The Liberator|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/books/owens200403251139.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216125903/http://old.nationalreview.com/books/owens200403251139.asp|archive-date=February 16, 2012|work=National Review}}</ref>. But during di Civil War, Lincoln drop di Emancipation Proclamation under him authority as 'Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy' as per Article II, section 2 of di US Constitution.<ref name=":5" /> So, for de Emancipation Proclamation, e talk say e get power to free people wey dem dey hold as slaves for de states wey dey fight back, as e go fit help to stop dat fight. For di first Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln point make we see two laws from 1862, like “An Act to Make an Additional Article of War” and di Confiscation Act of 1862, but for di final one, he no mention any law at all. Di reason wey him fit issue di first and final Proclamation na because him be President and Commander-in-Chief.<ref>Fabrikant, Robert, "Emancipation and the Proclamation: Of Contrabands, Congress, and Lincoln". ''Howard Law Journal'', vol. 49, no. 2 (2006), p. 369.</ref> So, Lincoln no get power over di four border states wey no dey fight—Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and Delaware—so him no mention dem for di Proclamation. Di fifth border place, West Virginia, wey slavery still dey legal but dey try stop am, for January 1863, still be part of di “reorganized” Virginia wey dey under di Union, no be di Confederate Virginia wey dey Richmond. == Coverage == [[File:Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG|thumb|Di areas wey Emancipation Proclamation cover dey red, di slave-holding areas wey no get cover dey blue.]] Emancipation Proclamation dey work for ten states wey still dey rebel on January 1, 1863, but e no touch the almost 500,000 slaves for the border states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware) or parts of Virginia and Louisiana wey don calm down. Dem slaves dey free later by state and federal decisions<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-01|title=150 years later, myths persist about the Emancipation Proclamation|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/01/us/150-years-later-myths-persist-about-the-emancipation-proclamation/index.html|access-date=2022-07-22|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref>. Areas wey e cover na Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties wey dey West Virginia, plus Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including Norfolk and Portsmouth cities). <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Irwin |first1=Richard Bache |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010407240 |title=Promulgating the Emancipation Proclamation. |last2=Banks |first2=Nathaniel Prentiss |date=1863-01-29 |series=General orders; no. 12 |access-date=2023-07-26 |via=HathiTrust}} </ref> Tennessee don already mostly return to Union control, so dem no name am and e dey exempt. Virginia dey name, but dem talk say 48 counties wey dey form new West Virginia get special exemptions, plus seven counties and two cities wey dey Union-controlled Tidewater region for Virginia<ref>{{cite book|author=Freedmen and Southern Society Project|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPg8AAAAIAAJ|title=Freedom: a documentary history of emancipation 1861–1867 : selected from the holdings of the National Archives of the United States. The destruction of slavery|publisher=CUP Archive|year=1982|isbn=978-0-521-22979-1|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TPg8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA69 69]}}</ref>. New Orleans and 13 parishes for Louisiana wey dey mostly under federal control too dey exempt. This exemptions leave another 300,000 slaves wey never free<ref>{{harvnb|Foner|2010|pp=241–242}}</ref>. Emancipation Proclamation don collect plenty wahala, especially from Richard Hofstadter wey talk say e get all the moral grandeur of a bill of lading and wey say e free all slaves... where e no fit reach.<ref>Hofstadter, Richard, "Abraham Lincoln and the Self-Made Myth," in ''The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It'' (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1948). [[iarchive:americanpolitica00hofs|online]]. Vintage Books edition, March 1989, p. 169.</ref><ref>Similarly, Karl Marx said that the proclamation sounds like [https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1062&context=cwfac "ordinary summonses sent by one lawyer to another on the opposing side".] Quoted by Allen C. Guelzo. "'Sublime in Its Magnitude': The Emancipation Proclamation", in Holzer, Harold and Sara Vaughn Gabbard, eds., ''Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment''. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 2007, pp. 65-78, quotation at p. 66.</ref> No be say I dey disagree with Hofstadter o, but William W. Freehling talk say when Lincoln use him power as Commander-in-Chief drop the proclamation, e no be like person wey dey collect bills but like warrior wey carry new weapon come show<ref>Freehling, William W., ''The South vs. The South: How Anti-Confederate Southerners Shaped the Course of the Civil War''. Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 118.</ref>. The Emancipation Proclamation make plenty slaves for Confederate states free as Union armies dey waka enter South, and some slaves dey escape go Union side or slave owners dey run come off, leave slaves behind. E also mean say Union go end slavery and still protect the Union. Even though Emancipation Proclamation help free plenty slaves small by small, e no make slavery illegal. States like Maryland<ref>{{cite web|date=November 1, 1864|title=Archives of Maryland Historical List: Constitutional Convention, 1864|url=http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc2600/sc2685/html/conv1864.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220000817/http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc2600/sc2685/html/conv1864.html|archive-date=February 20, 2012|access-date=November 3, 2011}}</ref>, Missouri<ref>{{cite web|date=January 11, 1865|title=Missouri abolishes slavery|url=http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/event/missouri-abolishes-slavery|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425132518/http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/event/missouri-abolishes-slavery|archive-date=April 25, 2012}}</ref>, Tennessee<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1865/01/15/news/tennessee-state-convention-slavery-declared-forever-abolished-parson-brownlow.html|title=Tennessee State Convention: Slavery Declared Forever Abolished|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 14, 1865}}</ref>, and West Virginia<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1865/01/15/news/tennessee-state-convention-slavery-declared-forever-abolished-parson-brownlow.html|title=Tennessee State Convention: Slavery Declared Forever Abolished|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 14, 1865}}</ref> wey no dey follow the Emancipation Proclamation, don ban slavery before war finish. For 1863, President Lincoln propose plan wey go help rebuild Louisiana wey dem capture<ref>Stauffer (2008), ''Giants'', p. 279</ref>. Only 10 percent of the voters go swear loyalty. Dem still gatz accept the Emancipation Proclamation and remove slavery from dem new constitution. By December 1864, Lincoln plan dey work no be only for Louisiana but also for Arkansas and Tennessee.<ref name="Peterson 1995 pp. 38–41">Peterson (1995), ''Lincoln in American Memory'', pp. 38–41</ref><ref name="McCarthy 1901 p. 76">McCarthy (1901), ''Lincoln's plan of Reconstruction'', p. 76</ref>. For Kentucky, Union Army commanders use di offer of freedom from di proclamation to make slaves wey join Army fit free their whole family; because of dis and other reasons, slaves for di state reduce pass 70 percent during di war<ref name="Harrison">{{Cite journal |last=Harrison |first=Lowell H. |year=1983 |title=Slavery in Kentucky: A Civil War Casualty |journal=The Kentucky Review |edition=Fall |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=38–40}}</ref>. But for Delaware<ref>{{cite web|title=Slavery in Delaware|url=http://slavenorth.com/delaware.htm|website=slavenorth.com}}</ref> and Kentucky<ref>{{cite book|author=Lowell Hayes Harrison and James C. Klotter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdTIIEZ1k2QC&q=kentucky+abolishes+slavery&pg=PA174|title=A new history of Kentucky|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=1997|isbn=0813126215|page=180}} In 1866, Kentucky refused to ratify the 13th Amendment. It did ratify it in 1976.</ref>, slavery still dey legal until December 18, 1865, when di Thirteenth Amendment enter ground. == Background == === Military action prior to emancipation === Di Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 say make people return runaway slaves go their owners. For di war, for May 1861, Union general Benjamin Butler talk say three slaves wey run come meet Union soldiers be contraband of war, so e refuse to send dem back, e tell one man wey wan carry dem go back say, "I no dey owe any constitution to foreign country wey Virginia dey claim say na dem.<ref name="NYT_20110411">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/magazine/mag-03CivilWar-t.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/magazine/mag-03CivilWar-t.html|archive-date=2022-01-01|url-access=limited|date=April 1, 2011|title=How Slavery Really Ended in America|author=Adam Goodheart|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 3, 2011}}</ref>" For May 30, after President Lincoln hold cabinet meeting, "Simon Cameron, di secretary of war, send telegraph give Butler say him contraband policy 'na approved.<ref>Oakes, James, ''Freedom National'', p. 99.</ref>'" Dis decision cause wahala because e fit mean say dem dey recognize Confederacy as separate, independent sovereign state for international law, somtin wey Lincoln no gree accept. Plus, as contraband, dem dey see these people as "property" when dem cross Union lines, so wetin go happen to dem no clear.<ref>{{cite web|title=Living Contraband – Former Slaves in the Nation's Capital During the Civil War|url=https://home.nps.gov/cwdw/learn/historyculture/living-contraband-former-slaves-in-the-capital-during-and-after-the-civil-war.htm|access-date=June 29, 2013|work=Civil War Defenses of Washington|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> === Government sabi how to free people === <imagemap> Image:Emancipation proclamation.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''[[First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln]]'' by [[Francis Bicknell Carpenter]] (1864) {{Clickable|use cursor to identify.}}|alt=A dark-haired, bearded, middle-aged man holding documents is seated among seven other men.]] poly 269 892 254 775 193 738 130 723 44 613 19 480 49 453 75 434 58 376 113 344 133 362 143 423 212 531 307 657 357 675 409 876 [[Edwin M. Stanton|Edwin Stanton]] poly 169 282 172 244 244 201 244 148 265 117 292 125 305 166 304 204 321 235 355 296 374 348 338 395 341 469 [[Salmon P. Chase|Salmon Chase]] poly 569 893 535 708 427 613 357 562 377 456 393 404 468 351 451 317 473 259 520 256 544 283 530 339 526 374 559 401 594 431 639 494 715 542 692 551 693 579 672 546 623 552 596 617 698 629 680 852 [[Abraham Lincoln]] poly 692 514 740 441 788 407 772 350 800 303 831 297 861 329 867 381 868 409 913 430 913 471 847 532 816 533 709 533 [[Gideon Welles]] poly 703 783 752 769 825 627 907 620 929 569 905 538 886 563 833 563 873 502 930 450 1043 407 1043 389 1036 382 1042 363 1058 335 1052 333 1052 324 1081 318 1124 338 1133 374 1116 412 1132 466 1145 509 1117 588 1087 632 1083 706 [[William H. Seward|William Seward]] poly 905 418 941 328 987 295 995 284 982 244 990 206 1036 207 1046 247 1047 284 1066 312 1071 314 1049 327 1044 354 1033 383 1033 407 921 453 [[Caleb Blood Smith|Caleb Smith]] poly 1081 308 1102 255 1095 220 1093 181 1109 161 1145 160 1169 191 1153 227 1153 246 1199 268 1230 310 1239 377 1237 443 1220 486 1125 451 1118 412 1136 378 1124 342 [[Montgomery Blair]] poly 1224 479 1298 416 1304 379 1295 329 1325 310 1360 324 1370 359 1371 385 1371 397 1413 425 1422 497 1440 563 1348 555 1232 517 [[Edward Bates]] poly 625 555 595 620 699 625 730 550 [[Emancipation Proclamation]] poly 120 80 120 300 3 300 3 80 [[Simon Cameron|Portrait of Simon Cameron]] poly 752 196 961 189 948 8 735 10 [[Andrew Jackson|Portrait of Andrew Jackson]] </imagemap> For December 1861, Lincoln send im first annual message to Congress (dem dey call am State of the Union Address, but back then dem dey write am). Inside, e praise free labor system wey dey respect human rights pass property rights; e support law to fit tackle the matter of contraband slaves and slaves wey dey loyal states, maybe by buying dem freedom with federal money; e also support federal money for voluntary colonization.<ref>[https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/december-3-1861-first-annual-message December 3, 1861: First Annual Message: Transcript]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Striner|first=Richard|url=https://archive.org/details/fatherabrahamlin0000stri/page/147|title=Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-518306-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fatherabrahamlin0000stri/page/147 147–148]}}</ref>. For January 1862, Thaddeus Stevens, wey be Republican leader for House, call for total war against the rebellion to include freeing slaves, talk say if dem free the slaves, e go spoil the rebel economy. On March 13, 1862, Congress approve Act wey no go allow military or naval people for United States return fugitive slaves to their owners.<ref>[http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/artwar.htm "Law Enacting an Additional Article of War" (the official name of the statute).]</ref>. Following one law wey Lincoln sign, dem abolish slavery for District of Columbia on April 16, 1862, and dem compensate the owners.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mann|first=Lina|title=The Complexities of Slavery in the Nation's Capital|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-complexities-of-slavery-in-the-nations-capital|access-date=2020-09-20|website=White House Historical|language=en}}</ref>. For June 9, 1862, Congress pass bill wey stop slavery for all current and future United States territories (but not for the states), and on June 19, President Lincoln sign am into law. This act clear say the 1857 opinion of Supreme Court wey sey Congress no fit regulate slavery for U.S. territories no be correct. E also reject the idea of popular sovereignty wey Stephen A. Douglas talk for slavery wahala, while e continue the work wey Thomas Jefferson first propose for 1784 to limit slavery inside the existing states..<ref>Montgomery, David. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=A24AAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22June+19%2C+1862%22+slavery+Lincoln&pg=PA428 The Student's American History]'', p. 428 (Ginn & Co. 1897).</ref><ref>Keifer, Joseph. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GBq0gjrfxRgC&dq=%22June+19%2C+1862%22+slavery+Lincoln&pg=PA109 Slavery and Four Years of War]'', p. 109 (Echo Library 2009).</ref> For August 6, 1861, First Confiscation Act free di slaves wey dey work against di Government and lawful authority of di United States<ref>[http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/conact1.htm First Confiscation Act]</ref>. Then on July 17, 1862, Second Confiscation Act come free di slaves wey dey any place wey rebel forces dey and later United States forces go enter<ref>{{cite web|title=The Second Confiscation Act, July 17, 1862|url=http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/conact2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080806144911/http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/conact2.htm|archive-date=August 6, 2008|access-date=May 29, 2011|publisher=History.umd.edu}}</ref>. Dis Second Act no be like di First one, e clear say all di slaves wey dey under am go free for life, because section 10 talk say all di slaves wey belong to people wey go dey rebel against di government go free if dem run come inside di army lines; plus any slave wey dem catch or wey desert dem go dey free from di government control; and all di slaves of people wey dey for any place wey rebel forces dey go also be war captives, no go fit be slaves again<ref>{{cite web|title=The Second Confiscation Act, July 17, 1862|url=http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/conact2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080806144911/http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/conact2.htm|archive-date=August 6, 2008|access-date=May 29, 2011|publisher=History.umd.edu}}</ref>. But Lincoln still believe say, even though Congress no fit free di slaves for di rebel states, as commander in chief, e fit do am if e feel say na good military move.<ref>Donald, David. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fuTY3mxs9awC&q=Second+Confiscation+Act Lincoln]'', p. 365 (Simon and Schuster, 1996)</ref>. As of summer 1862, Lincoln don draft di early Emancipation Proclamation wey him go drop for September 22, 1862, wey go talk say for January 1, 1863, e go free di slaves for states wey still dey rebel.<ref name="Dear">{{cite book|last=Holzer|first=Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05ggngEACAAJ|title=Dear Mr. Lincoln: Letters to the President|date=2006|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=978-0-8093-2686-0|edition=2nd|page=162}}</ref> === How people dey feel 'bout freedom matter === [[File:Gordon,_scourged_back,_NPG,_1863.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gordon,_scourged_back,_NPG,_1863.jpg|thumb|Peter photo wey dem snap for Baton Rouge spring 1863; e dey fly everywhere by abolitionists to show wetin slavery fit do.]] Abolitionists don dey push Lincoln make he free all slaves for long. For the summer wey be 1862, Republican editor Horace Greeley from New-York Tribune, wey get strong influence, write one big editorial wey call “The Prayer of Twenty Millions” wey dey shout for more action against the Confederacy and make dem free the slaves quick quick: “For this wide earth, Mr. President, no be one intelligent person wey dey support the Union cause wey no dey feel say if dem crush the rebellion today, e go wake again if dem leave slavery strong, and every hour wey dem dey respect slavery na hour wey dey add danger to the Union.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holzer|first=Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05ggngEACAAJ|title=Dear Mr. Lincoln: Letters to the President|date=2006|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=978-0-8093-2686-0|edition=second|pages=160–161}}</ref>” Lincoln reply for im letter to Horace Greeley on August 22, 1862: If some people go fit save the Union only if dem fit save slavery, I no dey agree with them. If some people no go fit save the Union unless dem destroy slavery, I still no dey agree. My main goal for this fight na to save the Union, no be to save or destroy slavery. If I fit save the Union without freeing any slave, I go do am, and if na by freeing all slaves I go save am, I go do am; and if na by freeing some and leaving others, I go still do that. Wetin I go do about slavery, and the colored people, na because I believe say e go help save the Union; and wetin I no do, I no do am because I no believe say e go help save the Union... I don talk my plan according to wetin I see as my duty; and I no mean say I go change my personal wish wey I don talk plenty times say I wish say all men everywhere fit free.<ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln5/1:1126.1?rgn=div2;view=fulltext ''Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln'', Vol. 5, pp. 462-463, 470, 500.]</ref> Lincoln scholar Harold Holzer talk say Lincoln letter be like: "Greeley no sabi say Lincoln write am after e don draft di first Emancipation Proclamation wey e wan drop after di next Union military victory. So, dis letter, na true, be like say e wan position di coming announcement for saving di Union, no be to free slaves as humanitarian move. E be one of Lincoln most clever public relations move, even if e don create doubt about him sincerity as liberator.<ref name="Dear2">{{cite book|last=Holzer|first=Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05ggngEACAAJ|title=Dear Mr. Lincoln: Letters to the President|date=2006|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=978-0-8093-2686-0|edition=2nd|page=162}}</ref>" Historian Richard Striner talk say "for many years" people dey misread Lincoln letter as "Lincoln just wan save di Union<ref name="Striner">{{cite book|last=Striner|first=Richard|url=https://archive.org/details/fatherabrahamlin0000stri/page/176|title=Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-518306-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/fatherabrahamlin0000stri/page/176 176]}}</ref>." But according to Striner, for di whole of Lincoln career and how e dey talk about slavery, this be wrong. In fact, Lincoln dey try soft soft di strong Northern white supremacist wey no wan gree with him emancipation by linking am to di cause of di Union. Dis people go fight for di Union but no go want end slavery, so Lincoln find way for dem to do both at di same time.<ref name="Striner2">{{cite book|last=Striner|first=Richard|url=https://archive.org/details/fatherabrahamlin0000stri/page/176|title=Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-518306-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/fatherabrahamlin0000stri/page/176 176]}}</ref>. So, e fit don choose di third option wey him mention to Greeley: "free some and leave others"; dat be, free slaves for di states wey still dey rebel on January 1, 1863, but leave di ones wey dey border states and Union-occupied areas. But, as the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation talk make am clear, Lincoln talk say e go suggest to Congress make dem compensate states wey fit "take, immediate or gradual end slavery". Plus, during the hundred days from September 22, 1862, when e drop the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, to January 1, 1863, when e drop the Final Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln still dey show say him dey consider the first option wey e mention to Greeley — maintain the Union without freeing any slave — still possible. Historian William W. Freehling talk say, "From mid-October to mid-November 1862, e send personal envoys go Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas.<ref>Freehling, William W. (2001). ''The South vs. The South: How Anti-Confederate Southerners Shaped the Course of the Civil War'', New York: Oxford University Press, p. 111.</ref><ref>Cohen, Henry, [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61e83d709f319913599d9eff/t/65654294056d981e17a815ec/1701135003723/2023+%2354+LF+Fall+Bulletin++%E2%80%93+WEB.pdf "Was Lincoln Disingenuous in His Greeley Letter?"], ''The Lincoln Forum Bulletin'', Issue 54, Fall 2023, pp. 8-9.</ref>". Each of dem carry letter from Lincoln wey talk say if people for their state want "avoid the wahala" of the Final Emancipation Proclamation "and get peace again like before" (meaning, with slavery still dey), make dem gather "the largest number wey possible" to vote for "elections for members to Congress of the United States ... wey friendly to their wahala".<ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln5/1:1126.1?rgn=div2;view=fulltext ''Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln'', Vol. 5, pp. 462-463, 470, 500.]</ref>. Later, for him Annual Message to Congress on December 1, 1862, Lincoln propose amendment to U.S. Constitution say any state wey end slavery before January 1, 1900, go collect compensation from U.S. in form of interest-bearing U.S. bonds. If dem accept this amendment, for theory, e fit end the war without really ending slavery, because the amendment talk say, "Any State wey don collect bonds ... and later bring back or allow slavery again, go pay back the United States the bonds wey dem collect, or the value of am, plus all interest wey dem pay on top".<ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln5/1:1126.1?rgn=div2;view=fulltext ''Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln'', Vol. 5, p. 530.]</ref> For him 2014 book wey dem call Lincoln's Gamble, journalist and historian Todd Brewster talk say, Lincoln wan make saving di Union be im only goal for di war, and dat one be key for im legal authority to free di slaves. Since Constitution dey protect slavery, di only way wey he fit free di slaves na as war tactic—no be di main mission<ref name="Brewster">{{cite book|last=Brewster|first=Todd|title=Lincoln's Gamble: The Tumultuous Six Months that Gave America the Emancipation Proclamation and Changed the Course of the Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsgambletu0000brew|publisher=Scribner|year=2014|isbn=978-1451693867|page=[https://archive.org/details/lincolnsgambletu0000brew/page/59 59]}}</ref>. But e come get risk say, when di war finish, di reason wey he go use to free di slaves go finish too. For late 1862, Lincoln ask im Attorney General, Edward Bates, wetin e go fit do if slaves wey dem free under war proclamation go fit be taken back once di war end. Bates gats wade through di language of Dred Scott decision before e fit give answer, but e finally conclude say dem fit still remain free. Still, for full end of slavery, dem go need constitutional amendment. Dem dey give Lincoln different advice on whether to free di slaves, both for public and private. Thomas Nast be cartoon artist wey dey work during Civil War and late 1800s, dem dey call am "Father of the American Cartoon". E draw plenty things, including one artwork wey show how people wey dey suffer for slavery move enter civilization when President Lincoln sign the Proclamation. Nast believ say everybody suppose get equal chance, even the enslaved Africans and free blacks. For Chicago on September 7, 1862, plenty people gather for rally wey demand make dem free all slaves sharp sharp. One group wey William W. Patton dey lead go meet the president for White House on September 13. Lincoln talk for peacetime say e no get power wey constitution gree make am free slaves. Even as war power, emancipation no be small risk wey fit cause wahala. Public opinion no too dey support am.<ref>{{harvnb|Guelzo|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MOFHPTQYqzgC&pg=PA18 18]}}</ref> Copperhead Democrats no go gree, and border states no sure how dem go react. Delaware and Maryland dey high for free blacks percentage: 91.2% and 49.7% for 1860.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kolchin|first=Peter|title=American Slavery: 1619–1877|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780809015542|date=1994|publisher=Hill and Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-1554-2|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780809015542/page/82 82]}}</ref> == Drafting and issuance of the proclamation == [[File:Eastman_Johnson_-_A_Ride_for_Liberty_--_The_Fugitive_Slaves_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastman_Johnson_-_A_Ride_for_Liberty_--_The_Fugitive_Slaves_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Eastman_Johnson|Eastman Johnson]] (American, 1824–1906) – ''[[:en:A_Ride_for_Liberty_–_The_Fugitive_Slaves|A Ride for Liberty – The Fugitive Slaves]]'', {{Circa|1862}}]] Lincoln first yan the proclamation with him cabinet for July 1862. E draft him first proclamation and read am to Secretary of State William Seward and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles on July 13. Seward and Welles no fit even talk, but Seward talk say e dey fear say if dem no careful, wahala go fall everywhere for South, and foreign people fit come join. Welles no talk anything. On July 22, Lincoln show am to him whole cabinet as wetin e don decide to do and him ask dem how dem go fit word am<ref>{{cite web|year=2002|title=Emancipation Proclamation|url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/almintr.html|access-date=June 28, 2013|work=Lincoln Papers|publisher=Library of Congress and Knox College}}</ref>. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton back am, but Seward advice say make Lincoln wait make Union fit win major battle before e go drop the proclamation, else e go look like say Union dey shout retreat. But Walter Stahr write say, 'Some sources talk say dem other people dey involved for the delay decision,' and e quote dem<ref>{{cite book |last=Goodwin |first=Doris Kearns |title=Team of Rivals |publisher=Blithedale Productions |year=2005 |location=New York}}</ref>. For September 1862, the Battle of Antietam give Lincoln the victory wey e need to drop the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. For the battle, Union lose plenty soldiers pass Confederates and General McClellan allow Robert E. Lee troops to run, but Union forces still push back Confederate invasion for Maryland, chop down more than quarter of Lee army. This one be turning point for the Civil War.<ref>Stahr, Walter, ''Stanton: Lincoln's War Secretary'', New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017, p. 226.</ref> [[File:Emancipation_Proclamation_-_LOC_04067_-_restoration1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emancipation_Proclamation_-_LOC_04067_-_restoration1.jpg|left|thumb|1864 reproduction of the Emancipation Proclamation from the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division]]For September 22, 1862, five days after Antietam, as Lincoln dey chill for Soldier's Home, e call im cabinet come meet and drop the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation<ref>{{cite web|title=Preliminary Emacipation Proclamation, 1862|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/preliminary_emancipation_proclamation.html#|website=www.archives.gov|access-date=2025-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202334/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/preliminary_emancipation_proclamation.html|archive-date=2020-06-10}}</ref>. According to Civil War historian James M. McPherson, Lincoln tell dem say, "I don make one serious promise before God, say if General Lee fit run come from Pennsylvania, I go finish am with the freedom declaration for slaves<ref>McPherson, James M. ''Battle Cry of Freedom'', (1988), p. 557.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Carpenter |first=Frank B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTsl3N7hDpAC&q=six+months+at+the+white+house+carpenter |title=Six Months at the White House |publisher=Applewood Books |year=1866 |isbn=978-1-4290-1527-1 |page=90 |access-date=February 20, 2010}} as reported by Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon Portland Chase, September 22, 1862. Others present used the word ''resolution'' instead of ''vow to God''. Gideon Welles, ''Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson'' (Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1911), 1:143, reported that Lincoln made a covenant with God that if God would change the tide of the war, Lincoln would change his policy toward slavery. See also Nicolas Parrillo, "Lincoln's Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War", ''Civil War History'' (September 1, 2000).</ref>." Lincoln show im first draft to Vice President Hannibal Hamlin,<ref>{{cite web|date=n.d.|title=Bangor in Focus: Hannibal Hamlin|url=http://bangorinfo.com/Focus/focus_hannibal_hamlin.html|access-date=May 29, 2011|publisher=Bangorinfo.com}}</ref>, wey be serious abolitionist, but dem dey keep am for dark about presidential matter. So, Lincoln drop the final proclamation wey e promise for January 1, 1863. Even though Congress give am authority, Lincoln use im power as Commander-in-Chief of Army and Navy to drop the proclamation as war measure. So, e no be like law wey Congress enact, because Lincoln fit just cancel am if e like. One week after e drop the final Proclamation, Lincoln write to Major General John McClernand: "After dem start fight, I dey try for almost one and half year to manage without touch the 'institution'; but when I finally decide to touch am, I give hundred days notice so all States and people fit turn back as good citizens. Dem choose to ignore am, and I make the proclamation based on wetin I see as military need. Once I don make am, e go stand.” Lincoln still talk say the states wey dey for the proclamation fit “adopt plans for apprenticeship for di colored people, wey go follow wetin dey approved for gradual emancipation; and... dem fit dey almost as okay as if this wahala no happen. E end by beg McClernand say make e no carry this letter go public..”.<ref>[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln6/1:84.1?rgn=div2;view=fulltext;q1=broken+eggs "The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln]" edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume 6, pp. 48–49.</ref><ref>Cohen, Henry, [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61e83d709f319913599d9eff/t/65654294056d981e17a815ec/1701135003723/2023+%2354+LF+Fall+Bulletin++%E2%80%93+WEB.pdf "Was Lincoln Disingenuous in His Greeley Letter?"], ''The Lincoln Forum Bulletin'', Issue 54, Fall 2023, p. 9.</ref> [[File:Men_of_Color_Civil_War_Recruitment_Broadside_1863.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Men_of_Color_Civil_War_Recruitment_Broadside_1863.png|thumb|One printed paper dey call for men wey get color make dem join U.S. military after dem free slaves in 1863 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).]] Initially, di Emancipation Proclamation free only small number of slaves, wey be di one wey dey behind Union line for area wey no dey exempted. Plenty slaves still dey behind Confederate line or for exempted Union area. Secretary of State William H. Seward talk say, "We dey show our sympathy with slavery by freeing slaves where we no fit reach dem and keeping dem in bondage where we fit set dem free." If any slave state fit stop dem secession before January 1, 1863, dem fit keep slavery, at least for small time. Di Proclamation free di slaves only for di South area wey still dey rebel on January 1, 1863. But as di Union army dey move for di South, slaves dey run go behind dem line, and "shortly after dem issue di Emancipation Proclamation, di Lincoln administration lift di ban on to entice slaves go Union line.<ref>Oakes, James, ''Freedom National'', p. 367.</ref>" Dis whole matter help for di destruction of slavery. Di Emancipation Proclamation still allow freed slaves join di United States military. During di war, nearly 200,000 black men, most of dem be ex-slaves, join di Union Army<ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Teaching With Documents: The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |work=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration}}</ref>. Dem contribution be very important for winning di war. Di Confederacy no allow slaves join dem army as soldier until di last month before dem defeat<ref>{{cite web|date=March 23, 1865|title=Confederate Law Authorizing the Enlistment of Black Soldiers, as Promulgated in a Military Order|url=http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/csenlist.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312213532/http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/csenlist.htm|archive-date=March 12, 2012|access-date=April 13, 2012|work=CSA General Orders, No. 14|publisher=Department of History, University of Maryland}}</ref>. Even though di counties of Virginia wey soon go form West Virginia no dey included for di Proclamation (Jefferson County be di only exception), one condition for di state to join di Union be say dem constitution go provide for gradual abolition of slavery (dem still adopt immediate emancipation for all slaves early 1865). Slaves for di border states of Maryland and Missouri still dey free by separate state action before di Civil War finish. For Maryland, new state constitution wey abolish slavery go take effect on November 1, 1864. Di Union wey dey control eastern Virginia counties plus Louisiana parishes, wey dem no allow under di Proclamation, dem come put state constitution wey make slavery no dey inside April 1864.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitutional Convention, Virginia (1864)|url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Virginia_Convention_of_1864|access-date=October 11, 2016|website=encyclopediavirginia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/april-1864-civil-war.htm|title=American Civil War April 1864 – History Learning Site|newspaper=History Learning Site|access-date=October 11, 2016}}</ref>. For early 1865, Tennessee come take amend dem constitution wey go stop slavery..<ref>{{cite web|date=December 8, 2009|title=Freedmen and Southern Society Project: Chronology of Emancipation|url=http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011224131/http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm|archive-date=October 11, 2007|access-date=May 29, 2011|publisher=History.umd.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=n.d.|title=TSLA: This Honorable Body: African American Legislators in 19th Century Tennessee|url=http://www.state.tn.us/tsla/exhibits/blackhistory/timelines/timeline_1861-1865.htm|access-date=May 29, 2011|publisher=State.tn.us}}</ref> == Implementation == [[File:Am_Arch_Sculpt_4.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Am_Arch_Sculpt_4.jpg|right|thumb|The moment the proclamation was signed, portrayed by [[:en:Lee_Lawrie|Lee Lawrie]] in [[:en:Lincoln,_Nebraska|Lincoln, Nebraska]]]] Di Proclamation come out first in one early version and den final version. Di first one, wey dem issue for September 22, 1862, na early announcement wey show wetin di final one go talk later, wey take effect 100 days after for January 1, 1863, during di second year of di Civil War. Di early Emancipation Proclamation na Abraham Lincoln declaration say all di slaves go free forever for all di areas of di Confederacy wey still dey rebel on January 1, 1863. Di final Emancipation Proclamation name di ten states wey dey affected (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina). States like Maryland, Delaware, Missouri and Kentucky wey dey for di Union no dey included. Tennessee too no dey named, as Union military government don already set up for Nashville wey na di capital. Dem state specific exemptions for areas wey still dey under Union control on January 1, 1863, like 48 counties wey go soon turn West Virginia, seven other counties for Virginia wey include Berkeley and Hampshire wey go join West Virginia, New Orleans and 13 parishes wey dey around.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-10-06|title=Transcript of the Proclamation|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation/transcript.html|access-date=2020-09-20|website=National Archives|language=en}}</ref> Areas wey Union control for di Confederate states where di proclamation start run sharp sharp by local commanders include Winchester for Virginia<ref>Richard Duncan, Beleaguered Winchester: A Virginia Community at War (Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, 2007), pp. 139–40</ref>, Corinth for Mississippi,<ref>Ira Berlin et al., eds., Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation 1861–1867, Vol. 1: The Destruction of Slavery (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 260</ref>, di Sea Islands along di coasts of di Carolinas and Georgia<ref name="Klingaman">William Klingaman, Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation, 1861–1865 (NY: Viking Press, 2001), p. 234</ref>, Key West for Florida<ref>"Important From Key West", ''The New York Times'' February 4, 1863, p. 1</ref>, and Port Royal for South Carolina..<ref name="New York Times January 9, 1863, p. 2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1863/01/09/news/interesting-port-royal-jubliee-among-negroes-first-president-s-emancipation.html?scp=35&sq=&st=p?pagewanted=1|title=Interesting from Port Royal|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 9, 1863|page=2}}</ref> === Immediate impact === [[File:SlaveChildrenUnknown.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SlaveChildrenUnknown.jpg|left|thumb|Photo of two pikin wey dem fit don free – around 1870]] [[File:Scene_Along_the_Route.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scene_Along_the_Route.jpg|thumb|'Scene Wey Dey Happen for Road' from Philadelphia Inquirer reporter (maybe U.H. Painter[1]) wey dey follow Army of Potomac, The Indiana Progress, June 1, 1864]] Dis one wey dem dey call "Scene Along the Route" from person wey dey report for Philadelphia Inquirer (maybe na U.H. Painter) wey dey with Potomac Army, The Indiana Progress, June 1, 1864. On New Year’s Eve for 1862, plenty African Americans – both wey dem don commot and wey still dey suffer – gather for USA to do Watch Night for "Freedom's Eve", dey wait for midnight wey go bring change<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-19|title=The Historical Legacy of Juneteenth|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/historical-legacy-juneteenth|access-date=2022-06-13|website=National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en}}</ref>. Some people dey talk say Emancipation Proclamation no free anybody<ref>{{cite book|author=James M. Paradis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pd3HsBXCq94C&pg=PA90|title=African Americans and the Gettysburg Campaign|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2012|isbn=9780810883369|page=90}}</ref>; historian Lerone Bennett Jr. dey claim say na janja wey dem prepare no be to free anybody.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth L. Deutsch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-YAbM7YYCIC&pg=PT35|title=Lincoln's American Dream: Clashing Political Perspectives|author2=Joseph Fornieri|publisher=Potomac Books|year=2005|isbn=9781597973908|page=35}}</ref> But because of dis Proclamation, many slaves don use this war collect their freedom, as e start on the day e take effect; wey people for places like Hilton Head Island, South Carolina<ref>"News from South Carolina: Negro Jubilee at Hilton Head", ''New York Herald'', January 7, 1863, p. 5</ref>, and Port Royal, South Carolina<ref name="New York Times January 9, 1863, p. 22">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1863/01/09/news/interesting-port-royal-jubliee-among-negroes-first-president-s-emancipation.html?scp=35&sq=&st=p?pagewanted=1|title=Interesting from Port Royal|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 9, 1863|page=2}}</ref> dey celebrate on January 1 as dem hear say dem don get legal freedom. People dey guess the total wey dem free as the Emancipation Proclamation start; one report say 'contraband' for Union-occupied North Carolina na 10,000, and Sea Islands for South Carolina dey plenty too<ref name="SIFBEP">Poulter, Keith, "Slaves Immediately Freed by the Emancipation Proclamation", ''North & South'', vol. 5, no. 1 (December 2001), p. 48.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qUTrAwAAQBAJ&dq=Those+20,000+slaves+were+freed+immediately+by+the+Emancipation+Proclamation.&pg=PA109 Epps, Henry, ''A Concise Chronicle History of African-American People Experience in America'', SCL, 2012, p. 109]</ref>. Dis Zone wey Union dey control wey freedom start include eastern North Carolina, Mississippi Valley, northern Alabama, Shenandoah Valley for Virginia, plenty Arkansas, and Sea Islands for Georgia and South Carolina<ref>Harris, "After the Emancipation Proclamation", p. 45</ref>. Even though some counties for Union-occupied Virginia no follow the Proclamation, lower Shenandoah Valley and Alexandria area dey included.<ref name="SIFBEP2">Poulter, Keith, "Slaves Immediately Freed by the Emancipation Proclamation", ''North & South'', vol. 5, no. 1 (December 2001), p. 48.</ref> Emancipation don start to take effect as Union soldiers dey enter Confederacy. Slaves dey run from their masters and Union soldiers dey help dem.<ref>{{cite book|author=Allen C. Guelzo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOFHPTQYqzgC&pg=PT107|title=Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2006|isbn=9781416547952|pages=107–8}}</ref> Another side, Robert Gould Shaw write am to him mama on September 25, 1862, "So the 'Proclamation of Emancipation' don finally show face, or better say, e for come first. I dey sure say una dey jolly for am. But me, I no fit see wetin e go do now. Anywhere our army don reach, no slaves dey anymore, and the Proclamation no go free dem where we no fit go." Ten days later, him write am again, "No think say from wetin I talk before, I dey believe say Mr. Lincoln's 'Emancipation Proclamation' no correct ... but as war measure, I no see d matter wey e go reason now, ... as the slaves no fit free for any way, with Emancipation Act or without." <ref>Gallagher, Gary W., [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674066083&content=reviews ''The Union War''], Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2011, pp. 142-143.</ref> Booker T. Washington, as small boy of 9 for Virginia, remember the day for early 1865:<ref>Gallagher, Gary W., [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674066083&content=reviews ''The Union War''], Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2011, pp. 142-143.</ref> * As the big day dey come closer, plenty song dey burst for the slave quarters pass usual. E dey louder, more sweet, and e dey last well into night. Most of the plantation songs get some freedom vibe.... [S]ome man wey be stranger (a United States officer, I gbadun) make small speech and then read long paper—the Emancipation Proclamation, I think. After di reading, dem tell us say we don free, and fit waka when and where we want. My mama, wey dey by my side, lean down come kiss her pikin dem, while joy tears dey run for her cheeks. She explain wetin everything mean, say this na the day wey she don dey pray for long, but fear say she no go fit see am.[[File:A_Visit_from_the_Old_Mistress.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Visit_from_the_Old_Mistress.jpg|left|thumb|Winslow Homer 1876 – "A Visit from the Old Mistress" show tension between group of newly freed slaves and their former master – Smithsonian Museum of American Art.]]Runaway slaves wey don escape go Union lines before dey dey hold dem as 'contraband of war' under Confiscation Acts. The Sea Islands wey dey off Georgia coast don already fall to Union Navy for early war. The white people don run go mainland but the black ones dey sit down. Dem start early Reconstruction program for di former slaves, wey get schools and training. Naval officers come read di proclamation for dem, tell dem say dem don free.<ref name="Klingaman2">William Klingaman, Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation, 1861–1865 (NY: Viking Press, 2001), p. 234</ref> Slaves dey part of di 'engine of war' for di Confederacy. Dem dey produce and prepare food; sew uniform; fix railway; work for farms and factories, shipping yards, and mines; build fortifications; and serve as hospital workers and common laborers. News of di Proclamation fly quick through mouth, spark hope for freedom, create confusion, and push plenty people to escape go Union lines..<ref>{{cite book|last=Goodheart|first=Adam|title=1861: The Civil War Awakening|url=https://archive.org/details/1861civilwarawak0000good|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=2011|location=New York}}</ref> George Washington Albright, one teenage slave for Mississippi, remember say like many of him fellow slaves, him papa don escape join Union forces. According to Albright, plantation owners dey try keep di Proclamation news from slaves, but dem sabi am through grapevine. Di young slave come be 'runner' for one informal group dem dey call 4Ls ('Lincoln's Legal Loyal League'), wey dey carry news of di proclamation go secret slave meetings for plantations all over di region..<ref>Jenkins, Sally, and Stauffer, John. ''The State of Jones''. New York: Anchor Books, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-7679-2946-2}}, p. 42.</ref> Confederate general Robert E. Lee see di Emancipation Proclamation as way for di Union to increase di number of soldiers dem fit put for di field, making am urgent for di Confederacy to increase dem own numbers too. After dem sack Fredericksburg, Lee write say, "Di way di enemy dey gather plenty troops and di brutal wahala wey dem don declare, e no go fit give us any choice but to win or suffer pass death. If we wan save di honor of our families from disgrace and our way of life from destruction, make we put all our effort, use all means wey dey available, to fill and keep our army strong, until God go bless us with our independence.".<ref>[http://cwmemory.com/2011/11/18/robert-e-lee-on-robert-h-milroy-or-emancipation/ "Robert E. Lee on Robert H. Milroy or Emancipation," ''civil war memory: The Online Home of Kevin M. Levin'', November 18, 2011]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Shelby Foote|title=The Civil War: A Narrative: Fredericksburg to Meridian|publisher=Random House|year=1963|volume=2}}</ref> Di Emancipation Proclamation be big turn for di war, as e make di North no just wan keep di Union, but also free di slaves.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 10, 2022|title=Emancipation Proclamation (1863)|url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/emancipation-proclamation|access-date=13 February 2024|website=National Archives}}</ref>. Di Proclamation also gather support from abolitionists and Europeans, wey dey push enslaved people to escape go North. Dis one weaken di labor for di South and strong di North ranks..<ref>{{cite web|title=Immediate Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation|url=https://www.portal.hsp.org/unit-plan-items/unit-plan-34|access-date=13 February 2024|website=Historical Society of Pennsylvania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213010125/https://www.portal.hsp.org/unit-plan-items/unit-plan-34|archive-date=13 February 2024}}</ref> Racism dey dey everywhere, both sides for the wahala, and plenty people for North just support the war to force South make dem stay for Union. The Republican politicians wey promise say the war be for Union restoration, no be about black rights or end slavery, dem opponents talk say na big lies, because of the Proclamation. For Columbiana, Ohio, Copperhead David Allen yarn for crowd, "Now my fellow Democrats, I go ask you if you go let dem push you enter wahala against your brothers for the Southern States because of the Negro. My answer be No!" The Copperheads see the Proclamation as clear proof for their matter and the start of their political rise; for Connecticut, H. B. Whiting write say the truth don clear even for "those wey no get sense wey still dey think say the President be conservative and the war be for Union restoration under the Constitution<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Weber|first=Jennifer L.|url=https://archive.org/details/copperheads00jenn|title=Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-530668-2|location=New York City|page=65|url-access=registration}}</ref> War Democrats wey no gree with Copperhead stance for their party, dey find themselves for wahala. Even though during the war, dem still dey keep the racist views of their party and no care for slave concerns, dem see the Proclamation as good military tool against South and dey worry say if dem go oppose am e fit shake the Union army morale. This matter go continue to disturb dem and fit cause split for their party as the war dey go on<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last=Weber|first=Jennifer L.|url=https://archive.org/details/copperheads00jenn|title=Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-530668-2|location=New York City|page=65|url-access=registration}}</ref>. Lincoln dey push plenty people for the Union away just two days after e drop the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation by suspending habeas corpus. His opponents connect this two move to say he dey turn despot. Because of this and military no dey thrive for Union armies, plenty War Democrat voters wey don support Lincoln before turn against am and join Copperheads for the off-year elections wey happen for October and November.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=Weber|first=Jennifer L.|url=https://archive.org/details/copperheads00jenn|title=Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-530668-2|location=New York City|page=65|url-access=registration}}</ref> === Political impact === [[File:TRUMP.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TRUMP.JPG|thumb|Abe Lincoln Last Card; Or, Rouge-et-Noir (Red and Black), na cartoon wey John Tenniel draw make e appear for Punch after London Times talk say Lincoln don play him 'last card' when e drop the Proclamation for October 1862. Lincoln hair be sharp, e dey look like horns. Dem dey print dis cartoon well well for Copperhead press.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 18, 1862|title=Abe Lincoln's Last Card|url=http://www.historygallery.com/prints/PunchLincoln/1862lastcard/1862lastcard.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mitgang|first=Herbert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQQXbIE--ggC&q=London%20Times%20freeing%20the%20slaves%20Lincoln's%20%22desperate%20last-trump%20card%22&pg=PA236-IA10|title=Abraham Lincoln, a Press Portrait: His Life and Times from the Original Newspaper Documents of the Union, the Confederacy, and Europe|publisher=Fordham University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8232-2062-5}}</ref>]]Di Proclamation dem denounce am sharp sharp, Copperhead Democrats wey no gree war and wan make dem bring back di union by allowing slavery. Horatio Seymour wey dey run for New York governor, him talk say di Emancipation Proclamation be call for slaves to dey commit wahala for all di white southerners, him yarn say na "proposal for di butchery of women and children, for scenes of lust and rapine, and of arson and murder, wey go call for civilized Europe to intervene". Di Copperheads too see di Proclamation as mistake wey dey misuse presidential power. Editor Henry A. Reeves write for Greenport's Republican Watchman say "For di name of freedom for Negroes, [di proclamation] dey put white men liberty for wahala; to test one utopian theory of equality wey Nature, History and Experience dey gree as monster, e dey scatter di Constitution and Civil Laws and set Military Usurpation on top". <ref name="Weber">{{cite book|last=Weber|first=Jennifer L.|url=https://archive.org/details/copperheads00jenn|title=Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-530668-2|location=New York City|page=64|url-access=registration}}</ref>Racism dey everywhere for both sides, and plenty people for di North support di war just to force di South to stay for di Union. Di promises of plenty Republican politicians wey talk say di war na to restore di Union and no be about black rights or ending slavery dem mark am as lies by dia opponents, wey use di Proclamation talk am. For Columbiana, Ohio, Copperhead David Allen tell crowd, "Now fellow Democrats I go ask you if you wan force yourself enter war against your Britheren of di Southern States for di Negro. I answer No!" Di Copperheads sabi so di Proclamation be proof wey no fit argue for dia side and di start of political rise for dem members; for Connecticut, H. B. Whiting write say di truth don show even to "those stupid thickheaded persons wey dey think say di President na conservative man and di war na for di restoration of di Union under di Constitution."<ref name="Weber2">{{cite book|last=Weber|first=Jennifer L.|url=https://archive.org/details/copperheads00jenn|title=Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-530668-2|location=New York City|page=64|url-access=registration}}</ref> War Democrats wey no gree with Copperhead stance for their party, dey find themselves for wahala. Even though during the war, dem still dey keep the racist views of their party and no care for slave concerns, dem see the Proclamation as good military tool against South and dey worry say if dem go oppose am e fit shake the Union army morale. This matter go continue to disturb dem and fit cause split for their party as the war dey go on<ref name=":26">{{Cite book|last=Weber|first=Jennifer L.|url=https://archive.org/details/copperheads00jenn|title=Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-530668-2|location=New York City|page=65|url-access=registration}}</ref>. Lincoln dey push plenty people for the Union away just two days after e drop the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation by suspending habeas corpus. His opponents connect this two move to say he dey turn despot. Because of this and military no dey thrive for Union armies, plenty War Democrat voters wey don support Lincoln before turn against am and join Copperheads for the off-year elections wey happen for October and November.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|last=Weber|first=Jennifer L.|url=https://archive.org/details/copperheads00jenn|title=Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-530668-2|location=New York City|page=65|url-access=registration}}</ref> For 1862 elections, Democrats chop 28 seats for House plus dem take governorship for New York. Lincoln padi, Orville Hickman Browning, tell am say the Proclamation and suspension of habeas corpus be like disaster for him party, e give Democrats plenty weapons. Lincoln no talk anything back. Copperhead William Jarvis from Connecticut talk say di election be di 'beginning of di end of Abolitionism wahala'.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Weber|first=Jennifer L.|url=https://archive.org/details/copperheads00jenn|title=Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-530668-2|location=New York City|page=69|url-access=registration}}</ref> Historians like James M. McPherson and Allan Nevins dey talk say even though di results fit look bad, Lincoln fit still see am as good; his enemies do well only for di areas wey dem sabi best and 'for di national level, wetin dem gain for House na di smallest wey any minority party don get for off-year election wey don pass near a generation. Michigan, California, and Iowa all go Republican... Plus, di Republicans collect five seats for Senate.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Weber|first=Jennifer L.|url=https://archive.org/details/copperheads00jenn|title=Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-530668-2|location=New York City|page=69|url-access=registration}}</ref>' McPherson talk say, 'If di election be referendum on emancipation and how Lincoln dey handle di war, plenty Northern voters support these policies.'<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|last=Weber|first=Jennifer L.|url=https://archive.org/details/copperheads00jenn|title=Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-530668-2|location=New York City|page=69|url-access=registration}}</ref> === Confederate response === [[File:Negroes_Leaving_Home_-_April_9_1864_issue_Harper's_Weekly_-_uncropped,_Internet_Archive_copy.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Negroes_Leaving_Home_-_April_9_1864_issue_Harper's_Weekly_-_uncropped,_Internet_Archive_copy.jpg|thumb|"NEGROES DEY LEAVE DEM HOME: Di picture for page 237 show one side of di war wey di rebels no fit look with any joy. Di way di slaves dey run away from di wahala wey don dey disturb dem long time don dey happen since dem first strike blow for national honour, and e still dey happen, plenty poor people dey waka enter di Union side every week for all di places. Our sketch show di heart-breaking sight wey surround di homes of di negroes, and di energy wey dem use space make dem find freedom anytime dem get chance. Di Federal gun-boat dey far for sea, but di sharp eyes of di waiting bondmen don catch di flag wey she carry; dem sabi say under di flag na safe place for dem, so dem launch dia small boat, carry di old and sick ones with dia few important things, and as dem dey leave dem rough home, dem get small pain for heart, but hope and joy dey for dia mind for di freedom wey dey await dem, as dem pull away from di shore, wey go just dey remind dem of dark past. E get emotion plus history for di picture." (Harper's Weekly, April 9, 1864)]] "NEGROES DEY LEAVE DEM HOME: Di picture for page 237 show one side of di war wey di rebels no fit look with any joy. Di way di slaves dey run away from di wahala wey don dey disturb dem long time don dey happen since dem first strike blow for national honour, and e still dey happen, plenty poor people dey waka enter di Union side every week for all di places. Our sketch show di heart-breaking sight wey surround di homes of di negroes, and di energy wey dem use space make dem find freedom anytime dem get chance. Di Federal gun-boat dey far for sea, but di sharp eyes of di waiting bondmen don catch di flag wey she carry; dem sabi say under di flag na safe place for dem, so dem launch dia small boat, carry di old and sick ones with dia few important things, and as dem dey leave dem rough home, dem get small pain for heart, but hope and joy dey for dia mind for di freedom wey dey await dem, as dem pull away from di shore, wey go just dey remind dem of dark past. E get emotion plus history for di picture." (Harper's Weekly, April 9, 1864) Di first Confedrate response na anger. Dem see di Proclamation as confirmation of di rebellion and proof say Lincoln for don finish slavery even if di states no come back join di Union. Dis one make di fear of slaves revolting increase and scatter morale, especially di slave owners wey see am as threat to dia business. For one letter wey U.S. Army general Ulysses S. Grant write to President Lincoln for August 1863, e talk say di proclamation wey dey "arm di negro", plus di "emancipation of di negro, na di heaviest blow dem don give di Confederacy so far." Di South dey craze plenty for am and dem dey vex well well<ref>{{cite web |last=Grant |first=Ulysses |date=August 23, 1863 |title=Letter to Abraham Lincoln |url=http://www.civil-war-tribute.com/us-grant-letter-to-lincoln-08231863.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503212700/http://www.civil-war-tribute.com/us-grant-letter-to-lincoln-08231863.htm |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |access-date=May 3, 2014 |quote=I have given the subject of arming the Negro my hearty support. This, with the emancipation of the Negro, is the heaviest blow yet given the Confederacy. The South rave a greatdeel about it and profess to be very angry. |location=Cairo, Illinois}}</ref>. For May 1863, small months after di Proclamation start, di Confederacy pass law wey dem dey demand 'full and ample retaliation' against di U.S. for di matter. Dem talk say black U.S. soldiers wey dem catch while dem dey fight di Confederacy go face court as slave rebels—dis one go fit land dem for serious wahala wey fit end for death. Less than one year after di law pass, di Confederates kill plenty black U.S. soldiers for Fort Pillow.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tap|first=Bruce|title=The Fort Pillow Massacre: North, South, and the Status of African Americans in the Civil War Era|date=2013|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> President Jefferson Davis react to di Emancipation Proclamation with fire and for im speech to di Confederate Congress on January 12, im threaten say any U.S. military officer wey dem catch for Confederate ground go face state authority to charge dem for 'exciting servile insurrection', wey be serious matter..<ref>{{cite web|title=January 12, 1863: Jefferson Davis responds to the Emancipation Proclamation &#124; the Daily Dose|url=http://www.awb.com/dailydose/?p=822|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113000330/http://www.awb.com/dailydose/?p=822|archive-date=January 13, 2023|access-date=January 13, 2023}}</ref> General Robert E. Lee call di Proclamation 'savage and brutal policy wey dem don proclaim, wey no go give us any choice but success or disgrace wey fit worse pass death.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095239/https://leefamilyarchive.org/family-papers/letters/letters-1863/9-family-papers/1180-robert-e-lee-to-james-a-seddon-1863-january-10 Lee Family Digital Archive]</ref> But some Confederates welcome di Proclamation, cos dem believe say e go make pro-slavery feeling strong for di Confederacy and fit make more white men join di army. One Confederate cavalry sergeant from Kentucky talk say, 'Di Proclamation worth three hundred thousand soldiers to our Government at least... E show wetin dis war come for and di plans of di wicked people wey bring am<ref>{{Cite book |last=McPherson |first=James M. |url=https://archive.org/details/forcausecomrades00mcph |title=For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-509-023-3 |location=New York City |page=[https://archive.org/details/forcausecomrades00mcph/page/107 107] |oclc=34912692 |access-date=March 8, 2016 |url-access=registration}}</ref>.' Even some Union soldiers gree with dis talk and dey fear di Proclamation no be on principle, but dem dey worry say e go make di Confederacy fight harder and hold onto slavery. One Union soldier from New York talk say after di Proclamation come out, I sabi well well how di southern people go fight for dem slavery matter, even if e mean say dem go face wahala wey fit finish dem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McPherson |first=James M. |url=https://archive.org/details/forcausecomrades00mcph |title=For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-509-023-3 |location=New York City |page=[https://archive.org/details/forcausecomrades00mcph/page/108 108] |oclc=34912692 |access-date=March 8, 2016 |url-access=registration}}</ref> As e be say the Proclamation land, price for slaves for the Confederacy dey rise after dem issue am, one Confederate guy from South Carolina talk for 1865 say, "now be time make Uncle buy some negro women and pikin...." <ref>{{Cite book |last=McPherson |first=James M. |url=https://archive.org/details/forcausecomrades00mcph |title=For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-509-023-3 |location=New York City |page=[https://archive.org/details/forcausecomrades00mcph/page/108 108] |oclc=34912692 |access-date=March 8, 2016 |url-access=registration}}</ref> === International impact === The way wey Lincoln wan am, the proclamation change wetin people for foreign land dey think, dem dey support the Union as dem get backing from countries wey no dey like slavery and those wey don already stop am (especially for developed places like UK and France). This change scatter the Confederacy hopes of getting any official recognition<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert E. May|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIspT4gpgUAC|title=The Union, the Confederacy, and the Atlantic rim|publisher=Purdue University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-1-55753-061-5|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uIspT4gpgUAC&pg=PA29 29–68]|chapter=History and Mythology: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War}}</ref>. The Emancipation Proclamation make clear say to stop slavery be serious Union goal, e connect support for the South to support for slavery. People for Britain no go fit support slavery. As Henry Adams talk, "The Emancipation Proclamation don do more for us than all our old victories and all our diplomacy." For Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi call Lincoln "the heir of the aspirations of John Brown". On August 6, 1863, Garibaldi write to Lincoln say: "Posterity go call you the great emancipator, better title than any crown fit be, and bigger than any earthly treasure<ref>Mack Smith, p. 72</ref>." Mayor Abel Haywood, wey represent workers from Manchester, England, write to Lincoln talk say, "We dey honor you for all the correct steps wey you dey take to show say you believe in wetin your great founders talk: 'All men be free and equa<ref>Quoted in {{cite book|author=James Lander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaTnoZ_uYlUC&pg=PA221|title=Lincoln and Darwin: Shared Visions of Race, Science, and Religion|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780809329908|page=221}}</ref>l.'" The Emancipation Proclamation help cool tension with Europe about the North's war matter, plus the recent Southern attack wey fail for Antietam, come make e clear say no chance for Confederacy to get foreign military help for the war.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kevin Phillips |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tsir90xfo4C&pg=PA493 |title=The Cousins' Wars: Religion, Politics, Civil Warfare, And The Triumph Of Anglo-America |publisher=Basic Books |year=2000 |isbn=9780465013708 |page=493}}</ref> But still, even with the Emancipation Proclamation, arms sales to the Confederacy through blockade running, from British companies and dealers, still dey happen, with the British government sabi am.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edward Hawkins Sisson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BL2AwAAQBAJ&dq=blockade+running+Britain+1863+Emancipation+Proclamation&pg=PA1169|title=America the Great|date=June 22, 2014|publisher=Edward Sisson|page=1169}}</ref> Confederacy fit hold the war for two more years mostly because British blockade runners dey supply dem weapons. As dem dey run, e cause 400,000 more soldiers and civilians for both sides to die..<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/historians-reveal-secrets-of-uk-gunrunning-which-lengthened-the-american-civil-war-by-two-years-9557937.html|title=Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years|author=David Keys|date=24 June 2014|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Paul Hendren |date=April 1933 |title=The Confederate Blockade Runners |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1933/april/confederate-blockade-runners |publisher=United States Naval Institute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Peter G. Tsouras |date=March 11, 2011 |title=American Civil War viewpoints: It was British arms that sustained the Confederacy |url=https://www.military-history.org/blog/it-was-british-arms-that-sustained-the-confederacy-during-the-american-civil-war-peter-tsouras.htm |publisher=Military History Matters}}</ref><ref name="NJGT">{{cite thesis |author=Beau Cleland |title=Between King Cotton and Queen Victoria: Confederate Informal Diplomacy and Privatized Violence in British America During the American Civil War |publisher=University of Calgary |url=https://prism.ucalgary.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/fce3cc3a-b506-4cf1-a42b-4f939db75ac5/content#page=14 |page=2 |quote=British resources were, in fact, essential to the rebellion’s survival. In the face of a blockade that after 1861 made direct imports nearly impossible, the overwhelming majority of the arms and supplies that the Confederacy received from abroad passed through British colonies en route from Europe, usually on British-flagged ships, consigned to British merchants, and paid for with cotton that followed the same path out of Southern ports. Without the advantage provided by British (and to a far lesser extent, Spanish) colonies, the Confederacy had no prayer of military victory. The colonies were unsinkable, unassailable refuges in an enemy-controlled sea.}}</ref> == Gettysburg Address == Lincoln talk the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, wey e show small small about the Proclamation and how e wan end slavery as war goal with di phrase "new birth of freedom". Di Proclamation really help Lincoln for gain support from di fast growing abolitionist people for di Republican Party and make sure say dem no go block am for 1864 renomination.<ref>Allan Nevins, ''Ordeal of the Union: vol. 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863'' (1960).</ref> == Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863) == For December 1863, Lincoln drop di Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, wey talk how di rebel states fit repair dem relationship with di Union. Di main points be say di states go accept di Emancipation Proclamation and grant freedom to dem slaves, and accept di Confiscation Acts, plus di Act wey dey ban slavery for United States territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richter|first=William L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fa2_G9yaX38C&q=proclamation%2520of%2520amnesty%2520and%2520reconstruction&pg=PA479|title=The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2009|isbn=9780810863361|pages=479–480|language=en}}</ref> [[File:SMITHSONIAN_-_Ambrotype_of_African_American_Woman_with_Flag_-_believed_to_be_a_washerwoman_for_Union_troops_quartered_outside_Richmond,_Virginia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMITHSONIAN_-_Ambrotype_of_African_American_Woman_with_Flag_-_believed_to_be_a_washerwoman_for_Union_troops_quartered_outside_Richmond,_Virginia.jpg|thumb|Dis Ambrotype be picture of African American woman wey hold flag, dem talk say she be washerwoman for Union soldiers wey dey stay outside Richmond, Virginia (Smithsonian 2005.0002.01)]] As war dem dey finish, abolitionists dey fear say di Emancipation Proclamation go just be war tactics, wetin Lincoln wan make happen, and e no go fit hold once dem stop fight. Dem dey vex say dem wan secure freedom for all di slaves, no be only di ones wey Emancipation Proclamation go free. So, Lincoln put plenty for im 1864 presidential campaign for di constitutional amendment wey go ban slavery for di whole U.S. Lincoln campaign get boost from votes for Maryland and Missouri wey wan end slavery for dia states. Maryland new constitution wey ban slavery start work on November 1, 1864<ref>White, Jonathan W., "Achieving Emancipation in Maryland," in ''The Civil War in Maryland Reconsidered'', edited by Charles W. Mitchell and Jean H. Baker, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2021, p. 249.</ref>. Slavery for Missouri end on January 11, 1865, when dem gather for state convention approve di law wey go end slavery by 60-4 vote,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Missouri|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010471356|title=Journal of the Missouri state convention, held at the city of St. Louis January 6-April 10, 1865|date=1865|publisher=Missouri Democrat|location=St. Louis|pages=25–26|access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref>, and that same day Governor Thomas C. Fletcher drop im own 'Proclamation of Freedom.'<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fletcher|first1=Thomas C.|url=https://archive.org/details/missourisjubilee00flet|title=Missouri's Jubilee|date=1865|publisher=W. A. Curry, Public Printer|location=Jefferson City, MO|access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref> As Lincoln win re-election, im push di lame duck 38th Congress make dem pass di proposed amendment sharp-sharp instead of waiting for di new 39th Congress. For January 1865, Congress send di Thirteenth Amendment wey go ban slavery for all U.S. states and areas, except as punishment for crime, go di state legislatures for dem to ratify. Di amendment get enough states wey ratify am by December 6, 1865, and dem announce am 12 days later. Dem say around 40,000 slaves dey for Kentucky and 1,000 for Delaware wey dem free then.<ref name="1860Census">{{cite web|year=1860|title=Census, Son of the South|url=http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery/slave-maps/slave-census.htm|publisher=sonofthesouth.net|access-date=2025-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821141608/http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery/slave-maps/slave-census.htm|archive-date=2008-08-21}}</ref> == Critiques == More gist: Abraham Lincoln and slavery Dem say Lincoln’s proclamation be one of di most radical freedom moves wey don happen for di modern world<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Hahn|first=Steven|date=2011-01-13|title=Discovering Equality|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/81377/lincoln-slavery-fiery-trial-review|magazine=The New Republic|issn=0028-6583}}</ref>. But as time dey go, America still dey do black people anyhow, so people begin dey doubt Lincoln and di Emancipation Proclamation. One person wey attack am be Lerone Bennett for him book Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream (2000), wey talk say Lincoln be white supremacist wey just issue di Proclamation instead of real changes wey di radical abolitionists dey fight for. But one review talk say "Few Civil War scholars dey take Bennett and DiLorenzo serious, dem dey point out dia small political agenda and faulty research.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dirck |first=Brian |date=September 2009 |title=''Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery'', and ''Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War'', and ''Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment'' (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/315139 |journal=Civil War History |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=382–385 |doi=10.1353/cwh.0.0090 |s2cid=143986160 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>" For him book Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, Allen C. Guelzo observe say professional historians no too respect di document well, as e don collect small major scholarly studies. E talk say Lincoln be di U.S.'s "last Enlightenment politician<ref>{{harvnb|Guelzo|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MOFHPTQYqzgC&pg=PA3 3]}}</ref>" and because of dat he get "loyalty to 'reason, cold, calculating, unimpassioned reason'.... But di most important political virtue wey Enlightenment give Lincoln, and di Proclamation, na prudence".<ref>{{harvnb|Guelzo|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MOFHPTQYqzgC&pg=PA3 3]}}</ref> Some other historians dey give Lincoln more props for wetin e do towards ending slavery and how e grow for political and moral status. Maybe more for happen if dem no kill am. As Eric Foner talk:<ref>Doris Kearns Goodwin, ''Team of Rivals'', New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005</ref> Lincoln no be abolitionist or Radical Republican, Bennett dey remind us plenty times. E no like immediate abolition before war start, and he get some racist ideas wey people get for him time. But this guy dey believe say slavery no be correct, and during Civil War, e show say he fit grow for moral and political matter<ref>{{cite web|last=Foner|first=Eric|date=April 9, 2000|title=''Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream'' by Lerone Bennett, Jr.|url=http://www.ericfoner.com/reviews/040900latimes.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027065400/http://www.ericfoner.com/reviews/040900latimes.html|archive-date=2004-10-27|publisher=Los Angeles Times Book Review}} (book review)</ref>. Kal Ashraf talk say: Maybe if we no dey see am as Lincoln be lone fighter against collective freedom fighters, we go fit sabi say dem fit work together well. True talk: flawed and racist Lincoln still do something wey be heroic, no be say e do am alone, but e dey power by collective effort. To call am 'Great Emancipator' fit make we forget wetin him actions mean. How him be as person, no be anybody fit really sabi. So the version of Lincoln we dey hold, na the same version we dey create.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Kal |date=March 2013 |title='Editorial', American Studies in Britain |url=https://www.baas.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/asib108-kal%20ashraf.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623212050/https://www.baas.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/asib108-kal%20ashraf.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2021 |access-date=2013-03-28 |series=(108: Spring 2013) |publisher=British Association for American Studies |issn=1465-9956 |p=2}}</ref> == Legacy for civil rights era == === Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. === [[File:President_Barack_Obama_views_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_in_the_Oval_Office_2010-01-18.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama_views_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_in_the_Oval_Office_2010-01-18.jpg|thumb|President Barack Obama dey look Emancipation Proclamation for Oval Office wey dey hang for top Martin Luther King Jr. bust for 2010]] President Barack Obama dey look Emancipation Proclamation for Oval Office wey dey hang for top Martin Luther King Jr. bust for 2010 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. talk plenty about Emancipation Proclamation during civil rights movement. E even get one address wey him do for New York City on September 12, 1962, wey him talk say the Proclamation dey beside the Declaration of Independence as one “imperishable” gift to civilization. E add say, 'All tyrants, past, present and future, no fit bury the truth wey dey inside these declarations....' Him dey lament say even though United States “they proudly talk the basic principles wey dey both documents,” e dey “sadly practice the opposite of these principles.” Him conclude say, “The only way we fit celebrate the Emancipation Proclamation be to make the freedom wey e declare real; to go back to di origin of our nation when we message of equality shine light for unfree world, and to reaffirm democracy by action wey bold and daring like the Emancipation Proclamation issuance.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.|title=Dr. Martin Luther King on the Emancipation Proclamation|url=https://home.nps.gov/anti/learn/historyculture/mlk-ep.htm|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> ” King's most popular talk wey concern Emancipation Proclamation na for speech wey him give from Lincoln Memorial steps at di 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (we dey call am di “I Have a Dream” speech). King start di speech with say “Five score years ago, one big American, inside whose shadow we dey stand, sign di Emancipation Proclamation. Dis important decree come like big beacon light of hope for plenty Negro slaves wey don dey suffer for injustice. E come like joyful daybreak to end di long night of dem captivity. But one hundred years later, we go face di tragic truth say di Negro still no dey free. One hundred years later, di life of di Negro still dey suffer from di chains of segregation and di manacles of discrimination.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.|date=August 28, 1963|title=I Have A Dream|url=http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/i-have-dream|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723170458/http://thekingcenter.org/archive/document/i-have-dream|archive-date=July 23, 2014|access-date=August 29, 2013|publisher=The King Center}}</ref> === De "Second Emancipation Proclamation" === Main article: Second Emancipation Proclamation For di early 1960s, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and him guys call President John F. Kennedy make e sidestep di Southern segregationist wey dey cause wahala for di Congress. Dem wan make him issue executive order wey go end di segregation<ref>[https://www.crmvet.org/info/emancip2.htm Draft of Second Emancipation Proclamation]</ref>. Dis paper wey dem get in mind na di "Second Emancipation Proclamation". But Kennedy no follow through; e no issue di second Emancipation Proclamation and e dey avoid all di centennial celebration wey dey show say emancipation don happen. Historian David W. Blight talk say, even though di idea of executive order as second Emancipation Proclamation don almost vanish, di manifesto wey King and him boys create call for di executive order show say him sabi di American politics well and how moral leadership fit influence di American people through executive order. Although e no fit push for second Emancipation Proclamation from di White House, e still important say make dem try fight di structured forgetting of emancipation wey dey hidden for Civil War memory.<ref>Blight, David W. and Allison Scharfstein, "King's Forgotten Manifesto". ''The New York Times'', May 16, 2012.</ref> === President John F. Kennedy === On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy talk for national television about civil rights. Kennedy wey some activists dey fit call timid remind di people say two black students don peacefully enter University of Alabama with help from di National Guard, even as Governor George Wallace dey oppose am. John Kennedy call am "moral issue."<ref name="Peniel2">{{cite news|title=Kennedy's Finest Moment|author=Peniel E. Joseph|date=June 10, 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/opinion/kennedys-civil-rights-triumph.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/opinion/kennedys-civil-rights-triumph.html|archive-date=2022-01-01|url-access=limited|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Invoking di centennial of di Emancipation Proclamation him talk, One hundred years now pass since President Lincoln free slaves, but their pikin dem, their grandsons, still no dey free. Dem still dey suffer from injustice. Dem still dey under social and economic wahala. And dis Na­tion, wey get all di dreams and big talk, go no fit dey fully free until all di people dey free. We dey shout freedom for everywhere, and we mean am, and we hold our freedom tight for home, but wetin we go tell di world, and more importantly, to ourselves say dis na land of di free except for Negroes; say we no get second-class citizens except Negroes; say we no get class or caste system, no ghettoes, no master race except with respect to Negroes? E don reach time for dis Nation to do wetin dem promise. Di wahala for Birmingham and everywhere don make di call for equality loud enough wey no city or State or law-making body fit ignore am. For di same speech, Kennedy talk say e go bring plenty civil rights bill come inside United States Congress, and e really do am one week later. Kennedy dey push for am make dem pass until dem kill am for November 22, 1963. Historian Peniel E. Joseph sabi say how Lyndon Johnson fit take dat bill, di Civil Rights Act of 1964, sign am into law for July 2, 1964, na because of di strong moral vibe wey dey for di June 11 speech, wey change di story of civil rights from one local matter to national gist wey dey promote racial equality and democratic fresh start.<ref name="Peniel">{{cite news|title=Kennedy's Finest Moment|author=Peniel E. Joseph|date=June 10, 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/opinion/kennedys-civil-rights-triumph.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/opinion/kennedys-civil-rights-triumph.html|archive-date=2022-01-01|url-access=limited|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> === President Lyndon B. Johnson === As civil rights movement dey hot for 1960s, Lyndon B. Johnson bring Emancipation Proclamation come front, say e be promise we never fully fulfill yet. As vice president, for Gettysburg on May 30, 1963 (Memorial Day), during 100 years anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, Johnson connect am straight with civil rights wahala wey dey happen, him talk say "One hundred years ago, dem free slave. One hundred years later, Negro still dey suffer because of him skin color.... For this time, na no be our races wey dey at stake—na our nation. Make all wey care for obodo step up, North and South, white and Negro, make dem show way through this hard time.... Until justice no dey see color, until education no dey check race, until opportunity no dey care about men skin color, emancipation go just dey be talk but no be reality. As long as we no fulfill the proclamation of emancipation, we go still dey fall short for freedom for all wey suppose be free."<ref>{{cite web|date=May 30, 1963|title=Remarks of Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson|url=http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/630530.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329112921/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/630530.asp|archive-date=March 29, 2012}}</ref> As president, Johnson still bring the proclamation come again for speech wey e talk about Voting Rights Act for Congress on March 15, 1965. Na one week after violence don meet peaceful civil rights marchers during Selma to Montgomery march. Johnson talk say "no be only Negroes, na all of us, wey need to better pass bigotry and injustice. And we go overcome. I be man wey roots dey deep for Southern soil, I sabi how race matter fit dey pain. I sabi how hard e fit be to change our society structure and attitude. But na century don pass—more than 100 years—since dem free Negro. And e no fully free tonight. E don pass 100 years since Abraham Lincoln—one big President from another party—sign Emancipation Proclamation. But emancipation na just talk, no be reality. E don pass century—more than 100 years—since dem promise equality, but the Negro still no get am. E don long since the day dem promise, and di promise still dey ground. Now na di time for justice don show, and I go tell you say I truly believe say no force fit stop am. E go shine for di eye of man and God say e gatz come, and when e show, dat day go bright each American life.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lyndon B. Johnson|date=March 15, 1965|title=We Shall Overcome|url=http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/johnson.htm}}</ref> == Insyd popular culture == [[File:Emancipation_Proclamation_1963_U.S._stamp.1.jpg|thumb|U.S. commemorative stamp, 1963<ref name="Emancipation Proclamation Issue">"[https://arago.si.edu/record_202794_img_1.html Emancipation Proclamation Issue]", Arago: people, postage & the post, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, viewed September 28, 2014</ref>]] Insyd de 1963 episode of ''The Andy Griffith Show'', "Andy Discovers America", Andy dey biz Barney make he explain de Emancipation Proclamation to Opie wey dey struggle plus history at school.<ref>{{cite web|title=Episode Guide|url=http://www.tvland.com/shows/andy-griffith-show/episode-guide/season-3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113044056/http://www.tvland.com/shows/andy-griffith-show/episode-guide/season-3|archive-date=November 13, 2013|work=TV Land}}</ref> Barney dey brag about ein history expertise, yet e be apparent he no fi answer Andy ein question. He finally cam turn frustrated wey he explain am say ebe a proclamation give certain people wey want emancipation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barney Fife Explains The Emancipation Proclamation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTBXUaM6t58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101174953/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTBXUaM6t58&gl=US&hl=en|archive-date=2013-01-01|work=Episode clip, The Andy Griffith Show|via=YouTube}}</ref> In addition, na de Emancipation Proclamation sanso be a main item of discussion insyd de movie ''Lincoln'' (2012) wey Steven Spielberg direct.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Scott|first=A. O.|date=2012-11-08|title=A President Engaged in a Great Civil War|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/09/movies/lincoln-by-steven-spielberg-stars-daniel-day-lewis.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/09/movies/lincoln-by-steven-spielberg-stars-daniel-day-lewis.html|archive-date=2022-01-01|url-access=limited|access-date=2021-06-01|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Di Emancipation Proclamation dey celebrate all over di world, even for stamp wey nations like Republic of Togo dey use<ref>"[https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_2009.2004.1 .5fr Centenary of the Emancipation Proclamation]", Arago: people, postage & the post, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, viewed September 28, 2014</ref>. Di United States mark am for August 16, 1963, di first day for di Century of Negro Progress Exhibition for Chicago, Illinois. Na Georg Olden design am, di first printing wey dem approve na 120 million stamps.<ref name="Emancipation Proclamation Issue2">"[https://arago.si.edu/record_202794_img_1.html Emancipation Proclamation Issue]", Arago: people, postage & the post, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, viewed September 28, 2014</ref> == Check dem too == * [[:en:District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act|District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act]] * [[:en:1866_Georgia_State_Freedmen's_Conventions|1866 Georgia State Freedmen's Conventions]] * [[:en:Juneteenth|Juneteenth]] emancipation in Texas * [[:en:Abolition_of_slavery_timeline|Abolition of slavery timeline]] * [[:en:Act_Prohibiting_the_Return_of_Slaves|Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves]] – 1862 statute * [[:en:Confiscation_Acts|Confiscation Acts]] * [[:en:Contraband_(American_Civil_War)|Contraband (American Civil War)]] * ''[[:en:Emancipation_Memorial|Emancipation Memorial]]'' – a sculpture in Washington, D.C., completed in 1876 * [[:en:Emancipation_reform_of_1861|Emancipation reform of 1861]] – Russia * [[:en:Lieber_Code#Black_prisoners_of_war|Lieber Code]] * [[:en:Reconstruction_Amendments|Reconstruction Amendments]] – amendments added to the Constitution after 1863 * [[:en:Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833|Slavery Abolition Act 1833]] – an act passed by the British parliament abolishing slavery in British colonies with compensation to the owners * [[:en:Slave_Trade_Act|Slave Trade Acts]] * [[:en:Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] – 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. * [[:en:Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement|Timeline of the civil rights movement]] * [[:en:War_Governors'_Conference|War Governors' Conference]] – gave Lincoln the much needed political support to issue the Proclamation == References == <references /> ===Bibliography=== * {{cite book |last1=Foner |first1=Eric |author-link= |title=The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery |url=https://archive.org/details/fierytrialabraha0000fone |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-06618-0}} * {{cite book|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|author-link=|title=Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOFHPTQYqzgC|year=2006|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-9965-7}} ===Primary sources=== * C. Peter Ripley, Roy E. Finkenbine, Michael F. Hembree, Donald Yacovone, editors, ''Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation'' (1993) {{ISBN|0807820725}} ==Read further== * Belz, Herman. ''Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era'' (1978) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103250477 online] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816095105/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103250477 Archived] August 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine * Biddle, Daniel R., and Murray Dubin. "'God Is Settling the Account': African American Reaction to Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation", ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' (Jan. 2013) 137#1 57–78. * Blackiston, Harry S. "Lincoln's Emancipation Plan." ''Journal of Negro History'' 7, no. 3 (1922): 257–277. * Blair, William A. and Younger, Karen Fisher, eds. ''Lincoln's Proclamation: Emancipation Reconsidered'' (The University of North Carolina Press, 2009) {{ISBN|978-0-8078-3316-2}} [https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/bookreviews-MA2010-pdf-1.pdf Review] * Carnahan, Burrus M. ''Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War'' (The University Press of Kentucky, 2007) {{ISBN|978-0-8131-2463-6}} * Crowther, Edward R. "Emancipation Proclamation", in ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War.'' Heidler, David S. and Heidler, Jeanne T. (2000) {{ISBN|0-393-04758-X}} * Chambers Jr., Henry L. "Lincoln, the Emancipation Proclamation, and Executive Power." ''Maryland Law Review'' 73 (2013): 100+ [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3599&context=mlr online] * Ewan, Christopher. "The Emancipation Proclamation and British Public Opinion" ''The Historian'', Vol. 67, 2005 * Franklin, John Hope. ''The Emancipation Proclamation'' (1963) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10793158 online] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120726125512/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10793158 Archived] July 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine * Guelzo, Allen C. [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0025.103/--how-abe-lincoln-lost-the-black-vote-lincoln-and-emancipation?rgn=main;view=fulltext "How Abe Lincoln Lost the Black Vote: Lincoln and Emancipation in the African American Mind"], ''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association'' (2004) 25#1 * Harold Holzer, Edna Greene Medford, and Frank J. Williams. ''The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views'' (Louisiana State University Press, 2006) {{ISBN|0-8071-3144-X}} * Harold Holzer. ''Emancipating Lincoln: The Proclamation in Text, Context, and Memory'' (Harvard University Press, 2012) {{ISBN|978-0-674-06440-9}} * Jones, Howard. ''Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War'' (1999) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6928200 online] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120627151852/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6928200 Archived] June 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine * [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105216005 Mitch Kachun, ''Festivals of Freedom: Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808–1915'' (2003)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311070211/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105216005 Archived] March 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine * Kennon, Donald R. and Paul Finkelman, eds. ''Lincoln, Congress, and Emancipation'' (Ohio University Press, 2016) * Kolchin, Peter, "Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective," ''Journal of Southern History'', 81#1 (Feb. 2015), 7–40. * Litwack, Leon F. ''Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery'' (1979), social history of the end of slavery in the Confederacy * Mack Smith, Denis, ''Garibaldi'' (Great Lives Observed). (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1969) * McPherson, James M. ''Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction'' (2001 [3rd ed.]), esp. pp.&nbsp;316–321. * Masur, Louis P. ''Lincoln's Hundred Days: The Emancipation Proclamation and the War for the Union'' (Harvard University Press, 2012) * Nevins, Allan. ''Ordeal of the Union: vol 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863'' (1960) * Oakes, James. ''Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861-1865'' (W. W. Norton & Co., 2013) {{ISBN|978-0-393-06531-2}} * Siddali, Silvana R. ''From Property to Person: Slavery and the Confiscation Acts, 1861–1862'' (Louisiana State University Press, 2005) {{ISBN|0807130427}} * Stauffer, John. ''Giants: The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln'' (Twelve, 2008) {{ISBN|978-0-446-58009-0}} * Syrett, John. ''Civil War Confiscation Acts: Failing to Reconstruct the South'' (2005) * Trefousse, Hans L., et al., edited by Harold M. Hyman. ''Lincoln's Decision for Emancipation'' (J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1975) {{ISBN|0-397-47336-2}} * Tsesis, Alexander. ''We Shall Overcome: A History of Civil Rights and the Law'' (2008) * [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105900244 Vorenberg, Michael. ''Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120525054940/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105900244 Archived] May 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine * Vorenberg, Michael, ed. ''The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents'' (2010), primary and secondary sources ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q391358|c=Category:Emancipation Proclamation|n=no|b=no|v=Analysis of the Emancipation Proclamation|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=The Emancipation Proclamation|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=C.160.c.4.(1)_f001r A zoomable image of the Leland-Boker authorized edition of the Emancipation Proclamation held by the British Library] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111208030144/http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=C.160.c.4.(1)_f001r Archived] December 8. 2011. at the Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101122161527/http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=290 Lesson plan on Emancipation Proclamation from EDSITEment NEH] * [https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation Text and images of the Emancipation Proclamation from the National Archives] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090210000843/http://abrahamlincoln200.org/for-kids/lincoln-coloring-book.aspx Online Lincoln Coloring Book for Teachers and Students] * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/EmanProc.html Emancipation Proclamation and related resources at the Library of Congress] * [http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=39&subjectID=3 Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Emancipation Proclamation] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080623225840/http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=39&subjectID=3 Archived] June 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine * First Edition [https://web.archive.org/web/20080807130329/http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1862/october/emancipation-proclamation.htm Emancipation Proclamation] in 1862 ''Harper's Weekly'' * [http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011224131/http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm Archived] October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine * [http://www.americanabolitionists.com/lincoln-chronology-on-slavery-and-emancipation.html American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists], chronology of Abraham Lincoln and emancipation * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030114103859/http://www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/hus-emancproc.htm "Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation"] * [http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/ep/ Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation at the New York State Library] – images and transcript of Lincoln's original manuscript of the preliminary proclamation * [http://humorinamerica.wordpress.com/2013/02/21/in-the-archives-lincoln-diversion-1862/ The role of humor in presenting the Proclamation to Lincoln's Cabinet] * [https://www.nytimes.com/1865/06/16/news/emancipation-proclamation-interesting-sketch-its-history-artist-carpenter.html?scp=32&sq=emancipation+proclamation&st=p&pagewanted=all 1865 ''NY Times'' article] – Sketch of its History by Lincoln's portrait artist * [http://www.pritzkermilitarylibrary.org/Home/James-McPherson-2012.aspx Webcast Discussion] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130704053926/https://www.pritzkermilitarylibrary.org/Home/James-McPherson-2012.aspx Archived] July 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine with Pulitzer Prize-winning author James McPherson and James Cornelius, Curator of the Lincoln Collection in the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum about the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Emancipation Proclamation}} [[Category:1862 insyd American law]] [[Category:September 1862]] [[Category:Abolitionism insyd de United States]] [[Category:African Americans insyd de American Civil War]] [[Category:American Civil War documents]] [[Category:Human rights instruments]] [[Category:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln]] [[Category:Proclamations]] [[Category:Works about American slavery]] [[Category:1863 insyd American politics]] [[Category:1862 documents]] [[Category:United States presidential directives]] [[Category:United States executive orders]] [[Category:Presidents of de United States den slavery]] [[Category:1862 insyd American politics]] [[Category:United States federal slavery legislation]] [[Category:Military emancipation insyd de American Civil War]] 4blj7vz65dam2zwgkr7xbsmelaust8l 0 16652 115706 115573 2026-11-04T22:26:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Elgin Marbles''' (/ˈɛlɡɪn/ ''ELG-in'')<ref>Wells, John C. (2008). ''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary'' (3rd ed.). Longman. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0|978-1-4058-8118-0]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). ''Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary'' (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6|978-0-521-15255-6]]</bdi>.</ref> be a collection of Ancient Greek sculptures wey komot de Parthenon den oda structures from de Acropolis of Athens, dem remove from Ottoman Greece wey be shipped to Britain by agents of Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, wey now dem hold insyd de [[British Museum]] insyd London. Na de majority of de sculptures be created insyd de 5th century BC under de direction of sculptor den architect Phidias. De term ''Parthenon Marbles'' anaa ''Parthenon Sculptures'' (Greek: Γλυπτά του Παρθενώνα) dey refer to sculptures—de frieze, metopes den pediments—from de Parthenon dem hold insyd various collections, principally de British Museum den de Acropolis Museum insyd Athens.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Elgin_Marbles#CITEREFJenkins2016|Jenkins 2016]], p. 325, n. 1.</ref> From 1801 to 1812, na Elgin ein agents remove about half de surviving Parthenon sculptures, as well as sculptures wey komot de Erechtheion, de Temple of Athena Nike den de Propylaia, sending dem to Britain in efforts make dem establish a private museum. Na Elgin state he remove de sculptures plus permission of de Ottoman officials wey exercise authority insyd Athens at de time.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|last=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles.|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008272383|title=Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's collection of sculptured marbles|date=1816|publisher=Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co.|place=London}}</ref> Na de legality of Elgin ein actions be disputed.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=1–3|author-link=}}</ref> Dema presence insyd de British Museum be de subject of longstanding international controversy. Insyd Britain, na de acquisition of de collection be supported by sam,<ref name="Casey22">{{Cite web|last=Casey|first=Christopher|date=30 October 2008|title="Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism|url=http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513053304/http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8|archive-date=13 May 2009|access-date=25 June 2009|work=Foundations. Volume III, Number 1}}</ref> while odas, such as Lord Byron, likened Elgin ein actions to vandalism anaa looting.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beard|first=Mary|title=The Parthenon|publisher=Profile Books|year=2002|isbn=186197292X|location=London|pages=11–15}}</ref> Na a British parliamentary inquiry insyd 1816 conclude dat na Elgin acquire de marbles legally.<ref name="Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles2">{{Cite news|year=1816|title=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles, Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co., 1816|publisher=Google ebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwUFAAAAYAAJ&q=lord+elgin+testified+1816+british+parliamentary+committee&pg=PA35}}</ref> Na Elgin sell dem to de British government insyd dat year, after wich dem pass into de trusteeship of de British Museum. Insyd 1983, na de Greek government formally ask de British government make dem return dem to Greece, wey na dem list de dispute plus [[UNESCO]]. Na de British government den de British Museum decline UNESCO ein offer of mediation. Insyd 2021, UNESCO call upon de British government make dem resolve de issue at de intergovernmental level.<ref name=":202">{{Cite web|date=September 2021|title=Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Countries of Origin or its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation Twenty-Second SessionParis, UNESCO Headquarters, Room XI27-29 September 2021DECISIONS|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379856/PDF/379856eng.pdf.multi|access-date=8 January 2023|website=UNESCO}}</ref> De Greek government den supporters of de marbles dema return to Greece argue say na dem be obtained illegally anaa unethically, dat dem be of exceptional cultural importance to Greece, den dat dema cultural value go be best appreciated insyd a unified public display plus de oda major Parthenon antiquities insyd de Acropolis Museum. Na de British government den de British Museum argue dat na dem be obtained legally, dat dema return go set a precedent wich fi undermine de collections of de major museums of world culture, den dat de British Museum ein collection dey allow dem to be better viewed insyd de context of oda major ancient cultures den thus dey complements de perspective wey be provided by de Acropolis Museum. Discussions between British den Greek officials dey go on.<ref name=":172">{{cite news|date=3 December 2022|title=Greece in 'preliminary' talks with British Museum about Parthenon marbles|first=Helena|last=Smith|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/dec/03/greece-in-preliminary-talks-with-british-museum-about-parthenon-marbles|access-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208001447/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/dec/03/greece-in-preliminary-talks-with-british-museum-about-parthenon-marbles|archive-date=8 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":212">{{cite news|title=British Museum says in 'constructive' discussions over Parthenon marbles|work=Reuters|date=4 January 2023|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/british-museum-says-constructive-discussions-over-parthenon-marbles-2023-01-04/|access-date=10 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201112458/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/british-museum-says-constructive-discussions-over-parthenon-marbles-2023-01-04/|archive-date=1 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Name== De Elgin Marbles be named after de 7th Earl of Elgin, wey, na between 1801 den 1812, oversee dema removal from de Parthenon, de Erechtheion, de Temple of Athena Nike den de Propylaia den dema shipment to England.<ref name=":233">{{Cite web |title=The Parthenon Sculptures |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/parthenon-sculptures |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=The British Museum}}</ref> By an act of parliament, de British Museum Act 1816, na de collection be transferred to de British Museum on de condition say e be kept togeda den named "the Elgin Marbles".<ref>Jenkins (2016). pp 109–110</ref> De term "Parthenon Marbles" anaa "Parthenon Sculptures" dey refer to de sculptures den architectural features dem remove specifically from de Parthenon.<ref name=":0" /> Dese currently be held insyd seven museums around de world, principally de Acropolis Museum den de British Museum.<ref name=":1">Beard (2002, pp. 11–12) counts nine museums, but this was before the restitutions made by Heidelberg University and the Vatican Museums.</ref> De term "Parthenon Sculptures" be used insyd dis sense by both de British Museum den de Greek government.<ref name=":233"/> Mario Trabucco wey dey for Torretta talk say, even though dem call am 'Elgin Marbles' legally, people wey want am back, dem go prefer say na 'Parthenon Sculptures'.<ref name=":1" /> == Background == Dem build Parthenon for Acropolis of Athens from 447 BCE as temple for goddess Athena. E fit be say na Phidias dey handle di sculptural design. As di years pass, dem turn di building to church and mosque, so di sculptures get plenty damage, but di building still dey intact.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=12–13, 19–20|author-link=}}</ref> During di Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War (1684–1699), di defending Turks make di Acropolis strong and use di Parthenon as gunpowder store. For 26 September 1687, one Venetian artillery round burst di gunpowder, e make big explosion wey blow away di middle part of di Parthenon. Di cella walls sef scatter join rubble.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mommsen |first=Theodor E. |year=1941 |title=The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=544–556 |doi=10.2307/499533 |jstor=499533}}</ref><ref name="Rathus">{{cite book|last=Fichner-Rathus|first=Lois|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPlYOG52w2UC&pg=PT324|title=Understanding Art|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2012|isbn=978-1-111-83695-5|edition=10th|page=305}}</ref> Three walls dey almost fall down, plus about three-fifths of di sculptures from di frieze don drop.<ref name="Chatziaslani">{{cite web|last=Chatziaslani|first=Kornilia|title=Morosini in Athens|url=http://www.eie.gr/archaeologia/En/chapter_more_8.aspx|access-date=14 August 2012|publisher=Archaeology of the City of Athens}}</ref> About 300 people die for di explosion, as marble fragments dey sprinkle over a significant area.<ref name="Tomkinson2">{{cite web|last=Tomkinson|first=John L.|title=Venetian Athens: Venetian Interlude (1684–1689)|url=http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?la=eng&pageID=217|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221546/http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?la=eng&pageID=217|archive-date=4 October 2013|access-date=14 August 2012|publisher=Anagnosis Books}}</ref> For next one and half century, dem dey use wetin remain for di structure as building material plus many valuable things sef dem carry go.<ref name="Grafton">{{cite book|last=Grafton|first=Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA693|title=The Classical Tradition|author2=Glenn W. Most|author3=Salvatore Settis|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-674-03572-0|page=693}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=20–21|author-link=}}</ref> == Acquisition == [[File:East_pediment_O_Parthenon_BM_n2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_pediment_O_Parthenon_BM_n2.jpg|thumb|Parthenon Selene Horse]] [[File:The_Parthenon_sculptures,_British_Museum_(14063376069)_(2)_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Parthenon_sculptures,_British_Museum_(14063376069)_(2)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Metope from de Elgin Marbles depicting a [[:en:Centaur|Centaur]] plus a [[:en:Lapith|Lapith]] fighting]] For November 1798, di Earl of Elgin dey appointed as 'Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Britannic Majesty to di Sublime Porte of Selim III, Sultan of Turkey' (Greece dey part of Ottoman Empire then). Before e waka go take di post, e don ask di British government officials if dem go want to employ artists to do cast and drawing of di Parthenon sculpture. According to Elgin, 'di answer wey di Government give na negative entirely."<ref name=":2" /> Elgin decide say he go do di work himself, and him bring some artists make dem take casts and drawings under di eye of di Neapolitan court painter, Giovanni Lusieri.<ref name=":2" /> Even though him just wan document di sculptures at first, for 1801 Elgin start dey carry material come out from di Parthenon and di structures wey dey surround am, all dis under Lusieri supervision. One local Turkish guy talk say di marble sculptures wey fall, dem dey burnt am to make lime for building, and when dem check di drawings wey dem don publish before, e show how di remains dey decay fast fast.<ref name=":2" /> Dem also carry pieces come out from di Erechtheion, di Propylaia, plus di Temple of Athena Nike, all insyde di Acropolis.<ref name=":212" /> Dem carry dem from Greece go Malta, wey e be British protectorate, and dem stay there for many years before dem carry dem go Britain.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Busuttil|first1=Cynthia|title=Dock 1 made from ancient ruins?|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090726/local/dock-1-made-from-ancient-ruins.266812|access-date=15 March 2015|work=[[The Times (Malta)|The Times]]|date=26 July 2009}}</ref> Di digging and removal complete for 1812, wey e cost Elgin £74,240<ref name=":2" /><ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/184554/Elgin-Marbles|title=Elgin Marbles|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> (wey be like £5,670,000 for 2023 pounds). Elgin wan use di marbles to boost art for Britain,<ref>Jenkins (2016). pp. 96, 102</ref> plus him big dream be make government buy am.<ref name=":14">{{cite news|last=Trabucco della Torretta|first=Mario|date=19 August 2024|title=We mustn't lose our Marbles!|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/daily-express/20240819/282110641929563?srsltid=AfmBOorQtcw0t7cXAs-LtFeYs0OvLCkm-sgXtQ_D2VF6X8IuYIyEJwIr|work=Daily Express|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref> To make case for public spending, Elgin buy house for London, set up sculptures dey like private museum, make artists fit see am, and later, public too.<ref>St.Clair (1998), pp. 162–172</ref> Elgin start talk for sell di collection go British Museum for 1811, but di matter jam when government offer just £30,000; na less than half wetin e spend for dem.<ref>St Clair (1967). pp. 184–186</ref> Di next few years, plenty people show interest for classical Greece, and Elgin also get testimonials from Ennio Quirino Visconti wey be director for Louvre, plus Antonio Canova from Vatican Museum, wey confirm say di marbles get high artistic value.<ref>St Clair (1967). pp. 220–228</ref> For 1816, House of Commons Select Committee wey Lord Elgin request, talk say dem get high artistic value and dem recommend make government buy am for £35,000 to boost fine arts for Britain.<ref name=":4">St Clair (1967). pp. 250–260</ref><ref>Jenkins (2016). p. 107</ref> For June 1816, after more debate, parliament give the green light for dem to buy the marbles with vote wey be 82–30. Dem carry de marbles go British Museum for 8 August.<ref name=":10">Jenkins (2016). pp. 109–110</ref> == Description == [[File:Parthenon_section_annotated.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parthenon_section_annotated.svg|thumb|Annotated sectional view of the Parthenon with parts in the British Museum shaded]] Di marbles wey Elgin get include 21 figures from di statues wey dey east and west pediments, 15 out of 92 metope panels wey show battles between Lapiths den di centaurs, plus 75 metres of di Parthenon frieze wey dey on top di architrave for di temple. E mean say, dem be more than half of wetin dey remain for di sculptural decoration of di Parthenon.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=9 January 2023|title=The Parthenon Sculptures|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/parthenon-sculptures|access-date=9 January 2023|website=The British Museum}}</ref> Elgin dey collect plenty things wey come from other buildings for Athenian Acropolis – like caryatid wey come from Erechtheion; four slabs wey dey from the parapet frieze of Temple of Athena Nike; plus many other architectural pieces from Parthenon, Propylaia, Erechtheion, plus Temple of Athena Nike – plus the Treasury of Atreus for Mycenae too.<ref name=":12" /> British Museum dey gather some extra pieces from Acropolis, wey dem get from different collections no related to Elgin, like Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois,<ref>{{cite web|date=24 September 2024|title=British Museum Catalogue entry for item 1840.1111.5|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1840-1111-5|website=The British Museum}}</ref> William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire,<ref>{{cite web|date=24 September 2024|title=British Museum Catalogue entry for item 1854.0513.1|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1854-0513-1|website=The British Museum}}</ref> plus de Society of Dilettanti.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 September 2024|title=British Museum Catalogue entry for item 1816.0610.29-30a|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1816-0610-29-30-a|website=The British Museum}}</ref> == Legality of removal from Athens == For February 1816, one committee for House of Commons gather people talk whether Elgin take the marbles legit or no, and if government go fit buy am.<ref name=":4" /> When dem ask Elgin for the committee,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's collection of sculptured marbles; &c|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008272383/page/n39/mode/2up|access-date=13 January 2023|website=Internet Archive}}</ref> e talk say the work wey im agents do for Acropolis, and how dem carry the marbles go, na by firman (that one be term wey Western people dey use for any official Ottoman order) wey Ottoman government give dem for July 1801, and dem carry out with approval of voivode (the civil governor for Athens) and dizdar (military commander for Acropolis citadel). For March 1810, another firman land, wey give green light for second shipment of marbles from Athens to Britain.<ref>Williams (2009). p. 23</ref> Elgin tell the committee, "the thing dey happen in front of everybody... plus all de local leaders dey involved, plus de Turkish government too."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Dyfri |date=2009 |title=Lord Elgin's Firman |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |pages=1–28}}</ref> Di committee clear Elgin from all di wahala say he take di marbles by bad means or misuse him power as ambassador.<ref name=":4" /> But wetin Elgin talk still dey cause palaver. No official record of di July 1801 firman show for Turkish archives.<ref name="Nation2">{{cite journal |author1=David Rudenstein |date=29 May 2000 |title=Did Elgin Cheat at Marbles? |journal=Nation |volume=270 |issue=21 |page=30 |quote=Yet no researcher has ever located this Ottoman document and when l was in Instanbul I searched in vain for it or any copy of it, or any reference to it in other sorts of documents or a description of its substantive terms in any related official papers. Although a document of some sort may have existed, it seems to have vanished into thin air, despite the fact the Ottoman archives contain an enormous number of similar documents from the period.}}</ref> One Italian translation of di supposed firman dey for British Museum, plus one English version wey dem carry go 1816 Select Committee.<ref name=":22">St Clair, William: Lord Elgin and the Marbles. Oxford University Press, US, 3rd ed., (1998)</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=firman|url=http://www.parthenon.newmentor.net/firman.htm|work=newmentor.net}}</ref> Di document talk small for dis part,<ref>Williams (2009). pp. 6–7</ref> {{Blockquote|make dem write and order say, the painters wey be Elgin’s men, as dem dey enter and carry go out for Castle gate wey be their observation zone, and as dem dey set up scaffolding for ancient temple of Idols wey be Parthenon, and dey take moulds for lime paste (wey be plaster) of di same ornaments and figures, dey go fit measure any remains of dem old buildings wey don spoil, and if dem wan dig for foundation to find any stone wey get inscripshion, wey fit still dey yam for di rubble, make no body disturb dem, make Commandant of di Castle or anybody no fit disturb dem. Nobody suppose touch their scaffolding or tools wey dem don make there; and if dem wan carry any stone wey get old inscripshion or figures, make nobody stop dem.}}Vassilis Demetriades wey dey from University of Crete talk say dis document no be firman (decree from Sultan), nor be buyuruldi (order from Grand Vizier), na wetin dem dey call mektub (official letter) from de Sultan acting Grand Vizier wey no get force of law.<ref name="firman23">{{cite web|last=Demetriades|first=Vassilis|title=Was the removal of the marbles illegal?|url=http://www.parthenon.newmentor.net/illegal.htm|work=newmentor.net}}</ref> Dyfri Williams yan say even though e no be firman for technical matter, dem dey use di term well for diplomatic and court area to mean different kinds of official Ottoman documents. E talk say di document fit be buyuruldi, but "[w]hatever di correct form of di document be, e get so you go follow am, plus people follow am."<ref>Williams (2009). pp. 8–12</ref> Historian Edhem Eldem too dey argue say di document fit be real and e call am firman for di broad meaning of di word.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eldem|first=Edhem|title=Scramble for the Past. A Story of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire, 1753–1914|date=2011|publisher=Istanbul, SALT|isbn=|editor-last1=Barani|editor-first1=Zainab|pages=281–328|chapter=From Blissful Indifference to Anguished Concern: Ottoman Perceptions of Antiquities, 1799–1869|editor-last2=Celik|editor-first2=Zeynep|editor-last3=Eldem|editor-first3=Edhem}}</ref> [[File:Parthenon_pediment_statues.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parthenon_pediment_statues.jpg|thumb|Statuary from the east [[:en:Pediment|pediment]]]] Dem dey argue whether di document gree Elgin people make dem remove di sculptures wey dey attach to di Parthenon and other buildings. Demetriades, David Rudenstine and some folks talk say di document only gree Elgin crew make dem carry artefacts wey dem recover for di excavations wey dem fit do, no be di ones wey still dey on top di buildings.<ref name="firman23" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Rudenstein |first=David |date=29 May 2000 |title=Did Elgin Cheat at Marbles? |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Did+Elgin+Cheat+at+Marbles%3F-a062102045 |journal=The Nation}}</ref> Williams talk say the document be dey “rather open ended” and di civil governor gree with how clergyman Philip Hunt—wey dey follow dem as Elgin's chaplain—interpret am, wey fit allow dem remove sculptures wey dem fix for buildings.<ref>Williams (2009). p. 20</ref> Beard come conclude say, “No matter how you go dey check di text, e no go fit give you di answer. Just like with documents wey dey come from head office, how dem go interpret am go depend on di men wey dey carry di orders on de spot.<ref>Beard (2002). p. 91</ref> Legal guy John Henry Merryman dey argue say di document just get small authority to remove di fixed sculptures, but e be say legally, wetin Elgin do don get approval from di Ottoman officials. For 1802, di Ottoman officials for Constantinople release documents give di civil governor and military boss for Athens wey approve wetin dem do, and for March 1810, dem give command make Elgin fit carry shipment of marbles from Greece go Britain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Merryman |first=John |date=1985 |title=Thinking About the Elgin Marbles |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol83/iss8/3/ |journal=Michigan Law Review |volume=83 |issue=8 |pages=1899 |doi=10.2307/1288954 |jstor=1288954 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Legal scholar Catharine Titi talk say Sir Robert Adair report say di Ottomans for 1811 "no gree" say Elgin get any property insyde di sculptures.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Titi|first=Catharine|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6|title=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law|date=2023|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-031-26356-9|pages=79–81|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6}}</ref> Legal scholar Alexander Herman and historian Edhem Eldem talk say di papers wey dey for di Turkish archives show say dis "no gree" na just strategy to delay matter for diplomatic reason, and di Porte later allow di marbles make dem carry go Britain for late 1811.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=45–46|author-link=}}</ref><ref>BOA, HAT 1277/49548, AH 1225 (AD 1810), quoted in Eldem (2011), p. 292</ref> Plenty people wey see dem carry marbles from Acropolis, even pipo from Elgin’s crew, talk say expensive bribes and gifts to local big men dey necessary make dem work go smooth.<ref name="Edward Daniel Clarke 1818 223ff2">{{Cite book|last=Clarke|first=Edward Daniel|title=Travels in various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa Part the Second Greece Egypt and the Holy Land Section the Second Fourth Edition Volume the Sixth|publisher=T. Cadell|year=1818|location=London|page=223ff}}</ref> Dem say dem pay small money give disdar, just to make am fit continue di work. No money really dey mentioned to start di work, na because of official permission.<ref>Williams (2019). pp. 13, 19</ref> Merryman talk say bribery no go make taking di marbles illegal for di kind time wey dem dey.<ref>Merryman (1985). p. 1901–1902</ref> {{Blockquote|De Ottomans wey dem don bribe na dem be de people wey dey in charge. No matter wetin make dem collect de bribe, dem get de power to do wetin dem do. For dat time, plus for di culture, e get plenty officials wey dey need bribe before dem go fit do dem work (like e still dey happen for many places today), so di fact say bribes dey happen no mean anything for di law matter.}}Rudenstine talk say dem go need check am well to see if, for that time, bribery fit matter for dis kind official transactions under Ottoman or British law.<ref>Rudenstine (1999) p. 370</ref> Herman dey argue say bribing officials no dey legal for British and Ottoman law back then, but the Porte no do anything to their officials for Athens, so dem just allow wetin dem dey do slide.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=46–48|author-link=}}</ref> For May 2024, one spokesperson wey dey represent Turkey, wey be like the continue state of de Ottoman Empire,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Öktem |first=Emre |date=August 2011 |title=Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire? |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/turkey-successor-or-continuing-state-of-the-ottoman-empire/B3512009F20CED7173E9D27E37A5EE83 |journal=Leiden Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |page=561 |doi=10.1017/S0922156511000252 |issn=1478-9698 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> talk say dem no sabi the firman and dem support make dem return the marbles. Di spokesman come talk say na UK colonialists remove di marbles, him add say: "I no think say we fit talk about di legality, even during dat time plus under di law wey dey then."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zois|first=Nikolas|date=4 June 2024|title=Turkey denies firman giving Lord Elgin rights to sell Parthenon Sculptures|url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/culture/1240571/turkey-denies-firman-giving-lord-elgin-rights-to-sell-parthenon-sculptures/|access-date=4 June 2024|work=[[Kathimerini]]}}</ref> For response, archaeologist Mario Trabucco della Torretta talk say scholars dey believe say di British copy of di firman be true plus e fit be say did grant Elgin permission to carry di sculptures comot.<ref name=":14" /> == Contemporary reaction == When Elgin yarn for 1807, he show first shipment of marbles for London,<ref name="Jenkins 2016. p. 102">Jenkins (2016). p. 102</ref> e be ‘instant hit’ for plenty people<ref name=":2" /> wey admire di sculptures and dey support their come. Di sculptor John Flaxman talk say dem better pass ‘di treasures of Italy’,<ref name=":122">Jenkins (2016). pp. 102–104</ref> plus Benjamin West call dem ‘sublime specimens of di purest sculpture’.<ref>William St Clair (1967). p. 167</ref> Henry Fuseli dey enthusiastic, and im friend Benjamin Haydon become tireless fan for their importance.<ref>{{Cite book|last=St. Clair|first=William|title=Lord Elgin and the Marbles|publisher=Oxford|year=1967|edition=1st|location=London|pages=169–172}}</ref> But di classicist Richard Payne Knight talk say dem be Roman additions or work of inferior craftsmen, while painter Ozias Humphrey call dem ‘a mass of ruins’.<ref name=":122" /> Lord Byron, some years later, dey vex well well for dem wey wan carry di marbles go from Greece, he call Elgin vandal.<ref name="BritA2">Encyclopædia Britannica, ''The Acropolis'', p. 6/20, 2008, O.Ed.</ref> For him poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage wey him publish for 1812, he talk about di Parthenon like dis:<ref>{{cite news|date=14 July 2014|title=The story of the Elgin Marbles|newspaper=International Herald Tribune|url=http://www.elginism.com/20040720/90/|url-status=dead|access-date=25 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025153529/http://www.elginism.com/20040720/90/|archive-date=25 October 2011}}</ref><blockquote>E be eye wey no go cry if e see, Dem don spoil your walls, your shrines don dey go, Na British hand wey suppose dey protect dem, Dem don carry all your relics wey no fit come back. This hour wey dem leave their land, Dem don come chop your heart again, And snatch'd thy shrinking gods to northern climes abhorred!</blockquote>Byron no be di only person wey dey vex for di removal for dat time. Sir John Newport talk say:<ref name="newsweek stones22">{{cite magazine|title=Romancing the Stones|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/200852|magazine=Newsweek|access-date=25 June 2009}}</ref> Di Honourable Lord don use di worst way wey no dey justified and don do serious theft. E be serious matter say person wey represent our country go carry di things wey di Turks plus other barbarians don dey consider sacred. Edward Daniel Clarke see dem take out di metopes and he call di action 'spoliation', he write say 'di form of di temple don suffer pass wetin e don already feel from di Venetian gun dem', and 'no workman wey dey work for di thing ... no one no show say dem dey worry say such wahala dey necessary, after dem don already make moulds and casts of all di sculpture wey dem designed to remove'.<ref name="Edward Daniel Clarke 1818 223ff2" /> When Sir Francis Ronalds waka go Athens meet Giovanni Battista Lusieri for 1820, e talk say, "If Lord Elgin get real taste instead of greedy heart, e for do di opposite of wetin e don do, e for carry di rubbish comot den leave di ancient things."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ronalds|first=B.F.|title=Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph|url=https://archive.org/details/sirfrancisronald0000rona|publisher=Imperial College Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-78326-917-4|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/sirfrancisronald0000rona/page/60 60]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Francis Ronalds' Travel Journal: Athens|url=http://www.sirfrancisronalds.co.uk/athens.html|access-date=22 February 2018|website=Sir Francis Ronalds and his Family}}</ref> [[File:Temporary_Elgin_Room_at_the_Museum_in_1819.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temporary_Elgin_Room_at_the_Museum_in_1819.jpg|thumb|''De Trustees insyde de Temporary Elgin Room, 1819'', by Archibald Archer, depicts de Elgin Marbles at de [[:en:British_Museum|British Museum]] surrounded by museum staff, a trustee, plus visitors.]] For 1810, Elgin drop one paper wey e defend im actions, wey e talk say na only when e see say the marbles no dey under correct care from Ottoman people, e decide to carry am come away. E fear say dem fit enter Napoleon army hand if e no act fast.<ref>St Clair (1967). p. 182</ref><ref name="BritB2">''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Elgin Marbles", 2008, online ed.</ref> Felicia Hemans gree buy di marbles, and for her Modern Greece: A Poem (1817), defied Byron with the question: And who go fit cry say, wey dem don save am from dem, <blockquote>Those wey dey spoil fine things and no like art, Thy relics, Athens! wey dem carry go other side, Still dey get respect from every heart for you?</blockquote>and she talk about Haydon and other people wey dey support how dem fit reach insyde her notes.<ref>''Modern Greece'', London 1817, [https://books.google.com/books?id=A1QVAAAAQAAJ pp. 45, 65–66]</ref> Johann Wolfgang von Goethe dey talk say di British government wey go buy di marbles go bring 'new age of great art'.<ref name=":02">Beard (2002) p. 16</ref> Di marbles show for public for temp room inside di British Museum for 1817 and e soon break attendance record for di museum.<ref>Jenkins (2016). p. 110</ref> John Keats waka go di British Museum too for 1817, him record wetin e dey feel for di sonnet wey dem call 'On Seeing di Elgin Marbles'. Some lines for him 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' dey feel like e inspire from di Elgin Marbles visit.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chamberlain |first=Tim |date=2005 |title=The Elusive Urn |url=https://www.academia.edu/1532559 |journal=The British Museum Magazine |issue=52 |pages=36–38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120033515/https://www.academia.edu/1532559 |archive-date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-07-07}}</ref> William Wordsworth sef see di marbles and e talk sweet tings about demma aesthetics for letter wey e write to Haydon.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bennett|first=Andrew|title=William Wordsworth in Context|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|page=304}}</ref> Dem go show di marbles for di Elgin Saloon wey dem build specially (1832), and e turn di favorite models wey people dey use train for fine arts. Plaster casts of di marbles dey hot for market and dem share am give museums, private collectors plus big men throughout de world.<ref name=":5">Jenkins (2016). p. 111</ref><ref name=":7">Beard (2002). pp. 16–18</ref> Dem carry am go Duveen Gallery, wey dem name after Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen, for 1939, and dem still dey gather plenty people wey wan see am.<ref name=":2" /> == Damage == === Late antiquity plus Byzantine era === Some time after dem change Parthenon to Christian church for 6th-century CE, Christians go spoil de metopes for north, west and east side of Parthenon to remove images of pagan gods. Dem damage e too much, we no fit identify the images wey dey for di affected metopes well well.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schwab|first=Katherine A|title=The Parthenon, from Antiquity to the Present|url=https://archive.org/details/parthenonfromant0000unse|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-82093-6|editor-last=Neils|editor-first=Jennifer|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/parthenonfromant0000unse/page/165 165]|chapter=Celebrations of Victory: The Metopes of the Parthenon}}</ref><ref>Robert Ousterhout (2005) "'Bestride the Very Peak of Heaven': The Parthenon after Antiquity." In Neils (ed). ''The Parthenon, from Antiquity to the Present.'' pp. 306–307</ref> ==== Venetians ==== [[File:Elgin_Marbles_east_pediment.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elgin_Marbles_east_pediment.jpg|thumb|Statuary from de East Pediment]] Di Venetian bombardment wey happen for Parthenon for 1687 spoil plenti sculptures, plus some wey Elgin come remove later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stanford Archaeopedia|url=http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/Archaeopaedia/198|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314025855/http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/Archaeopaedia/198|archive-date=14 March 2008}}</ref> As dem dey try remove some big sculptures, di Venetian general Francesco Morosini cause more wahala. E no go fit collect dem well, so one sculpture of Poseidon plus two horses from Athena chariot fall down break. Plenti sculptures plus small pieces dem Venetians don remove.<ref name=":13" /> ===== Elgin ===== Elgin dey yarn with Italian sculptor Antonio Canova for 1803 how e go fit restore di marbles well well. Dem dey talk say Canova be di best sculptural restorer for di world that time; Elgin write say Canova no wan touch di marbles sekof e dey fear say e go spoil dem more.<ref name=":2" /> To make dem fit transport by Elgin, dem don chop off di columns' tops and plenty metopes and frieze slabs from di main structure, e don spoil di Parthenon wey no go fit fix back.<ref name="Greek Ministry of Culture: Memorandum on the Parthenon Marbles">{{Cite news|url=http://www.yppo.gr/4/marm/memorandum-gr.pdf|title=Greek Government's Memorandum|publisher=Greek Ministry of Culture|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019102204/http://www.yppo.gr/4/marm/memorandum-gr.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/arts/design/28ouro.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1&oref=slogin Where Gods Yearn for Long-Lost Treasures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016235933/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/arts/design/28ouro.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1&oref=slogin|date=16 October 2015}}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> One ship wey carry marbles on di British brig Mentor<ref name="The Wreck of the Mentor on the Coast of the Island of Kythera and the Operation to Retrieve, Salvage, and Transport the Parthenon Sculptures to London">{{Cite web|last1=Leontsinis|first1=George|title=The Wreck of the Mentor on the Coast of the Island of Kythera and the Operation to Retrieve, Salvage, and Transport the Parthenon Sculptures to London (1802–1805)|url=https://www.academia.edu/376886|publisher=Arts Books, Athens}}</ref> catch rain for Cape Matapan wey dey south Greece plus sink near Kythera, but di Earl come use im own money save am;<ref name="British Museum releases">{{Cite web|title=The Parthenon Sculptures|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/news_and_press_releases/statements/parthenon_sculptures/parthenon_-_facts_and_figures.aspx|publisher=British Museum}}</ref> e take dem two years to bring dem back come up. ===== British Museum ===== [[File:Tools_used_for_the_cleaning_of_the_Elgin_Marbles.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tools_used_for_the_cleaning_of_the_Elgin_Marbles.JPG|thumb|Tools dem dey use to clean de marbles for 1937–38<ref>[[William Andrew Oddy|Oddy, Andrew]], [http://www.iiconservation.org/publications/sic/2002/sic47abstracts.php Andrew Oddy The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402032539/http://www.iiconservation.org/publications/sic/2002/sic47abstracts.php|date=2 April 2016}}, '''47'''(3).</ref>]] Di artefacts wey dey London don suffer from 19th-century pollution wey go on till mid-20th century, plus dem don suffer irreparable damage from di cleaning wey British Museum workers dey use.<ref>[[William Andrew Oddy|Oddy, Andrew]], "The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975", in ''Studies in Conservation'', vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), pp. 145–146, Quote: "However, for a short time in the late 1930s copper scrapers were used to remove areas of discolouration from the surface of the Elgin Marbles. New information is presented about this lamentable episode."</ref> E be back as 1838, scientist Michael Faraday don dey asked make e find solution for di wahala wey di marbles dey spoil. Di outcome na wetin e talk for beta letter wey e send give Henry Milman, wey be commissioner for di National Gallery.<ref>[[William Andrew Oddy|Oddy, Andrew]], "The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975", in ''Studies in Conservation'', vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), p. 146</ref><ref>Jenkins, I., '"Sir, they are scrubbing the Elgin Marbles!"&nbsp;– some controversial cleanings of the Parthenon Sculptures', ''Minerva'' 10(6) (1999) 43–45.</ref><blockquote>Di marbles wey I see dem, dem really dey dirt ... from dust and soot wey pile on top. ... I see di body of di marble wey dey under di surface, e white. ... When I use water with sponge or soft cloth, e fit wash away di big dirt. ... But when I use fine, gritty powder with water, e fit clear di top dirt quick, but e still left plenty dirt wey dey inside di marble. I come try alkaline, both carbonated and caustic; dem help small to loose di surface dirt ... but e no fit bring back di marble true color and clean state. I finally use diluted nitric acid, but even dat one no work. ... After I check am, I dey feel say e go hard to show di marbles for di British Museum make dem pure and white like as dem be originally before.</blockquote>Another try to clean di marbles happen for 1858. Richard Westmacott, wey dem appoint as di person wey go supervise di 'moving and cleaning di sculptures' for 1857, write letter wey di British Museum Standing Committee approve on 13 March 1858.<ref>[[William Andrew Oddy|Oddy, Andrew]], "The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975", in ''Studies in Conservation'', vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), p. 148</ref><blockquote>I go talk am sharp say some of the works don get plenty wahala from people wey no sabi or no care – with oil and lard – plus dem restore am with wax and resin. This kind mistake don make am lose color. I go try fix am without using any small thing wey fit spoil di surface of de marble.</blockquote>Another effort to clean di marbles happen for 1937-38. Dis time, dem build new Gallery wey go house di collection. Dem mine di Pentelic marble from Mount Pentelicus wey dey north of Athens, di sculptures wey dem make with am dey get brownish colour like honey wen air touch am; dem dey call dis colour di marble's 'patina'.<ref>Gardner, Ernest Arthur: A Handbook of Greek Sculpture. Published 1896 Macmillan; [https://web.archive.org/web/20200220080513/https://books.google.com/books/pdf/A_Handbook_of_Greek_Sculpture.pdf%3Fid%3DFZkCAAAAYAAJ%26output%3Dpdf%26sig%3DSxrIRuctayFp6t99OkFn_OoksOw]</ref> But Lord Duveen, wey finance di whole thing, think say di marbles be originally white,<ref name="oddy149">[[William Andrew Oddy|Oddy, Andrew]], "The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975", in ''Studies in Conservation'', vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), p. 149</ref> so e fit don tell di masons wey dey work for di project to remove di discolouration from some of di sculptures. Dem use seven scrapers, one chisel and one piece of carborundum stone. Now dem don store am for British Museum Preservation Department.<ref name="oddy149" /><ref name="BMScandal">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/543077.stm|title=Museum admits 'scandal' of Elgin Marbles|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=1 December 1999|access-date=3 January 2010}}</ref> De cleaning wey dem do scratch some detail from plenty carvings.<ref>Paterakis AB. [Untitled]. Studies in Conservation 46(1): 79–80, 2001 [https://web.archive.org/web/20181004151928/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1506885]</ref> Harold Plenderleith talk say dem remove surface for some places reach one-tenth of an inch (2.5 mm).<ref name="oddy149" /> British Museum talk say dem fit make mistakes for dat time.<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/parthenon/article/0,,195563,00.html mistakes were made at that time] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605154549/http://www.guardian.co.uk/parthenon/article/0%2C%2C195563%2C00.html|date=5 June 2008}}, ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref> Another time, dem also talk say di damage don dey blow too much for political wahala and say di Greeks dey clean di marbles too much before dem carry am go Britain.<ref name="BMScandal" /> For one big talk wey happen in 1999 about di cleaning of di marbles, curator Ian Jenkins wey be deputy keeper of Greek and Roman old things, talk say, 'British Museum no be perfect, e no be Pope. E history get as e be, with good intentions but wahala plenty, and di cleaning for 1930s na one of di wahala.' Still, im talk say di main reason for di damage wey happen to di marbles na di weather wey don dey happen for Acropolis for 2000 years.<ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/dec/01/maevkennedy|title=Mutual attacks mar Elgin Marbles debate|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=29 December 2008|location=London|first=Maev|last=Kennedy|date=1 December 1999}}</ref> For one newspaper article, American archaeologist Dorothy King talk say the method wey dem use for 1937–1938, Greeks sef dey use am for later years pass British. She still yan say Italians dey find am acceptable.<ref name="guardian faq">{{cite news|last=King|first=Dorothy|date=21 July 2004|title=Elgin Marbles: fact or fiction?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/jul/21/highereducation.parthenon|access-date=25 June 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> British Museum talk say dem do similar clean up for Temple of Hephaestus inside Athenian Agora by de conservation team from American School of Classical Studies at Athens<ref name="autogenerated3">J. M. Cook and John Boardman, "Archaeology in Greece, 1953", The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 74, (1954), p. 147</ref> for 1953, dem use steel chisels plus brass wire.<ref name="British Museum releases" /> Greek ministry of Culture talk say dem clean am carefully, just de surface salt crusts.<ref name="autogenerated7" /> The 1953 American report conclude say the method wey dem use na to clear black dirt wey rain water cause plus e show say carving quality high, revealing at de same time "a few surviving particles of colour".<ref name="autogenerated3" /> [[File:Elgin_marbles_frieze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elgin_marbles_frieze.jpg|thumb|Section of a frieze from de Elgin (Parthenon) Marbles]] One study wey Emma Payne do for 2023 talk say di damage wey dem cause from di 1930s cleaning no be too much and we fit consider am based on wetin dey happen that time.<ref>{{cite journal |date=24 August 2023 |title=Casting the Parthenon sculptures: from the eighteenth century to the digital age |url=https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2023/2023.08.24/ |journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review}}</ref> Research wey dem do on di surface of di sculptures with archaeometric techniques, like Visible-Induced Luminescence (VIL), show say plenty traces of ancient colors dey still dey for di sculptures, wey go support di idea say di cleaning damage no be as bad like people dey think before.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verri |first1=Giovanni |last2=Granger-Taylor |first2=Hero |last3=Jenkins |first3=Ian |last4=Sweek |first4=Tracey |last5=Weglowska |first5=Katarzyna |last6=Wootton |first6=William Thomas |date=October 2023 |title=The goddess' new clothes: the carving and polychromy of the Parthenon Sculptures |journal=Antiquity |volume=97 |issue=395 |pages=1173–1192 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2023.130 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Documents wey British Museum release under Freedom of Information Act show say some small accidents, thefts plus people wey dey vandalize don cause more damage for di sculptures.<ref name="telegraph">Hastings, Chris. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1490023/Revealed-how-rowdy-schoolboys-knocked-a-leg-off-one-of-the-Elgin-Marbles.html Revealed: how rowdy schoolboys knocked a leg off one of the Elgin Marbles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407143411/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1490023/Revealed-how-rowdy-schoolboys-knocked-a-leg-off-one-of-the-Elgin-Marbles.html|date=7 April 2016}}, ''The Daily Telegraph'', 15 May 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2010.</ref> Dis one include one incident for 1961 wey two schoolboys knock part of centaur leg, and for 1966, four shallow lines dey scratch for di back of one figure by some bad guys. For 1970, dem scratch letters for di upper right thigh of another figure. Four years after, thieves spoil di dowel hole for centaur hoof as dem dey try pull lead pieces.<ref name="telegraph" /> For June 1981, falling glass skylight make one west pediment figure chop small chip. == Return controversy == === Greek requests for return === For 1836, King Otto wey dey run new Greece, e go ask British government make dem return some Elgin Marbles (the four big stones wey dey show for Temple of Athena Nike). Then for 1846, after Greece talk say dem need am, Britain come send them full set of de Parthenon frieze casts. But for 1890, Athens try beg make dem return the original frieze but e no work. For 1927, the Greek minister wey dey London try ask for dem to bring back some architecture pieces, but e no work at all.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=68|author-link=}}</ref> For 1983, Greek government dey beg British government make dem return all di sculptures wey dem remove from Acropolis for Athens wey still dey British Museum now, and for 1984, dem go list di wahala with UNESCO.<ref name="Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles2" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|page=71|author-link=}}</ref> For 2000, some group for British parliament gather do inquiry on illegal trade wey dey affect cultural property, and dem sabi talk about the disputes wey dey for de marbles. Dem hear from de Greek foreign minister, George Papandreou, wey talk say the matter of who own am be second to de ethics plus culture wey dey push for make dem return de sculptures. But the committee no give any suggestions about wetin go happen to de marbles insyde de future.<ref name="Beard 2002. pp. 177–181">Beard (2002). pp. 177–181</ref> For 2000, Greek government sef start build new Acropolis Museum, wey dem open for 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum history|url=https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/museum-history|access-date=8 January 2023|website=The Acropolis Museum}}</ref> Dis museum dey try arrange di Parthenon sculptures wey still dey survive (including di ones wey Elgin get) as dem be when dem dey for di Parthenon, plus to reply people wey talk say di Elgin Marbles go be better preserved and displayed if dem dey for British Museum.<ref>Beard (2002). pp. 176, 184</ref> Acropolis Museum dey showcase small part of di frieze wey remain (around 30% don lost or spoil), dem place am how e suppose be, make e fit see Parthenon well. Di position of de elements wey dey London dey clearly marked with white casts, plus dem leave space for where di sculptures no dey again.<ref name="acrop museum2">{{Cite web|title=The Frieze &#124; Acropolis Museum|url=https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/content/frieze-0|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206111947/https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/content/frieze-0|archive-date=6 December 2020|access-date=19 August 2018|website=www.theacropolismuseum.gr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|url=|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1509967179|edition=|place=London|pages=75–76|author-link=}}</ref> For 2013, Greek government shout make UNESCO help dem talk with British people about how dem go return di marbles, but British government plus British Museum no gree listen to UNESCO. Fast forward to 2021, UNESCO don tlak say British government suppose return di sculptures, e don call upon United Kingdom make dem open negotiations with Greece.<ref name="Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles2" /> Late 2022, dem British and Greek people start talk about the future of di marbles again.<ref name=":202" /><ref name=":172" /> When dem ask British Culture Secretary, Michelle Donelan, about if dem go fit return di Marbles, she talk say: "I dey feel some of di points but I believe say e be very dangerous den slippy road to embark down",<ref name=":19">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Anita|date=7 December 2022|title=Return of Elgin Marbles to Greece would be a 'dangerous and slippery road', warns Culture Secretary|work=Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/12/06/return-elgin-marbles-greece-would-dangerous-slippery-road-warns/|access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref> she dey fear say if dem return dem, more cultural things wey dey for Britain go also need to go back to where dem come from. For November 2023, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak cancel meeting wey him wan do with Greek prime minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis sekof of wetin Mitsotakis talk about di marbles.<ref name="EM_1">{{cite news|last=Zakir-Hussain|first=Maryam|title=Elgin Marbles row erupts as Greek PM accuses Sunak of cancelling meeting at 11th hour|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/elgin-marbles-rishi-sunak-kyriakos-mitsotakis-b2454461.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=28 November 2023|language=en-GB|access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Zeffman|first1=Henry|last2=Jones|first2=Harrison|last3=Mason|first3=Chris|date=28 November 2023|title=Greece denies promising not to raise Parthenon Sculptures on UK visit|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-67551732|access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref> ====== Rationale for returning to Athens ====== Dem wey dey argue say make dem return di marbles, dem mention legal, moral, culture, conservation and art reasons. Demma points include: * Dem marbles dey come from illegal way, or at least no unethical, so e good make dem return am to the owner wey get am.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 April 2007|title=Parthenon Fragments Won't Go Back Home|url=http://www.elginism.com/20070401/702/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615183515/http://www.elginism.com/20070401/702/|archive-date=15 June 2009|access-date=20 January 2009|publisher=Elginism}}</ref> * Di marbles dey carry universal cultural value, but dem too be part of Greece unique cultural heritage, plus dis place na di best spot make dem showcase am.<ref name="Beard 2002. pp. 177–181" /> * Di Parthenon sculptures wey dey all over di world suppose come together make dem fit restore di 'organic elements' wey 'now dey without any connection, uniformity plus history of di monument wey dem belong to' plus make visitors fit enjoy dem as one whole.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Special Issues|url=http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/12/ea121.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017204203/http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/12/ea121.html|archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Nicoletta Divari-Valakou 20082">Nicoletta Divari-Valakou, (Director of the Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Athens), "Revisiting the Parthenon: National Heritage in the Age of Globalism" in Mille Gabriel & Jens Dahl, (eds.) Utimut : past heritage&nbsp;– future partnerships, discussions on repatriation in the 21st Century, Copenhagen : International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs and Greenland National Museum & Archives, (2008)</ref><ref name="European Parliament Resolution for the return of the Elgin Marbles2">{{Cite news|title=European Parliament Resolution for the return of the Elgin Marbles|publisher=Greek Ministry of Culture|url=http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/12/ga123_3.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230217/http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/12/ga123_3.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> * If we fit show all di Parthenon Marbles wey dey around for dia original history and culture place, plus other Greek old things, e go help people sabi dem better and understand wetin dem be.<ref name="Nicoletta Divari-Valakou 20082" /><ref name="Who owns the marbles? The debate hits Sydney2">{{Cite news|title=Debate of the Elgin Marbles|publisher=University of Sydney|url=http://sydney.edu.au/senate/documents/History/Elgin_marbles_articles.pdf}}</ref> * Dem go keep the marbles safe for Acropolis Museum, e get beta technology wey go protect and preserve de exhibits well well.<ref name=":022">{{cite web|title=Bernard Tschumi Architects|url=http://www.arcspace.com/architects/Tschumi/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051614/http://www.arcspace.com/architects/Tschumi/|archive-date=28 September 2007|work=arcspace.com}}</ref> * De Elgin Marbles don chop serious wahala from bad conservation plus accidents for London, e nor sure say dem go de better preserved there.<ref>Beard (2002). pp. 166–178</ref> * If dem return Parthenon sculptures, e no go set any standard for other things wey people dey claim back, because Parthenon get special 'universal value' way e different.<ref>Nicoletta Divari-Valakou, (Director of the Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Athens), "Revisiting the Parthenon: National Heritage in the Age of Globalism" in Mille Gabriel & Jens Dahl, (eds.) Utimut : past heritage&nbsp;– future partnerships, discussions on repatriation in the 21st Century, Copenhagen : International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs and Greenland National Museum & Archives, (2008) passim; (see also [http://www.natmus.gl/con2007/pdf/Concluding_summary_Nuuk_2007_revised.pdf Conference summary] )</ref> ===== Rationale wey de remain insyde London ===== Plenty people dey talk wetin dem tink, like scholars, British leaders plus British Museum, about why dem go keep Elgin Marbles for London.<ref name="newsweek stones22" /> Dem talk say: * Elgin buy de marbles correct way, plus no court go side with any Greek wey dey complain.<ref>Jenkins (2016). p 99</ref><ref>Herman (2023), chapter 3.</ref> * Elgin save de marbles from wahala, and the ones wey dey British Museum dey better pass the ones wey dem leave behind. British Museum get right to keep and show wetin dem preserve from destruction.<ref name="guardian faq2">{{cite news|last=King|first=Dorothy|date=21 July 2004|title=Elgin Marbles: fact or fiction?|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/jul/21/highereducation.parthenon|access-date=25 June 2009}}</ref> * E no go fit bring all di Parthenon sculptures together as one, cause half don lost or destroy by 1800.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Parthenon Sculptures, the Trustees' statement|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/parthenon-sculptures/parthenon|access-date=9 January 2023|website=The British Museum}}</ref> * British Museum dey show di marbles beta as dem fit mix with odas big ancient cultures, e go show di whole picture wey Acropolis Museum dey provide.<ref name=":212" /> * If we go fulfill all di restitution claims, e go scatter plenty of di big museums for di world – dis one dey make some European and American museums dey fear, and one wahala fit be di Nefertiti Bust wey dey for Berlin's Neues Museum; plus, plenty other European museums dey hold some parts of di Parthenon marbles too.<ref name="guardian faq2" /> * British Museum dey collect like 6 million people every year, while Acropolis Museum get only 1.5 million visitors. If dem carry di marbles go Greece, e go seriously cut down how many people fit see di marbles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Trend|first=Nick|date=5 June 2018|title=Why returning the Elgin Marbles would be madness|website=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/comment/why-returning-the-elgin-marbles-would-be-madness/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/comment/why-returning-the-elgin-marbles-would-be-madness/|archive-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> * Elgin Marbles don dey show for public for England since 1807<ref name="Jenkins 2016. p. 102" /> plus e don turn part of British cultural heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Merryman paper|url=https://law.wustl.edu/harris/Conferences/imperialism/Merryman_PAPER_FINALelgin2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422040718/https://law.wustl.edu/harris/Conferences/imperialism/Merryman_PAPER_FINALelgin2.pdf|archive-date=22 April 2018|access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> ===== Public campaigns for return ===== Biko, outside Greece, di campaign wey wan bring back di marbles start for 1981 when dem form di International Organising Committee – Australia – for di Restitution of di Parthenon Marbles,<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 January 2016|title=Committee History|url=https://iocarpm.wordpress.com/about-2/committee-history/|access-date=10 January 2023|website=International Organising Committee – Australia for the Restitution of the Parthenon Marbles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110094932/https://iocarpm.wordpress.com/about-2/committee-history/|archive-date=10 January 2023}}</ref> Den for 1983, dem form di British Committee for di Reunification of di Parthenon Marbles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who We Are|url=https://www.parthenonuk.com/about-bcrpm/who-we-are|access-date=10 January 2023|website=The British Committee for the Reunification of the Parthenon Marbles}}</ref> Plenty campaign groups de exist for Greece plus everywhere insyde de world too.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bring Them Back|url=http://www.bringthemback.org|access-date=17 April 2010}}</ref> Plenty British and international stars like comedian Stephen Fry<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sanderson|first=David|date=30 May 2022|title=Stephen Fry: Be classy and return the Elgin Marbles|url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/art/article/stephen-fry-be-classy-and-return-the-elgin-marbles-mj2zmxgrj|url-access=subscription|access-date=31 May 2022|work=[[The Times]]|language=en|issn=0140-0460|quote=He said the return of the statues from Britain "would be an act that uses a word that we haven't been able to use of Britain's acts lately, much: it would be classy".}}</ref> plus actors Liam Neeson den George Clooney,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harris|first=Gareth|date=8 March 2021|title=George Clooney wades into Parthenon Marbles debate – again|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/03/08/george-clooney-wades-into-parthenon-marbles-debateagain|access-date=10 January 2023|work=The Art Newspaper}}</ref> don talk say dem dey support make dem bring back di marbles.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Herman|first=Alexander|title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute: Heritage, Law, Politics|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2023|isbn=9781509967179|location=London|pages=4, 78–80|postscript=. Note: In addition to Fry, Neeson and Clooney, Herman also cites Tom Hanks, Judi Dench, Vanessa Redgrave, Ian McKellen, and Joanna Lumley as prominent supporters of the campaign.}}</ref> ===== Opinion polls ===== One Ipsos MORI poll wey dem do for Britain in 1998 show say 39% dem want make dem send the marbles go Greece, and 15% want make dem dey for Britain; 45% nobody get mind or go fit vote if dem ask am for referendum.<ref name="autogenerated12">{{cite web|title=Public and MPs would return the Elgin Marbles!|url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126092318/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=2001|archive-date=26 January 2013|work=ipsos-mori.com}}</ref> Another Mori poll wey dem do for 2002 show same kind results.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Return Of The Parthenon Marbles|url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=1053|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409021725/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=1053|archive-date=9 April 2014|access-date=18 June 2012|publisher=Ipsos MORI}}</ref> One YouGov poll for 2021 come show say 59% of Britons believe say the Parthenon marbles suppose dey for Greece, 18% say make dem dey for Britain, and 18% no sabi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Parthenon Marbles are a collection of Ancient Greek sculptures that were removed from the Acropolis in Athens from 1801–12 (when Greece was ruled by the Ottoman Empire) and have been on display in the British Museum since 1817. The Greek government has requested their permanent return, but the British Museum has refused. Where do you believe the Parthenon Marbles belong? &#124; Daily Question|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/travel/survey-results/daily/2021/11/23/9b053/2|website=yougov.co.uk}}</ref> ===== British press ===== De Guardian drop one write-up for 2020 wey dem dey back de Parthenon marbles make dem come back.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 February 2020|title=The Guardian view on the Parthenon marbles: not just a Brexit sideshow|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/23/the-guardian-view-on-the-parthenon-marbles-not-just-a-brexit-sideshow|access-date=8 January 2023|work=The Guardian}}</ref> For January 2022, De Times change their mind wey dem don dey support make dem keep de marbles, put out one write-up wey dey call make dem return am go Greece.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 January 2022|title=The Times view on the Elgin Marbles: Uniting Greece's Heritage|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/the-times-view-on-the-elgin-marbles-uniting-greeces-heritage-spdz5vz6k|access-date=8 January 2023|work=The Times}}</ref> De Daily Telegraph come publish one write-up for January 2023 wey dey talk say any decision wey concern de Elgin Marbles make dem return to Greece, e go fit be British parliament wey go decide am.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 January 2023|title=The fate of the Elgin marbles can't be George Osborne's choice|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2023/01/06/fate-elgin-marbles-cant-george-osbornes-choice/|access-date=8 January 2023|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> ====== British Museum Act 1963 ====== De British Museum Act 1963<ref>{{cite web|title=British Museum Act 1963, as amended|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/24/contents|access-date=27 August 2023|website=legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> be law wey UK Parliament make wey no allow British Museum sell dem things, unless e get some special case. If dem wan change de law, Parliament go need approve am. == Loans plus copies == De British Museum don make plaster casts of di marbles and dey share am to plenty museums around di whole world.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> For 2022, Institute of Digital Archaeology (IDA) wey dey Oxford ask British Museum make dem scan di Parthenon marbles to fit make robot-chop marble copies. But di museum no gree for di request, and di Greek government no wan talk anything about di project.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=8 July 2022|title=The Robot Guerrilla Campaign to Recreate the Elgin Marbles|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/science/elgin-marbles-3d-print.html/|access-date=19 August 2023|work=New York Times}}</ref> British Museum don lend river-god figure, wey fit be Ilisus, go Hermitage Museum for Saint Petersburg as dem dey celebrate 250 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Loan to the State Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg|url=http://blog.britishmuseum.org/2014/12/05/loan-of-a-parthenon-sculpture-to-the-hermitage-a-marble-ambassador-of-a-european-ideal/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231192906/http://blog.britishmuseum.org/2014/12/05/loan-of-a-parthenon-sculpture-to-the-hermitage-a-marble-ambassador-of-a-european-ideal/|archive-date=31 December 2014|access-date=8 December 2014|publisher=britishmuseum.org}}</ref> E dey show for there from 6 December 2014 to 18 January 2015. Dis na di first time wey British Museum lend part of Parthenon Marbles, and e cause some controversy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/06/world/europe/elgin-marbles-lent-to-hermitage-museum.html?_r=0|title=Greek Statue Travels Again, but Not to Greece|newspaper=www.nytimes.com|date=5 December 2014|access-date=8 December 2014|last1=Erlanger|first1=Steven}}</ref> British Museum talk say dem dey open to lend dem marbles go Greece, but Greek government no wan agree to di standard clause wey go accept say British Museum get di ownership of any loan items.<ref name=":9" /> == Check am too == * [[:en:Pedimental_sculpture|Pedimental sculpture]] * [[:en:Palermo_Fragment|Palermo Fragment]] * [[:en:Greece–United_Kingdom_relations|Greece–United Kingdom relations]] * [[:en:Las_Incantadas|Las Incantadas]], portico taken from [[:en:Thessaloniki|Thessaloniki]] * [[:en:Caryatids_of_Eleusis|Saint Demetra]], sculpture taken from [[:en:Eleusis|Eleusis]] == References == <references /> ==Sources== * {{cite book |author-link= |first=Mary |last=Beard |title=The Parthenon |url=https://archive.org/details/parthenon0000mbea|publisher=Profile Books |edition=2nd |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84668-349-7}} * {{cite book |first=Alexander |last=Herman |title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute |publisher=Bloomsbury |place=London|edition= |year=2023 |isbn=978-1509967179 |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/}} * {{Cite book |first=Tiffany |last=Jenkins |author-link= |title=Keeping Their Marbles: How the Treasures of the Past Ended Up in Museums{{nbsp}}... and Why They Should Stay There |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-965759-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/keepingtheirmarb0000jenk}} * {{cite book |first=William |last=St Clair |author-link= |title=Lord Elgin and the Marbles |url=https://archive.org/details/lordelginmarbles0000stcl |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford |edition=4th |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-288053-5}} * {{cite book |author-link= |first=Catharine |last=Titi |title=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |publisher=Springer |edition= |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9}} * {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Dyfri |title=Lord Elgin's firman |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-history-of-collections_2009_21_1/page/49 |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |date=7 January 2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1093/jhc/fhn033}} ==Read further== * {{cite magazine |first=Marc |last=Fehlmann |url=http://www.apollo-magazine.com/june-2007/63335/casts-and-connoisseurs.thtml |title=Casts and Connoisseurs: the early reception of the Elgin Marbles |magazine=Apollo |date=June 2007 |pages=44–51 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506011222/http://www.apollo-magazine.com/june-2007/63335/casts-and-connoisseurs.thtml |archive-date=6 May 2012}} * {{cite book |first=Jeanette |last=Greenfield |title=The Return of Cultural Treasures |url=https://archive.org/details/returnofcultural0000gree |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |edition=3rd |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-80216-1}} * {{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |author-link= |title=Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles |publisher=Chatto & Windus |place=London |isbn=978-0-8090-4189-3 |year=1987 |title-link=}} (with essays by Robert Browning and Graham Binns) * {{cite book |first=Ian |last=Jenkins |title=The Parthenon Frieze |publisher=British Museum Press |location=London |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7141-2200-7}} * {{cite book|last=King|first=Dorothy|title=The Elgin Marbles|url=https://archive.org/details/elginmarbles0000king|title-link=|date=2006|publisher=Hutchinson Heinemann|isbn=978-0-09-180013-0|place=London|author-link=}} * {{cite book|last=Queyrel|first=François|url=http://www.editions-bartillat.fr/fiche-livre.asp?Clef=281|title=Le Parthénon, Un monument dans l'Histoire|publisher=Éditions Bartillat|year=2008|isbn=978-2-84100-435-5|location=Paris|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929162206/https://web.archive.org/web/20080929162206/http://www.editions-bartillat.fr/fiche-livre.asp?Clef=281|archive-date=29 September 2008|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|last=Stallings|first=A. E.|title=Frieze Frame: How Poets, Painters, and their Friends Framed the Debate Around Elgin and the Marbles of the Parthenon|date=2025|publisher=Paul Dry Books|isbn=9781589882003|place=Philadelphia}} == External links == {{Commons}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Elgin Marbles |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle=}} <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ==={{No more links}}=========--> *[http://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/?pname=Home&la=2 Acropolis Museum] *[http://www.parthenonfrieze.gr/ The Parthenon Frieze] *[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/galleries/ancient_greece_and_rome/rooms_18,_18a,_18b_parthenon.aspx The British Museum Parthenon pages] ===Pros den cons of restitution=== <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ===={{No more links}}==========--> *[http://www.parthenonuk.com/ British Committee for the Reunification of the Parthenon Marbles' site] *[https://parthenonproject.co.uk/#overview The Parthenon Project] *[https://classicsforall.org.uk/reading-room/ad-familiares/case-lord-elgin "The Case for Lord Elgin," Classics for All] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040814225306/http://prometheus.cc.emory.edu/panels/5E/G.Wood.html Gillen Wood, "The strange case of Lord Elgin's nose"]: the cultural context of the early 19th century debate over the marbles, the politics & the aesthetics, imperialism and hellenism *[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmcumeds/371/371ap20.htm Two memorandums submitted to the UK Parliamentary Select Committee on Culture, Media and Sport in 2000.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20250712043945/https://aothenmagazine.com/#torrettamarbles "Keeping our share", Aothen Magazine]: Argues for the dismissal of the Greek claim, and for retaining the Marbles as part of cultural history. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Elgin Marbles| ]] [[Category:5th-century BC Greek sculptures]] [[Category:Parthenon]] [[Category:Art den cultural repatriation]] [[Category:Greece–United Kingdom relations]] [[Category:Ancient Greek den Roman sculptures insyd de British Museum]] [[Category:History of museums]] [[Category:History of Athens]] [[Category:Marble sculptures insyd de United Kingdom]] [[Category:Sculptures by Phidias]] [[Category:Greek artifacts outsyd Greece]] [[Category:19th century insyd Athens]] [[Category:Horses insyd art]] [[Category:Architectural sculpture]] [[Category:Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin]] [[Category:Sculptures of Dionysus]] bj2a873spwk4xi8pquadl9le91iuyj2 0 16772 115703 112848 2026-11-04T21:57:55Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Livingstone''' FRGS FRS (/ˈlɪvɪŋstən/; 19 March 1813&nbsp;– 1 May 1873) na he be a Scottish physician, Congregationalist, pioneer Christian missionary<ref>{{Cite web|last=Easton|first=Mark|date=3 September 2017|title=Why don't many British tourists visit Victoria Falls?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-41083374|access-date=12 July 2018|website=BBC News}}</ref> plus de London Missionary Society, den an explorer insyd Africa. Na Livingstone marry Mary Moffat Livingstone, from de prominent 18th-century Moffat missionary family.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bayly|first=Paul|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/853507173|title=David Livingstone, Africa's greatest explorer : the man, the missionary and the myth|date=2013|isbn=978-1-78155-333-6|location=Stroud|page=50|oclc=853507173}}</ref> Na Livingstone cam to have a mythic status as a Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator den explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, den advocate of British commercial den colonial expansion. As a result, he cam be one of de most popular British heroes of de late 19th-century Victorian era. Na Livingstone ein fame as an explorer den ein obsession plus learning de sources of de Nile be founded on de belief say if he fi solve dat age-old mystery, ein fame go give am de influence make e end de East African Arab–Swahili slave trade. "De Nile sources", na he tell a friend, "be valuable per as a means of opening my mouth plus power among men. E be dis power [plus] wich I hope to remedy an immense evil."[4] Na ein subsequent exploration of de central African watershed be de culmination of de classic period of European geographical discovery den colonial penetration of Africa. At de same time, na ein missionary travels, "disappearance", den eventual death insyd Africa‍—‌den subsequent glorification as a posthumous national hero insyd 1874‍—‌lead to de founding of chaw major central African Christian missionary initiatives dem carry forward insyd de era of de European "[[Scramble for Africa]]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mackenzie|first=John M.|title=Sermons and battle hymns: Protestant popular culture in modern Scotland|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7486-0217-9|editor-last=Walker|editor-first=Graham|chapter=David Livingstone: The Construction of the Myth|editor-last2=Gallagher|editor-first2=Tom|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpZnAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>, during wich na almost all of Africa fall under European rule for decades. ==Early life== Na dem born Livingstone on 19 March 1813 insyd de mill town of Blantyre, Scotland, insyd a tenement building for de workers of a cotton factory on de banks of de River Clyde under de bridge crossing into Bothwell.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nts.org.uk/Property/23/ |title=David Livingstone Centre: Birthplace Of Famous Scot |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212012712/https://www.nts.org.uk/Property/23/ |archive-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Na he de de second of seven kiddies born to Neil Livingstone den ein wifey Agnes (née Hunter). Na dem employ David at de age of ten insyd de cotton mill of Henry Monteith & Co. insyd Blantyre Works. He den ein bro John work 14-hour days as piecers, dey tie broken cotton threads on de spinning machines. ==Death== Na Livingstone die on 1 May 1873 at de age of 60 insyd Chief Chitambo ein village at Chipundu, southeast of Lake Bangweulu, insyd present-day [[Zambia]], from [[malaria]] den internal bleeding secof [[dysentery]]. Lead by ein loyal attendants Chuma den Susi, na ein expedition arrange funeral ceremonies. Na dem komot ein heart wey dem bury am under a tree near de spot wer na he die, wich e be identified variously as a mvula tree anaa a baobab tree buh ebe more likely to be a mpundu tree, as dem dey find baobabs at lower altitudes den insyd more arid regions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wickens|first1=G. E. |last2= Lowe |first2=P.|title=The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYq6NAEACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-1-4020-6430-2|page=33}}</ref> Dat site, now be known as de Livingstone Memorial,<ref>{{cite book|last=Bradford|first=Charles Angell|title=Heart Burial|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=1933|location=London|page=242|oclc=10641494}}</ref> dey list ein date of death as 4 May, de date dem report (den carved into de tree ein trunk) by Chuma den Susi; buh chaw sources consider 1 May—de date of Livingstone ein final journal entry—as de correct one.<ref>[[:en:David_Livingstone#CITEREFLivingstone1874|Livingstone 1874]], pp. 242–244.</ref> ==Family life== While na Livingstone get a great impact on de expansion of de British Empire, na he do so at a tremendous cost to ein family. Insyd ein absences, na ein kiddies grow up dem miss dema poppie, den ein wifey Mary (daughter of Mary den Robert Moffat), whom na he marry insyd 1845, endure very poor health, wey na she die of malaria on 27 April 1862.<ref>{{cite book|title=Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862|year=1863|publisher=D. Appleton & Company|location=New York|page=687|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n694/mode/1up|chapter=Obituaries}}</ref> Na he get six kiddies: # Robert die while na he dey serve insyd de Union Army during de American Civil War;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chirgwin |first1=A. M. |year=1934 |title=New Light on Robert Livingstone |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=33 |issue=132 |pages=250–252 |jstor=716469}}</ref> He take de name Rupert Vincent wey na e be de substitute for Horace Heath, wey he take ein place insyd Company H of de 3rd New Hampshire Volunteers. Na Robert end up being captured by de Confederate States Army wey na he die at de Salisbury prison camp insyd Rowan County, North Carolina,<ref>{{cite web|last=Murray|first=John|date=August 2011|title=Rupert Vincent, I Presume?|url=http://www.acwrt.org.uk/uk-heritage_The-Search-for-Robert-Livingstone.asp|access-date=12 July 2018|work=Crossfire|issue=96}}</ref> wich na dem since be termed, "North Carolina's Andersonville."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Joel R. Stegall|date=13 September 2018|title=Salisbury Prison: North Carolina's Andersonville|url=https://nccivilwarcenter.org/salisbury-prison-north-carolinas-andersonville/|access-date=7 February 2023|website=North Carolina Civil War & Reconstruction History Center|language=en-US}}</ref> # Agnes (born 1847 anaa 1857, she die 1912; na she marry A.L. Bruce, a wealthy Scottish brewery executive.) # Thomas, he die insyd Egypt insyd 1876 at de age of 27 from bilharzia, a disease he contract as a kiddie wey dey live insyd Africa. # Elizabeth (wey die at two months) # William Oswell (dem nickname am Zouga secof de river along wich na dem born am, insyd 1851; he die insyd 1892 insyd Trinidad wer na he practice medicine.) # Anna Mary (born 1858, she die 1939) Na Agnes, William Oswell den Anna Mary per marry wey dem get kiddies.<ref>{{cite web|author=Steven Wilson|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~swilson/livingstone/descendants.htm|title=Livingstone Descendants|publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> Ein one regret insyd later life be dat na he no spend enough time plus ein kiddies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Niall |author-link=|title=Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power|url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-02329-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/empire00nial/page/158 158]}}</ref> ==Place names den oda memorials== [[File:Portrait of David Livingstone (4671614).jpg|thumb|upright|Photograph of Livingstone insyd later life]] ===Africa=== '''Botswana''' * Scottish Livingstone Hospital insyd Molepolole 50&nbsp;km west of [[Gaborone|Gaborone, Botswana]] * Der be a memorial to Livingstone at de ruins of de Kolobeng Mission, 40&nbsp;km west of Gaborone, Botswana. * Livingstone Kolobeng College, a private secondary school insyd Gaborone, Botswana. '''Burundi''' De Livingstone–Stanley Monument insyd Mugere (present-day [[Burundi]]). '''Congo''' * Livingstone Falls on de River Congo, named by Stanley. * De Livingstone Inland Mission, a Baptist mission to de Central Africa 1877–1884, wey locate insyd present-day Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. '''Ghana''' * Livingstone House, Achimota School, Ghana (boys' boarding house). '''Kenya''' * Dr Livingstone Primary School insyd Nairobi, [[Kenya]]. * Livingstone house, Alliance High School insyd Kiambu, Kenya. '''Malawi''' * De town of Livingstonia, Malawi. * De city of Blantyre, Malawi be named after Livingstone ein birthplace insyd Scotland, wey dey include a memorial. * De ''David Livingstone Scholarships'' for students at de University of Malawi, dem fund thru Strathclyde University, Scotland. * Na dem found de David Livingstone Clinic by de University of Strathclyde ein Millennium Project insyd Lilongwe, Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Livingstone Clinic – University of Strathclyde|url=http://www.strath.ac.uk/malawi/projects/davidlivingstoneclinic}}</ref> * De Kipengere Range insyd south-west Tanzania at de north-eastern end of Lake Malawi sanso be called de Livingstone Mountains. '''Namibia''' * David Livingstone Museum insyd Sangwali, north-eastern [[Namibia]]. Na Livingstone stay at Sangwali insyd de 1850s before travelling further north. '''South Africa''' * David Livingstone Senior Secondary School insyd Schauderville, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. * Livingstone Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. '''Tanzania''' * A memorial insyd Ujiji dey commemorate ein meeting plus Stanley.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grant |first=C. H. B. |date=April 1932 |title=The Livingstone-Stanley Memorials in Africa |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=318–319 |bibcode=1932GeogJ..79..318G |doi=10.2307/1784331 |issn=0016-7398 |jstor=1784331}}</ref> * De church tower of de Holy Ghost Mission (Roman Catholic) insyd Bagamoyo, Tanzania, be sam times called "Livingstone Tower". * Livingstone House insyd Stone Town, Zanzibar, wey be provided by de Sultan for Livingstone ein use, January to March 1866, to prepare ein last expedition. * Plaque wey dey commemorate ein departure from Mikindani (present-day [[Tanzania]]) on ein final expedition on de wall of de house wey na dem build over de house na he reputedly stay insyd. * [http://tz.geoview.info/livingstone_street,25108633w Livingstone Street] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181020221743/http://tz.geoview.info/livingstone_street,25108633w Archived] 20 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. '''Uganda''' * Livingstone Hall, Men's Hall of residence at [[Makerere University]], Kampala, Uganda. '''Zambia''' * De Livingstone Memorial insyd [[Zambia|Ilala, Zambia]] dey mark wer na David Livingstone die * De city of Livingstone, Zambia, wich dey include a memorial in front of de Livingstone Museum den a new statue dem erect insyd 2005.<ref name="times.co.zm">{{cite web|title=David Livingstone Remembered|url=http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1132264497|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225346/http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1132264497|archive-date=27 September 2007|access-date=27 April 2007}}</ref> * De Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, wey dey locate a few miles outsyd Lusaka, Zambia, 1937 to 1964, na e be a pioneering research institution insyd anthropology.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crehan|first1=Kate|url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft0779n6dt/|title=The Fractured Community: Landscapes of Power and Gender in Rural Zambia|date=1997|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley|chapter=Max Gluckman and the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute|chapter-url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0779n6dt&chunk.id=d0e2527&toc.depth=100&toc.id=d0e2413&brand=ucpress}}</ref><ref>Schumaker, Lynette Louise, "The lion in the path: Fieldwork and culture in the history of the Rhodes–Livingstone Institute, 1937–1964" (1994). Dissertations available from ProQuest. AAI9521118. https://web.archive.org/web/20160917030609/https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9521118</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heron |first1=Alastair |date=March 1964 |title=Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Lusaka |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1964-03_2_1/page/112 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=112–113 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003724 |s2cid=155082162}}</ref> * David Livingstone Teachers' Training College, Livingstone, Zambia. * A new statue of David Livingstone na dem erect insyd November 2005 on de Zambian side of Victoria Falls.<ref name="times.co.zm" /> '''Zimbabwe''' * De David Livingstone Memorial statue at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, dem erect insyd 1934<ref>{{cite web|title=Victoria Falls|url=https://www.rhodesia.me.uk/victoria-falls/}}</ref> on de western bank of de falls.<ref>{{cite book|last=Michler|first=Ian|url=https://globaltravelmoments.com/an-insiders-guide-to-victoria-falls/|title=Victoria Falls & Surrounds: The Insider's Guide|publisher=Penguin|year=2007|isbn=978-1-77007-361-6|page=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211160254/https://globaltravelmoments.com/an-insiders-guide-to-victoria-falls/|archive-date=2024-12-11|access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref> na dem quote 1954 which be wrong. Na den unveil de statue on 5 August 1934 * Na dem unveil a plaque insyd November 2005 at Livingstone Island on de lip of Victoria Falls wey dey mark wer na Livingstone stand to get ein first view of de falls. * David Livingstone Primary School insyd Salisbury, Rhodesia (present-day Harare, Zimbabwe).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Livingstone Primary School – Nairobi|url=http://dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603205706/http://dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke/|archive-date=3 June 2023|access-date=28 August 2017|website=dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke}}</ref> * David Livingstone Secondary School insyd Ntabazinduna about 40&nbsp;km from Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. * Livingstone House insyd Harare, Zimbabwe, wey Leonora Granger design.<ref>{{cite news|title=Museum to honour David Livingstone|last=Lottering|first=Francois|work=The Namibian|date=28 October 2016|page=7|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/47333/read/Museum-to-honour-David-Livingstone|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029174306/http://www.namibian.com.na/47333/read/Museum-to-honour-David-Livingstone|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Oceania=== '''New Zealand''' * Livingstone Street insyd Westmere, Auckland * Livingstone Road insyd Flaxmere, Hastings ===Europe=== '''Scotland''' [[File:David Livingstone statue, Glasgow.JPG|thumb|Livingstone statue, Glasgow]] * De David Livingstone Birthplace Museum insyd Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, be a museum insyd ein honour, wey de David Livingstone Trust operate. * David Livingstone Memorial Primary School insyd Blantyre. * David Livingstone Memorial Church of de Church of Scotland insyd Blantyre. * A statue of Livingstone insyd Cathedral Square, Glasgow. * A statue of Livingstone insyd Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh. * A bust of Livingstone be among those of famous Scotsmen insyd de Wallace Monument near Stirling. * Strathclyde University, Glasgow (wich na e evolve from Anderson's University, later de Royal College of Science and Technology), wey dey commemorate am insyd de David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability webpage|url=http://www.strath.ac.uk/dlcs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084611/http://www.strath.ac.uk/dlcs/|archive-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> den de Livingstone Tower wer der be a statue of am insyd de building ein foyer. * De David Livingstone Room insyd de Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.<ref>{{cite web|title=David Livingstone Meeting & Function Room {{!}} Fifteen Ninety Nine|url=http://fifteenninetynine.co.uk/venue/the-david-livingstone-room.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531140052/http://fifteenninetynine.co.uk/venue/the-david-livingstone-room.aspx|archive-date=31 May 2016|access-date=23 August 2016|website=fifteenninetynine.co.uk}}</ref> A portrait of Livingstone by Thomas Annan (a photograph na dem paint over insyd oils) dey hang outsyd de room.<ref>{{cite web|last=Andrew McAinsh|date=5 January 2016|title=Thomas Annan and the Documentary Photograph|url=https://libraryblog.rcpsg.ac.uk/2016/01/05/thomas-annan-and-the-documentary-photograph/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629185327/https://libraryblog.rcpsg.ac.uk/2016/01/05/thomas-annan-and-the-documentary-photograph/|archive-date=29 June 2016|access-date=23 August 2016|website=College Library}}</ref> * De ''David Livingstone (Anderson College) Memorial Prize in Physiology'' dey commemorate am at de University of Glasgow. * Livingstone Place, a street insyd de Sciennes neighbourhood of Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Stuart|title=The Place Names of Edinburgh: Their Origins and History|url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofedin0000stua|date=2002|publisher=Steve Savage Publishers|isbn=1-904246-06-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/placenamesofedin0000stua/page/371 371]}}</ref> * Livingstone Street insyd Addiewell. * A memorial plaque wey dey commemorate de centenary of Livingstone ein birth na dem dedicate insyd St. James's Congregational Church in Hamilton, de church na he attend as a boy.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 January 2012|title=David Livingstone – a brief history|url=http://hamilton.urc.org.uk/david-livingstone/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144458/http://hamilton.urc.org.uk/david-livingstone/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=7 March 2013|publisher=Hamilton.urc.org.uk}}</ref> * Na Livingstone live at 17 Burnbank Road insyd Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, for a short time insyd 1862. De house still dey stand wey e get a memorial plaque outsyd. Na dem award am de Freedom of the Town of Hamilton.<ref>{{cite book|author=Blaikie, William Garden|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13262/13262-h/13262-h.htm|title=The Personal Life of David Livingstone|publisher=Project Gutenberg|year=2004|orig-year=1880}}</ref> '''England''' * A statue of David Livingstone dey stand insyd a niche on de outer wall of de Royal Geographical Society on Kensington Gore, London, wey dey look out across Kensington Gardens. Na dem unveil am insyd 1953.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Unveiling of the Livingstone Statue|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-journal_1954-03_120_1/page/15|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=120|issue=1|pages=15–20|year=1954|issn=0016-7398|doi=10.2307/1791984|jstor=1791984|bibcode=1954GeogJ.120...15. }}</ref> * Livingstone be one of de four houses at Eltham College. * David Livingstone Primary School insyd Thornton Heath, South London. * De former headquarters building of de London Missionary Society insyd Carteret Street, London, na dem name SW1 Livingstone House. * Der be a room dem name after Livingstone insyd Corpus Christi College, Oxford. * Insyd 1913, na dem unveil a plaque on Livingstone Cottage insyd Hadley Green, High Barnet wey dey commemorate Livingstone ein birth. * A road insyd Stratford, London, na dem name after Livingstone, plus de adjacent dem name after Henry Morgan Staley. Now dey situate adjacent to Rick Roberts Way. Dem since demolish both. ===North America=== '''Canada''' * De Livingstone Range of mountains insyd southern Alberta. * David Livingstone Elementary School, Vancouver. * David Livingstone Community School, Winnipeg. * Bronze bust insyd Halifax, Nova Scotia. * Gold bust insyd de city of Borden, Ontario. * Livingstone Avenue insyd Barrie, Ontario. * Livingstone Street, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. '''United States''' * De town of Livingston, California * Livingstone College, Salisbury, North Carolina. * Livingstone Adventist Academy, Salem, Oregon. * Livingston Falls, Busch Gardens, Tampa Bay === South America === * Na dem name de Livingstone Healthservice insyd Jardín América, Misiones, Argentina insyd ein honour.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Livingstone Healthservice|url=http://www.accc-ja.com/0000009f7f0a5e705/0000009ff00e61617/index.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104452/http://www.accc-ja.com/0000009f7f0a5e705/0000009ff00e61617/index.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref> === Banknotes === Insyd 1971–1998 na dem portray Livingstone ein image on £10 notes issue by de Clydesdale Bank. Na dem originally show am e be surrounded by palm tree leaves plus an illustration of African tribesmen on de back.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clydesdale 10 Pounds, 1982|url=http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021212133/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg|archive-date=21 October 2008|access-date=15 October 2008|publisher=Ron Wise's Banknoteworld}}</ref> A later issue show Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of Livingstone ein Zambezi expedition, wey dey show de River Zambezi, Victoria Falls, Lake Nyasa den Blantyre, Malawi; on de reverse, na dem replace de African figures plus an image of Livingstone ein birthplace insyd Blantyre, Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clydesdale 10 Pounds, 1990|url=http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021212114/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg|archive-date=21 October 2008|access-date=15 October 2008|publisher=Ron Wise's Banknoteworld}}</ref> ===Science=== Na dem name de species wey dey follow in honour of David Livingstone: * Livingston's cichlid, ''Nimbochromis livingstonii'' * Livingstone's eland, ''Taurotragus oryx livingstonii'' * Livingstone's fruit bat, ''Pteropus livingstonii'' Na dem name de mineral livingstonite insyd ein honor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barcena |first1=M |title=On livingstonite, a new mineral |journal=American Journal of Science |date=1874 |volume=108 |pages=145–146}}</ref> Na dem describe am insyd 1874 from Mexico. ==Portrayal insyd film den books== * Na dem portray Livingstone by M. A. Wetherell insyd ''Livingstone'' (1925), Percy Marmont insyd ''David Livingstone'' (1936), Sir Cedric Hardwicke insyd ''Stanley and Livingstone'' (1939), Michael Gough insyd BBC television series ''The Search for the Nile'' (1971), Bernard Hill insyd ''Mountains of the Moon'' (1990) den Sir Nigel Hawthorne insyd de TV movie ''Forbidden Territory'' (1997).<ref>''[[imdbtitle:0132972|Forbidden Territory: Stanley's Search for Livingstone (1997)]]'' at IMDb </ref> * Na Marvel Comics dema ''The Young Allies'' #2 feature an explorer dem name "Martin Livingstone" wey discover a new territory na he dub "New America" wey he claim am give de United States. Bucky Barnes greet am plus de famous, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Na de story be at least partially drawn by Ernie Hart, buh de writer be unknown—na Otto Binder wrep de preceding issue den Stan Lee de one wey dey follow.<ref>Stan Lee, Otto Binder, et al. ''Marvel Masterworks: Young Allies''. New York: Marvel Publishing, 2009.</ref> * De 1949 comedy film ''Africa Screams'' be de story of a dimwitted clerk dem name Stanley Livington (wey be played by Lou Costello), wey na dem mistaken am for a famous African explorer wey dem recruit am make lead a treasure hunt. Na de character ein name dey appear to be a play on Stanley den Livingstone. * Stanley Livingston, wey be played by Mort Marshall, wey ein name dey invoke both Stanley den David Livingtone, na he be de zoo director on ''Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales'', a 1963-66 animated series. * ''Out of Darkness, Shining Light'' (2019) by Petina Gappah be a fictionalized account of how Livingstone ein body, papers, den maps travel 1,500 miles across de continent of Africa, so dem fi return ein remains to England den preserve ein work der. == References == <references /> ===Sources den read further=== * Austin, Alvyn. "Discovering Livingstone" ''Christian History'' (1997) 16#4 pp.&nbsp;10–19. * Dritsas, Lawrence. ''Zambesi: David Livingstone and expeditionary science in Africa'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020). * {{cite book|last=Dugard|first=Martin |title=Into Africa: The Epic Adventures Of Stanley And Livingstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5xM29LaRZQC&pg=PA384|year=2012|publisher=Transworld|isbn=978-1-4464-3720-9}} * {{cite book|last=Dugard|first=Martin |title=The Explorers: A Story of Fearless Outcasts, Blundering Geniuses, and Impossible Success|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HumAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-7757-7}} * Gooding, Philip. "David Livingstone, UNESCO, and Nation-Building in 19th-21st-Century Scotland and East and Central Africa." ''Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies'' 5.2 (2021): 243–269. [https://jiows.mcgill.ca/article/view/117/72 online] * Groop, Kim Stefan. "Exploring Africa in the Nordic Press: David Livingstone, Henry Stanley and the Popular Fascination with Exploration and Adventure in Africa in the Late 19th Century." in ''Modernity, Frontiers and Revolutions: Proceedings of the 4th International Multidisciplinary Congress'' (CRC Press, 2018). [https://www.academia.edu/download/57545041/Grooop_-_Exploring_Africa.pdf online] * Holmes, Timothy (1993). ''Journey to Livingstone: Exploration of an Imperial Myth''. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86241-402-3}}; scholarly biography * {{cite book|last=Jeal|first=Tim|title=Livingstone|url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone0000unse_i2j7|publisher=Heinemann|year=1973|isbn=978-0-434-37208-9|location=London|author-link=}}, scholarly biography * {{cite book|last=Jeal|first=Tim|url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone00jeal|title=Livingstone|date=1973b|publisher=G. P. Putnum's Sons|isbn=9780399112157|location=New York|lccn=73-82030}}, first American edition * {{cite book|last=Jeal|first=Tim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcDR7nTiVAYC|title=Livingstone: Revised and Expanded Edition|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-300-19100-4}} * Kilbride, Daniel. "The Old South Confronts the Dilemma of David Livingstone." ''Journal of Southern History'' (2016) 82#4 pp.&nbsp;789–822; how he was seen in the American South. * Lewis, Joanna. ''Empire of sentiment: the death of Livingstone and the myth of Victorian imperialism'' (Cambridge University Press, 2018) . * Liebenberg, Elri. "'I Will Open a Path into the Interior (of Africa), or Perish': David Livingstone and the Mapping of Africa." ''Cartographic Journal'' 58.1 (2021): 29–49. * {{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David|title=Journeys in South Africa, or Travels and Researches in South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsresearche00livi|publisher=The Amalgamated Press Ltd.|year=1905|location=London, UK|orig-year=1857}}--> * {{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n3|title=Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa: Including a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior of Africa|publisher=Murray|year=1857|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342 Contents]}} * {{cite book|last1=Livingstone|first1=D.|url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeanexpe03livigoog|title=Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries: And of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1858–1864|last2=Livingstone|first2=C.|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1866}} * {{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav00livigoog|title=The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi; in Two Volumes|publisher=J. Murray|year=1874|editor-last=Waller|editor-first=Horace}} * Livingstone, David and James I. Macnair (eds) (1954). ''Livingstone's Travels''. London: J.M. Dent. * Livingstone, David (1999) [1875]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214512/http://www.arlea.fr/article.php3?id_article=493&var_recherche=livingstone%2F ''Dernier Journal'']. Paris: Arléa; {{ISBN|2-86959-215-9}} (insyd French) * Livingstone, David; I. Schapera (ed.) ''David Livingstone: Family Letters 1841–1856''. London: Chatto & Windus (1959) in two volumes. * Livingstone, Justin D. "Livingstone's Life & Expeditions." in Adrian S. Wisnicki and Megan Ward, eds. ''Livingstone Online'' (2015) [http://livingstoneonline.org/uuid/node/76ab1aa0-2bf4-4c42-adf7-c8c4ee960236 online]. * MacKenzie, John M. "David Livingstone, the Scottish cultural and political revival and the end of empire in Africa." in ''Scotland, empire and decolonisation in the twentieth century'' (Manchester University Press, 2017) pp.&nbsp;180–199. * Maclachlan, T. Banks. ''David Livingstone,'' Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, 1901, ("Famous Scots Series"). * Martelli, George (1970). ''Livingstone's River: A History of the Zambezi Expedition'', 1858–1864. London: Chatto & Windus. {{ISBN|978-0-7011-1527-2}} * {{cite book|last=Milbrandt|first=Jay|title=The Daring Heart of David Livingstone: Exile, African Slavery, and the Publicity Stunt that Saved Millions|url=https://archive.org/details/daringheartofdav0000milb|publisher=Thomas Nelson|year=2014|isbn=978-1-59555-592-2|location=Nashville, TN}} scholarly biography * Mathews, Basil Joseph, ''Livingstone, the Pathfinder'', illustrated by Ernest Prater (Oxford and London: Henry Frowde Oxford University Press, 1913) * Mkenda, Festo. "A Protestant Verdict on the Jesuit Missionary Approach in Africa: David Livingstone and Memories of the Early Jesuit Presence in South Central Africa." in ''Encounters between Jesuits and Protestants in Africa'' (Brill, 2017). 59–79 [https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004347151/B9789004347151_006.xml online]. * Morrill, Leslie, and Madge Haines (1959). ''Livingstone, Trail Blazer for God''. Mountain View: Pacific Press Publication Association. * Philip, M. NourbeSe (1991). ''Looking for Livingstone: An Odyssey of Silence''. Stratford: The Mercury Press; {{ISBN|978-0-920544-88-4}} * Rea, W. F. "Livingstone's Rhodesian Legacy." ''History Today'' (Sept 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 9, pp.&nbsp;633–639 online. * {{cite book|last=Ross|first=Andrew|title=David Livingstone : Mission and Empire|publisher=Hambledon Continuum|year=2002|isbn=978-1-85285-285-6|publication-place=London|oclc=}} * Rotberg, Robert I. "His Brother's Keeper: Charles Livingstone and the 'Failure' of David Livingstone's Zambezi Expedition." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 47.1 (2019): 76–99. * Seaver, George. ''David Livingston: His Life and Letters'' (1957), a standard biography * Shepperson, George. "David Livingstone 1813–1873: a centenary assessment." ''Geographical Journal'' (1973): 205–219. {{doi|10.2307/1796089}} * Stanley, Henry M. ''How I Found Livingstone'' (1872) [[iarchive:howifoundliving00stangoog|famous primary source]]. * Stuart, John. "David Livingstone, British Protestant missions, memory and empire." in Dominik Geppert, ed., ''Sites of imperial memory'' (Manchester University Press, 2016). * Waters, John (1996). ''David Livingstone: Trail Blazer''. Leicester: Inter-Varsity; {{ISBN|978-0-85111-170-4}} * Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2009). "Interstitial Cartographer: David Livingstone and the Invention of South Central Africa". ''Victorian Literature and Culture'' 37.1 (Mar.): 255–271. == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q48373|c=Category:David Livingstone|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Author:David Livingstone|wikt=no|species=David Livingstone}} * [https://livingstoneonline.org/ Livingstone Online] * [http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/ Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20170715215339/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/ Archived] 15 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine). Many of Livingstone's original papers spectrally imaged. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080217151257/http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/index.html Livingstone Online – Explore the manuscripts of David Livingstone] Images of original documents alongside transcribed, critically edited versions * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120401060253/http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=0192 David Livingstone (c. 1956)]. Archive film from the National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive * [[gutenberg:author/519|Works by David Livingstone]] at Project Gutenberg ** ''[[gutenberg:1039|Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa]]'' ** ''[https://gutenberg.org/etext/2519 A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries]'' ** ''[https://gutenberg.org/etext/13262 The Personal Life of David Livingstone]'' * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Livingstone%2C%20David%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22David%20Livingstone%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Livingstone%2C%20David%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22David%20Livingstone%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Livingstone%2C%20D%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22David%20Livingstone%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Livingstone%2C%20David%22%20OR%20description%3A%22David%20Livingstone%22%29%20OR%20%28%221813-1873%22%20AND%20Livingstone%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29 Works by or about David Livingstone] at the Internet Archive * [https://librivox.org/author/18525 Works by David Livingstone] at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) * {{Cite journal |year=1892 |title=Dr. Livingston (obituary, Wed., 28 Jan. 1874) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CMYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA225 |journal=Eminent Persons: Biographies Reprinted from the Times. Vol. 1–6. D. Vol. I, 1870–1875 |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |pages=225–236}} * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/the-lost-diary-of-dr-livingstone-watch-the-full-episode/1157/ ''The Lost Diary of Dr. Livingstone''] Documentary produced by the PBS series ''Secrets of the Dead'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150309063629/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm "Victoria Falls: How Livingstone discovered the Falls". by J. Desmond Clark M.A. PH.D. F.S.A. Curator of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. 1955] * [http://labs.jstor.org/zambezi/?cid=soc_JSTORedu# Interactive map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235642/http://labs.jstor.org/zambezi/?cid=soc_JSTORedu Archived] 13 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Livingstone, David}} [[Category:David Livingstone| ]] [[Category:1813 births]] [[Category:1873 deaths]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:19th-century British letter writers]] [[Category:19th-century Congregationalist ministers]] [[Category:19th-century British explorers]] [[Category:19th-century Scottish diarists]] [[Category:19th-century Scottish medical doctors]] [[Category:Alumni of Charing Cross Medical School]] [[Category:Alumni of de University of Glasgow]] [[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]] [[Category:Congregationalist missionaries insyd Africa]] [[Category:Deaths from dysentery]] [[Category:Deaths from malaria]] [[Category:British explorers of Africa]] [[Category:Fellows of de Royal Geographical Society]] [[Category:Fellows of de Royal Society]] [[Category:Infectious disease deaths insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Medical missionaries]] [[Category:People wey komot Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]] [[Category:Plant collectors]] [[Category:Scottish Congregationalist missionaries]] [[Category:Scottish explorers]] [[Category:Scottish evangelicals]] [[Category:Deaths from bleeding]] [[Category:Scottish Congregationalist ministers]] [[Category:Scottish abolitionists]] [[Category:Congregationalist abolitionists]] ohql1nsab1ei1od2fy9hkwdc0vrtx02 0 17352 115725 97537 2026-11-05T01:55:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kofi Abrefa Busia''' (11 July 1913 – 28 August 1978)<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 August 2017|title=August 28, 1978: Prime Minister of 2nd Republic Dr. Kofi Abrefa Busia Dies in London|url=https://www.eaumf.org/ejm-blog/2017/8/28/august-28-1978-prime-minister-of-2nd-republic-dr-kofi-abrefa-busia-dies-in-london|access-date=13 August 2020|website=Edward A. Ulzen Memorial Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> na he be a [[Ghana|Ghanaian]] political leader den academic wey na he be Prime Minister of Ghana from 1969 to 1972. As a leader den prime minister, na he help make dem restore civilian government to de country dey follow military rule.<ref name="Martin2">{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqYEhtONIBgC|title=African Political Thought|date=23 December 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137062055|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611034655/https://books.google.com/books?id=rqYEhtONIBgC|archive-date=11 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na dem overthrow am insyd a military coup insyd 1972.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lyons |first=Terrence |date=1997 |title=Ghana’s Encouraging Elections: A Major Step Forward |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1997.0019 |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=65–77 |doi=10.1353/jod.1997.0019 |issn=1086-3214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Early life den education== Na dem born Busia insyd [[Wenchi]], a town insyd de Brong Ahafo Region (dem now call [[Bono Region]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-04 |title=Brong Ahafo to be known as Bono Region - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2019/February-15th/brong-ahafo-to-be-known-as-bono-region.php |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=myjoyonline.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904041412/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2019/February-15th/brong-ahafo-to-be-known-as-bono-region.php |archive-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> Wenchi dey now insyd de Bono region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=122 |title=Dr Kofi Abrefa Busia, Ex-Prime Minister: 1969 – 1972 |publisher=ghanaweb.com |access-date=4 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006020000/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=122 |archive-date=6 October 2016 }}</ref> Na he be educated at Methodist School, Wenchi, Mfantsipim School, [[Cape Coast]], then at Wesley College, Kumasi, from 1931 to 1932. Na he teach at Wesley College wey na he lef make he study at [[Achimota School|Achimota College]] insyd 1935 wey na he teach der. Na he gain ein first degree plus Honours insyd Medieval den Modern History from de University of London, thru correspondence during dis period. He then go on to study at University College, Oxford,<ref name="ucr79">{{cite magazine|title=Dr. K. A. Busia|magazine=University College Record|volume=VII|issue=5|date=1979|pages=283–286}}</ref> wer na he be de college ein first African student. Na he return to de [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] insyd 1942.<ref name="Heads of States and Governments Since 1945">{{cite book|last=Lentz|first=Harris M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&q=Kofi+Abrefa+Busia+born&pg=PA320|title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-26490-2|page=320}}</ref> Na he take a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA (Hons)]] insyd Philosophy, Politics, den Economics (1941, MA 1946) den a DPhil insyd Social Anthropology insyd 1947 at Nuffield College, Oxford, plus a thesis dem entitle "''The position of the chief in the modern political system of Ashanti: a study of the influence of contemporary social changes on Ashanti political institutions''". Na he be a Fulbright scholar insyd 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fulbright Notable Alumni: Heads of State/Government|url=https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/fulbright-alumni/notable-fulbrighters/heads-stategovernment|access-date=2025-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721184026/https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/fulbright-alumni/notable-fulbrighters/heads-stategovernment|archive-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> == Political career == Na Busia serve as a district commissioner from 1942 to 1949, wey na dem appoint am first lecturer insyd African Studies. He cam be de first African make he occupy a chair at de University College of de Gold Coast (now de [[University of Ghana]]). Insyd 1951 na dem he elect am by de Ashanti Confederacy to de Legislative Council. Insyd 1952, na he be Leader of Ghana Congress Party, wich later merge plus de oda opposition parties to form de United Party (UP). ==Bibliography== * ''The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti''. London, 1951 (orig. dissertation, Oxford) * ''The Sociology and Culture of Africa''. Leiden, 1960<ref>{{cite web|last=Busia|first=K.A.|date=1960|title=The sociology and culture of Africa: its nature and scope (Inaugural lecture)|url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/33398|url-status=live|access-date=2 August 2022|publisher=Leiden University|location=Netherlands}}</ref> * ''The Challenge of Africa''. New York, 1962 * ''Purposeful Education for Africa''. The Hague, 1964 * ''Urban Churches in Britain''. London, 1966 * ''Africa in Search of Democracy''. London, 1967 == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726104952/http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Busia,%20Dr%20Kofi%20Abrefa&page=viewListing&lid=250&Itemid=36 Ghana-pedia webpage – Dr Kofi A. Busia] *[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=122 Ghanaweb about Dr. Busia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120205063059/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=122 Archived] 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071009111751/http://www.busiafoundinternational.org/about_busia.html Busia Foundation] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Busia, Kofi Abrefa}} [[Category:1913 births]] [[Category:1978 deaths]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford]] [[Category:Alumni of de University of London]] [[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]] [[Category:Fellows of St Antony's College, Oxford]] [[Category:Ghana Congress Party politicians]] [[Category:Ghanaian democracy activists]] [[Category:Ghanaian Methodists]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 1951–1954]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 1954–1956]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 1956–1965]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 1969–1972]] [[Category:Ghanaian royalty]] [[Category:Leaders dem oust by a coup]] [[Category:Academic staff of Leiden University]] [[Category:Mfantsipim School alumni]] [[Category:Politicians wey komot Brong-Ahafo Region]] [[Category:Prime ministers of Ghana]] [[Category:Progress Party (Ghana) politicians]] [[Category:United Party (Ghana) politicians]] [[Category:Academic staff of de University of Ghana]] oylkvtkqi99bf0ijufq5dqu37nunr5f 0 17656 115732 113819 2026-11-05T03:22:28Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mayors Organized for Reparations and Equity''' ('''MORE''') be a coalition of U.S. mayors wey commit dem go bia [[Reparations for slavery in the United States|reparations]] to African American citizens of dema cities. Na dem announce de association on June 18, 2021, in commemoration of de first federally dem recognize Juneteenth holiday.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cathey|first=Libby|date=June 17, 2021|title=Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking the end of slavery, a federal holiday|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sign-bill-making-juneteenth-federal-holiday-commemorating/story?id=78335485|url-status=live|access-date=June 17, 2021|website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 17, 2021|title=Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking the end of slavery, a federal holiday|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/06/17/remarks-by-president-biden-at-signing-of-the-juneteenth-national-independence-day-act/|url-status=live|access-date=June 17, 2021|website=whitehouse.gov|publisher=The White House}}</ref> Mayors wey komot such large municipalities as Los Angeles, Denver, Sacramento, den Kansas City be part of de coalition,<ref name="Fox">{{cite news|title=Mayors' coalition has big plans to take reparations movement national: 'Moving that needle': Mayors Organized for Reparations and Equity has moved to showcase how a nationwide program could work|first=Joe|last=Schoffstall|work=Fox News|date=April 4, 2023|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/mayors-coalition-big-plans-take-reparations-movement-national-moving-needle}}</ref> as well as de mayor of de small town of Tullahassee, Oklahoma,<ref>Eaton, Kristi. [https://dailyyonder.com/a-small-all-black-community-in-oklahoma-is-examining-reparations/2021/10/13/ "Small, Historically Black Town in Oklahoma Joins a National Coalition Studying Reparations: Mayors Organized for Reparations and Equity includes representatives of some of the nation's largest cities. It also includes the mayor of Tullahassee, Oklahoma, which has a population of under 150,"] ''The Daily Yonder'' (October 13, 2021).</ref> plus a population of 83.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240413121859/https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/tullahassee-ok-population Tullahassee, Oklahoma Population 2022], World Population Review. Retrieved June 2, 2022.</ref> == Later wahala == Insyd April 2022, na MORE member Mayor Tishaura Jones of St. Louis sign a bill wey dey allow voluntary donations to a reparations fund. De bill dey allow St. Louis residents make dem donate to de fund insyd dema property tax anaa water den refuse collection bills.<ref>Schlinkmann, Mark. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230803063232/http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/st-louis-mayor-signs-bill-allowing-voluntary-reparations-donations-as-first-step/article_afd771d9-aa37-562a-aed3-0a2ce31cfe25.html "St. Louis mayor signs bill allowing voluntary reparations donations as 'first step',"] ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'' (Apr. 2, 2022).</ref> De reparations bill, wey be sponsored by a city alderman, na ebe vague on details about eligibility den de potential disbursements of de funds.<ref>Schlinkmann, Mark. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230304120450/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/st-louis-aldermanic-panel-advances-reparations-fund-bill/article_c7c410b5-e1bf-5204-a1f2-462b46580f08.html "St. Louis aldermanic panel advances reparations fund bill,"] ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'' (Mar 2, 2022).</ref> Insyd August 2022, na MORE member Mayor Jorge Elorza of Providence propose a $10 million reparations spending plan give de city, dey use federal coronavirus relief funds.<ref>Marcelo, Philip. [https://apnews.com/article/covid-health-discrimination-race-and-ethnicity-e29900091caf2272dc861a3711d9891b "Rhode Island mayor proposes $10M reparations spending plan,"] ''Associated Press'' (August 25, 2022).</ref> Insyd July 2023, na Kansas City Mayor Quinton Lucas create a K.C. Commission on Reparations, plus 13 members.<ref>{{cite news|title=KCMO Mayor Quinton Lucas appoints 13 members to Commission on Reparations|first=Tod|last=Palmer|date=May 1, 2023|url=https://www.kshb.com/news/local-news/kcmo-mayor-quinton-lucas-appoints-13-members-to-commission-on-reparations|work=KSHB-TV}}</ref> As of November 2023, na four individual members of de coalition lef dema offices as mayors of dema respective cities. In addition, de MORE website no longer dey function. == Members wey be mayors == De following be list of MORE member mayors: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Mayor !City !State !Party !Note |- |Eric Garcetti |Los Angeles |California |Democratic |Co-chair |- |Michael Hancock |Denver |Colorado |Democratic |Co-chair |- |Tishaura Jones |St. Louis |Missouri |Democratic |Member of MORE coalition board |- |Keisha Currin |Tullahassee |Oklahoma |Democratic | |- |Jorge Elorza |Providence |Rhode Island |Democratic | |- |Steve Adler |Austin |Texas |Democratic | |- |Elaine O'Neal |Durham |North Carolina |Democratic |"Inherited" membership from previous Durham Mayor Steve Schewel |- |Esther Manheimer |Asheville |North Carolina |Democratic | |- |Quinton Lucas |Kansas City |Missouri |Democratic |Member of MORE coalition board |- |Darrell Steinberg |Sacramento |California |Democratic | |- |Melvin Carter |Saint Paul |Minnesota |Democratic | |- |Damon Seils |Carrboro |North Carolina |Democratic |"Inherited" membership from previous Carrboro Mayor Lydia Lavelle |- |Michael Tubbs |Stockton |California |Democratic |Former Mayor of Stockton; Emeritus Member |} == References == <references /> == Read further == * Beltrán, Bianca. [https://www.kmbc.com/article/advocate-of-reparations-for-slavery-talks-about-forms-it-could-take-in-kansas-city/36792774 "Advocate of reparations for slavery talks about forms it could take in Kansas City: KC mayor joins leaders across the country in exploring opportunities for reparations,"] ''KMBC'' (June 21, 2021). * Derosier, Alex. [https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/minnesota/what-would-reparations-for-slavery-look-like-in-minnesota-and-the-us "What would reparations for slavery look like in Minnesota and the US? St. Paul's push to explore reparations for descendants of Black slaves and victims of discriminatory housing practices represents a newer type of push on the issue,"] ''Duluth News Tribune'' (April 15, 2022). * Logan, Erin B. [https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-06-18/l-a-creates-a-commission-to-study-reparations "L.A. creates advisory commission to study reparations pilot program for some Black Angelenos,"] ''Los Angeles Times'' (June 18, 2021). * Marohn, Charles. [https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2020/9/18/the-local-case-for-reparations "The Local Case for Reparations,"] ''Strong Towns'' (September 21, 2020). * Newsome, Melba. [https://www.theassemblync.com/politics/when-reparations-meet-bureaucracy/ "When Reparations Meet Bureaucracy: Asheville's historic reparations resolution made national news in 2020, helping spark a wave of similar city-level initiatives across the country. But mounting delays show that while winning a vote may be hard, moving through a hesitant and halting bureaucracy can be an even more difficult challenge,"] ''The Assembly'' (Oct. 7, 2021). ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210619000539/https://moremayors.org/ MORE website, archived on Juneteenth 2021] <!-- per [[WP:ELMINOFFICIAL]], choose one official website only --> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mayors Organized for Reparations and Equity}} [[Category:Government-related professional associations insyd de United States]] [[Category:Organizations dem establish insyd 2021]] [[Category:Reparations for slavery insyd de United States]] [[Category:Slavery-related organizations]] [[Category:2021 establishments insyd Michigan]] mq1gr2v46onb232a3q4ry5jv646gbys 0 17723 115745 115526 2026-11-05T05:43:40Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samuel George Morton''' (January 26, 1799 – May 15, 1851) na he be American physician, naturalist, den writer. As one of de early figures of scientific racism, na he argue against monogenism, de single creation story of de Bible, instead dey support polygenism, a theory of multiple racial creations. Na he be a prolific writer of books on chaw subjects from 1823 to 1851. Na he wrep ''Geological Observations'' insyd 1828, den both ''Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group of the United States'' and ''Illustrations of Pulmonary Consumption'' insyd 1834. Na dem publish ein first medical essay, on de use of cornine insyd intermittent fever insyd de ''Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences'' insyd 1825.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wood|first=George Bacon|title=Introductory lectures and addresses on medical subjects : delivered chiefly before the medical classes of the University of Pennsylvania / by George B. Wood.|publisher=J. B. Lippincott|year=1859|location=Philadelphia|page=443|chapter=A memoir of the Dr. Samuel George Morton|oclc=4402287|quote=His first medical essay was on the user of cornine in intermittent fever, and was published in the ''Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences'' (xi. 195, A.D. 1825).|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/introductorylec01woodgoog}}</ref> Ein bibliography dey include ''Hybridity in Animals and Plants'' (1847), ''Additional Observation on Hybridity'' (1851), den ''An Illustrated System of Human Anatomy'' (1849). == Early life den career == Dem born am insyd Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, na dem raise Morton as a Quaker wey he educate at Westtown School den de University of Pennsylvania, from wer na he graduate insyd 1820.<ref>[https://www.penn.museum/sites/morton/life.php Life of Morton] at penn.museum</ref> He then earn an advanced degree from de University of Edinburgh, insyd Scotland, wey na he begin dey practice medicine insyd Philadelphia insyd 1824. Na he be one of de founders of de Pennsylvania Medical College insyd Philadelphia<ref name="extinct">{{cite web|title=Extinct Philadelphia Medical Schools|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/medical/extinct.html|access-date=April 27, 2015|work=Philadelphia Medical History and the University of Pennsylvania|publisher=University of Pennsylvania, University Archives and Records Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423203205/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/medical/extinct.html|archive-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> wey na he serve as ein professor of anatomy from 1839 til ein resignation insyd 1843. Na dem elect am a member of de American Philosophical Society insyd 1828<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1828&year-max=1828&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-04-07|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> den de American Antiquarian Society insyd 1844.<ref>[https://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistm American Antiquarian Society Members Directory]</ref> Dem bury am at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fabian|first=Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GL4lEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|title=The Skull Collectors: Race, Science, and America's Unburied Dead|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2020|isbn=9780226760575|pages=12&ndash;13}}</ref> == Works == * “Observations on Cornine, (an Alkaline Principle, recently obtained from the bark of Cornus Florida, By George W. Carpenter of Philadelphia).” ''The Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences'' 11 [n. s. 2]:195–198, 1825. * “Description of the Fossil Shells characterizing the Atlantic Secondary Formation of New-Jersey and Delaware; including four new species.” Read on December 11, 1827, and January 1, 1828. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 6 (1): 72–73, 1829. * “Geological Observations on the Secondary, Tertiary, and Alluvial Formations of the Atlantic Coast of the United States of America arranged from the notes of Lardiner Vanuxem,” Read on January 8, 1828. ''Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 6 (1): 59–71, 1829. * “On the analogy which exists between the Marl of New Jersey, Etc. and the Chalk formation of Europe,” Letter from S. G. Morton, MD to the Editor, dated February 14, 1832. ''American Journal of Science and Arts'' 22 (1): 90–91, 1832. * ''Illustrations of Pulmonary Consumption: Its Anatomical Characters, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment''. Philadelphia: Key & Biddle, 1834. * ''Crania Americana; or, A Comparative View of the Skulls of Various Aboriginal Nations of North and South America: To which is Prefixed An Essay on the Varieties of the Human Species.'' Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1839. * ''Catalogue of the Skulls of Man and the Inferior Animals in the Collection of Samuel George Morton'', Philadelphia: Turner and Fisher, 1840. * ''A Memoir of William Maclure, Esq''. Philadelphia: T. K. and P. G. Collins, 1841. * Editor for Benjamin Ellis. ''The Medical Formulary: Being a Collection of Prescriptions Derived from the Writings and Practice of Many of the Most Eminent Physicians in America and Europe''. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1842. * Editor for John Makintosh. ''Principles of Pathology and Practice of Medicine'', 4th American Ed. Philadelphia, Lindsay and Blakiston, 1844. * ''An Inquiry into the Distinctive Characteristics of the Aboriginal Race of America''. Philadelphia: John Penington, 1844. * ''Catalogue of the Skulls of Man and the Inferior Animals in the Collection of Samuel George Morton'', 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1843. * ''Crania Aegyptiaca; or Observations on Egyptian Ethnography Derived from Anatomy, History and the Monuments''. Philadelphia: John Pennington, 1844. * “On a supposed new species of Hippopotamus,” Meeting of February 27, 1844. ''Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' 2 (2): 14–17, 1844. * ''Hybridity in Animals and Plants, Considered in Reference to the Question of the Unity of the Human Species''. New Haven: B.L. Hamlen, 1847. * ''An Illustrated System of Human Anatomy''. Philadelphia: Grigg, Elliot and Co., 1849. * ''Catalogue of the Skulls of Man and the Inferior Animals in the Collection of Samuel George Morton'', 3rd Ed. Philadelphia: Merrihew and Thompson, 1849. * “On the Size of the Brain in the Various Races and Families of Man.” In ''Types of Mankind'', 8th Ed. Josiah Nott and George Gliddon, eds. Pp.&nbsp;298–327. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippencott - London: Trübner and Co., 1850. * “Physical Type of the American Indians.” In ''Historical and Statistical Information Respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States''. Vol. II, Pp.&nbsp;315–335. Henry Schoolcraft. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, 1851. * “Exerpta from Morton’s Inedited Manuscripts.” In ''Types of Mankind''. Josiah Knot and George Gliddon, eds., pp.&nbsp;298–327. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippencott - London: Trübner and Co., 1855. == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q920542|c=Category:Samuel George Morton|n=no|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Author:Samuel George Morton|wikt=no|species=Samuel George Morton}} * [https://www.remembermyjourney.com/Search/27?q=first:%20Samuel%20middle:%20George%20last:%20Morton&searchCemeteryId=&birthYear=&deathYear=#deceased=1740405 Grave] * [http://www.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.B.M843-ead.xml;query=Samuel%20George%20Morton;brand=default Samuel George Morton Papers at American Philosophical Society] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220706053753/http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_LCP_LCPMorton Samuel George Morton Papers at the University of Pennsylvania] * [https://archive.org/stream/typesmankindore01pattgoog#page/n10/mode/2up ''Types of Mankind''] preserved at the Internet Archive {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Morton, Samuel George}} [[Category:1799 births]] [[Category:1851 deaths]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:19th-century American physicians]] [[Category:Alumni of de University of Edinburgh]] [[Category:American birth control activists]] [[Category:American science writers]] [[Category:Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)]] [[Category:Physicians wey komot Philadelphia]] [[Category:Proponents of scientific racism]] [[Category:Quakers wey komot Pennsylvania]] [[Category:People dem involve insyd race den intelligence controversies]] [[Category:Reproductive rights insyd de United States]] [[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]] [[Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty]] [[Category:Westtown School alumni]] [[Category:Writers wey komot Philadelphia]] [[Category:Members of de American Philosophical Society]] 2niphzvv7jlabdt3ubasij7m8g1s7wp 0 18723 115727 75326 2026-11-05T02:11:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwabena Duffuor''' be Ghana man wey serve as de Finance Minister of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwabena Duffuor, Republic of Ghana: Profile and Biography|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/3270501|access-date=2023-08-24|website=Bloomberg.|language=en}}</ref> He be former governor of de Bank of Ghana, den for de IMF/World Bank meeting wey dem hold for 1999, dem name am as one of de four best Central Bank Governors for de whole world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon. Dr. Kwabena Duffuor {{!}} Founder & President {{!}} Institute for Fiscal Studies Ghana|url=https://ifsghana.org/kwabena-duffour/|access-date=2020-05-07|website=Ifs Ghana|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216191801/http://ifsghana.org/kwabena-duffour/|archive-date=2020-02-16}}</ref> He be Fellow of de Akuafo Hall for University of Ghana, den Fellow too for de Chartered Institute of Bankers. Duffuor be founder den chairman of HODA Holdings, wey be business group wey get Insurance, Banking, Real Estate, Farming, Mining plus Media. He be founder den president of de Institute for Fiscal Studies for Ghana, wey be non-profit think-tank wey dey provide economic advocacy plus training—he establish am for March 2013. He be de same person wey start uniBank, wey dem collapse for 2018 under controversial circumstances.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bank of Ghana places uniBank in administration|url=https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/trending/j1qzh33wtjks3kbvojcdzq2|accessdate=1 January 2020|publisher=S&P Global Intelligence|date=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UPDATE 2-Ghana central bank places Unibank in administration|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ghana-bank/update-2-ghana-central-bank-places-unibank-in-administration-idUSL8N1R2692|accessdate=1 January 2020|publisher=Reuters|date=20 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kwabena Duffour sues BoG over uniBank license revocation|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Kwabena-Duffour-sues-BoG-over-uniBank-license-revocation-678461|accessdate=1 January 2020|publisher=GhanaWeb|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101161955/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Kwabena-Duffour-sues-BoG-over-uniBank-license-revocation-678461|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=uniBank takeover: Duffuor Jnr sues KPMG for deceit|publisher=MyJoyOnline.|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2018/October-16th/unibank-takeover-duffuor-jnr-sues-kpmg-for-deceit.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon. Dr. Kwabena Duffuor {{!}} Founder & President {{!}} Institute for Fiscal Studies Ghana|url=https://ifsghana.org/kwabena-duffour/|access-date=2020-05-31|website=Ifs Ghana|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812155959/http://ifsghana.org/kwabena-duffour/|archive-date=2020-08-12}}</ref> == Early life den education == Insyd 1958, Kwabena Duffuor enter Prempeh College for Kumasi take begin ein secondary school education through Ghana Cocoa Marketing Board scholarship. For there, he take get ein O-Level certificate for 1962 plus A-Level certificate for 1964. He then move go University of Ghana wey he graduate for 1968 plus B.Sc. degree for Economics. After he work small time for Volta River Authority, he start ein banking career for Ghana Commercial Bank for 1969. Between 1973 plus 1979, as he still dey work with GCB Bank, Duffuor take get USAID plus African Graduate Fellowship Awards wey make he travel go Syracuse University for New York. There, he obtain MBA for Finance plus Banking, MA for Economics for 1975, den PhD for 1979—all for de Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs for Syracuse University. He still receive ein Doctorate of Philosophy for International Finance for 1979 from de same university.<ref name="Kwabena Duffuor, Biography">{{Cite web|title=Kwabena Duffuor, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Kwabena-Duffuor-2620|access-date=2022-08-25|website=GhanaWeb.}}</ref> After he work small as economist for IMF for Washington, Duffuor return come Ghana wey he combine ein banking work for Ghana Commercial Bank plus Lecturing for Economics and Finance for University of Ghana between 1980 den 1991.<ref name="Amanfuo">{{cite web|title=Dr. Kwabena Duffuor|url=http://www.prempeh.org/spotlite/duffuor.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20001028094946/http://www.prempeh.org/spotlite/duffuor.html|archive-date=October 28, 2000|accessdate=2010-04-16|work=OLD BOYS PROFILES|publisher=Prempeh College Amanfuo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Kwabena Duffuor {{!}} Profile {{!}} Africa Confidential|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/422/Kwabena_Duffuor|access-date=2020-05-31|website=africa-confidential.|language=en}}</ref> == Career == Duffuor start work plus Ghana Commercial Bank for 1969, where he rise come be chief economist plus head of research department. Between 1982 plus 1991, Duffuor dey work full-time as banker. He too dey work part-time as lecturer for economics, finance plus banking for de Economics Department plus de School of Administration for University of Ghana. From 1985, dem appoint am as external examiner for finance for de university. For 1995, he become deputy governor of de Bank of Ghana. For July 1997, President Jerry Rawlings appoint Duffuor as governor of de Bank of Ghana. He hold dis position till ein four-year term end for September 2001.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr Kwabena Duffuor, Former Minister of Finance and Economic Planning|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1166|access-date=2017-10-17|website=GhanaWeb.|language=en}}</ref> Insyd Ghana Commercial Bank, he rise through de ranks, wey he come be general manager plus head of de London Branch for 1991. Under ein tenureship, de GCB London Branch grow make serious impression. De bank ein profit move from £1.5 million for 1991 go £3.6 million for 1994. Because of dat, de Income/Expense ratio drop from 75 per cent for 1991 go 55 per cent by de end of 1994. Inside dat same period, Duffuor lead group of international banks, including Chemical Bank (London) plus Standard Chartered Bank (London), to arrange syndicated loan of $140 million for Ghana Cocoa Board plus $65 million for Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC). By 1994, de GCB London dey shine well-well insyd London city, so dem invite Dr Duffuor go de big Annual Dinner of de Lord Mayor of London wey dem hold for Mansion House on 14 June 1994. Dis invitation be make Dr Duffuor fit meet big-big people like de Chancellor of Exchequer, governor of de Bank of England, head of Lloyd's of London, de lord mayor of London plus captains of industry den finance for de United Kingdom. Insyd July 1995, dem appoint Duffuor as Deputy Governor of de Bank of Ghana, so he commot come back home. As deputy governor, he put ein eye top restructuring of Government Accounts, Human Capital Development, Commercial Banking Services plus Treasury Services den Foreign Exchange Market Development of de bank. He too bring come de two-way quotation system (offer/bid rates) for Foreign Exchange transaction insyd de bank, wey remove de subsidy wey dey go to people wey dey use foreign exchange. For 1996, he arrange US$100 million Syndicated Facility plus Societe General Bank (London Branch) for de Government of Ghana through de Ministry of Finance. Insyd July 1997, dem appoint am as governor of de bank; he lead plenty reforms insyd de bank, including de conversion of Ghana Commercial Bank London Branch into UK incorporated Bank – Ghana International Bank, plc for March 1998. For November 1997, de Institute of Bankers insyd Ghana confer honorary fellowship on Dr Duffuor for ein loyal plus meritorious service to de banking industry. Readers of ''The Independent'' newspaper nominate am as Ghana ein man of de year. == Board engagements == For March 2003, dem appoint Duffuor as chairman of de Presidential Committee on Promotion plus Revitalization of de Industrial Sector on Sustainable Basis. Again for December 2003, de governments of Ghana plus Denmark join appoint am as chairman of de Programme Committee for de Business Sector Programme Support (BSPS) wey de Danish Government sponsor for Ghanaian Private Sector Development for de period 2003–08. Duffuor currently be chairman of Ghana Heart Foundation plus Kumawuman Rural Bank. He too serve for plenty directorship positions insyd different companies, including Accra Brewery Limited, Shell Ghana Limited, Ecobank Cote d'Ivoire, State Gold Mining Corporation, Ghana Cocoa Board, Ashanti Goldfields Company Limited, plus Ghana International Bank Plc. London, where he be board chairman between 1998 plus 2001. He be Fellow of Akuafo Hall, University of Ghana, plus Fellow of de Chartered Institute of Bankers. == Politics == Kwabena Duffuor be member of Convention People's Party. Dem appoint am as finance minister insyd John Atta Mills ein National Democratic Congress government for February 2009. Insy 2023, Duffuor file nomination form make he run against John Dramani Mahama as flagbearer of de National Democratic Congress, but later he withdraw from de campaign sake of concerns about de neutrality plus transparency of de party ein election process. == Awards == Insyd 1998, Duffuor win "Personality of the Year" wey ''The Independent'' newspaper for Ghana vote for am. Dis same year, de Chartered Institute of Marketing, Ghana (CIMG) vote am as "Marketing Man of the Year". For ein loyal plus meritorious service to de banking industry for Ghana, de Institute of Bankers – Ghana confer Honorary Fellowship on Duffuor for November 1997. For September 1999, Euromoney Publications commend am as one of de best four Central Bank Governors for de World during de IMF/World Bank meeting wey dem hold for Washington, DC. For May 2002, GCB Bank honour Duffuor to recognise ein 26 years of loyal plus dedicated service to de bank plus de honour wey he do de bank through ein appointment to de high office of governor of de Bank of Ghana. Insyd February 2002, de Rural Bankers’ Association of Ghana honour Duffuor for de big contribution wey he make towards de development of de Rural Banking sector insyd de country. For September 2002, de Ashanti Regional chapter of de Rural Bankers’ Association appreciate plus honour Duffuor as de founder plus first president of de association, wey also make very significant contribution to de development of one vibrant rural banking industry insyd de Ashanti Region. Insyd July 2010, Duffuor receive de International Distinguished Merit Award from de West African Insurance Institute, to recognise ein outstanding contribution to de development of Insurance for Africa, plus especially for ein strong support for de promotion of insurance education insyd de region, most especially for de West African Insurance Institute. Insyd 2011, ''The Banker'' name am as Africa ein Finance Minister of the Year 2011. Sana for October 2011, Africa investor (Ai), wey be one top international investment research plus communication group, give Duffuor de African Finance Minister of the Year 2011 Award during de prestigious Africa investor (Ai) Investment and Business Leader Awards wey dem hold for Washington during de World Bank Annual Meetings. Duffuor receive Lifetime Achievement Award insyd Banking plus Finance from Corporate Initiative Ghana, wey be de organisers of de Ghana Banking Awards, for one ceremony wey dem hold for December 2014. For January 2015, TV station Viasat 1 name Dr Duffuor as "Man of the Year 2014" for Ghana, for ein outstanding success insyd business. Dis be de second time wey dis ‘‘Man of the Year’’ award dey go to de same person during ein lifetime for Ghana. Insyd July 2015, Duffuor receive Exceptional Achievement Award from GUBA during one event wey happen for Hilton Metropole Hotel, London. For September 2015, MUSIGA give am Special Music Pillar Honour Award during one event wey dem hold for Banquet Hall, State House. To recognise de extraordinary contribution wey he make towards de development of dis country, de Republic of Ghana confer de State honour of Companion of de Order of de Volta (CV) on Dr Kwabena Duffuor for December 2015. == Controversies den allegations == Duffuor be founder of uniBank, one defunct major Ghanaian bank. Dem set up de bank for 1997 during de time wey he be Governor of de Bank of Ghana (BoG). For 2018, de Bank of Ghana put de bank under administration, den later consolidate am plus four other defunct banks during Ghana ein banking crisis. At de time wey dem put de bank under administration, ein son Dr Kwabena Duffuor Jr. be de one wey dey lead de bank. As dem take over de bank, de BoG talk say reasons be weak supervisory standards, weak operations, persistent liquidity shortfalls plus breaches in de bank ein cash reserve requirements. By de time of de administration, reports show say de bank get negative capital adequacy of -24% as of December 2017, plus e dey rely on more than 2.2 billion cedis (US$498 million at de time) liquidity support from de BoG make e continue dey operate. De bank ein Receivers later carry Duffuor, HODA, ein son plus some oda people go court, make dem return 5 billion cedis worth of assets. De Receivers talk say de Directors plus shareholders of de bank do illegal dealings by giving out unlawful loans and also by acquiring properties illegally under demma related companies. Duffuor try take back control of de bank by also suing de Ghana Government, saying say de bank dey like say dem forcefully take am. Inside dis lawsuit, e come out say almost all de loans wey uniBank give out no dey pay—dem classify am as “impaired.” Ein son too sue de administrator KPMG plus demma staff, accuse dem of deceit and say dem plan to benefit demma own self by lying to de Government so de bank go collapse. == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Duffuor, Kwabena}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Finance ministers of Ghana]] [[Category:Convention People's Party (Ghana) politicians]] [[Category:Ghanaian bankers]] [[Category:Ghanaian economists]] [[Category:Governors of Bank of Ghana]] [[Category:Recipients of de Order of the Volta]] [[Category:Prempeh College alumni]] [[Category:Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs alumni]] [[Category:Syracuse University alumni]] [[Category:National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians]] <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} cm578efqid6iuypavo54jggo9mxf9s7 0 18839 115700 108471 2026-11-04T21:26:24Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christian views on slavery''' be varied regionally, historically den spiritually. Na slavery insyd various forms be a part of de social environment for much of Christianity ein history, wey dey span well over eighteen centuries. Na Saint Augustine describe slavery as e be against God ein intention wey dey result from sin.<ref name="AugustineOnSlavery1">{{cite web |author1=Augustine of Hippo |title="Chapter 15 - Of the Liberty Proper to Man's Nature, and the Servitude Introduced by Sin—A Servitude in Which the Man Whose Will is Wicked is the Slave of His Own Lust, Though He is Free So Far as Regards Other Men." in City of God (Book 19 ) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120119.htm |access-date=11 February 2016 |quote=God ... did not intend that His rational creature, who was made in His image, should have dominion over anything but the irrational creation - not man over man, but man over the beasts ... the condition of slavery is the result of sin ... It [slave] is a name .. introduced by sin and not by nature ... circumstances [under which men could become slaves] could never have arisen save [i.e. except] through sin ... The prime cause, then, of slavery is sin, which brings man under the dominion of his fellow [sinful man] ... But by nature, as God first created us, no one is the slave either of man or of sin.}}</ref> De earliest elaboration of abolition wey dey survive from antiquity be Gregory of Nyssa ein sermon on owning slaves den pride (380 AD), wey dey anticipate de moral groundwork of de abolitionist movement by nearly 1,500 years.<ref name="harper">{{cite book |last1=Harper |first1=Kyle |title=Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275-425 |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107640818 |pages=345–346 |quote=From all of antiquity, we know of only a handful of critics of slavery. The opponents of Aristotle held that slavery was unnatural (but not necessarily unjust); myths of a Golden Age imagined a time of peace and equality; Philo reported that the Essenes refused to own slaves because it was unjust. By far the most remarkable and categorical statement of opposition to slavery survives in an exegetical sermon of Gregory of Nyssa. The sermon centered on the verse of Ecclesiastes in which the author confessed that “I got me servants and maidens.” The king’s great wealth, including his slaves, inflated his pride. There was, Gregory claimed, an especially insidious connection between the ownership of slaves and the experience of pride...Gregory’s sermon was a remarkable document, in some ways anticipating the moral groundwork and poetry of the abolitionist movement by nearly a millennium-and-a-half. He would tell masters that they and their slaves shared the same origin, the same life, the same sufferings. Master and slave breathed the same air, saw the same sun, ate the same food, and their two bodies became one dust after death.}}</ref> Insyd de eighteenth century na de abolition movement take shape among Christians across de globe. Insyd de eighteenth den nineteenth century debates wey dey concern abolition, na dem use passages insyd de Bible by both pro-slavery advocates den abolitionists to support dema respective views. Na e be Christian groups wey take a hard stand against slavery as an institution wey na dem push for abolition secof na secular government protect slavery.<ref name="moore2">{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Joseph S. |title=Founding Sins: How a Group of Antislavery Radicals fought to put Christ into the Constitution |url=https://archive.org/details/foundingsinshowg0000moor |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190269241 |location=New York, NY |page=[https://archive.org/details/foundingsinshowg0000moor/page/89 89] |chapter=Slavery and the Sin of Secular America |quote=In making that case, Covenanters mounted a witness against the sin of slavery unlike any other in both North and South. First, their antislavery ideals antedated even the Quaker abolitionist movement; Covenanters were some of the first people in Britain or America to take a public stand against the institution. Second, they created a unique biblical interpretation that did what neither abolitionists in the North nor pro-slavery Christians in the South were able to accomplish: they reconciled biblical literalism, with its clear sanction of slavery, and abolitionism, with its emphasis on human liberty in a state of nature.}}</ref> Insyd modern times, chaw Christian organizations reject de permissibility of slavery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mennonite Church USA |url=https://mennoniteusa.org/resource/statement-against-human-trafficking-modern-day-slavery/ |access-date=2016-02-11 |quote=Preamble: To join with other Christian denominations in a united voice against the evil of human trafficking, we present this statement of our opposition to all forms of human slavery.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pope Francis |url=http://www.globalfreedomnetwork.org/popefrancis2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216000542/http://www.globalfreedomnetwork.org/popefrancis2014/ |archive-date=2016-02-16 |access-date=2016-02-11 |quote=Inspired by our confessions of faith, today we are gathered for an historic initiative and concrete action: to declare that we will work together to eradicate the terrible scourge of modern slavery in all its forms.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury |url=http://www.globalfreedomnetwork.org/archbishopcanterbury2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216000409/http://www.globalfreedomnetwork.org/archbishopcanterbury2014/ |archive-date=2016-02-16 |access-date=2016-02-11 |quote=At a time when faiths are seen wrongly as a cause of conflict is a sign of real hope that today global faith leaders have together committed themselves publicly to the battle to end modern slavery.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Baptist Convention |url=http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/899/resolution-on-racial-reconciliation-on-the-150th-anniversary-of-the-southern-baptist-convention |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221195908/http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/899/resolution-on-racial-reconciliation-on-the-150th-anniversary-of-the-southern-baptist-convention |archive-date=2016-02-21 |access-date=2016-02-11 |quote=...Be it further resolved, that we lament and repudiate historic acts of evil such as slavery from which we continue to reap a bitter harvest...}}</ref> == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{citation |author=Jacobus Diaconus |title=Vitae Patrum: De Vita et Verbis Seniorum sive Historiae Eremiticae, ''Vol.&nbsp;I'' |date=1628 |editor-last=Rosweyde |editor-first=Heribert |editor-link=Heribert Rosweyde |display-editors=0 |contribution=22: The Life of Saint Pelagia the Harlot [Celebrated in the Roman Martyrology on October 8] by Jacobus Diaconus, translated into Latin from the Greek by Eustochius |location=Antwerp |ref={{harvid|James the Deacon}}}}. * Lossing, Benson J., LL.D. ''Matthew Brady's Illustrated History of the Civil War 1861–65 and the Causes That Led Up To the Great Conflict.'' Random House. {{ISBN|0-517-20974-8}}. * Lewis, Bernard (1992). ''Race and Slavery in the Middle East''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-505326-5}}. * Nevins, Allan. ''The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War 1859–1861.'' ©1950, Charles Scribner's Sons. SBN 684-10416-4. * E. Wyn James, [https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/special-collections/subject-guides/welsh-ballads/slavery 'Welsh Ballads and American Slavery'], ''The Welsh Journal of Religious History'', 2 (2007), pp.&nbsp;59–86. ISSN 0967-3938. == External links == {{Wikiquote}} * [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080102125918/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=24&cuItem_itemID=4957 Does the Bible condone, condemn, or remain neutral on the issue of slavery?], WELS Topical Q&A (Confessional Lutheran perspective) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070211234622/http://www.inu.net/skeptic/slavery.html Louis W. Cable - SLAVERY and the BIBLE] * ''DeBow's Review'' (September 1850): [https://web.archive.org/web/20250524163046/https://fair-use.org/debows-review/1850/09/slavery-and-the-bible "Slavery and the Bible"] * [https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf113.v.vi.i.html St. John Crysostom's Homilies on the Epistle to Philemon (Circa 400 CE)] * Roberts, Christo: [https://secularhumanism.org/2025/01/christianitys-supposed-role-in-ending-slavery/ Christianity’s Supposed Role in Ending Slavery]. ''Free Inquiry'' 2/2025. {{DEFAULTSORT:Christianity And Slavery}} [[Category:Christianity den slavery| ]] d4rsmz9r0bj5mbaiagdzcj80jzmqtbo 0 19568 115718 80531 2026-11-05T01:21:16Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Johnson Phillip Mlambo''' (22 February 1940 – 9 January 2021) be a South African politician<ref name="afdb">{{cite web |date=17 December 2003 |title=Mlambo, Johnson P. |url=http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/14720.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825042935/http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/14720.html |archivedate=2004-08-25 |accessdate=2007-05-13 |work=Contemporary Africa Database ::: People |publisher=The Africa Centre}}</ref> wey komot Johannesburg. == Activism den political career == He join de Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) wen dem start am for 1959, den he become branch leader insyd Daveyton. Insyd 1962, two years after dem ban de PAC, he go de underground headquarters insyd Maseru, where he join de planning for wetin dem dey call de "Year of Destiny" wey dem dey prepare for 1963. Dem arrest am on 31 March 1963 together plus seven colleagues, sentence am to twenty years for prison, den carry am go Robben Island. For de island, he go through abuse from de prison warders, including dem bury am alive reach ein neck, plus dem urinate on am. Dis kind wicked treatment, plus others, come reach de international community, enter United Nations General Assembly, den e help bring small improvement for de prison conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnson Phillip Mlambo - South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johnson-phillip-mlambo |access-date=2021-01-10 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> After dem release am on 20 June 1983, he go back join de PAC, den spend about ten days plus ein family before he comot from de country go meet de PAC for exile. Dem appoint am as Secretary for Foreign Affairs, den after John Nyathi Pokela die, dem make am chairman plus commander in chief of de Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA), wey be PAC ein military wing, from 12 August 1985 go 1990.<ref name="etd.rau">{{cite web |last=Kondlo |first=Kwandiwe Merriman |date=1 January 2004 |title=The generation of strained intra-PAC relations in exile 1962-1990 |url=http://etd.rau.ac.za/theses/available/etd-08182004-115716/restricted/FinalChapter4.pdf |accessdate=2006-12-29 |work=In the twilight of the Azanian Revolution: the exile history of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (South Africa): (1960-1990) |publisher=University of Johannesburg |pages=Chapter 4, pp 146–246}}</ref> He serve as Deputy President of de PAC from 1990 reach 1994.<ref name="afdb" /> == Ein life matter den death == He be de uncle of Judge Dunstan Mlambo.<ref>{{cite web |title=LRC Oral History Project – Dunstan Mlambo |url=http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/inventories/inv_pdft/AG3298/AG3298-1-113-text.pdf |accessdate=26 February 2014 |publisher=Wits University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308024337/http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/inventories/inv_pdft/AG3298/AG3298-1-113-text.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-08}}</ref> He die of [[COVID-19]] during de COVID-19 pandemic insyd South Africa, on de morning of 9 January 2021, after being admitted to hospital de day before. == References == <references /> == External links == *[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/special/prison/mlambo.htm Mlambo speaks before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mlambo, Johnson Phillip}} [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:South African people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]] [[Category:South African revolutionaries]] [[Category:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania politicians]] [[Category:Inmates of Robben Island]] [[Category:Deaths from de COVID-19 pandemic insyd South Africa]] [[Category:20th-century South African politicians]] crbcbzyayypxdymjugl33b3re1fh6sx 0 20362 115747 113560 2026-11-05T05:52:34Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Serena Jameka Williams''' (born September 26, 1981) be an American former professional tennis player. Na dem rank am as de world No. 1 insyd women's singles by de Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for 319 weeks (third-most of all time),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-08|title=Who has won the most Grand Slams in tennis history?|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/39364315/who-won-most-grand-slams-tennis-history|access-date=2025-03-25|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> wey na she fini as de year-end No. 1 five times. Williams win 73 WTA Tour–level singles titles, wey dey include 23 major women's singles titles—de most insyd de Open Era, den de second-most of all time. She be de player per wey accomplish a career Golden Slam insyd both singles den doubles.<ref name="Berkok-2022">{{cite web|last=Berkok|first=John|date=August 28, 2022|title=Serena Williams records that may never be broken: A Career Golden Slam in singles AND doubles|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/serena-williams-unbreakable-records-career-golden-slam-singles-doubles|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203010620/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/serena-williams-unbreakable-records-career-golden-slam-singles-doubles|archive-date=February 3, 2023|access-date=February 3, 2023|website=Tennis.com}}</ref> Along plus ein elder sisto Venus, na Serena Williams be coached by ein parents Oracene Price den Richard Williams. Turning professional insyd 1995, she win ein first major singles title at de 1999 US Open. From de 2002 French Open to de 2003 Australian Open na she be dominant, winning all four major singles titles consecutively (each time over Venus insyd de final) make she achieve a non-calendar year Grand Slam (dem nickname am de "Serena Slam"). Na de next few years see Williams capture two more major singles titles, buh she suffer from injury den decline in form. Dey start insyd 2007, however, she gradually return to form despite continued injuries, wey she reclaim de world No. 1 singles ranking. Dey begin plus de 2012 Wimbledon Championships, Williams return to dominance, wey she claim Olympic gold (completing de career Golden Slam insyd singles)<ref>{{cite web|last=Berkok|first=John|date=August 4, 2020|title=On This Day: Serena completes her Golden Slam at 2012 London Olympics|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/on-this-day-serena-completes-her-golden-slam-at-2012-london-olympics|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407094621/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/on-this-day-serena-completes-her-golden-slam-at-2012-london-olympics|archive-date=April 7, 2022|access-date=March 28, 2022|website=Tennis.com}}</ref> wey she win eight out of thirteen singles majors, wey dey include all four insyd a row from 2014–2015 make she achieve a second "Serena Slam". At de 2017 Australian Open, she win ein 23rd major singles title, wey she surpass Steffi Graf ein Open Era record. After she preg, Williams take a break from professional tennis, buh she reach four major finals upon returning to play. Insyd August 2022, Williams announce ein impending "evolution" away from professional tennis, wey na she play ein final match at de 2022 US Open.<ref name="New York Times">{{cite news|last1=Streeter|first1=Kurt|title=Serena Williams Will Retire TennisJust as She Played: On Her Own Terms|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 9, 2022|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/09/sports/tennis/serena-williams-retiring-tennis.html|access-date=August 9, 2022|archive-date=August 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809231005/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/09/sports/tennis/serena-williams-retiring-tennis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams sanso win 23 WTA Tour-level doubles titles, wey dey include 14 major women’s doubles championships, all plus ein sisto Venus. Na de pair be undefeated insyd major doubles finals, wey dem earn de best unbeaten record insyd major finals insyd any discipline of de sport.<ref>{{cite web|last=Neworth|first=Jack|date=September 10, 2012|title=Almost Serene Serena|url=http://www.10sballs.com/2012/09/10/almost-serene-serena-by-jack-neworth/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508062539/http://www.10sballs.com/2012/09/10/almost-serene-serena-by-jack-neworth//|archive-date=May 8, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2013|website=10sballs.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Berkok|first=John|date=August 27, 2022|title=Serena Williams records that may never be broken: Going 14–0 in Grand Slam doubles finals with Venus|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/serena-williams-records-that-may-never-be-broken-14-0-grand-slam-doubles-finals|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114235552/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/serena-williams-records-that-may-never-be-broken-14-0-grand-slam-doubles-finals|archive-date=January 14, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2023|website=Tennis.com}}</ref> Na de sistos achieve a non-calendar year Grand Slam between de 2009 Wimbledon Championships den de 2010 French Open, wich grant dem de doubles world No. 1 ranking. Williams win four Olympic gold medals, three insyd women's doubles—an all-time joint record insyd tennis, she share plus ein sisto.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 5, 2012|title=Venus and Serena Williams win Olympic gold|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/venus-and-serena-williams-win-olympic-gold/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313161027/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/venus-and-serena-williams-win-olympic-gold/|archive-date=March 13, 2022|access-date=March 13, 2022|publisher=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fernando|first=Shemal|date=November 6, 2022|title=Serena Williams, the tennis Queen who conquered four Olympic Golds and 23 Grand Slams|url=https://archives1.sundayobserver.lk/2022/11/06/sports/serena-williams-tennis-queen-who-conquered-four-olympic-golds-and-23-grand-slams|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129162417/https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2022/11/06/sports/serena-williams-tennis-queen-who-conquered-four-olympic-golds-and-23-grand-slams|archive-date=January 29, 2023|access-date=January 29, 2023|website=Sunday Observer}}</ref> De duo be de women per insyd de Open Era make dem win Olympic gold insyd both singles den doubles.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Shemal|date=November 6, 2022|title=Serena Williams, the tennis Queen who conquered four Olympic Golds and 23 Grand Slams|url=https://archives1.sundayobserver.lk/2022/11/06/sports/serena-williams-tennis-queen-who-conquered-four-olympic-golds-and-23-grand-slams|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307084850/https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2022/11/06/sports/serena-williams-tennis-queen-who-conquered-four-olympic-golds-and-23-grand-slams|archive-date=March 7, 2023|access-date=February 28, 2023|website=Sunday Observer}}</ref> Williams sanso win two mixed doubles majors, both insyd 1998. She be de player per, male anaa female, make she plete three career Golden Slams—one insyd women's singles den two insyd women's doubles.<ref name="Berkok-2022"/> Na dem credit de ascent of de Williams sistos plus ushering insyd a new era of power den athleticism on de women's professional tennis tour.<ref>{{cite web|last=Allen|first=Ja|date=September 28, 2012|title=The Williams Sisters and the Rise of the Women's Power Game|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1350759-the-williams-sisters-and-the-rise-of-the-womens-power-game|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010450/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1350759-the-williams-sisters-and-the-rise-of-the-womens-power-game|archive-date=October 5, 2013|access-date=June 16, 2013|website=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29Tennis-t.html|title=How Power Has Transformed Women's Tennis|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=August 25, 2010|work=The New York Times|page=MM23|access-date=February 18, 2017|archive-date=March 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313131202/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29Tennis-t.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/31/sports/tennis/31williams.html|title=Williams Sisters Write Their Own Story|last=Crouse|first=Karen|date=August 30, 2009|page=F2|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 18, 2017|archive-date=July 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722113522/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/31/sports/tennis/31williams.html?|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tennishead.net/news/on-tour/2011/12/15/girl-power-evolution-of-the-womens-game|title=Girl power: Evolution of the women's game|publisher=Advantage Publishing|date=December 15, 2011|publication-date=November 2011|access-date=June 16, 2013|archive-date=May 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122559/http://www.tennishead.net/news/on-tour/2011/12/15/girl-power-evolution-of-the-womens-game|url-status=live}}</ref> Serena be de most recent woman to simultaneously hold all four major singles titles (2002–2003 den 2014–2015), den to win de Surface Slam (major titles on hard, clay den grass courts insyd de same calendar year), wich na she accomplish insyd 2015. She sanso, plus Venus, be de most recent player wey dem simultaneously hold all four major women's doubles titles (2009–2010). Na Williams be de world's highest paid woman athlete insyd 2016, earning almost $29 million.<ref>{{cite web|last=Badenhausen|first=Kurt|title=Serena Williams – In Photos: The World's Highest-Paid Female Athletes 2016|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mli45ffmff/1-serena-williams/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611183638/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mli45ffmff/1-serena-williams/|archive-date=June 11, 2017|access-date=August 22, 2017|work=Forbes}}</ref> She repeat dis feat insyd 2017 wen na she be de woman per on ''Forbes'' dema list of de 100 highest-paid athletes, plus $27{{nbsp}}million insyd prize money den endorsements. She be de highest-earning woman athlete of all time.<ref name="Forbes21">{{cite web|year=2021|title=Serena Williams|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/serena-williams/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502080535/https://www.forbes.com/profile/serena-williams/|archive-date=May 2, 2020|access-date=June 26, 2021|website=Forbes}}</ref> Williams win de Laureus World Sportswoman of the Year a record four times (2003, 2010, 2016, 2018),<ref name="Laureus">{{cite web|title=Past Winners|url=https://www.laureus.com/world-sports-awards/past-winners|accessdate=|website=Laureus Sport for Good Foundation}}</ref> Comeback of the Year once (2007),<ref name="Laureus" /> den insyd December 2015 na dem name am Sportsperson of the Year by ''Sports Illustrated'' magazine.<ref>{{cite news|last=McCarvel|first=Nick|title=Serena Williams revels in Sports Illustrated cover limelight|work=USA Today|date=December 16, 2015|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2015/12/15/serena-williams-explains-idea-behind-sports-illustrated-cover/77391104/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505162455/http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2015/12/15/serena-williams-explains-idea-behind-sports-illustrated-cover/77391104/|archive-date=May 5, 2016|access-date=December 17, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd 2020, na de Tennis Channel rank Williams as de greatest women’s tennis player of all time.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|last=Prakash|date=May 18, 2020|title=Serena Williams Ranked as the Greatest of All Time|url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Serena_Williams/87651/serena-williams-ranked-as-the-greatest-of-all-time/|access-date=June 15, 2021|website=Tennis World USA}}</ref> She receive de Princess of Asturias Award for Sport insyd 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Serena Williams|url=https://www.fpa.es/en/princess-of-asturias-awards/laureates/2025-serena-williams/|access-date=2025-08-18|website=www.fpa.es|language=en}}</ref> == Early life == Na dem born Williams on September 26, 1981, insyd Saginaw, Michigan, to Oracene Price den Richard Williams. She be de youngest of Price ein five daughters, after half-sistos Yetunde, Lyndrea, den Isha Price, den full older sisto Venus. She sanso get at least seven paternal half-siblings. Wen na de kiddies be young, de family move go Compton, California, wer na she start dey play tennis at de age of four. Na ein poppie home-school am den Venus. While na he den ein mommie be ein official coaches, ein oda mentors include Richard Williams, a Compton man wey share ein poppie ein name den subsequently found The Venus and Serena Williams Tennis Tutorial Academy. [[File:Venus_and_Serena_1993.jpg|left|thumb|Venus den Serena Williams (right) at a Pam Shriver event insyd Baltimore, 1993]] Wen na Williams be nine, she den ein family move from Compton to West Palm Beach, Florida, so she go fi attend de tennis academy of Rick Macci, wey provide am plus additional coaching. Na Macci no always agree plus Williams ein poppie, buh na he respect dat "he treat ein daughters like kids, allow dem make dem be little girlies". By 1991, na Williams get a 46–3 record on de United States Tennis Association junior tour wey na dem rank am No. 1 among under-10 players insyd Florida. Wen na Williams be 10, Richard stop dey send ein daughters to national junior tennis tournaments, as na he wan make dem "go slowly" den focus on school, den secof na he wan to ensure dem no go burn out before turning professional. Experiences of racism sanso influence dis decision, as na he hear say white parents talk about de Williams sistos insyd a derogatory manner during tournaments. Insyd 1995, wen na Williams dey insyd de ninth grade, ein poppie pull ein daughters out of Macci ein academy wey he take over all coaching at dema home. Wen na dem biz am insyd 2000 whether na e fi be more beneficial give dem make dem follow de normal path of playing regularly on de junior circuit, Richard respond, "''Everyone does different things. I think for Venus and I, we just attempted a different road, and it worked for us."'' == Professional career == === 1995–1998: Professional debut === Na Williams ein parents initially wan make dema daughter wait til na she be 16 to participate insyd professional tournaments.<ref name="tradition">{{cite news|last=Finn|first=Robin|title=Tennis; A Family Tradition At Age 14|work=The New York Times|date=31 October 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/31/sports/tennis-a-family-tradition-at-age-14.html|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406050124/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/31/sports/tennis-a-family-tradition-at-age-14.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd 1995, just after turning 14, Williams plan make she make ein professional debut as a wild-card entry insyd de Bank of the West Classic insyd Oakland, California, buh na dem deny am secof age-eligibility restrictions.<ref name="Finn">{{cite news|last=Finn|first=Robin|title=Tennis; Teen-Ager, Fighting To Turn Pro At 14, Puts Off Lawsuit For Now|work=The New York Times|date=6 October 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/06/sports/tennis-teen-ager-fighting-to-turn-pro-at-14-puts-off-lawsuit-for-now.html|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406035639/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/06/sports/tennis-teen-ager-fighting-to-turn-pro-at-14-puts-off-lawsuit-for-now.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Na she subsequently file an antitrust lawsuit against de WTA, buh na she withdraw am at ein parents dema request. Na ein first professional event be insyd October 1995 at de Bell Challenge insyd Quebec,<ref>{{cite news|title=Tennis Muster Stuns Sampras Indoors In Germany|work=The New York Times|date=29 October 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/29/sports/results-plus-859495.html|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406195430/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/29/sports/results-plus-859495.html|url-status=live}}</ref> wer na she use a wild-card entry to circumvent age-eligibility rules. She loose insyd de first qualifying round to 18-year-old American Annie Miller.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 January 2015|title=Whatever happened to the first person to beat Serena Williams?|url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/12167370/what-ever-happened-first-person-beat-serena-williams|access-date=22 December 2023|work=ESPN}}</ref> After she no play insyd 1996, Williams win ein first main-draw match at de Ameritech Cup Chicago insyd November 1997.<ref name="tennispal">{{cite web|date=10 April 2018|title=Athlete Profile: Serena Williams|url=https://tennispal.com/athlete-profile-serena-williams/|access-date=22 December 2023|website=tennispal.com}}</ref><ref name="youngerwilliams">{{cite news|title=Tennis: Roundup; Younger Williams Wins In Chicago|work=The New York Times|date=4 November 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/04/sports/tennis-roundup-younger-williams-wins-in-chicago.html|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406114507/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/04/sports/tennis-roundup-younger-williams-wins-in-chicago.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Na dem rank am No.304, she upset No.7 [[Mary Pierce]] den No.4 Monica Seles,<ref>{{cite news|title=Serena Williams Upsets Pierce|work=The New York Times|date=7 November 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/07/sports/tennis-roundup.html|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406102402/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/07/sports/tennis-roundup.html|url-status=live}}</ref> wey she record ein first career wins over top{{nbsp}}10 players wey she cam be de lowest-ranked player insyd de Open Era make she defeat two top-10 opponents insyd one tournament.<ref name="Card"/> She ultimately loose insyd de semifinals to No.5 Lindsay Davenport.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Tennis: Roundup – Ameritech Open; Serena Williams Loses In Semi|work=The New York Times|date=9 November 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/09/sports/tennis-roundup-ameritech-open-serena-williams-loses-in-semi.html|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-date=July 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714051231/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/09/sports/tennis-roundup-ameritech-open-serena-williams-loses-in-semi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ein run insyd Chicago propel Williams into de Top 100 for de first time insyd ein career, wey na she finis 1997 dem rank am No.99 insyd de world.<ref name="sportytell">{{cite web|date=11 April 2020|title=Serena Williams Biography Facts, Childhood, Personal Life|url=https://sportytell.com/biography/serena-williams-biography-facts-childhood-personal-life/|access-date=22 December 2023|website=sportytell.com}}</ref><ref name="Fed">{{cite web|date=31 January 2020|title=Remembering Serena's 1999 Fed Cup debut|url=https://www.usta.com/en/home/pro/pro-media---news/remembering-serena-williams--fed-cup-debut-in-1999.html|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.usta.com}}</ref> At de 1998 Sydney International, Williams defeat No.3 Davenport insyd de quarterfinals, before she loose to Arantxa Sánchez Vicario insyd de semifinals.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stevenson|first=Samantha|title=Tennis; Williams Sisters Won't Meet in the Final|work=The New York Times|date=16 January 1998|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/sports/tennis-williams-sisters-won-t-meet-in-the-final.html|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406210728/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/sports/tennis-williams-sisters-won-t-meet-in-the-final.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Na Williams ein first main draw of a Grand Slam tournament be at de Australian Open, wer na she defeat sixth-seeded Irina Spîrlea insyd de first round, before she loose to Venus insyd de second round insyd de sistos dema first professional face-off.<ref name="Card"/><ref name="Irina">{{cite news|last=Finn|first=Robin|title=Tennis; In Williams vs. Williams, Big Sister Moves Ahead|work=The New York Times|date=January 21, 1998|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/21/sports/tennis-in-williams-vs-williams-big-sister-moves-ahead.html|access-date=July 13, 2019|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406035637/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/21/sports/tennis-in-williams-vs-williams-big-sister-moves-ahead.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Na she reach six oda quarterfinals during de year, buh she lost all of dem, wey dey include ein first match against No.1-ranked Martina Hingis.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 March 1998|title=Hingis Escapes One Williams, and Will Face the Other|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/25/sports/tennis-hingis-escapes-one-williams-and-will-face-the-other.html|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.nytimes.com}}</ref><ref name="Looney">{{cite news|first=Douglas S.|last=Looney|title=Venus Rising|work=The Christian Science Monitor|date=May 22, 1998|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0522/052298.feat.feat.2.html|access-date=July 14, 2019|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405074148/https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0522/052298.feat.feat.2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She loose insyd de fourth round of de French Open to Vicario,<ref>{{cite news|last=Finn|first=Robin|title=Tennis; Emotions Hit the Heights In Bitter Day on the Clay|work=The New York Times|date=June 1, 1998|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/01/sports/tennis-emotions-hit-the-heights-in-bitter-day-on-the-clay.html|access-date=July 14, 2019|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406131033/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/01/sports/tennis-emotions-hit-the-heights-in-bitter-day-on-the-clay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> den insyd de third round of de US Open to Spîrlea.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|title=Tennis: U.S. Open; One Year Later, Spirlea Defeats a Williams Sister|work=The New York Times|date=September 5, 1998|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/05/sports/tennis-us-open-one-year-later-spirlea-defeats-a-williams-sister.html|access-date=July 14, 2019|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405211850/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/05/sports/tennis-us-open-one-year-later-spirlea-defeats-a-williams-sister.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She withdraw from Wimbledon two games into a match after she strain a calf muscle.<ref>{{cite news|last=Finn|first=Robin|title=Tennis; Serena Williams Is Out; Henman Uplifts Locals|work=The New York Times|date=June 30, 1998|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/30/sports/tennis-serena-williams-is-out-henman-uplifts-locals.html|access-date=July 14, 2019|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406035637/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/30/sports/tennis-serena-williams-is-out-henman-uplifts-locals.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After she loose de French Open mixed doubles final to Venus den Justin Gimelstob, Williams win de mixed doubles titles at Wimbledon den de US Open with Max Mirnyi.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 July 2023|title=On this day 25 years ago: 16-year-old Serena Williams wins Wimbledon mixed doubles title|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/on-this-day-serena-williams-wins-wimbledon-mixed-doubles-title-1998|accessdate=22 December 2023|website=www.tennis.com}}</ref> Williams win ein first professional title insyd non-mixed doubles at de U.S. National Indoor Championships insyd Oklahoma City plus Venus, wich make dem de third pair of sistos to win a WTA title.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 March 2023|title=25 Years Ago: Venus Williams' titanic day in Oklahoma City|url=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/on-this-day-1998-venus-williams-wins-first-wta-title-in-oklahoma-city-serena|accessdate=22 December 2023|website=www.tennis.com}}</ref> Williams fini de year ranked No.20 insyd singles, de fastest achievement of dat milestone insyd women's history.<ref name="rankingshistory"/><ref name="memorable">{{cite web|date=31 August 2022|title=1995–1999: The beginning of a memorable care|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2772210/1995-1999-the-beginning-of-a-memorable-career|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.wtatennis.com}}</ref> === 1999: First major den becoming a top-5 player === Insyd February 1999, Williams win ein first professional singles title wen na she defeat Amélie Mauresmo insyd de final of de Open Gaz de France insyd Paris.<ref name="Card"/><ref>{{cite web|date=28 February 2019|title=20 years on: Remembering Serena Williams's first WTA title|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1449912/20-years-on-remembering-serena-williamss-first-wta-title|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.wtatennis.com}}</ref> Insyd March, Williams win ein first WTA 1000 event at de Evert Cup insyd California, wey she defeat Steffi Graf insyd de final.<ref name="memorable"/><ref>{{cite web|date=13 October 2022|title=The Matches that Made Serena the GOAT: Williams d. Steffi Graf, 1999 Indian Wells final|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/the-matches-that-made-serena-the-goat-williams-d-steffi-graf-1999-indian-wells-f|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.tennis.com}}</ref> At de Miami Masters, Williams get ein 16-match winning streak ended by ein sisto insyd de first all-sister singles final insyd WTA history.<ref name="Lipton">{{cite web|date=28 March 1999|title=Venus Beats Sister At Lipton|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/venus-beats-sister-at-lipton/|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.cbsnews.com}}</ref> Insyd de doubles event at de French Open, she den Venus win de title after she defeat Hingis den Anna Kournikova insyd de final.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dillman|first1=Lisa|date=May 29, 1999|title=Fernandez's Big Upset Is Predictable|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-may-29-sp-42257-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030230810/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-may-29-sp-42257-story.html|archive-date=October 30, 2023|access-date=August 1, 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|location=Paris}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 June 2020|title=Venus and Serena win Roland Garros to seal first of 14 majors|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1677676/venus-and-serena-win-roland-garros-to-seal-first-of-14-majors|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.usta.com}}</ref> Williams miss Wimbledon insyd 1999 secof injury. Wen she return to de tour two months later, she make ein Fed Cup debut, wey she defeat Rita Grande to send de United States to de final.<ref name="Fed"/> She then win ein third title at de JPMorgan Chase Open, wey she beat Julie Halard-Decugis insyd de final. At de US Open, Williams defeat Grand Slam champions Kim Clijsters, Conchita Martínez, Monica Seles, den Lindsay Davenport (de defending champion) insyd consecutive matches make she reach de final, wer na she defeat No.1-ranked Hingis. Williams cam be de second African-American woman make she win a Grand Slam singles tournament, after Althea Gibson.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 September 1999|title=Serena upsets Hingis to win first Grand Slam|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen99/news/1999/0911/51747.html|access-date=22 December 2023|work=ESPN}}</ref> De Williams sistos sanso win de doubles event at dis tournament, wey make Serena de fifth woman insyd de Open Era make she win both singles den doubles at de same major event.<ref name="Card"/> Make she plete ein 1999 season, Williams win a doubles match against Russia insyd de Fed Cup final make she help de US win de title. Williams end de year ranked insyd a career-high world No.4 insyd just ein second full year on de main tour. === 2000–2001: Olympic gold, US Open final, den Indian Wells boycott === Insyd 2000, Williams fail to defend ein titles insyd Paris den Indian Wells, although na she win de Faber Grand Prix insyd Germany.<ref>{{Cite news|last=The Associated Press|first=|date=2000-02-21|title=Faber Grand Prix; Serena Williams Routs Chladkova|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/21/sports/plus-tennis-faber-grand-prix-serena-williams-routs-chladkova.html|access-date=2024-05-27|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Soon afterwards, she miss de French Open secof injury.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|date=2000-05-27|title=Serena Williams Pulls Out of French Open|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/27/sports/tennis-serena-williams-pulls-out-of-french-open.html|access-date=2024-05-27|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Na she recover den play at de Wimbledon Championships, wer na she loose to Venus insyd de semifinals; however, na de pair win de doubles title.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wimbledon 2000 Tennis Tournament|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/wimbledon/gbr/2000/w-sl-gbr-01a-2000/draws-and-results/|access-date=2024-05-27|website=International Tennis Foundation}}</ref> Na ein defense of de US Open title end wen na she loose insyd de quarterfinals to Davenport. Williams den ein sisto win de gold medal insyd doubles at de Sydney Olympics dat September,<ref name="Card">{{cite web|title=ESPN.com: SWILLIAMS PlayerCard|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/playerCard?player=serena|access-date=22 December 2023|work=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=28 September 2000|title=Summer Olympics 2000 Williams sisters win gold in women's doubles|url=https://www.espn.com/oly/summer00/news/2000/0927/784564.html|access-date=22 December 2023|work=ESPN}}</ref> wey Williams end de year by she win de Toyota Princess Cup wey she fini at No.6.<ref name="rankingshistory"/> Williams begin 2001 by losing to Hingis insyd de quarterfinals of both de Medibank International den de Australian Open.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 January 2001|title=Hingis Ousts Serena Williams at Aussie Open|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/story?id=99916|access-date=22 December 2023|website=abcnews.go.com}}</ref> She den Venus win de doubles event at de latter tournament, wey dem cam be de fifth doubles team per insyd history make dem win all four Grand Slam women's doubles titles during dema career, completing a "Career Grand Slam".<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2001|title=Williams sisters upset Davenport-Morariu|url=https://a.espncdn.com/tennis/aus2001/news/2001/0125/1040762.html|access-date=22 December 2023|work=ESPN}}</ref> Na ein next event be de Pacific Life Open insyd Indian Wells, wer na she defeat Clijsters insyd de final. During de tournament, na Richard Williams state say na dem make racist comments to am by spectators.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Doug|date=April 2, 2001|title=Richard Williams decries fans as racist|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/stories/2001-03-26-focus-williams.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315211821/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/stories/2001-03-26-focus-williams.htm|archive-date=March 15, 2015|access-date=July 13, 2019|work=USA Today}}</ref> As a result, na both Serena den Venus pledge make dem boycott de event, even though na ebe a mandatory stop on de WTA tour; Serena ein boycott last til 2015. Williams then loose to Jennifer Capriati insyd de quarterfinals of three tournaments: Miami Masters, de French Open den Wimbledon. She claim ein second title of de year at de Rogers Cup, defeating Capriati insyd de final. Insyd September, Williams loose to ein sisto insyd de final of de US Open, wich na be de first Grand Slam tournament final played by two sistos during de Open Era. At de 2001 season-ending Tour Championships, Williams win de championship by walkover wen Davenport withdraw secof injury. Williams fini 2001 at No.6 for de second straight year.<ref name="rankingshistory">{{cite web|title=Serena Williams ranking history at the WTA|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/230234/serena-williams#rankingshistory|accessdate=18 December 2023|website=www.wtatennis.com}}</ref> === 2002–2003: "Serena Slam" === Early insyd 2002, na injury see Williams retire from de semifinal at de Medibank International Sydney wey she later withdraw from de Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/14/sports/tennis-agassi-and-serena-williams-withdraw-in-australia-kuerten-is-beaten.html|title=Tennis; Agassi And Serena Williams Withdraw In Australia; Kuerten Is Beaten|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|date=January 14, 2002|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 25, 2016|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406200337/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/14/sports/tennis-agassi-and-serena-williams-withdraw-in-australia-kuerten-is-beaten.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After recovering, Williams win ein first title of de year insyd Scottsdale, Arizona, defeating No.2 Capriati, insyd de final.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 March 2002|title=Serena Williams beats Capriati to win State Farm Classic|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/tennis/serena-williams-beats-capriati-to-win-state-farm-classic-1.341407|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.cbc.ca}}</ref> She then win de Miami Masters for de first time after beating No.3 Hingis insyd de quarterfinals, No.2 Venus insyd de semifinals, den No.1 Capriati insyd de final, wey she cam be de second player insyd de Open Era make she defeat de world ein top 3 ranked players at de same event.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2022|title=Serena Williams records that may never be broken: Beating No. 1 and No. 2 at the same tournament eight times|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/serena-williams-records-that-may-never-be-broken-beating-no-1-no-2-eight-times|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.tennis.com}}</ref> [[File:SWilliams-SYD-1.jpg|left|thumb|Medibank International Sydney, 2002]] Insyd May, Williams reach ein first clay-court final at de Eurocard German Open, buh she loose to Justine Henin. Williams win ein first clay-court title at de Italian Open,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2002/may/20/tennis1|title=Hingis may be out to end of year|work=The Guardian|access-date=April 23, 2009|date=May 20, 2002|first=Eleanor|last=Preston|archive-date=November 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113175113/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2002/may/20/tennis1|url-status=live}}</ref> wich raise ein ranking to a new high of No.3.<ref>{{cite news|first=Derrick|last=Whyte|title=First title on clay boosts Williams for French Open|newspaper=The Independent|date=May 20, 2002|page=24}}</ref> She then claim ein first French Open title, wich elevate am to No.2, second only to Venus.<ref>{{cite news|title=Au revoir, big sister|newspaper=The Kansas City Star|date=June 9, 2002|page=37}}</ref> During de summer, Williams win Wimbledon for de first time, wey she defeat Venus insyd de final. Na de victory propel am to No.1, wey make am de third African American woman to hold de top ranking.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 July 2002|title=Sublime Serena celebrates the crucial difference|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2002/jul/08/wimbledon2002.wimbledon4|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=6 July 2002|title=Serena grabs sister's Wimbledon title|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/07/06/williams.tennis/index.html|access-date=22 December 2023|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 July 2002|title=Serena on top of the world|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2002/jul/05/wimbledon2002.wimbledon3|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> De Williams sistos sanso win de doubles event at de tournament.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 July 2002|title=Williams sisters take doubles title, too|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon02/s/2002/0707/1402961.html|access-date=22 December 2023|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> At de US Open, Williams reach de final wer, for de third Grand Slam insyd a row, she defeat ein sisto make she win de title.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 September 2002|title=In the End, It's Serena vs. Venus|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/2002/09/08/in-the-end-its-serena-vs-venus/2152e186-4ee9-49f3-bf6d-8b048a4b7ea1/|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.chicagotribune.com}}</ref> Williams win two consecutive singles titles insyd de fall, defeating Clijsters make she win de Toyota Princess Cup insyd Tokyo, den [[Anastasia Myskina]] to win de Sparkassen Cup insyd Leipzig.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 September 2002|title=Serena Williams Wins Another Title|url=https://eu.theledger.com/story/news/2002/09/30/serena-williams-wins-another-title/26022233007/|access-date=22 December 2023|website=eu.theledger.com}}</ref> She reach de final at de Home Depot Championships insyd Los Angeles, wer na she loose to Clijsters insyd straight sets.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 November 2002|title=Clijsters upsets Serena to win WTA Championships|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/news/2002/1111/1459487.html|access-date=22 December 2023|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Williams fini 2002 plus a 56–5 win/lose record, eight singles titles, den de No.1 ranking.<ref name="Serena02">{{cite web|date=27 December 2015|title=Greatest Seasons: Serena Williams 2002|url=https://www.vavel.com/en-us/tennis-usa/2015/12/27/583371.html|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.vavel.com}}</ref> Ein three consecutive Grand Slam titles insyd 2002 make am de third player per insyd history to win de "Surface Slam" after Martina Navratilova (1984) den Steffi Graf (1993, 1995, 1996).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1536384-forget-calendar-slam-surface-slam-almost-as-rare|title=Forget Calendar Slam, "Surface Slam" Almost as Rare|work=Bleacher Report|date=February 20, 2013|access-date=July 15, 2015|archive-date=July 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721160101/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1536384-forget-calendar-slam-surface-slam-almost-as-rare|url-status=live}}</ref> At de 2003 Australian Open, Williams face Venus for de fourth consecutive Grand Slam tournament final. She defeat ein older sisto wey na she cam be de sixth woman insyd de Open Era make she plete a Career Grand Slam, alongside Graf, Navratilova, Margaret Court, Chris Evert den Billie Jean King. She sanso be de fifth woman make she hold all Grand Slam singles titles simultaneously, a feat wich na dem dub de "Serena Slam" by de press.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/australian_open/2003/2693425.stm|title=Serena completes Slam|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport|date=January 25, 2003|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405074150/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/australian_open/2003/2693425.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tennischannel.com/news/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=5055|title=Grand Slam for Serena Williams?|first=John|last=Leicester|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Tennis Channel|access-date=April 22, 2009|date=February 11, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716210454/http://www.tennischannel.com/news/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=5055|archive-date=July 16, 2011}}</ref> At dis tournament, de Williams sistos sanso win dema sixth Grand Slam doubles title as a team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/australian_open/2003/2690067.stm|title=Williams pair take doubles crown|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport|date=January 24, 2003|archive-date=October 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027004710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/australian_open/2003/2690067.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> During de spring of 2003, Williams capture de singles titles at de Open Gaz de France den de Sony Ericsson Open. Ein streak of 21 wins end wen she loose de final of de Family Circle Cup to Henin. She sanso loose to Mauresmo insyd de semifinals of de Internazionali BNL d'Italia insyd Rome. Despite dese defeats, na Williams be de top seed at de French Open, wer na she loose insyd de semifinals to eventual champion Henin; na dis be Williams ein first loss insyd a Grand Slam tournament since 2001. Na de match be controversial, plus Williams questioning Henin ein sportsmanship, wey spectators dey applaud Williams ein errors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/french_open_2003/2967190.stm|title=Williams 'hurt' by jeers|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport|date=June 6, 2003|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406102345/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/french_open_2003/2967190.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams rebound from de loss at de 2003 Wimbledon Championships, wer na she defeat Venus insyd de final. Na dis be Williams ein second consecutive Wimbledon title den ein sixth Grand Slam singles title overall. Wimbledon be ein last tournament of 2003; she pull out of three events den then she undergo surgery on de quadriceps tendon insyd ein knee insyd early August. Na dem dey expect make she be in recovery for six to eight weeks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Harris|first=Beth|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2003-08-01-serena-out-us-open_x.htm|agency=Associated Press|title=Serena Williams to miss U.S. Open after knee surgery|newspaper=USA Today|date=August 2, 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910034041/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2003-08-01-serena-out-us-open_x.htm|archive-date=September 10, 2014}}</ref> === 2004–2007: Injuries den comeback === After eight months away from tennis, Williams begin ein comeback at de NASDAQ-100 Open insyd March 2004, wer na she win de title for de third consecutive year. Although dem rank am No.7, na Williams seed second at de French Open, wer na she loose to Capriati insyd de quarterfinals. A few weeks later, na dem seed Williams first at Wimbledon, even though na ein ranking drop to No.10. She win six matches en route to de final, wer na Maria Sharapova defeat am. De loss cause ein drop out of de top 10 for de first time since 1999. Later dat summer, Williams reach ein third final of de year at de JPMorgan Chase Open insyd Los Angeles, wer na she loose to Lindsay Davenport. Na dem seed Williams third at de 2004 US Open, wer na she face Capriati insyd de quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 7, 2004|title=High drama. Serena falls to Capriati amid controversy; Roddick continues to roll|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/tennis/specials/us_open/2004/09/07/capriati.serena.ap/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608075909/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/tennis/specials/us_open/2004/09/07/capriati.serena.ap/index.html|archive-date=June 8, 2009|access-date=May 4, 2009|agency=Associated Press|magazine=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> During de match, umpire Mariana Alves make a call wey favor Capriati, buh na subsequent video review show say na ein call be incorrect.<ref name="saga">{{cite web|date=9 September 2018|title=Serena Williams' controversial US Open moments following final saga|url=https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/32822/11493879/serena-williams-controversial-us-open-moments-following-final-saga|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.skysports.com}}</ref> Williams argue plus Alves over several oda calls during de match, wich na Capriati eventually win. Na Williams acknowledge say na ein loss primarily be secof ein 57 unforced errors, buh na she nevertheless feel "cheated" wey na she accuse Alves of temporary insanity.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Clifton|date=September 8, 2004|title=Umpire's Unforced Errors Help Lift Capriati|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/08/sports/tennis/umpires-unforced-errors-help-lift-capriati.html|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Broussard|first=Chris|date=September 9, 2004|title=Williams Receives Apology, and Umpire's Open Is Over|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/09/sports/tennis/williams-receives-apology-and-umpires-open-is-over.html|access-date=March 4, 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Na de controversy renew calls for, wey na dem widely give am credit for, de adoption of new technology such as de MacCAM den Hawk-Eye systems.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 9, 2004|title=Officials apologize to Serena for bad call – U.S. Open|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/5933547|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105051331/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/5933547|archive-date=November 5, 2013|access-date=January 27, 2011|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref> Williams win ein second title of de year at de China Open insyd September, wey she defeat US Open champion Svetlana Kuznetsova insyd de final. Na Williams ein successful season allow make she qualify for de Tour Championships, dem san hold insyd Los Angeles. She loose to Sharapova insyd de final, wer na she suffer an abdominal injury.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=November 16, 2004|location=Los Angeles, California|access-date=April 23, 2009|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/6474040|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127000326/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/6474040|archive-date=November 27, 2012|title=Sharapova tops injured Serena for WTA title|publisher=NBC Sports}}</ref> Williams fini 2004 ranked No.7, buh na she no win a Grand Slam singles tournament for de first season since 2001.<ref name="rankingshistory"/> [[File:Serena_serving.jpg|thumb|Exhibition match, 2004]] Dey follow Venus ein early exit from de 2005 Australian Open, na Williams reject suggestions say na she den ein sisto be a declining force insyd tennis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4204449.stm|title=Angry Williams rejects criticism|work=BBC Sport|access-date=May 30, 2017|date=January 25, 2005|archive-date=July 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721082142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4204449.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> She defeat top seed Davenport make she win de tournament, wey she claim ein second Australian Open trophy den seventh Grand Slam singles title.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4214545.stm|title=Williams battles to Aussie title|work=BBC Sport|date=January 29, 2005|access-date=May 30, 2013|archive-date=May 30, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060530153214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4214545.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Na de victory move am back to No.2.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4217997.stm|title=Williams eyes return to top spot|date=January 29, 2005|work=BBC Sport|access-date=April 20, 2017|archive-date=July 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721082142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4217997.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams plete just two tournaments between de Australian Open den Wimbledon, wey she loose to Venus insyd Miami den Francesca Schiavone insyd Italy.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 12, 2005|title=Serena Williams Pulls from WTA Paris with Stomach Illness|url=http://www.tennis-x.com/story/2005-02-12/k.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615113323/http://www.tennis-x.com/story/2005-02-12/k.php|archive-date=June 15, 2011|access-date=January 27, 2011|website=Tennis-X.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=March 5, 2005|title=Strained Tendon Forces Serena Out|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7884299.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905095603/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7884299.html|archive-date=September 5, 2013|access-date=January 27, 2011}}</ref> Na a reoccurring ankle injury cause am make she miss de French Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-may-21-sp-french21-story.html|title=Serena Pulls Out, Citing Ankle Injury|work=Los Angeles Times|date=May 21, 2009|access-date=January 27, 2011|first=Lisa|last=Dillman|archive-date=October 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015101633/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/may/21/sports/sp-french21|url-status=live}}</ref> She return to Wimbledon as de 4th-seeded player, buh na dem defeat am insyd de third round. At de US Open, Williams loose to ein sisto insyd de fourth round. Williams play just one more match dat fall, a loss to No.127 Sun Tiantian at de China Open insyd Beijing. She fail to qualify for de year-end championship for de first time since 1998, wey na she fini 2005 ranked No.11.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last1=Cai|first1=Weiyi|last2=Gamio|first2=Lazaro|last3=Ward|first3=Joe|date=2022-08-09|title=Serena Williams: Charting a Career at the Top|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/09/sports/tennis/serena-williams-ranking-tennis-wins.html|access-date=2024-05-27|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Williams make ein 2006 debut at de Australian Open, wey she defend ein title. After she loose to Daniela Hantuchová insyd de third round, she tell de press say na she be injured.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 20, 2006|title=Hantuchova stuns champion Serena|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4631036.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220232344/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4631036.stm|archive-date=February 20, 2006|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4818448.stm|title=Injured Serena pulls out of Miami|date=March 17, 2006|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport|archive-date=April 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415234156/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4818448.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd ein biography, na Williams wrep say na she dey suffer from depression during dis time. She stay away from tennis for six months during de 2006 season, wey na she begin dry see a therapist daily. After a chance meeting plus a young girlie wey idolize Williams den believe insyd am, Williams sign up to play insyd Cincinnati insyd July, ein first tournament since January. Na she slip to No.139, ein lowest ranking since 1997. On ein return, Williams defeat Myskina den Bethanie Mattek,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5175132.stm|title=Serena scores big win on return|date=July 19, 2006|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport|archive-date=April 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420065613/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5175132.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5201908.stm|title=Serena comeback gathers momentum|date=July 21, 2006|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405074148/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5201908.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> before she loose insyd de semifinals to Vera Zvonareva.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5207094.stm|title=Serena run comes to end in semis|date=July 23, 2006|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport|archive-date=October 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030230817/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/5207094.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> She sanso reach de semifinals insyd Los Angeles, wey she lose to Janković insyd straight sets. Williams need a wildcard make she enter de US Open, as na ein No.139 ranking be too low to automatically qualify am make she play. By de time na de tournament begin, however, she rise to 79th.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4801379.stm|title=Serena granted US Open wildcard|date=August 17, 2006|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport|archive-date=February 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220190111/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4801379.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> She loose to top-seeded Mauresmo insyd de fourth round.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5314730.stm|title=Mauresmo sees off tired Williams|date=September 5, 2006|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport|archive-date=April 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420065611/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5314730.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams fini de year she rank No.95, ein lowest year-end ranking since 1997.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last1=Cai|first1=Weiyi|last2=Gamio|first2=Lazaro|last3=Ward|first3=Joe|date=2022-08-09|title=Serena Williams: Charting a Career at the Top|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/09/sports/tennis/serena-williams-ranking-tennis-wins.html|access-date=2024-05-27|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Na Williams begin 2007 plus renewed confidence. She state ein intention make she return to de top of de rankings, a goal wey na dem label "deluded" by commentator Pat Cash.<ref name="targets#1">{{cite news|date=March 17, 2006|title=Serena targets number one ranking|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6236551.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406114200/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6236551.stm|archive-date=April 6, 2023|access-date=April 23, 2009|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref name="cash">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article1292868.ece|title=Williams is lost cause|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821180813/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article1292868.ece|archive-date=August 21, 2008}}</ref> Williams loose insyd de quarterfinals of de Hobart International, a warm-up for de Australian Open, wer na dem unseed am she wey na dem widely regard am as "out of shape".<ref name="shape">{{Cite web|title=TENNIS.com - 2007 Australian Open - New Mindset: Serena playing for herself|url=http://www.tennis.com/tournaments/2008/australianopen/australianopen.aspx?id=110906|access-date=2025-08-18|website=www.tennis.com}} </ref> Shortly before ein first match, na a representative from Nike tell am na de company fi cancel ein sponsorship if she no perform at ein customary level. Na Williams claim say Nike ein ultimatum mean make she reach de quarterfinals at least. Na de Nike situation no distract Williams, as she loose just three games to Mara Santangelo awey na she defeat Anne Kremer insyd straight sets. By dis point, na a blister develop on ein foot wey na she contract a cold. Insyd de third round, Williams find einself two points away from losing to Nadia Petrova, buh na she fight back to win insyd three sets. She then make am to de final, wey she defeat Jelena Janković, Shahar Pe'er den Nicole Vaidišová along de way. Na Williams describe dem as "''good players ... who certainly didn't expect an overweight, out-of-shape, has-been champion ... to give them a game''." Na commentator Tracy Austin say she expect make Sharapova easily defeat Williams insyd de final. Na Williams think de commentary be mean, wey she use am as motivation to win. She triumph over Sharapova, losing just three games; na ebe ein first tournament title insyd two years.<ref name="NY 2007 AUS">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/27/sports/27iht-web.0127tennis.4368100.html|title=Williams shocks Sharapova to win Australian Open|date=January 27, 2007|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 18, 2017|archive-date=June 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613010541/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/27/sports/27iht-web.0127tennis.4368100.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams cam be de first player since Chris O'Neil make she capture de title widout dem seed am. De victory, wich elevate am to No.14, na ebe ein third Australian Open title den eighth career Grand Slam singles title. Williams dedicate de achievement to ein deceased half-sisto Yetunde.<ref name="ausopen07">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6299369.stm|title=Superb Williams wins Aussie title|work=BBC Sport|last=Newbery|first=Piers|access-date=May 30, 2017|date=January 27, 2007|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406054220/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6299369.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Na dem describe ein performance insyd de final insyd de press as one of de best performances of ein career, den "arguably se most powerful display ever seen insyd women dema tennis".<ref name="shape"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6304837.stm|title=I proved critics wrong – Williams|date=January 27, 2007|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport|archive-date=February 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212150222/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6304837.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams win de Sony Ericsson Open insyd Miami for de fourth time by defeating Henin, buh she then loose to am insyd de quarterfinals at de French Open. During a fourth round match against Hantuchová at Wimbledon, Williams collapse from an acute muscle spasm. After a medical timeout, rain force make dem suspend play for nearly two hours. Wen de players return, Williams win de match. Williams then loose ein quarterfinal match against Henin.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cheese|first=Caroline|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6270864.stm|title=Henin overcomes battling Serena|work=BBC Sport|date=July 4, 2007|access-date=May 30, 2013|archive-date=October 7, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007021401/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6270864.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> At de US Open, Williams loose ein third consecutive Grand Slam singles quarterfinal to Henin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/sports/tennis/05tennis.html|title=Henin Defeats Serena Williams Again|last=Robbins|first=Liz|date=September 5, 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 18, 2017|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406132046/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/sports/tennis/05tennis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams reach de final of de Kremlin Cup, buh na she loose to Elena Dementieva. She qualify for de WTA Championships, buh she retire from ein first match plus a knee injury wey she subsequently withdraw from de event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/07/AR2007110702033.html|title=Serena Williams Hurts Knee in Madrid|date=November 7, 2007|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 25, 2017|archive-date=December 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223044010/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/07/AR2007110702033.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tennis-women-championships-williams-idUSL0857371820071108|title=Williams withdraws from Madrid through injury|work=Reuters|date=November 8, 2007|access-date=July 5, 2021|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406063216/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tennis-women-championships-williams-idUSL0857371820071108|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams fini 2007 as No.7 den de top-ranked American for de first time since 2003. === 2008–2010: Injuries, controversy, den return to No. 1 === Williams start 2008 by winning de Hopman Cup give de US, plus Mardy Fish. At de Australian Open, she loose insyd de quarterfinals to Janković, ein fourth straight loss insyd de quarterfinals of a Grand Slam singles tournament. Insyd de women's doubles event, na dem defeat she den Venus insyd de quarterfinals. Williams withdraw from ein next three scheduled tournaments secof an urgent need for dental surgery.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7279958.stm|title=Serena returns to action with win|work=BBC Sport|date=March 5, 2008|access-date=August 19, 2008|archive-date=March 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309010932/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7279958.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> She then win three consecutive singles titles at Bangalore den ein fifth Miami title, tying Graf for de most singles titles at dis tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miami Open presented by Itaú Past Winners|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/tournament/902/miami/past-winners|access-date=2024-06-03|website=Women's Tennis Association|language=en}}</ref> She claim victory at de Family Circle Cup, ein first clay-court title since 2002. Na Dinara Safina end ein 17-match winning streak insyd de quarterfinals insyd Berlin. Williams withdraw insyd Rome insyd de quarterfinals secof a back injury, wey she loose insyd de third round of de French Open to Katarina Srebotnik.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2008-05-17|title=Williamses Out of Italian Open|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9A03E3DC1231F934A25756C0A96E9C8B63.html|access-date=2024-05-27|website=The New York Times|language=en|agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bierley|first=Steve|date=2008-05-30|title=Serena's crash to Srebotnik guarantees new champion|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/may/31/frenchopen.tennis|access-date=2024-05-27|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Williams reach de finals for de first time insyd four years, buh she loose to Venus insyd dema first Grand Slam final since 2003. Na Serena den Venus team up wey dem win de doubles title, however. Williams play at Stanford, buh she retire insyd de semifinals plus a knee injury, wich sanso force am make she withdraw from a tournament insyd Los Angeles. During de Summer Olympics insyd Beijing, Williams loose to Dementieva insyd de singles quarterfinals, buh na she den Venus win de gold medal insyd doubles. Insys early September, Williams capture ein third US Open title, wich na sanso be ein ninth Grand Slam singles title. De victory return am to No.1 for de first time since 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usopen.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/match-tracking-jelena-jankovic-vs-serena-williams/?hp|first=Thomas|last=Lin|title=Serena Williams Wins to Regain No.&nbsp;1 Ranking|work=The New York Times|date=September 7, 2008|access-date=May 4, 2009}}</ref> At de year-end championships, she defeat Safina wey she loose to Venus insyd round-robin matches, buh she withdraw from a match against Dementieva, dey cite a stomach muscle injury. She end 2008 ranked No.2 den plus four singles titles, ein strongest performance insyd both respects since 2003. Williams begin 2009 at de Medibank International, wey she loose insyd de semifinals to Dementieva. At de Australian Open, she claim ein tenth Grand Slam singles title by she defeat Safina. Dis win restore ein No.1 ranking wey e make am de all-time career prize money leader insyd women's sports, a title previously wey golfer Annika Sörenstam hold.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 29, 2009|title=Serena ousts Annika|url=https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/serena-ousts-annika_sto1827447/story.shtml|website=Eurosport}}</ref> Serena den Venus sanso win de doubles event at de Australian Open for de third time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Epic win puts Nadal in final; Williams sisters win doubles title|newspaper=Arizona Republic|date=January 31, 2009|page=32}}</ref> At de Open GdF Suez, Williams withdraw before ein semifinal match against Dementieva secof a knee injury.<ref>{{cite news|title=Knee injury forces Serena out in Paris|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/02/14/tennis.mauresmo/|work=CNN|date=February 14, 2009}}</ref> She then play insyd Dubai, wey she loose to Venus insyd de semifinals.<ref>{{cite news|title=WTA Barclays Dubai TennisChampionships|newspaper=The Ottawa Citizen|date=February 21, 2009|page=24}}</ref> [[File:Serena_Williams_Australian_Open_2009_5.jpg|thumb|Australian Open, 2009]] Na Williams be beset by ankle den quadriceps injuries at de Sony Ericsson Open, wey na dem upset am insyd de final by Victoria Azarenka. Na dis be de first of four consecutive losses give Williams, de longest losing streak of ein career.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tandon|first=Kamakshi|date=May 13, 2009|title=Serena's protests lack teeth|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/columns/story?columnist=tandon_kamakshi&id=4161689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519093949/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/columns/story?columnist=tandon_kamakshi%26id=4161689|archive-date=May 19, 2009|access-date=May 19, 2009|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> After Ericsson, na dem defeat am insyd ein opening matches insyd Barcelona, Rome, den Madrid. At de French Open, she loose insyd de quarterfinals to de eventual champion Kuznetsova. Na dis end ein 18-match winning streak at Grand Slam tournaments. She rebound at Wimbledon, wey she prevail over Dementieva insyd de semifinals den Venus insyd de finals. Na de victory be ein third Wimbledon title den ein 11th Grand Slam singles title.<ref>{{cite news|last=Newbery|first=Piers|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8134542.stm|title=Serena shocked to stay number two|work=BBC Sport|date=July 4, 2009|access-date=January 27, 2011|archive-date=July 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721082201/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8134542.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> For de second consecutive year, na Serena den Venus claim de Wimbledon doubles title, wich na be dema ninth Grand Slam title insyd doubles.<ref>{{cite news|title=At a glance: Women's doubles|newspaper=Bristol Herald Courier|date=July 5, 2009|page=33}}</ref> Ahead of de US Open, Williams suffer a third-round defeat insyd Cincinnati den a semifinal defeat at de Rogers Cup. At de Open, na dem give am a racket abuse warning after she loose de first set of ein semifinal match against Clijsters. Later insyd de match, na dem bell one of ein serves a foot fault.<ref name="saga"/> Na Williams yell profanities at de lineswoman wey make se call, wey na she threaten to shove a tennis ball down ein throat.<ref name="tirade">{{cite news|last=Donegan|first=Lawrence|date=September 14, 2009|title=Serena Williams is fined $10,500 for US Open line judge tirade|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/sep/13/serena-williams-tirade-us-open|access-date=June 5, 2010|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Na dem penalize Williams a point for unsportsmanlike conduct, wich na e result in Clijsters win de match.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 13, 2009|title=Clijsters wins after controversial ending|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/news/story?id=4468762|access-date=March 17, 2024|website=ESPN|language=en}}</ref> De day wey dey follow, na dem issue Williams a fine of $10,500. After further investigation, na de Grand Slam Committee fine am $175,000 in place of suspending am from de 2010 US Open anaa oda Grand Slams.<ref name="Hefty">{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|date=November 30, 2009|title=Serena Williams Given Hefty Fine but No Suspension for Tirade|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/sports/tennis/01serena.html|access-date=November 30, 2009|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Dem sanso place am on a two-year probation, wich mean say if she commit anoda offense at a Grand Slam during de next two years, she go be suspended from de US Open wey dey follow. If, however, she commit no offenses, dem go reduce ein fine to $82,500. Although na Williams initially no express regret for ein outburst, she eventually apologize, dey say na she be humbled by de experience.<ref>{{cite news|date=September 15, 2009|title=Serena Williams tries to move on from uproar over outburst|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/09/15/serena.williams.outburst/index.html|access-date=September 15, 2009|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=September 14, 2009|title=Serena Williams apologizes for outburst toward line judge during U.S. Open semifinal|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/news/story?id=4472638|access-date=August 18, 2015|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Williams continue insyd de US Open doubles competition, wey she team up plus Venus to capture dema third Grand Slam doubles title of de year, den de tenth of dema career. Williams win all three of ein round-robin matches at de year-end WTA Tour Championships, wey she defeat Venus, Dementieva, den Kuznetsova. She advance go de final after Caroline Wozniacki retire from dema semifinal match. Insyd de final, Williams defeat ein sisto to claim ein second singles title at dis event.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8336793.stm|title=Serena ends Venus reign in Doha|date=November 1, 2009|work=BBC Sport|access-date=May 30, 2017|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405083123/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8336793.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams fini de year ranked No.1 for de second time insyd ein career. She play insyd 16 tournaments insyd 2009, more dan any oda year. Plus $6,545,586 in prize-money earnings, she break de record previously set by Justine Henin for most prize money earn by a female tennis player insyd one year. Insyd doubles, na de Williams sistos fini 2009 at No.2, despite dem play six tournaments per togeda. Williams now get a total of 23 Grand Slam titles, wey na dem consequently name am Female Athlete of de Year by de Associated Press.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 22, 2009|title=Williams wins AP's Female Athlete of the Year award|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2009/12/williams-wins-aps-female-athlete-of-the-year-award/19661/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829163012/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2009/12/williams-wins-aps-female-athlete-of-the-year-award/19661/|archive-date=August 29, 2013|access-date=December 24, 2009|website=tennis.com}}</ref> Na she sanso be de International Tennis Federation World Champion insyd both singles den doubles.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 23, 2009|title=Serena ITF World Champion|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/serena-itf-world-champion-20091223_2256076_1912973|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904024154/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/serena-itf-world-champion-20091223_2256076_1912973|archive-date=September 4, 2013|access-date=December 24, 2009|publisher=Women's Tennis Association (WTA)}}</ref> [[File:Melbourne_Australian_Open_2010_Serena_Serve.jpg|left|thumb|Australian Open, 2010]] Insyd 2010, na Williams ein first tournament be insyd Sydney, wer she loose insyd de final to Dementieva. At de Australian Open, na Williams be de defending champion insyd both singles den doubles. She reach de final wey she defeat Justine Henin, wey recently cam out of retirement, for ein twelfth Grand Slam singles title. Insyd doubles, Williams den ein sisto successfully defend dema title by defeating Cara Black den Liezel Huber insyd de final.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-01-29|title=Australian Open 2010: Venus and Serena Williams claim fourth doubles title|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/australianopen/7099660/Australian-Open-2010-Venus-and-Serena-Williams-claim-fourth-doubles-title.html|access-date=2024-05-27|website=The Telegraph|language=en}}</ref> Williams sit out chaw events plus a leg injury,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fialkov|first=Harvey|date=2010-03-23|title=Who Can Fill Serena's Shoes?|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/south-florida-sun-sentinel-who-can-fill/148781540/|access-date=2024-06-05|work=Sun Sentinel|pages=2C}}</ref> buh na she return for de Rome Masters, wer na Janković defeat am insyd de semifinals. At Madrid, she fall to Nadia Petrova insyd de third round, buh she partner plus Venus to win de doubles title.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-05-12|title=Serena Williams loses to Nadia Petrova in Madrid Open|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8679103.stm|access-date=2024-05-27|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 May 2010|title=Williams sisters beats hottest doubles team Dulko/Pennetta to claim Madrid Open doubles title|url=http://www.pubsub.com/Williams-sisters-beats-hottest-doubles-team-Dulko-Pennetta-to-claim-Madrid-Open-doubles-title_Tennis-madrid-title-kmG2XbpqPIN,kGZXuuSZzI9E|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411163232/http://www.pubsub.com/Williams-sisters-beats-hottest-doubles-team-Dulko-Pennetta-to-claim-Madrid-Open-doubles-title_Tennis-madrid-title-kmG2XbpqPIN,kGZXuuSZzI9E|archive-date=11 April 2013|work=WTA Tour}}</ref> At de French Open, na Williams be bested by Samantha Stosur insyd de quarterfinals. Na she den Venus win de doubles event, wey dem achieve dema fourth consecutive Grand Slam doubles title wey dem improve dema doubles ranking to No.1.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2010-06-04|title=Williams sisters win French doubles title|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/french10/news/story?id=5251333|access-date=2024-05-27|website=ESPN.com|language=en|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Na Williams ein next tournament be Wimbledon, wer na she no lose a single set, defeating Zvonareva insyd de final.<ref name="NYTIMESW10">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/sports/tennis/04wimbledon.html|title=A Booming Serena Williams Keeps Title|last=Bishop|first=Greg|date=July 3, 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 5, 2010|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406104507/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/sports/tennis/04wimbledon.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TennisSW10">{{cite news|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2010/07/serena-routs-zvonareva-for-fourth-wimbledon-title/23255/|title=Serena routs Zvonareva for fourth Wimbledon title|agency=Associated Press|date=July 3, 2010|work=Tennis Magazine|access-date=July 5, 2010|archive-date=May 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530222657/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2010/07/serena-routs-zvonareva-for-fourth-wimbledon-title/23255/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jul/3/serena-williams-beats-vera-zvonareva-win-wimbledon/?page=all|title=Serena Williams beats Zvonareva to win Wimbledon|last=Wilson|first=Stephen|agency=Associated Press|date=July 3, 2010|work=The Washington Times|access-date=July 5, 2010|archive-date=February 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204045725/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jul/3/serena-williams-beats-vera-zvonareva-win-wimbledon/?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref> After de match, na Navratilova say Williams dey among de top five female tennis players insyd history. She assert say if one be a great player "no be just about how many Slams you win ... e be just your game overall ... she get all de goods." De Williams sistos loose insyd de doubles quarterfinals to Elena Vesnina den Zvonareva. Insyd Munich on July 7, Williams step on broken glass while insyd a restaurant, wey de injury cause am make she miss de rest of de year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=September 2, 2010|title=Serena Williams reveals details of her serious foot injury|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/sep/03/serena-williams-silence-tendon-injury|access-date=October 5, 2023|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=August 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808201732/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/sep/03/serena-williams-silence-tendon-injury|url-status=live}}</ref> She fini 2010 ranked No.4 insyd singles den No.11 insyd doubles.On March 2, 2011, she confirm say na she suffer a hematoma den a pulmonary embolism.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2011/03/serena-williams-has-emergency-health-treatement/1|title=Tennis star Serena Williams home after treatment for blood clot|last=Cherner|first=Reid|date=March 2, 2011|work=USA Today|access-date=March 2, 2011|archive-date=March 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305094815/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2011/03/serena-williams-has-emergency-health-treatement/1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2011/03/serena-williams-undergoes-emergency-treatment-for-pulmonary-embolism/|title=Serena Williams undergoes emergency treatment for pulmonary embolism|last=Berman|first=Michele|work=Celebrity Diagnosis|date=March 2, 2011|access-date=January 5, 2012|archive-date=January 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102132822/http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2011/03/serena-williams-undergoes-emergency-treatment-for-pulmonary-embolism/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2011/03/serena-williams-gives-more-details-about-recent-health-scare/|last=Berman|first=Michele|title=Serena Williams gives more details about recent health scare|work=Celebrity Diagnosis|date=March 9, 2011|access-date=January 5, 2012|archive-date=March 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314203556/http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2011/03/serena-williams-gives-more-details-about-recent-health-scare/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 2011–2013: Return to dominance, Career Golden Slam === [[File:Serena_Williams_wins_Gold_cropped.jpg|thumb|Williams win de singles gold medal at de 2012 Olympic Games.]] Williams make ein first appearance on de WTA tour insyd almost a year insyd Eastbourne, wer na she loose insyd round two to Zvonareva.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|date=June 6, 2011|title=Serena Williams Plans to Play at Wimbledon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/07/sports/tennis/serena-williams-plans-to-play-at-wimbledon.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610155446/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/07/sports/tennis/serena-williams-plans-to-play-at-wimbledon.html?|archive-date=June 10, 2011|access-date=June 6, 2011|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/15/tennis.eastbourne.zvonareva.serena/index.html|title=Serena comeback ended by Zvonareva|date=June 15, 2011|publisher=CNN|access-date=April 3, 2013|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406102748/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/15/tennis.eastbourne.zvonareva.serena/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Insyd June, she attempt to defend ein title at Wimbledon, buh na dem eliminate am insyd de round of 16, wich drop ein ranking to No.169. Later insyd de summer, she win titles insyd both Stanford den Toronto. Williams play de Western & Southern Open, buh she withdraw secof injury. She reach de final at de US Open, wer she face Stosur. During de match, Williams cam vex plus umpire Eve Asderaki. She make gestures den unflattering comments towards am, wey dey include she call am "a hater".<ref name="saga"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Abad-Santos|first=Alexander|date=September 12, 2011|title=Serena Williams' Tirade Was Seven Years in the Making|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2011/09/serena-williamss-tirade-was-seven-years-making/42357/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601230234/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2011/09/serena-williamss-tirade-was-seven-years-making/42357/|archive-date=June 1, 2013|access-date=June 15, 2013|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> Williams eventually loose de match, den then decline make she offer Asderaki de customary handshake.<ref>{{cite news|date=September 11, 2011|title=Serena Williams Upset By Samantha Stosur 6–2, 6–3 In US Open Final|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/11/serena-williams-upset-samantha-stosur-us-open-final_n_957662.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030014958/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/11/serena-williams-upset-samantha-stosur-us-open-final_n_957662.html|archive-date=October 30, 2011|access-date=September 11, 2011|work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chase|first=Chris|date=September 11, 2011|title=She did it again: Serena Williams blows up in U.S. Open loss|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/blog/busted_racquet/post/serena-williams-blows-up-again-in-u-s-open-loss?urn=ten,wp3253|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204050527/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/blog/busted_racquet/post/serena-williams-blows-up-again-in-u-s-open-loss?urn=ten%2Cwp3253|archive-date=February 4, 2015|access-date=September 11, 2011|publisher=Yahoo! Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fendrich|first=Howard|date=September 11, 2011|title=Stosur stops Williams in controversial final|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/sports/stosur-stops-williams-in-controversial-final|access-date=July 12, 2015|work=National Post}}</ref> A writer give ESPN suggest say na Williams no violate de terms of ein probation (on wich na dem place am dey follow ein 2009 outburst), since she na she no use profanity wen she address de umpire.<ref>{{cite news|last=Garber|first=Greg|date=September 11, 2011|title=Serena Williams loses cool, then match|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen11/story/_/id/6958687/us-open-serena-williams-loses-cool-match|access-date=September 11, 2011|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> In de end, na dem fine Williams $2,000, buh na dem no bar am from competing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serena Williams fined for final outburst|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/09/12/tennis.serena.williams.fined/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913090713/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/09/12/tennis.serena.williams.fined/index.html|archive-date=September 13, 2011|access-date=April 2, 2023|website=CNN}}</ref> Na de US Open be Williams ein final event of 2011, wey na she end de year ranked No.12, plus two titles den a 22–3 record for de season. She play insyd six tournaments per during de season. Williams start de 2012 season at de Brisbane International. During ein match against Bojana Jovanovski, she injure ein left ankle, wey na e force am to withdraw from de tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.brisbaneinternational.com.au/2012/01/serena-withdraws-from-brisbane-international|title=Serena withdraws from Brisbane International|work=Brisbane International|date=January 4, 2012|access-date=July 10, 2012|archive-date=June 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610200138/http://www.brisbaneinternational.com.au/2012/01/serena-withdraws-from-brisbane-international|url-status=live}}</ref> Next she participate insyd de Australian Open, wer na Ekaterina Makarova upset am insyd de fourth round. After a month layoff, Williams return to competition insyd Miami, wey she loose insyd de quarterfinals. She then win consecutive titles insyd Charleston den Madrid, buh na she withdraw from ein semifinal match insyd Rome secof a lower back injury. At de French Open, Williams suffer ein first ever loss insyd de opening round of a Grand Slam. She notch up a 33–1 record for de second half of de season, wey she win five titles insyd de process.<ref name="BBC 2012">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/20117316|title=Serena Williams beats Sharapova in WTA Championships final|date=October 28, 2012|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport|archive-date=September 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917230857/https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/20117316|url-status=live}}</ref> She capture ein fifth Wimbledon singles title (ein 14th Grand Slam victory), wey she cam be de first female player make she serve 24 aces insyd a match. She sanso set a record for de most aces insyd a tournament by any player—male anaa female—plus a total of 102.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hegde|first=Prajwal|date=July 8, 2012|title=Serena Williams beats Radwanska to clinch fifth Wimbledon title|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2012/top-stories/Serena-Williams-beats-Radwanska-to-clinch-fifth-Wimbledon-title/articleshow/14738318.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429224632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2012/top-stories/Serena-Williams-beats-Radwanska-to-clinch-fifth-Wimbledon-title/articleshow/14738318.cms|archive-date=April 29, 2018|access-date=July 8, 2012|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=July 7, 2012|title=Wimbledon 2012 – Serena Williams stretched to three sets, wins 5th title|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon12/story/_/id/8138336/wimbledon-2012-serena-williams-stretched-three-sets-wins-5th-title|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714183059/http://espn.go.com/tennis/wimbledon12/story/_/id/8138336/wimbledon-2012-serena-williams-stretched-three-sets-wins-5th-title|archive-date=July 14, 2012|access-date=July 16, 2012|publisher=ESPN|agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/158997.html|title=Serena books latest Wimbledon final appearance|publisher=ESPN|date=July 5, 2012|access-date=April 28, 2017|archive-date=February 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204031925/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/158997.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams den ein sisto sanso capture dema fifth trophy insyd Wimbledon doubles.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bondy|first=Filip|date=July 8, 2012|title=Bondy: Williams sisters are kin-do at Wimby|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-07-08/news/32591733_1_venus-williams-serena-and-venus-williams-sisters|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028220418/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-07-08/news/32591733_1_venus-williams-serena-and-venus-williams-sisters|archive-date=October 28, 2012|access-date=August 4, 2012|work=Daily News|location=New York}}</ref> Williams return to America to successfully defend ein Stanford title, wey she overcome CoCo Vandeweghe insyd de final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012-07-15/serena-williams-wins-back-of-the-west-classic/56240708/1|title=Serena Williams wins at Stanford in final Olympic tuneup|date=July 20, 2012|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=June 20, 2013|archive-date=December 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110710/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012-07-15/serena-williams-wins-back-of-the-west-classic/56240708/1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/04/serena-williams-gold-medal-olympics-sharapova_n_1741297.html|title=Serena Williams Wins Gold Medal In Olympic Singles Tennis, Beats Maria Sharapova In Final|last=Wine|first=Steven|agency=Associated Press|date=August 4, 2012|work=HuffPost|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917023255/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/04/serena-williams-gold-medal-olympics-sharapova_n_1741297.html|archive-date=September 17, 2012}}</ref> At de Olympics, she win gold by defeating Sharapova insyd a dominating performance. She den Venus sanso win a second consecutive Olympic doubles title. Insyd New York, Williams claim ein fourth US Open singles title, wich na e be ein 15th career Grand Slam singles title.<ref name="BBC 2012">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/20117316|title=Serena Williams beats Sharapova in WTA Championships final|date=October 28, 2012|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC Sport|archive-date=September 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917230857/https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/20117316|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/news/20120909/serena-williams-wins-us-open-victoria-azarenka/|title=Serena tops Azarenka for fourth U.S. Open championship|agency=Associated Press|date=September 9, 2012|access-date=September 10, 2012|archive-date=September 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911040351/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/news/20120909/serena-williams-wins-us-open-victoria-azarenka/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She end de season by she go undefeated at de WTA Championships wey she win de event for de third time. Na dem name am ITF World Champion, wey na dem vote am WTA Player of de Year for de fourth time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Serena Williams wins WTA Tour Player of the Year award|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/20540525|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102180534/https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/20540525|archive-date=January 2, 2019|access-date=November 29, 2012|work=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=December 11, 2012|title=Novak Djokovic, Serena Williams crowned ITF world champions|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Novak-Djokovic-Serena-Williams-crowned-ITF-world-champions/articleshow/17572209.cms?|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212040808/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Novak-Djokovic-Serena-Williams-crowned-ITF-world-champions/articleshow/17572209.cms|archive-date=December 12, 2012|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="CBS-Olympic">{{cite news|date=August 5, 2012|title=Venus and Serena Williams win Olympic gold|publisher=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|location=London, England|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/venus-and-serena-williams-win-olympic-gold/|access-date=April 24, 2017|archive-date=November 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116074656/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/venus-and-serena-williams-win-olympic-gold/|url-status=live}}</ref> Na Williams ein first tournament of de 2013 season be insyd Brisbane, wer na she win de title widout dropping a set. At de Australian Open, na dem upset am insyd de quarterfinals by fellow American Sloane Stephens. After she defeat Petra Kvitová insyd Doha, Williams return to No.1 for de sixth time insyd ein career, wey she cam be de oldest woman insyd de Open Era to hold de ranking.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3077758/title/serena-to-return-to-no1-for-sixth-time|title=Serena To Return To No. 1 For Sixth Time|date=February 15, 2013|publisher=WTA|access-date=April 25, 2017|archive-date=April 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421071222/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3077758/title/serena-to-return-to-no1-for-sixth-time|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd de Miami final, Williams record ein 70th come-from-behind win. Na de victory make Williams a six-time champion insyd Miami, breaking de record na she hold plus Graf. She sanso cam be de fourth woman insyd de Open Era make she win a given tournament six times.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3126967/title/serena-conquers-sharapova-miami|title=Serena Conquers Sharapova & Miami|access-date=April 25, 2017|date=March 30, 2013|publisher=Women's Tennis Association (WTA)|archive-date=April 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412005853/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3126967/title/serena-conquers-sharapova-miami|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams then defend ein Charleston title, wey she win de event for de third time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3136277/title/serena-wins-49th-wta-title-in-charleston|title=Serena Wins 49th WTA Title In Charleston|date=April 6, 2013|access-date=April 25, 2017|publisher=WTA|archive-date=October 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008125252/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3136277/title/serena-wins-49th-wta-title-in-charleston|url-status=live}}</ref> She win ein 50th career singles title insyd Madrid, wey she prevail over Sharapova insyd de final. She then play insyd Rome, wer na she win de title a second time. At de French Open, na Williams loose one game per whilst she defeat Sara Errani insyd de semifinal. Evert say na Williams ein play during de match be de finest performance wey she ever see by a female player on clay.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caple|first=Jim|date=June 7, 2013|title=New Heights For Serena Williams|url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/9352085/2013-french-open-serena-williams-looks-better-ever-heading-final-maria-sharapova|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610152520/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/9352085/2013-french-open-serena-williams-looks-better-ever-heading-final-maria-sharapova|archive-date=June 10, 2013|access-date=June 7, 2013|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Williams best Sharapova insyd de final to claim ein second French Open title den ein 16th Grand Slam title overall. She sanso cam be de fourth woman insyd de Open Era make she win each Grand Slam tournament at least twice. At Wimbledon, she advance easily go de fourth round before dem defeat am by eventual finalist Sabine Lisicki. Williams then win de Swedish Open, ein first victory at de International level. Na she be undefeated on clay during de season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Serena Wins 53rd WTA Title in Bastad|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3323512/title/serena-wins-53rd-wta-title-in-bastad|publisher=WTA|access-date=July 21, 2013|date=July 20, 2013|archive-date=July 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723102117/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3323512/title/serena-wins-53rd-wta-title-in-bastad|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Serena_Williams_serves_at_the_US_Open_(9665931630).jpg|left|thumb|Williams win ein fifth US Open title]] Williams win ein third Rogers Cup title insyd Toronto, wey she beat Sorana Cîrstea insyd de final.<ref>{{cite news|title=Serena Williams wins Rogers Cup women's title|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/tennis/serena-williams-wins-rogers-cup-women-s-title-1.1408357|publisher=CBC News|access-date=August 11, 2013|date=August 11, 2013|archive-date=August 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814034013/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/tennis/story/2013/08/11/sp-wta-tennis-rogers-cup-final.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She reach de final of de Western & Southern Open for de first time, buh she loose to Azarenka.<ref>{{cite news|first=Steve|last=Keating|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/azarenka-beat-williams-cincinnati-title-231248255.html|title=Azarenka beats Williams for Cincinnati title|publisher=Yahoo!|date=August 18, 2013|access-date=September 9, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823010432/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/azarenka-beat-williams-cincinnati-title-231248255.html|archive-date=August 23, 2013}}</ref> At de US Open, Williams begin as top seed den defending champion. She reach de final wey she defeat Azarenka insyd three sets, wey she capture ein 17th Grand Slam singles title wey e push ein career prize winnings past $50{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="usopen">{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=September 9, 2013|title=Serena Williams crowns 14-year reign with fifth US Open title|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/sep/09/serena-williams-victoria-azarenka-us-open-final1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909052136/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/sep/09/serena-williams-victoria-azarenka-us-open-final1|archive-date=September 9, 2013|access-date=September 9, 2013|website=The Guardian}}</ref> At 31, she cam be de oldest US Open champion insyd de Open Era. After de US Open, Williams beat Janković to win de China Open, wich na e be ein 10th title of 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Serena Williams beats Jelena Jankovic to win China Open|work=BBC Sport|date=October 6, 2013|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/24420636|access-date=April 20, 2017|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417091119/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/24420636|url-status=live}}</ref> Na she go undefeated at de WTA Championships, triumphing over Li Na insyd de final wey she cam be de first person to defend de title since Henin insyd 2007. She sanso cam be de oldest player make she win de WTA Championships, de fourth player to win am four times anaa more, den de first female player make she win more dan $10{{nbsp}}million insyd a season (na ein total for 2013 be $12.4 million). Na Rafael Nadal (insyd 2013), den Novak Djokovic (insyd 2011, 2012 den 2013) per earn more money insyd one season. Williams fini as de year-end No.1 for de third time, wey she cam be de oldest No.1 player insyd WTA history.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 27, 2013|title=Serena Williams rallies in WTA final|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/9888972/serena-williams-forced-rally-vs-li-na-final-wta-championships|location=Istanbul, Turkey|publisher=ESPN|agency=Associated Press|access-date=April 24, 2017|archive-date=April 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421000223/http://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/9888972/serena-williams-forced-rally-vs-li-na-final-wta-championships|url-status=live}}</ref> Na dem name am de ITF World Champion for de fourth time. She receive two prizes at de 2013 ESPY Awards: Best Female Athlete den Best Female Tennis Player, de latter of wich na she win for a record sixth time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Serena Wins Best Female Athlete ESPY|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3282995/title/serena-wins-best-female-athlete-espy|website=WTA|access-date=July 19, 2013|date=July 18, 2013|archive-date=July 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721180809/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3282995/title/serena-wins-best-female-athlete-espy|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd December, Williams receive de Associated Press Female Athlete of de Year award for de third time. Na Evert den Babe Didrikson per wey dem choose more often as Athlete of de Year since na dem first hand out de awards insyd 1931.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fendrich|first=Howard|date=December 25, 2013|title=Serena Williams Wins 3rd AP Athlete Of Year Award|url=http://dailydigest.com/18803/serena-williams-wins-3rd-ap-athlete-of-year-award/|website=DailyDigest|agency=Associated Press|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228220845/http://dailydigest.com/18803/serena-williams-wins-3rd-ap-athlete-of-year-award/|archive-date=December 28, 2013}}</ref> === 2014–2015: Second "Serena Slam" === Williams defend ein title at de Brisbane International by she defeat No.2 Azarenka insyd de final.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 4, 2014|title=Serena Williams beats Victoria Azarenka 6–4, 7–5 to win Brisbane International title|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/10550797/Serena-Williams-beats-Victoria-Azarenka-6-4-7-5-to-win-Brisbane-International-title.html|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/10550797/Serena-Williams-beats-Victoria-Azarenka-6-4-7-5-to-win-Brisbane-International-title.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|access-date=March 16, 2015|website=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> At de Australian Open, she fall insyd de fourth round to Ana Ivanovic. Insyd Dubai, Williams loose ein semifinal match to Alizé Cornet insyd straight sets. Williams then play insyd de Miami Open, wer na she win ein record seventh title plus a straight-sets victory over No.2 Li Na.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serena Williams vs Li Na Final Miami 2014 Highlights|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMQzynsGhVg|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611135911/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMQzynsGhVg|archive-date=June 11, 2020|access-date=March 16, 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref> At de Family Circle Cup, she loose to Jana Čepelová insyd de second round. She make am to de quarterfinals at de Madrid Open before she withdraw plus a thigh injury. Insyd Rome, Williams win ein third title of de season. She suffer de worst loss of ein Grand Slam career insyd de second round of de French Open wen na Garbiñe Muguruza defeat am while losing just four games insyd two sets.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 28, 2014|title=Serena Williams's shocking loss is the worst of her legendary career|url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/05/serena-williams-french-open-loss-worst|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528151723/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/05/serena-williams-french-open-loss-worst|archive-date=May 28, 2014|access-date=March 16, 2015|work=USA Today}}</ref> Cornet defeat Williams insyd de third round of Wimbledon, wey she hande Williams ein earliest Wimbledon elimination since 2005. During de doubles event plus Venus, Serena hit four consecutive doubles faults. She appear disoriented den unsteady on ein feet, wey she withdraw from de tournament. Na de official cause of withdrawal be "viral illness".<ref>{{cite web|date=July 2, 2014|title=Navratilova on Serena: 'It's not right'|url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/11168116/espnw-martina-navratilova-critical-serena-williams-wimbledon-exit|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180030/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/11168116/espnw-martina-navratilova-critical-serena-williams-wimbledon-exit|archive-date=April 2, 2015|access-date=March 16, 2015|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Williams rebound by she win 19 out of ein next 20 matches (wey she loose only to Venus insyd de semifinals of de Rogers Cup). De streak include titles at de Bank of the West Classic den de Western & Southern Open, den ein third consecutive den sixth overall US Open singles title.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 7, 2014|title=Serena Williams wins 18th Slam|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen14/story/_/id/11484243/2014-us-open-serena-williams-beats-caroline-wozniacki-win-3rd-straight|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318175210/http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen14/story/_/id/11484243/2014-us-open-serena-williams-beats-caroline-wozniacki-win-3rd-straight|archive-date=March 18, 2015|access-date=March 16, 2015|publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=September 8, 2014|title=US Open: Serena Williams powers past Caroline Wozniacki for sixth title|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/sep/07/serena-williams-caroline-wozniacki-us-open-2014-sixth-title|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529204209/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/sep/07/serena-williams-caroline-wozniacki-us-open-2014-sixth-title|archive-date=May 29, 2015|access-date=March 16, 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Plus dis victory, Williams tie Evert for most US Open singles titles wey a woman win insyd de Open Era. Williams sanso tie Evert den Navratilova dema record of 18 career Grand Slam singles titles dem win insyd de Open Era. By virtue of winning both de US Open den de US Open Series, Williams collect $4 million—de biggest payday insyd tennis history. At de 2014 WTA Finals insyd Singapore, Williams advance go de final for de third consecutive year despite she equal ein career-worst loss insyd ein second round robin match against Simona Halep.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/halep-routs-serena-williams-wta-finals-092843864.html|title=Halep routs Serena Williams at WTA Finals|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=October 22, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025929/http://news.yahoo.com/halep-routs-serena-williams-wta-finals-092843864.html|archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref> She claim de WTA Finals title, wich na e be ein seventh title of de year, wey she fini de year ranked No.1 for de fourth time insyd ein career.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rotherberg|first=Ben|date=October 26, 2014|title=Serena Williams Punishes Simona Halep for Earlier Defeat at WTA Finals|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/27/sports/tennis/serena-williams-punishes-simona-halep-for-earlier-defeat.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528175810/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/27/sports/tennis/serena-williams-punishes-simona-halep-for-earlier-defeat.html|archive-date=May 28, 2019|access-date=March 16, 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref> She hold de top ranking for de entire calendar year, a feat dem no accomplish since Graf achieve am insyd 1996. Na dem vote Williams WTA Player of de Year den ITF World Champion for a third consecutive year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tandon|first=Kamakshi|date=2014-12-09|title=WTA Player of the Year: Serena Williams|url=https://www.espn.com/blog/espntennis/post/_/id/1445/wta-player-of-the-year-serena-williams|access-date=2024-05-28|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-12-18|title=Novak Djokovic, Serena Williams named 2014 ITF world champions|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-19/williams-and-djokovic-top-itf-awards/5978036|access-date=2024-05-28|work=ABC News|language=en-AU}}</ref> Williams begin de 2015 season by reaching de final of de Hopman Cup, wer she den ein partner John Isner loose to Poland.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 22, 2015|title=Poland defeat United States to lift Hopman Cup for first time|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/388281.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222142632/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/388281.html|archive-date=February 22, 2015|access-date=April 20, 2017|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> At de Australian Open, Williams defeat Sharapova for de 16th consecutive time to claim ein sixth Australian Open singles title den 19th career Grand Slam singles title.<ref>{{cite news|title=Serena Williams Wins Australian Open With Coughs, Guts and Aces|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/01/sports/tennis/serena-williams-beats-maria-sharapova-in-australian-open-final.html|work=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2015|access-date=March 16, 2015|last1=Clarey|first1=Christopher|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406131038/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/01/sports/tennis/serena-williams-beats-maria-sharapova-in-australian-open-final.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Murrells|first=Katy|date=January 31, 2015|title=Serena Williams beats Maria Sharapova to win Australian Open – as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2015/jan/31/serena-williams-v-maria-sharapova-australian-open-womens-final-live|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831125222/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2015/jan/31/serena-williams-v-maria-sharapova-australian-open-womens-final-live|archive-date=August 31, 2017|access-date=February 26, 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=January 31, 2015|title=How Serena Williams won the shouting match and more in Australia|url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/12257852/how-serena-williams-won-shouting-match-more-australia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215054432/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/12257852/how-serena-williams-won-shouting-match-more-australia|archive-date=February 15, 2015|access-date=February 26, 2015|publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Serena Williams wins Australian Open, 19th Grand Slam title in champion form|url=https://www.si.com/tennis/2015/01/31/serena-williams-beats-sharapova-wins-australian-open-title|magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=February 22, 2015|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406055714/https://www.si.com/tennis/2015/01/31/serena-williams-beats-sharapova-wins-australian-open-title|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Open 2015 Final – Serena Williams vs Maria Sharapova|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80ba6nJH1MQ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611143816/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80ba6nJH1MQ|archive-date=June 11, 2020|access-date=March 16, 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref> Plus dis victory, Williams surpass both Evert den Navratilova for de second most Grand Slam singles titles win insyd de Open Era. She be de player per insyd history to win all four Grand Slams at age 30 anaa older. Na she den Venus next travel to Buenos Aires to face Argentina insyd a World Group II tie insyd de Fed Cup. She play den win ein only match against María Irigoyen make she help de US team win against de Argentines.<ref>{{cite news|title=Williams sisters see U.S. through in Fed Cup promotion bid|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tennis-fed-argentina-idUSKBN0LC0XG20150208|work=Reuters|access-date=February 26, 2015|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406042536/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tennis-fed-argentina-idUSKBN0LC0XG20150208|url-status=live}}</ref> After a 14-year boycott of de Indian Wells Masters, Williams announce say she go be competing at de event.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-04|title=Serena wants to rewrite Indian Wells ending|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/12277217/serena-williams-wants-rewrite-indian-wells-ending|access-date=2025-08-19|website=ESPN.com|language=en}} </ref><ref name="NYT20150205">{{cite news|title=After a 14-Year Boycott, Serena Williams Plans to Play at Indian Wells|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/05/sports/tennis/serena-williams-will-play-indian-wells-ending-boycott.html|first=Christopher|last=Clarey|date=February 4, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 13, 2015|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406195432/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/05/sports/tennis/serena-williams-will-play-indian-wells-ending-boycott.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chase|first=Chris|date=February 4, 2015|title=Serena Williams ends Indian Wells boycott, 14 years after racist incident|url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/02/serena-williams-end-indian-wells-boycott-14-years-after-racist-incident|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220053534/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/02/serena-williams-end-indian-wells-boycott-14-years-after-racist-incident|archive-date=February 20, 2015|access-date=February 27, 2015|work=USA Today}}</ref> Upon ein return, she receive a standing ovation from de crowd wey she win ein first match insyd straight sets.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 14, 2015|title=Serena Williams received standing ovation, fought tears and won while ending 14-year boycott at Indian Wells|url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/03/serena-williams-return-indian-wells-score-2001-racism|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316085710/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/03/serena-williams-return-indian-wells-score-2001-racism|archive-date=March 16, 2015|access-date=March 16, 2015|work=USA Today}}</ref> She reach de semifinals, buh dem force am to withdraw secof a knee injury. Wen Williams defeat Lisicki insyd de quarterfinals of de Miami Open, she cam be de eighth woman insyd de Open Era to record 700 match wins insyd ein career.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Association|title=Serena Williams beats Sabine Lisicki in Miami to seal 700th career win|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/02/serena-williams-sabine-lisicki-700th-career-win|website=The Guardian|date=April 2, 2015|access-date=April 4, 2015|archive-date=April 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403235817/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/02/serena-williams-sabine-lisicki-700th-career-win|url-status=live}}</ref> Dis sanso make am one of three active players per wey win 700 anaa more matches insyd singles, de others be Nadal den Roger Federer.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 16, 2013|title=Tennis' Exclusive 700 Club|url=http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/slideshow/12597799/tennis-exclusive-700-club|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418011158/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/slideshow/12597799/tennis-exclusive-700-club|archive-date=April 18, 2015|access-date=April 15, 2015|publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 1, 2015|title=Serena Outlasts Halep In Miami Classic|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4610499/title/serena-outlasts-halep-in-miami-classic|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405023735/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4610499/title/serena-outlasts-halep-in-miami-classic|archive-date=April 5, 2015|access-date=April 4, 2015|publisher=WTA}}</ref> Williams go on go win a record eighth title insyd Miami.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 4, 2015|title=Super Serena Wins Miami Title No. 8|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4614412/title/super-serena-wins-miami-title-no8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405113054/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4614412/title/super-serena-wins-miami-title-no8|archive-date=April 5, 2015|access-date=April 5, 2015|publisher=WTA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=As Serena Williams Ascends, Grand Slam Buzz Grows|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/sports/tennis/as-serena-williams-ascends-grand-slam-buzz-grows.html|work=The New York Times|date=April 5, 2015|access-date=April 5, 2015|last1=Clarey|first1=Christopher|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405211907/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/sports/tennis/as-serena-williams-ascends-grand-slam-buzz-grows.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Serena Williams wins eighth Miami Open|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/wp/2015/04/04/serena-williams-wins-eighth-miami-open/|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 5, 2015|archive-date=April 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413194312/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/wp/2015/04/04/serena-williams-wins-eighth-miami-open/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Serena_Williams_Won_Roland_Garros_in_2015.JPG|right|thumb|Williams dey celebrate ein third French Open title]] As preparation for de clay-court season (den make dem ensure ein eligibility for de 2016 Summer Olympics), Williams travel to Brindisi, Italy, wer na she compete plus dat country ein team for a place insyd de Fed Cup ein World Group. Williams den teammate Alison Riske loose de decisive doubles match to Errani den Flavia Pennetta, wich mean na dem relegate de United States to World Group II. Na ebe Williams ein first loss insyd de Fed Cup.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 19, 2015|title=Italy beats United States 3–2 in Fed Cup World Group playoff|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/12721344/italy-edges-united-states-serena-williams-fed-cup-playoff|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422013237/http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/12721344/italy-edges-united-states-serena-williams-fed-cup-playoff|archive-date=April 22, 2015|access-date=April 22, 2015|publisher=ESPN|place=Brindisi, Italy}}</ref> De week of April 20 mark Williams ein 114th consecutive week ranked No.1, de third-longest run insyd WTA history at de time, behind Graf ein 186 weeks den Navratilova ein 156. Insyd de semifinals of de Mutua Madrid Open, Williams suffer ein first defeat of de season, ending a 50-match winning streak at Premier-Mandatory events.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 8, 2015|title=Serena Williams' win streak, Madrid run come to an end|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/12845988/tennis-serena-williams-maria-sharapova-barely-put-fights-madrid-losses|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511054459/http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/12845988/tennis-serena-williams-maria-sharapova-barely-put-fights-madrid-losses|archive-date=May 11, 2015|access-date=May 9, 2015|publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 8, 2015|title=Serena Williams' perfect season ended|url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/05/serena-williams-loss-madrid-petra-kvitova-win-grand-slam-french-open-rome|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511005656/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/05/serena-williams-loss-madrid-petra-kvitova-win-grand-slam-french-open-rome|archive-date=May 11, 2015|access-date=May 9, 2015|work=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 8, 2015|title=Kvitova Stuns Serena in Madrid|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4701085/title/kvitova-stuns-serena-in-madrid|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510190131/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4701085/title/kvitova-stuns-serena-in-madrid|archive-date=May 10, 2015|access-date=May 9, 2015|publisher=WTA}}</ref> She play one match at de 2015 Internazionali BNL d'Italia before she withdraw plus an elbow injury.<ref>{{cite news|title=Serena Williams pulls out of Italian Open with elbow injury|year=2015|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/32741356|work=BBC Sport|access-date=May 17, 2015|archive-date=November 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120200559/http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/32741356|url-status=live}}</ref> At de 2015 French Open, Williams defeat Lucie Šafářová insyd three sets to claim de trophy den win ein third French Open den 20th Grand Slam singles title.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cambers|first=Simon|date=June 6, 2015|title=Serena Williams beats Lucie Safarova at French Open to win 20th grand slam|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jun/06/serena-williams-safarova-french-open-20th-grand-slam-title|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615141140/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jun/06/serena-williams-safarova-french-open-20th-grand-slam-title|archive-date=June 15, 2020|access-date=June 6, 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Serena Williams Wins French Open for Her 20th Grand Slam Title|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/sports/tennis/serena-williams-wins-french-open-for-her-20th-grand-slam-title.html|work=The New York Times|date=June 6, 2015|access-date=June 6, 2015|last1=Clarey|first1=Christopher|archive-date=August 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804044520/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/sports/tennis/serena-williams-wins-french-open-for-her-20th-grand-slam-title.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 6, 2015|title=Serena Williams wins French Open for 20th Grand Slam title|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/french15/story/_/id/13023322/serena-williams-wins-2015-french-open-20th-grand-slam-title|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606203900/http://espn.go.com/tennis/french15/story/_/id/13023322/serena-williams-wins-2015-french-open-20th-grand-slam-title|archive-date=June 6, 2015|access-date=June 6, 2015|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Na de accomplishment make Williams de third person per insyd history to win each Grand Slam at least three times, de odas be Court den Graf.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 5, 2015|title=Serena Battles To Milestone 20th Major|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4773153/title/serena-battles-to-milestone-20th-major|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608002325/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4773153/title/serena-battles-to-milestone-20th-major|archive-date=June 8, 2015|access-date=June 6, 2015|publisher=WTA}}</ref> At Wimbledon, Williams defeat three former No.1 players—Azarenka, Sharapova, den ein sisto Venus—to advance to de final.<ref>{{cite web|title=Incredible Record Against Top Players Adding to Serena Williams' Historic Run|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2518904-incredible-record-against-top-players-adding-to-serena-williams-historic-run|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711214747/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2518904-incredible-record-against-top-players-adding-to-serena-williams-historic-run|archive-date=July 11, 2015|access-date=July 12, 2015|website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> Awaiting am be Muguruza, wey previously hand Williams de worst Grand Slam defeat of ein career.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Serena Williams shocked by Garbine Muguruza in French Open second round|url=https://www.si.com/tennis/beyond-baseline/2014/05/28/serena-williams-loses-to-garbine-muguruza-french-open-round-two|magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=July 12, 2015|archive-date=July 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709220419/http://www.si.com/tennis/beyond-baseline/2014/05/28/serena-williams-loses-to-garbine-muguruza-french-open-round-two|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams best Muguruza den claim ein sixth Wimbledon singles title den 21st Grand Slam singles title overall. Plus dis triumph, she plete ein second "Serena Slam" (winning all four Grand Slams insyd a row, buh no be insyd de same calendar year).<ref>{{cite news|last=Perrotta|first=Tom|date=July 11, 2015|title=Serena Williams Wins Sixth Wimbledon Championship|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/serena-williams-wins-sixth-wimbledon-championship-1436626560|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405074150/https://www.wsj.com/articles/serena-williams-wins-sixth-wimbledon-championship-1436626560|archive-date=April 5, 2023|access-date=July 12, 2015|website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=July 11, 2015|title=Serena Williams Beats Garbiñe Muguruza In Straight Sets To Win Wimbledon|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/07/11/serena-williams-wimbledon_n_7775932.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712210644/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/07/11/serena-williams-wimbledon_n_7775932.html|archive-date=July 12, 2015|access-date=July 12, 2015|work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Nguyen|first=Courtney|date=July 3, 2015|title=Serena avoids upset against Watson to set up clash with sister Venus|url=https://www.si.com/tennis/2015/07/03/wimbledon-2015-serena-williams-defeats-heather-watson|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406104510/https://www.si.com/tennis/2015/07/03/wimbledon-2015-serena-williams-defeats-heather-watson|archive-date=April 6, 2023|access-date=July 12, 2015|magazine=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> De Wimbledon victory make Williams de oldest woman insyd de Open Era to win a Grand Slam singles title.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 12, 2015|title=Serena Wins Wimbledon & Serena Slam 2|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4856959/title/serena-wins-wimbledon-serena-slam-2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714044119/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4856959/title/serena-wins-wimbledon-serena-slam-2|archive-date=July 14, 2015|access-date=July 12, 2015|website=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Na e sanso be eighth consecutive victory insyd Grand Slam singles finals appearances, breaking Graf ein Open Era record of seven den dey tie Pete Sampras ein Open Era record of eight. De week of July 13 mark de first time insyd WTA history dat de No.1 player get more dan twice as many points as de No.2.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|date=July 14, 2015|title=Historic Ranking Milestone For Serena|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4863665/title/historic-ranking-milestone-for-serena|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717014149/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4863665/title/historic-ranking-milestone-for-serena|archive-date=July 17, 2015|access-date=July 16, 2015|publisher=WTA}}</ref> Dey follow ein win at Wimbledon, na dem award Williams ein seventh ESPY for Best Female Tennis Player.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 16, 2015|title=ESPYS Awards Winners: The Complete List|url=http://www.thewrap.com/espy-awards-winners-2015-complete-list/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818074624/http://www.thewrap.com/espy-awards-winners-2015-complete-list/?|archive-date=August 18, 2015|access-date=August 18, 2015|website=TheWrap}}</ref> Na Williams be de defending champion at de Bank of the West Classic, buh she withdraw from de tournament make she recover from an elbow injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=World No. 1 Serena Williams withdraws from Bank of West with hurt elbow|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2015/07/31/serena-williams-withdraws--bank--west--hurt-elbow/30955719/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406035639/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2015/07/31/serena-williams-withdraws--bank--west--hurt-elbow/30955719/|archive-date=April 6, 2023|access-date=August 3, 2015|website=USA Today}}</ref> Insyd de semifinals of de Canadian Open, na Williams get a 19-match winning streak ended by 18-year-old Belinda Bencic.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 16, 2015|title=Serena Williams battles from third-set hole but falls short in Rogers Cup|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/13446751/serena-williams-upset-18-year-old-belinda-bencic-rogers-cup-semifinals|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816090430/http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/13446751/serena-williams-upset-18-year-old-belinda-bencic-rogers-cup-semifinals|archive-date=August 16, 2015|access-date=August 16, 2015|publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Serena Williams falls in Toronto semifinals|url=https://www.si.com/tennis/2015/08/15/ap-ten-toronto|magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=August 16, 2015|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924165819/http://www.si.com/tennis/2015/08/15/ap-ten-toronto|url-status=live}}</ref> De next week Williams defend ein title at de Western & Southern Open plus a straight sets victory over No.3 Halep.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 23, 2015|title=Serena Williams wins Cincinnati tournament for second time|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/13495801/serena-williams-defeats-simona-halep-win-cincinnati-title|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926000545/http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/13495801/serena-williams-defeats-simona-halep-win-cincinnati-title|archive-date=September 26, 2015|access-date=August 24, 2015|publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 23, 2015|title=Serena Edges Halep & Wins Cincinnati|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4953555/title/serena-edges-halep-wins-cincinnati|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825195649/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4953555/title/serena-edges-halep-wins-cincinnati|archive-date=August 25, 2015|access-date=August 24, 2015|publisher=WTA}}</ref> Williams ein attempt at capturing de "Grand Slam" (winning all four Grand Slams insyd a calendar year) cam to an end at de US Open, wer she loose to Roberta Vinci insyd de semifinals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Roberta Vinci Ends Serena Williams's Grand Slam Bid at U.S. Open|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/12/sports/tennis/roberta-vinci-ends-serena-williamss-grand-slam-run-at-us-open.html|work=The New York Times|date=September 11, 2015|access-date=September 25, 2015|last1=Clarey|first1=Christopher|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406065244/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/12/sports/tennis/roberta-vinci-ends-serena-williamss-grand-slam-run-at-us-open.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Roberta Vinci upsets Serena Williams at the U.S. Open|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/tennis/roberta-vinci-upsets-serena-williams-at-the-us-open/2015/09/11/c5fdc6ca-5884-11e5-8bb1-b488d231bba2_story.html|first=Jacob|last=Feldman|date=September 11, 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=September 25, 2015|archive-date=May 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525180434/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/tennis/roberta-vinci-upsets-serena-williams-at-the-us-open/2015/09/11/c5fdc6ca-5884-11e5-8bb1-b488d231bba2_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=September 11, 2015|title=Serena Williams' grand slam dream ended by Roberta Vinci's shock win|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/11/serena-williams-grand-slam-ended-roberta-vinci|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221111847/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/11/serena-williams-grand-slam-ended-roberta-vinci|archive-date=December 21, 2016|access-date=September 25, 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Na dem describe de defeat by sam as one of de biggest upsets insyd tennis history.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 11, 2015|title=No indication Vinci would stop Serena's Slam streak|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen15/story/_/id/13633288/tennis-roberta-vinci-shatters-serena-dreams-monumental-upset|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926003947/http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen15/story/_/id/13633288/tennis-roberta-vinci-shatters-serena-dreams-monumental-upset|archive-date=September 26, 2015|access-date=September 25, 2015|publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=September 11, 2015|title=13 reasons Serena Williams' loss to Roberta Vinci was the biggest upset in tennis history|url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/09/13-reasons-serena-williams-loss-was-the-biggest-upset-in-tennis-history-roberta-vinci-us-open-grand-slam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153557/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/09/13-reasons-serena-williams-loss-was-the-biggest-upset-in-tennis-history-roberta-vinci-us-open-grand-slam|archive-date=September 24, 2015|access-date=September 25, 2015|work=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chase|first=Chris|date=September 11, 2015|title=Why Serena's loss is one of the biggest upsets in sports history|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/serena-williams|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925201754/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/serenas-loss-one-biggest-upsets-sports-history/|archive-date=September 25, 2015|access-date=September 25, 2015|publisher=PBS NewsHour}}</ref> On October 1, Williams call an end to ein season, dey state say na she be injured for most of de year wey na she wan to "properly address [ein] health".<ref>{{cite web|title=Serena Williams Ends 2015 Season, Withdraws from China Open and WTA Finals|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2574337-serena-williams-ends-2015-season-withdraws-from-china-open-and-wta-finals|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014002636/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2574337-serena-williams-ends-2015-season-withdraws-from-china-open-and-wta-finals|archive-date=October 14, 2015|access-date=October 13, 2015|work=Bleacher Report}}</ref> Na Coach Patrick Mouratoglou hint say na ein decision to end de season early fi be secof a lack of motivation den disappointment dey follow ein loss at de Open.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 29, 2015|title=Disappointed Serena Williams may not play again in 2015, says coach|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/29/disappointed-serena-williams-may-not-play-again-in-2015-says-coach|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001221059/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/29/disappointed-serena-williams-may-not-play-again-in-2015-says-coach|archive-date=October 1, 2015|access-date=October 13, 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref> On October 5, na Williams surpass Evert for third-most weeks ranked world No.1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serena Williams Stays On Top Of WTA rankings And Moves Third On All Time List|url=https://www.beinsports.com/us/tennis/news/serena-williams-stays-on-top-of-wta-rankings-/109739|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924184342/https://www.beinsports.com/us/tennis/news/serena-williams-stays-on-top-of-wta-rankings-/109739|archive-date=September 24, 2022|access-date=October 13, 2015|publisher=beIN SPORTS}}</ref> Williams hold de top ranking de entire season for de second consecutive year, wey she fini der for de fifth time insyd ein career. Na dem vote am WTA Player of de Year for de seventh time, wey na dem name am ITF World Champion for de sixth time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serena Williams: WTA Player Of The Year|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5194460/title/serena-williams-wta-player-of-the-year|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210105111/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5194460/title/serena-williams-wta-player-of-the-year|archive-date=December 10, 2015|access-date=December 9, 2015|publisher=WTA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Serena Williams: ITF World Champion|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5226383/title/serena-williams-itf-world-champion|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101131502/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5226383/title/serena-williams-itf-world-champion|archive-date=January 1, 2016|access-date=December 22, 2015|publisher=WTA}}</ref> Na dem sanso vote am Female Athlete of de Year by de Associated Press for de fourth time insyd ein career, wey na dem choose am as Sportsperson of de Year by Sports Illustrated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Serena Williams wins fourth AP female athlete of the year title|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/more-sports/serena-williams-wins-fourth-ap-female-athlete-of-the-year-title/article27939491/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226010421/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/more-sports/serena-williams-wins-fourth-ap-female-athlete-of-the-year-title/article27939491/|archive-date=December 26, 2015|access-date=December 26, 2015|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><ref name="SISPOTY2015">{{cite magazine|title=Serena Williams is SI's Sportsperson of the Year|url=https://www.si.com/sportsperson/2015/12/14/serena-williams-si-sportsperson-year|magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=December 14, 2015|archive-date=December 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211040640/https://www.si.com/sportsperson/2015/12/14/serena-williams-si-sportsperson-year|url-status=live}}</ref> She cam be de third solo woman, den de first since 1983, make she receive de latter award.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 14, 2015|title=Why it matters that Serena Williams is on the cover of Sports Illustrated|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/12/14/10131368/serena-williams-sports-illustrated|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529022330/https://www.vox.com/2015/12/14/10131368/serena-williams-sports-illustrated|archive-date=May 29, 2023|access-date=December 27, 2015|publisher=Vox}}</ref> === 2016: Equalling de records of Steffi Graf === Na Williams be de No.1 seed den defending champion at de Australian Open. She reach de final widout dropping a set, wey na she face first time Grand Slam finalist Angelique Kerber. Na dem consider Williams de heavy favorite, as na she never loose an Australian Open final anaa semifinal. Na she sanso dominate insyd past matches against Kerber, wey she loose once per to am insyd six meetings. Williams loose de final insyd three sets, however, wich mark ein first-ever three-set loss insyd de final of a Grand Slam.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=January 30, 2016|title=Angelique Kerber stuns Serena Williams to clinch Australian Open title|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jan/30/serena-williams-angelque-kerber-australian-open-final-tennis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621143555/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jan/30/serena-williams-angelque-kerber-australian-open-final-tennis|archive-date=June 21, 2018|access-date=June 4, 2018|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/31/sports/angelique-kerber-upsets-serena-williams-to-win-australian-open.html|title=Angelique Kerber Upsets Serena Williams to Win Australian Open|date=January 30, 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 4, 2018|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406065245/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/31/sports/angelique-kerber-upsets-serena-williams-to-win-australian-open.html|url-status=live}}</ref> De week of February 15 mark Williams ein 157th consecutive week ranked No.1, de second-longest streak insyd WTA history. Na Graf per wey hold de ranking longer, for 186 weeks. Williams compete insyd Indian Wells as de No.1 seed, wey na she reach de final for de first time since 2001. Na Azarenka defeat am, whom na she beat de last five times na de pair meet. Na dis mark de first time since 2004 wey Williams loose two consecutive finals. She next play de Miami Open as de defending champion, wey she loose insyd de fourth round to Kuznetsova. Insyd Rome, she prevail over Anna-Lena Friedsam den Christina McHale make she progress to de quarterfinals, wer she defeat Kuznetsova. She then defeat Irina-Camelia Begu den Madison Keys make she win ein 70th career WTA title den ein first title of de year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rothenberg|first=Ben|date=2016-05-15|title=At Italian Open, Serena Williams Ends a Long but Lean Drought|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/16/sports/tennis/serena-williams-madison-keys-italian-open-rome.html|access-date=2024-05-28|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At de French Open, Williams drop one set per en route to de final, wer she face Muguruza. She loose to de Spanish-Venezuelan player insyd straight sets, dey mark de first time na she loose two consecutive Grand Slam finals. At Wimbledon, Williams san drop one set per for ein way to de final, wer she face Kerber insyd a rematch of dema Australian Open final earlier insyd de year. Williams defeat Kerber insyd straight sets wey she tie Graf ein record of 22 Open Era Grand Slam singles titles. Later dat day, Williams den ein sisto win dema sixth Wimbledon doubles title den 14th Grand Slam doubles title overall, wey dem keep dema perfect record at Grand Slam doubles finals intact. Insyd July, Williams withdraw from de Rogers Cup secof a shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 24, 2016|title=Serena Williams withdraws from the Rogers Cup in Montreal|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12040/10511583/serena-williams-withdraws-from-rogers-cup-in-montreal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828063813/http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12040/10511583/serena-williams-withdraws-from-rogers-cup-in-montreal|archive-date=August 28, 2016|access-date=August 24, 2016|publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> She next participate insyd de Olympics insyd Rio de Janeiro, wer na she be de defending gold medalist insyd both singles den doubles, wey na she be de heavy favorite make she retain those titles. De sistos suffer a shock exit insyd de first round of doubles, wey dem loose to de Czech duo of Šafářová den Barbora Strýcová, wich end dema career record of 15–0 dating back to de 2000 Olympics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/37006469|title=Rio Olympics 2016: Serena & Venus Williams lose in doubles|work=BBC Sport|date=August 8, 2016|access-date=August 24, 2016|archive-date=August 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810021752/http://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/37006469|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd singles, Williams loose to Elina Svitolina insyd de third round.<ref>{{cite web|last=Levinsohn|first=Alan|date=August 10, 2016|title=Serena Williams loses in singles round three, out of Rio Olympics|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news/serena-williams-loses-singles-round-three-out-rio-olympics|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811131031/http://www.nbcolympics.com/news/serena-williams-loses-singles-round-three-out-rio-olympics|archive-date=August 11, 2016|access-date=August 24, 2016|publisher=NBC Sports}}</ref> Days after de Olympics, Williams enter de Western & Southern Open make she defend ein crown, buh then she withdraw secof de same shoulder injury from earlier insyd de summer.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 16, 2016|title=After practice session, Serena Williams withdraws from Cincinnati with shoulder injury|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2016/08/shoulder-injury-forces-serena-williams-out-of-tourney/59966/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819184645/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2016/08/shoulder-injury-forces-serena-williams-out-of-tourney/59966/|archive-date=August 19, 2016|access-date=August 24, 2016|website=Tennis.com}}</ref> De week of September 5, 2016, mark Williams ein 186th consecutive week ranked No.1, dey tie am plus Graf for de longest run insyd WTA history. Williams ein streak end wen she loose to Karolína Plíšková insyd de semifinals of de US Open.<ref>{{cite news|date=September 9, 2016|title=Serena Williams suffers shock US Open semifinal defeat to Karolina Pliskova|url=https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/us-open-women/2016/serena-williams-v-karolina-pliskova-us-open-live_sto5835691/story.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030230811/https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml|archive-date=October 30, 2023|access-date=June 4, 2018|work=Eurosport}}</ref> Insyd October, she pull out of de WTA Finals, dey cite ein shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ullah|first1=Zahra|last2=Westcott|first2=Ben|date=October 17, 2016|title=Injured Serena Williams out of WTA Finals|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/17/tennis/serena-williams-singapore-finals/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502081215/https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/17/tennis/serena-williams-singapore-finals/index.html|archive-date=May 2, 2022|access-date=May 2, 2022|publisher=CNN}}</ref> === 2017: Australian Open victory den pregnancy === Williams start 2017 by playing insyd de WTA Auckland Open for de first time insyd ein career. Insyd de second round, she loose to Madison Brengle. She then win de Australian Open for an Open Era record seventh time, wey she defeat Venus insyd de final.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Serena-Williams|title=Serena Williams {{!}} Biography, Titles, & Facts|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=August 8, 2017|archive-date=September 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918073816/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Serena-Williams|url-status=live}}</ref> Na ebe ein 23rd Open Era Grand Slam singles title, wey push am past Graf ein record of 22. Na ebe de first time insyd de Open Era wey na two players aged 35 anaa older compete insyd de final of a Grand Slam tournament. De win ensure Williams ein return to de No.1 ranking.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/01/27/2017-australian-open-watch-live-stream-online-finals-full-schedule-ao-venus-serena-williams.html|title=How to Watch the 2017 Australian Open Finals|last=Warshaw|first=Amelia|date=January 27, 2017|website=The Daily Beast|access-date=January 28, 2017|archive-date=January 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127211352/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/01/27/2017-australian-open-watch-live-stream-online-finals-full-schedule-ao-venus-serena-williams.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/38781553|title=Australian Open 2017: Serena Williams beats Venus Williams to set Grand Slam record|date=January 28, 2017|work=BBC Sport|access-date=January 28, 2017|archive-date=January 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128104305/http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/38781553|url-status=live}}</ref> She subsequently withdraw from de Indian Wells den Miami Opens, dey cite a knee injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serena Williams Withdraws from BNP Paribas Open|url=http://www.bnpparibasopen.com/en/media-and-news/news/2017/03/07/serena-williams-withdraws-from-bnp-paribas-open|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200934/http://www.bnpparibasopen.com/en/media-and-news/news/2017/03/07/serena-williams-withdraws-from-bnp-paribas-open|archive-date=August 8, 2017|access-date=April 20, 2017|work=BNP Paribas Open}}</ref> On April 19, 2017, Williams reveal say na she be 20 weeks pregnant wey she go miss de remainder of de season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serena Williams planning 2018 return after confirming pregnancy|url=http://sport.bt.com/tennis/serena-williams-planning-2018-return-after-confirming-pregnancy-S11364174403855|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023023805/https://sport.bt.com/tennis/serena-williams-planning-2018-return-after-confirming-pregnancy-S11364174403855|archive-date=October 23, 2020|access-date=April 20, 2017|work=BT.com|publisher=BT Sport}}</ref> De timing of ein announcement mean na she already dey preg wen na she win de Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news|title=Serena Williams: How can you win a Grand Slam while pregnant?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/39653317|work=BBC Sport|access-date=April 20, 2017|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417074636/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/39653317|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd interviews, na she say dat she intend to return to tennis after she give birth, dey say na she get an "outrageous plan" of competing insyd de 2018 Australian Open.<ref name="voguesept17">{{cite web|last=Haskell|first=Rob|date=August 15, 2017|title=Serena Williams on Pregnancy, Power, and Coming Back to Center Court|url=http://www.vogue.com/article/serena-williams-pregnancy-vogue-september-issue-2017|access-date=August 15, 2017|website=Vogue}}</ref> On September 1, 2017, Williams give birth to a daughter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2017/09/13/serena_williams_revealed_her_daughter_s_name_and_her_first_photo.html|title=Serena Williams Revealed Her Daughter's Name and Shared the Baby's First Photo|last=Olmstead|first=Molly|date=September 13, 2017|work=Slate|access-date=September 14, 2017|issn=1091-2339|archive-date=September 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914014552/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2017/09/13/serena_williams_revealed_her_daughter_s_name_and_her_first_photo.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She suffer a pulmonary embolism after delivery, wey lef am bedridden for six weeks wey delay ein return to training.<ref name="vogue.com">{{cite web|last1=Haskell|first1=Rob|date=January 10, 2018|title=Serena Williams on Motherhood, Marriage, and Making Her Comeback|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/serena-williams-vogue-cover-interview-february-2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122044131/https://www.vogue.com/article/serena-williams-vogue-cover-interview-february-2018|archive-date=January 22, 2020|access-date=January 17, 2018|website=Vogue}}</ref> On December 30, Williams play ein first match since giving birth, an exhibition match at de World Tennis Championship insyd Abu Dhabi, wer na she loose to Jeļena Ostapenko. [[File:Williams_S._RG18_(17)_(41168711240).jpg|thumb|French Open, 2018]] === 2018: Return to tennis, Wimbledon, den controversies === On January 5, 2018, Williams withdraw from de upcoming Australian Open, dey cite a lack of sufficient preparation insyd de wake of ein pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Spits|first1=Scott|date=January 5, 2018|title=Australian Open 2018: Serena Williams to miss but vowing to return to Melbourne|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/australian-open-2018-serena-williams-wont-compete-20180105-h0dv52.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106191418/http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/australian-open-2018-serena-williams-wont-compete-20180105-h0dv52.html|archive-date=January 6, 2018|access-date=January 17, 2018|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Insyd February, after na she overcam pregnancy-related health problems, she return to de tennis court plus Venus. De pair loose to Lesley Kerkhove den Demi Schuurs of de Netherlands insyd de first round of de Fed Cup.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jezebel.com/serena-williams-made-her-return-to-competitive-tennis-t-1822914914|title=Serena Williams Made Her Return to Competitive Tennis This Weekend|last=Fishbein|first=Rebecca|work=Jezebel|access-date=February 12, 2018|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406042249/https://jezebel.com/serena-williams-made-her-return-to-competitive-tennis-t-1822914914|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams then suffer back-to-back early exits insyd Indian Wells den Miami. Williams return to Grand Slam tennis at de 2018 French Open, wey she play singles den doubles plus ein sisto. Insyd de first round, she defeat Kristýna Plíšková, then she overcam Ashleigh Barty insyd de second round. She then defeat 11th seed Julia Görges make she set up a fourth-round match against Sharapova, whom na she best 18 consecutive times since 2004. Williams withdraw from de match secof an injury, however.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/04/sport/french-open-serena-sharapova-nadal-tennis/index.html|title=Serena Williams pulls out of French Open due to injury|first=Ravi|last=Ubha|publisher=CNN|access-date=June 4, 2018|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406131440/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/04/sport/french-open-serena-sharapova-nadal-tennis/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=June 4, 2018|title=Serena Williams withdraws from French Open clash with Maria Sharapova|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jun/04/serena-williams-withdraws-french-open-injury-sharapova|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604162729/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jun/04/serena-williams-withdraws-french-open-injury-sharapova|archive-date=June 4, 2018|access-date=June 4, 2018|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Insyd July, she play Wimbledon wey na dem seed am No.25. Na chaw feel de decision show bias den unduly favor Williams, wey na dem rank am No.181.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 10, 2018|title=Serena Williams|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/230234/title/serena-williams|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030125120/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/230234/title/Serena-Williams|archive-date=October 30, 2019|access-date=July 10, 2018|website=WTA Tennis}}</ref> Odas argue dat de All England Club, wich no dey base seedings on players dema world rankings—as oda Grand Slam tournaments dey do—na dem sensibly consider Williams ein excellent historic record at Wimbledon.<ref name="surprise">{{cite news|last=Merrill|first=Jamie|date=July 2018|title=Serena Willams reveals 'surprise' at Wimbledon seeding|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/01/serena-willams-reveals-surprise-wimbledon-seeding/|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/01/serena-willams-reveals-surprise-wimbledon-seeding/|archive-date=January 10, 2022|access-date=July 10, 2018|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=July 10, 2018|title=Federer and Serena Williams remain but exodus of seeds raises questions|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jul/07/wimbledon-2018-seeds-exodus-questions|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728133755/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jul/07/wimbledon-2018-seeds-exodus-questions|archive-date=July 28, 2018|access-date=July 10, 2018|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Williams reach de Wimbledon semifinals, wey cam be de lowest-ranked player to do so.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Oxley|first1=Sonia|title=Serena Williams into Wimbledon semifinals with win over Camila Giorgi|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/44783078|access-date=July 11, 2018|publisher=BBC|archive-date=April 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411132629/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/44783078|url-status=live}}</ref> She best 13th seed Görges insyd de semifinal match, buh she loose to Kerber insyd a rematch of de 2016 final.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Skiver|first=Kevin|date=2018-07-12|title=Wimbledon 2018 women's semifinal results: Serena Williams to play Angelique Kerber for title|url=https://www.cbssports.com/tennis/news/wimbledon-2018-womens-semifinal-results-serena-williams-to-play-angelique-kerber-for-title/|access-date=2024-05-28|website=CBSSports.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ESPN News Services|date=2018-07-14|title=Angelique Kerber wins Wimbledon, keeps Serena Williams from tying all-time mark|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/24096564/wimbledon-2018-angelique-kerber-beats-serena-williams-3rd-grand-slam-title|access-date=2024-05-28|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> Dey follow Wimbledon, Williams enter de 2018 Silicon Valley Classic, ein first appearance insyd a US Open series tournament since 2015. She suffer de worst loss of ein career insyd de first round, she win just a single game against Johanna Konta.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 2018|title=Serena Williams suffers worst defeat of her career|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/01/tennis/serena-williams-johanna-konta-silicon-valley-classic-spt-intl/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602061821/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/01/tennis/serena-williams-johanna-konta-silicon-valley-classic-spt-intl/index.html|archive-date=June 2, 2023|access-date=August 1, 2018|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Williams later reveal insyd an interview plus ''Time'' say na she check Instagram prior to de match, wey na she discover say de man wey murder ein half-sisto, Yetunde, insyd 2003 na dem release am on parole earlier insyd de year. Williams say na she "ni fi shake am out of [ein] mind."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5368858/serena-williams-comeback/|title=Serena Williams Opens Up About Her Complicated Comeback, Motherhood And Making Time to Be Selfish|magazine=Time|access-date=August 17, 2018|archive-date=August 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816225315/http://time.com/5368858/serena-williams-comeback/|url-status=live}}</ref> Na Williams ein next tournament be de Cincinnati Masters. She beat Daria Gavrilova insyd straight sets insyd de first round, buh she loose to Petra Kvitová insyd de second round.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brennan|first=Pat|date=2018-08-13|title=Serena Williams dominates in first round of Western & Southern Open|url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/sports/tennis/2018/08/13/serena-williams-dominates-first-round-western-southern-open/983194002/|access-date=2024-05-28|website=Cincinnati Enquirer|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brennan|first=Pat|date=2018-08-14|title=Petra Kvitova holds off Serena Williams at the Western & Southern Open|url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/sports/tennis/2018/08/14/petra-kvitova-holds-off-serena-williams-western-southern-open/994750002/|access-date=2024-05-28|website=Cincinnati Enquirer|language=en-US}}</ref> Na dem then seed am 17th at de US Open, although she rank 26th insyd de WTA. She prevail over Magda Linette insyd de first round, Carina Witthöft insyd de second, Venus insyd de third, den Kaia Kanepi insyd de fourth. Na Williams ein quarterfinal face-off against Karolína Plíšková be a rematch of de 2016 US Open semifinal, wich na de Czech player win. Williams prevail, dey notch ein first win against a top 10 player since ein return from pregnancy. Williams then win ein semifinal match against Anastasija Sevastova, wey put am into de final against Naomi Osaka. During de second set of de match, na dem give Williams a code violation secof ein coach, Patrick Mouratoglou, give am coaching hand signals. Williams claim na Mouratoglou simply dey give am a thumbs-up, wey na she demand an apology from umpire Carlos Ramos. However, na Mouratoglou later admit insyd de after-game interview say na he dey coach, buh dey believe na Williams no understand de hint.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=September 8, 2018|title=Patrick Mouratoglou admits to coaching Serena Williams during final|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/ca/tennis/news/patrick-mouratoglou-serena-williams-coaching-us-open-final/uu0mars28xk61dkz9jkmnpk4p|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023122917/https://www.sportingnews.com/ca/tennis/news/patrick-mouratoglou-serena-williams-coaching-us-open-final/uu0mars28xk61dkz9jkmnpk4p|archive-date=October 23, 2020|access-date=September 9, 2018|magazine=Sporting News}}</ref> Williams then receive a second violation for racket abuse, wich result in a point penalty. After ein third code violation for verbal abuse of de umpire, Williams receive a game penalty, wey na she go on go lose de match. Na dem fine am a total of $17,000 for de three offenses, although na she claim dem treat am unfairly secof she be a woman.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 8, 2018|title=Serena Williams demands apology from US Open umpire|url=https://www.cbssports.com/tennis/news/us-open-final-2018-serena-williams-demands-apology-from-umpire-after-controversial-game-penalty/|url-status=live|publisher=CBS}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=September 8, 2018|title=Serena Williams unleashes furious rant at umpire as she loses US Open|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2018/09/08/serena-williams-vs-naomi-osaka-us-open-2018-final-live-score/|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2018/09/08/serena-williams-vs-naomi-osaka-us-open-2018-final-live-score/|archive-date=January 10, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2018|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=September 9, 2018|title=US Open: Serena Williams says she was treated more harshly because she is a woman|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-09/us-open-serena-williams-says-sexism-to-blame-in-loss-to-osaka/10219364|access-date=March 4, 2019|work=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=September 9, 2018|title=Serena Williams Fined $17,000 for US Open Code Violations|url=https://www.tmz.com/2018/09/09/serena-williams-fined-17-000-us-open-code-violations/|website=TMZ}}</ref> Dey follow de US Open final match, na de Melbourne newspaper de Herald Sun publish a cartoon by Mark Knight wey dey depict Williams dey throw a tantrum while de umpire ask ein opponent to "make she just let her win".<ref>{{cite web|date=September 11, 2018|title=Knight's cartoon neither racist or sexist|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/opinion/editorial-mark-knights-cartoon-rightly-mocks-serena-williams-us-open-finals-dummyspit/news-story/bff3c329c6c706b966636620bcb21be7|access-date=September 24, 2019|website=Herald Sun}}</ref> Na dem widely criticize da cartoon as racist den sexist, wey include by Williams ein husbie, Alexis Ohanian, den author J. K. Rowling.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dawson|first=Alan|title=Serena Williams' Reddit co-founder husband Alexis Ohanian slams controversial 'angry baby' cartoon for being 'racist and misogynistic'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/alexis-ohanian-calls-serena-williams-cartoon-racist-misogynistic-2018-9|access-date=September 24, 2019|website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=September 10, 2018|title=JK Rowling condemns 'racist and sexist' cartoon of Serena Williams at US Open|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/jk-rowling-twitter-serena-williams-cartoon-us-open-racist-sexist-a8531941.html|access-date=September 24, 2019|website=The Independent}}</ref> Complaints center on de portrayal of Williams as an angry black woman plus exaggeratedly large lips den a broad, flat nose; de depiction of Williams insyd an ape-like pose; den de rendering of Osaka plus blonde hair (na sam per of ein hair be colored blonde during de tournament).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cavna|first=Michael|date=September 12, 2018|title=An Australian artist's racist Serena Williams cartoon receives swift and international blowback|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2018/09/10/an-australian-artists-racist-serena-williams-cartoon-receives-swift-and-international-blowback/|access-date=September 24, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="Herald18">{{cite web|date=September 11, 2018|title=I shut Twitter to save family from abuse: Knight|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/herald-sun-backs-mark-knights-cartoon-on-serena-williams/news-story/30c877e3937a510d64609d89ac521d9f|access-date=September 24, 2019|website=Herald Sun}}</ref> Knight defend ein work, dey claim na ein satire never be about race anaa gender, buh rather about shining a spotlight on bad behavior by sports superstars. === 2019: Return to de top 10 === Williams start ein 2019 season at de Australian Open, ein first appearance at de tournament since she win am insyd 2017. She seed 16th, na she defeat Tatjana Maria, Eugenie Bouchard, den Dayana Yastremska insyd de first three rounds, then she best top seed den world No.1 Halep insyd de fourth. Insyd de quarterfinals, she meet Karolína Plíšková, wey win de match after Williams twist ein ankle. Na dis be Williams ein earliest defeat at de Australian Open since ein fourth-round loss insyd 2014. Despite de loss, na ein ranking climb to No.11. Williams prevail over Azarenka insyd de second round of de Indian Wells Masters, buh na a viral illness cause am make she retire. She then experience a recurrence of a long-term knee injury, wich cause am make she pull out of upcoming Miami den Rome events. Na she no fi train properly til after de French Open, wer na she loose insyd de third round.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|title=Serena Williams's Coach Says She Is Pain Free. Watch Out, Wimbledon?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/29/sports/wimbledon-serena-williams.html|website=The New York Times|date=June 29, 2019|access-date=July 13, 2019|archive-date=July 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702044651/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/29/sports/wimbledon-serena-williams.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams then reach de final at Wimbledon, wey make 2019 de 13th consecutive year insyd wich na she play insyd a Grand Slam final. She cam be de oldest Grand Slam finalist insyd de Open Era.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oxley|first=Sonia|title=Serena Williams beats Barbora Strycova to reach Wimbledon final|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/48952703|access-date=September 7, 2019|archive-date=September 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920225738/https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/48952703|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams lost de final to Halep insyd two straight sets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wimbledon final: Serena Williams loses to Simona Halep – CBBC Newsround|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/48976427|access-date=September 11, 2020|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406131038/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/48976427|url-status=live}}</ref> At de Canadian Open, Williams defeat Osaka insyd de quarterfinals den Marie Bouzkova insyd de semifinals, then she face Bianca Andreescu insyd de final. However, na dem force Williams make she withdraw early insyd de match after experiencing back spasms.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rush|first=Curtis|title=Serena Williams Leaves Rogers Cup Final With Back Spasms; Andreescu Wins|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/11/sports/tennis/serena-williams-rogers-cup-bianca-andreescu.html?module=inline|website=The New York Times|date=August 11, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2019|archive-date=August 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814131840/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/11/sports/tennis/serena-williams-rogers-cup-bianca-andreescu.html?module=inline|url-status=live}}</ref> Ein back problems continue at de Cincinnati Open, wer na she withdraw before ein first-round match.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rothenberg|first=Ben|title=Serena Williams, Citing Back Pain, Withdraws From Cincinnati Masters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/13/sports/tennis/serena-williams.html|website=The New York Times|date=August 14, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2019|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406054252/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/13/sports/tennis/serena-williams.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Na Williams be seeded eighth at de US Open, wer she best Sharapova insyd de first round. Insyd de quarterfinals she defeat Wang Qiang, den insyd de semifinals she triumph over Svitolina. Williams then proceed to de final against Andreescu, wey win de title insyd straight sets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2019/sep/07/us-open-women-final-bianca-andreescu-serena-williams-live|title=Bianca Andreescu beats Serena Williams in US Open women's final – as it happened|first=Bryan Armen|last=Graham|newspaper=The Guardian|date=September 7, 2019|access-date=September 29, 2019|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406143211/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2019/sep/07/us-open-women-final-bianca-andreescu-serena-williams-live|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams fini de year ranked No.10.<ref name="rankingshistory"/> === 2020–2022: Final years === Insyd January 2020, Williams win ein first singles title as a mommie at de ASB Classic, wey she defeat Jessica Pegula insyd de final.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.si.com/tennis/2020/01/12/serena-williams-donates-australia-wildfire-relief-asb-classic|title=Serena Williams Wins ASB Classic, Donates Winnings to Australia Wildfire Relief|agency=Associated Press|date=January 12, 2020|access-date=April 21, 2020|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406104515/https://www.si.com/tennis/2020/01/12/serena-williams-donates-australia-wildfire-relief-asb-classic|url-status=live}}</ref> At de Australian Open, Williams loose insyd de third round to Wang insyd three sets.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 January 2020|title=Australian Open 2020: Serena Williams falls to Qiang Wang, denied another chance at 24th Grand Slam|url=https://www.cbssports.com/tennis/news/australian-open-2020-serena-williams-falls-to-qiang-wang-denied-another-chance-at-24th-grand-slam/|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.cbssports.com}}</ref> Williams then enter de Top Seed Open as de No.1 seed, wey she defeat Venus insyd de second round before she loose to Shelby Rogers insyd de quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 August 2020|title=Serena Williams thwarted by Shelby Rogers in Top Seed Open quarter-final|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/aug/14/serena-williams-shelby-rogers-lexington-match|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> At de US Open, Williams defeat Stephens insyd de third round before she loose to Azarenka insyd de semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ubha|first=Ravi|date=September 11, 2020|title=Serena Williams upset by Victoria Azarenka in US Open semifinals|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/11/tennis/us-open-tennis-serena-osaka-azarenka-brady-spt-intl/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911070951/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/11/tennis/us-open-tennis-serena-osaka-azarenka-brady-spt-intl/index.html|archive-date=September 11, 2020|access-date=September 11, 2020|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Williams withdraw from de French Open dem delay insyd October, dey cite an Achilles injury wey na she sustain during de US Open. She fail to reach a Grand Slam final insyd 2020.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 September 2020|title=Serena Williams withdraws from French Open due to Achilles injury|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200930-serena-williams-withdraws-from-french-open-due-to-unhealed-achilles-injury|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.france24.com}}</ref> Williams start de 2021 season by playing de Yarra Valley Classic, wer na she withdraw prior to ein semifinal match, dey cite a right shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zagoria|first=Adam|title=Serena Williams Withdraws From Australian Open Tuneup Event With Shoulder Injury|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamzagoria/2021/02/05/serena-williams-withdraws-from-australian-open-tuneup-event/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406134958/https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamzagoria/2021/02/05/serena-williams-withdraws-from-australian-open-tuneup-event/|archive-date=April 6, 2023|access-date=February 18, 2021|website=Forbes}}</ref> Insyd de Australian Open, Williams loose insyd de semifinal to Osaka.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 February 2021|title=Serena Williams loses to Naomi Osaka in Australian Open semifinals|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/naomi-osaka-defeats-serena-williams-2021-australian-open/|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.cbsnews.com}}</ref> Insyd May, Williams play ein 1000th match of ein career against Nadia Podoroska insyd de second round of de Italian Open, wich she loose insyd straight sets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Celebrating Serena's 1000th match: A retrospective|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2138205/celebrating-serena-s-1000th-match-a-retrospective|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512153830/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2138205/celebrating-serena-s-1000th-match-a-retrospective|archive-date=May 12, 2021|access-date=May 12, 2021|website=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 12, 2021|title=Podoroska stuns Serena Williams|url=https://www.internazionalibnlditalia.com/en/news/match-reports/podoroska-stuns-serena-williams/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405211851/https://www.internazionalibnlditalia.com/en/news/match-reports/podoroska-stuns-serena-williams/|archive-date=April 5, 2023|access-date=May 12, 2021}}</ref> She sustain an injury during de first round at Wimbledon against Belarusian player Aliaksandra Sasnovich, wey force am make she withdraw from de tournament.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 29, 2021|title=Serena Williams forced to retire from Wimbledon in first round after injuring ankle|url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/serena-williams-forced-retire-wimbledon-203400476.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629205438/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/serena-williams-forced-retire-wimbledon-203400476.html|archive-date=June 29, 2021|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=Yahoo Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Williams 'heartbroken' by Wimbledon exit|publisher=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/57656647|access-date=July 1, 2021|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417071839/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/57656647|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd August, na a leg injury force Williams make she retire from de US Open.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 25, 2021|title=Serena Williams withdraws from 2021 US Open due to injury|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/serena-williams-withdraws-from-2021-us-open-due-to-injury/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825131550/https://www.sportstiger.com/serena-williams-withdraws-from-2021-us-open-due-to-injury/|archive-date=August 25, 2021|access-date=August 25, 2021|work=SportsTiger}}</ref> Na de withdrawal see Williams plummet nineteen places to 41st insyd de world, ein lowest year-end ranking insyd 15 years.<ref name="rankingshistory"/> [[File:Serena_and_Venus_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|De Williams sistos insyd 2022 during dema final doubles match togeda]] Insyd December 2021, Williams announce she no go play de 2022 Australian Open, dey cite de same leg injury.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|date=December 8, 2021|title=Serena Williams Withdraws From Australian Open|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/08/sports/tennis/serena-williams-australian-open.html|access-date=March 28, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110003100/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/08/sports/tennis/serena-williams-australian-open.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She return to professional play insyd June 2022 wen na she team up plus Ons Jabeur for de Eastbourne International. Na de pair win two matches before she retire from de tournament secof an injury wey Jabeur sustain.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 20, 2022|title=Williams makes winning return in Eastbourne doubles after year out|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/live/tennis/59813824|access-date=June 21, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620180458/https://www.bbc.com/sport/live/tennis/59813824|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carayol|first=Tumaini|date=June 23, 2022|title=Serena Williams' comeback cut short by Ons Jabeur injury at Eastbourne|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/jun/23/serena-williams-comeback-cut-short-by-ons-jabeur-injury-at-easbourne|access-date=June 24, 2022|archive-date=June 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623213628/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/jun/23/serena-williams-comeback-cut-short-by-ons-jabeur-injury-at-easbourne|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams sanso play singles at Wimbledon, wer na she loose to No.113 Harmony Tan insyd de first round.<ref>{{cite news|last=Carayol|first=Tumaini|date=June 14, 2022|title=Serena Williams granted wildcard into Wimbledon singles draw|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/jun/14/serena-williams-set-to-make-tennis-comeback-at-wimbledon|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620231459/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/jun/14/serena-williams-set-to-make-tennis-comeback-at-wimbledon|archive-date=June 20, 2022|access-date=June 21, 2022|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tan prevails over Serena in three-hour Wimbledon opener|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2658987/tan-prevails-over-serena-in-three-hour-wimbledon-opener|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706224106/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2658987/tan-prevails-over-serena-in-three-hour-wimbledon-opener|archive-date=July 6, 2022|access-date=June 29, 2022}}</ref> Na dem rank Williams No. 320 at de end of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranking history of Serena Williams|url=http://www.coretennis.net/tennis-player/serena-williams/220/ranking.html|access-date=2024-03-20|website=CoreTennis.net|language=en}}</ref> === Farewell tour === Insyd de September 2022 issue of ''Vogue'', Williams announce ein plans to "evolve away" from tennis after de 2022 US Open, wey dey indicate retirement.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 9, 2022|title=Serena Williams says she will be 'evolving away' from tennis – suggesting retirement after US Open|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/62481750|access-date=August 9, 2022|archive-date=August 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809134344/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/62481750|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 10, 2022|title=Serena Williams OK Not Being GOAT, Happy 'Writing the Big Checks'|url=https://www.newsweek.com/serena-williams-goat-happy-writing-big-checks-tennis-business-family-1732439|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810210844/https://www.newsweek.com/serena-williams-goat-happy-writing-big-checks-tennis-business-family-1732439|archive-date=August 10, 2022|access-date=August 10, 2022|work=NewsWeek}}</ref><ref name="Vogueretire">{{cite web|date=August 9, 2022|title=Serena Williams's Farewell to Tennis—In Her Own Words|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/serena-williams-retirement-in-her-own-words|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904055728/https://www.vogue.com/article/serena-williams-retirement-in-her-own-words|archive-date=September 4, 2022|access-date=September 2, 2022|website=Vogue|language=en-US}}</ref> She state ein intention make she focus on ein family den ein venture capital firm. Williams begin ein farewell tour by entering de Canadian Open insyd Toronto using a protected ranking. She beat Nuria Párrizas Díaz insyd straight sets for ein first singles win insyd 14 months, before she loose to Belinda Bencic.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 8, 2022|title=National Bank Open: Serena Williams beats Nuria Parrizas Diaz for first singles win in over a year|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/62470911|access-date=August 9, 2022|archive-date=August 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010411/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/62470911|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=August 11, 2022|title=Serena Williams loses to Belinda Bencic in first match since saying she will 'evolve away' from tennis|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/62502494|access-date=August 13, 2022|archive-date=August 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812180737/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/62502494|url-status=live}}</ref> After ein elimination, na tournament organizers give Williams gifts make she remember de city.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2RPJ6Je83c |title=Serena Williams emotional on-court interview in Toronto |date=August 11, 2022 |publisher=WTA |access-date=December 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902160916/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2RPJ6Je83c |archive-date=September 2, 2022 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> Williams subsequently enter de Cincinnati Masters, wer na she fall to reigning US Open champion Emma Raducanu insyd de first round.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 13, 2022|title=Emma Raducanu to face Serena Williams for first time in final US Open warm-up|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2022/08/13/emma-raducanu-face-serena-williams-first-time-final-us-open/|access-date=August 13, 2022|archive-date=August 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813071758/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2022/08/13/emma-raducanu-face-serena-williams-first-time-final-us-open/|url-status=live}}</ref> At de US Open, Williams play doubles plus Venus for de first time since 2018; de sistos loose to de Czech duo of Lucie Hradecká den Linda Nosková.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|date=September 2, 2022|title=The Williams sisters, after a tight first set, are overpowered in doubles.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/01/sports/tennis/serena-venus-williams-us-open.html|access-date=September 2, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=September 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902033743/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/01/sports/tennis/serena-venus-williams-us-open.html/|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd de first round of singles, Williams defeat Danka Kovinić of Montenegro. After de match—wich na ebe attended by Eric Adams, Bill Clinton, Spike Lee, Mike Tyson, Vera Wang, Ruth Westheimer, den Tiger Woods—na dem play a tribute video wey be narrated by Oprah Winfrey, wey na dem conduct an interview by Gayle King.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpFEO5hWTy0 |title=Serena Williams On-Court Interview {{!}} 2022 US Open Round 1 |date=August 30, 2022 |publisher=US Open Tennis Championships |access-date=December 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902160923/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpFEO5hWTy0 |archive-date=September 2, 2022 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 31, 2022|title=Tiger Woods, Venus Williams and more spotted at Serena Williams' US Open match|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/34484638/serena-williams-first-round-win-brings-stars|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902131041/https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/34484638/serena-williams-first-round-win-brings-stars|archive-date=September 2, 2022|access-date=September 2, 2022|website=ESPN.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 31, 2022|title=Oprah Winfrey delivers beautiful tribute to retiring great Serena Williams|url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Serena_Williams/119756/oprah-winfrey-delivers-beautiful-tribute-to-retiring-great-serena-williams/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902160908/https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Serena_Williams/119756/oprah-winfrey-delivers-beautiful-tribute-to-retiring-great-serena-williams/|archive-date=September 2, 2022|access-date=September 2, 2022|website=Tennis World USA}}</ref> Insyd de second round, na Williams upset world No. 2 Anett Kontaveit, wey she cam be de oldest woman insyd de Open Era make she defeat a top-three ranked player.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 September 2022|title=Serena Williams rolls back the years at US Open to beat No 2 seed Kontaveit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/aug/31/serena-williams-beats-anett-kontaveit-us-open-tennis-third-round|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> She then loose to Ajla Tomljanović insyd wat na be ultimately ein final match.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carayol|first=Tumaini|date=2022-09-03|title=Serena Williams went out the same way she came in: fighting like hell|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/sep/03/serena-williams-final-match-us-open-fighting-spirit|access-date=2024-03-20|work=The Guardian|issn=}}</ref> == Rivalries == === Serena vs. Venus === Serena play ein older sisto Venus insyd 31 professional matches wey start insyd 1998. Overall, Serena be 19–12 against ein sisto.<ref name="headtohead">{{cite web|date=April 22, 2009|title=Head to Head – Serena Williams vs Venus Williams|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/head2head/player1/9044/player2/9027|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129022820/http://www.wtatennis.com/head2head/player1/9044/player2/9027|archive-date=January 29, 2017|access-date=April 20, 2017|website=Women's Tennis Association (WTA)}}</ref> De pair play 15 times insyd Grand Slam singles den 13 times insyd oda tournaments (wey dey include 11 finals).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/slideshow/18550742/serena-vs-venus-rivalry-lifetime|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126223357/http://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/slideshow/18550742/serena-vs-venus-rivalry-lifetime|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 26, 2017|title=14 major showdowns between tennis legends Serena Williams and Venus Williams|work=ESPN|access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> Na dem meet insyd nine Grand Slam tournament finals, plus Serena win seven times. Dey begin plus de 2002 French Open, dem play each oda insyd four consecutive Grand Slam finals, wich na be de first time insyd de Open Era wey de same two players face off insyd four consecutive finals insyd Grand Slam singles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tennis Grand Slam Men's Champions – Tennis Grand Slam Men's Champions|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/history|access-date=June 5, 2021|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Wen both de Williams sistos enter de top ten wey na dem start dey face off insyd tournaments, rumors of match fixing start dey circulate. John McEnroe, while he dey comment on de 2000 Wimbledon semifinal between de two sistos, say " Dem no fi allow make Serena win. Richard [Williams] fi get sam thing to say about dis."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moscow-Pullman Daily News - Google News Archive Search|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2026&dat=20000705&id=2b8jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=29AFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1781,581859|access-date=2025-08-20|website=news.google.com}} </ref> After she loose to Venus at de Indian Wells quarterfinals insyd 2001, Elena Dementieva claim dat Richard Williams decide de results of matches between de sisters. Shortly after dat, Venus pull out of ein Indian Wells semifinal match against Serena at de last minute, dey claim tendinitis; na dis lead to much speculation insyd de press, wey na sam spectators demand dema money back.<ref>{{cite web|title=There's no evidence to prove the sisters tanked|url=https://www.espn.com/columns/kreidler/1158786.html|publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=July 6, 2015|title=New accusation of fixed matches between Serena, Venus Williams|url=http://www.sportsworldnews.com/articles/42575/20150706/wimbledon-rumors-new-accusation-of-fixed-matches-between-serena-venus-williams-video.htm|publisher=Sports World News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/3001048/Williams-denies-match-fixing-as-crowd-demand-refunds.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/3001048/Williams-denies-match-fixing-as-crowd-demand-refunds.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Williams denies match-fixing as crowd demand refunds|work=The Telegraph|date=March 16, 2001|last=Parsons|first=John}}</ref> De final, insyd wich Serena defeat Kim Clijsters, na e be marred by de behavior of de crowd toward Williams den ein family.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rogers|first=Martin|date=March 19, 2009|title=Indian Wells boycott hurts Williamses more than it helps|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/blog/busted_racquet/post/Indian-Wells-boycott-hurts-Williamses-more-than-?urn=ten,149332|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204050557/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/blog/busted_racquet/post/Indian-Wells-boycott-hurts-Williamses-more-than-?urn=ten%2C149332|archive-date=February 4, 2015|work=Busted Racquet|publisher=Yahoo! Sports}}</ref> === Williams vs. Hingis === Na one of Williams ein first rivalries be plus Martina Hingis, wey turn pro less dan one year before am (Hingis insyd October 1994, Williams insyd 1995). Na dem first play each oda at de 1998 Miami Open wer na Hingis win insyd three sets. Na dem play all buh one of dema matches on a hard court plus de exception be a contest on clay insyd Rome insyd 1999, wich na Hingis win insyd straight sets. Na dema last match take place at de 2002 Miami Open, wich na Williams win.<ref>{{cite web|title=Players – WTA Tennis English|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/3491/title/martina-hingis|url-status=live|access-date=August 18, 2015|work=WTA Tennis|publisher=WTA}}</ref> Williams dey lead de rivalry 7–6.<ref>{{cite web|title=Head 2 Head – WTA Tennis English|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/head2head/player1/3491/player2/9044|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911214922/http://www.wtatennis.com/head2head/player1/3491/player2/9044|archive-date=September 11, 2015|access-date=August 18, 2015|website=WTA}}</ref> === Williams vs. Capriati === Williams dey lead de series against Jennifer Capriati 10–7.<ref name="wtatennis.com">{{cite web|title=Head 2 Head – WTA Tennis English|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/head2head/player1/1325/player2/9044|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031074058/http://www.wtatennis.com/head2head/player1/1325/player2/9044|archive-date=October 31, 2016|access-date=August 18, 2015|website=WTA}}</ref> De rivalry—wich begin insyd 1999 wey na dem once consider one of de best rivalries insyd women's tennis—start off one-sided, plus Capriati win four of de first five matches. Williams go on go win de next eight.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schoenfeld|first=Bruce|date=March 8, 2015|title=Jennifer Capriati: Too little, too late?|url=http://tennis-buzz.com/jennifer-capriati-too-little-too-late/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025173017/http://tennis-buzz.com/jennifer-capriati-too-little-too-late/|archive-date=October 25, 2016|access-date=August 18, 2015|website=TennisBuzz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Clarke|first=Liz|date=June 30, 2004|title=It's Capriati, S. Williams In Rematch|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14758-2004Jun29.html|access-date=August 18, 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Na twelve of de pair ein seventeen meetings go three sets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bondy|first=Filip|date=June 30, 2004|title=Jen, Serena Hot Stuff Respect With Power To Match|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/jen-serena-hot-stuff-respect-power-match-article-1.554433|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025110824/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/jen-serena-hot-stuff-respect-power-match-article-1.554433|archive-date=October 25, 2016|access-date=August 4, 2015|work=Daily News|location=New York}}</ref> === Williams vs. Henin === Na Justine Henin den Williams meet 14 times, na five of wich be insyd tournament finals. Insyd Grand Slam tournaments, na dem face each oda seven times, plus Henin dey lead 4–3.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|title=Head 2 Head – WTA Tennis English|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/head2head/player1/9044/player2/3541|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826083335/http://www.wtatennis.com/head2head/player1/9044/player2/3541|archive-date=August 26, 2015|access-date=August 18, 2015|publisher=WTA}}</ref> Na dem often credit de two women dema different personalities den styles of play plus dey make de rivalry entertaining.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/13/sports/tennis-a-potential-rivalry-of-opposites-arises.html|title=A Potential Rivalry of Opposites Arises|date=April 13, 2004|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wtatour/2296127/Serena-Williams-breaks-her-Justine-Henin-habit.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wtatour/2296127/Serena-Williams-breaks-her-Justine-Henin-habit.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Serena Williams breaks her Justine Henin habit|first=Mark|last=Hodgkinson|date=April 2, 2008|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref> Williams dey lead de series 8–6. === Williams vs. Azarenka === Williams dey lead de series 18–5. De rivalry begin at de 2008 Australian Open, wey dema most recent match be insyd de semifinals of de 2020 US Open. Williams dey hold a 10–1 record insyd Grand Slams. Azarenka be de player per wey win four WTA tour-level finals against Williams, den, despite she win five matches per against Williams, dem consider am one of de few modern players wey truly challenge Williams.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rivalry record: Serena Williams vs Victoria Azarenka|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/photos/1820020/rivalry-record-serena-williams-vs-victoria-azarenka|access-date=October 18, 2020|website=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> === Williams vs. Sharapova === Williams dey lead de series 20–2. Na de pair first meet insyd de fourth round of de 2004 Miami Open, wer na Williams defeat Sharapova. Na dema rivalry truly begin at de 2004 Wimbledon final, wer na Williams be de two-time defending champion; Sharapova best am insyd an upset. Williams next loose to Sharapova insyd de finals of de 2004 WTA Tour Championships. Since then, however, na Williams dominate de rivalry, wey she win all of dema clashes, plus na three per of dema matches go to three sets. Na dem meet 10 times insyd Grand Slam tournaments, wer na Williams dey lead 9–1. Na dem face off insyd a further nine finals, plus Williams dey lead 7–2. Na dema final match be insyd de first round of de 2019 US Open, wer na Williams defeat Sharapova insyd two sets. == Legacy == Na dem dey regard Williams as one of de best female tennis players of all time. Insyd 2017, na BBC Sport users select Williams as de greatest female tennis player of de Open Era. Insyd 2018, na a Tennis.com panel arrive at de same conclusion.<ref>{{cite web|title=GOAT Vote: Steffi or Serena? 'The Ten' went one way; you went another|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2018/11/goat-vote-steffi-or-serena-ten-went-one-way-you-went-another/78127/}}</ref> Chaw players, commentators, den sports writers regard Williams as de greatest female tennis player of all time.Insyd 2018, ma Roger Federer say de player wey probably get de best case for "Greatest Of All Time", man anaa woman, be Serena Williams.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tandon|first=Kamakshi|date=May 27, 2018|title=Roger Federer on the tennis GOAT debate: overall, it's Serena Williams|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/roger-federer-on-the-tennis-goat-debate-overall-it-s-serena-williams|access-date=June 15, 2021|website=Tennis.com}}</ref> Insyd 2020, de Tennis Channel rank Williams as de greatest female tennis player insyd history.<ref name=":3"/> Insyd 2022, McEnroe describe Williams as an "icon" den de "GOAT of GOATs".<ref>{{cite web|last=Shitole|first=Sarthak|date=September 2, 2022|title="Has there ever been anywhere a better athlete than her," John McEnroe puts Serena Williams ahead of Michael Jordan and Tom Brady calling her "GOAT of GOAT's" » FirstSportz|url=https://firstsportz.com/tennis-news-has-there-ever-been-anywhere-a-better-athlete-than-her-john-mcenroe-puts-serena-williams-ahead-of-michael-jordan-and-tom-brady-calling-her-goat-of-goats/|access-date=October 20, 2022|website=firstsportz.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 24, 2022|title=Serena seen as icon with Ali by fellow US tennis legends|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220824-serena-seen-as-icon-with-ali-by-fellow-us-tennis-legends|access-date=October 20, 2022|website=France 24}}</ref> Na BBC presenter den former French Open Champion Sue Barker call Williams ein serve "without question de greatest ever".<ref name=":1">{{cite news|year=2017|title=Serena Williams picked as greatest female player of the Open Era by BBC Sport users|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/38802221|access-date=October 12, 2017|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Williams win de Laureus World Sports Award for Sportswoman of de Year a record four times (2003, 2010, 2016, 2018).<ref name="Love">{{cite web|date=23 March 2019|title=Why We Love Serena Williams|url=https://leadingladiesafrica.org/serena-williams-bumble-advert-is-teaching-women-to-ditch-patience/|access-date=22 December 2023|website=leadingladiesafrica.org}}</ref> Insyd December 2019, na de Associated Press name am Female Athlete of de Decade for de 2010s.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 28, 2019|title=Serena named AP Female Athlete of the Decade|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/28382914/serena-williams-takes-home-ap-female-athlete-decade-honors|access-date=December 30, 2019|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Insyd 2024, de International Sports Press Association (AIPS) vote am as de best female athlete of de past 100 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serena Williams and Muhammad Ali crowned AIPS Best Champions of the Century: As voted by 913 journalists|url=https://www.aipsmedia.com/aips/pages/articles/2024/35697.html|accessdate=November 6, 2024|publisher=AIPS}}</ref> She be de highest-earning woman athlete of all time.<ref name="Forbes21"/> For dema first match insyd March 2019, de members of de United States women's national soccer team each wear a jersey plus de name of a woman wey inspire dem on de back. Crystal Dunn choose Serena Williams.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ennis|first=Dawn|date=March 4, 2019|title=Lesbian icons honored with jerseys worn by USWNT|url=https://www.outsports.com/2019/3/4/18248520/lesbian-icons-honored-with-jerseys-worn-uswnt|access-date=March 4, 2019|publisher=Outsports}}</ref> Insyd September 2022, na Twitter say dat na Williams be de most tweeted-about female athlete of all time.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 3, 2022|title=Serena Williams is most tweeted-about female athlete ever, Twitter says|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/serena-williams-tweeted-female-athlete-ever-twitter-says-rcna46202|access-date=September 5, 2022|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> Na dem widely credit am den Venus plus increasing diversity within de sport.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Kayla|date=September 9, 2022|title=Saying Goodbye to Serena: Reflecting on Williams' Legacy|url=https://oberlinreview.org/27350/sports/saying-goodbye-to-serena-reflecting-on-williams-legacy/|access-date=October 20, 2022|website=The Oberlin Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zagoria|first=Adam|date=September 2, 2022|title=Serena Williams May Be Retiring, But Her Legacy And GOAT Status Will Live On Forever|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamzagoria/2022/09/02/serena-williams-may-be-retiring-but-her-legacy-and-goat-status-will-live-on-forever/|access-date=October 20, 2022|website=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=September 11, 2015|title=Serena Williams' lasting influence on young black athletes|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-us-canada-34229415|access-date=October 20, 2022|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Player profile == === Playing style === Na Williams be an aggressive baseliner wey ein game dey centere around ein powerful serve den forceful groundstrokes. Dey owe to ein high-risk playing style, she typically hit a large number of winners den a large number of unforced errors. Williams ein serve—wich dem consider de greatest insyd de history of women dema tennis<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bodo|first=Peter|date=2015-07-11|title=Bodo: Five ways Serena Williams excels|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon15/story/_/id/13238613/wimbledon-five-things-serena-williams-excels-at|access-date=2024-03-20|website=ESPN|language=en}}</ref>—be known for ein speed den accurate placement, wich allow am to deliver numerous aces. At de 2013 Australian Open, she deliver de third-fastest serve insyd WTA recorded history, a 128.6&nbsp;mph (207&nbsp;km/h) ace against Ayumi Morita.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3935300/serena-williams-2/|title=The Most Exceptional Athlete: Serena Williams|magazine=Time|date=June 25, 2015|access-date=October 7, 2021|archive-date=October 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007201335/https://time.com/3935300/serena-williams/|url-status=live}}</ref> Na Williams possess an accurate den consistent ball toss, wey allow am to serve to any position on de court plus minimal differences insyd de position of de ball insyd de air; na dis make am difficult for opponents make dem read ein service motion den predict de position of ein serve, wey dey allow am to dominate a rally from de first stroke.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/how-serena-williams-used-the-most-beautiful-service-toss-in-tennis-to-beat-her-sister-venus-at-the-us-open|title=How Serena Williams used the most beautiful service toss in tennis to beat her sister Venus at the U.S. Open|magazine=The New Yorker|last=Marzorati|first=Gerald|date=September 1, 2018|access-date=October 7, 2021|archive-date=July 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727070545/https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/how-serena-williams-used-the-most-beautiful-service-toss-in-tennis-to-beat-her-sister-venus-at-the-us-open|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams sanso possess effective den accurate kick den slice serves. She deploy dese as second serves, wey dey minimize double faults den dey prevent opponents from scoring free points.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|last1=Cheng|first1=Shirley|last2=Hunt|first2=Bob|date=June 4, 2021|title=We asked a physicist to break down Serena Williams' iconic serve|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/serena-williams-serve-dominates-tennis-wins-served-games-2019-8?r=US&IR=T|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007201548/https://www.businessinsider.com/serena-williams-serve-dominates-tennis-wins-served-games-2019-8?r=US&IR=T|archive-date=October 7, 2021|access-date=October 7, 2021|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Dem dey consider Williams ein forehand den backhand two of de most powerful shots insyd de history of women dema tennis.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peter|first1=Naveen|date=October 5, 2021|title=From Steffi Graf's Golden Slam to Roger Federer's unrelenting run, the best from the world of tennis|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/top-tennis-players-best-men-women-rank-greatest-all-time|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007201338/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/top-tennis-players-best-men-women-rank-greatest-all-time|archive-date=October 7, 2021|access-date=October 7, 2021|work=Olympic Games}}</ref> She hit both ein forehand den ein backhand insyd an open stance, wey dey allow am to generate consistently powerful, heavy, den dominating groundstrokes. Na she be able to generate sharp, acute angles, wich allow am make she hit winners from any position on de court.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bodo|first1=Peter|date=September 20, 2013|title=Techniques and tactics by Serena|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/techniques-and-tactics-by-serena|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007201549/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/techniques-and-tactics-by-serena|archive-date=October 7, 2021|access-date=October 7, 2021|work=Tennis}}</ref> Na ein forehand—wich na e be described as "devastating"—na e hit plus heavy topspin, wich allow am make she dominate rallies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Abulleil|first=Reem|date=July 13, 2018|title=Kerber v Williams: How each could win|url=https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007201336/https://www.wimbledon.com/amp/en_GB/news/articles/2018-07-13/kerber_v_williams_how_each_could_win.html|archive-date=October 7, 2021|access-date=March 20, 2024|website=www.wimbledon.com}}</ref> Na she be capable of hitting ein forehand both crosscourt den down de line to produce winners.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Open 2014: Serena Williams, Maria Sharapova and Sam Stosur Among Best Tennis Strokes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/sports/tennis/us-open-2014-serena-williams-maria-sharapova-and-agnieszka-radwanska-among-best-tennis-strokes.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 24, 2014|access-date=July 29, 2015|issn=0362-4331|first=Christopher|last=Clarey|archive-date=May 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507035558/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/sports/tennis/us-open-2014-serena-williams-maria-sharapova-and-agnieszka-radwanska-among-best-tennis-strokes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Na ein two-handed backhand equally be dominant, wey na dem describe dem as one of de greatest backhands of all time.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 27, 2021|title=Wimbledon 2021 experts' picks: Novak Djokovic vs. the field, and can Serena Williams notch her 24th Slam?|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/story/_/id/31709195/wimbledon-2021-experts-picks-novak-djokovic-vs-field-serena-williams-notch-24th-slam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007201338/https://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/story/_/id/31709195/wimbledon-2021-experts-picks-novak-djokovic-vs-field-serena-williams-notch-24th-slam|archive-date=October 7, 2021|access-date=October 7, 2021|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Williams tend to hit ein backhand flatter dan ein forehand, wich allow am make she hit plus speed, power, den depth both crosscourt den down de line. Despite she play primarily from de baseline, na Williams be an adept net player thanks to ein extensive doubles experience. She frequently choose to finish points at de net, either plus deft touch, aggressive drive volleys, anaa a solid, powerful, den reliable overhead smash.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/sports/tennis/wimbledon-volley-serve.html|title=The Volley, Once a Huge Part of the Game, Is in Decline|work=The New York Times|date=June 28, 2019|access-date=June 29, 2020}}</ref> She possesse an aggressive return of serve; she neutralize powerful first serves, wey she attack weak second serves. She be widely considered one of de greatest returners of all time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bodo|first1=Peter|date=July 11, 2015|title=Serena Williams far more than just a serving machine|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon15/story/_/id/13238613/wimbledon-five-things-serena-williams-excels-at|url-status=live|access-date=October 7, 2021|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Despite she predominantly employ an aggressive style, na Williams sanso be an excellent defender wey na she be capable of counterpunching against aggressive opponents til she create an opportunity to hit a winner. Na she be an exceptional athlete, dem know for ein movement, speed, court coverage, agility, flexibility, balance, den footwork. Ein on-court intelligence, shot selection, den point construction allow am make she execute ein game plan effectively.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wilson|first1=Patrick|date=August 31, 2015|title=Serena Williams is the best because of her brains – not just her body|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/31/serena-williams-best-because-brains-not-body|url-status=live|access-date=October 7, 2021|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Na American tennis player Christina McHale praise ein composure insyd high-pressure moments, while na Martina Navratilova call ein mental strength "unbelievable".<ref>{{cite web|last1=McHale|first1=Christina|date=July 28, 2016|title=The five toughest players I've ever faced|url=https://www.theplayerstribune.com/articles/christina-mchale-tennis-five-toughest-opponents|url-status=live|access-date=October 7, 2021|work=The Players' Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wertheim|first1=Lewis Jon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdDvCAAAQBAJ|title=This is Your Brain on Sports: The Science of Underdogs, the Value of Rivalry, and What We Can Learn from the T-Shirt Cannon|last2=Sommers|first2=Samuel|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|year=2016|isbn=978-0553447422|page=162|author-link1=|author-link2=}}</ref> Na dem note Williams for ein ability to produce extraordinary comebacks, particularly at de Grand Slam level. She win three Slams after she save match points, more dan any oda player insyd history.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 5, 2012|title=Grand slam champions who saved match points (from 2000).|url=http://www.tennisplanet.me/blog/2012/06/grand-slam-champions-who-saved-match-points-from-2000-is-Djokovic-about-to-make-his-second-entry-her.html|work=Tennisplanet.me}}</ref> Williams bounce back from a set down make she win 37 Grand Slam matches. Na dem describe ein ability to cam back from set den break deficits insyd Grand Slam matches by McEnroe as "a gift", wey na he call am "de greatest" competitor insyd de history of women's tennis.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 2015|title=John McEnroe says Serena Williams' mental toughness has improved with age|url=https://tennisnow.com/Blogs/NET-POSTS/June-2015/John-McEnroe-Says-Serena-Williams%E2%80%99-Mental-Toughnes.aspx|access-date=October 7, 2021|work=Tennis Now}}</ref> Na dem sanso praise am for ein ability to serve aces at critical moments. As na retired player Li Na note insyd 2016, "break point down, [der be an] 80% chance [she] dey serve an ace".<ref>{{cite web|date=February 11, 2016|title=WTA Legends Build the Perfect WTA Player|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xqArCAnp-M&t=36s|url-status=live|access-date=October 7, 2021|work=Women's Tennis Association on YouTube}}</ref> === Coaches === Na Williams get five coaches during ein career: Richard Williams (1994–2022), Oracene Price (1994–2003), Patrick Mouratoglou (2012–2022), Eric Hechtman (2022) den Rennae Stubbs (2022).<ref>{{cite web|date=June 26, 2022|title=Sunday Slice: Serena Debuts New Team, Denis Shapovalov Celebrates Anniversary at Wimbledon|url=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/sunday-slice-serena-williams-new-team-denis-shapovalov-celebrates-anniversary|access-date=June 28, 2022|work=Tennis.com}}</ref> === Endorsements === Na Williams graduate from Driftwood Academy insyd 1999, den soon after she sign a $12 million endorsement deal plus Puma.<ref name="Museum">{{cite web|title=Serena Williams – National Women's History Museum|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/serena-williams|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.womenshistory.org}}</ref> Insyd 2004, she sign a five-year deal plus Nike for $40 million, wey na she be sponsored by de company ever since.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upasani|first=Atharva|date=2024-04-24|title=Serena Williams Nike contract: How the American icon set herself up for life with a one-of-a-kind partnership deal|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/serena-williams-nike-contract-how-american-icon-set-life-one-of-a-kind-partnership-deal|access-date=2024-05-28|website=Sportskeeda}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ackerman|first=Alyssa|date=2022-08-31|title=Serena and the Swoosh: A Legacy Unmatched|url=https://hypebae.com/2022/8/serena-wiliams-nike-tennis-us-open-retirement-op-ed|access-date=2024-05-28|website=Hypebae}}</ref> During Williams ein tennis career, Nike design custom clothing den footwear give am. De largest building on Nike ein Portland campus be de one-million-square-foot Serena Williams Building, wich dey feature chaw references to de athlete ein career den long partnership plus Nike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serena Williams Building at Nike World Headquarters|url=https://serenawilliamsbuilding.nike.com/|access-date=January 23, 2023|website=Serena Williams Building at Nike World Headquarters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002232341/https://serenawilliamsbuilding.nike.com/|archive-date=October 2, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Serena Williams Building, Skylab Architecture|url=https://skylabarchitecture.com/work/nikewhq/|access-date=January 23, 2023|website=Skylab Architecture}}</ref> According to John Hoke, Nike ein Chief Design Officer, na Williams assist plus de design of de building.<ref>{{cite web|last=Newcomb|first=Tim|title=Nike Opens Design-Focused Serena Williams Building, Largest Office Building On Oregon Campus|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timnewcomb/2022/04/27/nike-opens-design-focused-serena-williams-building-largest-office-building-on-oregon-campus/|access-date=January 23, 2023|website=Forbes}}</ref> Insyd 2015, Williams cam be de Chief Sporting Officer give British luxury car manufacturer Aston Martin, den insyd 2018 she join de board of directors of SurveyMonkey.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 25, 2015|title=Serena Williams: Chief Sports Officer for Aston Martin!|url=http://www.tennisworldusa.org/news/news/Serena_Williams/24641/serena-williams-chief-sports-officer-for-aston-martin/|access-date=June 18, 2017|publisher=Tennis World USA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 25, 2015|title=Serena Williams Named Chief Sporting Officer For Aston Martin|url=http://www.informationng.com/2015/06/serena-williams-named-chief-sporting-officer-aston-martin.html|access-date=June 18, 2017|publisher=Information Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tennis Star Serena Williams Joins SurveyMonkey's Board|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/24/tennis-star-serena-williams-joins-surveymonkeys-board/|access-date=November 30, 2018|work=TechCrunch}}</ref> During ein career, na Williams get endorsement deals plus AbbVie, Anheuser-Busch InBev, AT&T, Audemars Piguet, Beats by Dre, Berlei Bras, Block Inc, Bumble, Chase Bank, Delta Air Lines, DirecTV, DoorDash, Ford Motor, Gatorade, Gucci, Hanes, IBM, Intel, Mission Athletecare, OnePiece, OPI Products, Pepsi, Subway, Tempur, Tonal den de Walt Disney Company.<ref name="Forbes21"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Livaudais|first=Stephanie|date=August 11, 2022|title=#tbt, Money Moves: How Serena Williams set herself up for life after retirement|url=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/tbt-serena-williams-endorsements-sponsors-prize-money-investing|access-date=February 9, 2023|website=Tennis.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|date=September 3, 2022|title=As Tennis queen bows out, a look at brand Serena Williams and what she was worth|url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/tennis-news/as-tennis-queen-bows-out-a-look-at-brand-serena-williams-and-what-she-was-worth-11662184229911.html|access-date=February 9, 2023|website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Browley|first=Jasmine|date=August 10, 2022|title=A Look At Serena Williams' Biggest Boss Moves|url=https://www.essence.com/news/money-career/serena-williams-tennis-retirement-vogue-investment-black-woman/|access-date=February 9, 2023|website=Essence|language=en-US}}</ref> === Rackets === Na Williams use de Wilson Hammer Stretch range of rackets wen na she win ein first Grand Slam title insyd 1999, before she switch to de Hyper Hammer range.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 28, 2000|title=What They're Wearing (And Hitting With) At The U.S. Open|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2000/08/20000828/No-Topic-Name/WHAT-THEYRE-WEARING-AND-HITTING-WITH-AT-THE-US-OPEN.aspx|access-date=September 10, 2014|publisher=SportsBusiness Journal}}</ref> She switch to de Wilson nCode briefly insyd 2005, wey na she use various iterations of de Wilson Blade since 2008. Ein racket be typically oversized, plus a head size of 104 square inches. Since 2017, Wilson manufacture a signature racket, de Wilson Blade SW104, wich na dem design am to Williams ein specifications. Since 2020, na Williams use a smaller variant of dis racket, de Wilson Blade SW102 Autograph.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 30, 2020|title=Serena Williams' 23 Grand Slams in Pictures|url=https://www.wilson.com/en-us/blog/tennis/throwback/serena-williams-23-grand-slams-pictures|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026224659/https://www.wilson.com/en-us/blog/tennis/throwback/serena-williams-23-grand-slams-pictures|archive-date=October 26, 2021|access-date=January 12, 2021|work=Wilson Sporting Goods}}</ref> == Career statistics == === Grand Slam tournament performance timeline === ''Current thru de 2022 US Open.''<div style="overflow: auto;"> {| class="wikitable nowrap" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%" !Tournament !1998 !1999 !2000 !2001 !2002 !2003 !2004 !2005 !2006 !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 ![[2015 WTA Tour|2015]] ![[2016 WTA Tour|2016]] ![[2017 WTA Tour|2017]] ![[2018 WTA Tour|2018]] ![[2019 WTA Tour|2019]] ![[2020 WTA Tour|2020]] ![[2021 WTA Tour|2021]] ![[2022 WTA Tour|2022]] ! width="50" |{{Tooltip|SR|Strike rate}} ! width="50" |{{Tooltip|W–L|Win–loss}} ! width="40" |Win % |- | style="text-align:left;" |Australian Open | style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | style="background:#afeeee;" |4R | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF |A | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' |A | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |4R | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | style="background:#afeeee;" |4R | style="background:lime;" |[[2015 Australian Open – Women's singles|'''W''']] | style="background:thistle;" |[[2016 Australian Open – Women's singles|F]] | style="background:lime;" |[[2017 Australian Open – Women's singles|'''W''']] |A | style="background:#ffebcd;" |[[2019 Australian Open – Women's singles|QF]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2020 Australian Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:yellow;" |[[2021 Australian Open – Women's singles|SF]] |A | style="background:#efefef;" |7 / 20 | style="background:#efefef;" |92–13 | style="background:#efefef;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=92|lost=13|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;" |French Open | style="background:#afeeee;" |4R | style="background:#afeeee;" |3R |A | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:yellow;" |SF | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF |A |A | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |1R | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:#afeeee;" |2R | style="background:lime;" |[[2015 French Open – Women's singles|'''W''']] | style="background:thistle;" |[[2016 French Open – Women's singles|F]] |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2018 French Open – Women's singles|4R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2019 French Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2020 French Open – Women's singles|2R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 French Open – Women's singles|4R]] |A | style="background:#efefef;" |3 / 19 | style="background:#efefef;" |69–14 | style="background:#efefef;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=69|lost=14|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;" |Wimbledon | style="background:#afeeee;" |3R |A | style="background:yellow;" |SF | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:thistle;" |F | style="background:#afeeee;" |3R |A | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | style="background:thistle;" |F | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:#afeeee;" |4R | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:#afeeee;" |4R | style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | style="background:lime;" |[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|'''W''']] | style="background:lime;" |[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|'''W''']] |A | style="background:thistle;" |[[2018 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|F]] | style="background:thistle;" |[[2019 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|F]] | style="color:#767676;" |NH | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|1R]] | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|1R]] | style="background:#efefef;" |7 / 21 | style="background:#efefef;" |98–14 | style="background:#efefef;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=98|lost=14|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left;" |US Open | style="background:#afeeee;" |3R | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | style="background:thistle;" |F | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' |A | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | style="background:#afeeee;" |4R | style="background:#afeeee;" |4R | style="background:#ffebcd;" |QF | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:yellow;" |SF |A | style="background:thistle;" |F | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:lime;" |'''W''' | style="background:yellow;" |[[2015 US Open – Women's singles|SF]] | style="background:yellow;" |[[2016 US Open – Women's singles|SF]] |A | style="background:thistle;" |[[2018 US Open – Women's singles|F]] | style="background:thistle;" |[[2019 US Open – Women's singles|F]] | style="background:yellow;" |[[2020 US Open – Women's singles|SF]] |A | style="background:#afeeee;" |[[2022 US Open – Women's singles|3R]] | style="background:#efefef;" |6 / 21 | style="background:#efefef;" |108–15 | style="background:#efefef;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=108|lost=15|integer=yes}} |- style="font-weight:bold;background:#efefef;" | style="text-align:left" |Win–loss |8–4 |11–2 |12–3 |18–4 |21–0 |19–1 |14–3 |12–2 |5–2 |19–3 |19–3 |23–2 |18–1 |9–2 |17–2 |21–2 |13–3 |26–1 |24–3 |7–0 |15–2 |18–4 |8–2 |8–3 |3–2 |23 / 81 |367–56 |{{tennis win percentage|won=367|lost=56|integer=yes}} |} </div><small>Note: ''Williams withdraw from de 2018 French Open before ein fourth round match den de 2020 French Open before ein second round match, both of wich no dey officially count as losses.''</small> === Grand Slam tournament finals === ==== Singles: 33 (23–10) ==== {| class="sortable wikitable" !Result !Year ! style="width:140px;" |Championship !Surface ! style="width:160px" |Opponent ! class="unsortable" |Score |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |1999 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open |Hard |Martina Hingis |6–3, 7–6^(7–4) |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2001 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |2–6, 4–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2002 | style="background:#ebc2af;" |French Open |Clay |{{Flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |7–5, 6–3 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2002 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon |Grass |{{Flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |7–6^(7–4), 6–3 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2002 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open <small>(2)</small> |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |6–4, 6–3 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2003 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open |Hard |{{Flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |7–6^(7–4), 3–6, 6–4 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2003 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon <small>(2)</small> |Grass |{{Flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |4–6, 6–4, 6–2 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2004 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon |Grass |Maria Sharapova |1–6, 4–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2005 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open <small>(2)</small> |Hard |{{Flagicon|USA}} Lindsay Davenport |2–6, 6–3, 6–0 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2007 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open <small>(3)</small> |Hard |Maria Sharapova |6–1, 6–2 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2008 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon |Grass |{{Flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |5–7, 4–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2008 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open <small>(3)</small> |Hard |Jelena Janković |6–4, 7–5 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2009 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open <small>(4)</small> |Hard |Dinara Safina |6–0, 6–3 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2009 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon <small>(3)</small> |Grass |{{Flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |7–6^(7–3), 6–2 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2010 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open <small>(5)</small> |Hard |Justine Henin |6–4, 3–6, 6–2 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2010 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon <small>(4)</small> |Grass |Vera Zvonareva |6–3, 6–2 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2011 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open |Hard |Samantha Stosur |2–6, 3–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2012 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon <small>(5)</small> |Grass |Agnieszka Radwańska |6–1, 5–7, 6–2 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2012 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open <small>(4)</small> |Hard |Victoria Azarenka |6–2, 2–6, 7–5 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2013 | style="background:#ebc2af;" |French Open <small>(2)</small> |Clay |Maria Sharapova |6–4, 6–4 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2013 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open <small>(5)</small> |Hard |Victoria Azarenka |7–5, 6–7^(6–8), 6–1 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2014 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open <small>(6)</small> |Hard |Caroline Wozniacki |6–3, 6–3 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2015 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open <small>(6)</small> |Hard |Maria Sharapova |6–3, 7–6^(7–5) |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2015 | style="background:#ebc2af;" |French Open <small>(3)</small> |Clay |{{flagicon|CZE}} Lucie Šafářová |6–3, 6–7^(2–7), 6–2 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2015 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon <small>(6)</small> |Grass |Garbiñe Muguruza |6–4, 6–4 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2016 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open |Hard |{{flagicon|GER}} Angelique Kerber |4–6, 6–3, 4–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2016 | style="background:#ebc2af;" |French Open |Clay |Garbiñe Muguruza |5–7, 4–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2016 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon <small>(7)</small> |Grass |{{Flagicon|GER}} Angelique Kerber |7–5, 6–3 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2017 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open <small>(7)</small> |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |6–4, 6–4 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2018 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon |Grass |{{Flagicon|GER}} Angelique Kerber |3–6, 3–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2018 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open |Hard |Naomi Osaka |2–6, 4–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2019 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon |Grass |Simona Halep |2–6, 2–6 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2019 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open |Hard |Bianca Andreescu |3–6, 5–7 |} ==== Doubles: 14 (14–0) ==== {| class="sortable wikitable" !Result !Year ! style="width:140px;" |Championship !Surface ! style="width:160px" |Partner ! style="width:160px" |Opponents ! style="width:130px" class="unsortable" |Score |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |1999 | style="background:#ebc2af;" |French Open |Clay |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |Martina Hingis Anna Kournikova |6–3, 6–7^(2–7), 8–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |1999 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |{{flagicon|USA}} Chanda Rubin Sandrine Testud |4–6, 6–1, 6–4 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2000 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |Julie Halard-Decugis Ai Sugiyama |6–3, 6–2 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2001 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |{{flagicon|USA}} Lindsay Davenport {{flagicon|USA}} Corina Morariu |6–2, 2–6, 6–4 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2002 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon <small>(2)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez |6–2, 7–5 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2003 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open <small>(2)</small> |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez |4–6, 6–4, 6–3 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2008 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon <small>(3)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |{{flagicon|USA}} Lisa Raymond Samantha Stosur |6–2, 6–2 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2009 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open <small>(3)</small> |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |Daniela Hantuchová Ai Sugiyama |6–3, 6–3 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2009 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon <small>(4)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |Samantha Stosur Rennae Stubbs |7–6^(7–4), 6–4 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2009 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open <small>(2)</small> |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |Cara Black {{flagicon|USA}} Liezel Huber |6–2, 6–2 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2010 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open <small>(4)</small> |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |Cara Black {{flagicon|USA}} Liezel Huber |6–4, 6–3 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2010 | style="background:#ebc2af;" |French Open <small>(2)</small> |Clay |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |{{flagicon|CZE}} Květa Peschke Katarina Srebotnik |6–2, 6–3 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2012 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon <small>(5)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |{{flagicon|CZE}} Andrea Hlaváčková {{flagicon|CZE}} Lucie Hradecká |7–5, 6–4 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2016 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon <small>(6)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |Tímea Babos Yaroslava Shvedova |6–3, 6–4 |} ==== Mixed doubles: 4 (2–2) ==== {| class="sortable wikitable" !Result !Year ! style="width:140px" |Championship !Surface ! style="width:160px" |Partner ! style="width:160px" |Opponents ! style="width:130px" class="unsortable" |Score |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |1998 | style="background:#ebc2af;" |French Open |Clay |Luis Lobo |{{flagicon|USA}} Justin Gimelstob {{flagicon|USA}} Venus Williams |4–6, 4–6 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |1998 | style="background:#cfc;" |Wimbledon |Grass |Max Mirnyi |Mahesh Bhupathi {{flagicon|CRO}} Mirjana Lučić |6–4, 6–4 |- | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |1998 | style="background:#ccf;" |US Open |Hard |Max Mirnyi |{{flagicon|USA}} Patrick Galbraith {{flagicon|USA}} Lisa Raymond |6–2, 6–2 |- | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |1999 | style="background:#ffc;" |Australian Open |Hard |Max Mirnyi |David Adams Mariaan de Swardt |4–6, 6–4, 6–7^(5–7) |} == Records == * Records insyd '''bold''' dey indicate peer-less achievements. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" !Time span !Selected Grand Slam tournament records !Players matched |- |1998 Australian Open – 2022 US Open |She win 367 matches at all four majors |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |1999 US Open – 2003 Australian Open |Career Grand Slam insyd singles |Doris Hart Maureen Connolly Shirley Fry Margaret Court Billie Jean King Chris Evert Martina Navratilova Steffi Graf Maria Sharapova |- |1999 US Open – 2012 Olympics |Career Golden Slam insyd singles |Steffi Graf |- |1999 French Open – 2003 Australian Open |Career Grand Slam insyd both singles den doubles |Doris Hart Shirley Fry Margaret Court Martina Navratilova |- |1999 French Open – 2012 Olympics |Career Golden Slam insyd both singles den doubles |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |1999 US Open – 2017 Australian Open |Thirteen hardcourt major singles titles |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |2012 Olympics – 2015 Wimbledon |Simultaneous holder of Olympic singles gold den all four majors insyd singles |Steffi Graf |- |2008 Olympics – 2010 French Open |Simultaneous holder of Olympic doubles gold den all four majors insyd doubles (plus [[Venus Williams]]) |Pam Shriver Gigi Fernández [[Venus Williams]] Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková |- |2008 Olympics – 2015 Wimbledon |Simultaneous holder of Olympic gold den all four majors insyd both singles den doubles |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |1999 French Open – 2012 Olympics |Double Career Golden Slam (2+ titles at all four majors & Olympic golds) insyd doubles (plus [[Venus Williams]]) |Gigi Fernández [[Venus Williams]] |- |2002 French Open – 2003 Australian Open |Winner of non-calendar year Grand Slam |Maureen Connolly Margaret Court Martina Navratilova Steffi Graf |- |2002 French Open – 2015 Wimbledon |Winner of two non-calendar year Grand Slams |Steffi Graf |- |2002 French Open – 2010 French Open |Winner of non-calendar year Grand Slams insyd both singles den doubles |Martina Navratilova |- |2002 French Open – 2016 Wimbledon |Winner of 10+ major singles titles insyd two separate decades (10 from 2000 to 2009 den 12 from 2010 to 2017) |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |2002 French Open – 2013 French Open |Winner of all four major singles titles insyd two separate decades |Margaret Court Steffi Graf |- |1999 US Open – 2013 French Open |Winner of major singles titles insyd three decades |Blanche Bingley Martina Navratilova |- |1999 French Open – 2016 Wimbledon |First 14 major doubles finals won (plus [[Venus Williams]]) |[[Venus Williams]] |- |1999 US Open – 2015 French Open |Triple Career Grand Slam (3+ titles at all four Grand Slams) insyd singles |Margaret Court Steffi Graf |- |1999 US Open – 2013 French Open |Double Career Grand Slam insyd both singles den doubles |Margaret Court Martina Navratilova |- |1999 US Open – 2015 Wimbledon |6+ titles at three different majors (Australian Open, Wimbledon, den US Open) |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |2002 Wimbledon – 2017 Australian Open |7+ titles at two different majors (Australian Open den Wimbledon) |Helen Wills |- |2012 Wimbledon – 2015 Australian Open |Career Grand Slam insyd singles after age 30 |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |2012 Wimbledon – 2015 Australian Open |Career Golden Slam insyd singles after age 30 |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |2012 Wimbledon – 2017 Australian Open |Double Career Grand Slam insyd singles after age 30 |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |2012 Wimbledon – 2017 Australian Open |Ten major singles titles after age 30 |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |2012 Australian Open – 2017 Australian Open |3 finals at each of de four majors since turning 30 |'''Dey stand alone''' |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" !Grand Slam tournaments !Time span !Records at each Grand Slam tournament !Players matched |- |Australian Open |2007 |Unseeded winner of singles title |Chris O'Neil |- |Australian Open |2003–2017 |7 women's singles titles (Open Era record) |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |Australian Open |2003–2017 |8 finals overall |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |Australian Open |2003–2017 |14 years between first den last title |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |Australian Open |2003–2017 |14 years between first den last final |Chris Evert [[Venus Williams]] |- |Australian Open |1998–2021 |92 match wins |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |French Open |2002–2015 |13 years between first den last title |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |French Open |2002–2016 |14 years between first den last final |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |French Open – Wimbledon |2002, 2015 |Accomplished a "Channel Slam": Winning both tournaments insyd de same year |Margaret Court Billie Jean King Chris Evert Martina Navratilova Steffi Graf |- |Wimbledon |2012–2016 |3 women's singles titles after age 30 |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |Wimbledon |2002–2016 |14 years between first den last title |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |Wimbledon |2002–2019 |17 years between first den last final |Venus Williams |- |US Open |1999–2012 |Winner of singles titles insyd three decades |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |US Open |1999–2014 |6 women's singles titles (Open Era record) |Chris Evert |- |US Open |2002, 2008, 2014 |3 titles she win widout losing a set |Chris Evert |- |US Open |1998–2022 |108 match wins |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |US Open |1999–2014 |15 years between first den last title |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |US Open |1999–2019 |20 years between first den last final |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |US Open |2011, 2013–2014 |She win as US Open Series Champion chaw times |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |US Open |2012–2014 |3 women's singles titles after age 30 |'''Dey stand alone''' |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" !Time span !Oda records dem select !Players matched |- |1999–2016 |23 Tier I / Premier Mandatory & Premier 5 singles titles overall |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |1999–2019 |33 Tier I / Premier Mandatory & Premier 5 singles finals overall |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |1998–2022 |266 Tier I / Premier Mandatory & Premier 5 singles match wins overall |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |1999–2015 |16 hardcourt Tier I / Premier Mandatory & Premier 5 singles titles |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |1999–2019 |24 hardcourt Tier I / Premier Mandatory & Premier 5 singles finals |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |2001 |Won WTA Tour Championships on debut |Maria Sharapova Petra Kvitová Dominika Cibulková Ashleigh Barty |- |2010 |Ranked No.1 insyd singles den doubles simultaneously |Martina Navratilova Arantxa Sánchez Vicario Martina Hingis Lindsay Davenport Kim Clijsters |- |2013–2016 |186 consecutive weeks at No.1 |Steffi Graf |- |2002–2015 |8 Miami Masters singles titles overall |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |1999–2015 |10 Miami Masters singles finals overall |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |2000–2012 |4 Olympic Gold Medals overall |[[Venus Williams]] |- |2000–2012 |3 Olympic gold medals insyd Doubles (plus [[Venus Williams]]) |[[Venus Williams]] |- |2000–2016 |93.75% (15–1) Olympic match winning record insyd doubles (plus [[Venus Williams]]) |[[Venus Williams]] |- |2001, 2012 |Two Year-End Championships dem win widout losing a set |Martina Navratilova |- |2001–2015 |Winning percentage of 82.86% at Year-End Championships |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |1999–2004, 2008–2017, 2019 |17 years plus winning percentage 80%+ |Martina Navratilova |- |1999–2020 |47 career hardcourt titles |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |1998–2022 |538 career hardcourt match wins |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |1990s, 2000s, 2010s & 2020s |De first player insyd de Open Era to win singles titles across four decades |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |2013 |Most prize money won insyd a single season ($12,385,572) |'''Dey stand alone''' |- |1995–2022 |$94,618,080 prize money overall |'''Dey stand alone''' |} == Ein life matter == [[File:Web_Summit_2018_-_Centre_Stage,_Day_1_-November_6_SD5_6360_(44835575425).jpg|thumb|Alexis Ohanian insyd 2018]] Williams marry Reddit co-founder Alexis Ohanian. He propose to am on December 10, 2016, wey na dem marry on November 16, 2017, insyd New Orleans.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=June 27, 2017|title=Cover Story: Serena Williams's Love Match|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/06/serena-williams-cover-story|access-date=December 8, 2019|magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref><ref name="mobfacts">{{cite web|date=17 August 2021|title=Facts about Serena Williams, the king of WTA|url=https://sportmob.com/en/article/973747-facts-about-serena-williams-the-king-of-wta|access-date=22 December 2023|website=sportmob.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222005922/https://sportmob.com/en/article/973747-facts-about-serena-williams-the-king-of-wta|archive-date=22 December 2023}}</ref> Na prominent personalities such as Beyoncé, Anna Wintour, Kelly Rowland den Kim Kardashian attend dema wedding ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hahn|first1=Jason Duaine|last2=Ehrich|first2=Kathy|date=November 16, 2017|title=A Perfect Match! Serena Williams and Alexis Ohanian Are Married|url=http://people.com/sports/serena-williams-alexis-ohanian-wedding-marriage/|access-date=November 16, 2017|website=People}}</ref><ref name="voguesept17"/> On April 19, 2017, na Williams post a picture of einself on Snapchat wey focus on ein midsection. Na e get de caption, "20 weeks", wey dey prompt speculation say na she dey preg.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-19|title=Serena photo sparks pregnancy speculation|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/19193213/serena-williams-photo-sparks-pregnancy-speculation|access-date=2025-08-20|website=ESPN.com|language=en}} </ref> Later dat evening, na ein spokesperson confirm de pregnancy.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 19, 2017|title=Serena Williams Confirms She's Pregnant After Day of Speculation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/19/sports/tennis/serena-williams-pregnant-snapchat.html|access-date=April 19, 2017|work=The New York Times}}</ref> De fact say na she be 20 weeks pregnant wen she announce ein pregnancy mean say na she roughly be eight to nine weeks pregnant wen na she win de Australian Open earlier dat year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gonzales|first=Erica|date=April 20, 2017|title=Serena Williams Fans Cannot Handle That She Won the Australian Open While Pregnant|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/serena-williams-fans-cannot-handle-170114621.html|access-date=July 15, 2017|publisher=Yahoo!}}</ref> Williams later say dat na posting de picture be an accident.<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 26, 2017|title=Serena Williams Says Posting of Pregnancy Picture Was an Accident|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/26/sports/tennis/serena-williams-pregnancy-picture.html|access-date=April 24, 2019|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|agency=Reuters}}</ref> On September 1, 2017, Williams give birth to a daughter, Alexis Olympia Ohanian Jr.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hautman|first1=Nicholas|last2=Lupo|first2=Marc|date=September 1, 2017|title=Serena Williams Welcomes Her First Child!|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/serena-williams-gives-birth-welcomes-first-child-with-alexis-ohanian-w492788|access-date=October 17, 2017|website=Us Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Solé|first=Elise|date=September 13, 2017|title=Serena Williams's baby girl and the meaning behind her name|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/serena-williams-baby-girl-meaning-behind-name-173808990.html|access-date=January 4, 2019|publisher=Yahoo!}}</ref> De kiddie, wey dey go by "Olympia," na she be delivered thru emergency caesarean-section after na ein heart rate drop during labor.<ref name="Rubenstein">{{cite web|last=Rubenstein|first=Janine|date=April 26, 2018|title=Serena Williams Recalls Being 'Devastated' By Emergency C-Section and Postpartum Problems|url=https://people.com/parents/serena-williams-emergency-c-section-postpartum-problems/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509012349/https://people.com/parents/serena-williams-emergency-c-section-postpartum-problems/|archive-date=May 9, 2023|access-date=February 1, 2019|work=People}}</ref> Na Williams give Olympia a doll, Qai Qai, wey na e cam be famous on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Booth|first=Jessica|date=September 5, 2023|title=All About Serena Williams and Alexis Ohanian's Older Daughter Olympia|url=https://people.com/parents/serena-williams-alexis-ohanian-children/|access-date=March 18, 2024|website=People|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Weaver|first=Caity|date=January 17, 2019|title=Wait – Is Qai Qai America's Most Important Doll?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/17/style/qai-qai-serena-williams-alexis-ohanian.html|work=The New York Times}}</ref> By February 2021, na Williams hire a tennis coach give Olympia, then three years old.<ref>{{cite web|last=Owoseje|first=Toyin|date=February 15, 2021|title=Serena Williams shares video of her 3-year-old daughter training with tennis coach|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/15/tennis/serena-williams-daughter-tennis-intl-scli-spt/index.html|access-date=February 18, 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Insyd August 2023, Williams give birth to a second daughter, Adira River Ohanian.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Martinez|first=Gina|date=2023-08-22|title=Serena Williams welcomes second daughter, Adira River|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/serena-williams-alexis-ohanian-welcomes-second-daughter-adira-river/|access-date=2024-03-18|website=CBS News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Respers France|first=Lisa|date=August 22, 2023|title=Serena Williams and Alexis Ohanian welcome second child|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/22/entertainment/serena-williams-baby-girl/index.html|access-date=August 23, 2023|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Na dem raise Williams as a Jehovah's Witness, buh na dem no baptize am til 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 15, 2023|title=Serena Williams was baptized as a Jehovah's Witness|url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Serena_Williams/126913/serena-williams-was-baptized-as-a-jehovah-s-witness/|access-date=August 25, 2023|website=Tennis World USA|language=en}}</ref> Insyd 2017, na she say she "never really practice [de faith]".<ref name="voguesept17"/> However, na she go often thank Jehovah after she win a match.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 July 2015|title=Serena Williams' Secret Weapon: 'Jehovah God'|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/serena-williams-secret-weapon-jehovah-god_us_55a06ed9e4b0ecec71bc445b|access-date=26 April 2017|website=www.huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> She no dey celebrate birthdays, wich be a practice of de faith.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dorking|first=Marie Claire|date=August 29, 2018|title=Serena Williams confirms she won't celebrate her daughter's first birthday because of her Jehovah's Witness beliefs|url=https://www.yahoo.com/style/serena-williams-says-jehovahs-witness-will-prevent-celebrating-daughters-first-birthday-090319769.html|access-date=August 30, 2018|work=Yahoo|publisher=}}</ref> Williams make an appearance on stage during Kendrick Lamar ein Super Bowl LIX halftime show, wey she dey do a crip walk amongst oda background dancers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=Brianna|date=2025-02-10|title=Serena Williams adds star power to Kendrick Lamar's halftime show|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/43724706/kendrick-lamar-serena-williams-half-show-super-bowl-lix-2025|access-date=2025-02-10|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> Na dem allege Williams be romantically involved plus Drake, plus whom Lamar be involved insyd an ongoing feud, insyd 2011 den 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last=France|first=Lisa Respers|date=February 10, 2025|title=How Drake lost worse than the Chiefs at the Super Bowl|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/10/entertainment/drake-serena-williams-kendrick-lamar/index.html|work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Raiken|first=Amber|date=February 10, 2025|title=Serena Williams' husband Alexis Ohanian reacts to her Super Bowl cameo amid history with Drake|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/serena-williams-super-bowl-halftime-drake-b2695560.html|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/7214650/serena-williams-crip-walk-super-bowl-kendrick-lamar-halftime-show/|title=The Meaning Behind Serena Williams Dancing During the Super Bowl Halftime Show|magazine=Time|first=Miranda|last=Jeyaretnam|date=February 10, 2025}}</ref> == Oda activities == === Philanthropy === Williams dey run de Serena Williams Foundation, wich partner plus major organizations to advance community development.<ref name="Love"/> Insyd 2008, as part of de foundation ein work, Williams help to fund de construction of de Serena Williams Secondary School insyd Matooni, Kenya.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 15, 2008|title=Serena Williams in Kenya on charity tour|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90783/91323/6534327.html|work=People's Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wanja|first=Claire|date=November 10, 2008|title=Serena Williams to Visit Kenya on Charity cause|url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/story.asp?ID=53717|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305115551/http://www.kbc.co.ke/story.asp?ID=53717|archive-date=March 5, 2010|access-date=April 24, 2009|publisher=Kenya Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Elliot|first=Danielle|display-authors=etal|title=Serena Williams: Service On and Off the Court|url=https://www.chase.com/news/081315-serena-williams|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905145550/https://www.chase.com/news/081315-serena-williams|archive-date=September 5, 2015|access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref> De foundation sanso dey provide university scholarships give underprivileged students insyd de United States. Insyd 2016, de Serena Williams Fund partner plus Helping Hands Jamaica make dem build de Salt Marsh Primary School for Jamaican youth insyd Trelawny Parish.<ref>{{cite news|date=February 9, 2016|title=Tennis Star Serena Williams helps build school in Trelawny &#124; Features|url=http://jamaica-star.com/article/features/20160209/tennis-star-serena-williams-helps-build-school-trelawny|access-date=July 15, 2017|newspaper=Jamaica Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lewis|first=Taylor|title=Serena Williams Lends a Helping Hand to Build a Jamaican School|url=http://www.essence.com/2016/02/10/serena-williams-lends-helping-hand-build-jamaican-school|access-date=July 15, 2017|website=Essence}}</ref> Williams receive a Celebrity Role Model Award from de Avon Foundation insyd 2003 for ein work wey dey fight breast cancer.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 15, 2003|title=Jewel and Serena Williams Help the Avon Foundation Raise Millions for the Fight Against Breast Cancer|url=http://www.avoncompany.com/women/news/press20031015.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114130839/http://www.avoncompany.com/women/news/press20031015.html|archive-date=November 14, 2008|access-date=April 26, 2009|work=Avon|publisher=Avon Products, Inc.}}</ref> De same year, she win de "Young Heroes Award" from Big Brothers Big Sisters of Greater L.A. den Inland. Insyd 2004, she win de "Family Circle and Prudential Financial Player Who Makes a Difference Award".<ref name="Love"/> Na she be an International Goodwill Ambassador plus UNICEF since 2011, wey na she help launch UNICEF ein Schools for Asia campaign.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 20, 2011|title=Tennis star Serena Williams becomes UNICEF's latest Goodwill Ambassador – with a focus on education|url=http://www.unicef.org/people/people_59874.html|url-status=live|work=UNICEF|publisher=UNICEF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Serena Williams – Charity Work, Events and Causes|url=https://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/serena-williams|publisher=Look To The Stars}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Piggott|first=Mark|date=January 10, 2015|title=Lionel Messsi and Serena Williams join Unicef children's education campaign|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/lionel-messsi-serena-williams-join-unicef-childrens-education-campaign-1482787|work=International Business Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 18, 2015|title=Serena Williams Launches UNICEF's Schools for Asia|url=http://www.ecorazzi.com/2012/01/25/serena-williams-launches-unicefs-schools-for-asia/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705052508/http://www.ecorazzi.com/2012/01/25/serena-williams-launches-unicefs-schools-for-asia/|archive-date=July 5, 2017|access-date=April 20, 2017|work=Ecorazzi}}</ref> Insyd 2004 den 2005, Serena den Venus visit hospitals wey na she play chaw tennis matches insyd predominantly Black cities to raise funds for de local Ronald McDonald House charities. Na dem dedicate an ESPN episode to de charity tour.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal |last=Douglas |first=Delia |date=March 2012 |title=Venus, Serena, and the Inconspicuous Consumption of Blackness: A Commentary on Surveillance, Race Talk, and New Racism(s) |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=127–145 |doi=10.1177/0021934711410880 |issn=0021-9347 |pmid=22454972 |s2cid=34579543}}</ref> In response to de 2010 Haiti earthquake, Williams, along plus oda ATP den WTA stars, dem decide to forgo dema final day of preparation for de Australian Open make dem assist earthquake victims.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2010-01-17|title=Haiti Charity Match in Oz|url=https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/australian-open/2010/haiti-charity-match-in-oz_sto2186148/story.shtml|access-date=2024-05-28|website=www.eurosport.com|agency=Reuters}}</ref> Serena den Venus be contributors to First Serve Miami, a foundation give youth wey wan learn tennis buh dey face social den economic obstacles.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Chairman's Letter|url=http://www.firstservemiami.org/the-chairmans-letter/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722215654/http://www.firstservemiami.org/the-chairmans-letter/|archive-date=July 22, 2015|publisher=First Serve Miami}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=March 16, 2015|title=First serve adopt-a-player program|url=http://www.firstservemiami.org/first-serve-adopt-a-player-program/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722215657/http://www.firstservemiami.org/first-serve-adopt-a-player-program/|archive-date=July 22, 2015|publisher=First Serve Miami}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=March 14, 2014|title=Nole, Andy and Serena to benefit the First Serve Miami Foundation at Ritz-Carlton|url=http://novakdjokovic.com/en/news/events/nole-andy-and-serena-to-benefit-the-first-serve-miami-foundation-at-ritz-carlton/|website=NovakDjokovic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=February 17, 2014|title=Novak Djokovic, Andy Murray, Serena Williams and Other World Renowned Tennis Players Hold Court at Fifth Annual Ritz-Carlton Key Biscayne, Miami All-Star Charity Tennis Event|url=http://www.ritzcarlton.com/en/Properties/KeyBiscayne/Information/News/Releases/fifth_annual_miami_all_star_charity_tennis.htm|publisher=Ritz-Carlton}}</ref> Na de sistos collaborate on philanthropic projects thru de Williams Sisters Fund, wich dey assist individuals den communities wey be affected by violence, wey dem dey aim to ensure dat youth get access to education. Insyd 2014, Williams begin dey host an annual charity run dem name "The Serena Williams Ultimate Fun Run" make dem support de Fund.<ref name="Serena">{{cite web|title=Serena &#124; Strong Sexy Sophisticated Clothing by Serena Williams|url=https://www.serenawilliams.com/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301092912/https://www.serenawilliams.com/|archive-date=March 1, 2017|website=Serena}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ontario Tennis Association – Serena Gives Back- OT Spin Week of February 19|url=https://www.tennisontario.com/pages/story-1-ot-spin-week-of-february-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827001016/https://www.tennisontario.com/pages/story-1-ot-spin-week-of-february-19|archive-date=August 27, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2017|website=Tennisontario.com}}</ref> Insyd 2016, insyd ein kiddie time home of Compton, she den Venus found de Yetunde Price Resource Center, in honor of dema late half-sisto Yetunde. Williams ein return to Indian Wells insyd 2015 (after a 14-year boycott) occur insyd partnership plus de Equal Justice Initiative, a non-profit organization wey dey provide legal representation to people wey na dem fi deny dem a fair trial.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 1, 2015|title=Join Serena Williams' Campaign with EJI|url=http://eji.org/news/join-serena-williams-campaign-with-eji|access-date=April 24, 2017|website=EJI}}</ref><ref name="SPOTY15">{{cite magazine|last=Price|first=S. L.|date=December 21, 2015|title=Serena Williams is Sports Illustrated's 2015 Sportsperson of the Year|url=https://www.si.com/sportsperson/2015/12/14/serena-williams-si-sportsperson-year|access-date=December 17, 2015|magazine=Sports Illustrated|page=76|volume=123|issue=24}}</ref> Insyd 2017, Williams cam be Ambassador give de Allstate Foundation ein Purple Purse project, an initiative make dem provide financial empowerment to domestic abuse victims.<ref>{{cite web|last=Freeman|first=Luria|date=June 23, 2017|title=Serena Williams Joins Allstate's Purple Purse Project|url=http://www.vibe.com/2017/06/serena-williams-allstate-foundation-purple-purse-campaign/|access-date=July 15, 2017|website=Vibe (magazine)}}</ref><ref name="mediapost1">{{cite web|last=Gazdik|first=Tanya|date=June 23, 2017|title=Allstate Enlists Serena Williams For Cause Campaign|url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/303343/allstate-enlists-serena-williams-for-cause-campaig.html|access-date=July 15, 2017|website=Mediapost.com}}</ref> Oda organizations Williams dey support include de Elton John AIDS Foundation, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Hearts of Gold, de Common Ground Foundation, de Small Steps Project, de HollyRod Foundation, Beyond the Boroughs National Scholarship Fund, World Education, de Eva Longoria Foundation, de Caliber Foundation den de Cure for MND Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 18, 2015|title=Serena Williams: Charity Work & Causes|url=https://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/serena-williams|access-date=April 20, 2017|work=Look to the Stars}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 31, 2015|title=Serena Williams mentions MND in victory speech|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/serena-williams-mentions-mnd-in-victory-speech-115013100729_1.html|access-date=August 18, 2015|work=Business Standard}}</ref> === Business ventures === Insyd August 2009, Serena den Venus cam be minority owners of de Miami Dolphins after dem purchase a small stake insyd de team. According to de Dolphins, dem be de first African-American women make dem hold any amount of ownership insyd an NFL franchise.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 25, 2009|title=Williams sisters buy into Dolphins group|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=4422313|publisher=ESPN|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Insyd 2014, Williams found de venture capital firm Serena Ventures, wich dey invest insyd start-up companies wey ein "perspectives den innovations level de playing field give women den people of color." As of 2022, na Serena Ventures raise more dan $110 million.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 11, 2022|title=Sport queen, Serena Williams leads $3.3 million seed in Nigerian startup|url=https://techparley.com/sport-queen-serena-williams-leads-3-3-million-seed-in-nigerian-startup-stears/|accessdate=October 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Latos|first=Hillary|date=October 10, 2022|title='The Davos of the Hamptons' returns with the 1640 Society Family Office Wealth Forum|url=https://impactwealth.org/5452-2/|access-date=July 19, 2023|website=Impact Wealth|language=en-US}}</ref> Insyd July 2020, na dem announce say Williams dey part of a nearly all-women investors dema group wey na dem award a new franchise insyd de National Women's Soccer League, de highest level of de women dema sport insyd de United States. Na dem classify Williams ein husbie Alexis Ohanian as de "lead investor", buh na he dey hold a minority interest, wey na he be de man per insyd de ownership group. Oda owners insyd de group include prominent actresses, media figures, businesswomen, former members of de US women's national team, den Williams ein eldest daughter.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/article/national-womens-soccer-league-awards-expansion-team-rights-to-los-angeles|title=National Women's Soccer League awards expansion team rights to Los Angeles|publisher=National Women's Soccer League|date=July 21, 2020|access-date=July 21, 2020|archive-date=July 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721191247/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/article/national-womens-soccer-league-awards-expansion-team-rights-to-los-angeles|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na de new team begin dey play insyd 2022 as Angel City FC.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 3, 2025|title=Serena Williams joins ownership group of WNBA expansion team Toronto Tempo|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/story/2025-03-03/serena-williams-ownership-group-wnba-expansion-team-toronto-tempo|access-date=May 15, 2025|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> === Activism === Williams cam be more involved insyd social change as ein career progress, primarily dey use social media take express ein views. Insyd 2016 she voice ein support give [[Black Lives Matter]] for ein Facebook page top. She express concern say ein young nephew fi be in danger from police secof ein skin color.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 27, 2016|title=Serena Williams posts in support of Black Lives Matter on Facebook|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/serena-williams-writes-about-black-lives-matter-on-facebook/|access-date=February 23, 2018|publisher=CBS News}}</ref> Also insyd 2016, na Williams wrep an open letter insyd Porter Magazine ein feature "Incredible Women of 2016" in support of gender equality den to share ein personal struggles as a woman insyd tennis.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bridges|first=Francis|date=December 7, 2016|title=Serena Williams Writes Open Letter About Gender Equality, Empowerment And Resilience|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/francesbridges/2016/12/07/serena-williams-writes-open-letter-about-gender-equality-empowerment-and-resilience/|access-date=April 6, 2020|work=Forbes}}</ref> She claim say dem no dey recognize women dema contributions to de sport insyd de same way as men dema contributions, wey she sanso comment on de issue of unequal pay.<ref>{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Serena|date=November 29, 2016|title='We must continue to dream big': an open letter from Serena Williams|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/nov/29/dream-big-open-letter-serena-williams-porter-magazine-incredible-women-of-2016-issue-women-athletes|access-date=April 6, 2020|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Williams receive chaw awards for ein activism, particularly ein endeavors wey dey involve Black communities.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Na de NAACP honor Williams plus ein President's Award (2003) den de Jackie Robinson Sports Award (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chiesa|first=Victoria|date=February 27, 2023|title=Serena Williams receives Jackie Robinson Sports Award at NAACP Image Awards|url=https://www.usta.com/en/home/pro/pro-media---news/serena-williams-receives-jackie-robinson-sports-award-at-naacp-i.html|access-date=2024-03-20|website=USTA|language=en}}</ref> === Fashion === Na dem note Williams for ein unusual den colorful outfits on court. She arrive at de 2004 US Open insyd a denim skirt sen knee-high leg wraps wey look like boots, wich na dem no allow am make she wear during matches.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chase|first=Chris|date=May 31, 2018|title=Serena Williams' fashion history, from catsuits to shoes|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ftw/2018/05/31/serena-williams-fashion-history-from-catsuits-to-gamechanging-ballgowns/111169888/|access-date=2024-03-20|website=USA Today|language=en-US}}</ref> At de 2018 French Open, she promote ein clothing line ''Serena'' by wearing a catsuit, wich na be subsequently banned by de French Tennis Federation.<ref name="Racked2018">{{cite news|date=June 1, 2018|title=Serena Williams Had Her Own Style Long Before Her Black Catsuit|url=https://www.racked.com/2018/6/1/17414940/serena-williams-french-open-black-catsuit|access-date=August 28, 2018|work=Racked}}</ref><ref name="Vox2018">{{cite news|date=August 28, 2018|title=The Serena Williams catsuit ban shows that tennis can't get past its elitist roots|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/8/28/17791518/serena-williams-catsuit-ban-french-open-tennis-racist-sexist-country-club-sport|access-date=August 28, 2018|work=Vox}}</ref><ref name="ESPN2018">{{cite news|date=August 24, 2018|title=New French Open dress rules prohibit Serena Williams' catsuit|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/24461310/new-french-open-dress-rules-prohibit-serena-williams-catsuit-2019|access-date=August 28, 2018|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> At de 2018 US Open, Williams wear a black tutu during ein first match.<ref name="Time2018">{{cite magazine|date=August 28, 2018|title=Serena Williams Makes a Case for the Casual Tutu With Her 2018 US Open Outfit|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/24461310/new-french-open-dress-rules-prohibit-serena-williams-catsuit-2019|access-date=August 28, 2018|magazine=Time}}</ref> Insyd 2009, she launch a signature collection of handbags den jewelry, Signature Statement, wich na dem mainly sell on de Home Shopping Network.<ref>{{cite web|last=Marr|first=Madeleine|date=March 3, 2009|title=Serena Williams has a passion for fashion|url=http://www.ontennis.com/news/serena-williams-has-passion-fashion|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402060946/http://ontennis.com/news/serena-williams-has-passion-fashion|archive-date=April 2, 2009|access-date=April 25, 2009|work=The Miami Herald|publisher=Miami Herald Media Co.}}</ref><ref name="HSN">{{cite web|title=HSN and Tennis Great Serena Williams Return to New York Fashion Week to Present Serena Williams Signature Statement Fall Collection at KIA STYLE360|url=https://corporate.hsn.com/newsroom/pressrelease/hsn-and-tennis-great-serena-williams-return-to-new-york-fashion-week-to-present-serena-williams-signature-statement-fall-collection-at-kia-style360-2/|access-date=May 2, 2021|website=HSN}}</ref> Insyd 2010, she cam be a certified nail technician insyd preparation for ein upcoming nail collection plus HairTech.<ref>{{cite news|last=Farber|first=Jim|date=February 17, 2010|title=Serena Williams takes time away from the tennis courts to become a certified nail technician|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2010/02/17/2010-02-17_serena_williams_takes_time_away_from_the_tennis_courts_to_become_a_certified_nai.html|access-date=October 2, 2010|work=Daily News|location=New York}}</ref> Insyd February 2019, na dem appoint Williams to de board of directors of de online fashion marketplace Poshmark.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas|first=Lauren|date=February 20, 2019|title=Serena Williams joins online retailer Poshmark's board of directors|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/20/serena-williams-joins-online-retailer-poshmarks-board-of-directors.html|publisher=CNBC}}</ref> Insyd de fall of dat year, she launch de first collection of ein clothing line ''S by Serena''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yates|first=Jacqueline|date=February 12, 2020|title=Serena Williams on the inspiration behind her sustainable S by Serena collection|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Style/serena-williams-inspiration-sustainable-serena-collection/story?id=68938024|publisher=ABC}}</ref> Inspired by 1990s street wear, na de apparel be designed for a range of body types den body sizes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Andrews|first=Jessica|date=February 14, 2020|title=Serena Williams Talks Inclusivity At Her S By Serena NYFW Show|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/serena-williams-talks-inclusivity-at-her-s-by-serena-nyfw-show-21801331|publisher=Bustle}}</ref> === Media den publishing === Insyd 2005, de Williams sisters author de book ''Venus & Serena: Serving From The Hip: 10 Rules For Living, Loving and Winning'', wich na she wrep plus Hilary Beard.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 27, 2011|title=The Website of Author Hilary Beard – Books|url=http://www.hilarybeard.com/books/|access-date=April 20, 2017|website=Hilarybeard.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=July 1, 2005|title=Venus and Serena: Serving From the Hip: 10 Rules for Living, Loving, and Winning.(Brief Article)(Book Review)|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-134387123.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905091647/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-134387123.html|archive-date=September 5, 2013|access-date=February 23, 2011}}</ref> Insyd 2009, Williams release de autobiography ''On the Line''.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 September 2009|title=Serena Williams Puts Emotion Into Game, Memoir|url=https://www.npr.org/2009/09/23/113090963/serena-williams-puts-emotion-into-game-memoir|access-date=22 December 2023|website=www.npr.org}}</ref> De same year, she appear insyd online videos den print advertisements give Tampax Pearl tampons, wey she cam be de first active female professional athlete to appear insyd advertising give a feminine hygiene product.<ref name="tampon ad NYT story">{{cite news|last=Newman|first=Andrew Adam|date=September 28, 2009|title=Serena Williams' Ad Deals Survive Her Outburst on Court|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/business/media/29adco.html|access-date=September 28, 2009|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Williams pose for de ''Sports Illustrated'' Swimsuit Issue insyd 2003 den 2004.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thurmond|first=Sarah|date=February 11, 2009|title=Golovin, Hantuchova, Kirilenko in SI swimsuit issue|url=http://tennis.com/backcourt/general/backcourt.aspx?id=164656|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215214440/http://tennis.com/backcourt/general/backcourt.aspx?id=164656|archive-date=February 15, 2009|access-date=May 9, 2009|work=Tennis Magazine}}</ref> === Filmography === Williams appear insyd films, television series, den music videos. She den Venus sanso serve as executive producers on de 2021 film ''King Richard'', a biopic about dema poppie.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jakiel|first=Olivia|date=March 27, 2022|title=Venus and Serena Williams Rock Gorgeous Plunging Gowns on 2022 Oscars Red Carpet|url=https://people.com/style/oscars-2002-venus-and-serena-williams-rock-gorgeous-plunging-gowns-red-carpet/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328191313/https://people.com/style/oscars-2002-venus-and-serena-williams-rock-gorgeous-plunging-gowns-red-carpet/|archive-date=March 28, 2022|access-date=March 28, 2022|website=People}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |2001 |''The Simpsons'' |Einself (voice) |Episode: "Tennis the Menace" |- |2002 |''My Wife and Kids'' |Miss Wiggins |Episode: "Crouching Mother, Hidden Father"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-01-13|title=On stage or on court, Serena plays the lead|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/on-stage-or-on-court-serena-plays-the-lead-20030113-gdg3il.html|access-date=2024-03-18|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> |- |2003 |''Street Time'' |Meeka Hayes |Episode: "Fly Girl" |- |2004 |''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'' |Chloe Spiers |Episode: "Brotherhood"<ref name="Kennedy-2007">{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Lauren Paige|date=April 9, 2007|title=Serena Williams Gets Back in the Game|url=https://www.webmd.com/women/features/serena-williams-gets-back-game|access-date=2024-03-18|website=WebMD|language=en}}</ref> |- |2004 |''The Division'' |Jennifer Davis |Episode: "Lost and Found" |- |2004 |''Hair Show'' |Agent Ross |Film |- |2005 |''Higglytown Heroes'' |Snowplow Driver Hero (voice) |Episode: "Higgly Hoedown/Eubie's Turbo Sled" |- |2005 |''ER'' |Alice Watson |Episode: "Two Ships " |- | | |Einself |Episode: "Not So Wonderful News" |- |2005 |''America's Next Top Model'' |Einself |Episode: "The Girl with the Worst Photo in History" |- |2005–2007 |''Punk'd'' |Einself |3 episodes |- |2007 |''Loonatics Unleashed'' |Queen Athena (voice) |Episode: "Apocalypso"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Associated Press|date=2007-01-30|title=Aussie champ Serena to lend voice to animated queen|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=2748802|access-date=2024-03-18|website=ESPN}}</ref> |- |2007 |''Finding Forever'' music video |Einself |Cameo in "I Want You"<ref>{{cite web|date=October 23, 2007|title=Common 'I Want You' Video|url=http://rapdirt.com/common-i-want-you-video/16687/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116200331/http://rapdirt.com/common-i-want-you-video/16687/|archive-date=January 16, 2010|access-date=April 26, 2009|website=rapdirt.com}}</ref> |- |2007 |''Avatar: The Last Airbender'' |Ming (voice) |Episode: "The Day of Black Sun: Part 1 – The Invasion" |- |2007 |''Fast Cars and Superstars: The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race'' |Einself |Episode: "Episode 1" |- |2006 |''The Bernie Mac Show'' |Einself |Episode: "Spinning Wheels" |- |2008 |''The Game'' |Einself |Episode: "The List Episode" |- |2008 |''MADtv'' |Einself / Black Racket |Episode: "Episode 7" |- |2011 |''Keeping Up with the Kardashians'' |Einself |Episode: "Kim's Fairytale Wedding: A Kardashian Event – Part 2" |- |2012 |''Trust Us with Your Life'' |Einself | |- |2012 |''Drop Dead Diva'' |Kelly Stevens |Episode: "Rigged" |- |2012 |''Venus and Serena'' |Einself |Documentary |- |2013 |''The Legend of Korra'' |Female Sage (voice) |Episode: "Beginnings, Part 1" |- |2015 |''7 Days in Hell'' |Einself |Film |- |2015 |''Pixels'' |Einself |Cameo<ref name="Pixels">{{cite web|date=May 22, 2015|title=Serena Williams serves up laughs in 'Pixels'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/videos/life/2015/05/22/27799457/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529212853/http://www.usatoday.com/videos/life/2015/05/22/27799457/|archive-date=May 29, 2015|access-date=August 18, 2015|work=USA Today}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Lemonade'' music video |Einself |Cameo in "Sorry"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barron|first=Tory|date=2016-05-10|title=Serena Williams on her 'Lemonade' appearance|url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/culture/the-buzz/story/_/id/15499708/serena-williams-explains-why-beyonce-wanted-lemonade-video|access-date=2024-03-18|website=ESPN|language=en}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Serena: The Other Side of Greatness'' |Einself |Documentary |- |2018 |''Ocean's 8'' |Einself |Cameo |- |2018 |''Being Serena'' |Einself |Documentary |- |2021 |''King Richard'' |Executive producer |Film |- |2022 |''Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery'' |Einself |Cameo<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Lenker|first=Maureen Lee|date=November 25, 2022|title=Stephen Sondheim and Angela Lansbury make their final screen appearances in 'Glass Onion'|url=https://ew.com/movies/glass-onion-knives-out-cameos-stephen-sondheim-angela-lansbury-more/|access-date=2024-03-18|magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> |- |2023 |''PAW Patrol: The Mighty Movie'' |Yoga Yvette (voice) |Film |} == References == <references /> === General references === * {{cite book|last1=Morgan|first1=Terri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaphSm9ndMsC|title=Venus and Serena Williams: Grand Slam Sisters|publisher=Lerner Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8225-3684-0|series=Sports Achievers Biographies|pages=64pp|no-pp=y}} * {{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Venus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-_SalMONJUC|title=Venus and Serena: Serving from the Hip: 10 Rules For Living, Loving and Winning|last2=Williams|first2=Serena|last3=Beard|first3=Hilary|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2005|isbn=978-0-618-57653-1|pages=133pp|no-pp=y}} * {{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Serena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgAHQLkOijkC|title=On the Line|last2=Paisner|first2=Daniel|publisher=Hachette Digital|year=2009|isbn=978-0-446-56402-1|pages=214pp|ref={{sfnRef|WilliamsPaisner2009a}}|no-pp=y}} * {{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Serena|title=My Life: Queen of the Court|last2=Paisner|first2=Daniel|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84737-544-5|pages=257pp|ref={{sfnRef|WilliamsPaisner2009b}}|no-pp=y}} == Read further == * {{Cite journal |last=Spencer |first=Nancy E. |date=May 2004 |title=Sister Act VI: Venus and Serena Williams at Indian Wells: 'Sincere Fictions' and White Racism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sport-and-social-issues_2004-05_28_2/page/115 |journal=Journal of Sport & Social Issues |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=115–135 |doi=10.1177/0193723504264411 |s2cid=159517372}} == External links == {{sister project links|collapsible=true|wikt=no|c=Category:Serena Williams|b=no|q=Serena Williams|s=no|v=no|species=no|voy=no|display=Serena Williams|d=Q11459}} * [https://www.serenawilliams.com/ Official website] * [https://www.wtatennis.com/players/230234/- Serena Williams] at the Women's Tennis Association * [https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/serena-williams/800205424/usa Serena Williams] at the International Tennis Federation * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230828/https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/player/800205424 Serena Williams] at the Billie Jean King Cup (archived) * [[imdbname:1102987|Serena Williams]] at IMDb * [http://www.makers.com/serena-williams Serena Williams] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170607222011/http://www.makers.com/serena-williams Archived] June 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine video produced by ''Makers: Women Who Make America'' {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Serena}} [[Category:Serena Williams| ]] [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:American female tennis players]] [[Category:American autobiographers]] [[Category:American Jehovah's Witnesses]] [[Category:American women ambassadors]] [[Category:African-American designers]] [[Category:African-American tennis players]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Angel City FC owners]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions insyd mixed 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Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at de 2012 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:UNICEF goodwill ambassadors]] [[Category:Isenberg School of Management alumni]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:American women autobiographers]] [[Category:20th-century African-American sportswomen]] [[Category:20th-century American sportswomen]] [[Category:Williams family (tennis)]] [[Category:WTA number 1 ranked singles tennis players]] [[Category:WTA number 1 ranked doubles tennis players]] [[Category:ITF World Champions]] [[Category:21st-century American sportswomen]] [[Category:21st-century African-American sportswomen]] [[Category:Miami Dolphins owners]] 4mo1ble3sddjjk2r8wk9a41im409ezw 0 20672 115697 115384 2026-11-04T20:31:59Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asisat Lamina Oshoala''' OON (born 9 October 1994) be a Nigerian professional footballer wey dey play as a striker give Saudi Women's Premier League club Al Hilal den de Nigeria national team. She be widely regarded as one of de best female players insyd women's football of ein generation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sulola|first=Remi|date=2024-07-06|title=INTERVIEW: Falcons good enough to overcome tough Olympic group, says Oshoala|url=https://www.thecable.ng/interview-falcons-good-enough-to-overcome-tough-olympic-group-says-oshoala/|access-date=2024-07-12|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nlebem|first=Anthony|date=2024-02-03|title=From Barcelona Femeni to Bay FC: The story of Asisat Oshoala|url=https://businessday.ng/bd-weekender/article/from-barcelona-femeni-to-bay-fc-the-trajectory-story-of-asisat-oshoala/|access-date=2024-07-12|website=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> She be one of de most celebrated African female footballers of all time, wey she win African Women's Footballer of de Year a record six times.<ref name="TheAthletic">{{Cite web|last=Abayomi|first=Anita|date=19 July 2021|title=Asisat Oshoala: As long as Education is Important Sport is Also Important|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/2717486/2021/07/19/asisat-oshoala-as-much-as-education-is-important-sport-is-also-important/|access-date=21 July 2021|website=theathletic.com|publisher=The Athletic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Klosok|first=Aleks|date=5 October 2021|title=Asisat Oshoala: How a grandmother's belief gave birth to an African soccer superstar|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/05/football/asisat-oshoala-football-barcelona-nigeria-womens-champions-league-cmd-spt-intl/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005095429/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/05/football/asisat-oshoala-football-barcelona-nigeria-womens-champions-league-cmd-spt-intl/index.html|archive-date=5 October 2021|access-date=2021-11-06|website=CNN}}</ref> Oshoala previously play give English clubs Arsenal den Liverpool, Chinese club Dalian, den Nigerian clubs Rivers Angels den FC Robo. She win de 2015 FA Women's Cup plus Arsenal; two league championships den a cup title plus Dalian; den de 2019–20 Copa de la Reina den 2019–20 Supercopa de España Femenina plus Barcelona. Insyd 2019, she cam be de first African player to score a goal insyd a UEFA Women's Champions League final. On 16 May 2021, Oshoala cam be de first African woman to win de UEFA Champions League, after Barcelona defeat Chelsea 4–0 insyd de finals.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Oludare|first=Shina|date=16 May 2021|title=Women's Champions League: Barcelona's Oshoala makes history in Chelsea decimation {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-bh/news/womens-champions-league-barcelonas-oshoala-makes-history-in/o7kshszab8ti196cf4jo4z5kw|access-date=16 May 2021|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> De season wey dey follow, she cam be de first African woman to win de Primera División ein Pichichi Trophy, den insyd August 2022 she cam be de first African woman dem nominate to de Ballon d'Or Féminin. Insyd 2024, she cam be de first African player to win de UEFA Champions League three times. Na Oshoala be de highest goal scorer at de 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup wey na dem name am de best player at de tournament. Na dem sanso name am de best player den second highest goal scorer plus de Super Falcons team wey win de 2014 African Women's Championship. Insyd September 2014, na dem make Oshoala a Member of de Order of the Niger by Presido of Nigeria [[Goodluck Jonathan]]. Insyd 2021, na dem name am insyd de Forbes 30 Under 30.<ref name="forbes302">{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Tommy|title=Meet 30 Inspirational Women This Women's History Month|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommywilliams1/2021/03/08/meet-30-inspirational-women-this-womens-history-month/?sh=7b3407105208|url-status=live|access-date=8 April 2021|work=Forbes Magazine}}</ref> Dem popularly call am “Àgba Baller”, wich dey mean insyd ein local parlance, “Legendary Footballer”. Insyd July 2023, after ein group stage heroics against Australia insyd de 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, Oshoala see a massive increase insyd ein Instagram followership wich make am cam be de first African female footballer wey get a million followers on de social media platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ben|first=David|date=2023-07-29|title=Asisat Oshoala: Super Falcons star sets new record as first African female footballer to reach 1M followers on Instagram|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/sports-gist/story/asisat-oshoala-super-falcons-star-1m-followers-instagram-2023072916152070894|access-date=2023-07-31|website=Pulse Sports NG|language=en-US}}</ref> == Club career == === Liverpool: 2015–2016 === On 23 January 2015, Oshoala join Liverpool insyd England ein Women's Super League. De club ein manager, Matt Beard, call am "one of de best young players insyd de world".<ref>{{cite news|title=Asisat Oshoala: Liverpool Ladies sign Nigerian prospect|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30948874|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> Although na rumours link am plus oda clubs, na she be very happy to join Liverpool.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kessel|first1=Anna|title=Happiness lies with Liverpool for Nigerian superstar Asisat Oshoala|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/mar/21/asisat-oshoala-liverpool-ladies-nigeria-wsl-africa|access-date=10 June 2015|work=The Guardian|date=21 March 2015}}</ref> Na she be de first player from an African nation to compete insyd de top women's league insyd England.<ref name="bbc_liverpool_bcfc_0104152">{{cite news|title=Liverpool Women 2 Birmingham City Women|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/32046106|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> Despite she miss two months of de 2015 season plus a knee injury,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Oshoala ruled out for eight weeks due to knee injury|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/12072/nigeria-women/2015/07/25/13869262/oshoala-ruled-out-for-eight-weeks-due-to-knee-injury|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> Oshoala score three goals insyd de nine games insyd wich she play as defending champions Liverpool fini insyd seventh place.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Currie|first1=Jo|title=Liverpool Ladies: Injuries 'impacted' on season, says Beard|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34505746|access-date=19 December 2015|publisher=BBC Sport|date=13 October 2015}}</ref> Na ein first goal of de season be de game-opener of a 2–1 win against Birmingham City on April 1.<ref name="soccerway2">{{cite web|title=Asisat Oshoala|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/players/asisat-oshoala/260424/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> During de club ein 2–1 win over Manchester City, she score de game-opening goal insyd de tenth minute.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Currie|first=Jo|date=26 April 2015|title=Liverpool Ladies beat Man City Women 2–1 in Super League One|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/32370934|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> She score de club ein third goal of a 3–1 win against Arsenal on 12 July.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2015|title=Fara Williams Sparks Liverpool Triumph with goal at Arsenal|url=https://www.thefa.com/news/2015/jul/12/arsenal-1-3-liverpool-120715|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2015|title=Arsenal vs. Liverpool 1 – 3|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/matches/2015/07/12/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/liverpool-lfc/1999870/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> Insyd January 2016, na Liverpool report say a transfer bid from Arsenal activate de release clause insyd Oshoala ein contract den dat she dey discuss personal terms plus de London club.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigerian striker Oshoala to hold talks with Arsenal|url=http://ladies.liverpoolfc.com/news/nigerian_striker_oshoala_to_hold_talks_with_arsenal.html|access-date=26 January 2016|publisher=Liverpool F.C. Women|date=26 January 2016|archive-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703080728/http://ladies.liverpoolfc.com/news/nigerian_striker_oshoala_to_hold_talks_with_arsenal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Ladies Accept Arsenal's Bid For Asisat Oshoala {{!}} Wolexis Sports Blog|url=http://www.wolexis.com/2016/01/latest-liverpool-accept-arsenals-bid.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130040359/http://www.wolexis.com/2016/01/latest-liverpool-accept-arsenals-bid.html|archive-date=30 January 2016|access-date=27 January 2016|website=www.wolexis.com}}</ref> === Arsenal: 2016–2017 === Insyd March 2016, Oshoala sign plus Arsenal.<ref name="bbc_arsenal_signing">{{Cite web|date=18 March 2016|title=Asisat Oshoala: Arsenal Ladies sign Nigeria striker from Liverpool Ladies|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35841988|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Na Arsenal manager, Pedro Losa say of ein signing, "Asisat be a fantastic talent wey she go be a great addition to wona squad. She be quick, plus excellent feet wey na she prove she fi score goals so e be very positive she decide to join we."<ref name="bbc_arsenal_signing" /> Oshoala help Arsenal win de 2016 FA Women's Cup Final on 14 May.<ref name="fa_2016_fawomenscup">{{Cite web|date=14 May 2016|title=Carter's Stunner Earns Arsenal Their 14th Women's FA Cup|url=https://www.thefa.com/news/2016/may/14/the-final-arsenal-chelsea-wembley-stadium-report|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=England Football Association}}</ref> Na de win mark de club ein 14th title.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 May 2016|title=Arsenal 1–0 Chelsea: Women's FA Cup final – as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2016/may/14/arsenal-v-chelsea-womens-fa-cup-final-live|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Oshoala make 13 appearances for de club during de 2016 season wey na she score two goals.<ref name="soccerway2" /> She score de game-winning goal insyd de 2–0 win against Notts County on 28 August.<ref>{{cite news|title=Notts County Ladies 0 Arsenal Women|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/37146951|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> Arsenal fini insyd third place plus a 16–4–2 record.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2016 FA WSL|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/national/england/wsl/2016/regular-season/r34382/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> === Dalian Quanjian: 2017–2019 === On 10 February 2017, Oshoala sign plus Chinese club Dalian (大连女子足球俱乐部).<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2017|script-title=zh:权健女足引进强力外援 二人均来自欧洲联赛|url=http://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404073755101021908|access-date=11 February 2017|website=sina weibo|publisher=Dalian Quanjian Official Weibo|language=zh}}</ref> During de 2017 season, she score 12 goals wey help Dalian Quanjian win de league championship. Na dem award am de league ein Golden Boot award for most goals scored.<ref name="2017 Dalian">{{Cite web|date=1 May 2018|title=金靴+双冠王，大连权健女足外援奥绍拉获非洲足球小姐|url=https://news.zhibo8.cc/zuqiu/2018-01-05/5a4ef319503c3.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422185927/https://news.zhibo8.cc/zuqiu/2018-01-05/5a4ef319503c3.htm|archive-date=22 April 2021|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Zhibo8}}</ref> De same year, she score four goals during de 2017 Women's Super Cup wey help de club defeat Shanghai 5–3 to win de championship.<ref name="2017 Dalian" /> Insyd October 2018, she help de club win de league championship for de second consecutive year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2018|title=Asisat Oshoala wins 2nd league title in China with Dalian Quanjian|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/asisat-oshoala-wins-2nd-league-title-in-china-with-dalian-quanjian/wjmjs4j|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Pulse.ng|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422190456/https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/asisat-oshoala-wins-2nd-league-title-in-china-with-dalian-quanjian/wjmjs4j|archive-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> === FC Barcelona: 2019–2024 === On 31 January 2019, Spanish club FC Barcelona Femení sign Oshoala on a loan deal til de end of de season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 January 2019|title=Asisat Oshoala joins Barcelona from Dalian Quanjian|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/01/asisat-oshoala-joins-barcelona-from-dalian-quanjian/|website=Vanguard News}}</ref> On May 31, 2019, Barcelona announce ein full transfer to de club den extension til 2022.<ref name="barca_signing_2019">{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=31 May 2019|title=Barcelona complete permanent signing of Nigerian star Asisat Oshoala|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/barcelona-complete-permanent-asisat-oshoala-signing/kvpx154s2s7814wztgecsbgk9|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> She score seven goals insyd ein seven appearances give de club during de 2018–19 season.<ref name="soccerway2" /> Na Barcelona fini insyd second place during de regular season plus a 25–2–3 record.<ref name="2018_19_primera_division">{{Cite web|title=2018/2019 Primera División Femenin|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/national/spain/superliga/20182019/regular-season/r49029/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> [[File:2019-05-18_Fußball,_Frauen,_UEFA_Women's_Champions_League,_Olympique_Lyonnais_-_FC_Barcelona_StP_1173_LR10_by_Stepro.jpg|alt=Asisat Oshoala dey dribble de ball during de 2019 UEFA Women's Champions League Final on 18 May 2019|right|thumb|240x240px|Oshoala dey dribble de ball during de 2019 UEFA Women's Champions League Final]] Na Oshoala score Barcelona ein goal per insyd a 4–1 defeat to Lyon insyd de 2019 UEFA Women's Champions League Final. Na she be de first African (den Nigerian) to score insyd a Champions League Final.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Barcelona's Asisat Oshoala makes history in Uefa Women's Champions League final|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/barcelonas-asisat-oshoala-makes-history-in-uefa-womens-champions-/layl6fl7rar819pkcpg1k5l3r|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> During de 2019–20 season, Oshoala score 20 goals insyd ein 19 appearances for Barcelona.<ref name="soccerway2" /> She score ein first goals of de season plus a brace against Atlético Madrid on 19 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=21 September 2019|title=Oshoala breaks Primera Iberdrola duck with brace as Barcelona thump Atletico Madrid|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/oshoala-breaks-primera-iberdrola-duck-with-brace-as/1rreat6q3flh01ntxvpnjz91n1|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=goal.com}}</ref> Insyd October, she score anoda brace against Madrid wey lift Barcelona to a 4–0 win.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=26 October 2019|title=Oshoala scores a brace but Okeke's injured as Barcelona beat Madrid|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/oshoala-scores-a-brace-but-okekes-injured-as-barcelona-beat/1xghtfn8kisza160sjeesuxls4|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=goal.com}}</ref> On January 11, 2020, Oshoala score four goals insyd a 6–0 win against CD Tacon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2019|title=Oshoala to stay until 2022|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/news/1231692/oshoala-to-stay-until-2022|access-date=1 January 2020|website=fcbarcelona.com|publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> Barcelona fini in first place during de regular season plus an undefeated 19–0–2 record. Na Oshoala ein 20 goals rank second insyd de league dey follow teammate Jenni Hermoso plus 23.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019/2020 Primera División Femenina|url=https://us.soccerway.com/national/spain/superliga/20192020/regular-season/r52880/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> Oshoala score de game-opening goal insyd de fourth minute of de 2019–20 Copa de la Reina semi-finals against Seville. Na she provide assists on two of de goals to lift Barcelona to a 6–0 win.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=19 December 2020|title=Oshoala scores and bags brace of assists in Barcelona victory|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/oshoala-scores-and-bags-brace-of-assists-in-barcelona/yrq68mt81uqd1nmesn89mhtq0|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> Barcelona defeat Logroño 3–0 to clinch de championship.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jiwani|first=Rory|date=13 February 202|title=Barcelona brush aside Logroño 3–0 in Copa de la Reina fina|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/news/detail/football-barcelona-brush-aside-logrono-in-copa-de-la-reina-final/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Olympic Channel}}</ref> On 21 August 2020, Oshoala provide de assist for Kheira Hamraoui ein game-winning goal insyd de 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League quarter-final against Atlético Madrid wey lift Barcelona to de semi-final.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=21 August 2020|title=Oshoala shines as Barcelona edge Atletico Madrid to Champions League semi-final|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/oshoala-shines-as-barcelona-edge-atletico-madrid-to/pphunuwi1sqo1ukxfa2ullt0q|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> On 24 March 2021, Oshoala score de game-winning goal insyd de team ein 3–0 win over Manchester City during de first leg of de 2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League quarterfinals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carayol|first=Tumaini|date=24 March 2021|title=Asisat Oshoala inspires Barcelona to emphatic win over Manchester City|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/mar/24/barcelona-manchester-city-womens-champions-league-match-report|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> On 16 May 2021, Oshoala cam be de first African woman to win de UEFA Champions League, after she cam on insyd de 71st minute of de finals wey Barcelona defeat Chelsea 4–0.<ref name=":02" /> [[File:Asisat_Oshoala_Gotham_FC_Bay_FC_6.21.2025-178_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Oshoala plus Bay FC insyd 2025]] On 10 March 2022, Oshoala sign a two-year contract extension wey go keep am at Barcelona til 30 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oludare|first=Shina|date=10 March 2022|title=Asisat Oshoala: Nigeria striker extends Barcelona contract|url=https://www.goal.com/en-cm/news/asisat-oshoala-nigeria-striker-extends-barcelona-contract/blt0dc516d79b4ce0f2|access-date=11 March 2022|website=Goal}}</ref> During ein time at Barcelona, Oshoala make 162 appearances wey she score 117 goals, wey cam be de fourth highest goalscorer insyd de club ein history wey she win 14 trophies wich include two trebles.<ref name="OshoalaBarcelona2">{{cite web|date=1 February 2024|title=Asisat Oshoala to join Bay FC|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/womens-football/news/3875639/asisat-oshoala-to-join-bay-fc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201170359/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/womens-football/news/3875639/asisat-oshoala-to-join-bay-fc|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=1 February 2024|website=www.fcbarcelona.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2024|title=Asisat Oshoala: Super Falcons Star Bids Farewell to Barcelona, Set for USA Move|url=https://sportsbrief.com/football/58110-asisat-oshoala-super-falcons-star-bids-farewell-barcelona-set-usa-move/|access-date=1 February 2024|website=SportsBrief.com}}</ref> Na she take part insyd all competitions of Barcelona ein 2023–24 season before she lef at de end of January, she sanso win de team ein quadruple.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Tikas|first=Maria|date=2024-05-30|title=El 1x1 de una temporada perfecta|url=https://www-sport-es.translate.goog/es/noticias/futbol-femenino-barca/1x1-temporada-perfecta-103107077|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707000153/https://www-sport-es.translate.goog/es/noticias/futbol-femenino-barca/1x1-temporada-perfecta-103107077|archive-date=7 July 2024|access-date=2024-07-07|website=Diario Sport|language=es}}</ref> === Bay FC: 2024–present === On 1 February 2024, Barcelona den Bay FC announce Oshoala join de latter club.<ref name="OshoalaBarcelona2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2024|title=Bay FC signs Nigerian international Asisat Oshoala|url=https://bayfc.com/press-releases/bay-fc-signs-nigerian-international-asisat-oshoala/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201171252/https://bayfc.com/press-releases/bay-fc-signs-nigerian-international-asisat-oshoala/|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=1 February 2024|website=Bay FC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Herrera|first=Sandra|date=1 February 2024|title=Asisat Oshoala leaves Barcelona for NWSL's Bay FC: 'I understand the challenge that I have ahead of me'|url=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/asisat-oshoala-leaves-barcelona-for-nwsls-bay-fc-i-understand-the-challenge-that-i-have-ahead-of-me/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240201185824/https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/asisat-oshoala-leaves-barcelona-for-nwsls-bay-fc-i-understand-the-challenge-that-i-have-ahead-of-me/|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=1 February 2024|website=CBSSports.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2024|title=Oshoala joins NWSL's Bay FC from Barcelona|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/39436142/asisat-oshoala-leaves-barcelona-join-nwsl-bay-fc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240201190057/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/39436142/asisat-oshoala-leaves-barcelona-join-nwsl-bay-fc|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=1 February 2024|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> On ein NWSL debut, Oshoala score Bay FC ein first goal insyd de 1–0 victory against Angel City.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-18|title=Bay FC shocks Angel City with 1–0 win in first-ever NWSL game|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2024/03/17/bay-fc-shocks-angel-city-with-1-0-win-in-first-ever-nwsl-game/|access-date=2024-03-18|website=The Mercury News|language=en-US}}</ref> === Al Hilal === On 2 September 2025, Oshoala sign give Saudi Women's Premier League club Al Hilal.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 September 2025|title=Nigeria’s Asisat Oshoala leaves Bay FC for Saudi Women’s Al-Hilal|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2025/9/2/nigerias-asisat-oshoala-leave-bay-fc-for-saudi-womens-al-hilal|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == International career == Na Oshoala ein club coach Edwin Okon dey serve as de national team interim manager wen na he give am a debut senior cap insyd a friendly defeat by world champions Japan insyd September 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Okon has big plans for Oshoala|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/okon-has-big-plans-for-oshoala/|access-date=5 December 2020|publisher=The Nation (Nigeria)|date=3 September 2014}}</ref> Na dem name Oshoala as de best player at de 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup wey na she be de top goalscorer at de tournament plus seven goals. Na dem sanso name am best player den second top goalscorer plus de Super Falcons team wey win de 2014 African Women's Championship.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria reclaim African women's title|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29739296|access-date=15 November 2014|publisher=BBC Sport|date=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Oludare|first1=Shina|title=Asisat Oshoala named Africa Women Championship Most Valuable Player|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/7255/2014-african-women-championship/2014/10/25/5488441/asisat-oshoala-named-africa-women-championship-most-valuable|access-date=15 November 2014|publisher=Goal.com|date=25 October 2014}}</ref> She sanso win de BBC Women's Footballer of de Year 2015. Insyd September 2014, na dem make Oshoala a Member of de Order of the Niger by Presido of Nigeria [[Goodluck Jonathan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmadu|first1=Samuel|title=Asisat Oshoala dedicates national award to parents, mates|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigeria/2014/09/29/5143023/asisat-oshoala-dedicates-national-award-to-parents-mates|access-date=15 November 2014|publisher=Goal.com|date=29 September 2014}}</ref> On 8 June 2015, Oshoala score ein first 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup goal wen na she score de team ein second goal insyd a 3–3 draw plus Sweden insyd Winnipeg.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carlisle|first=Jeff|date=8 June 2015|title=Nigeria earns well-deserved draw with Sweden in Group D|url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/2015worldcup/story/_/id/13038689/three-observations-nigeria-earns-well-deserved-draw-sweden|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> After na de team be defeated 2–0 by Australia<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2019|title=Women's World Cup 2015: Australia 2–0 Nigeria – as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/live/2015/jun/13/womens-world-cup-2015-australia-v-nigeria-live|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> den 1–0 by de United States, na dem no advance to de knockout stages.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 June 2015|title=U.S. Women Beat Nigeria 1–0, Win Group And Advance To Elimination Rounds|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/16/415006988/u-s-women-take-the-soccer-pitch-against-surprising-nigerian-team-at-the-world-cu|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=NPR}}</ref> Na Oshoala sanso be a member of de Super Falcons team wey win de African Women's Championship insyd 2016 den 2018. She score three goals insyd de 2018 Edition insyd Ghana. Na Oshoala vice-captain de Super Falcons at de 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup insyd France.<ref name="fifa_go_to_have_fun_2019">{{Cite web|date=8 June 2019|title=Oshoala: I go to have fun on the pitch|url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/oshoala-i-go-to-have-fun-on-the-pitch|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> During de team ein second group stage match against South Korea, she score insyd de 75th minute wey she lift Nigeria to a 2–0 win.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 June 2019|title=Nigeria's Asisat Oshoala finishes off South Korea at Women's World Cup|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/jun/12/nigeria-south-korea-womens-world-cup-match-report|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Na dem name Oshoala Player of de Match.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 June 2019|title=Oshoala emerges player of the match after Nigeria's 2–0 win over South Korea|url=https://www.mynigeria.com/NigeriaHomePage/NewsArchive/Oshoala-emerges-player-of-the-match-after-Nigeria-039-s-2-0-win-over-South-Korea-275853|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422205851/https://www.mynigeria.com/NigeriaHomePage/NewsArchive/Oshoala-emerges-player-of-the-match-after-Nigeria-039-s-2-0-win-over-South-Korea-275853|archive-date=22 April 2021|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=mynigeria.com}}</ref> N dem nominate ein goal for Goal of de Tournament by FIFA.<ref name="2019_gotnom">{{Cite web|date=7 July 2019|title=Asisat Oshoala: Hyundai Goal of the Tournament Nominee|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9G1XTp6fZRc|url-status=live|access-date=16 April 2021|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Nigeria fini third insyd Group A wey dem advance to de knockout stages wer na dem face two-time champions Germany wey na dem be defeated 3–0 insyd a controversial match heavily influenced by video assistant referee (VAR).<ref>{{cite news|title=Germany 3–0 Nigeria: Women's World Cup 2019, last 16 as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2019/jun/22/germany-v-nigeria-womens-world-cup-2019-last-16-live|work=The Guardian|date=22 June 2019|access-date=28 March 2021|last1=Murray|first1=Scott}}</ref> Na dem Oshoala up to de Nigeria squad for de 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2022|title=Morocco 2022: Waldrum picks Ebi, Oshoala, Plumptre, 22 others for Women AFCON|url=https://www.thenff.com/2022/06/morocco-2022-waldrum-picks-ebi-oshoala-plumptre-22-others-for-women-afcon/|url-status=live|publisher=Nigeria Football Federation|access-date=2 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719084845/https://www.thenff.com/2022/06/morocco-2022-waldrum-picks-ebi-oshoala-plumptre-22-others-for-women-afcon/|archive-date=19 July 2022}}</ref> On 16 June 2023, na dem include insyd de 23-player Nigerian squad for de 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ryan Dabbs|date=2023-06-14|title=Nigeria Women's World Cup 2023 squad: most recent call ups|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/nigeria-women-world-cup-2023-squad-team-roster-players|access-date=2023-06-20|website=fourfourtwo.com|language=en}}</ref> Insyd de Super Falcons second group stage game against host nation Australia, na Oshoala cam insyd as substitute for fellow teammate, Uchenna Kanu, insyd de 63rd minute of regulation time wey na she score de third goal of de match give ein team after ten minutes of play. Na dis goal make am de first Super Falcons' player to score at three consecutive FIFA World Cups, wey na she score insyd de 2015 den 2019 editions wey she sanso be de first African (den Nigerian) to score at three different FIFA Women's World Cups.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pye|first=John|date=2023-07-27|title=Oshoala seals Nigeria's upset win over co-host Australia at the Women's World Cup|url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-australia-nigeria-ece83a0badfa503da42195be6e34dbcb|access-date=2023-07-27|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Oyebola|first=Mike|date=2023-07-27|title=Oshoala makes history in Super Falcons' victory against Australia|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/07/27/oshoala-makes-history-in-super-falcons-victory-against-australia/|access-date=2023-07-27|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odetokun|first=Elijah|date=2023-07-27|title=2023 FIFA WWC: Asisat Oshoala Makes History With Nigeria's Winning Goal Against Hosts Australia|url=https://sportsbrief.com/football/45452-2023-fifa-wwc-asisat-oshoala-history-nigerias-winning-goal-host-australia/|access-date=2023-07-27|website=Sports Brief|language=en-US}}</ref> Na dem call Oshoala up to de Nigeria squad for de [[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2024 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 July 2024|title=Paris 2024 Olympics: Waldrum picks Ajibade, Nnadozie, Oshoala, 15 others|url=https://thenff.com/paris-2024-olympics-waldrum-picks-ajibade-nnadozie-oshoala-15-others/|url-status=live|website=thenff.com|publisher=Nigeria Football Federation}}</ref> On 20 June 2025, na dem name Oshoala insyd de final Nigeria squad for de 2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations WAFCON, wey take place from 5 to 27 July 2025. Dem place dem insyd Group B wey dema matches be against [[Tunisia]], [[Botswana]] den [[Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oyebola|first=Mike|date=20 June 2025|title=Super Falcons: Madugu unveils final squad for WAFCON 2024|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/20/super-falcons-madugu-unveils-final-squad-for-wafcon-2024/|access-date=20 June 2025|website=dailypost.ng}}</ref> == Style of play == Na Oshoala find success as a forward for Nigeria ein youth teams buh na she make chaw of ein early appearances for de senior national team as an attacking midfielder. Na dem nickname am "Seedorf" after male footballer Clarence Seedorf wey na she sanso be referred to as "Superzee" by ein teammates.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 August 2014|title=Oshoala: #HappyGirlAlways|url=https://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/news/y=2014/m=8/news=oshoala-happygirlalways-2423552.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819144244/http://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/news/y=2014/m=8/news=oshoala-happygirlalways-2423552.html|archive-date=19 August 2014|access-date=15 November 2014|publisher=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Super Zee crests the globe|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/super-zee-crests-the-globe/|access-date=5 June 2015|work=The Nation|date=28 May 2015}}</ref> == Ein life matter == Oshoala dey recount say na ein parents no be supportive wen she drop out of school to pursue a football career.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Louise|date=5 June 2015|title=Women's World Cup 2015: 10 players to watch|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jun/05/womens-world-cup-2015-football-10-players-to-watch|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> She be a Muslim.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wejinya|first1=Sammy|date=25 October 2014|title=Q & A with Asisat Oshoala|publisher=SuperSport|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/african-women-champs/news/141025/Q_A_with_Asisat_Oshoala|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref> Oshoala launch de Asisat Oshoala Foundation insyd 2019 wey focus on empowering girl footballers insyd Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Barcelona star Oshoala rolls out plans to inspire young Nigerian girls|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/barcelona-star-oshoala-rolls-out-plans-to-inspire-young-nigerian-/alinzgmfn4na1o5wc9tj94fzi|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2020|title=奥绍拉推出用于女孩教育 足球项目的徽标|url=https://www.xytest.com/edu/2020092127562.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422190852/https://www.xytest.com/edu/2020092127562.html|archive-date=22 April 2021|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=xytest.com}}</ref> De foundation dey host de annual Asisat Oshoala Foundation Football4girls tournament insyd Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=8 teams to compete at the 2020 Asisat Oshoala Foundation Football4girls tournament|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/8-teams-to-compete-at-the-2020-asisat-oshoala-foundation-football4girls-tournament/5b2m8c2|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Pulse.ng|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201120705/https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/8-teams-to-compete-at-the-2020-asisat-oshoala-foundation-football4girls-tournament/5b2m8c2|archive-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> She be a Nike ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2020|title=Oshoala unveils logo for girl-child education, football project|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/oshoala-unveils-logo-for-girl-child-education-football-project/|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Insyd 2021, na dem name am to Forbes 30 Under 30.<ref name="forbes302" /> Insyd October 2021, na dem appoint am unto FIFA ein technical advisory group on de growth den advancement of women's football. De group be headed by Jill Ellis wey get fellow African Doreen Nabwire sanso be as a member.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=18 October 2021|title=Technical Advisory Group to focus on growth and advancement of women's football|url=https://www.fifa.com/football-development/the-future-of-football/media-releases/technical-advisory-group-to-focus-on-growth-of-womens-football|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018144325/https://www.fifa.com/football-development/the-future-of-football/media-releases/technical-advisory-group-to-focus-on-growth-of-womens-football|archive-date=18 October 2021|access-date=25 October 2021|website=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Oludare|first=Shina|date=21 October 2021|title='The goal is to take African football to the next level' – Oshoala reveals mission in Fifa technical advisory group|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/the-goal-is-to-take-african-football-to-the-next-level-barcelona-/fq67rrauq2dl1n5w61ngzkx26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022102215/https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/the-goal-is-to-take-african-football-to-the-next-level-barcelona-/fq67rrauq2dl1n5w61ngzkx26|archive-date=22 October 2021|access-date=26 October 2021|website=Goal}}</ref> Na dem born am insyd Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Golub|first=Kate|date=2020-10-08|title=Asisat Oshoala’s biography: Parents, husband, salary, net worth - Legit.ng|url=https://www.legit.ng/1372857-asisat-oshoala-biography-parents-husband-salary-net-worth.html|access-date=2025-09-02|website=www.legit.ng|language=en}}</ref> == Educational background == She attend Air Force Primary School insyd Victoria Island, Lagos, for ein primary school wey she later plete ein secondary school education at Aunty Ayo International School insyd Ikoyi, Lagos.<ref name=":0" /> == Career statistics == : ''Scores den results list Nigeria ein goal tally first, score column dey indicate score after each Oshoala goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Asisat Oshoala !No. !Date !Venue !Opponent !Score !Result !Competition |- |1 | rowspan="2" |24 May 2014 | rowspan="2" |Stade Régional Nyamirambo, Kigali, [[Rwanda]] | rowspan="2" | Rwanda |1–0 | rowspan="2" |4–1 | rowspan="2" |2014 African Women's Championship qualification |- |2 |2–0 |- |3 | rowspan="2" |7 June 2014 | rowspan="2" |Abuja Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria | rowspan="2" | Rwanda |2–0 | rowspan="2" |8–0 | rowspan="2" |2014 African Women's Championship qualification |- |4 |7–0 |- |5 |14 October 2014 |Sam Nujoma Stadium, Windhoek, [[Namibia]] | Zambia |5–0 |6–0 |2014 African Women's Championship |- |6 | rowspan="2" |22 October 2014 | rowspan="2" |Sam Nujoma Stadium, Windhoek, Namibia | rowspan="2" | South Africa |1–0 | rowspan="2" |2–1 | rowspan="2" |2014 African Women's Championship |- |7 |2–0 |- |8 |25 October 2014 |Sam Nujoma Stadium, Windhoek, Namibia | Cameroon |2–0 |2–0 | 2014 African Women's Championship |- |9 |8 June 2015 |IG Field, Winnipeg, [[Canada]] | Sweden |2–2 |3–3 |2015 FIFA Women's World Cup |- |10 | rowspan="4" |20 November 2016 | rowspan="4" |Limbe Stadium, Limbe, [[Cameroon]] | rowspan="4" | Mali |2–0 | rowspan="4" |6–0 | rowspan="4" |2016 African Women's Championship |- |11 |4–0 |- |12 |5–0 |- |13 |6–0 |- |14 |23 November 2016 |Limbe Stadium, Limbe, Cameroon | [[Ghana women's national football team|Ghana]] |1–0 |1–1 |2016 African Women's Championship |- |15 |26 November 2016 |Limbe Stadium, Limbe, Cameroon | Kenya |3–0 |4–0 |2016 African Women's Championship |- |16 | rowspan="2" |11 June 2018 | rowspan="2" |Agege Stadium, Lagos, Nigeria | rowspan="2" | Gambia |2–0 | rowspan="2" |6–0 | rowspan="2" |2018 Women's Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- |17 |5–0 |- |18 | rowspan="3" |24 November 2018 | rowspan="3" |Cape Coast Sports Stadium, [[Cape Coast]], [[Ghana]] | rowspan="3" | Equatorial Guinea |2–0 | rowspan="3" |6–0 | rowspan="3" |2018 Women's Africa Cup of Nations |- |19 |3–0 |- |20 |4–0 |- |21 |27 February 2019 |AEK Arena, Larnaca, Cyprus | Austria |1–2 |1–4 |2019 Cyprus Women's Cup |- |22 |6 March 2019 |Tasos Markos Stadium, Paralimni, Cyprus | Thailand |1–0 |3–0 |2019 Cyprus Women's Cup |- |23 |12 June 2019 |Stade des Alpes, Grenoble, [[France]] | South Korea |2–0 |2–0 |2019 FIFA Women's World Cup |- |24 |3 September 2019 |Agege Stadium, Lagos, Nigeria | Algeria |1–0 |1–0 |2020 CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |- |25 |7 October 2019 |Agege Stadium, Lagos, Nigeria | Ivory Coast |1–1 |1–1 |2020 CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |- |26 | rowspan="4" |23 February 2021 | rowspan="4" |Arslan Zeki Demirci Sports Complex, Ilıca, [[Turkey]] | rowspan="4" | Equatorial Guinea |2–0 | rowspan="4" |9–0 | rowspan="4" |2021 Turkish Women's Cup |- |27 |3–0 |- |28 |4–0 |- |29 |9–0 |- |30 |7 April 2023 |Marden Sports Complex, Alanya, Turkey | Haiti |2–0 |2–1 |Friendly |- |31 |27 July 2023 |Lang Park, Brisbane, [[Australia]] | Australia |3–1 |3–2 |2023 FIFA Women's World Cup |- |32 |31 October 2023 |MKO Abiola Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria | Ethiopia |3–0 |4–0 |2024 CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |- |33 |29 June 2025 |Ziaida Sports Complex, Mohammedia, [[Morocco]] | Ghana |2–0 |3–1 |Friendly |- |34 |6 July 2025 |Larbi Zaouli Stadium, Casablanca, Morocco | Tunisia |1–0 |3–0 |2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations |} == Honours == ; Rivers Angels * Nigerian Women's Championship: 2014<ref name="goal_riversangels_double_2014">{{cite web|last1=Ahmadu|first1=Samuel|title=Rivers Angels' double feat excites Oshoala, Nwabuoku|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigerian-football/2014/12/01/6596921/rivers-angels-double-feat-excites-oshoala-nwabuoku|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> * Nigerian Women's Cup: 2013, 2014 ; Arsenal * FA Women's Cup: 2015–16<ref name="soccerway2" /> ; Dalian Quanjian * Chinese Women's Super League: 2017<ref name="2017 Dalian" /> 2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=28 October 2018|title=Dalian Quanjian's Asisat Oshoala ends 2018 season in China with a bang|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/dalian-quanjians-asisat-oshoala-ends-2018-season-in-china-with-a-/1v03o6omdojlg1rtstx4rt2wa2|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2021|website=Goal.com|publisher=Goal}}</ref> ; FC Barcelona * Primera División: 2019–20,<ref name="soccerway">{{cite web|title=Asisat Oshoala|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/players/asisat-oshoala/260424/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24 * UEFA Women's Champions League: 2020–21,<ref>{{cite news|date=16 May 2021|title=Chelsea 0–4 Barcelona: Barça surge to first Women's Champions League title|website=UEFA|url=https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/0269-124ae310baea-93bc49bd8837-1000--chelsea-0-4-barcelona-barca-surge-to-first-women-s-champio/|access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref> 2022–23<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wrack|first=Suzanne|date=3 June 2023|title=Rolfö caps Barcelona comeback against Wolfsburg to win thrilling WCL final|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jun/03/barcelona-wolfsburg-womens-champions-league-final|access-date=7 June 2023|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> * Supercopa de España Femenina: 2019–20, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24 * Copa de la Reina: 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22 ; Nigeria * Women's Africa Cup of Nations: 2014, 2016, 2018,<ref name="soccerway3">{{cite web|title=Asisat Oshoala|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/players/asisat-oshoala/260424/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> 2024 * FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup runner-up: 2014 '''Individual''' * BBC Women's Footballer of de Year: 2015<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hunter|first1=Steve|date=26 May 2015|title=Oshoala wins top BBC accolade|url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/185849-oshoala-wins-top-bbc-accolade|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2015|publisher=Liverpool F.C.}}</ref> * African Women's Footballer of de Year: 2014,<ref name="2014 caf award">{{Cite news|last1=Njoku|first1=Humphrey|title=Oshoala wins Caf player award|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/150109/Oshoala_wins_Caf_player_award|publisher=SuperSport|date=9 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|last=AfricaNews|date=7 January 2017|title=[LIVE] Algerian Riyad Mahrez is 2016 African Player of the Year|url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/01/05/live-african-football-lovers-await-top-continental-honours-hosted-in-nigeria/|access-date=7 January 2017|website=Africanews}}</ref> 2017,<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohamed Salah: Liverpool and Egypt forward named African Player of the Year|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/42574221|work=BBC Sport|date=2018}}</ref> 2019, 2022<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oludare|first=Shina|date=21 July 2022|title=Asisat Oshoala wins sixth African Women's Player of the Year award|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/caf-awards-2022-barcelona-s-oshoala-wins-fifth-african-women/blt1dc2720fd763a584|access-date=21 July 2022|website=Goal}}</ref> 2023<ref>{{Cite web|last=Olayiwola|first=Ajisafe|date=2023-12-11|title=[UPDATED] CAF Awards 2023: Oshoala wins sixth Women's Player of The Year|url=https://punchng.com/caf-awards-2023-oshoala-wins-fifth-womens-player-of-the-year/|access-date=2023-12-11|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> * African Women's Youth Player of de Year: 2014<ref name="2014 caf award" /> * African Women's Championship Golden Ball: 2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Oshoala, Oparanozie claim individual honours|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=RS73d62EAt%2bYYpKl098jPQ%3d%3d|url-status=live|access-date=23 January 2015|publisher=Confederation of African Football (CAF)}}</ref> * African Women's Championship Golden Boot: 2016 * FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Boot: 2014<ref name="sundiata_2014fifaawards">{{cite web|date=25 August 2014|title=Oshoala wins Golden Ball as 2014 Fifa U20 Women's Cup|url=https://sundiatapost.com/oshoala-wins-golden-ball-as-2014-fifa-u20-womens-cup/|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=Sundiata Post}}</ref> * FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Ball: 2014<ref name="sundiata_2014fifaawards" /> * Primera División Top scorer: 2021–22<ref>{{cite web|title=Oshoala y Geyse comparten Pichichi, mientras Lete gana el Zamora|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol-femenino/primera-division/2022/05/15/62792acee2704e399d8b458d.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-15|publisher=Marca}}</ref> * Chinese Women's Super League Top scorer: 2017 * IFFHS CAF Best Woman Player of de Decade 2011–2020<ref>{{cite web|date=4 February 2021|title=IFFHS BEST WOMAN PLAYER – CAF – OF THE DECADE 2011–2020|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/945|work=IFFHS|access-date=2 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106165624/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/945|archive-date=6 November 2021}}</ref> * IFFHS All-time Africa Women's Dream Team: 2021<ref>{{cite web|date=7 June 2021|title=IFFHS All-time Africa Women's Dream Team|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1138|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|access-date=2 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607210413/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1138|archive-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> * IFFHS CAF Women's Team of de Decade: 2011–2020<ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=IFFHS Women's CAF Team Decade 2011–2020|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925|url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2023|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402080022/https://iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925|archive-date=2 April 2023}}</ref> * IFFHS Women's CAF Best Player of de Year: 2020,<ref>{{cite web|date=31 December 2020|title=THE BEST WOMAN PLAYER IN CAF 2020 : ASISAT OSHOALA (NIGERIA/FC BARCELONA)|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/869|url-status=live|access-date=20 January 2024|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112225506/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/869|archive-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> 2021<ref>{{cite web|date=31 December 2021|title=IFFHS WOMEN'S CONTINENTAL AWARDS 2021 – CAF|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1519|url-status=live|access-date=20 January 2024|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213085301/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1519|archive-date=13 December 2021}}</ref> * IFFHS Women's CAF Team of de Year: 2020,<ref>{{cite web|date=13 December 2020|title=CAF WOMEN TEAM 2020 by IFFHS|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/833|url-status=live|access-date=17 January 2024|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117184949/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/833|archive-date=17 January 2024}}</ref> 2021,<ref>{{cite web|date=24 December 2021|title=IFFHS WOMEN'S CONTINENTAL TEAMS OF THE YEAR 2021 – CAF|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/1538|url-status=live|access-date=17 January 2024|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117184953/https://iffhs.com/posts/1538|archive-date=17 January 2024}}</ref> 2023,<ref>{{cite web|date=16 January 2024|title=IFFHS WOMEN'S CAF TEAM 2023|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3325|url-status=live|access-date=17 January 2024|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117184949/https://iffhs.com/posts/3325|archive-date=17 January 2024}}</ref> * Queen of The Pitch Award: 2014<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cephas|first=Omaku|date=15 June 2015|title=Enyeama, Oshoala King and Queen at Nigeria Pitch Awards|url=https://www.informationng.com/2015/06/enyeama-oshoala-king-and-queen-at-nigeria-pitch-awards.html}}</ref> '''Orders''' * [[File:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] Officer of de Order of the Niger == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q17747951|c=Category:Asisat Oshoala|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/womens-football/players/1046664/oshoala Asisat Oshoala] at FC Barcelona * [https://www.arsenal.com/historic/players/asisat-oshoala Asisat Oshoala] at Arsenal W.F.C. * [https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/jugador.html?id=3826 Asisat Oshoala] at BDFutbol * [https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/219980/asisat-oshoala Asisat Oshoala] at ESPN FC * [https://fbref.com/en/players/23a1662b/Asisat-Oshoala Asisat Oshoala] at FBref.com * [https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/asisat-oshoala_1976022 Asisat Oshoala] at the [[2024 Summer Olympics|Paris 2024 Summer Olympics]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Oshoala, Asisat}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Footballers wey komot Lagos]] [[Category:Rivers Angels F.C. players]] [[Category:Nigeria women's international footballers]] [[Category:Liverpool F.C. 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Image 4 of 17. US DEA ([[Drug Enforcement Administration]]). See [https://web.archive.org/web/20181008000027/https://www.dea.gov/galleries/drug-images/fentanyl archive] with caption: "photo illustration of 2 milligrams of fentanyl, a lethal dose in most people".</ref> US penny be 19 mm (0.75 in) wide.]] A '''drug overdose''' ('''overdose''' anaa '''OD''') be de ingestion anaa application of a drug anaa oda substance insyd quantities much greater dan be recommended.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Definitions of drug and alcohol terms and street names |url=http://www.treatment-now.com/resources/definitions/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227202513/http://www.treatment-now.com/resources/definitions/ |archive-date=2011-02-27 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=www.treatment-now.com}}</ref><ref name="uphs2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709032249/http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/addiction/berman/glossary/ "Stairway to Recovery: Glossary of Terms"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709032249/http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/addiction/berman/glossary/|date=July 9, 2011}}. Retrieved on March 19, 2021</ref> Typically de term be applied for cases wen a risk to health be a potential result.<ref name=":0" /> An overdose fi result insyd a toxic state anaa death.<ref name="uphs2" /> == Causes == De [[Psychoactive drug|drugs]] anaa toxins wey be most frequently involved insyd overdose den death (wey ICD-10 group): {{Div col}} * Acute alcohol intoxication (F10) ** Ethyl alcohol (alcohol) ** Methanol poisoning ** Ethylene glycol poisoning * Opioid overdose (F11) * Among sedative-hypnotics (F13) ** Barbiturate overdose (T42.3) ** Benzodiazepine overdose (T42.4) ** Uncategorized sedative-hypnotics (T42.6) *** Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl) *** GHB *** Glutethimide (Doriden) *** Methaqualone *** [[Ketamine]] (T41.2) * Among stimulants (F14-F15) ** Cocaine overdose (T40.5) ** Amphetamine overdose (T43.6) ** [[Methamphetamine#Overdose|Methamphetamine overdose]] (T43.6) * Among tobacco (F17) ** Nicotine poisoning (T65.2) * Among poly drug use (F19) ** Drug "cocktails" (speedballs) * Medications ** Aspirin poisoning (T39.0) ** Paracetamol poisoning (Alone anaa dem mix plus oxycodone) ** Paracetamol toxicity (T39.1) ** Tricyclic antidepressant overdose (T43.0) ** Vitamin poisoning * Pesticide poisoning (T60) ** Organophosphate poisoning ** DDT * Inhalants * Lithium toxicity {{Div col end}} == References == <references /> ==Read further == *{{cite book |author1=Nelson, Lewis H. |author2=Flomenbaum, Neal |author3=Goldfrank, Lewis R. |author4=Hoffman, Robert Louis |author5=Howland, Mary Deems |author6=Neal A. Lewin |title=Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies |url=https://archive.org/details/goldfrankstoxico0000unse_z5f4 |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division |location=New York |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-07-143763-9}} *{{cite book |author=Olson, Kent C. |title=Poisoning & drug overdose |publisher=Lange Medical Mooks/McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2004 |isbn=0-8385-8172-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/poisoningdrugove00olso |url-access=registration}} == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q105993844|c=Category:Drug overdose|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=overdose|species=no}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Causes of death]] [[Category:Drug overdose| ]] [[Category:Medical emergencies]] [[Category:Poisoning by drugs, medicaments den biological substances| ]] [[Category:Drug culture]] [[Category:Suicide by poison]] [[Category:Substance-related disorders]] [[de:Überdosis]] [[Category:Smoking]] ipfincvr3nn9kj9peibrngt7m3nj1cc 0 23859 115724 86533 2026-11-05T01:49:27Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Khalid bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud''' (Arabic: خالد بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود; 1811–1865) rule de Second Saudi State, dem know as de Emirate of Najd, for three years, from 1838 to 1841.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nabil Mouline |date=April–June 2010 |title=Power and Generational Transition in Saudi Arabia |journal=Critique Internationale |volume=46 |doi=10.3917/crii.046.0125}}</ref><ref name="rcb">{{cite web |author=Roby C. Barrett |date=June 2015 |title=Saudi Arabia: Modernity, Stability, and the Twenty-First Century Monarchy |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA620023 |access-date=8 February 2021 |publisher=Joint Special Operations University |page=22 |format=Report}}</ref> Ein reign be part of plans by Muhammad Ali Pasha, ruler of Egypt, to dominate Arabia dey follow ein capture of Syria insyd 1831.<ref name="dcom">{{cite book |author=David Commins |url=http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=9781848850149 |location=New York |page=46 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415034707/http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021}}</ref> Khalid be de great-grandson of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of de Al Saud dynasty,<ref>{{cite book |author=Valerie Anishchenkova |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7XjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |title=Modern Saudi Arabia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-5705-8 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=42}}</ref> den second cousin of Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah, anoda ruler of de Second Saudi State.<ref name="med">{{cite news|author=Cees Roffelsen|title=The Emergence of the Saudi States|url=https://medium.com/@ceesroffelsen/the-emergence-of-the-saudi-states-5982828be86b|access-date=8 February 2021|date=27 May 2020|work=Medium|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818175753/https://medium.com/@ceesroffelsen/the-emergence-of-the-saudi-states-5982828be86b|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Early life == Na dem born Khalid insyd 1811.<ref name="woch">{{cite book |author=William Ochsenwald |url=https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/24661 |title=Religion, Society and the State in Arabia: The Hijaz under Ottoman control, 1840-1908 |publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]] |year=1984 |isbn=0814203663 |location=Columbus, OH |pages=135,161 |hdl=1811/24661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119164132/https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/24661 |archive-date=2025-01-19 |access-date=2026-02-18}}</ref> Na he be de youngest son of Saud bin Abdulaziz den de bro of Abdullah bin Saud wey dem behead insyd Istanbul insyd 1819.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Bilal Ahmad Kutty |title=Political and religious origins of Saudi Arabia |degree=MA |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144515638.pdf |page=73 |year=1993 |location=Aligarh Muslim University}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Hobday |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03214-3 |title=Saudi Arabia Today. An Introduction to the Richest Oil Power |publisher=The Macmillan Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-333-21471-8 |edition=2nd |location=London |page=20 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-03214-3}}</ref> Khalid get four oda brothers: Mishari, Turki, Nasser den Saad.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Zamil Muhammad Al Rashid |title=A Study of Su'udi Relations with Eastern Arabia and 'Uman (1800-1971) |degree=MA |url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/services/theses/Pages/item.aspx?idNumber=896879473 |oclc=896879473 |page=184 |location=McGill University |year=1980}}</ref><ref name="rbrlgr">{{cite book |author=P. J. L. Frankl |title=New Arabian Studies |publisher=University of Exeter Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-85989-408-1 |editor1=R. B. Serjeant |volume=1 |location=Exeter |page=216 |chapter=Lieutenant Jopp's Report on a Visit to Hufuf, 1257/1841 |editor2=R. L. Bidwell |editor3=G. Rex Smith |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpzO2mH8XdYC&pg=PA215}}</ref> Dey follow de capture of Diriyah den of ein elder bro Abdullah, ruler of Diriyah, na dem send Khalid den ein family to Egypt insyd May 1819.<ref name="unex">{{cite thesis |author=Abdulaziz Mohamed Hasan Ali Al Khalifa |title=Relentless Warrior and Shrewd Tactician: Shaikh Abdullah bin Ahmad of Bahrain 1795-1849 A Case Study of Shaikhly Statecraft in the Nineteenth Century Gulf |date=April 2013 |degree=PhD |url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10871/12461?show=full |page=171 |location=University of Exeter |hdl=10871/12461}}</ref><ref name="p108">{{cite book |author=R. Bayly Winder |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-81723-8 |title=Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1965 |isbn=9780333055410 |location=London |pages=108, 111 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-81723-8}}</ref> Insyd de same incident na dem kill ein three bros by Ibrahim Pasha. Khalid stay for nearly eighteen years insyd Egypt<ref name="rbrlgr" /><ref name="asaa192">{{cite thesis |author=Abdulmohsen Saleh A. Alreshoodi |title=A comparison of Al Qassim viewed through British eyes and local sources: 1862-1918 |degree=PhD |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2322000711 |pages=15–16 |location=Bangor University |year=2019 |id=ProQuest 2322000711}}</ref> wer na he be educated under de patronage of Muhammad Ali Pasha.<ref name="bak97">{{cite thesis |author=Bilal Ahmad Kutty |title=Saudi Arabia under King Faisal |degree=PhD |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144512812.pdf |page=42 |year=1997 |location=Aligarh Muslim University}}</ref> Khalid return to Riyadh insyd late 1836<ref name="unex"/><ref name="jbk65">{{cite journal |author=J. B. Kelly |date=July 1965 |title=Mehemet 'Ali's Expedition to the Persian Gulf 1837-1840, Part I |journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]] |volume=1 |issue=4 |page=354 |doi=10.1080/00263206508700024 |jstor=4282130}}</ref> anaa insyd May 1837.<ref name="rbrlgr"/><ref name="gss">{{cite thesis |author=Gary Samuel Samore |title=Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953-1982) |degree=PhD |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303295482 |page=23 |location=Harvard University |year=1984 |id=ProQuest 303295482}}</ref> Muhammad Ali Pasha order de governor of Medina, Ismail Pasha, to provide Khalid military assistance, den then Khalid initiate ein advance into Qasim. == Reign den death == Khalid den ein cousin, Faisal bin Turki, fight insyd Riyadh insyd 1838, wey Khalid defeat Faisal.<ref name="jbk65"/> Then dem arrest Faisal by de [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces thru Egyptians wey dem send am to Cairo.<ref name="rcb"/> As a result, dem name Khalid as de ruler by de Ottomans.<ref name="bak97"/> In fact, de Ottomans appoint am as dema Riyadh deputy.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Christopher Keesee Mellon |date=May 2015 |title=Resiliency of the Saudi Monarchy: 1745-1975 |url=https://scholarworks.aub.edu.lb/bitstream/handle/10938/10663/pj-1848.pdf?sequence=1 |format=Master's Project |journal=The American University of Beirut |location=Beirut |page=64 |hdl=10938/10663 |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> Although na der be no revolt against Khalid ein rule among locals, de Wahhabi figures den de members of de Al Sheikh family no declare dema allegiance to am.<ref name="dcom"/><ref name="p108"/> Instead, dem flee Riyadh wey dem move to Al Hariq wer de Egyptian forces no dey exist. Locals insyd Al Qassim announce dema loyalty to Khalid, buh at de same time dem begin to gain dema independence from de Emirate of Najd during Khalid ein reign.<ref name="asaa192" /> Secof at de beginning of ein rule Al Qassim leaders sign an agreement, London Convention, plus de Ottoman Empire thru wich dem secure de removal of de Egyptian pashas from dema region. Khalid sanso manage get power insyd de Eastern regions wey he send Saad bin Mutlaq to Oman to take de region, buh ein attempt no be success.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alexei Vassiliev |author-link=Alexei Mikhailovich Vasiliev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEIhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 |title=The History of Saudi Arabia |publisher=Saqi |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-86356-779-7 |location=London |page=146}}</ref> Insyd 1840 Khalid send a letter to de British resident insyd Bahrain wey dey ask to revive de relations plus de British wey exist, buh na dem no give am a positive response.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jacob Goldberg |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1/html |title=The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1986 |isbn=9780674281844 |location=Cambridge, MA |page=21 |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1}}</ref> == References == <references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Saud, Khalid Saud Abdulaziz}} [[Category:19th-century monarchs insyd de Middle East]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1811 births]] [[Category:1865 deaths]] [[Category:Arab people wey komot de Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:House of Saud|Khalid Saud Abdulaziz]] [[Category:Saudi Arabian politicians]] [[Category:Politicians wey komot de Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:2026 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] 3ejgm0lbsbrm8a59ultudgw6w5jyv8g 0 23879 115691 86609 2026-11-04T19:11:28Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdullah Awad Al Juhany''' (Arabic: عبد الله عواد الجهني), be one of de ten Imams of de Grand Mosque [[Masjid al-Haram]] insyd [[Mecca]].<ref name="alim1">{{cite web |date=13 April 2019 |title=Sheikh Abdullah Awad Al-Juhani, imam at the Grand Mosque in Makkah |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1482046 |accessdate=16 September 2021 |website=Arabnews.com |publisher=Arabnews |ref=Published on 13 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam-e-Kaaba to give sermon, lead Friday prayer at Faisal Mosque |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/456960-imam-e-kaaba-to-give-sermon-lead-friday-prayer-at-faisal-mosque |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915190512/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/456960-imam-e-kaaba-to-give-sermon-lead-friday-prayer-at-faisal-mosque |archive-date=2021-09-15 |access-date=2021-09-15 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-15 |title=Imam-e-Kaaba to visit parliament house today |url=https://nation.com.pk/15-Apr-2019/imam-e-kaaba-dr-abdullah-awad-al-juhany-to-visit-parliament-house-today |access-date=2021-09-15 |website=The Nation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Permana |first=Rakhmad Hidayatulloh |title=Syeikh Baleelah Diserang Saat Khotbah, Ini 11 Imam-Khatib Masjidil Haram |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5578673/syeikh-baleelah-diserang-saat-khotbah-ini-11-imam-khatib-masjidil-haram |access-date=2021-09-15 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929184138/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5578673/syeikh-baleelah-diserang-saat-khotbah-ini-11-imam-khatib-masjidil-haram |archive-date=2022-09-29}}</ref> He dey hold a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] from de faculty of Qur'an at de Islamic University of Madinah, den a doctorate (Ph.D.) from Umm al-Qura University insyd [[Mecca]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-24 |title=2 Billion Muslims follow Sheikh Juhany as their Imam of Ka'aba |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/381853/2-billion-muslims-follow-sheikh-juhany-as-their-imam-of-kaaba/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003200909/https://dailytimes.com.pk/381853/2-billion-muslims-follow-sheikh-juhany-as-their-imam-of-kaaba/ |archive-date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2021-09-15 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Juhany lead de [[Tarawih|Taraweeh]] prayers during [[Ramadan]] insyd [[Mecca]] since 2005. Ein voice be widely recorded wey e be internationally distributed by various communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Information on Some of the Imams of the Haramain &#124; Interviews &#124; Profile&#124; Masjid Haram |url=http://www.sunniforum.com/forum/showthread.php?75723-Information-On-Some-Of-The-Imams-Of-The-Haramain-Interviews-Profile-Masjid-Haram |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930055925/http://www.sunniforum.com/forum/showthread.php?75723-Information-On-Some-Of-The-Imams-Of-The-Haramain-Interviews-Profile-Masjid-Haram |archivedate=2013-09-30 |accessdate=2013-08-25}}</ref> == Career == Na dem appoint am as an imam of Masjid Al Haram, [[Mecca]] insyd July 2007. He be anaa na he be an imam of Masjid Al Haram insyd [[Mecca]], Masjid Al Nabawi insyd [[Medina]], [[Quba Mosque|Masjid Quba]] den [[Masjid al-Qiblatayn|Masjid Qiblatain]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheikh Abdullah 'Awwad Al-Juhany - Imam of Makkah |url=http://www.sunniforum.com/forum/showthread.php?39593-Sheikh-Abdullah-Awwad-Al-Juhany-Imam-Of-Makkah%26highlight%3D |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923090940/http://www.sunniforum.com/forum/showthread.php?39593-Sheikh-Abdullah-Awwad-Al-Juhany-Imam-Of-Makkah&highlight= |archivedate=2015-09-23 |accessdate=2013-08-25}}</ref> == Sanso spy == * [[Saud Al-Shuraim|Saud as-Shuraim]] * [[Abdul-Rahman Al-Sudais|Abdulrahman As-Sudais]] * [[Saad al Ghamdi|Saad Al-Ghamdi]] == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://quranicaudio.com/section/2 Abdullah Awad al-Juhani Quranicaudio] * [https://qurancentral.com/audio/abdullah-awad-al-juhani/ Abdullah Awad al-Juhani (Free Download and hear)] {{DEFAULTSORT:Juhany, Abdullah Awad Al}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Saudi Arabian imams]] [[Category:Umm al-Qura University alumni]] [[Category:Islamic University of Madinah alumni]] [[Category:Sunni Muslims]] [[Category:Saudi Arabian Muslims]] [[Category:Saudi Arabian Quran reciters]] [[Category:Imams of two holy Mosques]] [[Category:Imams of Masjid al-Haram]] [[Category:Imams of Prophet's Mosque]] [[Category:People wey komot Medina]] [[Category:2026 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] feis498riwlxn9vsshd3k7sxjhhd4jc 0 24129 115716 112995 2026-11-05T00:46:38Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shams ad-Dīn ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ʾAbī Bakr ibn ʾAyyūb az-Zurʿī ad-Dimashqī al-Ḥanbalī''' (29 Jan. 1292–15 Sep. 1350 CE / 691–751 AH), dem commonly know as '''Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah''' ("The son of the principal of [the school of] Jawziyyah") anaa '''Ibn al-Qayyim''' ("Son of de principal"; ابن القيّم) for short, anaa reverentially as '''al-Imam Ibn al-Qayyim''' insyd Sunni tradition, na he be an important medieval Islamic jurisconsult, theologian, den spiritual writer.<ref name="ReferenceA2">''Laoust, H. (1971).''</ref> Belonging to de Hanbali school of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence), of wich he be regarded as "one of de most important thinkers," Ibn al-Qayyim sanso be de foremost disciple den student of [[Ibn Taymiyya|Ibn Taymiyyah]],<ref name=":02">Hoover, Jon, "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya", in: Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500, General Editor David Thomas.</ref> plus whom na dem imprisone insyd 1326 for dissenting against established tradition during Ibn Taymiyyah ein famous incarceration insyd de Citadel of Damascus.<ref name="ReferenceA2" /> Of humble origin, na Ibn al-Qayyim ein poppie be de principal (''qayyim'') of de [[:ar:المدرسة الجوزية|School of Jawziyyah]], wich sanso serve as a court of law give de Hanbali judge of Damascus during de period.<ref name="ReferenceA2" /> Ibn al-Qayyim go on cam be a prolific scholar, wey produce a rich corpus of "doctrinal den literary" works.<ref name="ReferenceA2" /> As a result, numerous important Muslim scholars of de Mamluk period be among Ibn al-Qayyim ein students anaa, at least, greatly influenced by am, wey dey include, amongst odas, de Shafi historian Ibn Kathir (d. 774/1373), de Hanbali [[hadith]] scholar Ibn Rajab (d. 795/1397) den Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852/1449).<ref name="ReferenceA2" /> Insyd de present day, Ibn al-Qayyim ein name cam be a controversial one insyd certain quarters of de Islamic world secof ein popularity amongst chaw adherents of Salafism,<ref name="ReferenceA2" /> wey see insyd ein criticisms of such widespread Sufi practices of de medieval period dem associate plus veneration of saints den de veneration of dema graves den relics a classical precursor to dema own perspective.<ref name="ReferenceA2" /> == Name == Muḥammad ibn ʾAbī Bakr ibn ʾAyyūb ibn Sa'''ʿ'''d ibn Ḥarīz ibn Makkī Zayn ad-Dīn az-Zur'''ʿ'''ī (Arabic: محمد بن أبي بكر بن أيوب بن سعد بن حريز بن مكي زين الدين الزُّرعي), al-Dimashqī (Arabic: الدمشقي), plus kunya of '''ʾ'''Abu '''ʿ'''Abd Allah (Arabic: أبو عبد الله), dem call Shams ad-Dīn (Arabic: شمس الدين). He usually be known as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, after ein poppie Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub al-Zur'i, wey be de superintendent (''qayyim'') of de Jawziyyah Madrasah, de Hanbali law college insyd Damascus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holtzman |first=Livnat |date=2009-01-01 |title=Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah |url=https://www.academia.edu/1057824/Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyyah |journal=Essays in Arabic Literary Biography}}</ref> == Death == Ibn al-Qayyim die at de age of 60 years, 5 months, den 5 days, on de 13th night of Rajab, 751 AH (September 15, 1350 CE), wey na dem bury am besides ein poppie at de Bab al-Saghīr Cemetery.<ref name="madainsaghir">{{cite web |title=Bab al-Saghir Cemetery (Goristan Ghariban) |url=https://madainproject.com/bab_al_saghir_cemetery |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525072750/https://madainproject.com/bab_al_saghir_cemetery |archive-date=25 May 2020 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=Madain Project}}</ref> ==Legacy== [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0568 fol 1b-2a.jpg|thumb|right|16th century manuscript of ''Al-Tibb al-Nabawi'', a book on prophetic medicine]] ===Works=== He "wrep about a hundred books",<ref>[[Oliver Leaman]] (ed.), ''The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy'', Bloomsbury (2015), p. 2012</ref> wey dey include: * Zad al-Ma'ad (Provision of de hereafter) * [[:ar:الطرق الحكمية|Turukul Hikmiyat fis Siasatush Sharia]] * ''Al-Waabil Sayyib minal kalim tayyib'' * ''Aʿbād al-Masīḥ fī Naqd al-Naṣrāniyya'' (أعباد المسيح)<ref name="ChristWorshippers07">{{cite web |author=Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jauziyyah |title=O’ Christ-Worshippers! A Qasidah Which Refutes Christianity |date=24 April 2007 |url=https://bismikaallahuma.org/christianity/o-christ-worshippers/ |website=Bismika Allahuma |language=en |access-date=15 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214082934/https://bismikaallahuma.org/christianity/o-christ-worshippers/ |archive-date=14 December 2025}}</ref> * ''I'laam ul Muwaqqi'een 'an Rabb il 'Aalameen'' (Information for Those who Write on Behalf of the Lord of the Worlds) * ''Tahthib Sunan Abi Da'ud'' * ''Madaarij Saalikeen'', wich be an extensive commentary on de book by Shaikh Abu Ismail al-Ansari al-Harawi al-Sufi, ''Manazil-u Sa'ireen'' (Stations of de Seekers); * ''Tafsir Mu'awwadhatain'' (Tafsir of Surah Falaq den Nas); * '' Tafsir al-Ibn al-Qayyim (BADAA'I AT-TAFSIR).'' * ''Badāʾiʿ al-Fawāʾid'' (بدائع الفوائد): Amazing Points of Benefit * ''Ad-Dā'i wa Dawā'' dem sanso know as'' Al Jawābul kāfi liman sa'ala 'an Dawā'i Shaafi'' * ''Haadi Arwah ila biladil Afrah'' * ''Uddat as-Sabirin wa Dhakhiratu ash-Shakirin'' (عدة الصابرين وذخيرة الشاكرين) * ''Ighathatu lahfaan min masaa'id ash-shaytan'' (إغاثة اللهفان من مصائد الشيطان) : Aid for de Yearning One in Resisting de Shayṭān * ''Rawdhatul Muhibbīn'' * ''[[:ar:أحكام أهل الذمة|Ahkām ahl al-dhimma]]'' *Tuhfatul Mawdud bi Ahkam al-Mawlud: A Gift to the Loved One Regarding the Rulings of the Newborn *Miftah Dar As-Sa'adah *Jala al-afham fi fadhl salati ala khayral anam *Al-Manar al-Munif * Al-Tibb al-Nabawi – a book on Prophetic medicine, available insyd English as "The Prophetic Medicine" *''Al-Furusiyyah''<ref>ed. Nizam al-Din al-Fatih, Madinah al Munawara: Maktaba Dar al-Turath, 1990.</ref> *''Shifa al-Alil fi masa'il al qada'i wal qadri wal hikmati wa at-ta'leel (Remedy for Those who Question on Matters Concerning Divine Decree, Predestination, Wisdom and Causality)'' *''Mukhtasar al-Sawa'iq'' *''Hadi al-Arwah ila Bilad al-Arfah (Spurring Souls on to the Realms of Joy'' * A treatise on Arab archery be by Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr (1292AD-1350AD) den cam from de 14th century.<ref>Ibn Qayyim al-Jawzīyah, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr. kitab ʻuniyat al-ṭullāb fī maʻrifat al-rāmī bil-nushshāb. [Cairo?]: [s.n.], 1932. OCLC: 643468400.</ref> == References == <references /> ==Read further== *{{cite book|editor1-first=Caterina|editor1-last=Bori|editor2-first=Livnat|editor2-last=Holtzman|year=2010|title=A scholar in the shadow : essays in the legal and theological thought of Ibn Qayyim al-Ǧawziyyah|volume=Nuova serie, Anno 90|number=Nr 1|publisher=Roma : Istituto per l'Oriente C.A. Nallino|series=Oriente Moderno|issn=0030-5472<!-- was EAN-format issn = 977-0030-547-00-4 -->|jstor=i23249612}} == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q119679|c=Category:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://www.muslimscholars.info/manage.php?submit=scholar&ID=80002 Biodata at MuslimScholars.info] *{{cite web|url=http://pdfcast.org/pdf/islamic-universalism-ibn-qayyim-al-jawziyya-s-salafi-deliberations-on-the-duration-of-hellfire|title=Islamic Universalism : Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya's Salafi Deliberations on the Duration of Hellfire|access-date=2012-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108021235/https://web.archive.org/web/20120108021235/http://pdfcast.org/pdf/islamic-universalism-ibn-qayyim-al-jawziyya-s-salafi-deliberations-on-the-duration-of-hellfire|archive-date=2012-01-08|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.bysiness.co.uk/ulemah/bio_jawziyya.htm |title=Short Biography of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya |publisher=Bysiness.co.uk |access-date=2010-04-12}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.sunnah.org/history/Innovators/ibn_al_qayyim_al-jawziyya.htm |title=Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah |publisher=Sunnah.org |access-date=2010-04-12 |archive-date=2012-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625073541/https://web.archive.org/web/20120625073541/http://www.sunnah.org/history/Innovators/ibn_al_qayyim_al-jawziyya.htm |url-status=dead }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002406/http://abdurrahman.org/scholars/IbnAlQayyim.html Articles and Book Collection] * [http://iquotepics.com/author/ibn-al-qayyim Quotes by Ibn al-Qayyim] * [http://saaid.net/book/search.php?do=all&u=%C7%E1%CC%E6%D2%ED%C9 Books] *{{cite web|url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/archive/article.php?lang=E&id=37699 |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |access-date=2010-04-12}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.angelfire.com/al/islamicpsychology/ethics/hardness_of_heart.html |title=The Hardness of The Heart |publisher=Angelfire.com |access-date=2010-04-12}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah}} [[Category:1292 births]] [[Category:1350 deaths]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:14th-century Arab people]] [[Category:Hanbalis]] [[Category:Sunni imams]] [[Category:Critics of Shia Islam]] [[Category:Syrian critics of Christianity]] [[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]] [[Category:Atharis]] [[Category:Theologians wey komot de Mamluk Sultanate]] [[Category:Proto-Salafists]] [[Category:14th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]] [[Category:14th-century jurists]] [[Category:Syrian Muslim scholars of Islam]] [[Category:Syrian Muslims]] [[Category:Anthropomorphism insyd Islamic theology]] [[Category:2026 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] rzcmpkkmyb5xw2v7k27lwezkohg2miz 0 24550 115740 113363 2026-11-05T04:44:07Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patricia Appiagyei''' (dem born am 28 November 1956) be Ghanaian politician, one-time Deputy Ashanti Regional Minister den de first female mayor of Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425090107/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=150 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Parliament Of Ghana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Parliament {{!}} Parliament of Ghana |url=http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/417 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601150547/http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/417 |archive-date=1 June 2016 |access-date=2016-09-05 |website=Parliament Of Ghana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boateng |first=Michael Ofori Amanfo |title=Patricia Appiagyei shows class at campaign launch |url=http://politics.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201209/94114.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915112759/http://politics.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201209/94114.php |archive-date=15 September 2016 |access-date=2016-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=graphic ghana |title=NPP Primary: Patricia Appiagyei beats Kofi Jumah at Asokwa Constituency – Graphic Online - {{!}} 2016 |url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/npp-primary-patricia-appiagyei-beats-kofi-jumah-at-asokwa-constituency.html |access-date=2016-09-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Ghana News – Patricia Appiagyei is just a caretaker – Kofi Jumah asserts |url=http://www.ghana-news.adomonline.com/politics/2015/april-30th/patricia-appiagyei-is-just-a-caretaker-kofi-jumah-asserts.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920001038/http://www.ghana-news.adomonline.com/politics/2015/april-30th/patricia-appiagyei-is-just-a-caretaker-kofi-jumah-asserts.php |archive-date=20 September 2016 |access-date=2016-09-05 |website=ghana-news adom online}}</ref><ref name="parl1">{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=51 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328064452/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=51 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=Parliament Of Ghana}}</ref> She be de Member of Parliament (MP) for de Seventh Parliament of de Fourth Republic of Ghana insyd den de 8th Parliament of de Fourth Republic of Ghana, wey dey represent Asokwa Constituency. She be member of de New Patriotic Party for Ghana insyd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Alex |date=2015-01-24 |title=Kumasi Misinterpreted my Agenda-Patricia Appiagyei |url=http://www.ghanalive.tv/2015/01/24/kumasi-misinterpreted-agenda-patricia-appiagyei/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917225131/http://www.ghanalive.tv/2015/01/24/kumasi-misinterpreted-agenda-patricia-appiagyei/ |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=2016-09-05 |website=Ghana Live TV}}</ref> == Ein early life den education == Na dem born Appiagyei for 28 November 1956 top for Kumasi insyd den dey hail from Konongo/Asawase-Kumasi, for de Ashanti Region of Ghana insyd.<ref name="parl1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Appiagyei, Patricia |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5303 |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=Ghana MPs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103124613/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5303 |archive-date=2025-01-03}}</ref> She get ein secondary education at de St Louis Senior Secondary for Kumasi insyd den proceed to Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, wey she study BA Social Science for 1980 insyd. She further do ein Post graduate diploma- Development Economics for 1988 insyd. == Ein career == Appiagyei previously work plus City Investments Company Limited as de executive director of marketing from 1995 to 2010.<ref name="parl1" /><ref name="details">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Appiahgyei, Patricia |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2627 |access-date=2019-03-09 |website=Ghana MPs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927073501/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2627 |archive-date=2024-09-27}}</ref> She sanso previously be de mayor of Kumasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leave our adolescent girls alone — Asokwa MP warns opportunist men |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1117370/leave-our-adolescent-girls-alone-asokwa-mp-warns.html |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Politics == Appiagyei be Deputy Minister give Ashanti region from 2001 to 2005 den dem shortly appoint am as Deputy Ashanti Regional Minister for 2005 insyd. From 2005 to 2009 she serve as de Municipal Chief Executive give Kumasi. She currently be de Member of Parliament (MP) give Asokwa Constituency after beating former deputy Local Government minister, Maxwell Kofi Jumah, to win de New Patriotic Party (NPP) primary election den subsequently win de parliamentary seat during de 2016 Ghanaian general elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=51 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328064452/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=51 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=2019-03-09 |website=parliament of ghana}}</ref><ref name="details" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Search |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/component/search/?searchword=patricia%20appiagyei&searchphrase=all&Itemid=101 |access-date=2019-03-09 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> She wIn de 2020 general election to represent ein constituents for de 8th Parliament of de Fourth Republic of Ghana insyd. Hon Patricia Appiagyei be currently de most experienced female NPP member of Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akonnor |first=Enock |title=Madam Patricia Appiagyei; A Selfless Advocate For The Good of Ashanti And Its Caucus In Parliament |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1369557/madam-patricia-appiagyei-a-selfless-advocate.html |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> For 2017 insyd, Nana Akufo-Addo appoint am den parliament approve am to serve as de deputy ''minister for Environment, Science and Technology and Innovation''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament approves 17 deputy ministers designate |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/parliament-approves-17-deputy-ministers-designate.html |access-date=2020-12-02 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-06 |title=Parliament approves another set of deputy ministers |url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/04/parliament-approves-another-set-of-deputy-ministers/ |access-date=2020-12-02 |website=Citi 97.3 FM – Relevant Radio. Always |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505170948/https://citifmonline.com/2017/04/parliament-approves-another-set-of-deputy-ministers/ |archive-date=2023-05-05}}</ref> She be board member give de Nuclear Power Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board Members – Nuclear Power Ghana |url=https://nuclearpowergh.com/board-members/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505183541/https://nuclearpowergh.com/board-members/ |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=2022-02-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CEO OF BUI POWER AUTHORITY SWORN-IN AS BOARD MEMBER OF NUCLEAR POWER GHANA |url=http://buipower.com/ceo-of-bui-power-authority-sworn-in-as-board-member-of-nuclear-power-ghana/ |access-date=2022-02-16 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131171408/https://buipower.com/ceo-of-bui-power-authority-sworn-in-as-board-member-of-nuclear-power-ghana/ |archive-date=2023-01-31}}</ref> For February 2024 insyd, she assume de role of deputy majority leader for parliament insyd after dem promote Alexander Afenyo-Markin deputy majority leader to de position of majority leader due to Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu resignation from de role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Afenyo-Markin takes over as Majority Leader; Patricia Appiagyei named deputy |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/02/afenyo-markin-takes-over-as-majority-leader-patricia-appiagyei-named-deputy/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> === Committees === Appiagyei be member of de ''Lands and Forestry Committee'' den sanso member of de Appointments Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425090107/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=150 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=parliament of ghana}}</ref> == Ein life matter == Appiagyei be de second wife of Dr K. K. Sarpong, a former CEO of Kotoko FC den Ghana National Petroleum Corporation, den get three kiddies. She be a practicing Christian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspaper |first=The Al-Hajj |date=2015-04-15 |title=Patricia Appiagyei on her way out of parliament? |url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/patricia-appiagyei-on-her-way-out-of-parliament/ |access-date=2016-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VibeGhana |title=MP denies affair with Kufuor {{!}} |url=http://vibeghana.com/2013/08/22/mp-denies-affair-with-kufuor/ |access-date=2016-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502072222/http://vibeghana.com/2013/08/22/mp-denies-affair-with-kufuor/ |archive-date=2023-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425090107/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=150 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.parliament.gh}}</ref> == Philanthropy == For July 2021 insyd, she pay visits to some areas for Kumasi insyd wey dey include Old Asokwa, Kaase, Asokwa Extension, Atonsu den Agogo wey flood happen for der after a two-day downpour. She assure de people affected of a new market place. She sanso vist de New Bethel Presbyterian Primary den JHS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asokwa MP tours flood-hit areas |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/asokwa-mp-tours-flood-hit-areas.html |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=Kumasi floods: Asokwa MP charges Assembly to inspect permits of wrongdoers – MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/kumasi-floods-asokwa-mp-charges-assembly-to-inspect-permits-of-wrongdoers/ |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=myjoyonline |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q26899146|c=Category:Patricia Appiagyei|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Appiagyei, Patricia}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:New Patriotic Party politicians]] [[Category:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women politicians]] [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2017–2021]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2013–2017]] [[Category:Environment ministers of Ghana]] [[Category:Mayors of Kumasi]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025]] [[Category:St. Louis Senior High School (Ghana) alumni]] [[Category:Politicians wey komot Ashanti Region]] auerd1xcwabcmdnneacy9i86on65uuu 0 25096 115730 93594 2026-11-05T02:58:27Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Her Ladyship Malike Awo Woanyah Dey''' be a Ghanaian High Court Judge<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court Judges |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/index.php/about-the-judiciary/judges-and-magistrates/highcourt-judges |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=judicial.gov.gh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305092942/https://judicial.gov.gh/index.php/about-the-judiciary/judges-and-magistrates/highcourt-judges |archive-date=2026-03-05}}</ref> den de current Vice President of de International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ) Ghana Chapter.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Justice Malike Awo Woanyah Dey - IAWJ, Ghana Chapter.|url=https://iawjghana.org/about/6561d8d61684f/team|access-date=2026-03-16|website=iawjghana.org}}</ref> == Ein Education == Malike Awo Dey plete ein legal education at de Faculty of Law, [[University of Ghana]], Legon. She graduate from de School of Law insyd 2022 plus a Bachelor of Laws degree (LLB).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Justice Malike Awo Woanyah Dey - IAWJ, Ghana Chapter. |url=https://iawjghana.org/about/6561d8d61684f/team |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=iawjghana.org}}</ref> She go ahead to obtain ein Qualifying Certificate in Law at de Ghana School of Law insyd 2004, wich qualify am to be admitted to de Ghanaian Bar.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=The General Council of the Ghana Bar Association - The Law ... |url=https://www.yumpu.com/it/document/view/4089687/the-general-council-of-the-ghana-bar-association-the-law- |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=yumpu.com |language=it}}</ref> == Ein Career == === Den times wey she dey Attorney-General's Department === Justice Malike Dey serve as an Assistant State Attorney at de Attorney General ein Department wer she serve for ten (10) years. During ein tenure at de department, she rise thru de ranks to cam be a Senior State Attorney before follow ein call to de bar.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" /> === Den times wey she dey Circuit Court Bench === Dem appoint Justice Malike Dey to de bench insyd 2016 at de Circuit Court Level, wich mark de beginning of ein judicial career.<ref name=":02" /> === Den times wey she dey High Court Appointment === Justice Malike Dey, insyd December 2019, be among de thirty-four (34) judges wey dem elevate to de High Court wey dem swear am in by de now Formal President [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo]] at de Banquet Hall of the Jubilee House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Akufo-Addo swears in 34 High Court and 11 Court of Appeal Judges |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=JUSTICES OF THE HIGH COURT - AS AT OCTOBER 2024 - |url=https://superlawgh.com/justice-of-the-high-court-october-2024/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |work=Superlaw |language=en-UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-12-17|title=Akufo-Addo swears in 46 judges|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-swears-in-46-judges-818155|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250426145207/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-swears-in-46-judges-818155|archive-date=2025-04-26|access-date=2026-03-16|work=GhanaWeb|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ein Personal Life == Justice Malike Dey marry wey she get two kiddies.<ref name=":02" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Ghanaian women judges]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women lawyers]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian judges]] [[Category:Ghana School of Law alumni]] pfrv1frmsc9ioyzp7t3c7klob0pfjc8 0 25120 115702 93858 2026-11-04T21:49:40Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Her Worship Cynthia Emefa Ohene''' be Ghanaian district magistrate<ref>{{Cite web |title=52 new Circuit Court Judges sworn in |url=https://dennislawnews.com/article/52-new-circuit-court-judges-sworn-in |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=dennislawnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Judicial service of Ghana |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=judicial.gov.gh |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305092248/https://judicial.gov.gh/ |archive-date=2026-03-05}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Circuit Court Judges |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/index.php/about-the-judiciary/judges-and-magistrates/circuitcourt-judges |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=judicial.gov.gh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305092945/https://judicial.gov.gh/index.php/about-the-judiciary/judges-and-magistrates/circuitcourt-judges |archive-date=2026-03-05}}</ref> wey dey serve as member for International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ) Ghana Chapter. Right now, she dey preside over District Court for Suhum for [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] of [[Ghana]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=HER WORSHIP CYNTHIA EMEFA OHENE - IAWJ, Ghana Chapter. |url=https://iawjghana.org/about/6561dbf3d2992/team |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=iawjghana.org}}</ref>. == Education == She start her tertiary education for [[University of Ghana]], Legon. She study Management and Psychology and she graduate with Bachelor of Arts degree (Hons) for 2005. Na so she first enter university life<ref>{{Cite web |title=HER WORSHIP CYNTHIA EMEFA OHENE - IAWJ, Ghana Chapter. |url=https://iawjghana.org/about/6561dbf3d2992/team |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=iawjghana.org}}</ref> After she finish from Legon, she follow di law path. She go [[Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration]] (GIMPA) to study law. For 2013, she collect her Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree from GIMPA.<ref name=":0" /> From GIMPA, she proceed go Ghana School of Law for [[Makola Market|Makola]], [[Accra]]. After she finish her professional law course, dem call her to di Ghanaian Bar for 2016. From dat time, she become enrolled lawyer wey get power to practice law for Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> == Career == Cynthia Emefa Ohene dey serve as District Magistrate for Judicial Serve of Ghana. Dem officially list her name among di professional magistrates wey dey work for Ghana District Courts.<ref name=":1" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaian women judges]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian judges]] [[Category:Ghanaian lawyers]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian lawyers]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women lawyers]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Ghana School of Law alumni]] [[Category:Women judges]] [[Category:Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration alumni]] [[Category:People wey komot Eastern Region (Ghana)]] k7usr0w7e90guq108juz24wbi1eqthn 0 25128 115710 96339 2026-11-04T22:45:13Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fatima Abdel Mahmoud''' (27 July 1944,<ref>[http://www.smolec.pl/kobiety/fatima_ahmed.htm "Fatima Ahmed Abdel Mahmoud Moham"]. </ref> Omdurman, [[Sudan]] – 22 July 2018, London, England<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180726040622/http://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/fatima-sudan-s-first-female-presidential-candidate-dies-at-74 "Fatima, Sudan's first female presidential candidate, dies at 74"]. Archived from [https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/fatima-sudan-s-first-female-presidential-candidate-dies-at-74 the original] on 2018-07-26. Retrieved 2018-07-24.</ref>) be Sudanese politician, leader of de Sudanese Socialist Democratic Union. For 1973 insyd, she be one of de first women to hold political office for Sudan insyd, den she take part for de April 2010 Sudanese general election insyd as de country ein first female presidential candidate.<ref name=":0">Heavens, Andrew; Opheera McDoom (8 April 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210204/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE6372BT._CH_.2420 "FACTBOX-Sudan's main presidential candidates"]. Reuters. Archived from [http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE6372BT._CH_.2420 the original] on 3 March 2016.</ref> == Ein parliamentary career == Dem born Abdel Mahmoud for 27 July 1944.<ref name=":0" /> She study medicine for Moscow, [[Russia]] insyd, for de 1960s<ref name=":1">Dallas, Don (8 April 1973). [https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/08/archives/sudanese-women-seek-new-path-arrangements-for-princess.html "Sudanese women seek new path"]. Reuters.</ref> insyd wey qualify as a paediatrician.<ref name=":0" /> For 1973 insyd, dem appoint am Deputy Minister of Youth, Sports, den Social Affairs. Dis appointment, along plus dat of Sayeda Nafisa Ahmed al Amin as a member of de ruling Sudanese Socialist Union politburo, make international news at a time wen contemporary estimates put de Sudanese female literacy rate at 10%.<ref name=":1" /> Abdel Mahmoud serve for parliament insyd give ten years.<ref name=":0" /> == Ein presidential candidacy == For April 2010 insyd, Sudan hold ein first fully contested elections (i.e. de first to include candidates from opposition parties) since 1986. De Sudanese National Elections Commission reject Abdel Mahmoud ein presidential candidacy, along plus dat of two oda aspirants, for January 2010 insyd, wey dem claim dat Abdel Mahmoud ein campaign fail to secure de necessary stamps for a required list of signatures top wey e endorse ein candidacy.<ref>McDoom, Opheera (30 January 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210416221957/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE60T25E20100130?edition-redirect=uk "Sudan rejects three presidential candidates"]. Reuters.</ref> Abdel Mahmoud den ein supporters protest de decision, wey dem describe as representative of a conspiracy against women, den an appeal court reinstate ein candidacy before de election.<ref name=":0" /> Many opposition parties eventually boycott de poll, wey dey claim dat dem rig am for de favour of incumbent presido Omar al-Bashir insyd.<ref>York, Geoffrey (6 April 2010). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/in-sudan-hope-for-change-fades-as-election-nears/article1525586/ "In Sudan, hope for change fades as election nears".] Globe and Mail.</ref> Al-Bashir go on to win de election decisively. Election results show dat Abdel Mahmoud poll 0.3% of de total vote.<ref>[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article34901 "FACTBOX: Sudan presidential election results"]. Sudan Tribune. 27 April 2010.</ref> She subsequently stand for de 2015 general election for Sudan insyd,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-32225497 "How Sudan's general election works"]. bbc.co.uk. BBC. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</ref> wey she cam a distant third for presidential election insyd den ein party gain no seats for de National Assembly insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072336/http://nec.org.sd/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-2015.pdf "Announcement of the Results of the April 2015 General Election"] (PDF). nec.org.uk. National Election Commission for Sudan. 27 April 2015. Archived from [http://nec.org.sd/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-2015.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</ref> == Oda activities == [[File:FAO CERES2 Mahmoud Silver Obverse.jpg|thumb|FAO CERES Medal - Silver Obverse]]Dem honor am plus FAO CERES Medal for 1976 insyd. Abdel Mahmoud serve as de [[UNESCO]] Chair give Women for Science den Technology insyd, wey [[Sudan University of Science and Technology]] host am.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/en/university-twinning-and-networking/access-by-region/africa/sudan/unesco-chair-in-women-science-and-technology-624/ "UNITWIN"]. UNESCO. UNESCO. 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211221061714/https://unesco.sustech.edu/about/about-us/ "UNESCO Chair for Women in Science and Technology"]. Sudan University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2021-12-21.</ref> == Death == She die for London, England insyd for 22 July 2018 top, five days before ein 74th birthday.<ref name=":2" /> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100821083016/http://www.fatimaabdulmahmoud.com/ Official website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Abdel Mahmoud, Fatima}} [[Category:1944 births]] [[Category:2018 deaths]] [[Category:Sudanese people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Women pediatricians]] [[Category:Sudanese Socialist Union politicians]] [[Category:Peoples' Friendship University of Russia alumni]] [[Category:Columbia University alumni]] [[Category:Women government ministers of Sudan]] [[Category:Social affairs ministers of Sudan]] [[Category:Health ministers of Sudan]] [[Category:Candidates for President of Sudan]] [[Category:20th-century Sudanese women politicians]] [[Category:20th-century Sudanese politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Sudanese women politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Sudanese politicians]] [[Category:People wey komot Omdurman]] [[Category:Sudanese expatriates insyd de Soviet Union]] 3kwd8xp9gt2j57lyxysq6vy9eg8ml57 0 25486 115696 94567 2026-11-04T20:06:58Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allahoury Aminata Zourkaleini''' be a Nigerien politician wey serve as de Minister for de Promotion of Women den de Protection of Children insyd Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou ein government from April 2021 til dem arrest am during de [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20260115091212/https://www.uneca.org/stories/niamey-hosts-the-7th-edition-of-the-coding-camp-for-connected-girls-in-africa Niamey hosts the 7th edition of the Coding Camp for connected girls in Africa | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa".] ''www.uneca.org''. Retrieved 2024-10-13.</ref><ref>ONEP. "[https://www.lesahel.org/madame-allahoury-aminata-zourkaleini-ministre-de-la-promotion-de-la-femme-et-de-la-protection-de-lenfant-dans-le-cadre-du-bilan-des-100-jours-de-mise-en-oeuvre-du-programme-de-renaissance/ Madame Allahoury Aminata Zourkaleini, Ministre de la : Promotion de la Femme et de la Protection de l'Enfant dans le cadre du bilan des 100 jours de mise en œuvre du programme de renaissance acte III]" (in French). Retrieved 2024-10-13.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Nigerien people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Women government ministers of Niger]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerien politicians]] [[Category:Women's ministers of Niger]] c7gopd9kzygezqzfordvd98kvnit9dq 0 25500 115701 111795 2026-11-04T21:36:26Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Claudine Uwera''' (wey dem born 27 January 1976) be Rwandan politician den economist. She currently dey serve as “Senior Strategic Advisor” insyd de office of de Prime Minister of de Republic of Rwanda since 9 November, 2024 Before dat appointment, she dey serve as Minister of State insyd de Environment for de Ministry of Environment for Rwanda from 22 August, 2023 reach 16 August, 2024. She sanso previously serve as Minister of State in charge of Economic Planning for de Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning from 6 April 2018 reach 22 August 2023. From 2015 reach 2018, Claudine Uwera be National Coordinator of de " Rwanda Natural Capital Accounting Program” under “WAVES” wey be global partnership wey World Bank lead as part of de Global Program for Sustainability == Education == Claudine get ein early education insyd [[Burundi]] den Rwanda. She go do ein undergraduate studies for National University of Rwanda, wer she get Bachelor degree for Economics for 2001. Later wey she travel go [[Belgium]], wer she study Master’s programme for “Gestion du Développement” for de Faculty of Economics, Social & Management at University of Liège from 2005 reach 2007. From 2008 reach 2013, she pursue ein PhD studies for Economics Department of University of Gothenburg for Sweden, wer she get ein PhD for Environmental Economics. Claudine Uwera teach for University of Rwanda for de School of Economics for more dan 10 years (2003–2018). She sanso serve as Dean of de School of Economics from 2014 reach 2015. (April 2018 – August 2023). = Political career = At first, Claudine Uwera appoint as Minister of di State wey dey in Charge of Economic Planning. Later, she become Minister of State for di Environment (August 2023 – August 2024). Since 9 November 2024, she dey serve as Senior Strategic Advisor for the Office of the Prime Minister. == Personal life == Claudine Uwera be married and she be mother of three children. = References = # ''CLAUDE, NTAWITONDA JEAN. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20211116140240/https://imvahonshya.co.rw/kagame-yahinduye-abaminisitiri-akora-nizindi-mpinduka-zikomeye/ Kagame yahinduye abaminisitiri, akora n'izindi mpinduka zikomeye]". imvahonshya.co.rw. Archived from the original on 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2021-11-16.'' # '''^''' [https://web.archive.org/web/20250222074534/https://www.efdinitiative.org/news/gothenburg-alumna-claudine-uwera-becomes-rwandan-minister ''"Gothenburg Alumna Claudine Uwera becomes Rwandan Minister"'']''. EfD - Initiative. Retrieved 2021-11-16.'' # [https://web.archive.org/web/20260519224720/https://www.uneca.org/videos/african-statistics-day-2022/rwandan-state-minister%2C-uwera-claudine%2C-delivers-keynote-address Celebration of Africa Statistics Day 2022] at the Continental Level, ''Rwandan state minister, Uwera Claudine, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Er8atcDlHVg keynote address] on Africa Statistics Day 2022.'' == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q109606476|c=Category:Claudine Uwera|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uwera, Claudine}} [[Category:Women government ministers of Rwanda]] [[Category:Government ministers of Rwanda]] [[Category:Rwandan people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:University of Rwanda alumni]] [[Category:Rwandan women insyd politics]] [[Category:Rwandan emigrants to Belgium]] [[Category:University of Liège alumni]] [[Category:University of Gothenburg alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of de University of Rwanda]] 9tn7z17junhiy1kacb3lab048sfrqre 0 25891 115736 98311 2026-11-05T04:03:16Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ndemupelila Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah''' (dem born am 29 October 1952), nicknamed '''NNN''',<ref>Mumbuu, Edward (16 November 2022). [https://neweralive.na/swapo-braces-for-vote-showdown-camps-brimming-with-confidence-as-congress-nears/ "SWAPO Braces for Vote Showdown"]. ''New Era Live''.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241206235919/https://www.cbs19news.com/namibia-elects-its-first-woman-president/article_f90dcde1-0ac9-520b-9f0a-27e240975025.html "Naimibia Elects Its First Woman President"]. CBS News. 4 December 2024. Archived from [https://www.cbs19news.com/namibia-elects-its-first-woman-president/article_f90dcde1-0ac9-520b-9f0a-27e240975025.html the original] on 6 December 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.</ref> be a Namibian politician wey be de fifth den current presido of Namibia since 21 March 2025.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241209082547/https://www.ktalnews.com/news/u-s-world/ap-namibia-will-have-its-first-female-leader-after-the-vp-wins-presidential-election-for-ruling-party/ "Namibia will have its first female leader after the VP wins presidential election for ruling party"]. ''KTALnews.com''. 3 December 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.</ref> She be de country ein first female presido.<ref>Namene, John-Colin (4 December 2024). [https://www.namibian.com.na/nandi-ndaitwah-elected-as-namibias-first-woman-president/ "Nandi-Ndaitwah elected as Namibia's first woman president"]. ''The Namibian''. Retrieved 4 December 2024.</ref> Previously, she serve as 3rd third vice presido under Presido Nangolo Mbumba between 2024 den 2025. She hold various high level political den ministerial position as well as various responsibility within SWAPO party den ein government ova an uninterrupted period of 57 years.<ref>[https://op.gov.na/ "HOME - OP - Portal Ariel"]. OP. Retrieved 12 August 2025.</ref> She be de first female presidential candidate for SWAPO (de South West Africa People's Organisation) insyd 2024. Insyd 2017, dem elect Nandi-Ndaitwah vice president of SWAPO, de first woman to serve insyd dat position. Before she enter de top leading position, Nandi-Ndaitwah serve as de deputy prime minister of Namibia from 2015 to 2024, minister of International Relations and Cooperation from December 2012 to 2015, den as minister of Environment and Tourism from March 2010 to December 2012. She be a long-time member of de National Assembly. ==Early life den education== Dem born Netumbo Nandi on 29{{nbsp}}October 1952 to Justina Nekoto Shaduka-Nandi den Petrus Nandi insyd Onamutai, South West Africa, today near de border of Ohangwena Region den Oshana Region, Namibia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2022 |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah's moment of truth |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/nandi-ndaitwahs-moment-of-truth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106112030/https://www.namibian.com.na/nandi-ndaitwahs-moment-of-truth/ |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=The Namibian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ein poppie be an Anglican clergyman. She be de ninth of 13 kiddies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mongudhi |first=Tileni |date=21 April 2023 |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah's moment of truth |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/nandi-ndaitwahs-moment-of-truth-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007092516/https://www.namibian.com.na/nandi-ndaitwahs-moment-of-truth-3/ |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=The Namibian |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ndaitwah educate at St. Mary's Mission insyd Odibo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dierks |first=Klaus |title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, N |url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_N.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920220033/https://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_N.htm |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=klausdierks.com}}</ref> Nandi-Ndaitwah becam politically active as a teenager, wey e join SWAPO ein ranks at de age of 14. She soon becam de leader of SWAPO ein Youth Movement organisation, wey e fight to end South Africa ein occupation. Nandi-Ndaitwah soon becam a target give de opposition, wey e force am to go for hiding insyd.<ref>Chibelushi, Wedaeli; Frauke Jensen (4 December 2024). [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjr23pp3nv9o "Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah: From freedom fighter to Namibia's first female president"]. ''www.bbc.com''. Retrieved 13 December 2024.</ref> Nandi-Ndaitwah for exile insyd for 1973 insyd den join SWAPO members for Zambia insyd. She work at de SWAPO headquarters for Lusaka insyd from 1973 to 1975 den attend a course at de Lenin Higher Komsomol School for de Soviet Union insyd from 1975 until 1976. She graduate plus a ''diploma in the work and practice'' of de communist youth movement. For 1987 insyd, she obtain a post-graduate diploma in public administration and management from the Glasgow College of Technology, for de United Kingdom insyd, den 1988, a further post-graduate ''diploma in international relations'' from Keele University, sanso for de UK insyd. For 1989 insyd, Nandi-Ndaitwah obtain a ''master's degree in diplomatic studies'', sanso from Keele University.<ref name=":0">Hopwood, Graham. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110611174934/http://www.nid.org.na/view_book_entry.php?book_id=128 "Who's Who, entry for Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah"]. Namibia Institute for Democracy. Archived from [http://www.nid.org.na/view_book_entry.php?book_id=128 the original] on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2014.</ref> After de 2024 November election, de University of Dar es Salaam give am an honorary ''Doctorate in diplomatic and public work''. == Ein political career == [[File:Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah(cropped).jpg|thumb|Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah for 2015 insyd]]Nandi-Ndaitwah becam de SWAPO deputy representative for Zambia insyd from 1976 until 1978 den de chief representative for Zambia insyd from 1978 to 1980. From 1980 until 1986, she be de SWAPO chief representative for East Africa, wey e base at Dar es Salaam. She be a member of de SWAPO central committee from 1976 to 1986 den de Namibian National Women's Organisation (NANAWO) presido from 1991 to 1994.<ref name=":0" /> She be member of de National Assembly of Namibia since 1990. She be Deputy Minister of International Relations den Cooperation from 1990 to 1996 den first gain ministerial status for 1996 insyd as director-general of Women ein Affairs for de Office of de Presido insyd, wey she serve until 2000, under Namibia ein first presido, Sam Nujoma. For dis role insyd, Nandi-Ndaitwah work for de department insyd to coordinate between de government, private, den public spheres for dey advance government programs top to support women den kiddies.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250525224128/https://ippr.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Int6.pdf "Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, Minister of Women Affairs and Child Welfare, on gender equality in Namibia"] (PDF). Archived from [https://ippr.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Int6.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 May 2025.</ref> During dis time, dem enact Namibia ein National Gender Policy (1997).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050307051724/http://www.un.org/webcast/csw2005/statements/050302namibia-e.pdf "Statement by honourable Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah minister of women affairs and child welfare of the Republic of Namibia"] (PDF). Archived from [https://www.un.org/webcast/csw2005/statements/050302namibia-e.pdf the original] (PDF) on 7 March 2005.</ref> Oda gender responsive laws such as de Married Persons Equality Act (1996)<ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/gender-justice/resource/married_persons_equality_act "Married Persons Equality Act | Gender Justice | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute"]. ''www.law.cornell.edu''. Retrieved 1 August 2025.</ref> den de Combating of Rape Act (2000),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250525224126/https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details%3Fp3_isn%3D82559 "NATLEX - Namibia - Combating of Rape Act, 2000 (No. 8 of 2000)"]. ''natlex.ilo.org''. Retrieved 1 August 2025.</ref> wey e recognize marital rape, dem enact'em to improve gender equality den reduce gender-based violence. In 2000, she was promoted to Minister and given the Women ein Affairs den Kiddie Welfare portfolio.<ref>[https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/nandi-ndaitwah-netumbo-2/ "Nandi-Ndaitwah Netumbo"]. [[:en:Parliament_of_Namibia|''Parliament of Namibia'']]. Retrieved 11 June 2022.</ref> For 2003 insyd, dem pass de Domestic Violence Act (2003)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250918202132/https://www.policyvault.africa/policy/combating-of-domestic-violence-act-2003/ "PolicyVault.Africa | Combating of Domestic Violence Act, 2003"]. ''www.policyvault.africa''. Retrieved 1 August 2025.</ref> plus ein support to protect kiddies den spouses from violence wey dey occur for de home insyd. For 2022, dem publish an amendment to extend safeguards to kiddies for de home insyd beyond demma 18th birthday.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220225053918/http://www.lac.org.na/projects/grap/Pdf/Combating_of_Domestic_Violence_Amendment_BILL_1-2022.pdf "Combating of domestic violence amendment bill"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.lac.org.na/projects/grap/Pdf/Combating_of_Domestic_Violence_Amendment_BILL_1-2022.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 February 2022.</ref> From 2005 to 2010, she be de Minister of Information den Broadcasting for Namibia ein cabinet insyd. She subsequently serve as de minister of environment den tourism until a major cabinet reshuffle for December 2012 insyd, wey dem appoint am minister of foreign affairs,<ref>Shipanga, Selma; Immanuel, Shinovene (5 December 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131228002035/http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=103168&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=525 "Transition team picked"]. [[:en:The_Namibian|''The Namibian'']]. Archived from [http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=103168&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=525 the original] on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.</ref> a portfolio since dem rename to International Relations den Cooperation. Under Presido Hage Geingob, dem appoint Nandi-Ndaitwah as deputy prime minister for March 2015 insyd, while e serve for parallel insyd as de minister of international relations den cooperation.<ref>[https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=134889&page=archive-read "Geingob announces Cabinet"]. [[:en:The_Namibian|''The Namibian'']]. 20 March 2015.</ref> Nandi-Ndaitwah sit for both SWAPO ein central committee den de Politburo top. She sanso be de party ein secretary give information den mobilisation den, as such, be one of SWAPO ein main spokespeople.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">[https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/nandi-ndaitwah-netumbo-2/ "Nandi-Ndaitwah Netumbo"]. ''Namibian Parliament''. Retrieved 13 February 2023.</ref> ==== Presidency ==== For March 2023 insyd, Presido Geingob name Nandi-Ndaitwah as SWAPO ein presidential candidate for de 2024 Namibian general election insyd.<ref>Ikani, John (13 March 2023). [https://www.theheritagetimes.com/namibia-president-geingob-names-nandi-ndaitwah-woman-successor/ "Namibia: President Geingob Names Nandi-Ndaitwah Woman Successor"]. ''The Heritage Times''.</ref> Following Geingob ein death for February 2024 insyd, dem appoint Nandi-Ndaitwah as vice presido, wey e succeed Nangolo Mbumba, wey becam presido. She be de first woman wey e serve for dat role insyd.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/nangolao-mbumba-is-namibia-s-interim-president/7471038.html "Nangolo Mbumba Sworn In as Namibia's Interim President"]. [[:en:Voice_of_America|''Voice of America'']]. 5 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2024-02-04-nangolo-mbumba-sworn-in-as-namibias-fourth-president/ "Nangolo Mbumba sworn in as Namibia's fourth President"]. ''The Star Kenya''. 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</ref> For 3 December 2024 top, dem officially declare am de presido-elect of de Republic of Namibia, wey e make am de first woman to hold de position.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/namibia-election-female-leader-president-8ea8783e1aa56ea20d65970e87adc313 "Namibia will have its first female leader after VP wins presidential election for the ruling party"]. [[:en:Associated_Press|''Associated Press'']]. 4 December 2024.</ref> Nandi-Ndaitwah receive 683,560, anaa 58.7% of de vote, wey e defeat Panduleni Itula den McHenry Venaani.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250413110932/https://elections.my.na/ "2024 Presidential elections"]. ''elections.my.na''.</ref> Dem inaugurate am for 21 March 2025 top.<ref name=":2">[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250321-namibia-inaugurates-its-first-woman-president "Namibia inaugurates its first woman president"]. ''France 24''. 21 March 2025. Retrieved 21 March 2025.</ref> During ein inauguration speech for 2025 insyd, she pledge to focus for job creation top, wey e specifically target "500,000 new jobs"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250321173430/https://diplomaticwatch.com/historic-moment-namibia-swears-in-netumbo-nandi-ndaitwah-as-first-woman-president/ "Historic Moment: Namibia Swears in Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah as First Woman President"]. Archived from [https://diplomaticwatch.com/historic-moment-namibia-swears-in-netumbo-nandi-ndaitwah-as-first-woman-president/ the original] on 21 March 2025. Retrieved 1 August 2025.</ref> as a policy priority, plus a key focus for agriculture, fishing, creative, den sports industries top. For April 2025 insyd, Nandi-Ndaitwah announce dat de government go provide free tertiary education for government schools insyd wey dey begin for 2026 insyd.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/namibia-president-education-free-netumbo-nandindaitwah-e2ba928f6deb9f69553a82d6a9150a96 "Namibia's new president announces free university education starting in 2026"]. ''AP News''. 24 April 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025.</ref> For 27 April top, she dismiss Mac-Albert Hengari as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries, Water den Land Reform following ein arrest for bribery charges top, after he try to silence an alleged rape victim.<ref>Tafirenyika, Tracy (28 April 2025). [https://www.namibian.com.na/mac-hengaris-fall-from-power/ "Mac Hengari's fall from power"]. [[:en:The_Namibian|''The Namibian'']].</ref> == Ein life matter == Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah marry Lieutenant General (retired) Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah, former Chief of de Namibian Defence Force. She dey interested for kiddies ein community work den reading insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Dem popularly refer am as NNN, a nickname wey ein political associates commonly use am.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250218212542/https://neweralive.na/nnn-to-launch-trust-2/ "NNN to launch Trust – New Era"]. Archived from [https://neweralive.na/nnn-to-launch-trust-2/ the original] on 18 February 2025. Retrieved 1 August 2025.</ref> She be advocate give women den gender equality for Namibia insyd. Despite work for gender equality top for Namibia insyd, many of ein critics consider ein beliefs to be in opposition to feminism, as she get a more traditional, conservative viewpoint. For a 2022 interview insyd between EagleFM den political analyst Henning Melber, Melber state dat she no historically support reproductive rights anaa protections give LGBTQIA+ individuals.<ref>[https://www.eaglefm.com.na/news/nandi-ndaitwah-likely-to-disappoint-feminists-analyst/ "Nandi-Ndaitwah Likely To Disappoint Feminists: Analyst – Eagle FM"]. ''www.eaglefm.com.na''. Retrieved 1 August 2025.</ref> She sanso be opponent of abortion.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Namibia's Deputy Prime Minister Speaks to VOA.webm|thumb|Nandi-Ndaitwah speak to [[:en:Voice_of_America|Voice of America]] to urge American entrepreneurs to develop business activities den products for Namibia insyd.]] == Ein awards == Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah be a recipient of de African Leadership Magazine (ALM) African Political Leader of de Year den African Female Leader of de Year Award,<ref>[https://www.africanleadershipmagazine.co.uk/breaking-netumbo-nandi-ndaitwah-mandisa-maya-other-leaders-named-african-leadership-magazine-persons-of-the-year-2025/ "BREAKING: NETUMBO NANDI-NDAITWAH, MANDISA MAYA, OTHER LEADERS NAMED AFRICAN LEADERSHIP MAGAZINE PERSONS OF THE YEAR 2025 - African Leadership Magazine"]. 2 December 2025. Retrieved 3 December 2025.</ref> dem award de 'thought leadership' at de Namibia Sustainable Development Awards.<ref>Mukokobi, Pricilla (21 June 2024). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202406210399.html "Namibia: VP Recognised for Environmental Contribution"]. ''New Era''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240903212720/https://allafrica.com/stories/202406210399.html Archived] from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.</ref> Dem recognize Nandi-Ndaitwah plus an Inter-Generational Leadership Award at de 2024 Nala Feminist (Nalafem) Summit.<ref>[https://nbcnews.na/index.php/node/106178 "VP Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah receives inter-generational leadership award"]. ''nbcnews.na''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240702192345/https://www.nbcnews.na/index.php/node/106178 Archived] from the original on 2 July 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2024.</ref> She further dey hold an Honorary Doctorate from de University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.<ref>[https://nbcnews.na/news/nandi-ndaitwah-awarded-honorary-doctorate-university-dar-es-salaam.38635 "Nandi-Ndaitwah awarded honorary doctorate by University of Dar es Salaam"]. ''nbcnews.na''. Retrieved 23 November 2024.</ref> De Presido of de Namibia National Women’s Organization (NANAWO) sanso honor am give ein work for improving women ein role top for politics insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250525224128/https://ippr.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Int6.pdf "Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, Minister of Women Affairs and Child Welfare, on gender equality in Namibia"] (PDF). Archived from [https://ippr.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Int6.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 May 2025.</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:WIPO Director General Meets Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Namibia's Deputy Prime Minister - 52112407643.jpg|Nandi-Ndaitwah meeting plus WIPO Director General Daren Tang insyd 2022. File:Kohtumine Namiibia välisministriga (32963876308).jpg|Meeting plus de Estonian foreign ministry, 2019. File:F20230222ES-0628 (52829875141).jpg|Nandi-Ndaitwah meet plus First Lady Jill Biden insyd 2023, at de State House insyd Windhoek, Namibia. </gallery> [[File:Ambassador Dr. John Nkengasong with Namibian cabinet delegation.jpg|center|thumb|737x737px|Nandi-Ndaitwah (center right) among de Namibian cabinet meeting plus representatives from USAID (wey dey include Iipumbu Shiimi), den PEPFAR representatives. Oda Namibian cabinet members dem picture include Kalumbi Shangula, Anna Nghipondoka, Doreen Sioka, den Agnes Tjongarero.]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q527020|c=Category:Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nandi-Ndaitwah, Netumbo}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Namibian people]] [[Category:Members of de National Assembly (Namibia)]] [[Category:Politicians wey komot Oshana Region]] [[Category:SWAPO politicians]] [[Category:Alumni of Keele University]] [[Category:Presidents of Namibia]] [[Category:Vice presidents of Namibia]] [[Category:20th-century Namibian women politicians]] [[Category:20th-century Namibian politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Namibian women politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Namibian politicians]] [[Category:21st-century women presidents]] [[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Namibia]] [[Category:Ministers of foreign affairs of Namibia]] [[Category:Female foreign ministers]] [[Category:Women government ministers of Namibia]] [[Category:Environment den tourism ministers of Namibia]] [[Category:Information ministers of Namibia]] [[Category:Gender equality den social welfare ministers of Namibia]] [[Category:Women vice presidents insyd Africa]] [[Category:Women members of de National Assembly (Namibia)]] [[Category:Namibian expatriates insyd Tanzania]] [[Category:Women presidents insyd Africa]] [[Category:Ovambo people]] [[Category:First women presidents]] tq5dhj1xllnbaxk1moa37ksgca320l8 0 25960 115738 96540 2026-11-05T04:32:14Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Omowunmi "Wunmi" A. Sadik''' (born 19 June 1964) be Nigerian-American professor, chemist, den inventor wey dey work for New Jersey Institute of Technology.<ref name=":0">biodunbusari@vanguardngr.com (2024-04-12). "[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/04/meet-nigerian-scholar-omowunmi-sadik-who-invented-explosive-detection-device-in-us/ Meet Nigerian scholar, Omowunmi Sadik, who invented explosive-detection device in US]". ''[[:en:Vanguard_(Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2025-02-03.</ref> She develop microelectrode biosensors wey fit detect drugs den explosives, wey she dey work on technologies wey go help recycle metal ions from waste for environmental den industrial use.<ref>Woman.NG (2018-07-07). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190910114953/http://woman.ng/2018/07/how-omowunmi-sadik-keeps-breaking-new-grounds-in-scientific-research How Omowunmi Sadik Keeps Breaking New Grounds In Scientific Research]". ''Woman.NG''. Archived from [http://woman.ng/2018/07/how-omowunmi-sadik-keeps-breaking-new-grounds-in-scientific-research/ the original] on 2019-09-10. Retrieved 2020-05-26.</ref> For 2012, Sadik co-found one non-profit wey dem call Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization.<ref>"[https://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/Jefferson/PGA_176873 Sadik bio]". ''sites.nationalacademies.org''. Retrieved 2020-05-26</ref> == Early life den education == Dem born Sadik for 1964 insyd Lagos, Nigeria. Ein family get plenty scientists wey support ein interest for physics, chemistry den biology. She collect ein bachelor’s degree for chemistry from [[University of Lagos]] for 1985, wey later she bag master’s degree for chemistry for 1987.<ref name=":0" /> After dat, Sadik attend Wollongong University for Australia. By 1994, she collect ein Ph.D. degree for chemistry from Wollongong.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Omowunmi Sadik's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/omowunmi-sadik |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}</ref><ref>"[https://people.njit.edu/faculty/sadik Omowunmi Sadik | People"]. ''people.njit.edu''. Retrieved 2023-06-04.</ref> == Career == A postdoctoral fellowship from de National Research Council support Sadik as researcher for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency from 1994 to 1996.<ref name=":1" /> After dat, she accept position as assistant professor of chemistry for Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York. By 2002, she get promotion to associate professor, den by 2005 she cam be full professor. Na dat same time she sanso cam be director for Center for Advanced Sensors & Environmental Systems (CASE) for Binghamton. For 2019, Dr. Sadik move go New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), as chair for Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences den director for NJIT BioSensors Materials for Advanced Research & Technology (The BioSMART Center).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wunmi Sadik {{!}} People |url=https://people.njit.edu/profile/sadik |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=people.njit.edu}}</ref> She sanso serve as visiting faculty member for Naval Research Laboratory, Cornell University, den Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omowunmi Sadik's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/omowunmi-sadik |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}</ref> For 2024, dem appoint am as de first Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs for NJIT. Sadik dey study surface chemistry, wey she dey put plenty focus for how to take build biosensors wey fit work well for environmental chemistry.<ref name=":1" /> She discover say conducting polymers get better promise for sensing applications.<ref>Sadik, Omowunmi A. (August 1999). "Bioaffinity Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers: A Short Review". ''Electroanalysis''. '''11''' (12): 839–844. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-4109%28199908%2911%3A12%3C839%3A%3AAID-ELAN839%3E3.0.CO%3B2-1 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199908)11:12<839::AID-ELAN839>3.0.CO;2-1.]</ref><ref>Sadik, Omowunmi A.; Brenda, Sharin; Joasil, Patrick; Lord, John (July 1999). "Electropolymerized Conducting Polymers as Glucose Sensors". ''Journal of Chemical Education''. '''76''' (7): 967. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JChEd..76..967S 1999JChEd..76..967S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/ed076p967|10.1021/ed076p967]].</ref> She create microelectrode biosensors wey fit detect small small organic materials,<ref name="Spotlight">{{cite journal |last1=Sadik |first1=Omowunmi A. |date=2009 |title=JEM Spotlight: Applications of advanced nanomaterials for environmental monitoring |journal=Journal of Environmental Monitoring |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1039/B820365M |pmid=19137135}}</ref> technology wey dem fit use for drug den bomb detection.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175555/https://discovere.binghamton.edu/news/sadik-invited-to-give-talk-at-nsf-biochemical-terrorism-workshop-438.html Sadik invited to give talk at NSF biochemical terrorism workshop"]. ''Discover-e''. December 7, 2001</ref><ref>Sadik, O. A.; Zhou, A. L.; Kikandi, S.; Du, N.; Wang, Q.; Varner, K. (2009). "Sensors as tools for quantitation, nanotoxicity and nanomonitoring assessment of engineered nanomaterials". ''Journal of Environmental Monitoring''. '''11''' (10): 1782–800. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1039/b912860c|10.1039/b912860c]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19809701 19809701].</ref> She still dey research how to detoxify wastes like organochlorine compounds wey dey environment, so dat she fit develop technology wey go help recycle metal ions from industrial den environmental waste.<ref name="Binghamton">{{cite web |title=Faculty Spotlight: OMOWUNMI SADIK, Ph.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ANALYTICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY |url=http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=Binghamton University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118180948/http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm |archive-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> For one project, microbial enzymes increase de conversion of highly toxic chromium (VI) to non-toxic chromium (III) from 40% reach 98%.<ref name="Farrington">{{cite journal |last1=Farrington |first1=Keith |date=4 March 2010 |title=Interview: Monitoring the environment |url=http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemTech/Volume/2010/03/omowunmi_sadik_interview.asp |journal=Highlights in Chemical Technology |volume=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> Sadik get more dan 135 peer-reviewed research papers den patent applications. She hold U.S. patents on particular types of bichair oors.<ref name=":1" /> For 2011, she be chairperson for de first Gordon Conference on Environmental Nanotechnology.<ref name="Nano.gov">{{cite web |title=Omowunmi Sadik, SUNY-Binghamton : Nano |url=http://www.nano.gov/Sadik |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830005148/https://www.nano.gov/Sadik |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=National Nanotechnology Initiative}}</ref> For 2012, Sadik den Barbara Karn join hand found de Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization, wey be non-profit, international professional society wey dey promote responsible use of nanotechnology worldwide.<ref>SNO Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization (November 6, 2012). "[http://www.susnano.org/images/SNO_Program2012.pdf First Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization Conference Program]" (PDF). ''SNO Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization''.</ref> Sadik be elected fellow for Royal Society of Chemistry (2010), American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (2012), American Chemical Society (2023), den National Academy of Inventors (2024). She dey work plus Environmental Protection Agency den National Science Foundation, wey she dey part of National Institutes of Health Study Panel on Instrumentation den Systems Development.<ref name=":1" /> She still dey do international collaborations with [[UNESCO]] International Center of Biodynamics for Bucharest, Romania, Ege University for [[Turkey]], den University of Fukui for Japan.<ref name="Binghamton" /> == Awards == * 2000, National Research Council (NRC) COBASE fellowship<ref name="SUNYBio">{{cite web |title=Omowunmi "Wunmi" Sadik |url=http://chemiris.chem.binghamton.edu/SADIK/sadik.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123114712/http://chemiris.chem.binghamton.edu/SADIK/sadik.htm |archive-date=23 January 2019 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton}}</ref> * 2001, Chancellor's Award for Research in Science and Medicine, SUNY<ref name="Binghamton2">{{cite web |title=Faculty Spotlight: OMOWUNMI SADIK, Ph.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ANALYTICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY |url=http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=Binghamton University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118180948/http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm |archive-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> * 2002, Chancellor's Award for Premier Inventors, SUNY<ref name="Binghamton2" /> * 2003–2004, Distinguished Radcliffe Fellowship from Harvard University<ref name="Radcliffe">{{cite web |title=Fellow: Omowunmi A.Sadik |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/omowunmi-sadik |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172334/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/omowunmi-sadik |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University}}</ref> * 2005–2006, NSF Discovery Corps Senior Fellowship<ref name="NSF2005">{{cite web |title=NSF Announces New Discovery Corps Fellows |url=https://www.nsf.gov/mobile/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104365&org=MPS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133341/http://www.nsf.gov/mobile/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104365&org=MPS |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=National Science Foundation}}</ref> * 2016, Nigerian National Order of Merit Award (NNOM)<ref>{{cite web |author=Katie Ellis |date=17 January 2017 |title=Sadik honored with Nigerian National Order of Merit Kudu |url=https://www.binghamton.edu/inside/index.php/inside/story/16999/sadik-honored-with-nigerian-national-order-of-merit/ |access-date=29 July 2017 |publisher=Binghamton University, State University of New York}}</ref><ref name="Idoko">{{cite news|last1=Idoko|first1=Clement|title=FG names Professors Omowunmi, Ojaide 2016 winners of NNOM award|url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/43152/|access-date=28 December 2018|date=November 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410141610/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/43152/|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> * 2017, Jefferson Science Fellow<ref>{{cite web |date=2017 |title=2017 Jefferson Science Fellow |url=http://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/Jefferson/PGA_046613 |access-date=29 July 2017 |publisher=The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine}}</ref> * Australian Merit Award<ref name=":1" /> * 2023, American Chemical Society Fellow * 2024, National Academy of Inventors (NAI) fellowship<ref>{{cite web |title=Omowunmi Sadik – NAI Fellow |url=https://academyofinventors.org/fellow/omowunmi-sadik/ |access-date=2025-01-08}}</ref> * 2024, The Wallace H. Coulter Award for Lifetime Achievement, Pittcon<ref>{{cite web |title=NJIT Chemist Wins Wallace H. Coulter Award for Career Achievements |url=https://news.njit.edu/njit-chemist-wins-wallace-h-coulter-award-career-achievements |access-date=2025-01-08}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q22088836|c=Category:Omowunmi Sadik|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sadik, Omowunmi}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:People wey komot Lagos]] [[Category:University of Lagos alumni]] [[Category:University of Wollongong alumni]] [[Category:Nigerian chemists]] [[Category:Fellows of de African Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Fellows of de Royal Society of Chemistry]] [[Category:Nigerian women scientists]] [[Category:21st-century American women scientists]] [[Category:Nigerian women chemists]] [[Category:Binghamton University faculty]] [[Category:Nigerian women academics]] [[Category:Nigerian inventors]] [[Category:State University of New York faculty]] [[Category:Nigerian emigrants to de United States]] [[Category:Radcliffe fellows]] [[Category:American women academics]] [[Category:21st-century American women inventors]] [[Category:21st-century American scientists]] [[Category:Fellows of de American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering]] [[Category:21st-century American inventors]] [[Category:Scientists wey komot New York (state)]] [[Category:Scientists wey komot Lagos]] [[Category:Recipients of de Nigerian National Order of Merit Award]] 23ff3qo5ms6zfy01v3xpr2re8rgf8mi 0 26475 115735 96911 2026-11-05T04:02:44Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Necrotizing fasciitis''' ('''NF'''), dem sanso know as '''flesh-eating disease''', be an infection wey dey kill de body ein soft tissue.<ref name="CDC2016">{{cite web |date=September 8, 2023 |title=Necrotizing Fasciitis |url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/necrotizing-fasciitis/ |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=NORD}}</ref> E be a serious disease wey dey begin den dey spread quickly.<ref name=CDC2016/> Symptoms dey include red anaa purple anaa black skin, swelling, severe pain, fever, den vomiting.<ref name=CDC2016/> De most commonly affected areas be de limbs den perineum.<ref name="Hak20142">{{cite journal |last1=Hakkarainen |first1=Timo W. |last2=Kopari |first2=Nicole M. |last3=Pham |first3=Tam N. |last4=Evans |first4=Heather L. |year=2014 |title=Necrotizing soft tissue infections: Review and current concepts in treatment, systems of care, and outcomes |journal=Current Problems in Surgery |language=en-US |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=344–362 |doi=10.1067/j.cpsurg.2014.06.001 |pmc=4199388 |pmid=25069713}}</ref> Bacterial infection be by far de most common cause of necrotizing fasciitis. Despite e be called a "flesh-eating disease", bacteria no dey chop human tissue. Rather, dem dey release toxins wey dey cause tissue death. Typically, de infection dey enter de body thru a break insyd de skin such as a cut anaa burn.<ref name=CDC2016/> Risk factors dey include recent trauma anaa surgery den a weakened immune system secof [[diabetes]] anaa [[cancer]], obesity, [[alcoholism]], intravenous drug use, den peripheral artery disease.<ref name="CDC2016" /><ref name="Hak20142" /> E no dey usually spread between people.<ref name=CDC2016/> De disease be classified into four types, wey dey depend on de infecting organisms.<ref name=Paz2014/> Medical imaging often be helpful to confirm de diagnosis.<ref name=Paz2014>{{cite journal|last1=Paz Maya|first1=S|last2=Dualde Beltrán|first2=D|last3=Lemercier|first3=P|last4=Leiva-Salinas|first4=C|title=Necrotizing fasciitis: an urgent diagnosis|journal=Skeletal Radiology|date=May 2014|volume=43|issue=5|pages=577–589|pmid=24469151|doi=10.1007/s00256-013-1813-2|s2cid=9705500|doi-access=free}}</ref> Necrotizing fasciitis be treated plus surgery to remove de infected tissue, den antibiotics.<ref name="CDC2016" /><ref name="Hak2014">{{cite journal |last1=Hakkarainen |first1=Timo W. |last2=Kopari |first2=Nicole M. |last3=Pham |first3=Tam N. |last4=Evans |first4=Heather L. |year=2014 |title=Necrotizing soft tissue infections: Review and current concepts in treatment, systems of care, and outcomes |journal=Current Problems in Surgery |language=en-US |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=344–362 |doi=10.1067/j.cpsurg.2014.06.001 |pmc=4199388 |pmid=25069713}}</ref> E be considered a surgical emergency. Delays insyd surgery be associated plus a much higher risk of death.<ref name=Paz2014/> Despite high-quality treatment, de risk of death dey remain between 25 den 35%.<ref name=Hak2014/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.mdcalc.com/lrinec-score-for-necrotizing-soft-tissue-infection/ LRINEC Score Online] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260419032645/https://www.necfasc.org/ Necrotizing Fasciitis Foundation] * [https://nfsuk.org.uk/ The Lee Spark Necrotizing Fasciitis Foundation] [[Category:Gangrene]] [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] [[Category:Disorders of fascia]] [[Category:Causes of amputation]] [[Category:Inflammations|Fasciitis, necrotizing]] [[Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Necrosis]] [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 1xwv2q1aovpfc61ph2ykr3zsm81syc0 0 26593 115708 108585 2026-11-04T22:39:21Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Esophageal cancer''' (American English) anaa '''oesophageal cancer''' (British English) be [[cancer]] wey dey arise from de esophagus—de food pipe wey dey run between de throat den de stomach.<ref name="WCR2014">{{Cite book |title=World Cancer Report 2014 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5 |vauthors=Montgomery EA, Basman FT, Brennan P, Malekzadeh R |date=2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-832-0429-9 |veditors=Stewart BW, Wild CP |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5/page/528 528]–543 |chapter=Oesophageal Cancer}}</ref> Symptoms often dey include difficulty in swallowing den weight loss.<ref name="Ferri2012">{{Cite book |title=Ferri's clinical advisor 2013 |date=2012 |publisher=Mosby (Elsevier) |isbn=978-0-323-08373-7 |veditors=Ferri FF |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=389–391 |chapter=Tumors |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OR3VERnvzzEC&pg=PA391 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919023405/https://books.google.com/books?id=OR3VERnvzzEC&pg=PA391 |archive-date=2015-09-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oda symptoms fi include pain wen swallowing, a hoarse voice, enlarged lymph nodes ("glands") around de collarbone, a dry cough, den possibly coughing up anaa vomiting blood.<ref name="Ferri2012" /> De two main sub-types of de disease be esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (dem often abbreviate to ESCC),<ref>Even by those wey dey use de British English spelling "oesophagus"</ref> wich be more common insyd de developing world, den esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), wich be more common insyd de developed world.<ref name=WCR2014/> A number of less common types sanso dey occur.<ref name=WCR2014/> Squamous-cell carcinoma dey arise from de epithelial cells wey dey line de esophagus.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Kelsen D |title=Gastrointestinal oncology: principles and practices|date=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-0-7817-7617-2|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ULRpwtyxxMC&pg=PA4|edition=2nd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925153342/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ULRpwtyxxMC&pg=PA4|archive-date=2015-09-25}}</ref> Adenocarcinoma dey arise from glandular cells present insyd de lower third of de esophagus, often wer dem already transform to intestinal cell type (a condition dem know as Barrett's esophagus).<ref name=WCR2014/><ref>{{cite book|veditors = Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J|title=Cancer epidemiology and prevention|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-974797-9|page=697|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfN8Y1_lbDYC&pg=PA697|edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031153057/https://books.google.com/books?id=qfN8Y1_lbDYC&pg=PA697|archive-date=2015-10-31}}</ref> Causes of de squamous-cell type dey include tobacco, alcohol, very hot drinks, poor diet, den chewing betel nut.<ref name=Zhang2012/><ref name="Akhtar-20132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Akhtar S |date=February 2013 |title=Areca nut chewing and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma risk in Asians: a meta-analysis of case-control studies |journal=Cancer Causes & Control |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=257–265 |doi=10.1007/s10552-012-0113-9 |pmid=23224324 |s2cid=14356684}}</ref> De most common causes of de adenocarcinoma type be smoking tobacco, [[obesity]], den acid reflux.<ref name=Zhang2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang HZ, Jin GF, Shen HB | title = Epidemiologic differences in esophageal cancer between Asian and Western populations | journal = Chinese Journal of Cancer | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 281–286 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22507220 | pmc = 3777490 | doi = 10.5732/cjc.011.10390 }}</ref> In addition, for patients plus achalasia, candidiasis (overgrowth of de esophagus plus de fungus candida) be de most important risk factor.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guo X, Lam SY, Janmaat VT, de Jonge PJ, Hansen BE, Leeuwenburgh I, Peppelenbosch MP, Spaander MC, Fuhler GM| title = Esophageal Candida Infection and Esophageal Cancer Risk in Patients With Achalasia. | journal = JAMA Netw Open | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = e2454685 | date = January 2025 | pmid = 39808429 | pmc = 11733698 | doi = 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.54685 | doi-access = free}}</ref> De disease be diagnosed by biopsy dem do by an endoscope (a fiberoptic camera).<ref name=Sta2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stahl M, Mariette C, Haustermans K, Cervantes A, Arnold D | title = Oesophageal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up | journal = Annals of Oncology | volume = 24 | issue = Suppl 6 | pages = vi51–vi56 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24078662 | doi = 10.1093/annonc/mdt342 | doi-access = }}</ref> Prevention dey include make dem shun dey smoke den make dem dey chop a healthy diet.<ref name="WCR2014" /><ref name=Ferri2012/> Treatment be based on de cancer's stage den location, togeda plus de person ein general condition den individual preferences.<ref name=Sta2013/> Small localized squamous-cell cancers fi be treated plus surgery alone plus de hope of a cure.<ref name=Sta2013/> Insyd chaw oda cases, chemotherapy plus anaa widout radiation therapy be used along plus surgery.<ref name=Sta2013/> Larger tumors fi get dema growth slowed plus chemotherapy den radiation therapy.<ref name=WCR2014/> Insyd de presence of extensive disease anaa if de affected person no be fit enough to undergo surgery, palliative care often be recommended.<ref name=Sta2013/> As of 2018, na esophageal cancer be de eighth-most common cancer globally plus 572,000 new cases during de year. E cause about 509,000 deaths dat year, up from 345,000 insyd 1990.<ref name = global2018>{{cite web |title=Esophageal Cancer Factsheet |url=http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/6-Oesophagus-fact-sheet.pdf |website=Global Cancer Observatory |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108083025/http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/6-Oesophagus-fact-sheet.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nasseri K, Norman P, O'Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, De León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA | display-authors = 6 | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–2128 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | pmc = 10790329 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 1541253 | hdl = 10536/DRO/DU:30050819 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2557786 }}</ref> Rates dey vary widely among countries, wey about half of all cases dey occur insyd [[China]].<ref name=WCR2014/> E be around three times more common insyd men dan insyd women.<ref name=WCR2014/> Outcomes be related to de extent of de disease den oda medical conditions, buh generally tend to be fairly poor, as diagnosis often be late.<ref name=WCR2014/><ref name=Enzinger>{{cite journal | vauthors = Enzinger PC, Mayer RJ | title = Esophageal cancer | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 349 | issue = 23 | pages = 2241–2252 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14657432 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra035010 | url = http://gastro.ucsd.edu/fellowship/materials/Documents/Esophageal%20Cancer/NEJM%202003%20Esophageal%20CA%20.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162737/http://gastro.ucsd.edu/fellowship/materials/Documents/Esophageal%20Cancer/NEJM%202003%20Esophageal%20CA%20.pdf | archive-date = 2014-07-14 }}</ref> Five-year survival rates be around 13% to 18%.<ref name=Ferri2012/><ref name=SEER2014>{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Esophageal Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/esoph.html|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=18 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706140744/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/esoph.html|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://cancer.gov/cancerinfo/types/esophageal NCI esophageal cancer] * [http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer Cancer.Net: Esophageal Cancer] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090712040424/http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11/chapter12/article/10165/1405663 Esophageal Cancer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712040424/http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11/chapter12/article/10165/1405663 |date=2009-07-12 }} From [https://web.archive.org/web/20090515031918/http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11 Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515031918/http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11 |date=2009-05-15 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060711040942/http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=4478 Oesophageal Cancer at Cancer Research UK] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190331174502/https://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/esophageal/index.html National Comprehensive Cancer Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331174502/https://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/esophageal/index.html |date=2019-03-31 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Esophageal Cancer}} [[Category:Gastrointestinal cancer]] [[Category:Esophagus disorders]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] m8wghg3fobwko9w8j2vdz20e7pwijzx 0 27312 115737 108452 2026-11-05T04:23:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Ogooué''' (anaa '''Ogowe'''), dem sanso know as de Nazareth River, sam 1,200 km (750 mi) long, be de principal river of [[Gabon]] insyd west-central Africa den de fourth largest river insyd Africa by volume of discharge, wey dey trail only de [[Congo River|Congo]], [[Kasai River|Kasai]] den [[Niger River|Niger]]. Ein watershed dey drain nearly de entire country of Gabon, plus sam tributaries wey dey reach into de [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Cameroon]], den [[Equatorial Guinea]].<ref name="readersnatural2">{{Cite book |title=Natural Wonders of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=0-89577-087-3 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche/page/275 275] |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> == Geography == === Course === De source of de Ogooué River be discovered insyd 1894 by Mary Kingsley, an English explorer wey travel up de banks by steamboat den canoe. De river dey rise insyd de northwest of de Bateke Plateaux near Kengue, [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]].<ref name="readersnatural2" /> E dey run northwest, den dey enter [[Gabon]] near ''Boumango''. ''Poubara Falls'' be near Maulongo. From Lastoursville up to Ndjole, de Ogooué be non-navigable secof rapids. From de latter city, e dey run west, den dey enter de [[Gulf of Guinea]] near Ozouri, south of Port Gentil. De Ogowe Delta be quite large, about 100 km long den 100 km wide. === Delta === A 30,000 ha site insyd de delta of de Ogooué River, wey dey include much of Mandji Island, be designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International secof e dey support significant populations of chaw bird species.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Ogooué delta and Mandji island |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ogoou%C3%A9-delta-and-mandji-island-iba-gabon |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Basin === De Ogooué Basin be 223,000 km² (86,000 mi²), of wich 189,500 km² (73,200 mi²) anaa 85 percent dey lie within Gabon.<ref name="Africa: International River Basin register">{{Cite web |title=Africa: International River Basin register |url=https://www.cawater-info.net/twinbasinxn/africa_e.htm}}</ref> Ogooué River Basin area by country:<ref name="Africa: International River Basin register" /> Distance from river mouth:<ref name="PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA2">{{cite report |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39891005.pdf |title=PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA |date=1966 |publisher=ÉLECTRICITÉ DE FRANCE (EDF) |page=75}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Station !River kilometer (rkm) !Altitude (m) |- |Lambaréné |183 |12 |- |Ngounié* |196 |13 |- |Abanga* |242 |20 |- |Ndjolé |280 |25 |- |Okano* |314 |40 |- |N'golo* |359 |72 |- |Offoué* |424 |142 |- |Booué |451 |161 |- |Ivindo * |481 |180 |- |Dilo* |503 |182 |- |Lolo* |512 |186 |- |Lassio* |535 |200 |- |Lastoursville |616 |226 |- |Sébé* |685 |242 |- |Leyou* |696 |243 |- |Léconi* |714 |248 |- |Lékabi* |725 |249 |- |Lébombi* |774 |270 |- |Mpassa* |802 |280 |- |Baniaka* |871 |426 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>River insyd confluence Gauging stations along de Ogooué River:<ref name="Central West Coast">{{Cite web |last=Eric |first=Tilman |title=Central West Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Station ! rowspan="2" |River kilometer (rkm) ! rowspan="2" |Elevation (m) ! rowspan="2" |Drainage basin (km²) ! rowspan="2" |Average discharge (m³/s) * |- |- | colspan="5" | |- |''Ogooué Delta'' |0 |0 |225,217.5 |5,148.05 |- |Lambaréné |183 |12 |205,228.5 |4,485.4 |- |Ndjolé |280 |25 |160,106.9 |3,191.5 |- |Booué |451 |161 |130,931.4 |2,746.9 |- |Lastoursville |616 |226 |45,767.1 |1,305 |- |Franceville |802 |280 |8,570.2 |233.4 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |^* Period: 1971–2000 |} == Discharge == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Month ! colspan="3" |Average monthly flow (m³/s) at delta<ref name="Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations">{{Cite journal |last=Aiguo |first=Dai |last2=Kevin |first2=E. Trenberth |date=2002 |title=Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/hydr/3/6/1525-7541_2002_003_0660_eofdfc_2_0_co_2.xml |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=660–687 |bibcode=2002JHyMe...3..660D |doi=10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> |- !Dry years !Normal !Wet years |- |DEC–FEB |3,744.5 |4,285 |4,826.5 |- |MAR–MAY |4,883 |6,336 |7,789 |- |JUN–AUG |1,625.3 |1,997 |2,188.7 |- |SEP–NOV |6,935 |8,041 |9,147 |- | colspan="4" | |- |''Average'' |''4,296.7'' |'''''5,142.25''''' |''5,987.8'' |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Ogooué River discharge (m³/s) at Lambaréné gauging station (period from 1929–2017): !Water year !Min !''Mean'' !Max ! rowspan="41" | !Water year !Min !''Mean'' !Max |- |1929/30 |1,250 |''3,569'' |5,030 |1969/70 |2,193 |''5,386'' |9,533 |- |1930/31 |1,390 |''4,238'' |6,980 |1970/71 |1,649 |''4,214'' |8,220 |- |1931/32 |1,590 |''4,259'' |7,580 |1971/72 |1,739 |''3,826'' |6,871 |- |1932/33 |1,380 |''4,126'' |6,630 |1972/73 |1,720 |''4,199'' |7,100 |- |1933/34 |2,390 |''5,449'' |10,800 |1973/74 |1,570 |''4,252'' |8,260 |- |1934/35 |1,850 |''4,888'' |6,690 |1974/75 |1,670 |''4,642'' |8,940 |- |1935/36 |1,690 |''4,612'' |7,850 | colspan="4" |1975/76–1979/80: No data |- |1936/37 |1,930 |''4,835'' |8,210 |1980/81 |1,550 |''4,290'' |7,820 |- |1937/38 |1,780 |''4,791'' |7,180 |1981/82 |1,740 |''4,100'' |6,900 |- |1938/39 |2,170 |''5,905'' |11,300 |1982/83 |1,140 |''3,520'' |8,550 |- |1939/40 |1,950 |''4,762'' |6,930 |1983/84 |902 |''4,230'' |6,530 |- |1940/41 |1,740 |''3,936'' |6,460 |1984/85 |2,200 |''4,670'' |7,610 |- |1941/42 |1,430 |''3,707'' |5,720 |1985/86 |1,610 |''4,060'' |6,800 |- |1942/43 |1,370 |''4,292'' |6,880 |1986/87 |1,580 |''3,690'' |7,160 |- |1943/44 |2,330 |''5,874'' |9,450 |1987/88 |1,970 |''4,940'' |8,880 |- |1944/45 |2,140 |''5,273'' |7,980 |1988/89 |1,780 |''4,700'' |9,810 |- |1945/46 |1,690 |''4,600'' |8,490 |1989/90 |2,060 |''5,030'' |10,800 |- |1946/47 |2,340 |''5,861'' |9,310 | colspan="4" |1990/91–1994/95: No data |- |1947/48 |2,120 |''5,545'' |9,780 |1995/96 |1,300 |''4,450'' |8,310 |- |1948/49 |2,640 |''5,912'' |10,600 |1996/97 |1,320 |''4,216'' |6,510 |- |1949/50 |1,950 |''5,300'' |9,600 |1997/98 |1,110 |''3,661'' |6,300 |- |1950/51 |1,640 |''5,280'' |9,470 |1998/99 |1,290 |''3,595'' |7,940 |- |1951/52 |2,350 |''5,660'' |9,080 |1999/00 |1,280 |''4,798'' |8,350 |- |1952/53 |2,050 |''4,770'' |7,200 |2000/01 |1,290 |''3,971'' |7,770 |- |1953/54 |1,300 |''3,597'' |5,690 |2001/02 |1,200 |''4,629'' |8,260 |- |1954/55 |1,900 |''4,383'' |7,530 |2002/03 |1,570 |''4,722'' |8,030 |- |1955/56 |1,400 |''4,278'' |8,100 |2003/04 |1,900 |''3,703'' |5,590 |- |1956/57 |1,660 |''4,252'' |7,420 |2004/05 |1,350 |''3,717'' |6,020 |- |1957/58 |979 |''3,093'' |5,110 |2005/06 |1,500 |''4,695'' |8,640 |- |1958/59 |1,580 |''4,179'' |8,250 |2006/07 |1,740 |''4,883'' |8,720 |- |1959/60 |2,160 |''5,073'' |9,350 |2007/08 |1,640 |''5,112'' |11,170 |- |1960/61 |2,190 |''5,970'' |11,000 |2008/09 |2,520 |''5,850'' |9,180 |- |1961/62 |1,910 |''5,227'' |8,210 |2009/10 |1,480 |''3,985'' |7,260 |- |1962/63 |2,170 |''4,799'' |6,830 |2010/11 |1,510 |''3,690'' |5,790 |- |1963/64 |1,810 |''4,647'' |8,500 |2011/12 |2,190 |''4,038'' |9,420 |- |1964/65 |2,100 |''5,074'' |7,510 |2012/13 |960 |''3,931'' |7,270 |- |1965/66 |2,150 |''5,500'' |9,470 |2013/14 |1,420 |''4,588'' |8,370 |- |1966/67 |1,600 |''4,482'' |10,100 |2014/15 |1,090 |''3,890'' |6,930 |- |1967/68 |1,823 |''4,451'' |7,557 |2015/16 |980 |''3,794'' |8,090 |- |1968/69 |2,093 |''5,020'' |7,607 |2016/17 |1,510 |''3,846'' |6,490 |- | colspan="9" | |- | colspan="9" |Source:<ref name="Global River Discharge Database">{{Cite web |title=Global River Discharge Database |url=https://sage.nelson.wisc.edu/riverdata/keysearch.php?keyword=Ogoou%C3%A9&submit=Search |access-date=2026-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210231152/https://sage.nelson.wisc.edu/riverdata/keysearch.php?keyword=Ogoou%C3%A9&submit=Search |archive-date=2025-12-10}}</ref><ref name="Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa">{{Cite journal |last=Moquet |first=Jean-Sébastien |last2=Bouchez |first2=Julien |last3=Braun |first3=Jean-Jacques |last4=Bogning |first4=Sakaros |last5=Mbonda |first5=Auguste Paulin |last6=Carretier |first6=Sébastien |last7=Regard |first7=Vincent |last8=Bricquet |first8=Jean-Pierre |last9=Paiz |first9=Marie-Claire |last10=Mambela |first10=Emmanuel |last11=Gaillardet |first11=Jérôme |date=2021 |title=Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa |journal=Frontiers in Water |volume=2 |bibcode=2021FrWat...2.9070M |doi=10.3389/frwa.2020.589070 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin">{{Cite journal |last=Sakaros |first=Bogning Dongue |last2=Frédéric |first2=Frappart |last3=Gil |first3=Mahe |last4=Fernando |first4=Niño |last5=Adrien |first5=Paris |last6=Joëlle |first6=Sihon |last7=Franck |first7=Ghomsi |last8=Fabien |first8=Blarel |last9=Jean-Pierre |first9=Bricquet |last10=Raphaël |first10=Onguéné |last11=Jacques |first11=Etame |last12=Frédérique |first12=Seyler |last13=Marie-Claire |first13=Paiz |last14=Jean-Jacques |first14=Braun |date=2021 |title=Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348219681 |journal=Hydrology |volume=105 |bibcode=2021esoar.10505633B |doi=10.1002/essoar.10505633.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |} == Tributaries == [[File:Ogooué.JPG|thumb|Ogooué River]] [[File:Fan_women_and_child,_banks_of_the_Ogoway.jpg|thumb|Fan women den kiddie, banks of de Ogoway. From The earth and its inhabitants, Africa (published 1890-1893 [v.1, 1892] )]] De Ogowe River dey receive water of numerous tributaries wey dey include: * Abanga, wich dey rise insyd de Cristal Mountains, near Medouneu * Baniaka * Dilo * Iyinda, de most important tributary * Letili * Lassio * Lebombi * Lekabi * Lekedi * Lekoni, wich dey flow across Akieni den Leconi * Letili * Leyou * Lolo * Mbine * Ngolo * Ngounie * Nke * Offoue * Okano, wey ein main tributary be de Lara River * Mpassa, wich dey flow across Franceville * Sebe, wich dey flow past Okondja * Wagny == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q750021|c=Category:MzGee|n=no|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Ogowe|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031110014559/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/FRE/maps/301.htm World Resources Institute map of Ogooué watershed] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Ogoué River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061108125758/http://www.harvardmag.com/jf97/vita.html Maria Petringa's 1997 "Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza: Brief Life of a Lover of Africa" about Brazza's extensive explorations of the Ogoué River basin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031020230344/http://www.mokelembembe.com/ Website about the dinosaur hunt] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogooue River}} [[Category:Ogooué River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Gabon]] [[Category:Important Bird Areas of Gabon]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of de Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Gabon]] azukkvucv3zwqbbfdgic76yus60j3mh 0 27874 115757 106316 2026-11-05T07:43:08Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Wami River''' be a river wey locate insyd Pwani Region, Tanzania. De headwaters of de Wami den ein tributaries dey originate insyd de Eastern Arc Mountains of Morogoro Region. De river then dey flow northeastward thru of Pwani Region to empty into de Indian Ocean west of Zanzibar Island. De Wami dey drain a catchment of 43,946&nbsp;km².<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wami/ruvu basin water office-Location map |url=http://wamiruvubasin.com/location.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322201351/http://wamiruvubasin.com/location.html |archive-date=2012-03-22 |website=wamiruvubasin.com}}</ref> De catchment dey extend thru four ecological regions. Coastal forests dey extend along de Indian Ocean coast. Further inland, woodlands den seasonally-flooded grasslands dey cover de plains of de central catchment. Dese plains be bounded on de northwest by de Rubeho, Ukakuru, Nguru, den Nguu mountains, sam of de Eastern Arc ranges. De Eastern Arc Mountains dey intercept moisture-laden winds from de Indian Ocean, den dey receive more rainfall dan de surrounding lowlands. Chaw of de rainfall dey occur insyd de November-to-May wet season, although mist den light rain dey occur at higher elevations during de dry season months. De mountains dema windward eastern den southern faces dey receive more rainfall de northern den western slopes. Dese rains dey sustain montane forests as well as de Wami ein tributary rivers den streams.<ref>"Eastern Arc forests". ''World Wildlife Fund'' ecoregion profile. Accessed 10 September 2019.</ref> De Eastern Arc forests be important to both sustaining den moderating de rivers dema flow.<ref>Ngana, James, Florence Mahay, and Katharine Cross (2010). ''The Wami Basin: A Situation Analysis.'' IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Programme, 2010. xviii + 92 pp.</ref> De seasonal Kinyasangwe River dey extend west of de Eastern Arc mountains to Dodoma, wey dey drain de southern portion of de semi-arid Maasai Steppe, wich dey insyd de rain shadow of de Eastern Arc Mountains.<ref>Ngana, James, Florence Mahay, and Katharine Cross (2010). ''The Wami Basin: A Situation Analysis.'' IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Programme, 2010. xviii + 92 pp.</ref> Only after leaving de Mkata River basin on de northern edge of de Mikumi National Park be ein name Wami.<ref>{{Google books|id=VLjafeXa3gMC|page=247|title=A Directory of African Wetlands}}</ref> Secof deforestation den climatic changes insyd de region de runoff decrease.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalugendo |first=Praxeda Paul |title=Impact of Climate Variability on Groundwater in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |url=http://www.gwclim.org/presentations/session5/kalugendo.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322201351/http://www.gwclim.org/presentations/session5/kalugendo.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-22}}</ref> Near ein mouth de Wami River dey form de southern border of de Saadani National Park, de only coastal national park insyd Tanzania. == Hydrometry == De river flow observe over 30 years (1954–84) insyd Mandera a town about 50&nbsp;km above de mouth. Na de river at Mandera observe average annual flow during dis period be 60.6 m³ / s wey an area of about 82% of de total catchment area of de river feed.<div class="center"> '''De average monthly flow of de river Wami hydrological station of Mandera (in m³/s)''' (Dem calculate dey use de data for a period of 30 years, 1954–84)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=A profile of the Wami River Sub-Basin |url=https://www.crc.uri.edu/download/wami_profile_tagged_final_Nov08.pdf |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=crc.uri.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119051557/https://www.crc.uri.edu/download/wami_profile_tagged_final_Nov08.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-19}}</ref> <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:220 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 60 bar:Fév from:0 till: 52 bar:Mar from:0 till: 70 bar:Avr from:0 till: 210 bar:Mai from:0 till: 150 bar:Jun from:0 till: 50 bar:Jul from:0 till: 25 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 20 bar:Sep from:0 till: 18 bar:Oct from:0 till: 15 bar:Nov from:0 till: 25 bar:Déc from:0 till: 50 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 60 fontsize:S text: 60 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 52 fontsize:S text: 52 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 70 fontsize:S text: 70 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 210 fontsize:S text: 210 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 150 fontsize:S text: 150 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 50 fontsize:S text: 50 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 20 fontsize:S text: 20 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 18 fontsize:S text: 18 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 15 fontsize:S text: 15 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 50 fontsize:S text: 50 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> </div> == Gallery == <gallery class="center" widths="145px"> File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-164-22.jpg|Opening of Mandera Bridge File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0596,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Kissanke,_Wami-Fluss.jpg|Wami River between 1906 den 1918 at Kissanke File:Wami_River_2012.jpg|2012 File:Река_Вами_(Танзания).jpg|Hippopotamus amphibius </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]] n4ufenm52h90gizcdhddh0fgqanf66o 0 27915 115715 112969 2026-11-04T23:53:03Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''H2O Africa Foundation''' na e be an NGO wey Matt Damon found to raise awareness about clean water initiatives insyd [[Africa]]. Na e be part of de Running the Sahara expedition den documentary project wey Damon, James Moll, LivePlanet, den de Independent Producers Alliance undertake. Insyd July 2009, de H2O Africa Foundation merge plus WaterPartners to form Water.org, an organization wey Matt Damon den Gary White of WaterPartners co-found.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Damon joins K.C. organization to provide for developing communities - Columbia Missourian |url=http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/07/15/waterpartners-actor-damon-create-waterorg/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225000821/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/07/15/waterpartners-actor-damon-create-waterorg/ |archive-date=2012-02-25 |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=www.columbiamissourian.com}}</ref> ==History== Wen Matt Damon den ein producing partners Marc Joubert, Larry Tanz, den Keith Quinn start dey work on planning de expedition den film for Running the Sahara, Damon get de idea of starting a charitable initiative. E be informally launched insyd de spring of 2006, wey dem hire Richard Klopp as launch executive director.<ref>[http://archive.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2006/09/12/damon_spices_up_fund_raiser/ Damon spices up fund-raiser - The Boston Globe]</ref> Wen film financier IPA cam on board de foundation officially be named H2O Africa wey na dem announce on September 10, 2006 during a ONEXONE event at de Toronto International Film Festival.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080422082546/http://www.globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php Actor Matt Damon aims to create public awareness of the water crisis with H2O Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011121832/http://globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php |date=2007-10-11 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> Na dem start am as de charitable arm of de Running the Sahara film project, plus de goal of raising money den awareness for organizations such as de United Nations Development Programme Clean Water Initiative, Living Water International, den de Millennium Promise project. On May 29, 2007, H2O Africa announce a new partnership plus de Ryan's Well Foundation.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070824175320/http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm Ryan's Well Foundation and the H2O Africa Foundation Announce Partnership for Clean Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824175320/http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm |date=2007-08-24 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929081014/http://www.positivenews.org.uk/artman/publish/article_1238.shtml Ryan's Well and H2O Africa Join Forces For Clean Water] retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> ==Projects== H2O Africa take part for dese projects: *'''Global Youth Initiative For Clean Water''': H2O Africa help Ryan's Well Foundation raise money for dis project by matching every donation dollar-for-dollar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |title=H2O Africa Partnership Project |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827002639/http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |archive-date=2007-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> De goal of de project be to improve health, wellbeing den sanitation for between 15 den 20 schools give Lira den Oyam districts insyd Lango sub-region of [[Uganda]]. Apart from dat, de project sanso go provide hygiene den environmental sanitation training give 90 schools insyd de two districts, rehabilitate anaa build 25 clean water sources, den build 10 ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines. Construction suppose start for September 2007. *'''Route Nations''': H2O Africa, togeda plus UNDP, dem build one water tower den two water fountains for de village of Néré Walo, [[Mauritania]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |title=Project Update - Route Nations |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718210710/http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |archive-date=2007-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of August 2007, de project nearly finish. *'''Millennium Village''': H2O Africa partner plus Millennium Promise to raise money for de Millennium Village project for Timbuktu, [[Mali]]. De project dey support different initiatives wey go improve de local economy for areas like energy, infrastructure, nutrition services den gender equality.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070814002722/http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions Millennium Promise - Interventions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814002722/http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions |date=2007-08-14 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> As of August 2007, de project receive 22% of de $1,750,000 funding target. *'''Central African Republic Well Project''': H2O Africa join hands plus Living Water International to build 20 new wells for [[Central African Republic]]. Dem sanso go provide support for dese wells for five years. De project still aim to help communities manage dema water resources better during dis period. H2O Africa commit $100,000 to de project wey dem sanso promise say dem go match another $100,000 wey people donate. As of August 2007, de organisation raise 72% of de funding target. *'''L'Desh Fresh''': Millions of people around de world search for am, wey e finally enter de American market for 2009. Parasites, small traces of urine, dirt den arsenic cam togeda to create de natural texture of L'Desh Fresh: ''The World's Most Authentic Drinking Water.'' Buh wer e dey hide all dis time? As e enter de market, plenty people dey ask dat question. But de truth be say e be joke—well, somehow. Sullivan Higdon & Sink (SHS), one award-winning marketing den advertising agency for Kansas City, create de L'Desh Fresh campaign for Water.org, one international non-profit organisation based for Kansas City. For almost twenty years, Water.org dey work to provide safe drinking water den sanitation give people wey dey developing countries. SHS support de mission by creating dis awareness campaign free of charge (pro bono). ==Charitable partners== * ONEXONE * Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund * ONE Campaign * A Glimmer of Hope Foundation * United Nations Development Programme * Millennium Promise * Ryan's Well Foundation ==References== <references /> ==External links== * [http://www.aglimmerofhope.org A Glimmer of Hope Foundation] * [http://www.h2oafrica.org/ H2O Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070720135346/http://www.water.cc/main.aspx Living Water International] * [http://www.millenniumpromise.org Millennium Promise] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070831111734/http://www.onexonecampaign.com/ OneXOne Campaign] * [http://www.rcgf.org Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106080221/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/runningthesahara/ Running the Sahara] {{DEFAULTSORT:H2o Africa Foundation}} [[Category:Defunct non-profit organizations based insyd de United States]] [[Category:Matt Damon]] [[Category:Organizations dem establish insyd 2006]] [[Category:Organizations dem disestablish insyd 2009]] [[Category:Water-related charities]] cswh5ck27vzk7buet5v7gvq4g6eyz7t 0 28695 115739 107399 2026-11-05T04:38:38Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Orf''' be a farmyard pox, a type of zoonosis.<ref name="Kassa20212">{{cite journal |last1=Kassa |first1=T |date=2021 |title=A Review on Human Orf: A Neglected Viral Zoonosis. |journal=Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine |volume=12 |pages=153–172 |doi=10.2147/RRTM.S306446 |pmc=8275206 |pmid=34267574 |doi-access=free}}</ref> E dey cause small pustules insyd de skin of primarily sheep den goats, buh sanso fi occur on de hands of humans.<ref name=Kumar2020>{{cite book |last1=Barlow |first1=Gavin |last2=Irving |first2=William L. |last3=Moss |first3=Peter J. |editor1-last=Feather |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Randall |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Waterhouse |editor3-first=Mona |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5 |page=517 |edition=10th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA517 |language=en |chapter=20. Infectious disease }}</ref> A pale halo dey form around a red centre.<ref name=Goldman2020>{{cite book |last1=Petersen |first1=Brett W. |last2=Damon |first2=Inger K. |editor1-last=Goldman |editor1-first=Lee |editor2-last=Schafer |editor2-first=Andrew I. |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-53266-2 |pages=2184–2185 |edition=26th |volume=2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&dq=tanapox&pg=PA2184 |language=en |chapter=348. Smallpox, monkeypox and other poxvirus infections}}</ref> E fi persist for several weeks before crusting den then either dey resolve anaa dey leave a granuloma.<ref name=Goldman2020/> Der be usually only one non-painful lesion, buh der fi be more.<ref name=Goldman2020/> Lymph nodes sanso fi cam be swollen.<ref name=Goldman2020/> E be caused by a parapoxvirus.<ref name=Andrew2020>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=William D. |last2=Elston |first2=Dirk |last3=Treat |first3=James R. |last4=Rosenbach |first4=Misha A. |last5=Neuhaus |first5=Isaac |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-323-54753-6 |page=389 |edition=13th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&dq=human&pg=PA389 |language=en |chapter=19. Viral diseases }}</ref> E fi occur insyd humans wey dey handle infected animals anaa contaminated objects.<ref name=Kassa2021>{{cite journal |last1=Kassa |first1=T |title=A Review on Human Orf: A Neglected Viral Zoonosis. |journal=Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine |date=2021 |volume=12 |pages=153–172 |doi=10.2147/RRTM.S306446 |pmid=34267574 |pmc=8275206 |doi-access=free }}</ref> One-third of cases fi develop erythema multiforme.<ref name=Goldman2020/> Once resolved, a person still fi be infected again.<ref name=Goldman2020/> Generally, once infected, treatment options be limited.<ref name=Goldman2020/> Injecting de lesion plus cidofovir anaa applying imiquimod be studied.<ref name=Goldman2020/> However, e sam times be required to excise de pustules.<ref name=Goldman2020/> De vaccine dem use insyd sheep to prevent orf be live wey e be known to cause disease insyd humans.<ref name=Goldman2020/> De disease be endemic insyd livestock herds worldwide.<ref name=Kassa2021/> A recent outbreak emerge insyd southwest [[Ethiopia]] between October 2019 den May 2020.<ref name=Kassa2021/> Orf sanso be trialed as a potential den potent viral vector vaccine platform.<ref>{{cite web | title=Prime Vector Technologies &#124; Technology | url=https://www.prime-vector-technologies.com/technology }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q6819704|c=Category:Orf (animal disease)|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=Orf virus}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250828200111/https://www.farmhealthonline.com/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/ Farm Health Online: Disease Management of Orf Virus in Sheep] {{DEFAULTSORT:Orf (Disease)}} [[Category:Sheep den goat diseases]] [[Category:Chordopoxvirinae]] [[Category:Animal viral diseases]] [[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4db3pybu2fgonhg9qfkmhupdc7771z8 0 29420 115689 109543 2026-11-04T19:08:08Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''2026 Commonwealth Games''', dem officially know as de '''XXIII Commonwealth Games''' den commonly known as '''Glasgow 2026''', be a planned multi-sport event dem schedule from 23 July to 2 August 2026, to be hosted insyd Glasgow, de largest city insyd Scotland, give members of de Commonwealth of Nations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brooks|first=Libby|date=17 September 2024|title=Glasgow to host 2026 Commonwealth Games after rescue deal agreed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/sep/17/glasgow-to-host-2026-commonwealth-games-after-rescue-deal-agreed|access-date=17 September 2024|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917131736/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/sep/17/glasgow-to-host-2026-commonwealth-games-after-rescue-deal-agreed|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news|date=17 July 2023|title=Scotland agrees to host Commonwealth Games in 2026, after Bangkok bid withdrawal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8ddeeklxko|access-date=17 July 2023|work=BBC News|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917124600/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8ddeeklxko|url-status=live}}</ref> Dis go be de fourth Commonwealth Games to be hosted insyd Scotland, dey follow de 1970 den 1986 games insyd Edinburgh, den de 2014 Games insyd Glasgow. De 2026 Commonwealth Games go be de first to be held since de death of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] den de accession of King Charles III as Head of the Commonwealth. Dis go be de first edition since Donald Rukare cam be presido of de Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF). For sam time, na de Games be widout a host after de Australian state of Victoria withdraw, dem initially be announced as de host insyd April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Games-Australian state to be confirmed 2026 Commonwealth Games host -report |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/1999991-games-australian-state-to-be-confirmed-2026-commonwealth-games-host--report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411230949/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/1999991-games-australian-state-to-be-confirmed-2026-commonwealth-games-host--report |archive-date=11 April 2022 |website=Devdiscourse}}</ref> On 18 July 2023, de Victorian state government cancel ein plans secof escalating cost projections. De city of Gold Coast, Queensland, briefly offer to co-host de event buh later withdraw for similar reasons. Plus no host, na der be a risk say de Games fi be postponed to 2027 anaa cancelled entirely.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=17 July 2023|title=Commonwealth Games: 2026 event in doubt after Victoria cancels|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66229574|access-date=17 July 2023|work=BBC News|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718004440/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66229574|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Costs Too High At Over $6 Billion |url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/commonwealth-games-costs-too-high-over-6-billion |access-date=18 July 2023 |publisher=Premier of Victoria|website=premier.vic.gov.au|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718031331/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/commonwealth-games-costs-too-high-over-6-billion|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":CancelledGuardian">{{Cite news |last1=Karp|first1=Paul|last2=Kelly|first2=Cait|last3=Ore|first3=Adeshola|date=18 July 2023|title=Australia Commonwealth Games 2026: Victoria cancels event after costs blow out to $7bn|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/18/australia-commonwealth-games-2026-victoria-cancels-event-after-funding-shortfall|access-date=17 July 2023|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=2023-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717233320/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/18/australia-commonwealth-games-2026-victoria-cancels-event-after-funding-shortfall|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 August 2024, reports surface say Glasgow reach an agreement to take over de hosting rights,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Trainer |first=Paul |date=11 August 2024 |title=Reports: Glasgow set to be announced as host city for Commonwealth Games 2026 |url=https://www.glasgowworld.com/news/glasgow-set-to-be-announced-as-host-city-for-commonwealth-games-2026-4737747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811193745/https://www.glasgowworld.com/news/glasgow-set-to-be-announced-as-host-city-for-commonwealth-games-2026-4737747 |archive-date=2024-08-11 |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=GlasgowWorld}}</ref> but de next day na e be clarified say talks be ongoing plus no final agreement anaa imminent announcement. Commonwealth Games Scotland propose a scaled-back version of de event, wey dey feature 10 to 13 sports den dey use existing infrastructure, plus £100 million insyd funding from de CGF den an additional £30 to 50 million from commercial sources, wey dey ensure no significant public funds go be required.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dewar|first1=Heather|date=12 August 2024|title=No decision as yet on host nation for troubled 2026 Commonwealth Games despite offer from Glasgow|url=https://whatsnew2day.com/no-decision-as-yet-on-host-nation-for-troubled-2026-commonwealth-games-despite-offer-from-glasgow/|access-date=12 August 2024|work=Daily Mail|archive-date=2024-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812152600/https://whatsnew2day.com/no-decision-as-yet-on-host-nation-for-troubled-2026-commonwealth-games-despite-offer-from-glasgow/|url-status=live}}</ref> A further update on 30 August 2024 confirm say de Games go be primarily funded by AU$200 million, dem secure as compensation from de Victorian government dey follow dema withdrawal.<ref name="CGGlasgow">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Commonwealth Games Scotland Update on Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901025238/https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/ |archive-date=2024-09-01 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=Team Scotland}}</ref><ref name="CGGlasgow2">{{cite web |date=30 August 2024|title=Commonwealth Games Scotland Update on Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|access-date=1 September 2024|work=Team Scotland|archive-date=2024-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901025238/https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 September 2024, na ebe announced say de Scottish Government agree to host de games plus financial backing from Commonwealth Games Australia.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|date=17 July 2023|title=Scotland agrees to host Commonwealth Games in 2026, after Bangkok bid withdrawal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8ddeeklxko|access-date=17 July 2023|work=BBC News|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917124600/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8ddeeklxko|url-status=live}}</ref> De scaled-down den low-cost Games go feature 10 sports wey dey take place over seven venues den no athletes dema village.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sports {{!}} Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/sports/www.glasgow2026.com/sports/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> == Host selection == === First selection === [[File:Melbourne_Skyline_and_Princes_Bridge_-_Dec_2008.jpg|right|thumb|Na de Australian state of Victoria initially be appointed hosts.]] During de CGF General Assembly on 31 March 2017 insyd Gold Coast, after de troubled 2022 Commonwealth Games host city bid process, de executive board announced say e plan to award both 2026 den 2030 Commonwealth Games simultaneously at de CGF General Assembly dem schedule for Kigali, Rwanda insyd September 2019. Na a new model dem call CGF Partnerships (CGFP) be implemented wich aim to give stronger support to de associations den cities wey show interests in hosting future Games den enhance de overall value of de event. Dis be similar to de process dem use by de International Olympic Committee (IOC) since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resurgent Commonwealth agrees to begin the process of selecting 2026 and 2030 Commonwealth Games Host Cities |url=https://thecgf.com/news/resurgent-commonwealth-agrees-begin-process-selecting-2026-and-2030-commonwealth-games-host |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161505/https://thecgf.com/news/resurgent-commonwealth-agrees-begin-process-selecting-2026-and-2030-commonwealth-games-host/ |archive-date=2018-05-01 |access-date=10 July 2018 |website=Commonwealth Games Federation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bid process for 2026 Commonwealth Games officially launched|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1063345/bid-process-for-2026-commonwealth-games-officially-launched|date=31 March 2018|archive-date=2018-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401084044/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1063345/bid-process-for-2026-commonwealth-games-officially-launched|url-status=live|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Insyd 2015, de South African city of Durban originally win de rights to host de 2022 Commonwealth Games, buh na dem strip am of dis right insyd 2017 secof financial concerns.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 September 2015|title=Durban in South Africa confirmed as 2022 Commonwealth Games host|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/02/durban-in-south-africa-confirmed-as-2022-commonwealth-games-host|access-date=18 July 2023|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2015-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911184542/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/02/durban-in-south-africa-confirmed-as-2022-commonwealth-games-host|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 March 2017|title=Durban loses right to host 2022 Commonwealth Games-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-14/durban-loses-right-to-host-2022-commonwealth-games/8351396|access-date=18 July 2023|archive-date=2017-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313203201/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-14/durban-loses-right-to-host-2022-commonwealth-games/8351396|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, Birmingham move up ein planned Games from 2026 to 2022.<ref name=":112">{{Cite news|last=Yerushalmy|first=Jonathan|date=18 July 2023|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: why has Victoria pulled out and what happens now?|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/18/commonwealth-games-2026-why-has-victoria-australia-pulled-out-what-happens-now|access-date=18 July 2023|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718060438/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/18/commonwealth-games-2026-why-has-victoria-australia-pulled-out-what-happens-now|url-status=live}}</ref> Dis lef de 2026 Games widout a host den bids from Kuala Lumpur, Cardiff, Calgary, Edmonton den Adelaide all be withdrawn secof concerns over costs, plus a hosting decision dem no make by de Commonwealth Games Federation between 2019 den 2022.<ref name=":112" /> Insyd January 2022, de Victorian State Government announce na e dey give serious consideration to a late request from de CGF to host de Games. On 16 February 2022, Premier of Victoria Daniel Andrews confirm say na de state dey insyd exclusive negotiations plus de CGF to host de Games.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 February 2022|title=Victoria likely to host 2026 Commonwealth Games as government enters exclusive negotiations|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-16/victoria-commonwealth-games-negotiations/100833984|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|location=[[Melbourne]]|access-date=16 February 2021|archive-date=2022-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215231123/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-16/victoria-commonwealth-games-negotiations/100833984|url-status=live}}</ref> Na dem state say if successful in hosting de Games a second time, a Victorian bid go aim to emphasise de state ein regional centres—such as Geelong, Ballarat den Bendigo—as dem oppose to be predominantly Melbourne-based, such as insyd 2006. Bendigo previously host de 2004 Commonwealth Youth Games. Acceptance of de bid go likely sanso be conditional upon agreement on ways to control costs, such as housing athletes den officials insyd hotels rather dan a dedicated village.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masters |first=Roy |date=19 January 2022 |title=Melbourne set to step into breach as 2026 Commonwealth Games host city |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-set-to-step-into-breach-as-2026-commonwealth-games-host-city-20220118-p59p6r.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182013/https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-set-to-step-into-breach-as-2026-commonwealth-games-host-city-20220118-p59p6r.html |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Victoria present bid to host 2026 Commonwealth Games, could include 22 sports |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120592/commonwealth-games-victoria-2026-bid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315170813/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120592/commonwealth-games-victoria-2026-bid |archive-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> Na dis bid be confirmed as successful on 12 April 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-12/regional-victoria-confirmed-as-commonwealth-games-host/100984270|title=Regional Victoria to host 2026 Commonwealth Games|newspaper=ABC News|date=12 April 2022|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412004858/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-12/regional-victoria-confirmed-as-commonwealth-games-host/100984270|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 July 2023, Andrews den Deputy Premier Jacinta Allan announce de state government intend to cancel de 2026 Victorian Games.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":CancelledGuardian" /> Fifteen months after dem agree to host de Games, de Premier say de cost escalate to an estimated A$6–7 billion, double de estimated economic benefits for de state, den de government no fi justify de expense.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|title=Commonwealth Games cancelled in Victoria as government shrinks from $7b price tag|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-18/commonwealth-games-regional-victoria-scrapped-daniel-andrews/102613718|date=18 July 2023|last=Boaz|first=Judd|language=|work=ABC News|access-date=18 July 2023|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718005840/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-18/commonwealth-games-regional-victoria-scrapped-daniel-andrews/102613718|url-status=live}}</ref> Na de state say e go terminate ein host agreement plus de Commonwealth Games Federation den seek a settlement of de contract.<ref name=":82" /> De withdrawal prompt a new search for a host give de 2026 Games.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aarons|first=Ed|date=2023-07-18|title=British Commonwealth Games bid encouraged after 2026 hosts withdraw|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/18/british-commonwealth-games-bid-encouraged-after-2026-hosts-withdraw|access-date=2023-08-14|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718170404/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/18/british-commonwealth-games-bid-encouraged-after-2026-hosts-withdraw|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+2026 Commonwealth Games bidding results !City / region !Nation !Votes |- |Victoria | Australia | align="center" |Unanimous (2022)<br /><br />Withdrew (2023) |} === Second selection === ==== Initial interest ==== De Mayor of London Sadiq Khan subsequently say na he be "ready" to support de London bid to replace Victoria as de host.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gray|first1=James|title=London 'ready' to bid for 2026 Commonwealth Games after Victoria pulls out as host|url=https://inews.co.uk/sport/london-bid-2026-commonwealth-games-australian-plan-collapses-2486974|access-date=19 July 2023|work=i newspaper|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718184444/https://inews.co.uk/sport/london-bid-2026-commonwealth-games-australian-plan-collapses-2486974|url-status=live}}</ref> De First Minister of Scotland Humza Yousaf sanso state say na he be "willing to consider proposals" for Scotland to host at least sam of de events at de Games.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 July 2023 |title=Humza Yousaf to 'explore' Scotland Commonwealth Games bid |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66240078 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718234838/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66240078 |archive-date=2023-07-18 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=BBC News}}</ref>[[File:Launch_Commonwealth_Games_2026_with_First_Minister_Swinney_in_Glasgow,_Scotland_on_22_October_2024_-_7.jpg|right|thumb|First Minister of Scotland, John Swinney, formally launch de 2026 Commonwealth Games, October 2024.]] ==== Scotland bid ==== [[File:Glasgow_-_aerial_-_2025-04-17_15.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Glasgow be considered as de "last possibility" to host de 2026 Games after Victoria pull out.]] On 11 April 2024, it was announced that Glasgow was considered as a "last possibility" to host the 2026 Games in the event, if no other host was forthcoming, in an alternative to safeguard the Games. It was reported that the Games would be in a smaller scale and could reuse venues from the 2014 Commonwealth Games. Accommodation for the athletes would comprise hotels, and possibly a combination of Glasgow Caledonian University and University of Glasgow student residences.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|date=11 April 2024|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Scaled-down Glasgow event option for event|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/68792008#:~:text=Glasgow%20is%20among%20the%20potential,the%20event's%20long%2Dterm%20future.|access-date=2024-04-11|work=BBC Sport|archive-date=2024-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412020914/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/68792008|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, the costs of the Games would be covered fully by the Commonwealth Games Federation and their other corporate sponsors.<ref name=":12" /> Discussions were ongoing between Commonwealth Games Scotland, the Scottish Government, and EventScotland with a confirmed bid expected by the end of the month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Exclusive: Glasgow in frame for Commonwealth Games return in 2026 |url=https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/exclusive-glasgow-in-frame-for-commonwealth-games-return-in-2026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802103313/https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/exclusive-glasgow-in-frame-for-commonwealth-games-return-in-2026/ |archive-date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=SportBusiness-US}}</ref> However, the bid documents would not end up being submitted at that time. On 25 July 2024, the BBC reported that a decision would be made in August. {| class="wikitable" |+2026 Commonwealth Games bidding results !City / region !Nation !Votes |- |Glasgow | Scotland | align="center" |Unanimous |} == Development den preparations == === Venues === De following venues be expected to be used for de 2026 Commonwealth Games:<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2024 |title=Event Delivery Partners' Information Pack |url=https://resources.cwg-qbr.pulselive.com/qbr-commonwealth-games/document/2024/12/11/aed32654-5b86-4101-9464-b82b9d1f44ef/Glasgow-2026-EDP-EOI-Document.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312125740/https://resources.cwg-qbr.pulselive.com/qbr-commonwealth-games/document/2024/12/11/aed32654-5b86-4101-9464-b82b9d1f44ef/Glasgow-2026-EDP-EOI-Document.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Venue !Events !Capacity !Status |- | rowspan="2" |The Hydro |Opening ceremony | rowspan="2" |12,306 | rowspan="2" |Existing |- |Netball |- | rowspan="4" |SEC Centre |3x3 basketball |TBD | rowspan="4" |Existing with temporary stands |- |Bowls |TBD |- |Boxing |TBD |- |Judo |TBD |- |SEC Armadillo |Weightlifting |3,000 |Existing |- |Scotstoun Stadium |Athletics |10,000-11,000 |Existing, renovated |- |Tollcross International Swimming Centre |Swimming |2,000 | rowspan="3" |Existing |- |Commonwealth Arena |Artistic gymnastics |5,000 |- |Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome |Track cycling |2,000 |} === Gallery of venues === <gallery> File:Stadium_Track_and_Pitch.jpg|Scotstoun Stadium File:Tollcross_International_Swimming_Centre_(28921366007).jpg|Tollcross International Swimming Centre File:Emirates_Arena_on_Glasgow_Rocks_Opening_Night_(cropped).jpg|Commonwealth Arena File:Sir_Chris_Hoy_Velodrome_26.jpg|Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome File:Wfm_foster_armadillo.jpg|SEC Armadillo File:Entrance_to_the_SEC_Centre_(geograph_5692529).jpg|SEC Centre File:The_SSE_Hydro_(geograph_5420681).jpg|The Hydro </gallery> == King's Baton Relay == The King's Baton officially be launched on 10 March 2025, to mark de start of de 500 days countdown, plus [[King Charles III]], insyd full military regalia, unveiling de plaque den then handing over de baton to de first runner, Sir [[Chris Hoy]]. Dem make de baton from ash wood wey be designed by Tim Norman. De organisation decide say he go be sent to de Caribbean region to start de global relay plus [[Port of Spain]], insyd [[Trinidad and Tobago]], as de first international stop.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KINGS BATON RELAY IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route/4236096/www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route/4236096/trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> Na de choice of Trinidad and Tobago be as a result of de country successfully hosting de [[2023 Commonwealth Youth Games]]. De Caribbean part of de Baton Relay culminate insyd [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] on Saturday 14 June, before de African leg (15 June to 24 October), then Asia (25 October to 21 December), Oceania (2 January to 26 March 2026), Americas (27 March to 6 May 2026), den Europe (8 May to 23 July 2026).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baton Relay Locations Map |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route |url-status=live |website=Commonwealth Sport}}</ref> For de 18th Baton Relay, a new format be introduced wer each of de 74 Commonwealth Games Associations (CGAs) receive an individual baton dem craft insyd Glasgow. Rather than passing a single baton between nations, each CGA be permitted to customise ein baton to reflect ein local culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about the King's Baton Relay |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/faqs |url-status=live |website=Commonwweath Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.sandhurst.catholic.org.au/item/3126-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=sandhurst.catholic.org.au}}</ref> Additionally to e be de first time of being part of The King's Baton Relay, Commonwealth Sport partner plus de [[Royal Commonwealth Society]] (RCS) to integrate de Commonwealth Clean Oceans Plastics Campaign into de relay, wey dey focus on ocean conservation den methods for recycling plastic waste.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=Commonwealth Sport supports Clean Oceans Plastics Campaign |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4157153/www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4157153/commonwealth-sport-supports-clean-oceans-plastics-campaign |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> De King's Baton Relay dem culminate at de Opening Ceremony of Glasgow 2026 on 23 July 2026, as a traditional den fundamental part of de Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremonies.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 March 2025|title=King launches Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Baton Relay|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvge76gd3e1o|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310070552/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvge76gd3e1o |archive-date=10 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 March 2025|title=His Majesty launches the King's Baton Relay|url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4230826/his-majesty-launches-the-king-s-baton-relay|work=[[Commonwealth Games Federation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311000025/https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4230826/his-majesty-launches-the-king-s-baton-relay|archive-date=11 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 March 2025|title=Glasgow's Commonwealth countdown begins|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1152250/glasgows-commonwealth-countdown-begins|work=Inside the Games|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310174116/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1152250/glasgows-commonwealth-countdown-begins|archive-date=10 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ceremonies == As part of de proposed plan put forward by Commonwealth Games Scotland, na de opening den closing ceremonies be scaled down compared to previous Games.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024|title=Glasgow to host 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/articles/cvgw51kqx7wo |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=BBC Newsround |archive-date=2024-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921132332/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/articles/cvgw51kqx7wo |url-status=live}}</ref> Na e be announced on 20 March 2026 say de opening ceremony go take place at de OVO Hydro, de first time insyd de Games ein 96-year history say a ceremony go be held insyd an indoor venue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 reveals opening ceremony venue and calls for 700 volunteer cast members to be part of the show|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4472430/glasgow-2026-reveals-opening-ceremony-venue-and-calls-for-700-volunteer-cast-members-to-be-part-of-the-show|date=19 March 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> === Opening ceremony === De opening ceremony of de 2026 Commonwealth Games take place on 23 July 2026 at de [[OVO Hydro]] insyd Glasgow. Na e be de first Commonwealth Games opening ceremony to be staged entirely indoors. Scottish singer-songwriter [[KT Tunstall]] headline de ceremony, plus performances by [[Callum Beattie]], [[Nina Nesbitt]], [[Nathan Evans (singer)|Nathan Evans]] den [[Saint Phnx]], while electronic folk duo [[Valtos (band)|Valtos]] provide de soundtrack to de Parade of Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 reveals Scottish Talent soundtracking the Opening Ceremony|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4532708/glasgow-2026-reveals-scottish-talent-soundtracking-the-opening-ceremony|date=9 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> Na The King den Queen, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom den First Minister of Scotland dey insyd attendance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=His Majesty The King and Her Majesty The Queen to officially open Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4533307/his-majesty-the-king-and-her-majesty-the-queen-to-officially-open-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=10 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=King and Queen emerge from Tardis to open Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2g3053ejko |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> De ceremony conclude de King's Baton Relay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=King and Queen emerge from Tardis to open Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2g3053ejko |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Closing ceremony === De closing ceremony of de 2026 Commonwealth Games take place at de OVO Hydro on 2 August 2026, de same venue as de opening ceremony. Scottish rock band [[Simple Minds]] headline de ceremony, plus performances by BEMZ, [[Cammy Barnes]] den [[Sandi Thom]]. Australian singer [[Delta Goodrem]] make ein third appearance at a Commonwealth Games ceremony, after performing at de opening ceremonies of de [[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006]] den [[2018 Commonwealth Games|2018]] editions insyd Melbourne den Gold Coast respectively. De scheduled formal handover to de next [[2030 Commonwealth Games]] host city [[Ahmedabad]], India, feature performances by [[Shankar Mahadevan]] den [[Rashmika Mandanna]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scots Legends Simple Minds to Close Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4539986/scots-legends-simple-minds-to-close-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=21 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> == Associations wey dey participate == All 74 Commonwealth Games Associations be expected to participate insyd de 2026 Commonwealth Games. [[Gabon]] den [[Togo]] be expected to make dema debuts since joining de Commonwealth of Nations insyd June 2022. {|class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;" |- ! Participating Commonwealth Games Associations |- | {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *{{flagCGF|AIA|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Anguilla set for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/AnguillaCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/anguilla-friday-3-july-2026team-anguilla-set-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/1519691523287073/|website=Facebook|publisher=Anguilla Commonwealth Games Association|date=3 July 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ANT|2026|12}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Antigua and Barbuda Commonwealth Games Association announces 12-member team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/antigua-and-barbuda-commonwealth-games-association-announces-12-member-team-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Antigua News Room|location=St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|AUS|2026|257}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vaughan|first1=Roger|last2=Chadband|first2=Ian|title=The Australian athletes to watch in the 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://7news.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/the-australian-athletes-to-watch-in-the-2026-commonwealth-games-c-22622193|work=[[7NEWS]]|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAH|2026|20}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Longley|first=Sheldon|title=BOC names teams for summer games|url=https://www.thenassauguardian.com/sports/boc-names-teams-for-summer-games/article_826b4c46-082a-4708-9f74-97d3a2d691d4.html|work=The Nassau Guardian|location=Nassau, Bahamas|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAN|2026|15}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh head to Commonwealth Games to protect membership|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/more-sports/news/bangladesh-head-commonwealth-games-games-protect-membership-4223791|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAR|2026|21}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Joseph|first=Benson|title=Barbados names 21-member Commonwealth Games team|url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2026/07/02/barbados-names-21-member-commonwealth-games-team/|work=Barbados Today|location=Bridgetown, Barbados|date=2 July 2026|access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BIZ|2026|5}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Belize Ready to Compete at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.sanpedrosun.com/sports/2026/07/17/team-belize-ready-to-compete-at-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=[[The San Pedro Sun]]|location=San Pedro Town, Belize|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BER|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite news|title=BOA Announces Commonwealth Games Team|url=https://bernews.com/2026/07/july9boa-announces-commonwealth-games-team/|work=[[Bernews]]|location=Hamilton, Bermuda|date=9 July 2026|access-date=9 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BOT|2026|25}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Sibanda|first=Anastacia|date=1 April 2026|title=BNOC targets seven medals|url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/90826|work=[[Daily News Botswana]]|location=Gaborone, Botswana|access-date=12 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IVB|2026|11}}<ref>{{cite news|title=11 athletes to rep VI at 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.virginislandsnewsonline.com/en/news/11-athletes-to-rep-vi-2026-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow-|work=Virgin Islands News Online|location=Road Town, British Virgin Islands|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BRU|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Six athletes to represent Brunei at 23rd Commonwealth Games|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/six-athletes-to-represent-brunei-at-23rd-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Borneo Bulletin]]|location=Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei|date=13 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CMR|2026|20}} *{{flagCGF|CAN|2026|149}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Campigotto|first=Jesse|title=The Commonwealth Games are back — here's what to know|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/the-buzzer-newsletter-commonwealth-games-preview-2026-9.7273303|website=[[CBC Sports]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC)|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CAY|2026|20}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Cayman Islands Teams Named for the 2026 Commonwealth Games and Central American & Caribbean Games|url=https://www.radiocayman.gov.ky/news/cayman-islands-teams-named-for-the-2026-commonwealth-games-and-central-american-caribbean-games|website=Radio Cayman|location=George Town, Cayman Islands|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|COK|2026|15}}<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2026|title=Cook Islands names 15 athletes for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/sport/athletics/cook-islands-names-15-athletes-for-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Cook Islands News]]|location=Rarotonga, Cook Islands|access-date=20 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CYP|2026|36}}<ref>{{cite web|title=36 αθλητές, τρεις σε έξι αθλήματα στους 23ους Κοινοπολιτειακούς Αγώνες "Glasgow 2026"|trans-title=36 athletes across six sports at the 23rd Commonwealth Games "Glasgow 2026"|language=el|url=https://www.olympic.org.cy/index.php/gr/news/1730-36-23-glasgow-2026|website=[[Cyprus Olympic Committee]]|location=Nicosia, Cyprus|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|DMA|2026|3}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Dominica names three-athlete team for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dominica-names-three-athlete-team-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Dominica News Online|location=Roseau, Dominica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ENG|2026|204}} *{{flagCGF|SWZ|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Nhlabatsi|first=Sifiso|title=Team Eswatini unveils 17-member squad for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://independentnews.co.sz/44665/sports/team-eswatini-unveils-17-member-squad-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Independent News Eswatini|location=Mbabane, Eswatini|date=16 June 2026|access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|FLK|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Astill|first=David|date=23 January 2026|title=Falkland Islands Commonwealth Games Team Announced for 2026|url=https://fitv.co.fk/news-and-events/falkland-islands-commonwealth-games-team-announced-for-2026/|website=fitv.co.fk|location=Stanley, Falkland Islands|publisher=[[Falkland Islands Television]]|access-date=18 May 2026|quote=The only sport the Islands are competing in is indoor bowls, with Daphne Arthur-Almond, Sharon Barnes, Kris Thorsen, Cecil Alexander, Ian Barnes and Oliver Thompson selected to form the team aiming for glory.}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|FIJ|2026|36}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Biudole|first=Noa|title=Team Fiji names squad for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://fijilive.com/team-fiji-names-squad-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games/|work=FijiLive|location=Suva, Fiji|date=12 June 2026|access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GAB|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabon|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/gabon|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GAM|2026|12}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Jobe|first=Seedy|title=Gambia declares readiness for 2026 Commonwealth Games as team heads to Glasgow|url=https://www.kerrfatou.com/gambia-declares-readiness-for-2026-commonwealth-games-as-team-heads-to-glasgow/|website=Kerr Fatou|location=Banjul, The Gambia|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GHA|2026|40}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=TEAM GHANA UNVEILS OFFICIAL HIGH-PERFORMANCE SQUAD FOR GLASGOW 2026|url=https://www.ghanaolympic.org/blog/team-ghana-unveils-official-high-performance-squad-for-glasgow-2026|access-date=2026-07-13|website=GOC - Ghana Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GIB|2026|16}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignacio|first=Stephen|date=22 May 2026|title=Team Gibraltar announced for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.chronicle.gi/team-gibraltar-announced-for-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]]|location=Gibraltar|access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GRN|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Bascombe|first=Michael|title=Grenada names teams for Commonwealth and CAC Games amid scheduling clash|url=https://mikebas.blogspot.com/2026/07/grenada-names-teams-for-commonwealth.html|website=Mike Bascombe|date=15 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GGY|2026|20}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-03-21|title=The Commonwealth Games: Who is going, and which sports are missing out?|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport-ge/the-commonwealth-games-who-is-going-and-which-sports-are-missing-out/|access-date=2026-05-26|website=Bailiwick Express News Guernsey|language=en-GB}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GUY|2026|16}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgrave, Moore to carry Guyana's flag at Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://kaieteurnewsonline.com/2026/07/23/belgrave-moore-to-carry-guyanas-flag-at-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=[[Kaieteur News]]|location=Georgetown, Guyana|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IND|2026|122}}<ref name="OlympicsCWG2026">{{cite news|last=Nalwala|first=Ali Asgar|date=2026-07-09|title=Commonwealth Games 2026 schedule - dates and events for Indian athletes|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/india-commonwealth-games-2026-schedule|access-date=2026-07-10|publisher=International Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IOM|2026|28}}<ref name=iomteam1>{{Cite web|title=Team Isle of Man for 2026 Commonwealth Games – Team Isle of Man|url=https://cga.im/team-isle-of-man-for-2026-commonwealth-games/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|JAM|2026|76}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Bryce|first=Gregory|title=Samuda: Welcome to history - JOA prepares for hectic July schedule with Commonwealth and CAC Games|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20260710/samuda-welcome-history-joa-prepares-hectic-july-schedule-commonwealth-and|work=[[The Gleaner]]|location=Kingston, Jamaica|date=10 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|JEY|2026|22}}<ref>{{cite web|date=13 June 2026|title=Weightlifter Dodds added to Jersey team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/weightlifting/articles/c862pp689v6o|website=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|KEN|2026|93}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Maluki|first=Shadrack|title=Why Kenya is preparing differently for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/opinion-sports/article/2001552572/why-kenya-is-preparing-differently-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games|work=The Standard|location=Nairobi, Kenya|date=11 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|KIR|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Naare|first=Rikamati|title=Team Kiribati Ready for Glasgow 2026|url=https://bpa.org.ki/team-kiribati-ready-for-glasgow-2026/|website=BPA News|location=Tarawa, Kiribati|date=22 June 2026|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|LES|2026|14}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Litsitso|first=Letsunyane|date=24 May 2026|title=Lesotho Sends 14 Athletes to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://lesothotribune.co.ls/lesotho-sends-14-athletes-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Lesotho Tribune|location=Maseru, Lesotho|access-date=27 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MAW|2026|24}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Mmana|first=Samantha|title=Team Malawi unveiled for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.moc.org.mw/team-malawi-unveiled-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|website=[[Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association of Malawi|Malawi Olympic Committee]]|location=Lilongwe, Malawi|date=11 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MAS|2026|59}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ishak|first=Fadhli|title=OCM names lean and mean contingent for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/others/2026/07/1486164/ocm-names-lean-and-mean-contingent-commonwealth-games|work=[[New Straits Times]]|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|date=11 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MDV|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite web|title=ކޮމަންވެލްތު ގޭމްސްގައި ރާއްޖޭން ވާދަކުރަނީ ދެ ކުޅިވަރަކުން|trans-title=Maldives to compete in two sports at the Commonwealth Games|url=https://adhadhu.com/84511|website=Adhadhu|language=dv|location=Malé, Maldives|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MLT|2026|23}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vella-Galea|first=Maria|date=2026-07-08|title=Maltese Olympic Committee Announces Athletes for Glasgow, Taranto and Dakar|url=https://nocmalta.org/maltese-olympic-committee-announces-athletes-for-glasgow-taranto-and-dakar/|access-date=2026-07-09|website=Maltese Olympic Committee|language=en-US}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MRI|2026|40}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeux du Commonwealth 2026 : Team Mauritius officiellement présentée avant le départ pour Glasgow|trans-title=2026 Commonwealth Games: Team Mauritius officially presented before departure for Glasgow|url=https://topfm.mu/jeux-du-commonwealth-2026-team-mauritius-officiellement-presentee-avant-le-depart-pour-glasgow|location=Port Louis, Mauritius|website=TOP FM Mauritius|language=French|access-date=2 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MSR|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Montserrat|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/montserrat|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MOZ|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Boxe fora dos Jogos da Commonwealth|trans-title=Boxing out of the Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.jornaldesafio.co.mz/index.php/2026/07/23/boxe-fora-dos-jogos-da-commonwealth/|work=Jornal Desafio|location=Maputo, Mozambique|language=pt|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NAM|2026|24}}<ref>{{cite news|date=5 June 2026|title=23 athletes to participate in the upcoming 2026 Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://economist.com.na/107239/sport/23-athletes-to-participate-in-the-upcoming-2026-glasgow-commonwealth-games/|work=www.economist.com.na|location=Windhoek, Namibia|publisher=[[Namibia Economist]]|access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NRU|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2026|title=Team Announcement 3/3|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Be7pFPxvn/|website=[[Facebook]]|location=Yaren, Nauru|publisher=[[Nauru Olympic Committee]]|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NZL|2026|113}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Kiwi Commonwealth Games team: Ellesse Andrews heading big medal hopes chasing gold in Glasgow|url=https://www.thepost.co.nz/sport/361043097/meet-kiwi-commonwealth-games-team-ellesse-andrews-heading-big-medal-hopes-chasing-gold-glasgow|work=[[The Post (New Zealand newspaper)|The Post]]|location=Wellington, New Zealand|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NGR|2026|72}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Eludini|first=Tunde|title=Tinubu charges Team Nigeria to 'win clean' at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/892571-tinubu-charges-team-nigeria-to-win-clean-at-2026-commonwealth-games.html|work=[[Premium Times]]|location=Abuja, Nigeria|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NIU|2026|11}}<ref name=pac>{{cite news|last=Momoisea|first=Penina|title=As the 2026 Commonwealth Games begin, meet the Pacific Island athletes competing|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pacific/commonwealth-games-2026-pacific-island-athletes-competing/106920598|work=[[ABC Pacific]]|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NFI|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Matthews|first=Betty|title=Norfolk Island Commonwealth Games Team, Sunday Parade|url=https://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/article/norfolk-island-commonwealth-games-team-sunday-parade|work=Norfolk Online News|location=Norfolk Island|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NIR|2026|65}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/cy9rp9v882qo|title=Meet Team NI athletes heading to the Commonwealth Games|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=13 July 2026|accessdate=13 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|PAK|2026|21}}<ref>{{Citation|title=Pakistan at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|date=2026-07-14|work=Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_at_the_2026_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=1364169501|access-date=2026-07-16|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|PNG|2026|35}}<ref>{{cite news|title=PNG names 55-member team for Glasgow Games|url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/png-names-55-member-team-for-glasgow-games/|work=[[The National (Papua New Guinea)|The National]]|location=Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea|date=8 July 2026|access-date=8 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|RWA|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Mugenga|first=Dylan|title=Swimming opens Team Rwanda's campaign at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/37641/sports/swimming/swimming-opens-team-rwandas-campaign-at-2026-commonwealth-games|work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|location=Kigali, Rwanda|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SHN|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The King's Baton Relay|url=https://www.sthelenaonline.org/the-kings-baton-relay/|work=Saint Helena online|location=Saint Helena|access-date=22 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SKN|2026|4}}<ref>{{cite web|title=St Kitts and Nevis Olympic Committee (SKNOC) Announces Delegations for 2026 Commonwealth Games and C.A.C Games|url=https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/127676|website=SKNVibes|location=Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|LCA|2026|3}}<ref>{{cite news|title=No easy ride to LA Olympics, 28 states SLOC president|url=https://thevoiceslu.com/2026/07/no-easy-ride-to-la-olympics-28-states-sloc-president/|work=The Voice|location=Castries, Saint Lucia|date=3 July 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|VIN|2026|8}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Eight named for Commonwealth Games 2026|url=https://www.searchlight.vc/sports/2026/07/24/eight-named-commonwealth-games-2026/|work=Searchlight|location=Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|date=24 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SAM|2026|21}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Faulalo|first=Sulamanaia Manaui|title=Glasgow-bound Samoa teams head to Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/sport/120885|work=[[Samoa Observer]]|location=Apia, Samoa|date=10 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SCO|2026|177}} '''(host)''' *{{flagCGF|SEY|2026|18}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Bonnelame|first=Betymie|title=Team Seychelles targets first Commonwealth Games gold as new cash rewards announced|url=https://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/22185/team-seychelles-targets-first-commonwealth-games-gold-as-new-cash-rewards-announced|work=[[Seychelles News Agency]]|location=Victoria, Seychelles|date=16 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SLE|2026|19}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/sierra-leone|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SGP|2026|53}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Team Singapore embarks on Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games campaign – Singapore National Olympic Council|url=https://singaporeolympics.com/team-singapore-embarks-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-campaign/|access-date=2026-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SOL|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Inifiri Jr|first=Timothy|title=Team Solomon named for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.solomonstarnews.com/%F0%9D%97%A0%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%97%F0%9D%97%94%F0%9D%97%9F-%F0%9D%97%9C%F0%9D%97%A1%F0%9D%97%96%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%A1%F0%9D%97%A7%F0%9D%97%9C%F0%9D%97%A9%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%A6/|work=Solomon Star News|location=Honiara, Solomon Islands|date=19 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|RSA|2026|112}}<ref name=rsateam>{{cite news|last=Pita|first=Lebohang|title=Team SA names 112 athletes for multi-sport Glasgow Games campaign|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/springs-advertiser/sports-news/local-sports/2026/06/28/team-sa-names-112-athletes-for-multi-sport-glasgow-games-campaign|work=Springs Advertiser|location=Springs, South Africa|date=28 June 2026|access-date=28 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SRI|2026|40}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ratnaweera|first=Dhammika|title=Tharanga leads 40-athlete Sri Lanka squad|url=https://dailynews.lk/2026/07/17/sports/1028352/tharanga-leads-40-athlete-sri-lanka-squad/|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TAN|2026|12}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-07-13|title=Tanzania unveils 12-strong squad for Scotland Games|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/sports/swimming/tanzania-unveils-12-strong-squad-for-scotland-games-5525362|access-date=2026-07-13|website=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TOG|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Edorh|first=Nicolas|title=Jeux du Commonwealth Glasgow 2026 : voici les athlètes togolais en lice|trans-title=Commonwealth Games Glasgow 2026: here are the Togolese athletes competing|language=fr|url=https://lanouvelletribune.tg/jeux-du-commonwealth-glasgow-2026-voici-les-athletes-togolais-en-lice/|work=La Nouvelle Tribune|location=Lomé, Togo|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TGA|2026|28}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Tonga will compete across eight sports at Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://matangitonga.to/2026/06/23/team-tonga-glasgow-2026|work=Matangi Tonga|location=Nukuʻalofa, Tonga|date=23 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TTO|2026|37}}<ref>{{cite news|title=T&T 36 athletes set for Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/sports/tt-36-athletes-set-for-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow-6.2.2631421.dfeb9f32ea|work=[[Trinidad and Tobago Guardian]]|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TCA|2026|9}}<ref>{{cite web|title=We can hear it now... Team TCI! Raise your flag!|url=https://www.facebook.com/tcisportscommission/photos/we-can-hear-it-now-team-tci-raise-your-flag-drop-in-the-comments-turksandcaicosi/1355869126685880/|website=[[Facebook]]|publisher=Turks and Caicos Islands Sports Commission|location=Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands|date=21 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TUV|2026|8}}<ref>{{cite web|date=15 July 2026|title=Meet your team that will represent our small nation at the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games.|url=https://www.facebook.com/TASNOC/photos/meet-your-team-that-will-represent-our-small-nation-at-the-glasgow-2026-commonwe/1442109287953924/|website=[[Facebook]]|location=Funafuti, Tuvalu|publisher=[[Tuvalu Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee]]|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|UGA|2026|55}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Uganda flags off team for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://english.news.cn/20260716/0ef8feb2f4bb431bb6fa0736413b50c5/c.html|work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|location=Beijing, China|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|VAN|2026|14}}<ref name=vanuteam>{{Cite web|last=Tora|first=Iliesa|date=2026-06-15|title=Pacific Islands name teams for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/pacific/598212/pacific-islands-name-teams-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games|access-date=2026-06-17|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|WAL|2026|114}}<ref name=walann>{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Celyn|date=2026-06-19|title=Team Wales Announces Athletes for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://teamwales.cymru/team-wales-announces-athletes-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|access-date=2026-06-19|website=Team Wales|language=en-GB}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ZAM|2026|22}}<ref>{{cite news|date=13 June 2026|title=Zambia enters 5 disciplines for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2026/06/13/zambia-enters-5-disciplines-for-commonwealth-games/|work=Lusaka Times|location=Lusaka Times|access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref> {{div col end}} |} '''Number of athletes by Commonwealth Games Association''' {{sticky table start}} {|class="wikitable sortable sticky-table-head" style="border:0;" |- ! width=50|Ranking ! width=250|CGA ! width=25|# of Athletes |- |align=center|1||{{flagCGF|AUS|2026}}||align=center|257 |- |align=center|2||{{flagCGF|ENG|2026}}||align=center|204 |- |align=center|3||{{flagCGF|SCO|2026}}||align=center|177 |- |align=center|4||{{flagCGF|CAN|2026}}||align=center|149 |- |align=center|5||{{flagCGF|IND|2026}}||align=center|122 |- |align=center|6||{{flagCGF|WAL|2026}}||align=center|114 |- |align=center|7||{{flagCGF|NZL|2026}}||align=center|113 |- |align=center|8||{{flagCGF|RSA|2026}}||align=center|112 |- |align=center|9||{{flagCGF|KEN|2026}}||align=center|93 |- |align=center|10||{{flagCGF|JAM|2026}}||align=center|76 |- |align=center|11||{{flagCGF|NGR|2026}}||align=center|72 |- |align=center|12||{{flagCGF|NIR|2026}}||align=center|65 |- |align=center|13||{{flagCGF|MAS|2026}}||align=center|59 |- |align=center|14||{{flagCGF|UGA|2026}}||align=center|55 |- |align=center|15||{{flagCGF|SGP|2026}}||align=center|53 |- |align=center rowspan=3|16||{{flagCGF|GHA|2026}}||align=center|40 |- |{{flagCGF|MRI|2026}}||align=center|40 |- |{{flagCGF|SRI|2026}}||align=center|40 |- |align=center|19||{{flagCGF|TTO|2026}}||align=center|37 |- |align=center rowspan=2|20||{{flagCGF|CYP|2026}}||align=center|36 |- |{{flagCGF|FIJ|2026}}||align=center|36 |- |align=center|22||{{flagCGF|PNG|2026}}||align=center|35 |- |align=center rowspan=2|23||{{flagCGF|IOM|2026}}||align=center|28 |- |{{flagCGF|TGA|2026}}||align=center|28 |- |align=center|25||{{flagCGF|BOT|2026}}||align=center|25 |- |align=center rowspan=2|26||{{flagCGF|MAW|2026}}||align=center|24 |- |{{flagCGF|NAM|2026}}||align=center|24 |- |align=center|28||{{flagCGF|MLT|2026}}||align=center|23 |- |align=center rowspan=2|29||{{flagCGF|JEY|2026}}||align=center|22 |- |{{flagCGF|ZAM|2026}}||align=center|22 |- |align=center rowspan=3|31||{{flagCGF|BAR|2026}}||align=center|21 |- |{{flagCGF|PAK|2026}}||align=center|21 |- |{{flagCGF|SAM|2026}}||align=center|21 |- |align=center rowspan=4|34||{{flagCGF|BAH|2026}}||align=center|20 |- |{{flagCGF|CMR|2026}}||align=center|20 |- |{{flagCGF|CAY|2026}}||align=center|20 |- |{{flagCGF|GGY|2026}}||align=center|20 |- |align=center|38||{{flagCGF|SLE|2026}}||align=center|19 |- |align=center|39||{{flagCGF|SEY|2026}}||align=center|18 |- |align=center rowspan=2|40||{{flagCGF|GIB|2026}}||align=center|16 |- |{{flagCGF|GUY|2026}}||align=center|16 |- |align=center rowspan=2|42||{{flagCGF|BAN|2026}}||align=center|15 |- |{{flagCGF|COK|2026}}||align=center|15 |- |align=center rowspan=2|44||{{flagCGF|LES|2026}}||align=center|14 |- |{{flagCGF|VAN|2026}}||align=center|14 |- |align=center rowspan=4|46||{{flagCGF|BER|2026}}||align=center|13 |- |{{flagCGF|MDV|2026}}||align=center|13 |- |{{flagCGF|NRU|2026}}||align=center|13 |- |{{flagCGF|SOL|2026}}||align=center|13 |- |align=center rowspan=3|50||{{flagCGF|ANT|2026}}||align=center|12 |- |{{flagCGF|GAM|2026}}||align=center|12 |- |{{flagCGF|TAN|2026}}||align=center|12 |- |align=center rowspan=2|53||{{flagCGF|IVB|2026}}||align=center|11 |- |{{flagCGF|NIU|2026}}||align=center|11 |- |align=center rowspan=6|55||{{flagCGF|AIA|2026}}||align=center|10 |- |{{flagCGF|SWZ|2026}}||align=center|10 |- |{{flagCGF|GRN|2026}}||align=center|10 |- |{{flagCGF|KIR|2026}}||align=center|10 |- |{{flagCGF|RWA|2026}}||align=center|10 |- |{{flagCGF|TOG|2026}}||align=center|10 |- |align=center|61||{{flagCGF|TCA|2026}}||align=center|9 |- |align=center rowspan=2|62||{{flagCGF|VIN|2026}}||align=center|8 |- |{{flagCGF|TUV|2026}}||align=center|8 |- |align=center rowspan=4|64||{{flagCGF|GAB|2026}}||align=center|7 |- |{{flagCGF|MSR|2026}}||align=center|7 |- |{{flagCGF|MOZ|2026}}||align=center|7 |- |{{flagCGF|SHN|2026}}||align=center|7 |- |align=center rowspan=3|68||{{flagCGF|BRU|2026}}||align=center|6 |- |{{flagCGF|FLK|2026}}||align=center|6 |- |{{flagCGF|NFI|2026}}||align=center|6 |- |align=center|71||{{flagCGF|BIZ|2026}}||align=center|5 |- |align=center|72||{{flagCGF|SKN|2026}}||align=center|4 |- |align=center rowspan=2|73||{{flagCGF|DMA|2026}}||align=center|3 |- |{{flagCGF|LCA|2026}}||align=center|3 |} {{sticky table end}} ==Medal table== {{Medals table | caption = 2026 Commonwealth Games<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/ng-interactive/2026/jul/23/commonwealth-games-2026-medal-table|title=Commonwealth Games 2026 medal table|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|access-date=2 August 2026}}</ref> | host = SCO | show_limit = <includeonly>10</includeonly> | flag_template = flagCGF | event = 2026 | team = CGA | remaining_link = [[2026 Commonwealth Games medal table#Medal table|Others]] | gold_AUS = 70 | silver_AUS = 45 | bronze_AUS = 56 | gold_BAH =1 | silver_BAH = 0 | bronze_BAH = 1 | gold_BAR =0 | silver_BAR = 1 | bronze_BAR = 0 | gold_BER = 0 | silver_BER = 0 | bronze_BER = 1 | gold_IVB =1 | silver_IVB = 0 | bronze_IVB = 0 | gold_CMR =1 | silver_CMR = 1 | bronze_CMR = 3 | gold_CAN= 19 | silver_CAN = 21 | bronze_CAN = 23 | gold_CYP =1 | silver_CYP = 5 | bronze_CYP = 6 | gold_DMA = 1 | silver_DMA = 0 | bronze_DMA = 0 | gold_ENG =29 | silver_ENG = 45 | bronze_ENG = 36 | gold_FIJ = 1 | silver_FIJ = 0 | bronze_FIJ = 1 | gold_GAB = 0 | silver_GAB = 0 | bronze_GAB = 1 | gold_GAM = 0 | silver_GAM = 0 | bronze_GAM = 1 | gold_GHA =0 | silver_GHA = 1 | bronze_GHA = 1 | gold_GRN =1 | silver_GRN = 0 | bronze_GRN = 0 | gold_GUE =0 | silver_GUE = 1 | bronze_GUE = 0 | gold_IND = 13 | silver_IND = 17 | bronze_IND = 9 | gold_IOM =1 | silver_IOM = 0 | bronze_IOM = 1 | gold_JAM = 10 | silver_JAM = 4 | bronze_JAM = 5 | gold_JEY =1 | silver_JEY = 1 | bronze_JEY = 0 | gold_KEN= 3 | silver_KEN = 4 | bronze_KEN = 5 | gold_LES = 0 | silver_LES = 0 | bronze_LES = 2 | gold_MAS =8 | silver_MAS = 3 | bronze_MAS = 5 | gold_MLT = 0 | silver_MLT = 0 | bronze_MLT = 1 | gold_MRI = 1 | silver_MRI = 2 | bronze_MRI = 1 | gold_NAM = 0 | silver_NAM = 1 | bronze_NAM = 2 | gold_NFK = 0 | silver_NFK = 0 | bronze_NFK = 1 | gold_NIR= 3 | silver_NIR = 4 | bronze_NIR = 9 | gold_NGR =10 | silver_NGR = 7 | bronze_NGR = 7 | gold_NZL= 10 | silver_NZL = 13 | bronze_NZL = 12 | gold_NRU = 0 | silver_NRU = 0 | bronze_NRU = 2 | gold_PAK = 0 | silver_PAK = 0 | bronze_PAK = 1 | gold_PNG = 0 | silver_PNG = 0 | bronze_PNG = 1 | gold_RSA= 7 | silver_RSA = 11 | bronze_RSA = 10 | gold_RWA =0 | silver_RWA = 0 | bronze_RWA = 1 | gold_SAM = 1 | silver_SAM = 1 | bronze_SAM = 0 | gold_SCO =13 | silver_SCO = 9 | bronze_SCO = 17 | host_SCO = Yes | gold_SGP = 0 | silver_SGP = 2 | bronze_SGP = 0 | gold_SRI = 1 | silver_SRI = 1 | bronze_SRI = 0 | gold_TGA = 0 | silver_TGA = 0 | bronze_TGA = 1 | gold_TTO = 0 | silver_TTO = 3 | bronze_TTO = 4 | gold_TUV = 0 | silver_TUV = 0 | bronze_TUV = 1 | gold_UGA = 0 | silver_UGA = 2 | bronze_UGA = 1 | gold_WAL = 9 | silver_WAL = 10 | bronze_WAL = 12 | gold_ZAM = 0 | silver_ZAM = 0 | bronze_ZAM = 2 }}Note: Insyd de swimming events, na der be three ties for de medal places. Two gold medals be awarded insyd de men's 50 metre butterfly,<ref>{{cite news|last=Rieder|first=David|title=Commonwealth Games, Day 6 Finals: Kyle Chalmers, Ben Armbruster Tie for 50 Fly Gold With Another Australian Sweep|url=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/commonwealth-games-day-6-finals-kyle-chalmers-ben-armbruster-tie-for-50-fly-gold-with-another-australian-sweep/|work=Swimming World Magazine|date=29 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> two silver medals insyd de men's 200 metre freestyle,<ref>{{cite news|last=Bregman|first=Scott|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Kai Taylor wins 200m freestyle gold from lane one in Glasgow|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/commonwealth-games-2026-kai-taylor-wins-200m-freestyle-gold-from-lane-one-in-glasgow|work=[[Olympics.com]]|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|date=29 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> den two bronze medals insyd de women's 50 metre breaststroke.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bennett|first=Charlie|title=Imogen Clark celebrates bronze after tough four-year journey|url=https://www.ealingtimes.co.uk/news/26419579.imogen-clark-celebrates-bronxe-tough-four-year-journey/|work=Ealing Times|location=London, England|date=29 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> == Sports == Given de urgency den lack of time to organise de event, dis go be de lowest number of sports dem offer at de Games since 1994. Dey start plus dis edition, de Games go get two compulsory sports per: {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * {{GamesSport|3x3 basketball|Events=2}} **{{GamesSport|Wheelchair 3x3 basketball|Events=2|Format=m|Image=no}} * {{GamesSport|Artistic gymnastics|Events=14}} * {{GamesSport|Athletics|Events=43}} **{{GamesSport|Para athletics|Events=16|Format=m|Image=no}} * {{GamesSport|Bowls|Events=4}} **{{GamesSport|Para bowls|Events=3|Format=m|Image=no}} * {{GamesSport|Boxing|Events=14}} * {{GamesSport|Judo|Events=14}} * {{GamesSport|Netball|Events=1}} * {{GamesSport|Swimming|Events=42}} **{{GamesSport|Para swimming|Events=14|Format=m|Image=no}} * {{GamesSport|Track cycling|Events=18}} ** {{GamesSport|Para track cycling|Events=8|Format=m|Image=no}} * {{GamesSport|Weightlifting|Events=16}} ** {{GamesSport|Para powerlifting|Events=4}} {{div col end}} Six of de chosen sports hold a Para sport element. Dese be Para Athletics, Para Track Cycling, 3x3 Wheelchair Basketball, Para Swimming, Para Bowls, den Para Powerlifting.<ref name=":4" /> Sports den disciplines dem drop from de previous Games dey include [[badminton]], [[beach volleyball]], [[Twenty20 cricket]], [[diving (sport)|diving]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[mountain biking]], [[rhythmic gymnastics]], [[road bicycle racing|road cycling]], [[rugby sevens]], [[squash (sport)|squash]], [[table tennis]] den [[para table tennis]], [[triathlon]] den [[para triathlon]] den [[wrestling]]. Of de full-sided team sports, [[netball]] den [[3x3 basketball]] per be included. Sam outdoor public access events insyd retained sports such as athletics (marathons den race walking) den cycling (mountain bike den road cycling) sanso be dropped secof costs, while na dem hold de bowls competition insyd de indoor bowls format, rather dan de traditional lawn bowls format. Several sports programmes receive changes insyd dema formats. Insyd sam cases, de number of quotas increase, insyd oda cases na dem hold a new variety give de first time.<ref name="BBCSportsOct242">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cly3yv91595o|title=Sports announced for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|first1=Megan|last1=Bonar|first2=Jonathan|last2=Geddes|newspaper=[[BBC Sport]]|date=22 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117144915/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cly3yv91595o|archive-date=17 November 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rugby, hockey and cricket cut from streamlined 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/oct/22/commonwealth-games-2026-schedule-scotland |access-date=22 October 2024 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=22 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241022053511/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/oct/22/commonwealth-games-2026-schedule-scotland |archive-date=22 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Rugby and cricket among sports dropped from scaled-down event |url=https://www.skysports.com/more-sports/news/19884/13238591/commonwealth-games-2026-rugby-and-cricket-among-sports-dropped-from-scaled-down-event |access-date=22 October 2024 |newspaper=[[Sky Sports]] |date=22 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241022094508/https://www.skysports.com/more-sports/news/19884/13238591/commonwealth-games-2026-rugby-and-cricket-among-sports-dropped-from-scaled-down-event|archive-date=22 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Changes to de sporting programme=== '''Parasports'''<br/>De Games feature de largest number of Para sport events insyd Commonwealth Games history, plus 47 finals across six sports.<ref name="BBCSportsOct242" /> '''Athletics'''<br/>Organisers decide to add de mixed 4x400 race wey dem opt for de return of de [[Mile run|Mile event]] instead of de 1,500m track event. Na dem last hold de mile insyd [[Athletics at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1966]]; organisers consider de revival an homage to de "Miracle Mile" from [[1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|Vancouver 1954]] between [[Roger Bannister]] den [[John Landy]], den for de first time ever, dis event go be contested by women. Parathletics go see athletes compete insyd de three disciplines of de sport: jumping, throwing den track events.<ref name="BBCSportsOct242" /> '''Basketball'''<br/>De number of teams insyd de 3x3 basketball tournaments be expanded. While de number of teams insyd de standing tournament increase to 12 per gender, de number of wheelchair teams increased to 8 give de women. De men's 3x3 wheelchair event remain at eight teams.<ref name="BBCSportsOct242" /> ''' Bowls '''<br/>Anoda major development insyd Glasgow go be de redesign of de bowls competition, na e be indoors wey no be on grass. Plus de revised programme, de number of events drop from 11 to 7, as de triples den fours competitions be removed.<ref name=":program">{{Cite news|date=6 February 2025|title=Mile races will be among more than 200 Glasgow 2026 golds|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/c20g84g2rz1o|access-date=6 February 2025|website=BBC Sport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207154759/https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/c20g84g2rz1o|archive-date=7 February 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 February 2025|title=Glasgow 2026: Miracle mile returns|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1151723/glasgow-2026-miracle-mile-returns-after|work=Inside the Games|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725021657/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1151723/glasgow-2026-miracle-mile-returns-after|archive-date=25 July 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Cycling'''<br/>Despite de non-occurrence of mountain biking den road events, de number of cycling events dem hold be maintained at 26 plus de elimination race dem add to de able-bodied track programme, den de number of parasports events double from 4 to 8 to include C class cyclists.<ref name="BBCSportsOct242" /> '''Swimming'''<br/>De number of events insyd de swimming programme increase from 52 to 54 across both Para den non Para competitions, plus de addition of de 800m freestyle event give men den de 1500m freestyle event give women.<ref name="BBCSportsOct242" /> ==Calendar== Na dem release de schedule on 31 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2025|title=Session Schedule Unveiled for the UK's Biggest Sporting Event Next Year|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4328872/session-schedule-unveiled-for-the-uk-s-biggest-sporting-event-next-year|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=4 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804052356/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4328872/session-schedule-unveiled-for-the-uk-s-biggest-sporting-event-next-year|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Competition Schedule|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/schedule/overview|access-date=2 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=4 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804052703/https://www.glasgow2026.com/schedule/overview|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2 August 2025|title=Glasgow 2026 unveils schedule|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1154471/glasgow-2026-unveils-schedule|work=Inside the Games|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804052622/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1154471/glasgow-2026-unveils-schedule|archive-date=4 August 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 July 2026|title=Bowls and Para Bowls gets extra day and £10 tickets to kick off Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games after large entry with Draw and Schedule revealed|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4534556/bowls-and-para-bowls-gets-extra-day-and-10-tickets-to-kick-off-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-after-large-entry-with-draw-and-schedule-revealed|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> :''All times and dates use [[British Summer Time]] ([[UTC+1]])'' {| class=wikitable style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; position:relative; width:75%;" |- |style="width:2.5em; background-color:#00cc33; text-align:center;"|'''OC'''||Opening ceremony |style="width:2.5em; background-color:#3399ff; text-align:center;"|●||Event competitions |style="width:2.5em; background-color:#ffcc00; text-align:center;"|'''1'''||Gold medal events |style="width:2.5em; background-color:#ee3333; text-align:center;"|'''CC'''||Closing ceremony |} {| class=wikitable style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em; width:75%;" |- !style=width:20%; colspan=2 rowspan=2|July/August 2026 !colspan=9|July !colspan=2|August !style=width:7%; rowspan=2|Events |- !style=width:4%;|23rd<br/>Thu !style=width:4%;|24th<br/>Fri !style=width:4%;|25th<br/>Sat !style=width:4%;|26th<br/>Sun !style=width:4%;|27th<br/>Mon !style=width:4%;|28th<br/>Tue !style=width:4%;|29th<br/>Wed !style=width:4%;|30th<br/>Thu !style=width:4%;|31st<br/>Fri !style=width:4%;|1st<br/>Sat !style=width:4%;|2nd<br/>Sun |- | colspan=2|[[File:Commonwealth Games Federation symbol (2019- Till Date) Black.svg|20px]] Ceremonies|| style="background-color:#00cc33;text-align:center;" |'''OC''' || || || || || || || || || || style="background-color:#ee3333;text-align:center;" |'''CC'''||{{n/a}} |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:3x3 basketball pictogram.svg|20px]] [[3x3 basketball at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|3x3 basketball]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--25-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--26-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--27-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--28-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--29-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''4''' <!--30-->| <!--31-->| <!--1-->| <!--2 -->! |'''4''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Artistic gymnastics at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Artistic gymnastics]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''1''' <!--25-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''1''' <!--26-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''2''' <!--27-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''5''' <!--28-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''5''' <!--29-->| <!--30-->| <!--31-->| <!--1-->| <!--2 -->! |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Athletics_pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Athletics at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->| <!--25-->| <!--26-->| <!--27-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''9''' <!--28-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''6''' <!--29-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''7''' <!--30-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''7''' <!--31-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''11''' <!--1-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''19''' <!--2 -->! |'''59''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Lawn bowls pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Bowls at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Bowls]]}} <!--23-->!style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--24-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--25-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--26-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--27-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--28-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''3''' <!--29-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--30-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--31-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--1-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--2 -->!style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|4 |'''7''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Boxing pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Boxing at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--25-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--26-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--27-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--28-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--29-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--30-->| <!--31-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--1-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''14''' <!--2 -->! |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Judo pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Judo at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Judo]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->| <!--25-->| <!--26-->| <!--27-->| <!--28-->| <!--29-->| <!--30-->| <!--31-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''5''' <!--1-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''5''' <!--2 -->!style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|4 |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Netball pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Netball at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Netball]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->| <!--25-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--26-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--27-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--28-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--29-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--30-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--31-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--1-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--2 -->!style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|1 |'''1''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Powerlifting pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Para powerlifting at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Para powerlifting]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''4''' <!--25-->| <!--26-->| <!--27-->| <!--28-->| <!--29-->| <!--30-->| <!--31-->| <!--1-->| <!--2 -->! |'''4''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Swimming pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Swimming at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''9''' <!--25-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''8''' <!--26-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''9''' <!--27-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''9''' <!--28-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''10''' <!--29-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''11''' <!--30-->| <!--31-->| <!--1-->| <!--2 -->! |'''56''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Cycling (track) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Cycling at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Track cycling]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->| <!--25-->| <!--26-->| <!--27-->| <!--28-->| <!--29-->| <!--30-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''7''' <!--31-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''7''' <!--1-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''6''' <!--2 -->!style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|6 |'''26''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Weightlifting pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Weightlifting at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->| <!--25-->| <!--26-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''3''' <!--27-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''4''' <!--28-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''3''' <!--29-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''3''' <!--30-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''3''' <!--31-->| <!--1-->| <!--2 -->! |'''16''' |- !colspan=2|Daily medal events !! 0 !! 14 !! 9 !! 14 !! 27 !! 27 !! 25 !! 17 !! 23 !! 44 !! 15 !! rowspan=2| 215 |- !colspan=2|Cumulative total !! 0 !! 14 !! 23 !! 37 !! 64 !! 91 !! 116 !! 133 !! 156 !! 200 !! 215 |- style="text-align:center;" |- !style=width:23%; colspan=2 rowspan=2|July/August 2026 !style=width:4%;|23rd<br/>Thu !style=width:4%;|24th<br/>Fri !style=width:4%;|25th<br/>Sat !style=width:4%;|26th<br/>Sun !style=width:4%;|27th<br/>Mon !style=width:4%;|28th<br/>Tue !style=width:4%;|29th<br/>Wed !style=width:4%;|30th<br/>Thu !style=width:4%;|31st<br/>Fri !style=width:4%;|1st<br/>Sat !style=width:4%;|2nd<br/>Sun !rowspan=2|Total events |- !colspan=9|July !colspan=2|August |}<section end="Calendar" /> ==Marketing== === Visual identity === De logo give de 2026 Commonwealth Games be described as a "historic first", wey dey integrate de Commonwealth Games Federation logo plus de visual den institutional identity of de city of Glasgow. E dey feature symbolic representations of de [[River Clyde]] den de [[Clyde Arc]] bridge, interwoven within de Commonwealth Sport celebration mark, dem display insyd de colours of de waterfront. E be created by Glasgow-based agency Loop Design.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/about/questions?fbclid=IwY2xjawGEaqhleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa07LX_nrJvvmLahn0eyQYTIebho_lcLbx1uvbwjRj5u52ssqNz0LunDog_aem__BulJmkKEk6Eg8nIn3tOzw |access-date=22 October 2024 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119125359/https://www.glasgow2026.com/about/questions?fbclid=IwY2xjawGEaqhleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa07LX_nrJvvmLahn0eyQYTIebho_lcLbx1uvbwjRj5u52ssqNz0LunDog_aem__BulJmkKEk6Eg8nIn3tOzw |archive-date=19 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> De official tartan give de 2026 Commonwealth Games insyd Glasgow be unveiled insyd July 2025 den created in collaboration plus award-winning Scottish fashion designer [[Siobhan Mackenzie]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=New tartan set to make its debut at Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/new-tartan-set-to-make-its-debut-at-glasgow-2026 |access-date=2025-07-22 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |archive-date=4 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053556/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/new-tartan-set-to-make-its-debut-at-glasgow-2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Registered plus de Scottish Register of Tartans, de design dey incorporate de vivid blue, pink, den purple tones of Glasgow 2026 set against a steel grey base – a symbolic nod to de city ein industrial heritage. De tartan ein thread count dey carry deeper meaning: 74 grey threads dey represent de number of participating nations den territories, while a bold blue thread count of 26 dey pay tribute to de year of de Games. De tartan go be produced insyd Scotland using local textiles den manufacturers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Check this: Glasgow reveals Commonwealth Games 2026 tartan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qx2q9473vo |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=BBC News |archive-date=17 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717120126/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qx2q9473vo|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mascot === [[File:Finnie the Unicorn mascot (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|210px|Finnie at de unveiling, 23 July 2025]] De official mascot for de 2026 Commonwealth Games na e be scheduled to be unveiled on 23 July 2025, marking exactly one year til de start of de Games. Na de mascot be designed by schoolkiddies across Scotland, wey dey encourage creativity den youth participation insyd de lead-up to de international sporting event. Ahead of de announcement, promotional efforts include a light-hearted video dem release on 9 July 2025 wey dey feature Clyde, de popular thistle mascot of de 2014 Commonwealth Games dem hold insyd Glasgow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Commonwealth mascot Clyde out of the running for 2026 Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czry48vpmyro |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=[[BBC]] }}</ref> On 23 July 2025 na de mascot of de games be announced as Finnie, a Glaswegian unicorn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=Magic moment: Official Glasgow 2026 mascot Finnie unveiled|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4320470/magic-moment-official-glasgow-2026-mascot-finnie-unveiled |access-date=2025-06-23 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |archive-date=4 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053217/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4320470/magic-moment-official-glasgow-2026-mascot-finnie-unveiled|url-status=live}}</ref> She be named after de city ein Finnieston Crane den dey sport a traffic cone as ein horn, wey dey reference de custom of putting a traffic cone on Glasgow ein Duke of Wellington statue. De unicorn be Scotland ein national animal den supporter of de royal coat of arms of Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2025 |title=Goodbye Clyde, Hello Finnie!: Glasgow Commonwealth Games mascot unveiled |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wprgqnz5wo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723074704/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wprgqnz5wo |archive-date=23 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Ambassadors === Scotland ein reigning 10,000m Commonwealth Champion, [[Eilish McColgan]], be announced as de first official Games Ambassador for de Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games on 21 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-21 |title=Eilish McColgan Named First Official Ambassador for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/eilish-mccolgan-named-first-official-ambassador-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |access-date=2025-07-22 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |archive-date=4 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053207/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/eilish-mccolgan-named-first-official-ambassador-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|url-status=live}}</ref> Weightlifter [[Emily Campbell]], gymnast [[Jake Jarman]], wheelchair basketball player [[Robyn Love]] and swimmer [[Duncan Scott (swimmer)|Duncan Scott]] all be subsequently announced as Ambassadors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4364429/commonwealth-weightlifting-champion-emily-campbell-announced-as-official-games-ambassador |title=Commonwealth Weightlifting Champion Emily Campbell announced as Official Games Ambassador |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |date=17 September 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4375155/jake-jarman-joins-glasgow-2026-as-athlete-ambassador |title=Jake Jarman Joins Glasgow 2026 as Athlete Ambassador |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |date=3 October 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4376925/robyn-love-honoured-to-be-a-glasgow-2026-athlete-ambassador |title=Robyn Love "honoured" to be a Glasgow 2026 Athlete Ambassador |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |date=6 October 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4388485/scotland-s-most-decorated-commonwealth-games-athlete-announced-as-official-glasgow-2026-ambassador |title=Scotland's Most Decorated Commonwealth Games Athlete Announced as Official Glasgow 2026 Ambassador |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |date=23 October 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> === Corporate sponsorship === {|class="wikitable collapsible " style="float:center; margin:10px;" width=90% ! Sponsors of de 2026 Commonwealth Games<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Partner Family|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships|access-date=13 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=19 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819230742/https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Principal Partners {{col-start}} {{col-5}} * [[Bupa]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bupa announced as Official Healthcare Principal Partner to Glasgow 2026=|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4516373/bupa-announced-as-official-healthcare-principal-partner-to-glasgow-2026|date=9 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[EDF Energy]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iconic Glasgow 2026 Venues Set To Be Powered By Zero Carbon Scottish Electricity as EDF Becomes a Principal Games Partner|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4518259/iconic-glasgow-2026-venues-set-to-be-powered-by-zero-carbon-scottish-electricity-as-edf-becomes-a-principal-games-partner|date=12 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{col-5}} * [[HBO Max]] {{col-5}} * Ideagen<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ideagen becomes Games first AI technology Principal Partner and backs Commonwealth Netball|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4498564/ideagen-becomes-games-first-ai-technology-principal-partner-and-backs-commonwealth-netball|date=5 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Longines]] {{col-end}} |- |Partners {{col-start}} {{col-5}} * Allied Mobility<ref>{{Cite web|title=Allied Mobility Announced As Official Accessibility Partner For Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4506543/allied-mobility-announced-as-official-accessibility-partner-for-glasgow-2026|date=20 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[KKCG#Lottery and gambling|Allwyn Entertainment]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Lottery operator Allwyn announced as Official Volunteer Learning and Development Partner of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4437643/national-lottery-operator-allwyn-announced-as-official-volunteer-learning-and-development-partner-of-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=21 January 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Amul]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amul joins as Official Partner of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4541260/amul-joins-as-official-partner-of-glasgow-2026|date=22 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{col-5}} * [[BYD Auto]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=BYD announced as the Official Car Partner of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4444982/byd-announced-as-the-official-car-partner-of-glasgow-2026|date=5 February 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[CMS (law firm)|CMS]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Leading Law Firm CMS as Legal Partner|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4373648/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-law-firm-cms-as-legal-partner|date=1 October 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113504/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4373648/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-law-firm-cms-as-legal-partner|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Coca-Cola Europacific Partners|Coca-Cola]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola Named as Official Soft Drinks Partner to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4479927/coca-cola-named-as-official-soft-drinks-partner-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=2 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{col-5}} * [[Jubel beer|Jubel]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 and JUBEL Raise a Pint to Official Games Partnership|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4482896/glasgow-2026-and-jubel-raise-a-pint-to-official-games-partnership|date=7 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Trespass (clothing)|Trespass]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trespass to Kit Out Glasgow 2026 Workforce and Volunteers as Returning Sponsor|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4335154/trespass-to-kit-out-glasgow-2026-workforce-and-volunteers-as-returning-sponsor|date=7 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=8 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908030146/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4335154/trespass-to-kit-out-glasgow-2026-workforce-and-volunteers-as-returning-sponsor|url-status=live}}</ref> * Trivandi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Global Major Event Leader Trivandi to Deliver Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4339534/glasgow-2026-appoints-global-major-event-leader-trivandi-to-deliver-games|date=13 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=8 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908031117/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4339534/glasgow-2026-appoints-global-major-event-leader-trivandi-to-deliver-games|url-status=live}}</ref> {{col-end}} |- |Providers {{col-start}} {{col-5}} * Actua * Dynamik Sports Floors<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Leading Sports Flooring Specialists DYNAMIK as Official Provider|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4365582/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-sports-flooring-specialists-dynamik-as-official-provider|date=20 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113808/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4365582/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-sports-flooring-specialists-dynamik-as-official-provider|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Eleiko]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eleiko Named Official Weightlifting and Para Powerlifting Equipment Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4486656/eleiko-named-official-weightlifting-and-para-powerlifting-equipment-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=13 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * InBudget<ref>{{Cite web|title=InBudget announced as Official Cost Planning and Budgeting Software Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4398026/inbudget-announced-as-official-cost-planning-and-budgeting-software-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=7 November 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{col-5}} * [[Live Nation Entertainment]] ([[Ticketmaster]]) * [[Wasserman (company)|Live Team]] * Microplus<ref>{{Cite web|title=Microplus appointed as Official Provider of Games Information Systems|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4368664/microplus-appointed-as-official-provider-of-games-information-systems|date=24 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113726/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4368664/microplus-appointed-as-official-provider-of-games-information-systems|url-status=live}}</ref> * My Peak Challenge {{col-5}} * [[Riedel Communications]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riedel to Support Glasgow 2026 as Official Connectivity Integration Provider|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4500058/riedel-to-support-glasgow-2026-as-official-connectivity-integration-provider|date=8 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * SLX<ref>{{Cite web|title=SLX announced as Official Provider of Broadcast Lighting and Rigging for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4369872/slx-announced-as-official-provider-of-broadcast-lighting-and-rigging-for-glasgow-2026|date=26 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113740/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4369872/slx-announced-as-official-provider-of-broadcast-lighting-and-rigging-for-glasgow-2026|url-status=live}}</ref> * Sting<ref>{{Cite web|title=STING named Official Boxing Equipment Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4488038/sting-named-official-boxing-equipment-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=15 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Tour De 4<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland's sporting icon Sir Chris Hoy and Tour de 4 join the Glasgow 2026 team|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4514784/scotland-s-sporting-icon-sir-chris-hoy-and-tour-de-4-join-the-glasgow-2026-team|date=5 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{col-end}} |- |Official Supporters<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Supporters|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships/official-supporters|access-date=21 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{col-start}} {{col-5}} * Aspen Solutions<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aspen Solutions appointed as Official Supporter for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4520802/aspen-solutions-appointed-as-official-supporter-for-glasgow-2026|date=17 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Duncan Farms<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cracking News: Duncan's Eggs named Official Egg Provider to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4522145/cracking-news-duncan-s-eggs-named-official-egg-provider-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=19 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[First Travel Solutions]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stop the bus, it's 50 Days to Go until Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4513616/stop-the-bus-it-s-50-days-to-go-until-glasgow-2026|date=3 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Glasgow Airport]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finnie checks in as Glasgow Airport becomes Official Supporter of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4507311/finnie-checks-in-as-glasgow-airport-becomes-official-supporter-of-glasgow-2026|date=21 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Karex]] (Pasante Healthcare) {{col-5}} * MIH Major Events * [[OFX (company)|OFX]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=OFX supporting financial operations behind the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4550621/ofx-supporting-financial-operations-behind-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=31 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|access-date=12 August 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260731184856/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4550621/ofx-supporting-financial-operations-behind-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|archive-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> * Scotsman Hospitality<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotsman Hospitality named Official Supporter of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4536160/scotsman-hospitality-named-official-supporter-of-glasgow-2026|date=15 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|access-date=10 August 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720091950/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4536160/scotsman-hospitality-named-official-supporter-of-glasgow-2026|archive-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> * Scottish Action for Mental Health<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 to be first mentally healthy Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4531839/glasgow-2026-to-be-first-mentally-healthy-commonwealth-games|date=7 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|access-date=10 August 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714115125/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4531839/glasgow-2026-to-be-first-mentally-healthy-commonwealth-games|archive-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> {{col-5}} * [[Scottish Water]] * The Superlative Collection<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow Restaurants Serve Up Official Support for Glasgow 2026 with Foodie Trail|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4513965/glasgow-restaurants-serve-up-official-support-for-glasgow-2026-with-foodie-trail|date=4 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Vieve * Walker Slater * Zero Waste Scotland {{col-end}} |} ==Broadcasting== *Asia – [[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union|ABU]] *Australia – [[Seven Network]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2025/04/seven-signs-deal-for-commonwealth-games-2026-2030.html|title=Seven signs deal for Commonwealth Games 2026, 2030|date=13 April 2025|website=TV Tonight|access-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415223121/https://tvtonight.com.au/2025/04/seven-signs-deal-for-commonwealth-games-2026-2030.html |archive-date=15 April 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 April 2025|title=Seven renews Commonwealth commitment|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1152876/seven-renews-tv-strea-commonwealth-games|work=Inside the Games|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415233838/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1152876/seven-renews-tv-strea-commonwealth-games|archive-date=15 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> * Brunei – [[Radio Television Brunei|RTB]] * Canada – [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC/Radio-Canada]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nakhuda|first=Mikail|title=CBC/Radio-Canada to become exclusive Canadian broadcaster of the 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/commonwealthgames/cbc-radio-canada-exclusive-broadcaster-commonweatlh-games-9.7250528|website=cbc.ca|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|access-date=28 June 2026}}</ref> * [[Caribbean|Caribbean region]] - RushSports<ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadcast deals struck in APAC, Africa, Caribbean for Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.sportcal.com/news/broadcast-deals-struck-in-apac-africa-caribbean-for-commonwealth-games/?cf-view |url-status=live |website=SPORTCAL}}</ref> * Europe — [[Eurosport]] den [[HBO Max]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-07-16 |title=Warner Bros. Discovery Sports Europe (@WBDsports) on X |url=https://x.com/WBDsports/status/2077810160588706181?s=20 |access-date=2026-07-23 |work=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en-US}}</ref> * India – [[DD Sports]] den [[Sony Sports Network]]<ref>{{cite web|title=SPNI acquires rights for the 2026 Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/media/spni-acquires-rights-for-the-2026-glasgow-commonwealth-games/132430167|website=indiatimes.com|publisher=India Times|date=16 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> *Malaysia – [[Radio Televisyen Malaysia|RTM]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://berita.rtm.gov.my/arena/senarai-berita-arena/senarai-artikel/rtm-penyiar-rasmi-sukan-komanwel-glasgow-2026/|title=RTM Penyiar Rasmi Sukan Komanwel Glasgow 2026|date=22 July 2026|website=RTM|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> *New Zealand – [[Sky Network Television|Sky]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ministryofsport.com.au/sky-tv-wins-broadcast-rights-for-2022-and-2026-commonwealth-games/|title=Sky TV Wins Broadcast Rights For 2022 And 2026 Commonwealth Games|date=12 November 2019|website=Ministry of Sport|access-date=15 November 2019|archive-date=2019-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115085732/https://ministryofsport.com.au/sky-tv-wins-broadcast-rights-for-2022-and-2026-commonwealth-games/|url-status=live}}</ref> *Singapore – [[Mediacorp]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mewatch.my.site.com/helpcentre/s/article/Glasgow-2026-Commonwealth-Games-FAQs|title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games FAQs|date=17 July 2026|website=MeWatch Help Centre|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *[[Sub-Saharan Africa]] - Canal+([[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=Canal+ confirms broadcast rights for 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://supersport.com/commonwealth%20games/news/1b3b71a2-5be2-4b3b-840b-2e60ca0e2b19/canal-confirms-broadcast-rights-for-2026-commonwealth-games |access-date=2026-07-29 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}</ref> *United Kingdom – [[TNT Sports (United Kingdom)|TNT Sports]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=TNT Sports confirmed as live UK broadcast partner for Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4422497/tnt-sports-confirmed-as-live-uk-broadcast-partner-for-glasgow-2026 |access-date=2025-12-19 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> [[5 (British TV channel)|5]] (opening ceremony den daily highlights per),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Matt |last2=Hughes |first2=Exclusive by Matt |title=Channel 5 secures Commonwealth Games highlights deal as BBC ends 72-year run |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2026/may/15/channel-5-secures-commonwealth-games-highlights-deal-bbc-ends-72-year-run |access-date=17 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |date=15 May 2026}}</ref> [[S4C]] (Welsh language),<ref>{{Cite web|title=S4C announced as Welsh-language broadcaster for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4518260/s4c-announced-as-welsh-language-broadcaster-for-glasgow-2026|date=12 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> [[BBC Alba]] (Gaelic language)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-07-06|title=BBC ALBA to broadcast live action from the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2026/bbc-alba-to-broadcast-live-from-the-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow|access-date=6 July 2026|publisher=BBC}}</ref> *United States – [[BeIN Sports|beIN SPORTS]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-20 |title=Glasgow 2026 expands global broadcast reach as Commonwealth Sport enters a new era |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4539284/www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4539284/glasgow-2026-expands-global-broadcast-reach-as-commonwealth-sport-enters-a-new-era |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://glasgow2026.com Official website] * [https://onlineservices.glasgow.gov.uk/councillorsandcommittees/viewDoc.asp?c=P62AFQDN81NTNT81Z3 Official report from Glasgow City Council] * [https://www.teamscotland.scot/ Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland] [[Category:2026 Commonwealth Games| ]] [[Category:Commonwealth Games insyd Scotland]] [[Category:Commonwealth Games insyd de United Kingdom]] [[Category:International sports competitions insyd Glasgow|2026 Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:2026 insyd multi-sport events|Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:2026 insyd Scottish sport|Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:2020s insyd Glasgow]] [[Category:July 2026 sports events insyd de United Kingdom|Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:August 2026 sports events insyd de United Kingdom|Commonwealth Games]] nx40mkyxx4ztoyie5ogov5nhjtuzpf3 115690 115689 2026-11-04T19:08:16Z KiranBOT 3220 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v3.1.1s 115690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''2026 Commonwealth Games''', dem officially know as de '''XXIII Commonwealth Games''' den commonly known as '''Glasgow 2026''', be a planned multi-sport event dem schedule from 23 July to 2 August 2026, to be hosted insyd Glasgow, de largest city insyd Scotland, give members of de Commonwealth of Nations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brooks|first=Libby|date=17 September 2024|title=Glasgow to host 2026 Commonwealth Games after rescue deal agreed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/sep/17/glasgow-to-host-2026-commonwealth-games-after-rescue-deal-agreed|access-date=17 September 2024|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917131736/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/sep/17/glasgow-to-host-2026-commonwealth-games-after-rescue-deal-agreed|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news|date=17 July 2023|title=Scotland agrees to host Commonwealth Games in 2026, after Bangkok bid withdrawal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8ddeeklxko|access-date=17 July 2023|work=BBC News|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917124600/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8ddeeklxko|url-status=live}}</ref> Dis go be de fourth Commonwealth Games to be hosted insyd Scotland, dey follow de 1970 den 1986 games insyd Edinburgh, den de 2014 Games insyd Glasgow. De 2026 Commonwealth Games go be de first to be held since de death of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] den de accession of King Charles III as Head of the Commonwealth. Dis go be de first edition since Donald Rukare cam be presido of de Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF). For sam time, na de Games be widout a host after de Australian state of Victoria withdraw, dem initially be announced as de host insyd April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Games-Australian state to be confirmed 2026 Commonwealth Games host -report |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/1999991-games-australian-state-to-be-confirmed-2026-commonwealth-games-host--report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411230949/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/1999991-games-australian-state-to-be-confirmed-2026-commonwealth-games-host--report |archive-date=11 April 2022 |website=Devdiscourse}}</ref> On 18 July 2023, de Victorian state government cancel ein plans secof escalating cost projections. De city of Gold Coast, Queensland, briefly offer to co-host de event buh later withdraw for similar reasons. Plus no host, na der be a risk say de Games fi be postponed to 2027 anaa cancelled entirely.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=17 July 2023|title=Commonwealth Games: 2026 event in doubt after Victoria cancels|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66229574|access-date=17 July 2023|work=BBC News|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718004440/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66229574|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Costs Too High At Over $6 Billion |url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/commonwealth-games-costs-too-high-over-6-billion |access-date=18 July 2023 |publisher=Premier of Victoria|website=premier.vic.gov.au|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718031331/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/commonwealth-games-costs-too-high-over-6-billion|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":CancelledGuardian">{{Cite news |last1=Karp|first1=Paul|last2=Kelly|first2=Cait|last3=Ore|first3=Adeshola|date=18 July 2023|title=Australia Commonwealth Games 2026: Victoria cancels event after costs blow out to $7bn|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/18/australia-commonwealth-games-2026-victoria-cancels-event-after-funding-shortfall|access-date=17 July 2023|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=2023-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717233320/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/18/australia-commonwealth-games-2026-victoria-cancels-event-after-funding-shortfall|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 August 2024, reports surface say Glasgow reach an agreement to take over de hosting rights,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Trainer |first=Paul |date=11 August 2024 |title=Reports: Glasgow set to be announced as host city for Commonwealth Games 2026 |url=https://www.glasgowworld.com/news/glasgow-set-to-be-announced-as-host-city-for-commonwealth-games-2026-4737747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811193745/https://www.glasgowworld.com/news/glasgow-set-to-be-announced-as-host-city-for-commonwealth-games-2026-4737747 |archive-date=2024-08-11 |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=GlasgowWorld}}</ref> but de next day na e be clarified say talks be ongoing plus no final agreement anaa imminent announcement. Commonwealth Games Scotland propose a scaled-back version of de event, wey dey feature 10 to 13 sports den dey use existing infrastructure, plus £100 million insyd funding from de CGF den an additional £30 to 50 million from commercial sources, wey dey ensure no significant public funds go be required.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dewar|first1=Heather|date=12 August 2024|title=No decision as yet on host nation for troubled 2026 Commonwealth Games despite offer from Glasgow|url=https://whatsnew2day.com/no-decision-as-yet-on-host-nation-for-troubled-2026-commonwealth-games-despite-offer-from-glasgow/|access-date=12 August 2024|work=Daily Mail|archive-date=2024-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812152600/https://whatsnew2day.com/no-decision-as-yet-on-host-nation-for-troubled-2026-commonwealth-games-despite-offer-from-glasgow/|url-status=live}}</ref> A further update on 30 August 2024 confirm say de Games go be primarily funded by AU$200 million, dem secure as compensation from de Victorian government dey follow dema withdrawal.<ref name="CGGlasgow">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Commonwealth Games Scotland Update on Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901025238/https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/ |archive-date=2024-09-01 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=Team Scotland}}</ref><ref name="CGGlasgow2">{{cite web |date=30 August 2024|title=Commonwealth Games Scotland Update on Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|access-date=1 September 2024|work=Team Scotland|archive-date=2024-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901025238/https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 September 2024, na ebe announced say de Scottish Government agree to host de games plus financial backing from Commonwealth Games Australia.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|date=17 July 2023|title=Scotland agrees to host Commonwealth Games in 2026, after Bangkok bid withdrawal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8ddeeklxko|access-date=17 July 2023|work=BBC News|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917124600/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8ddeeklxko|url-status=live}}</ref> De scaled-down den low-cost Games go feature 10 sports wey dey take place over seven venues den no athletes dema village.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sports {{!}} Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/sports/www.glasgow2026.com/sports/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> == Host selection == === First selection === [[File:Melbourne_Skyline_and_Princes_Bridge_-_Dec_2008.jpg|right|thumb|Na de Australian state of Victoria initially be appointed hosts.]] During de CGF General Assembly on 31 March 2017 insyd Gold Coast, after de troubled 2022 Commonwealth Games host city bid process, de executive board announced say e plan to award both 2026 den 2030 Commonwealth Games simultaneously at de CGF General Assembly dem schedule for Kigali, Rwanda insyd September 2019. Na a new model dem call CGF Partnerships (CGFP) be implemented wich aim to give stronger support to de associations den cities wey show interests in hosting future Games den enhance de overall value of de event. Dis be similar to de process dem use by de International Olympic Committee (IOC) since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resurgent Commonwealth agrees to begin the process of selecting 2026 and 2030 Commonwealth Games Host Cities |url=https://thecgf.com/news/resurgent-commonwealth-agrees-begin-process-selecting-2026-and-2030-commonwealth-games-host |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161505/https://thecgf.com/news/resurgent-commonwealth-agrees-begin-process-selecting-2026-and-2030-commonwealth-games-host/ |archive-date=2018-05-01 |access-date=10 July 2018 |website=Commonwealth Games Federation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bid process for 2026 Commonwealth Games officially launched|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1063345/bid-process-for-2026-commonwealth-games-officially-launched|date=31 March 2018|archive-date=2018-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401084044/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1063345/bid-process-for-2026-commonwealth-games-officially-launched|url-status=live|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> Insyd 2015, de South African city of Durban originally win de rights to host de 2022 Commonwealth Games, buh na dem strip am of dis right insyd 2017 secof financial concerns.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 September 2015|title=Durban in South Africa confirmed as 2022 Commonwealth Games host|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/02/durban-in-south-africa-confirmed-as-2022-commonwealth-games-host|access-date=18 July 2023|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2015-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911184542/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/02/durban-in-south-africa-confirmed-as-2022-commonwealth-games-host|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 March 2017|title=Durban loses right to host 2022 Commonwealth Games-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-14/durban-loses-right-to-host-2022-commonwealth-games/8351396|access-date=18 July 2023|archive-date=2017-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313203201/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-14/durban-loses-right-to-host-2022-commonwealth-games/8351396|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, Birmingham move up ein planned Games from 2026 to 2022.<ref name=":112">{{Cite news|last=Yerushalmy|first=Jonathan|date=18 July 2023|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: why has Victoria pulled out and what happens now?|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/18/commonwealth-games-2026-why-has-victoria-australia-pulled-out-what-happens-now|access-date=18 July 2023|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718060438/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/18/commonwealth-games-2026-why-has-victoria-australia-pulled-out-what-happens-now|url-status=live}}</ref> Dis lef de 2026 Games widout a host den bids from Kuala Lumpur, Cardiff, Calgary, Edmonton den Adelaide all be withdrawn secof concerns over costs, plus a hosting decision dem no make by de Commonwealth Games Federation between 2019 den 2022.<ref name=":112" /> Insyd January 2022, de Victorian State Government announce na e dey give serious consideration to a late request from de CGF to host de Games. On 16 February 2022, Premier of Victoria Daniel Andrews confirm say na de state dey insyd exclusive negotiations plus de CGF to host de Games.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 February 2022|title=Victoria likely to host 2026 Commonwealth Games as government enters exclusive negotiations|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-16/victoria-commonwealth-games-negotiations/100833984|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|location=[[Melbourne]]|access-date=16 February 2021|archive-date=2022-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215231123/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-16/victoria-commonwealth-games-negotiations/100833984|url-status=live}}</ref> Na dem state say if successful in hosting de Games a second time, a Victorian bid go aim to emphasise de state ein regional centres—such as Geelong, Ballarat den Bendigo—as dem oppose to be predominantly Melbourne-based, such as insyd 2006. Bendigo previously host de 2004 Commonwealth Youth Games. Acceptance of de bid go likely sanso be conditional upon agreement on ways to control costs, such as housing athletes den officials insyd hotels rather dan a dedicated village.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masters |first=Roy |date=19 January 2022 |title=Melbourne set to step into breach as 2026 Commonwealth Games host city |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-set-to-step-into-breach-as-2026-commonwealth-games-host-city-20220118-p59p6r.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182013/https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-set-to-step-into-breach-as-2026-commonwealth-games-host-city-20220118-p59p6r.html |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Victoria present bid to host 2026 Commonwealth Games, could include 22 sports |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120592/commonwealth-games-victoria-2026-bid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315170813/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120592/commonwealth-games-victoria-2026-bid |archive-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> Na dis bid be confirmed as successful on 12 April 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-12/regional-victoria-confirmed-as-commonwealth-games-host/100984270|title=Regional Victoria to host 2026 Commonwealth Games|newspaper=ABC News|date=12 April 2022|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412004858/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-12/regional-victoria-confirmed-as-commonwealth-games-host/100984270|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 July 2023, Andrews den Deputy Premier Jacinta Allan announce de state government intend to cancel de 2026 Victorian Games.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":CancelledGuardian" /> Fifteen months after dem agree to host de Games, de Premier say de cost escalate to an estimated A$6–7 billion, double de estimated economic benefits for de state, den de government no fi justify de expense.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|title=Commonwealth Games cancelled in Victoria as government shrinks from $7b price tag|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-18/commonwealth-games-regional-victoria-scrapped-daniel-andrews/102613718|date=18 July 2023|last=Boaz|first=Judd|language=|work=ABC News|access-date=18 July 2023|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718005840/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-18/commonwealth-games-regional-victoria-scrapped-daniel-andrews/102613718|url-status=live}}</ref> Na de state say e go terminate ein host agreement plus de Commonwealth Games Federation den seek a settlement of de contract.<ref name=":82" /> De withdrawal prompt a new search for a host give de 2026 Games.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aarons|first=Ed|date=2023-07-18|title=British Commonwealth Games bid encouraged after 2026 hosts withdraw|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/18/british-commonwealth-games-bid-encouraged-after-2026-hosts-withdraw|access-date=2023-08-14|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718170404/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/18/british-commonwealth-games-bid-encouraged-after-2026-hosts-withdraw|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+2026 Commonwealth Games bidding results !City / region !Nation !Votes |- |Victoria | Australia | align="center" |Unanimous (2022)<br /><br />Withdrew (2023) |} === Second selection === ==== Initial interest ==== De Mayor of London Sadiq Khan subsequently say na he be "ready" to support de London bid to replace Victoria as de host.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gray|first1=James|title=London 'ready' to bid for 2026 Commonwealth Games after Victoria pulls out as host|url=https://inews.co.uk/sport/london-bid-2026-commonwealth-games-australian-plan-collapses-2486974|access-date=19 July 2023|work=i newspaper|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718184444/https://inews.co.uk/sport/london-bid-2026-commonwealth-games-australian-plan-collapses-2486974|url-status=live}}</ref> De First Minister of Scotland Humza Yousaf sanso state say na he be "willing to consider proposals" for Scotland to host at least sam of de events at de Games.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 July 2023 |title=Humza Yousaf to 'explore' Scotland Commonwealth Games bid |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66240078 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718234838/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66240078 |archive-date=2023-07-18 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=BBC News}}</ref>[[File:Launch_Commonwealth_Games_2026_with_First_Minister_Swinney_in_Glasgow,_Scotland_on_22_October_2024_-_7.jpg|right|thumb|First Minister of Scotland, John Swinney, formally launch de 2026 Commonwealth Games, October 2024.]] ==== Scotland bid ==== [[File:Glasgow_-_aerial_-_2025-04-17_15.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Glasgow be considered as de "last possibility" to host de 2026 Games after Victoria pull out.]] On 11 April 2024, it was announced that Glasgow was considered as a "last possibility" to host the 2026 Games in the event, if no other host was forthcoming, in an alternative to safeguard the Games. It was reported that the Games would be in a smaller scale and could reuse venues from the 2014 Commonwealth Games. Accommodation for the athletes would comprise hotels, and possibly a combination of Glasgow Caledonian University and University of Glasgow student residences.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|date=11 April 2024|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Scaled-down Glasgow event option for event|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/68792008#:~:text=Glasgow%20is%20among%20the%20potential,the%20event's%20long%2Dterm%20future.|access-date=2024-04-11|work=BBC Sport|archive-date=2024-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412020914/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/68792008|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, the costs of the Games would be covered fully by the Commonwealth Games Federation and their other corporate sponsors.<ref name=":12" /> Discussions were ongoing between Commonwealth Games Scotland, the Scottish Government, and EventScotland with a confirmed bid expected by the end of the month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Exclusive: Glasgow in frame for Commonwealth Games return in 2026 |url=https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/exclusive-glasgow-in-frame-for-commonwealth-games-return-in-2026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802103313/https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/exclusive-glasgow-in-frame-for-commonwealth-games-return-in-2026/ |archive-date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=SportBusiness-US}}</ref> However, the bid documents would not end up being submitted at that time. On 25 July 2024, the BBC reported that a decision would be made in August. {| class="wikitable" |+2026 Commonwealth Games bidding results !City / region !Nation !Votes |- |Glasgow | Scotland | align="center" |Unanimous |} == Development den preparations == === Venues === De following venues be expected to be used for de 2026 Commonwealth Games:<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2024 |title=Event Delivery Partners' Information Pack |url=https://resources.cwg-qbr.pulselive.com/qbr-commonwealth-games/document/2024/12/11/aed32654-5b86-4101-9464-b82b9d1f44ef/Glasgow-2026-EDP-EOI-Document.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312125740/https://resources.cwg-qbr.pulselive.com/qbr-commonwealth-games/document/2024/12/11/aed32654-5b86-4101-9464-b82b9d1f44ef/Glasgow-2026-EDP-EOI-Document.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Venue !Events !Capacity !Status |- | rowspan="2" |The Hydro |Opening ceremony | rowspan="2" |12,306 | rowspan="2" |Existing |- |Netball |- | rowspan="4" |SEC Centre |3x3 basketball |TBD | rowspan="4" |Existing with temporary stands |- |Bowls |TBD |- |Boxing |TBD |- |Judo |TBD |- |SEC Armadillo |Weightlifting |3,000 |Existing |- |Scotstoun Stadium |Athletics |10,000-11,000 |Existing, renovated |- |Tollcross International Swimming Centre |Swimming |2,000 | rowspan="3" |Existing |- |Commonwealth Arena |Artistic gymnastics |5,000 |- |Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome |Track cycling |2,000 |} === Gallery of venues === <gallery> File:Stadium_Track_and_Pitch.jpg|Scotstoun Stadium File:Tollcross_International_Swimming_Centre_(28921366007).jpg|Tollcross International Swimming Centre File:Emirates_Arena_on_Glasgow_Rocks_Opening_Night_(cropped).jpg|Commonwealth Arena File:Sir_Chris_Hoy_Velodrome_26.jpg|Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome File:Wfm_foster_armadillo.jpg|SEC Armadillo File:Entrance_to_the_SEC_Centre_(geograph_5692529).jpg|SEC Centre File:The_SSE_Hydro_(geograph_5420681).jpg|The Hydro </gallery> == King's Baton Relay == The King's Baton officially be launched on 10 March 2025, to mark de start of de 500 days countdown, plus [[King Charles III]], insyd full military regalia, unveiling de plaque den then handing over de baton to de first runner, Sir [[Chris Hoy]]. Dem make de baton from ash wood wey be designed by Tim Norman. De organisation decide say he go be sent to de Caribbean region to start de global relay plus [[Port of Spain]], insyd [[Trinidad and Tobago]], as de first international stop.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KINGS BATON RELAY IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route/4236096/www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route/4236096/trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> Na de choice of Trinidad and Tobago be as a result of de country successfully hosting de [[2023 Commonwealth Youth Games]]. De Caribbean part of de Baton Relay culminate insyd [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] on Saturday 14 June, before de African leg (15 June to 24 October), then Asia (25 October to 21 December), Oceania (2 January to 26 March 2026), Americas (27 March to 6 May 2026), den Europe (8 May to 23 July 2026).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baton Relay Locations Map |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route |url-status=live |website=Commonwealth Sport}}</ref> For de 18th Baton Relay, a new format be introduced wer each of de 74 Commonwealth Games Associations (CGAs) receive an individual baton dem craft insyd Glasgow. Rather than passing a single baton between nations, each CGA be permitted to customise ein baton to reflect ein local culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about the King's Baton Relay |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/faqs |url-status=live |website=Commonwweath Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.sandhurst.catholic.org.au/item/3126-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=sandhurst.catholic.org.au}}</ref> Additionally to e be de first time of being part of The King's Baton Relay, Commonwealth Sport partner plus de [[Royal Commonwealth Society]] (RCS) to integrate de Commonwealth Clean Oceans Plastics Campaign into de relay, wey dey focus on ocean conservation den methods for recycling plastic waste.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=Commonwealth Sport supports Clean Oceans Plastics Campaign |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4157153/www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4157153/commonwealth-sport-supports-clean-oceans-plastics-campaign |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> De King's Baton Relay dem culminate at de Opening Ceremony of Glasgow 2026 on 23 July 2026, as a traditional den fundamental part of de Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremonies.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 March 2025|title=King launches Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Baton Relay|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvge76gd3e1o|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310070552/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvge76gd3e1o |archive-date=10 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 March 2025|title=His Majesty launches the King's Baton Relay|url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4230826/his-majesty-launches-the-king-s-baton-relay|work=[[Commonwealth Games Federation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311000025/https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4230826/his-majesty-launches-the-king-s-baton-relay|archive-date=11 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 March 2025|title=Glasgow's Commonwealth countdown begins|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1152250/glasgows-commonwealth-countdown-begins|work=Inside the Games|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310174116/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1152250/glasgows-commonwealth-countdown-begins|archive-date=10 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ceremonies == As part of de proposed plan put forward by Commonwealth Games Scotland, na de opening den closing ceremonies be scaled down compared to previous Games.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024|title=Glasgow to host 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/articles/cvgw51kqx7wo |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=BBC Newsround |archive-date=2024-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921132332/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/articles/cvgw51kqx7wo |url-status=live}}</ref> Na e be announced on 20 March 2026 say de opening ceremony go take place at de OVO Hydro, de first time insyd de Games ein 96-year history say a ceremony go be held insyd an indoor venue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 reveals opening ceremony venue and calls for 700 volunteer cast members to be part of the show|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4472430/glasgow-2026-reveals-opening-ceremony-venue-and-calls-for-700-volunteer-cast-members-to-be-part-of-the-show|date=19 March 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> === Opening ceremony === De opening ceremony of de 2026 Commonwealth Games take place on 23 July 2026 at de [[OVO Hydro]] insyd Glasgow. Na e be de first Commonwealth Games opening ceremony to be staged entirely indoors. Scottish singer-songwriter [[KT Tunstall]] headline de ceremony, plus performances by [[Callum Beattie]], [[Nina Nesbitt]], [[Nathan Evans (singer)|Nathan Evans]] den [[Saint Phnx]], while electronic folk duo [[Valtos (band)|Valtos]] provide de soundtrack to de Parade of Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 reveals Scottish Talent soundtracking the Opening Ceremony|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4532708/glasgow-2026-reveals-scottish-talent-soundtracking-the-opening-ceremony|date=9 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> Na The King den Queen, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom den First Minister of Scotland dey insyd attendance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=His Majesty The King and Her Majesty The Queen to officially open Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4533307/his-majesty-the-king-and-her-majesty-the-queen-to-officially-open-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=10 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=King and Queen emerge from Tardis to open Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2g3053ejko |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> De ceremony conclude de King's Baton Relay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=King and Queen emerge from Tardis to open Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2g3053ejko |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Closing ceremony === De closing ceremony of de 2026 Commonwealth Games take place at de OVO Hydro on 2 August 2026, de same venue as de opening ceremony. Scottish rock band [[Simple Minds]] headline de ceremony, plus performances by BEMZ, [[Cammy Barnes]] den [[Sandi Thom]]. Australian singer [[Delta Goodrem]] make ein third appearance at a Commonwealth Games ceremony, after performing at de opening ceremonies of de [[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006]] den [[2018 Commonwealth Games|2018]] editions insyd Melbourne den Gold Coast respectively. De scheduled formal handover to de next [[2030 Commonwealth Games]] host city [[Ahmedabad]], India, feature performances by [[Shankar Mahadevan]] den [[Rashmika Mandanna]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scots Legends Simple Minds to Close Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4539986/scots-legends-simple-minds-to-close-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=21 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> == Associations wey dey participate == All 74 Commonwealth Games Associations be expected to participate insyd de 2026 Commonwealth Games. [[Gabon]] den [[Togo]] be expected to make dema debuts since joining de Commonwealth of Nations insyd June 2022. {|class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;" |- ! Participating Commonwealth Games Associations |- | {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *{{flagCGF|AIA|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Anguilla set for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/AnguillaCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/anguilla-friday-3-july-2026team-anguilla-set-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/1519691523287073/|website=Facebook|publisher=Anguilla Commonwealth Games Association|date=3 July 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ANT|2026|12}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Antigua and Barbuda Commonwealth Games Association announces 12-member team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/antigua-and-barbuda-commonwealth-games-association-announces-12-member-team-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Antigua News Room|location=St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|AUS|2026|257}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vaughan|first1=Roger|last2=Chadband|first2=Ian|title=The Australian athletes to watch in the 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://7news.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/the-australian-athletes-to-watch-in-the-2026-commonwealth-games-c-22622193|work=[[7NEWS]]|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAH|2026|20}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Longley|first=Sheldon|title=BOC names teams for summer games|url=https://www.thenassauguardian.com/sports/boc-names-teams-for-summer-games/article_826b4c46-082a-4708-9f74-97d3a2d691d4.html|work=The Nassau Guardian|location=Nassau, Bahamas|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAN|2026|15}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh head to Commonwealth Games to protect membership|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/more-sports/news/bangladesh-head-commonwealth-games-games-protect-membership-4223791|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAR|2026|21}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Joseph|first=Benson|title=Barbados names 21-member Commonwealth Games team|url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2026/07/02/barbados-names-21-member-commonwealth-games-team/|work=Barbados Today|location=Bridgetown, Barbados|date=2 July 2026|access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BIZ|2026|5}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Belize Ready to Compete at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.sanpedrosun.com/sports/2026/07/17/team-belize-ready-to-compete-at-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=[[The San Pedro Sun]]|location=San Pedro Town, Belize|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BER|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite news|title=BOA Announces Commonwealth Games Team|url=https://bernews.com/2026/07/july9boa-announces-commonwealth-games-team/|work=[[Bernews]]|location=Hamilton, Bermuda|date=9 July 2026|access-date=9 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BOT|2026|25}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Sibanda|first=Anastacia|date=1 April 2026|title=BNOC targets seven medals|url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/90826|work=[[Daily News Botswana]]|location=Gaborone, Botswana|access-date=12 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IVB|2026|11}}<ref>{{cite news|title=11 athletes to rep VI at 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.virginislandsnewsonline.com/en/news/11-athletes-to-rep-vi-2026-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow-|work=Virgin Islands News Online|location=Road Town, British Virgin Islands|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BRU|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Six athletes to represent Brunei at 23rd Commonwealth Games|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/six-athletes-to-represent-brunei-at-23rd-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Borneo Bulletin]]|location=Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei|date=13 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CMR|2026|20}} *{{flagCGF|CAN|2026|149}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Campigotto|first=Jesse|title=The Commonwealth Games are back — here's what to know|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/the-buzzer-newsletter-commonwealth-games-preview-2026-9.7273303|website=[[CBC Sports]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC)|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CAY|2026|20}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Cayman Islands Teams Named for the 2026 Commonwealth Games and Central American & Caribbean Games|url=https://www.radiocayman.gov.ky/news/cayman-islands-teams-named-for-the-2026-commonwealth-games-and-central-american-caribbean-games|website=Radio Cayman|location=George Town, Cayman Islands|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|COK|2026|15}}<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2026|title=Cook Islands names 15 athletes for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/sport/athletics/cook-islands-names-15-athletes-for-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Cook Islands News]]|location=Rarotonga, Cook Islands|access-date=20 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CYP|2026|36}}<ref>{{cite web|title=36 αθλητές, τρεις σε έξι αθλήματα στους 23ους Κοινοπολιτειακούς Αγώνες "Glasgow 2026"|trans-title=36 athletes across six sports at the 23rd Commonwealth Games "Glasgow 2026"|language=el|url=https://www.olympic.org.cy/index.php/gr/news/1730-36-23-glasgow-2026|website=[[Cyprus Olympic Committee]]|location=Nicosia, Cyprus|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|DMA|2026|3}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Dominica names three-athlete team for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dominica-names-three-athlete-team-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Dominica News Online|location=Roseau, Dominica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ENG|2026|204}} *{{flagCGF|SWZ|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Nhlabatsi|first=Sifiso|title=Team Eswatini unveils 17-member squad for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://independentnews.co.sz/44665/sports/team-eswatini-unveils-17-member-squad-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Independent News Eswatini|location=Mbabane, Eswatini|date=16 June 2026|access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|FLK|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Astill|first=David|date=23 January 2026|title=Falkland Islands Commonwealth Games Team Announced for 2026|url=https://fitv.co.fk/news-and-events/falkland-islands-commonwealth-games-team-announced-for-2026/|website=fitv.co.fk|location=Stanley, Falkland Islands|publisher=[[Falkland Islands Television]]|access-date=18 May 2026|quote=The only sport the Islands are competing in is indoor bowls, with Daphne Arthur-Almond, Sharon Barnes, Kris Thorsen, Cecil Alexander, Ian Barnes and Oliver Thompson selected to form the team aiming for glory.}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|FIJ|2026|36}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Biudole|first=Noa|title=Team Fiji names squad for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://fijilive.com/team-fiji-names-squad-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games/|work=FijiLive|location=Suva, Fiji|date=12 June 2026|access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GAB|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabon|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/gabon|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GAM|2026|12}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Jobe|first=Seedy|title=Gambia declares readiness for 2026 Commonwealth Games as team heads to Glasgow|url=https://www.kerrfatou.com/gambia-declares-readiness-for-2026-commonwealth-games-as-team-heads-to-glasgow/|website=Kerr Fatou|location=Banjul, The Gambia|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GHA|2026|40}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=TEAM GHANA UNVEILS OFFICIAL HIGH-PERFORMANCE SQUAD FOR GLASGOW 2026|url=https://www.ghanaolympic.org/blog/team-ghana-unveils-official-high-performance-squad-for-glasgow-2026|access-date=2026-07-13|website=GOC - Ghana Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GIB|2026|16}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignacio|first=Stephen|date=22 May 2026|title=Team Gibraltar announced for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.chronicle.gi/team-gibraltar-announced-for-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]]|location=Gibraltar|access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GRN|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Bascombe|first=Michael|title=Grenada names teams for Commonwealth and CAC Games amid scheduling clash|url=https://mikebas.blogspot.com/2026/07/grenada-names-teams-for-commonwealth.html|website=Mike Bascombe|date=15 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GGY|2026|20}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-03-21|title=The Commonwealth Games: Who is going, and which sports are missing out?|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport-ge/the-commonwealth-games-who-is-going-and-which-sports-are-missing-out/|access-date=2026-05-26|website=Bailiwick Express News Guernsey|language=en-GB}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GUY|2026|16}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgrave, Moore to carry Guyana's flag at Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://kaieteurnewsonline.com/2026/07/23/belgrave-moore-to-carry-guyanas-flag-at-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=[[Kaieteur News]]|location=Georgetown, Guyana|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IND|2026|122}}<ref name="OlympicsCWG2026">{{cite news|last=Nalwala|first=Ali Asgar|date=2026-07-09|title=Commonwealth Games 2026 schedule - dates and events for Indian athletes|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/india-commonwealth-games-2026-schedule|access-date=2026-07-10|publisher=International Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IOM|2026|28}}<ref name=iomteam1>{{Cite web|title=Team Isle of Man for 2026 Commonwealth Games – Team Isle of Man|url=https://cga.im/team-isle-of-man-for-2026-commonwealth-games/|access-date=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|JAM|2026|76}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Bryce|first=Gregory|title=Samuda: Welcome to history - JOA prepares for hectic July schedule with Commonwealth and CAC Games|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20260710/samuda-welcome-history-joa-prepares-hectic-july-schedule-commonwealth-and|work=[[The Gleaner]]|location=Kingston, Jamaica|date=10 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|JEY|2026|22}}<ref>{{cite web|date=13 June 2026|title=Weightlifter Dodds added to Jersey team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/weightlifting/articles/c862pp689v6o|website=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|KEN|2026|93}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Maluki|first=Shadrack|title=Why Kenya is preparing differently for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/opinion-sports/article/2001552572/why-kenya-is-preparing-differently-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games|work=The Standard|location=Nairobi, Kenya|date=11 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|KIR|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Naare|first=Rikamati|title=Team Kiribati Ready for Glasgow 2026|url=https://bpa.org.ki/team-kiribati-ready-for-glasgow-2026/|website=BPA News|location=Tarawa, Kiribati|date=22 June 2026|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|LES|2026|14}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Litsitso|first=Letsunyane|date=24 May 2026|title=Lesotho Sends 14 Athletes to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://lesothotribune.co.ls/lesotho-sends-14-athletes-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Lesotho Tribune|location=Maseru, Lesotho|access-date=27 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MAW|2026|24}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Mmana|first=Samantha|title=Team Malawi unveiled for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.moc.org.mw/team-malawi-unveiled-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|website=[[Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association of Malawi|Malawi Olympic Committee]]|location=Lilongwe, Malawi|date=11 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MAS|2026|59}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ishak|first=Fadhli|title=OCM names lean and mean contingent for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/others/2026/07/1486164/ocm-names-lean-and-mean-contingent-commonwealth-games|work=[[New Straits Times]]|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|date=11 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MDV|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite web|title=ކޮމަންވެލްތު ގޭމްސްގައި ރާއްޖޭން ވާދަކުރަނީ ދެ ކުޅިވަރަކުން|trans-title=Maldives to compete in two sports at the Commonwealth Games|url=https://adhadhu.com/84511|website=Adhadhu|language=dv|location=Malé, Maldives|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MLT|2026|23}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vella-Galea|first=Maria|date=2026-07-08|title=Maltese Olympic Committee Announces Athletes for Glasgow, Taranto and Dakar|url=https://nocmalta.org/maltese-olympic-committee-announces-athletes-for-glasgow-taranto-and-dakar/|access-date=2026-07-09|website=Maltese Olympic Committee|language=en-US}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MRI|2026|40}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeux du Commonwealth 2026 : Team Mauritius officiellement présentée avant le départ pour Glasgow|trans-title=2026 Commonwealth Games: Team Mauritius officially presented before departure for Glasgow|url=https://topfm.mu/jeux-du-commonwealth-2026-team-mauritius-officiellement-presentee-avant-le-depart-pour-glasgow|location=Port Louis, Mauritius|website=TOP FM Mauritius|language=French|access-date=2 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MSR|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Montserrat|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/montserrat|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MOZ|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Boxe fora dos Jogos da Commonwealth|trans-title=Boxing out of the Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.jornaldesafio.co.mz/index.php/2026/07/23/boxe-fora-dos-jogos-da-commonwealth/|work=Jornal Desafio|location=Maputo, Mozambique|language=pt|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NAM|2026|24}}<ref>{{cite news|date=5 June 2026|title=23 athletes to participate in the upcoming 2026 Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://economist.com.na/107239/sport/23-athletes-to-participate-in-the-upcoming-2026-glasgow-commonwealth-games/|work=www.economist.com.na|location=Windhoek, Namibia|publisher=[[Namibia Economist]]|access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NRU|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2026|title=Team Announcement 3/3|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Be7pFPxvn/|website=[[Facebook]]|location=Yaren, Nauru|publisher=[[Nauru Olympic Committee]]|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NZL|2026|113}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Kiwi Commonwealth Games team: Ellesse Andrews heading big medal hopes chasing gold in Glasgow|url=https://www.thepost.co.nz/sport/361043097/meet-kiwi-commonwealth-games-team-ellesse-andrews-heading-big-medal-hopes-chasing-gold-glasgow|work=[[The Post (New Zealand newspaper)|The Post]]|location=Wellington, New Zealand|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NGR|2026|72}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Eludini|first=Tunde|title=Tinubu charges Team Nigeria to 'win clean' at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/892571-tinubu-charges-team-nigeria-to-win-clean-at-2026-commonwealth-games.html|work=[[Premium Times]]|location=Abuja, Nigeria|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NIU|2026|11}}<ref name=pac>{{cite news|last=Momoisea|first=Penina|title=As the 2026 Commonwealth Games begin, meet the Pacific Island athletes competing|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pacific/commonwealth-games-2026-pacific-island-athletes-competing/106920598|work=[[ABC Pacific]]|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NFI|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Matthews|first=Betty|title=Norfolk Island Commonwealth Games Team, Sunday Parade|url=https://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/article/norfolk-island-commonwealth-games-team-sunday-parade|work=Norfolk Online News|location=Norfolk Island|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NIR|2026|65}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/cy9rp9v882qo|title=Meet Team NI athletes heading to the Commonwealth Games|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=13 July 2026|accessdate=13 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|PAK|2026|21}}<ref>{{Citation|title=Pakistan at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|date=2026-07-14|work=Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_at_the_2026_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=1364169501|access-date=2026-07-16|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|PNG|2026|35}}<ref>{{cite news|title=PNG names 55-member team for Glasgow Games|url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/png-names-55-member-team-for-glasgow-games/|work=[[The National (Papua New Guinea)|The National]]|location=Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea|date=8 July 2026|access-date=8 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|RWA|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Mugenga|first=Dylan|title=Swimming opens Team Rwanda's campaign at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/37641/sports/swimming/swimming-opens-team-rwandas-campaign-at-2026-commonwealth-games|work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|location=Kigali, Rwanda|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SHN|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The King's Baton Relay|url=https://www.sthelenaonline.org/the-kings-baton-relay/|work=Saint Helena online|location=Saint Helena|access-date=22 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SKN|2026|4}}<ref>{{cite web|title=St Kitts and Nevis Olympic Committee (SKNOC) Announces Delegations for 2026 Commonwealth Games and C.A.C Games|url=https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/127676|website=SKNVibes|location=Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|LCA|2026|3}}<ref>{{cite news|title=No easy ride to LA Olympics, 28 states SLOC president|url=https://thevoiceslu.com/2026/07/no-easy-ride-to-la-olympics-28-states-sloc-president/|work=The Voice|location=Castries, Saint Lucia|date=3 July 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|VIN|2026|8}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Eight named for Commonwealth Games 2026|url=https://www.searchlight.vc/sports/2026/07/24/eight-named-commonwealth-games-2026/|work=Searchlight|location=Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|date=24 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SAM|2026|21}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Faulalo|first=Sulamanaia Manaui|title=Glasgow-bound Samoa teams head to Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/sport/120885|work=[[Samoa Observer]]|location=Apia, Samoa|date=10 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SCO|2026|177}} '''(host)''' *{{flagCGF|SEY|2026|18}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Bonnelame|first=Betymie|title=Team Seychelles targets first Commonwealth Games gold as new cash rewards announced|url=https://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/22185/team-seychelles-targets-first-commonwealth-games-gold-as-new-cash-rewards-announced|work=[[Seychelles News Agency]]|location=Victoria, Seychelles|date=16 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SLE|2026|19}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/sierra-leone|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SGP|2026|53}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Team Singapore embarks on Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games campaign – Singapore National Olympic Council|url=https://singaporeolympics.com/team-singapore-embarks-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-campaign/|access-date=2026-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SOL|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Inifiri Jr|first=Timothy|title=Team Solomon named for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.solomonstarnews.com/%F0%9D%97%A0%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%97%F0%9D%97%94%F0%9D%97%9F-%F0%9D%97%9C%F0%9D%97%A1%F0%9D%97%96%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%A1%F0%9D%97%A7%F0%9D%97%9C%F0%9D%97%A9%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%A6/|work=Solomon Star News|location=Honiara, Solomon Islands|date=19 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|RSA|2026|112}}<ref name=rsateam>{{cite news|last=Pita|first=Lebohang|title=Team SA names 112 athletes for multi-sport Glasgow Games campaign|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/springs-advertiser/sports-news/local-sports/2026/06/28/team-sa-names-112-athletes-for-multi-sport-glasgow-games-campaign|work=Springs Advertiser|location=Springs, South Africa|date=28 June 2026|access-date=28 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SRI|2026|40}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ratnaweera|first=Dhammika|title=Tharanga leads 40-athlete Sri Lanka squad|url=https://dailynews.lk/2026/07/17/sports/1028352/tharanga-leads-40-athlete-sri-lanka-squad/|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TAN|2026|12}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-07-13|title=Tanzania unveils 12-strong squad for Scotland Games|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/sports/swimming/tanzania-unveils-12-strong-squad-for-scotland-games-5525362|access-date=2026-07-13|website=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TOG|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Edorh|first=Nicolas|title=Jeux du Commonwealth Glasgow 2026 : voici les athlètes togolais en lice|trans-title=Commonwealth Games Glasgow 2026: here are the Togolese athletes competing|language=fr|url=https://lanouvelletribune.tg/jeux-du-commonwealth-glasgow-2026-voici-les-athletes-togolais-en-lice/|work=La Nouvelle Tribune|location=Lomé, Togo|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TGA|2026|28}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Tonga will compete across eight sports at Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://matangitonga.to/2026/06/23/team-tonga-glasgow-2026|work=Matangi Tonga|location=Nukuʻalofa, Tonga|date=23 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TTO|2026|37}}<ref>{{cite news|title=T&T 36 athletes set for Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/sports/tt-36-athletes-set-for-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow-6.2.2631421.dfeb9f32ea|work=[[Trinidad and Tobago Guardian]]|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TCA|2026|9}}<ref>{{cite web|title=We can hear it now... Team TCI! Raise your flag!|url=https://www.facebook.com/tcisportscommission/photos/we-can-hear-it-now-team-tci-raise-your-flag-drop-in-the-comments-turksandcaicosi/1355869126685880/|website=[[Facebook]]|publisher=Turks and Caicos Islands Sports Commission|location=Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands|date=21 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TUV|2026|8}}<ref>{{cite web|date=15 July 2026|title=Meet your team that will represent our small nation at the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games.|url=https://www.facebook.com/TASNOC/photos/meet-your-team-that-will-represent-our-small-nation-at-the-glasgow-2026-commonwe/1442109287953924/|website=[[Facebook]]|location=Funafuti, Tuvalu|publisher=[[Tuvalu Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee]]|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|UGA|2026|55}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Uganda flags off team for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://english.news.cn/20260716/0ef8feb2f4bb431bb6fa0736413b50c5/c.html|work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|location=Beijing, China|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|VAN|2026|14}}<ref name=vanuteam>{{Cite web|last=Tora|first=Iliesa|date=2026-06-15|title=Pacific Islands name teams for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/pacific/598212/pacific-islands-name-teams-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games|access-date=2026-06-17|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|WAL|2026|114}}<ref name=walann>{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Celyn|date=2026-06-19|title=Team Wales Announces Athletes for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://teamwales.cymru/team-wales-announces-athletes-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|access-date=2026-06-19|website=Team Wales|language=en-GB}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ZAM|2026|22}}<ref>{{cite news|date=13 June 2026|title=Zambia enters 5 disciplines for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2026/06/13/zambia-enters-5-disciplines-for-commonwealth-games/|work=Lusaka Times|location=Lusaka Times|access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref> {{div col end}} |} '''Number of athletes by Commonwealth Games Association''' {{sticky table start}} {|class="wikitable sortable sticky-table-head" style="border:0;" |- ! width=50|Ranking ! width=250|CGA ! width=25|# of Athletes |- |align=center|1||{{flagCGF|AUS|2026}}||align=center|257 |- |align=center|2||{{flagCGF|ENG|2026}}||align=center|204 |- |align=center|3||{{flagCGF|SCO|2026}}||align=center|177 |- |align=center|4||{{flagCGF|CAN|2026}}||align=center|149 |- |align=center|5||{{flagCGF|IND|2026}}||align=center|122 |- |align=center|6||{{flagCGF|WAL|2026}}||align=center|114 |- |align=center|7||{{flagCGF|NZL|2026}}||align=center|113 |- |align=center|8||{{flagCGF|RSA|2026}}||align=center|112 |- |align=center|9||{{flagCGF|KEN|2026}}||align=center|93 |- |align=center|10||{{flagCGF|JAM|2026}}||align=center|76 |- |align=center|11||{{flagCGF|NGR|2026}}||align=center|72 |- |align=center|12||{{flagCGF|NIR|2026}}||align=center|65 |- |align=center|13||{{flagCGF|MAS|2026}}||align=center|59 |- |align=center|14||{{flagCGF|UGA|2026}}||align=center|55 |- |align=center|15||{{flagCGF|SGP|2026}}||align=center|53 |- |align=center rowspan=3|16||{{flagCGF|GHA|2026}}||align=center|40 |- |{{flagCGF|MRI|2026}}||align=center|40 |- |{{flagCGF|SRI|2026}}||align=center|40 |- |align=center|19||{{flagCGF|TTO|2026}}||align=center|37 |- |align=center rowspan=2|20||{{flagCGF|CYP|2026}}||align=center|36 |- |{{flagCGF|FIJ|2026}}||align=center|36 |- |align=center|22||{{flagCGF|PNG|2026}}||align=center|35 |- |align=center rowspan=2|23||{{flagCGF|IOM|2026}}||align=center|28 |- |{{flagCGF|TGA|2026}}||align=center|28 |- |align=center|25||{{flagCGF|BOT|2026}}||align=center|25 |- |align=center rowspan=2|26||{{flagCGF|MAW|2026}}||align=center|24 |- |{{flagCGF|NAM|2026}}||align=center|24 |- |align=center|28||{{flagCGF|MLT|2026}}||align=center|23 |- |align=center rowspan=2|29||{{flagCGF|JEY|2026}}||align=center|22 |- |{{flagCGF|ZAM|2026}}||align=center|22 |- |align=center rowspan=3|31||{{flagCGF|BAR|2026}}||align=center|21 |- |{{flagCGF|PAK|2026}}||align=center|21 |- |{{flagCGF|SAM|2026}}||align=center|21 |- |align=center rowspan=4|34||{{flagCGF|BAH|2026}}||align=center|20 |- |{{flagCGF|CMR|2026}}||align=center|20 |- |{{flagCGF|CAY|2026}}||align=center|20 |- |{{flagCGF|GGY|2026}}||align=center|20 |- |align=center|38||{{flagCGF|SLE|2026}}||align=center|19 |- |align=center|39||{{flagCGF|SEY|2026}}||align=center|18 |- |align=center rowspan=2|40||{{flagCGF|GIB|2026}}||align=center|16 |- |{{flagCGF|GUY|2026}}||align=center|16 |- |align=center rowspan=2|42||{{flagCGF|BAN|2026}}||align=center|15 |- |{{flagCGF|COK|2026}}||align=center|15 |- |align=center rowspan=2|44||{{flagCGF|LES|2026}}||align=center|14 |- |{{flagCGF|VAN|2026}}||align=center|14 |- |align=center rowspan=4|46||{{flagCGF|BER|2026}}||align=center|13 |- |{{flagCGF|MDV|2026}}||align=center|13 |- |{{flagCGF|NRU|2026}}||align=center|13 |- |{{flagCGF|SOL|2026}}||align=center|13 |- |align=center rowspan=3|50||{{flagCGF|ANT|2026}}||align=center|12 |- |{{flagCGF|GAM|2026}}||align=center|12 |- |{{flagCGF|TAN|2026}}||align=center|12 |- |align=center rowspan=2|53||{{flagCGF|IVB|2026}}||align=center|11 |- |{{flagCGF|NIU|2026}}||align=center|11 |- |align=center rowspan=6|55||{{flagCGF|AIA|2026}}||align=center|10 |- |{{flagCGF|SWZ|2026}}||align=center|10 |- |{{flagCGF|GRN|2026}}||align=center|10 |- |{{flagCGF|KIR|2026}}||align=center|10 |- |{{flagCGF|RWA|2026}}||align=center|10 |- |{{flagCGF|TOG|2026}}||align=center|10 |- |align=center|61||{{flagCGF|TCA|2026}}||align=center|9 |- |align=center rowspan=2|62||{{flagCGF|VIN|2026}}||align=center|8 |- |{{flagCGF|TUV|2026}}||align=center|8 |- |align=center rowspan=4|64||{{flagCGF|GAB|2026}}||align=center|7 |- |{{flagCGF|MSR|2026}}||align=center|7 |- |{{flagCGF|MOZ|2026}}||align=center|7 |- |{{flagCGF|SHN|2026}}||align=center|7 |- |align=center rowspan=3|68||{{flagCGF|BRU|2026}}||align=center|6 |- |{{flagCGF|FLK|2026}}||align=center|6 |- |{{flagCGF|NFI|2026}}||align=center|6 |- |align=center|71||{{flagCGF|BIZ|2026}}||align=center|5 |- |align=center|72||{{flagCGF|SKN|2026}}||align=center|4 |- |align=center rowspan=2|73||{{flagCGF|DMA|2026}}||align=center|3 |- |{{flagCGF|LCA|2026}}||align=center|3 |} {{sticky table end}} ==Medal table== {{Medals table | caption = 2026 Commonwealth Games<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/ng-interactive/2026/jul/23/commonwealth-games-2026-medal-table|title=Commonwealth Games 2026 medal table|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|access-date=2 August 2026}}</ref> | host = SCO | show_limit = <includeonly>10</includeonly> | flag_template = flagCGF | event = 2026 | team = CGA | remaining_link = [[2026 Commonwealth Games medal table#Medal table|Others]] | gold_AUS = 70 | silver_AUS = 45 | bronze_AUS = 56 | gold_BAH =1 | silver_BAH = 0 | bronze_BAH = 1 | gold_BAR =0 | silver_BAR = 1 | bronze_BAR = 0 | gold_BER = 0 | silver_BER = 0 | bronze_BER = 1 | gold_IVB =1 | silver_IVB = 0 | bronze_IVB = 0 | gold_CMR =1 | silver_CMR = 1 | bronze_CMR = 3 | gold_CAN= 19 | silver_CAN = 21 | bronze_CAN = 23 | gold_CYP =1 | silver_CYP = 5 | bronze_CYP = 6 | gold_DMA = 1 | silver_DMA = 0 | bronze_DMA = 0 | gold_ENG =29 | silver_ENG = 45 | bronze_ENG = 36 | gold_FIJ = 1 | silver_FIJ = 0 | bronze_FIJ = 1 | gold_GAB = 0 | silver_GAB = 0 | bronze_GAB = 1 | gold_GAM = 0 | silver_GAM = 0 | bronze_GAM = 1 | gold_GHA =0 | silver_GHA = 1 | bronze_GHA = 1 | gold_GRN =1 | silver_GRN = 0 | bronze_GRN = 0 | gold_GUE =0 | silver_GUE = 1 | bronze_GUE = 0 | gold_IND = 13 | silver_IND = 17 | bronze_IND = 9 | gold_IOM =1 | silver_IOM = 0 | bronze_IOM = 1 | gold_JAM = 10 | silver_JAM = 4 | bronze_JAM = 5 | gold_JEY =1 | silver_JEY = 1 | bronze_JEY = 0 | gold_KEN= 3 | silver_KEN = 4 | bronze_KEN = 5 | gold_LES = 0 | silver_LES = 0 | bronze_LES = 2 | gold_MAS =8 | silver_MAS = 3 | bronze_MAS = 5 | gold_MLT = 0 | silver_MLT = 0 | bronze_MLT = 1 | gold_MRI = 1 | silver_MRI = 2 | bronze_MRI = 1 | gold_NAM = 0 | silver_NAM = 1 | bronze_NAM = 2 | gold_NFK = 0 | silver_NFK = 0 | bronze_NFK = 1 | gold_NIR= 3 | silver_NIR = 4 | bronze_NIR = 9 | gold_NGR =10 | silver_NGR = 7 | bronze_NGR = 7 | gold_NZL= 10 | silver_NZL = 13 | bronze_NZL = 12 | gold_NRU = 0 | silver_NRU = 0 | bronze_NRU = 2 | gold_PAK = 0 | silver_PAK = 0 | bronze_PAK = 1 | gold_PNG = 0 | silver_PNG = 0 | bronze_PNG = 1 | gold_RSA= 7 | silver_RSA = 11 | bronze_RSA = 10 | gold_RWA =0 | silver_RWA = 0 | bronze_RWA = 1 | gold_SAM = 1 | silver_SAM = 1 | bronze_SAM = 0 | gold_SCO =13 | silver_SCO = 9 | bronze_SCO = 17 | host_SCO = Yes | gold_SGP = 0 | silver_SGP = 2 | bronze_SGP = 0 | gold_SRI = 1 | silver_SRI = 1 | bronze_SRI = 0 | gold_TGA = 0 | silver_TGA = 0 | bronze_TGA = 1 | gold_TTO = 0 | silver_TTO = 3 | bronze_TTO = 4 | gold_TUV = 0 | silver_TUV = 0 | bronze_TUV = 1 | gold_UGA = 0 | silver_UGA = 2 | bronze_UGA = 1 | gold_WAL = 9 | silver_WAL = 10 | bronze_WAL = 12 | gold_ZAM = 0 | silver_ZAM = 0 | bronze_ZAM = 2 }}Note: Insyd de swimming events, na der be three ties for de medal places. Two gold medals be awarded insyd de men's 50 metre butterfly,<ref>{{cite news|last=Rieder|first=David|title=Commonwealth Games, Day 6 Finals: Kyle Chalmers, Ben Armbruster Tie for 50 Fly Gold With Another Australian Sweep|url=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/commonwealth-games-day-6-finals-kyle-chalmers-ben-armbruster-tie-for-50-fly-gold-with-another-australian-sweep/|work=Swimming World Magazine|date=29 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> two silver medals insyd de men's 200 metre freestyle,<ref>{{cite news|last=Bregman|first=Scott|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Kai Taylor wins 200m freestyle gold from lane one in Glasgow|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/commonwealth-games-2026-kai-taylor-wins-200m-freestyle-gold-from-lane-one-in-glasgow|work=[[Olympics.com]]|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|date=29 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> den two bronze medals insyd de women's 50 metre breaststroke.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bennett|first=Charlie|title=Imogen Clark celebrates bronze after tough four-year journey|url=https://www.ealingtimes.co.uk/news/26419579.imogen-clark-celebrates-bronxe-tough-four-year-journey/|work=Ealing Times|location=London, England|date=29 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> == Sports == Given de urgency den lack of time to organise de event, dis go be de lowest number of sports dem offer at de Games since 1994. Dey start plus dis edition, de Games go get two compulsory sports per: {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * {{GamesSport|3x3 basketball|Events=2}} **{{GamesSport|Wheelchair 3x3 basketball|Events=2|Format=m|Image=no}} * {{GamesSport|Artistic gymnastics|Events=14}} * {{GamesSport|Athletics|Events=43}} **{{GamesSport|Para athletics|Events=16|Format=m|Image=no}} * {{GamesSport|Bowls|Events=4}} **{{GamesSport|Para bowls|Events=3|Format=m|Image=no}} * {{GamesSport|Boxing|Events=14}} * {{GamesSport|Judo|Events=14}} * {{GamesSport|Netball|Events=1}} * {{GamesSport|Swimming|Events=42}} **{{GamesSport|Para swimming|Events=14|Format=m|Image=no}} * {{GamesSport|Track cycling|Events=18}} ** {{GamesSport|Para track cycling|Events=8|Format=m|Image=no}} * {{GamesSport|Weightlifting|Events=16}} ** {{GamesSport|Para powerlifting|Events=4}} {{div col end}} Six of de chosen sports hold a Para sport element. Dese be Para Athletics, Para Track Cycling, 3x3 Wheelchair Basketball, Para Swimming, Para Bowls, den Para Powerlifting.<ref name=":4" /> Sports den disciplines dem drop from de previous Games dey include [[badminton]], [[beach volleyball]], [[Twenty20 cricket]], [[diving (sport)|diving]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[mountain biking]], [[rhythmic gymnastics]], [[road bicycle racing|road cycling]], [[rugby sevens]], [[squash (sport)|squash]], [[table tennis]] den [[para table tennis]], [[triathlon]] den [[para triathlon]] den [[wrestling]]. Of de full-sided team sports, [[netball]] den [[3x3 basketball]] per be included. Sam outdoor public access events insyd retained sports such as athletics (marathons den race walking) den cycling (mountain bike den road cycling) sanso be dropped secof costs, while na dem hold de bowls competition insyd de indoor bowls format, rather dan de traditional lawn bowls format. Several sports programmes receive changes insyd dema formats. Insyd sam cases, de number of quotas increase, insyd oda cases na dem hold a new variety give de first time.<ref name="BBCSportsOct242">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cly3yv91595o|title=Sports announced for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|first1=Megan|last1=Bonar|first2=Jonathan|last2=Geddes|newspaper=[[BBC Sport]]|date=22 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117144915/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cly3yv91595o|archive-date=17 November 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rugby, hockey and cricket cut from streamlined 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/oct/22/commonwealth-games-2026-schedule-scotland |access-date=22 October 2024 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=22 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241022053511/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/oct/22/commonwealth-games-2026-schedule-scotland |archive-date=22 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Rugby and cricket among sports dropped from scaled-down event |url=https://www.skysports.com/more-sports/news/19884/13238591/commonwealth-games-2026-rugby-and-cricket-among-sports-dropped-from-scaled-down-event |access-date=22 October 2024 |newspaper=[[Sky Sports]] |date=22 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241022094508/https://www.skysports.com/more-sports/news/19884/13238591/commonwealth-games-2026-rugby-and-cricket-among-sports-dropped-from-scaled-down-event|archive-date=22 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Changes to de sporting programme=== '''Parasports'''<br/>De Games feature de largest number of Para sport events insyd Commonwealth Games history, plus 47 finals across six sports.<ref name="BBCSportsOct242" /> '''Athletics'''<br/>Organisers decide to add de mixed 4x400 race wey dem opt for de return of de [[Mile run|Mile event]] instead of de 1,500m track event. Na dem last hold de mile insyd [[Athletics at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1966]]; organisers consider de revival an homage to de "Miracle Mile" from [[1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|Vancouver 1954]] between [[Roger Bannister]] den [[John Landy]], den for de first time ever, dis event go be contested by women. Parathletics go see athletes compete insyd de three disciplines of de sport: jumping, throwing den track events.<ref name="BBCSportsOct242" /> '''Basketball'''<br/>De number of teams insyd de 3x3 basketball tournaments be expanded. While de number of teams insyd de standing tournament increase to 12 per gender, de number of wheelchair teams increased to 8 give de women. De men's 3x3 wheelchair event remain at eight teams.<ref name="BBCSportsOct242" /> ''' Bowls '''<br/>Anoda major development insyd Glasgow go be de redesign of de bowls competition, na e be indoors wey no be on grass. Plus de revised programme, de number of events drop from 11 to 7, as de triples den fours competitions be removed.<ref name=":program">{{Cite news|date=6 February 2025|title=Mile races will be among more than 200 Glasgow 2026 golds|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/c20g84g2rz1o|access-date=6 February 2025|website=BBC Sport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207154759/https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/c20g84g2rz1o|archive-date=7 February 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 February 2025|title=Glasgow 2026: Miracle mile returns|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1151723/glasgow-2026-miracle-mile-returns-after|work=Inside the Games|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725021657/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1151723/glasgow-2026-miracle-mile-returns-after|archive-date=25 July 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Cycling'''<br/>Despite de non-occurrence of mountain biking den road events, de number of cycling events dem hold be maintained at 26 plus de elimination race dem add to de able-bodied track programme, den de number of parasports events double from 4 to 8 to include C class cyclists.<ref name="BBCSportsOct242" /> '''Swimming'''<br/>De number of events insyd de swimming programme increase from 52 to 54 across both Para den non Para competitions, plus de addition of de 800m freestyle event give men den de 1500m freestyle event give women.<ref name="BBCSportsOct242" /> ==Calendar== Na dem release de schedule on 31 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2025|title=Session Schedule Unveiled for the UK's Biggest Sporting Event Next Year|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4328872/session-schedule-unveiled-for-the-uk-s-biggest-sporting-event-next-year|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=4 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804052356/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4328872/session-schedule-unveiled-for-the-uk-s-biggest-sporting-event-next-year|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Competition Schedule|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/schedule/overview|access-date=2 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=4 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804052703/https://www.glasgow2026.com/schedule/overview|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2 August 2025|title=Glasgow 2026 unveils schedule|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1154471/glasgow-2026-unveils-schedule|work=Inside the Games|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804052622/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1154471/glasgow-2026-unveils-schedule|archive-date=4 August 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 July 2026|title=Bowls and Para Bowls gets extra day and £10 tickets to kick off Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games after large entry with Draw and Schedule revealed|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4534556/bowls-and-para-bowls-gets-extra-day-and-10-tickets-to-kick-off-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-after-large-entry-with-draw-and-schedule-revealed|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> :''All times and dates use [[British Summer Time]] ([[UTC+1]])'' {| class=wikitable style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; position:relative; width:75%;" |- |style="width:2.5em; background-color:#00cc33; text-align:center;"|'''OC'''||Opening ceremony |style="width:2.5em; background-color:#3399ff; text-align:center;"|●||Event competitions |style="width:2.5em; background-color:#ffcc00; text-align:center;"|'''1'''||Gold medal events |style="width:2.5em; background-color:#ee3333; text-align:center;"|'''CC'''||Closing ceremony |} {| class=wikitable style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em; width:75%;" |- !style=width:20%; colspan=2 rowspan=2|July/August 2026 !colspan=9|July !colspan=2|August !style=width:7%; rowspan=2|Events |- !style=width:4%;|23rd<br/>Thu !style=width:4%;|24th<br/>Fri !style=width:4%;|25th<br/>Sat !style=width:4%;|26th<br/>Sun !style=width:4%;|27th<br/>Mon !style=width:4%;|28th<br/>Tue !style=width:4%;|29th<br/>Wed !style=width:4%;|30th<br/>Thu !style=width:4%;|31st<br/>Fri !style=width:4%;|1st<br/>Sat !style=width:4%;|2nd<br/>Sun |- | colspan=2|[[File:Commonwealth Games Federation symbol (2019- Till Date) Black.svg|20px]] Ceremonies|| style="background-color:#00cc33;text-align:center;" |'''OC''' || || || || || || || || || || style="background-color:#ee3333;text-align:center;" |'''CC'''||{{n/a}} |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:3x3 basketball pictogram.svg|20px]] [[3x3 basketball at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|3x3 basketball]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--25-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--26-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--27-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--28-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--29-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''4''' <!--30-->| <!--31-->| <!--1-->| <!--2 -->! |'''4''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Artistic gymnastics at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Artistic gymnastics]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''1''' <!--25-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''1''' <!--26-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''2''' <!--27-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''5''' <!--28-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''5''' <!--29-->| <!--30-->| <!--31-->| <!--1-->| <!--2 -->! |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Athletics_pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Athletics at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->| <!--25-->| <!--26-->| <!--27-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''9''' <!--28-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''6''' <!--29-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''7''' <!--30-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''7''' <!--31-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''11''' <!--1-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''19''' <!--2 -->! |'''59''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Lawn bowls pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Bowls at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Bowls]]}} <!--23-->!style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--24-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--25-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--26-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--27-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--28-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''3''' <!--29-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--30-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--31-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--1-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--2 -->!style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|4 |'''7''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Boxing pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Boxing at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--25-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--26-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--27-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--28-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--29-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--30-->| <!--31-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--1-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''14''' <!--2 -->! |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Judo pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Judo at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Judo]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->| <!--25-->| <!--26-->| <!--27-->| <!--28-->| <!--29-->| <!--30-->| <!--31-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''5''' <!--1-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''5''' <!--2 -->!style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|4 |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Netball pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Netball at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Netball]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->| <!--25-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--26-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--27-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--28-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--29-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--30-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--31-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--1-->|style="background-color:#3399ff;"|● <!--2 -->!style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|1 |'''1''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Powerlifting pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Para powerlifting at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Para powerlifting]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''4''' <!--25-->| <!--26-->| <!--27-->| <!--28-->| <!--29-->| <!--30-->| <!--31-->| <!--1-->| <!--2 -->! |'''4''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Swimming pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Swimming at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''9''' <!--25-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''8''' <!--26-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''9''' <!--27-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''9''' <!--28-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''10''' <!--29-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''11''' <!--30-->| <!--31-->| <!--1-->| <!--2 -->! |'''56''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Cycling (track) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Cycling at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Track cycling]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->| <!--25-->| <!--26-->| <!--27-->| <!--28-->| <!--29-->| <!--30-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''7''' <!--31-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''7''' <!--1-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''6''' <!--2 -->!style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|6 |'''26''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|{{nowrap|[[File:Weightlifting pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Weightlifting at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]}} <!--23-->! <!--24-->| <!--25-->| <!--26-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''3''' <!--27-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''4''' <!--28-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''3''' <!--29-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''3''' <!--30-->|style="background-color:#ffcc00;"|'''3''' <!--31-->| <!--1-->| <!--2 -->! |'''16''' |- !colspan=2|Daily medal events !! 0 !! 14 !! 9 !! 14 !! 27 !! 27 !! 25 !! 17 !! 23 !! 44 !! 15 !! rowspan=2| 215 |- !colspan=2|Cumulative total !! 0 !! 14 !! 23 !! 37 !! 64 !! 91 !! 116 !! 133 !! 156 !! 200 !! 215 |- style="text-align:center;" |- !style=width:23%; colspan=2 rowspan=2|July/August 2026 !style=width:4%;|23rd<br/>Thu !style=width:4%;|24th<br/>Fri !style=width:4%;|25th<br/>Sat !style=width:4%;|26th<br/>Sun !style=width:4%;|27th<br/>Mon !style=width:4%;|28th<br/>Tue !style=width:4%;|29th<br/>Wed !style=width:4%;|30th<br/>Thu !style=width:4%;|31st<br/>Fri !style=width:4%;|1st<br/>Sat !style=width:4%;|2nd<br/>Sun !rowspan=2|Total events |- !colspan=9|July !colspan=2|August |}<section end="Calendar" /> ==Marketing== === Visual identity === De logo give de 2026 Commonwealth Games be described as a "historic first", wey dey integrate de Commonwealth Games Federation logo plus de visual den institutional identity of de city of Glasgow. E dey feature symbolic representations of de [[River Clyde]] den de [[Clyde Arc]] bridge, interwoven within de Commonwealth Sport celebration mark, dem display insyd de colours of de waterfront. E be created by Glasgow-based agency Loop Design.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/about/questions?fbclid=IwY2xjawGEaqhleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa07LX_nrJvvmLahn0eyQYTIebho_lcLbx1uvbwjRj5u52ssqNz0LunDog_aem__BulJmkKEk6Eg8nIn3tOzw |access-date=22 October 2024 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119125359/https://www.glasgow2026.com/about/questions?fbclid=IwY2xjawGEaqhleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa07LX_nrJvvmLahn0eyQYTIebho_lcLbx1uvbwjRj5u52ssqNz0LunDog_aem__BulJmkKEk6Eg8nIn3tOzw |archive-date=19 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> De official tartan give de 2026 Commonwealth Games insyd Glasgow be unveiled insyd July 2025 den created in collaboration plus award-winning Scottish fashion designer [[Siobhan Mackenzie]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=New tartan set to make its debut at Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/new-tartan-set-to-make-its-debut-at-glasgow-2026 |access-date=2025-07-22 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |archive-date=4 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053556/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/new-tartan-set-to-make-its-debut-at-glasgow-2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Registered plus de Scottish Register of Tartans, de design dey incorporate de vivid blue, pink, den purple tones of Glasgow 2026 set against a steel grey base – a symbolic nod to de city ein industrial heritage. De tartan ein thread count dey carry deeper meaning: 74 grey threads dey represent de number of participating nations den territories, while a bold blue thread count of 26 dey pay tribute to de year of de Games. De tartan go be produced insyd Scotland using local textiles den manufacturers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Check this: Glasgow reveals Commonwealth Games 2026 tartan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qx2q9473vo |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=BBC News |archive-date=17 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717120126/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qx2q9473vo|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mascot === [[File:Finnie the Unicorn mascot (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|210px|Finnie at de unveiling, 23 July 2025]] De official mascot for de 2026 Commonwealth Games na e be scheduled to be unveiled on 23 July 2025, marking exactly one year til de start of de Games. Na de mascot be designed by schoolkiddies across Scotland, wey dey encourage creativity den youth participation insyd de lead-up to de international sporting event. Ahead of de announcement, promotional efforts include a light-hearted video dem release on 9 July 2025 wey dey feature Clyde, de popular thistle mascot of de 2014 Commonwealth Games dem hold insyd Glasgow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Commonwealth mascot Clyde out of the running for 2026 Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czry48vpmyro |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=[[BBC]] }}</ref> On 23 July 2025 na de mascot of de games be announced as Finnie, a Glaswegian unicorn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=Magic moment: Official Glasgow 2026 mascot Finnie unveiled|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4320470/magic-moment-official-glasgow-2026-mascot-finnie-unveiled |access-date=2025-06-23 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |archive-date=4 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053217/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4320470/magic-moment-official-glasgow-2026-mascot-finnie-unveiled|url-status=live}}</ref> She be named after de city ein Finnieston Crane den dey sport a traffic cone as ein horn, wey dey reference de custom of putting a traffic cone on Glasgow ein Duke of Wellington statue. De unicorn be Scotland ein national animal den supporter of de royal coat of arms of Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2025 |title=Goodbye Clyde, Hello Finnie!: Glasgow Commonwealth Games mascot unveiled |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wprgqnz5wo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723074704/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wprgqnz5wo |archive-date=23 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Ambassadors === Scotland ein reigning 10,000m Commonwealth Champion, [[Eilish McColgan]], be announced as de first official Games Ambassador for de Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games on 21 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-21 |title=Eilish McColgan Named First Official Ambassador for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/eilish-mccolgan-named-first-official-ambassador-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |access-date=2025-07-22 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |archive-date=4 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053207/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/eilish-mccolgan-named-first-official-ambassador-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|url-status=live}}</ref> Weightlifter [[Emily Campbell]], gymnast [[Jake Jarman]], wheelchair basketball player [[Robyn Love]] and swimmer [[Duncan Scott (swimmer)|Duncan Scott]] all be subsequently announced as Ambassadors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4364429/commonwealth-weightlifting-champion-emily-campbell-announced-as-official-games-ambassador |title=Commonwealth Weightlifting Champion Emily Campbell announced as Official Games Ambassador |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |date=17 September 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4375155/jake-jarman-joins-glasgow-2026-as-athlete-ambassador |title=Jake Jarman Joins Glasgow 2026 as Athlete Ambassador |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |date=3 October 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4376925/robyn-love-honoured-to-be-a-glasgow-2026-athlete-ambassador |title=Robyn Love "honoured" to be a Glasgow 2026 Athlete Ambassador |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |date=6 October 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4388485/scotland-s-most-decorated-commonwealth-games-athlete-announced-as-official-glasgow-2026-ambassador |title=Scotland's Most Decorated Commonwealth Games Athlete Announced as Official Glasgow 2026 Ambassador |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games |date=23 October 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> === Corporate sponsorship === {|class="wikitable collapsible " style="float:center; margin:10px;" width=90% ! Sponsors of de 2026 Commonwealth Games<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Partner Family|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships|access-date=13 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=19 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819230742/https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Principal Partners {{col-start}} {{col-5}} * [[Bupa]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bupa announced as Official Healthcare Principal Partner to Glasgow 2026=|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4516373/bupa-announced-as-official-healthcare-principal-partner-to-glasgow-2026|date=9 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[EDF Energy]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iconic Glasgow 2026 Venues Set To Be Powered By Zero Carbon Scottish Electricity as EDF Becomes a Principal Games Partner|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4518259/iconic-glasgow-2026-venues-set-to-be-powered-by-zero-carbon-scottish-electricity-as-edf-becomes-a-principal-games-partner|date=12 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{col-5}} * [[HBO Max]] {{col-5}} * Ideagen<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ideagen becomes Games first AI technology Principal Partner and backs Commonwealth Netball|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4498564/ideagen-becomes-games-first-ai-technology-principal-partner-and-backs-commonwealth-netball|date=5 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Longines]] {{col-end}} |- |Partners {{col-start}} {{col-5}} * Allied Mobility<ref>{{Cite web|title=Allied Mobility Announced As Official Accessibility Partner For Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4506543/allied-mobility-announced-as-official-accessibility-partner-for-glasgow-2026|date=20 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[KKCG#Lottery and gambling|Allwyn Entertainment]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Lottery operator Allwyn announced as Official Volunteer Learning and Development Partner of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4437643/national-lottery-operator-allwyn-announced-as-official-volunteer-learning-and-development-partner-of-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=21 January 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Amul]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amul joins as Official Partner of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4541260/amul-joins-as-official-partner-of-glasgow-2026|date=22 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{col-5}} * [[BYD Auto]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=BYD announced as the Official Car Partner of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4444982/byd-announced-as-the-official-car-partner-of-glasgow-2026|date=5 February 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[CMS (law firm)|CMS]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Leading Law Firm CMS as Legal Partner|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4373648/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-law-firm-cms-as-legal-partner|date=1 October 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113504/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4373648/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-law-firm-cms-as-legal-partner|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Coca-Cola Europacific Partners|Coca-Cola]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola Named as Official Soft Drinks Partner to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4479927/coca-cola-named-as-official-soft-drinks-partner-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=2 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{col-5}} * [[Jubel beer|Jubel]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 and JUBEL Raise a Pint to Official Games Partnership|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4482896/glasgow-2026-and-jubel-raise-a-pint-to-official-games-partnership|date=7 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Trespass (clothing)|Trespass]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trespass to Kit Out Glasgow 2026 Workforce and Volunteers as Returning Sponsor|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4335154/trespass-to-kit-out-glasgow-2026-workforce-and-volunteers-as-returning-sponsor|date=7 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=8 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908030146/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4335154/trespass-to-kit-out-glasgow-2026-workforce-and-volunteers-as-returning-sponsor|url-status=live}}</ref> * Trivandi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Global Major Event Leader Trivandi to Deliver Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4339534/glasgow-2026-appoints-global-major-event-leader-trivandi-to-deliver-games|date=13 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=8 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908031117/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4339534/glasgow-2026-appoints-global-major-event-leader-trivandi-to-deliver-games|url-status=live}}</ref> {{col-end}} |- |Providers {{col-start}} {{col-5}} * Actua * Dynamik Sports Floors<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Leading Sports Flooring Specialists DYNAMIK as Official Provider|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4365582/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-sports-flooring-specialists-dynamik-as-official-provider|date=20 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113808/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4365582/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-sports-flooring-specialists-dynamik-as-official-provider|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Eleiko]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eleiko Named Official Weightlifting and Para Powerlifting Equipment Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4486656/eleiko-named-official-weightlifting-and-para-powerlifting-equipment-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=13 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * InBudget<ref>{{Cite web|title=InBudget announced as Official Cost Planning and Budgeting Software Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4398026/inbudget-announced-as-official-cost-planning-and-budgeting-software-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=7 November 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{col-5}} * [[Live Nation Entertainment]] ([[Ticketmaster]]) * [[Wasserman (company)|Live Team]] * Microplus<ref>{{Cite web|title=Microplus appointed as Official Provider of Games Information Systems|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4368664/microplus-appointed-as-official-provider-of-games-information-systems|date=24 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113726/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4368664/microplus-appointed-as-official-provider-of-games-information-systems|url-status=live}}</ref> * My Peak Challenge {{col-5}} * [[Riedel Communications]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riedel to Support Glasgow 2026 as Official Connectivity Integration Provider|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4500058/riedel-to-support-glasgow-2026-as-official-connectivity-integration-provider|date=8 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * SLX<ref>{{Cite web|title=SLX announced as Official Provider of Broadcast Lighting and Rigging for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4369872/slx-announced-as-official-provider-of-broadcast-lighting-and-rigging-for-glasgow-2026|date=26 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113740/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4369872/slx-announced-as-official-provider-of-broadcast-lighting-and-rigging-for-glasgow-2026|url-status=live}}</ref> * Sting<ref>{{Cite web|title=STING named Official Boxing Equipment Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4488038/sting-named-official-boxing-equipment-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=15 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Tour De 4<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland's sporting icon Sir Chris Hoy and Tour de 4 join the Glasgow 2026 team|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4514784/scotland-s-sporting-icon-sir-chris-hoy-and-tour-de-4-join-the-glasgow-2026-team|date=5 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{col-end}} |- |Official Supporters<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Supporters|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships/official-supporters|access-date=21 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{col-start}} {{col-5}} * Aspen Solutions<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aspen Solutions appointed as Official Supporter for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4520802/aspen-solutions-appointed-as-official-supporter-for-glasgow-2026|date=17 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Duncan Farms<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cracking News: Duncan's Eggs named Official Egg Provider to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4522145/cracking-news-duncan-s-eggs-named-official-egg-provider-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=19 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[First Travel Solutions]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stop the bus, it's 50 Days to Go until Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4513616/stop-the-bus-it-s-50-days-to-go-until-glasgow-2026|date=3 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Glasgow Airport]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finnie checks in as Glasgow Airport becomes Official Supporter of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4507311/finnie-checks-in-as-glasgow-airport-becomes-official-supporter-of-glasgow-2026|date=21 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Karex]] (Pasante Healthcare) {{col-5}} * MIH Major Events * [[OFX (company)|OFX]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=OFX supporting financial operations behind the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4550621/ofx-supporting-financial-operations-behind-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=31 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|access-date=12 August 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260731184856/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4550621/ofx-supporting-financial-operations-behind-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|archive-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> * Scotsman Hospitality<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotsman Hospitality named Official Supporter of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4536160/scotsman-hospitality-named-official-supporter-of-glasgow-2026|date=15 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|access-date=10 August 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720091950/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4536160/scotsman-hospitality-named-official-supporter-of-glasgow-2026|archive-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> * Scottish Action for Mental Health<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 to be first mentally healthy Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4531839/glasgow-2026-to-be-first-mentally-healthy-commonwealth-games|date=7 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|access-date=10 August 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714115125/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4531839/glasgow-2026-to-be-first-mentally-healthy-commonwealth-games|archive-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> {{col-5}} * [[Scottish Water]] * The Superlative Collection<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow Restaurants Serve Up Official Support for Glasgow 2026 with Foodie Trail|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4513965/glasgow-restaurants-serve-up-official-support-for-glasgow-2026-with-foodie-trail|date=4 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Vieve * Walker Slater * Zero Waste Scotland {{col-end}} |} ==Broadcasting== *Asia – [[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union|ABU]] *Australia – [[Seven Network]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2025/04/seven-signs-deal-for-commonwealth-games-2026-2030.html|title=Seven signs deal for Commonwealth Games 2026, 2030|date=13 April 2025|website=TV Tonight|access-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415223121/https://tvtonight.com.au/2025/04/seven-signs-deal-for-commonwealth-games-2026-2030.html |archive-date=15 April 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 April 2025|title=Seven renews Commonwealth commitment|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1152876/seven-renews-tv-strea-commonwealth-games|work=Inside the Games|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415233838/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1152876/seven-renews-tv-strea-commonwealth-games|archive-date=15 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> * Brunei – [[Radio Television Brunei|RTB]] * Canada – [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC/Radio-Canada]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nakhuda|first=Mikail|title=CBC/Radio-Canada to become exclusive Canadian broadcaster of the 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/commonwealthgames/cbc-radio-canada-exclusive-broadcaster-commonweatlh-games-9.7250528|website=cbc.ca|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|access-date=28 June 2026}}</ref> * [[Caribbean|Caribbean region]] - RushSports<ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadcast deals struck in APAC, Africa, Caribbean for Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.sportcal.com/news/broadcast-deals-struck-in-apac-africa-caribbean-for-commonwealth-games/?cf-view |url-status=live |website=SPORTCAL}}</ref> * Europe — [[Eurosport]] den [[HBO Max]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-07-16 |title=Warner Bros. Discovery Sports Europe (@WBDsports) on X |url=https://x.com/WBDsports/status/2077810160588706181?s=20 |access-date=2026-07-23 |work=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en-US}}</ref> * India – [[DD Sports]] den [[Sony Sports Network]]<ref>{{cite web|title=SPNI acquires rights for the 2026 Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/spni-acquires-rights-for-the-2026-glasgow-commonwealth-games/132430167|website=indiatimes.com|publisher=India Times|date=16 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> *Malaysia – [[Radio Televisyen Malaysia|RTM]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://berita.rtm.gov.my/arena/senarai-berita-arena/senarai-artikel/rtm-penyiar-rasmi-sukan-komanwel-glasgow-2026/|title=RTM Penyiar Rasmi Sukan Komanwel Glasgow 2026|date=22 July 2026|website=RTM|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> *New Zealand – [[Sky Network Television|Sky]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ministryofsport.com.au/sky-tv-wins-broadcast-rights-for-2022-and-2026-commonwealth-games/|title=Sky TV Wins Broadcast Rights For 2022 And 2026 Commonwealth Games|date=12 November 2019|website=Ministry of Sport|access-date=15 November 2019|archive-date=2019-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115085732/https://ministryofsport.com.au/sky-tv-wins-broadcast-rights-for-2022-and-2026-commonwealth-games/|url-status=live}}</ref> *Singapore – [[Mediacorp]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mewatch.my.site.com/helpcentre/s/article/Glasgow-2026-Commonwealth-Games-FAQs|title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games FAQs|date=17 July 2026|website=MeWatch Help Centre|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *[[Sub-Saharan Africa]] - Canal+([[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=Canal+ confirms broadcast rights for 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://supersport.com/commonwealth%20games/news/1b3b71a2-5be2-4b3b-840b-2e60ca0e2b19/canal-confirms-broadcast-rights-for-2026-commonwealth-games |access-date=2026-07-29 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}</ref> *United Kingdom – [[TNT Sports (United Kingdom)|TNT Sports]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=TNT Sports confirmed as live UK broadcast partner for Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4422497/tnt-sports-confirmed-as-live-uk-broadcast-partner-for-glasgow-2026 |access-date=2025-12-19 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> [[5 (British TV channel)|5]] (opening ceremony den daily highlights per),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Matt |last2=Hughes |first2=Exclusive by Matt |title=Channel 5 secures Commonwealth Games highlights deal as BBC ends 72-year run |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2026/may/15/channel-5-secures-commonwealth-games-highlights-deal-bbc-ends-72-year-run |access-date=17 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |date=15 May 2026}}</ref> [[S4C]] (Welsh language),<ref>{{Cite web|title=S4C announced as Welsh-language broadcaster for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4518260/s4c-announced-as-welsh-language-broadcaster-for-glasgow-2026|date=12 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> [[BBC Alba]] (Gaelic language)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-07-06|title=BBC ALBA to broadcast live action from the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2026/bbc-alba-to-broadcast-live-from-the-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow|access-date=6 July 2026|publisher=BBC}}</ref> *United States – [[BeIN Sports|beIN SPORTS]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-20 |title=Glasgow 2026 expands global broadcast reach as Commonwealth Sport enters a new era |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4539284/www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4539284/glasgow-2026-expands-global-broadcast-reach-as-commonwealth-sport-enters-a-new-era |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://glasgow2026.com Official website] * [https://onlineservices.glasgow.gov.uk/councillorsandcommittees/viewDoc.asp?c=P62AFQDN81NTNT81Z3 Official report from Glasgow City Council] * [https://www.teamscotland.scot/ Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland] [[Category:2026 Commonwealth Games| ]] [[Category:Commonwealth Games insyd Scotland]] [[Category:Commonwealth Games insyd de United Kingdom]] [[Category:International sports competitions insyd Glasgow|2026 Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:2026 insyd multi-sport events|Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:2026 insyd Scottish sport|Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:2020s insyd Glasgow]] [[Category:July 2026 sports events insyd de United Kingdom|Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:August 2026 sports events insyd de United Kingdom|Commonwealth Games]] 12z7cq49m2kky0l8cijkkq03w0rtmtf 0 29701 115728 110286 2026-11-05T02:46:35Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lizbeth Jacqueline Ovalle Muñoz''' (born 19 October 1999), dem sanso know as '''Jacqueline Ovalle''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=Jacqueline Ovalle strike named France 2018's best |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/u20womensworldcup/france2018/news/ovalle-strike-named-france-2018-s-best-1 |access-date=4 April 2022 |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association}}</ref> be a Mexican professional footballer wey dey play as a left winger give de Orlando Pride of de National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) den de Mexico national team. == Club career == === Tigres UANL === Ovalle start ein professional career plus Tigres UANL at age 17, signing plus de Monterrey based club just ahead of de start of de initial Liga MX Femenil tournament insyd July 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=OnceDiario |title=Tigres Femenil cumplió cinco años desde su primer partido en la Liga |url=https://www.oncediario.com/notas/40045-tigres-femenil-necaxa-liga-mx-cumpleanos-katty-martinez-fabiola-ibarra-carolina-jaramillo |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.oncediario.com |language=es-ES}}</ref> She quickly cam be a prominent player for Tigres, scoring six goals den dey play more dan 800 minutes during ein debut tournament. Ovalle go win ein first trophy plus Tigres during de Clausura 2018, playing an important role give de team thru out de tournament, buh specially during de playoffs insyd wich she score two goals, wey dey include one insyd de second-leg of de final against city rivals Monterrey.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2018 |title=Tigres, campeón del Clausura 2018 en Liga MX Femenil |url=https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/mexico/nota/_/id/4270097/tigres-campeon-del-clausura-2018-en-liga-mx-femenil |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=ESPNdeportes.com |language=es}}</ref> During ein time plus Tigres, Ovalle cam be a fundamental part of de team den on one of de best players insyd Liga MX Femenil, achieving more dan 200 league appearances den scoring more dan 100 goals, den helping Tigres win a significant number of trophies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RAÍZ |date=19 August 2025 |title=¡Romperá el mercado! Lizbeth Ovalle sale de Tigres en monto histórico para Liga MX Femenil |url=https://www.marca.com/mx/futbol/liga-mx-femenil/2025/08/19/68a3f609e2704e1f118b45d4.html |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=Marca México |language=es-MX}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2025 |title=¿Qué sabemos del posible traspaso de Lizbeth Ovalle al Orlando Pride? |url=https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/mexico/nota/_/id/15568703/lizbeth-ovalle-se-perfila-para-emigrar-orlando-pride-nwsl |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=ESPNdeportes.com |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=OnceDiario |title=Liga MX Femenil: Polémica y oro, Charlyn vs. Ovalle por el Balón de Oro. ¿Y Bernal? |url=https://www.oncediario.com/notas/50155-liga-mx-femenil-balon-de-oro-lizbeth-ovalle-charlyn-corral-nominaciones-rebeca-bernal-polemica-amelia-valverde |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=www.oncediario.com |language=es-ES}}</ref> Ovalle win de 2025 FIFA Marta Award for de best goal insyd women's football dat year, a scorpion kick she score give Tigres against Guadalajara on 3 March 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2025 |title=Ovalle's sensational scorpion kick earns Marta Award |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/2025/articles/marta-winner-2025-lizbeth-ovalle |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association}}</ref> === Orlando Pride === On 21 August 2025, de NWSL club Orlando Pride acquire Ovalle insyd exchange for a world record-breaking transfer fee of £1.1 million, breaking de record set by Olivia Smith transfer from Liverpool to Arsenal de previous month. Ovalle sign a two-year contract plus Orlando wey dey include a mutual option for 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=21 August 2025 |title=Orlando Pride acquires Mexican midfielder Lizbeth Jacqueline Ovalle for world-record fee |url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/pride/news/orlando-pride-acquires-mexican-midfielder-lizbeth-jacqueline-ovalle-for-world-record-fee |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=Orlando City SC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-21 |title=Orlando Pride break women's transfer record to sign Lizbeth Ovalle for £1.1m |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cp3el403v3ro |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> == International career == === Youth === Ovalle represent Mexico youth national teams at de 2016 CONCACAF Women's U-17 Championship, 2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup,<ref>{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup Jordan 2016-List of Players |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/83/62/03/fu17w_2016_squadlists_neutral.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104230225/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/83/62/03/fu17w_2016_squadlists_neutral.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |publisher=fifa.com |language=English}}</ref> de 2018 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship den de 2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup France 2018-List of Players |url=https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/y2ggt9oloxrz5synr6vy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170144/https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/y2ggt9oloxrz5synr6vy.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2018 |publisher=fifa.com |language=English}}</ref> === Senior === Ovalle make ein senior international debut on 1 September 2018 during a friendly match against France.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duret |first=Sebastien |date=2 September 2018 |title=Bleues - La FRANCE démarre la saison par une victoire |url=https://www.footofeminin.fr/Bleues-La-FRANCE-demarre-la-saison-par-une-victoire_a15066.html |access-date=2 September 2018 |publisher=Footofeminin.fr |language=French}}</ref> She net ein first goal plus de senior team during a 2019 Cyprus Women's Cup match against Czech Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lizbeth Ovalle: Magia |url=https://www.futbolera.mx/futboleras-histricas-1/lizbeth-ovalle-magia |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Futbolera |language=es-MX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260818102455/https://www.futbolera.mx/futboleras-histricas-1/lizbeth-ovalle-magia |archive-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> She be part of de roster wey represent Mexico at de 2022 CONCACAF W Championship, insyd wich she start insyd all three games wey Mexico play during de tournament. Ovalle be selected to represent Mexico at de 2023 Pan American Games dem hold insyd Santiago, Chile, wer de Mexican squad go undefeated to win de gold medal for de first time insyd dema history at de Pan American Games, defeating Chile 1–0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2023 |title=Mexico takes soccer gold with 1-0 win over Chile |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/mexico-takes-soccer-gold-with-1-0-win-over-chile-2023-11-04/ |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2023 |title=Santiago 2023: Mexico beats shorthanded Chile for women's football gold |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/santiago-2023-mexico-beat-chile-womens-football-final-silver-gold |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=olympics.com}}</ref> During de group stage of de 2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup, Ovalle open de score for Mexico insyd a 2–0 win against de United States, helping Mexico defeat de U.S. for de second time insyd team history. ==Career statistics== :''Scores den results list Mexico ein goal tally first, score column dey indicate score after each Ovalle goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals wey Lizbeth Ovalle score |- !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition |- | style="text-align:center"|1 || 6 March 2019 || [[Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium]], [[Larnaca]], Cyprus || {{fbw|CZE}} || style="text-align:center"|1–0 || style="text-align:center"|2–1 || [[2019 Cyprus Women's Cup]] |- | style="text-align:center"|2 || 22 May 2019 || Red Bull Training Facility, [[Hanover Township, New Jersey|Hanover Township]], United States || {{fbw|NZL}} || style="text-align:center"|1–2 || style="text-align:center"|1–2 || [[Exhibition game#International football|Friendly]] |- | style="text-align:center"|3 || rowspan="2"|6 August 2019 || rowspan="2"|[[Estadio Universidad San Marcos]], Lima, Peru || rowspan="2"|{{fbw|PAN}} || style="text-align:center"|3–0 || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |5–1 || rowspan="2"|[[Football at the 2019 Pan American Games – Women's tournament|2019 Pan American Games]] |- | style="text-align:center"|4 || style="text-align:center"|5–1 |- | style="text-align:center"|5 || rowspan="2"|19 April 2022 || rowspan="2"|[[Estadio Nemesio Díez]], [[Toluca]], Mexico || rowspan="2"|{{fbw|PUR}} || style="text-align:center"|1–0 || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|6–0 || rowspan="2"|[[2022 CONCACAF W Championship qualification]] |- | style="text-align:center"|6 || style="text-align:center"|4–0 |- | style="text-align:center"|7 || 5 July 2023 || [[Estadio Las Delicias]], [[Santa Tecla, El Salvador|Santa Tecla]], El Salvador || {{fbw|GUA}} || style="text-align:center"|3–0 || style="text-align:center"|6–0 || [[Football at the 2023 Central American and Caribbean Games – Women's tournament|2023 Central American and Caribbean Games]] |- | style="text-align:center"|8 || 28 October 2023 || [[Estadio Sausalito]], [[Viña del Mar]], Chile || {{fbw|PAR}} || style="text-align:center"|4–1 || style="text-align:center"|4–1 || [[Football at the 2023 Pan American Games – Women's tournament|2023 Pan American Games]] |- | style="text-align:center"|9 || rowspan="2"|31 October 2023 || rowspan="2"|[[Estadio Elías Figueroa Brander]], [[Valparaíso]], Chile || rowspan="2"|{{fbw|ARG}} || style="text-align:center"|1–0 || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|2–0 || rowspan="2"|2023 Pan American Games |- | style="text-align:center"|10 || style="text-align:center"|2–0 |- | style="text-align:center"|11 || rowspan="2"|23 February 2024 || rowspan="2"|[[Dignity Health Sports Park]], [[Carson, California|Carson]], United States || rowspan="2"|{{fbw|DOM}} || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|8–0 || rowspan="2"|[[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup]] |- | style="text-align:center"|12 || style="text-align:center"|4–0 |- | style="text-align:center"|13 || 26 February 2024 || Dignity Health Sports Park, Carson, United States || {{fbw|USA}} || style="text-align:center"|1–0 || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || 2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup |- | style="text-align:center"|14 || rowspan="2"|3 March 2024 || rowspan="2"|[[BMO Stadium]], Los Angeles, United States || rowspan="2"|{{fbw|PAR}} || style="text-align:center"|1–0 || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|3–2 || rowspan="2"|2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup |- | style="text-align:center"|15 || style="text-align:center"|3–1 |- | style="text-align:center"|16 || 4 June 2024 || [[BMO Field]], Toronto, Canada || {{fbw|CAN}} || style="text-align:center"|1–1 || style="text-align:center"|1–1 || Friendly |- | style="text-align:center"|17 || 25 February 2025 || [[Pinatar Arena]], [[San Pedro del Pinatar]], Spain || {{fbw|CHN}} || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || [[2025 Pinatar Cup]] |- | style="text-align:center"|18 || 8 April 2025 || [[Shell Energy Stadium]], [[Houston]], United States || {{fbw|JAM}} || style="text-align:center"|1–0 || style="text-align:center"|4–0 || Friendly |} ==Honours== '''UANL''' * [[Liga MX Femenil]] (6): [[2017–18 Liga MX Femenil season#Torneo Clausura|Clausura 2018]], [[2018–19 Liga MX Femenil season#Torneo Clausura|Clausura 2019]], [[2020–21 Liga MX Femenil season#Torneo Apertura|Apertura 2020]], [[2020–21 Liga MX Femenil season#Torneo Clausura|Clausura 2021]], [[2022–23 Liga MX Femenil season#Torneo Apertura|Apertura 2022]], [[2023–24 Liga MX Femenil season#Torneo Apertura|Apertura 2023]] * [[Campeón de Campeonas]]: 2021, 2023, 2024 '''Mexico U20''' * [[CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship]]: 2018 '''Mexico''' * [[Pan American Games]] gold medal: [[Football at the 2023 Pan American Games – Women's tournament|2023]] '''Individual''' * [[FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] Goal of the tournament: [[2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2018]] * [[CONCACAF W Gold Cup]] Best XI: [[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup|2024]]<ref>{{cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Shaw, Leon, Ovalle head up W Gold Cup Best XI |url=https://www.concacaf.com/w-gold-cup/news/shaw-leon-ovalle-head-up-w-gold-cup-best-xi/ |access-date=17 March 2024 |publisher=CONCACAF }}</ref> * [[FIFA Marta Award]]: 2025<ref name=":0" /> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} * {{soccerway}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210924124801/https://www.tigres.com.mx/femenil/lizbeth-jacqueline-ovalle-munoz/ Lizbeth Jacqueline Ovalle Muñoz] at [[Tigres UANL Femenil]] {{in lang|es}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ovalle, Lizbeth}} [[Category:1999 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:21st-century Mexican sportswomen]] [[Category:Mexican women's footballers]] [[Category:Footballers wey komot Aguascalientes (city)]] [[Category:Women's association football wingers]] [[Category:Mexico women's international footballers]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2019 Pan American Games]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2023 Pan American Games]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2023 Pan American Games]] [[Category:Pan American Games gold medalists insyd football]] [[Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico]] [[Category:Pan American Games footballers for Mexico]] [[Category:Liga Femenil players]] [[Category:Tigres UANL (women) footballers]] [[Category:National Women's Soccer League players]] [[Category:Orlando Pride players]] [[Category:Mexican expatriate women's footballers]] [[Category:Mexican expatriate sportspeople insyd de United States]] [[Category:Expatriate women's soccer players insyd de United States]] [[Category:Mexico women's youth international footballers]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2023 Central American den Caribbean Games]] [[Category:Central American den Caribbean Games medalists insyd football]] [[Category:Central American den Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico]] [[Category:2022 CONCACAF W Championship players]] [[Category:2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship players]] 9vaqzjtevqwsvgu9exssq39eug5v8g1 0 29776 115744 110466 2026-11-05T05:41:12Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samantha Grace Coffey''' (born December 31, 1998) be an American professional soccer player wey dey play as a defensive midfielder give Women's Super League club Manchester City den de United States national team. Coffey play college soccer give de Boston College Eagles den de Penn State Nittany Lions, earning All-American honors three times. Na dem draft am by de Portland Thorns insyd de first round of de 2021 NWSL Draft, winning de 2022 NWSL Championship insyd ein rookie season wey she be named insyd de NWSL Best XI First Team three times. Coffey make ein senior debut give de United States insyd 2022. She win de gold medal plus de national team at de [[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2024 Paris Olympics]]. == Early life == Coffey play youth club soccer give Match-Fit Academy den New York Soccer Club, wer na she be a five-time "region 1 team" honoree wey dem name am an All-American. Insyd high school, she play give de Masters School, located insyd Dobbs Ferry, wer na dem select am as team MVP all four years wey na she be a team captain for two seasons. Na dem name am de league player of de year three times, wey she score 100 goals insyd high school. == College career == === Boston College Eagles === Coffey begin ein college soccer career plus de Boston College Eagles insyd 2017. She lead de team insyd assists den points as a freshman, wey na dem select am to de All-ACC third team den freshman team. Na she dey ein team ein co-rookie of de year, wey na she be de Boston College Freshman Scholar Athlete of de Year. As a sophomore insyd 2018, she help de team reach de first round of de 2018 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament, dema first appearance since 2015. She be de team leader insyd both goals den assists, wey na she be a semi-finalist for de Hermann Trophy. Na she be a United Soccer Coaches first-team All-American, wey na dem include am insyd de All-ACC first team, wey na dem select am as de ACC midfielder of de year. Insyd both years she sanso be included insyd de All-ACC Academic Team. During ein two seasons at de school, she start all 40 games, scoring 17 goals den recording 24 assists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sam Coffey |url=https://bceagles.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/sam-coffey/10349 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |publisher=[[Boston College Eagles]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 27, 2021 |title=2021 Boston College Women's Soccer Record Book |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/bceagles.com/documents/2021/8/27/2021_Record_Book.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625162808/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/bceagles.com/documents/2021/8/27/2021_Record_Book.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |publisher=[[Boston College Eagles]]}}</ref> === Penn State Nittany Lions === [[File:Sam_coffey_in_2019.jpg|right|thumb|Coffey dey play give Penn State insyd 2019]] Insyd December 2018, na dem announce say Coffey go transfer to Pennsylvania State University to play give de Nittany Lions starting insyd de 2019 season.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smart|first=Bradley|url=https://www.bcheights.com/2018/12/19/sam-coffey-penn-state-transfer/|title=Women's Soccer Star Sam Coffey To Transfer To Penn State|publisher=[[The Heights (newspaper)|The Heights]]|date=December 19, 2018|access-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> She enroll insyd classes at de school insyd January 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gopsusports.com/news/2018/12/18/sam-coffey-joins-womens-soccer.aspx|title=Sam Coffey Joins Women's Soccer|publisher=[[Penn State Nittany Lions]]|date=December 18, 2018|access-date=June 25, 2022|archive-date=June 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625183514/https://gopsusports.com/news/2018/12/18/sam-coffey-joins-womens-soccer.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd ein junior season insyd 2019, she score 11 goals wey she record 10 assists, ranking second insyd de Big Ten Conference plus ein 32 points. She help de team to win de 2019 Big Ten Women's Soccer Tournament, insyd wich she score an equalizing penalty goal insyd de final against Michigan to send de game to extra time.<ref name="Big Ten">{{cite news|url=https://gopsusports.com/news/2019/11/10/womens-soccer-nittany-lions-win-big-ten-tournament-championship.aspx|title=Nittany Lions Win Big Ten Tournament Championship|publisher=[[Penn State Nittany Lions]]|date=November 10, 2019|access-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> De team advance go de round of 16 of de 2019 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament before losing 2–0 to eventual champions Stanford. During ein senior 2020–21 season, wich na dem postpone to spring semester secof de [[COVID-19]] pandemic, Coffey score 6 goals wey she record 12 assists insyd 16 matches give de team as a captain. Na dem eliminate Penn State insyd de round of 16 of de 2020 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament, losing to eventual runner-up Florida State. As de NCAA grant all student-athletes anoda year of eligibility secof de pandemic, Coffey play ein fifth college season insyd 2021 as a graduate student. She record 8 goals den 8 assists insyd 21 games, wey de team loose insyd de round of 16 of de 2021 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament to South Carolina. Insyd all three seasons, Coffey be included insyd de All-Big Ten den All-North Region first teams. Na dem include am insyd de United Soccer Coaches Scholar All-America Second Team insyd 2019, den de CoSIDA Academic All-America First-Team insyd 2020–21. Na dem select am as de Big Ten Midfielder of de Year insyd 2020–21, den insyd de same season na den include am insyd de Senior CLASS Award First Team All-America. Insyd 2019 den 2020, she sanso be included insyd de CoSIDA Academic All-District first team. Coffey make 62 appearances during ein three seasons at Penn State, scoring 25 goals den recording 30 assists. She fini ein collegiate career plus 42 goals den 54 assists insyd 102 appearances, becoming de 50th player insyd NCAA Division I to tally 40 goals den 40 assists.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 19, 2021 |title=Women's Soccer 2021 Media Guide |url=https://issuu.com/gopsusports/docs/2021_yearbook_export |access-date=June 25, 2022 |publisher=[[Penn State Nittany Lions]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126182311/https://issuu.com/gopsusports/docs/2021_yearbook_export |archive-date=November 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 21, 2021 |title=2021 Penn State University Women's Soccer: Overall Statistics |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/gopsusports.com/stats/wsoc/2021/pdf/cume.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625170702/https://s3.amazonaws.com/gopsusports.com/stats/wsoc/2021/pdf/cume.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |publisher=[[Penn State Nittany Lions]]}}</ref> == Club career == === Portland Thorns FC === [[File:Sam_Coffey_Gotham_Portland_26_Sep_2025-073.jpg|thumb|Coffey plus Portland insyd 2025]] After de NCAA grant all student-athletes anoda year of eligibility secof de effects of de [[COVID-19]] pandemic, Coffey decide not to enter einself into de 2021 NWSL Draft as she be uncertain about ein future. Nevertheless, dem still enter am into de draft, wey na she be selected by Portland Thorns FC plus de 12th overall pick insyd de second round.<ref>{{cite news|last=Herrera|first=Sandra|url=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/2021-nwsl-draft-results-emily-fox-trinity-rodman-and-brianna-pinto-lead-list-of-picks-in-trade-filled-night/|title=2021 NWSL draft results: Emily Fox, Trinity Rodman and Brianna Pinto lead list of picks in trade filled night|work=[[CBS Sports]]|date=January 14, 2021|access-date=June 25, 2022|archive-date=August 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805152503/https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/2021-nwsl-draft-results-emily-fox-trinity-rodman-and-brianna-pinto-lead-list-of-picks-in-trade-filled-night/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, she ultimately decide to play an additional year of college soccer plus Penn State.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schlapp|first=Ethan|url=https://tower.mastersny.org/9171/sports/masters-alumna-sam-coffey-prepares-for-pro-soccer-debut/|title=Masters alumna Sam Coffey prepares for pro soccer debut|newspaper=Tower|date=March 12, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022|archive-date=May 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526170802/https://tower.mastersny.org/9171/sports/masters-alumna-sam-coffey-prepares-for-pro-soccer-debut/|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 7, 2022, de Portland Thorns sign Coffey to a two-year contract.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timbers.com/news/thorns-fc-sign-midfielder-sam-coffey-to-multi-year-deal|title=Thorns FC sign midfielder Sam Coffey to multi-year deal|publisher=[[Portland Thorns FC]]|date=January 7, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022|archive-date=August 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814185011/https://www.timbers.com/news/thorns-fc-sign-midfielder-sam-coffey-to-multi-year-deal|url-status=dead}}</ref> She make ein debut for de team insyd de 2022 NWSL Challenge Cup on March 18, 2022, playing de full match insyd a 1–1 away draw against OL Reign.<ref>{{cite news|last=Costello|first=Brian|url=https://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/news/challenge-cup-recap-thorns-fc-1-1-draw-against-ol-reign|title=Challenge Cup Recap|publisher=[[Portland Thorns FC]]|date=March 18, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022|archive-date=June 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625183514/https://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/news/challenge-cup-recap-thorns-fc-1-1-draw-against-ol-reign|url-status=dead}}</ref> She make ein NWSL regular season debut on April 30, 2022, playing de full match insyd a 3–0 home win over de Kansas City Current.<ref>{{cite news|last=Costello|first=Brian|url=https://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/news/match-recap-thorns-fc-open-2022-regular-season-with-big-3-0-win-over-kansas-city|title=Match Recap|publisher=[[Portland Thorns FC]]|date=March 18, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022|archive-date=September 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926131527/https://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/news/match-recap-thorns-fc-open-2022-regular-season-with-big-3-0-win-over-kansas-city|url-status=dead}}</ref> She quickly cam be a regular starter, starting insyd 26 games insyd 2022 (20 regular season, 4 Challenge Cup, den 2 playoff).<ref>{{Cite web |title=#17 Sam Coffey &#124; National Women's Soccer League Official Site |url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/players/samantha-grace-coffey/stats?season=bus8n60i95d4ka5frxvgcrspg |access-date=September 25, 2023 |website=nwslsoccer.com}}</ref> She help de Thorns win de NWSL Championship dat year, wey na dem nominate am for NWSL Rookie of de Year, wey she dey on de 2022 NWSL Best XI First Team.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Sam Coffey |url=https://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/players/sam-coffey/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227062716/https://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/players/sam-coffey/ |archive-date=February 27, 2024 |access-date=September 25, 2023 |website=Portland Thorns FC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2022 |title=NWSL Announces Winners of Mastercard Best XI Awards |url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/nwsl-announces-winners-of-mastercard-best-xi-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025191328/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/nwsl-announces-winners-of-mastercard-best-xi-awards |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |access-date=September 25, 2023 |website=nwslsoccer.com}}</ref> Na dem name Coffey Portland ein captain insyd de 2025 season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thorns.com/news/portland-thorns-fc-announce-roster-ahead-of-2025-season|title=Portland Thorns FC Announce Roster Ahead of 2025 Season|date=2025-03-12|publisher=[[Portland Thorns FC]]|access-date=2025-03-15}}</ref> Insyd June 2025, na dem reveal say insyd March 2024, Coffey sign a contract extension thru de 2027 season.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Carlisle |first=Jeff |date=2025-06-11 |title=Sources: Coffey has Thorns extension through '27 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/45494340/usa-sam-coffey-portland-thorns-contract-2027 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> === Manchester City === Insyd January 2026, Coffey enter into talks plus English club Manchester City wey dey regard a transfer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Garry |first1=Tom |title=USA midfielder Sam Coffey in talks to join Manchester City from Portland Thorns |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2026/jan/08/sam-coffey-manchester-city-portland-thorns-transfer-talks-uswnt-midfielder |access-date=January 14, 2026 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> On January 14, na dem officially announce say Manchester City sign Coffey to a three-and-a-half-year deal, thru summer 2029, plus de BBC reporting a £600,000 fee wey City spend, a club record.<ref>{{cite web |title=US international Coffey signs for City |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/womens/sam-coffey-man-city-signing-announcement-63903989 |access-date=January 14, 2026 |website=Manchester City}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Brotherton|first=Alex|date=February 19, 2026|title='We all have a platform' – Coffey on speaking out, WSL appeal and special Hayes|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cwy8gklklg9o|access-date=February 19, 2026|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> == International career == === Youth === Coffey be a member of de United States youth squads on de under-18, under-19, den under-20 levels. Plus de under-18 team, she attend six training camps wey she play insyd two international tournaments. At de under-20 level, she be included insyd de U.S. squad for de 2018 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship, dem hold insyd Trinidad and Tobago.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Klimkova Names 20-Player U.S. Roster for 2018 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship in Trinidad & Tobago |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/01/09/22/32/20180110-news-u20wnt-concacaf-u20-championship-world-cup-qualifying-roster |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052712/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/01/09/22/32/20180110-news-u20wnt-concacaf-u20-championship-world-cup-qualifying-roster |archive-date=January 11, 2018 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> De team fini as runners-up after losing de final on penalties to Mexico.<ref name="CONCACAF U20">{{cite web |date=January 28, 2018 |title=USA Falls to Mexico 4–2 on PKs in 2018 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship Final |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/01/29/00/27/20180128-recap-u20wnt-falls-to-mexico-4-2-on-pks-in-2018-concacaf-womens-u20-championship-final |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129142632/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/01/29/00/27/20180128-recap-u20wnt-falls-to-mexico-4-2-on-pks-in-2018-concacaf-womens-u20-championship-final |archive-date=January 29, 2018 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> However, de team still qualify for de 2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup insyd France, though na dem no select Coffey as a squad member.<ref name="dream come true">{{cite news|url=https://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/news/a-dream-come-true-thorns-fc-midfielder-sam-coffey-lasting-impression-uswnt|title='A dream come true': Thorns FC midfielder Sam Coffey hopes to make lasting impression in first USWNT call-up|publisher=[[Portland Thorns FC]]|date=June 24, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022|archive-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819112557/https://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/news/a-dream-come-true-thorns-fc-midfielder-sam-coffey-lasting-impression-uswnt|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Senior === [[File:Sam_Coffey_USWNT_vs_Italy_Nov_28_2025-157_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Coffey plus de United States insyd 2025]] Insyd June 2022, Coffey earn ein first call-up to de United States women's national team for two friendlies against Colombia.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/06/andonovski-names-rosters-for-june-friendlies-and-world-cup-and-olympic-qualifying|title=Andonovski Names 23-Player U.S. Women's National Team Roster For Concacaf W Championship In Mexico|publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]]|date=June 13, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022|archive-date=August 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814143143/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/06/andonovski-names-rosters-for-june-friendlies-and-world-cup-and-olympic-qualifying|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dream come true">{{cite news|url=https://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/news/a-dream-come-true-thorns-fc-midfielder-sam-coffey-lasting-impression-uswnt|title='A dream come true': Thorns FC midfielder Sam Coffey hopes to make lasting impression in first USWNT call-up|publisher=[[Portland Thorns FC]]|date=June 24, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022|archive-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819112557/https://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/news/a-dream-come-true-thorns-fc-midfielder-sam-coffey-lasting-impression-uswnt|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite she be uncapped, na Coffey later be added as an injury replacement for [[Ashley Hatch]] after de group stage of de 2022 CONCACAF W Championship, buh na dem no call am on to play.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/07/midfielder-sam-coffey-replaces-forward-ashley-hatch-on-uswnt-roster-for-concacaf-w-championship|title=Midfielder Sam Coffey Replaces Forward Ashley Hatch On U.S. Women's National Team Roster For Concacaf W Championship|publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]]|date=July 11, 2022|access-date=August 4, 2022|archive-date=March 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325022739/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/07/midfielder-sam-coffey-replaces-forward-ashley-hatch-on-uswnt-roster-for-concacaf-w-championship|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://prosoccerwire.usatoday.com/2022/07/11/ashley-hatch-uswnt-injury-sam-coffey/|title=USWNT to replace injured Ashley Hatch with Sam Coffey|date=July 11, 2022|access-date=August 4, 2022|publisher=[[USA Today]]|agency=Pro Soccer Wire|first=Jason|last=Anderson|archive-date=August 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807211747/https://prosoccerwire.usatoday.com/2022/07/11/ashley-hatch-uswnt-injury-sam-coffey/|url-status=live}}</ref> She earn ein first cap, den first start, insyd a friendly against Nigeria on Sept. 6, 2022, wey she play three further matches dat year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Defeats Nigeria 2–1 In Front Of Packed Stadium In Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/09/international-friendly-uswnt-2-nigeria-1-match-report-stats-standings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604134109/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/09/international-friendly-uswnt-2-nigeria-1-match-report-stats-standings |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |access-date=September 25, 2023 |website=ussoccer.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Coffey &#124; USWNT &#124; U.S. Soccer Official Site |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/players/c/sam-coffey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925182713/https://www.ussoccer.com/players/c/sam-coffey |archive-date=September 25, 2023 |access-date=September 25, 2023 |website=ussoccer.com |language=en}}</ref> Dem san call am up for friendly matches insyd September 2023 buh she no play.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2023 |title=Brace from Lynn Williams and goal from Trinity Rodman lead USWNT to 3–0 win against South Africa in Julie Ertz's farewell match |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/09/uswnt-vs-south-africa-match-highlights-recap-goals-score-cincinnati-9-21-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416080756/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/09/uswnt-vs-south-africa-match-highlights-recap-goals-score-cincinnati-9-21-23 |archive-date=April 16, 2024 |access-date=September 25, 2023 |website=ussoccer.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2023 |title=U.S. Women's National Team downs South Africa 2–0 in Megan Rapinoe's final international match |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/09/uswnt-vs-south-africa-match-highlights-recap-goals-score-chicago-9-24-23 |access-date=September 25, 2023 |website=ussoccer.com |language=en}}</ref> She score ein first international goal insyd a friendly against China PR on December 5, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USWNT vs. China PR: Highlights & Match Recap &#124; U.S. Soccer Official Website |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/12/uswnt-vs-china-pr-12-5-23-score-highlights-match-report-stats-recap |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216232000/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/12/uswnt-vs-china-pr-12-5-23-score-highlights-match-report-stats-recap |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=ussoccer.com |language=en}}</ref> She score a second international goal, again against China, on May 31, 2025. Na dem select Coffey to de 18-player roster for de [[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2024 Summer Olympics]] insyd France.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5593017/2024/06/26/uswnt-olympics-roster-2024/|title=Alex Morgan not selected to USWNT for Paris Olympics: Full roster for 2024 Games|last=Linehan|first=Meg|date=2024-06-26|website=[[The Athletic]]|access-date=2024-06-26|archive-date=June 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626165821/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5593017/2024/06/26/uswnt-olympics-roster-2024/|url-status=live}}</ref> She start den play de full game insyd five of de six games de US play insyd, missing one secof yellow card accumulation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Match Centre |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/match-centre |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FIFA |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> Ein play include de gold medal game against Brazil, wich de United States win 1–0 on a goal from [[Mallory Swanson]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/live-blogs/uswnt-brazil-live-updates-paris-olympics-2024-final-score-result/MSnNZ1Hpph4E/|title=USWNT vs Brazil live updates: Mallory Swanson breaks deadlock in Paris Olympics 2024 women's soccer final|last=Mathews|first=Max|date=2024-08-10|website=[[The Athletic]]|access-date=2024-08-10}}</ref> == Personal life == Na dem born Coffey insyd New York City to Wayne Coffey, a sportswriter wey previously work give de ''New York Daily News'', den Denise Willi. She grow up insyd Sleepy Hollow, New York, wey she attend de Masters School. She earn ein bachelor's degree insyd journalism from Pennsylvania State University at de end of 2020, wey she begin dey pursue ein graduate degree at de school afterwards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://riverjournalonline.com/schools/sleepy-hollows-sam-coffey-earns-academic-all-america-honors/25182/|title=Sleepy Hollow's Sam Coffey Earns Academic All-America Honors|publisher=River Journal|date=July 6, 2021|access-date=June 25, 2022|archive-date=May 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521094639/https://riverjournalonline.com/schools/sleepy-hollows-sam-coffey-earns-academic-all-america-honors/25182/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ein sisto Alex be a sportswriter wey previously wrep give ''The Athletic'' den currently dey cover de Philadelphia Phillies as beat reporter for ''The Philadelphia Inquirer''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Alex Coffey|url=https://www.inquirer.com/author/coffey_alex/|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]}}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|match played May 3, 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances den goals by club, season den competition |- ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup ! colspan="2" |League cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals !Apps !Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals !Apps !Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- | rowspan="5" |[[Portland Thorns FC]] |[[2022 Portland Thorns FC season|2022]] |[[National Women's Soccer League|NWSL]] |19||1||colspan="2"|—||4||0||colspan="2"|—||2||0||25||1 |- |[[2023 Portland Thorns FC season|2023]] |NWSL |22||0||colspan="2"|—||4||0|| colspan="2"|—||1||0||27||0 |- |[[2024 National Women's Soccer League season|2024]] |NWSL |24||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||3||0||1||0||28||2 |- |[[2025 Portland Thorns FC season|2025]] |NWSL |25||2|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||2||0||2 |0||29||2 |- !colspan="2" |Total !90!!5!!0!!0!!8!!0!!5!!0!!6!!0!!109!!5 |- |[[Manchester City W.F.C.|Manchester City]] |[[2025–26 Manchester City W.F.C. season|2025–26]] |[[Women's Super League]] |8||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||10||0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !98!!5!!2!!0!!8!!0!!5!!0!!6!!0!!119!!5 |} ===International=== {{updated|match played April 17, 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan=5 | [[United States women's national soccer team|United States]] |[[2022 in American soccer#Women's|2022]]||4||0 |- |[[2023 in American soccer#Women's|2023]]||3||1 |- |[[2024 in American soccer#Women's|2024]]||21||0 |- |[[2025 in American soccer#Women's|2025]]|| 14 || 4 |- |[[2026 in American soccer#Women's|2026]]|| 4 || 0 |- !colspan=2| Total !! 46 !! 5 |} :''Scores den results list United States ein goal tally first, score column dey indicate score after each Coffey goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals wey Sam Coffey score |- !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition !scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |style="text-align:center"|1 |{{dts|2023-12-05}} |[[Toyota Stadium (Texas)|Toyota Stadium]], [[Frisco, Texas]], [[United States]] |{{fbw|China}} |style="text-align:center"|1–1 |style="text-align:center"|2–1 |[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/12/uswnt-vs-china-pr-12-5-23-score-highlights-match-report-stats-recap |title=U.S. Women's National Team Defeats China PR 2–1 in Final Match of 2023 |date=December 5, 2023 |website=U.S. Soccer |access-date=December 16, 2023 |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216232000/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2023/12/uswnt-vs-china-pr-12-5-23-score-highlights-match-report-stats-recap |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | style="text-align: center;" |2 |May 31, 2025 |[[Allianz Field]], [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul, Minnesota]], United States |{{fbw|China}} |style="text-align:center"|2–0 |style="text-align:center"|3–0 |[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Rolls to 3–0 Victory over China in Minnesota on Goals from Catarina Macario, Sam Coffey and Lindsey Heaps |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2025/05-us-womens-national-3-0-victory-china-minnesota-catarina-macario-sam-coffey-lindsey-heaps |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.ussoccer.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | style="text-align: center;" |3 |June 26, 2025 |[[Dick's Sporting Goods Park|DSG Park]], [[Commerce City, Colorado]], United States |{{fbw|IRL}} |style="text-align:center"|2–0 |style="text-align:center"|4–0 |[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/competitions/uswnt-friendlies-2025/matches/united-states-vs-ireland-dicks-sporting-goods-park-colorado-tickets-score-result-lineups-goals-highlights |title=Match Hub: USA vs. Ireland |date=June 26, 2025 |website=U.S. Soccer |access-date=June 26, 2025 }}</ref> |- | style="text-align: center;" |4 |July 2, 2025 |[[Audi Field]], [[Washington, D.C.]], United States |{{fbw|CAN}} |style="text-align:center"|1–0 |style="text-align:center"|3–0 |[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/competitions/uswnt-friendlies-2025/matches/united-states-vs-canada-audi-field-washington-dc-tickets-score-result-lineups-goals-highlights |title=Match Hub: USA vs. Canada |date=July 2, 2025 |website=U.S. Soccer |access-date=July 2, 2025}}</ref> |- | style="text-align: center;" |5 |October 26, 2025 |[[Pratt & Whitney Stadium at Rentschler Field|Pratt & Whitney Stadium]], [[East Hartford, Connecticut]], United States |{{fbw|POR}} |style="text-align:center"|3–1 |style="text-align:center"|3–1 |[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/competitions/uswnt-friendlies-2025/matches/united-states-portugal-hartford-tickets-live-score-match-hub-lineups-highlights |title=Match Hub: USA vs. Portugal |date=October 26, 2025 |website=U.S. Soccer |access-date=October 30, 2025}}</ref> |- |} ==Honors== ;Penn State Nittany Lions *[[Big Ten Women's Soccer Tournament]]: [[2019 Big Ten Women's Soccer Tournament|2019]]<ref name="Big Ten"/> ;Portland Thorns FC * [[NWSL Championship]]: [[2022 NWSL Championship|2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azzi |first=Alex |date=October 30, 2022 |title=Portland Thorns win 2022 NWSL Championship, MVP Smith scores game winner |url=https://onherturf.nbcsports.com/2022/10/29/portland-thorns-win-2022-nwsl-championship/ |access-date=November 1, 2022 |website=On Her Turf |language=en-US |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101012032/https://onherturf.nbcsports.com/2022/10/29/portland-thorns-win-2022-nwsl-championship/ |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Manchester City''' * [[Women's Super League]]: [[2025-26 Women's Super League|2025–26]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelsey |first=George |title=City crowned WSL champions |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/womens/City%20crowned%20WSL%20champions |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Manchester City FC |language=en}}</ref>''' ;United States U20 *[[CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship]] runner-up: [[2018 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship|2018]]<ref name="CONCACAF U20"/> ;United States * [[Summer Olympic Games]] gold medal: [[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2024]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jurejko |first=Jonathan |date=10 August 2024 |title=Brazil 0–1 United States: Emma Hayes leads USA to Olympic gold |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/live/cvg5l5306z6t |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=BBC Sport |language= |archive-date=August 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810002604/https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/live/cvg5l5306z6t |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[CONCACAF Women's Championship]]: [[2022 CONCACAF W Championship|2022]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Das |title=U.S. Women Beat Canada to Claim Spot in Paris Olympics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/19/sports/soccer/uswnt-canada-concacaf-w-championship.html |work=The New York Times |date=July 19, 2022 |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |access-date=July 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719122640/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/19/sports/soccer/uswnt-canada-concacaf-w-championship.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[CONCACAF W Gold Cup]]: [[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup|2024]]<ref>{{cite web|date=March 11, 2024|title=Horan the hero as USA down Brazil to win W Gold Cup crown|url=https://www.concacaf.com/w-gold-cup/news/horan-the-hero-as-usa-down-brazil-to-win-w-gold-cup-crown/|access-date=March 11, 2024|website=CONCACAF.com|archive-date=April 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408162141/https://www.concacaf.com/w-gold-cup/news/horan-the-hero-as-usa-down-brazil-to-win-w-gold-cup-crown/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[SheBelieves Cup]]: [[2024 SheBelieves Cup|2024]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Shebelieves Cup final USWNT vs Canada result |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/04/2024-shebelieves-cup-final-uswnt-vs-canada-result-score-stats-goals-highlights-match-recap |access-date=April 9, 2024 |work=U.S. Soccer |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410032246/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/04/2024-shebelieves-cup-final-uswnt-vs-canada-result-score-stats-goals-highlights-match-recap |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2026 SheBelieves Cup|2026]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2026 Shebelieves Cup USWNT vs Columbia result |url= https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2026/03/uswnt/us-womens-national-team-defeat-colombia-1-0-on-late-goal-from-alyssa-thompson-to-win-its-eighth-shebelieves-cup |access-date=March 7, 2026 |work=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> '''Individual''' * [[NWSL Best XI First Team]]: [[2022 National Women's Soccer League season#Teams of the Year|2022]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 3, 2022 |title=NWSL Announces Winners of Mastercard Best XI Awards |url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/nwsl-announces-winners-of-mastercard-best-xi-awards |access-date=October 25, 2022 |website=NWSL Soccer |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025191328/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/nwsl-announces-winners-of-mastercard-best-xi-awards |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2023 National Women's Soccer League season#Teams of the Year|2023]]<ref>{{cite news |date=November 6, 2023 |title=NWSL Announces Winners of 2023 Mastercard Best XI Awards |url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/nwsl-announces-winners-of-2023-mastercard-best-xi-awards |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-date=December 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225080443/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/nwsl-announces-winners-of-2023-mastercard-best-xi-awards |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2025 National Women's Soccer League season#Teams of the Year|2025]] * [[NWSL Team of the Month|NWSL Best XI of the Month]]: June 2022, Sept./Oct. 2022, June 2023, August 2023, Sept./Oct. 2023, May 2024<ref name="202206-awards">{{cite news |last=Clarke |first=Ryan |date=June 27, 2022 |title=Four Portland Thorns players named to NWSL Best XI for June; Smith, Coffey earn individual honors |publisher=[[The Oregonian]] |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/portland-thorns/2022/06/four-portland-thorns-players-named-to-nwsl-best-xi-for-june-smith-coffey-earn-individual-honors.html |access-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804173555/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland-thorns/2022/06/four-portland-thorns-players-named-to-nwsl-best-xi-for-june-smith-coffey-earn-individual-honors.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2022 |title=NWSL Announces September/October Best XI of the Month, Presented by Mastercard |url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/nwsl-announces-september-october-best-xi-of-the-month-presented-by-mastercard |access-date=September 25, 2023 |website=nwslsoccer.com |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321063129/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/nwsl-announces-september-october-best-xi-of-the-month-presented-by-mastercard |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[NWSL Rookie of the Month]]: June 2022<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/portland-thorns-fc-midfielder-sam-coffey-named-june-rookie-of-the-month-presented-by-ally |title=Portland Thorns FC Midfielder Sam Coffey Named June Rookie of the Month, Presented by Ally |date=June 23, 2022 |access-date=July 12, 2022 |publisher=National Women's Soccer League |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712085844/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/portland-thorns-fc-midfielder-sam-coffey-named-june-rookie-of-the-month-presented-by-ally |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[List of NCAA Division I women's soccer First-Team All-America teams|First-team All-American]]: [[2018 NCAA Division I women's soccer season|2018]] *Second-team All-American: [[2019 NCAA Division I women's soccer season|2019]], [[2021 NCAA Division I women's soccer season|2021]] *First-team All-[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]: 2019, 2020, 2021 *First-team All-[[Atlantic Coast Conference|ACC]]: [[2018 Atlantic Coast Conference women's soccer season|2018]] *Third-team All-ACC: [[2017 Atlantic Coast Conference women's soccer season|2017]] *[[Big Ten Conference Women's Soccer Midfielder of the Year|Big Ten Midfielder of the Year]]: 2020 *[[Atlantic Coast Conference Women's Soccer Midfielder of the Year|ACC Midfielder of the Year]]: [[2018 Atlantic Coast Conference women's soccer season|2018]] == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{NWSL player|samantha-grace-coffey|Sam Coffey}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423114843/https://www.timbers.com/thornsfc/players/sam-coffey/ Sam Coffey] at [[Portland Thorns FC]] * {{U.S. Soccer player|c/sam-coffey}} * {{soccerway}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coffey, Sam}} [[Category:1998 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Soccer players wey komot New York City]] [[Category:People wey komot Sleepy Hollow, New York]] [[Category:Women's association football midfielders]] [[Category:American women's soccer players]] [[Category:United States women's under-20 international soccer players]] [[Category:United States women's international soccer players]] [[Category:Boston College Eagles women's soccer players]] [[Category:Penn State Nittany Lions women's soccer players]] [[Category:Portland Thorns FC players]] [[Category:National Women's Soccer League players]] [[Category:Portland Thorns FC draft picks]] [[Category:Manchester City W.F.C. players]] [[Category:United States women's youth international soccer players]] [[Category:21st-century American sportswomen]] [[Category:The Masters School alumni]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for de United States insyd soccer]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:American expatriate women's soccer players]] [[Category:American expatriate sportspeople insyd England]] [[Category:Expatriate women's footballers insyd England]] [[Category:2022 CONCACAF W Championship players]] [[Category:Women's Super League players]] 4jrcottqayzcw54l2cs84w2agext3hi 0 30103 115698 112769 2026-11-04T20:54:04Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rebecca Elizabeth Sauerbrunn''' (born June 6, 1985) be an American former professional soccer player wey play as a center back. She co-captain de United States national team plus [[Carli Lloyd]] from 2016 to 2018 wey na she be de captain of de team from 2021 to 2023.<ref name="captain">{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2016 |title=Carli Lloyd and Becky Sauerbrunn Named New Captains of U.S. WNT |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/01/09/18/07/160109-wnt-carli-lloyd-and-becky-sauerbrunn-named-new-captains-of-us-wnt |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kassouf|first1=Jeff|title=USWNT notebook: Scheduling, captains and other updates from World Cup qualifying camp|url=https://equalizersoccer.com/2018/10/03/uswnt-notebook-captains-europe-january-camp-world-cup-qualifying/|access-date=October 4, 2018|publisher=The Equalizer|date=October 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kassouf|first1=Jeff|title=Becky Sauerbrunn named USWNT captain, again|url=https://equalizersoccer.com/2021/01/17/becky-sauerbrunn-named-uswnt-captain-again-vlatko-andonovski/|access-date=January 18, 2021|publisher=The Equalizer|date=January 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://justwomenssports.com/reads/becky-sauerbrunn-uswnt-world-cup-captain-leadership-lindsey-horan/|title=Becky Sauerbrunn Passes Torch to USWNT 'Co-Captain' Lindsey Horan|last=Hruby|first=Emma|date=2023-06-22|website=[[Just Women's Sports]]|access-date=2024-07-25}}</ref> Sauerbrunn play college soccer give de Virginia Cavaliers before starting ein professional career plus de Washington Freedom insyd Women's Professional Soccer insyd 2010. After de National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) dem form insyd 2013, Sauerbrunn lead FC Kansas City to two of de league ein first three championships. Na dem name am NWSL Defender of de Year three times plus Kansas City den once plus Utah Royals FC. She win ein third championship plus Portland Thorns FC, plus wich she retire insyd 2024. Sauerbrunn win gold plus de national team at de 2012 London Summer Olympics, 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, den 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, wey she play give de team at de 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup wer na dem fini insyd second place. She play every minute give de United States at de 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. == Early life == Born to Jane den Scott Sauerbrunn insyd St. Louis, Missouri, Becky be raised plus two older bros, Grant den Adam.<ref name="UVbio">{{cite web |date=April 24, 2013 |title=Beck Sauerbrunn Bio |url=http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/sauerbrunn_becky00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000723/http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/sauerbrunn_becky00.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2016 |website=University of Virginia – Official Athletics Website |publisher=University of Virginia}}</ref> Growing up, ein bros motivate am to step up for einself dem be cam physically den mentally tough.<ref name=":0"/> Sauerbrunn play plus de JB Marine Soccer Club beginning at age 12.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Watson |first=Lisa |date=October 27, 2011 |title=Q&A with Becky Sauerbrunn |url=http://www.laduenews.com/diversions/sports/q-a-with-becky-sauerbrunn/article_2118a6bc-00d5-11e1-8d77-001a4bcf6878.html?mode=story |access-date=July 18, 2016 |website=Ladue News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701063919/https://www.laduenews.com/diversions/sports/q-a-with-becky-sauerbrunn/article_2118a6bc-00d5-11e1-8d77-001a4bcf6878.html?mode=story |archive-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref> She help de team win de Missouri State Cup four times as well as a Midwest Regional Championship insyd 2000.<ref name="UVbio"/><ref name=":0"/> Sauerbrunn attend Ladue High School, wer na she be a four-year letter winner insyd soccer, volleyball, den basketball, wer na she be a three-year starter at point guard. Na dem name am soccer team captain playing as a sweeper den central midfielder. During ein senior season, she score 21 goals wey she make 19 assists. Na dem name am 2003 Missouri Gatorade Player of de Year, 2002 den 2003 Parade All-American, 2001 NSCAA Youth All-American, den 2002 NSCAA Adidas (U-17) All-American.<ref name="UVbio"/><ref name=":1"/> === University of Virginia, 2003–2007 === Sauerbrunn attend de University of Virginia wey na she be a member of de Virginia Cavaliers women's soccer team from 2003 to 2007. Insyd ein freshman season insyd 2003, Sauerbrunn play insyd every game give de Cavaliers, starting all 21 of ein appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2004 |title=2003 Statistics |url=http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/stats/2003-2004/071404aaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923105645/http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/stats/2003-2004/071404aaa.html |archive-date=September 23, 2017 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=University of Virginia – Official Athletics Website |publisher=University of Virginia}}</ref> Insyd ein 1,970 minutes she play, she make two assists.<ref name="UVbio"/> Ein first career assist cam during a match against Wake Forest on October 11.<ref name="UVbio" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=All-Time Results |url=http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/spec-rel/all-time-results.html#2000s |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101131913/http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/spec-rel/all-time-results.html#2000s |archive-date=November 1, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=University of Virginia – Official Athletics Website |publisher=University of Virginia}}</ref> Insyd de first round of de 2003 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament, Virginia face William & Mary on November 14. Virginia win de match insyd penalty kicks wey dem advance to de second round. Insyd de second round, Virginia face Villanova on November 16 wey dem loose de match insyd penalty kicks, dey halt dema advancement insyd de tournament.<ref name=":5" /> Following de 2003 season, Sauerbrunn receive NSCAA All-Region honors, NSCAA All-American First Team honors, All-ACC Second Team honors, den ACC All-Freshman Team honors.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> Na dem sanso name am ACC Freshman of de Year for 2003.<ref name=":7" /> Sauerbrunn miss de entire 2004 season secof national team obligations at de 2004 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championships insyd Thailand.<ref name="UVbio"/> Insyd de 2005 season, Sauerbrunn play insyd every game give de Cavaliers, starting all 25 of ein appearances.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2005 |title=2005 Women's Soccer Statistics |url=http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/stats/2005-2006/05-va-w-soccer-cumulativestats.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923103541/http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/stats/2005-2006/05-va-w-soccer-cumulativestats.html |archive-date=September 23, 2017 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=University of Virginia – Official Athletics Website}}</ref> She score ein first career goal plus de Cavaliers on September 16 against St. Bonaventure. Virginia go on to win de match 7–1.<ref name="UVbio"/><ref name=":5"/> Insyd ein 2,289 minutes she play, she make one goal den two assists.<ref name=":8" /> Insyd de first round of de 2005 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament, Virginia face Liberty on November 11. Virginia win de match 4–0 wey dem advance to de second round. Instd de second round, Virginia face Tennessee on November 13. Virginia win de match 3–0 wey dem advance to de third round. Virginia face CS Fullerton insyd de third round wey dem win de game 2–1. Insyd de quarterfinals, na UCLA defeat Virginia on November 25.<ref name=":5" /> Following de 2005 season, Sauerbrunn receive NSCAA All-Region honors den All-ACC Second Team honors.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> N dem sanso name am to de ACC All-Academic Team.<ref name=":7" /> Insyd de 2006 season, Sauerbrunn play insyd every game for de Cavaliers, starting all 21 of ein appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2006 |title=Virginia Overall Team Statistics (as of Nov 12, 2006) |url=http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/stats/2006-2007/teamcume.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923104831/http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/stats/2006-2007/teamcume.html |archive-date=September 23, 2017 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=University of Virginia – Official Athletics Website |publisher=University of Virginia}}</ref> Insyd de 2006 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament, Sauerbrunn help Virginia make am to de third round, wer dem loose to Texas A&M on November 17.<ref name=":5"/> Following de 2006 season, Sauerbrunn receive NSCAA All-Region honors, All-ACC First Team honors, den NSCAA All-American Second Team Honors.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=All-Time Results |url=http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/spec-rel/national-honors.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910214243/http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/spec-rel/national-honors.html |archive-date=September 10, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=University of Virginia – Official Athletics Website |publisher=University of Virginia}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=ACC Honors and Award Winners |url=http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/spec-rel/acc-honors.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910214235/http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/spec-rel/acc-honors.html |archive-date=September 10, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=University of Virginia – Official Athletics Website |publisher=University of Virginia}}</ref> She sanso be named to de ACC All-Academic Team.<ref name=":7" /> Insyd de 2007 season, Sauerbrunn play insyd every game give ee Cavaliers, starting all 23 of ein appearances. Insyd ein 2,232 minutes she play, she make one goal den three assists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2007 |title=Virginia Overall Team Statistics (as of Nov 24, 2007) |url=http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/stats/2007-2008/teamcume.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819054200/http://www.virginiasports.com/sports/w-soccer/stats/2007-2008/teamcume.html |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=University of Virginia – Official Athletics Website |publisher=University of Virginia}}</ref> Insyd de 2007 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament, Sauerbrunn help Virginia make am to de third round, wer na dem loose to UCLA insyd overtime on November 23.<ref name=":5"/> Following de 2007 season, Sauerbrunn receive NSCAA All-Region honors, NSCAA All-American First Team Honors, den All-ACC First Team honors. She make de Academic All-American team, de ACC All-Tournament Team, den de ACC All-Academic Team. Na dem name am NSCAA Scholar-Athlete of de Year den ACC Player of de Year.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> == Club career == === Boston Renegades, 2005 === Sauerbrunn play give de Boston Renegades insyd de W-League insyd 2005.<ref name=":0"/> De W-League often be used by college players as a summer playing option secof ein status as an open league, wey dey allow college players to maintain eligibility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kassouf |first=Jeff |date=November 6, 2015 |title=USL W-League, once top flight, folds after 21 seasons |url=http://equalizersoccer.com/2015/11/06/usl-w-league-folds-21-seasons/ |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=The Equalizer}}</ref> She make ein first appearance give de team on May 20, 2005, against de Long Island Riders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2005 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire: May 23, 2005 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/39/u-s-soccer-wire-may-23-2005 |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Island Rough Riders vs. Boston Renegades – 21 May 2005 – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2005/05/21/united-states/w-league/long-island-rough-riders/boston-renegades/326344/ |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=Soccer Way}}</ref> === Richmond Kickers Destiny, 2006–2007 === Sauerbrunn play give de Richmond Kickers Destiny insyd de W-League for de 2006 den 2007 seasons.<ref name=":0"/> Insyd ein two seasons plus de team, Sauerbrunn make 24 appearances, dey play 2,137 minutes. Although na she mainly be a defensive player, she sanso score three goals insyd ein time plus de team.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2008 |title=Former Destiny Defender Drafted |url=http://www.richmondkickers.com/wleague/282662.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918070112/http://www.richmondkickers.com/wleague/282662.html |archive-date=September 18, 2016 |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Richmond Kickers}}</ref> === Washington Freedom, 2008–2009 === Sauerbrunn play give de Washington Freedom insyd de W-League for de 2008 season.<ref name=":0"/> De Washington Freedom join de newly formed Women's Professional Soccer league for de 2009 season. On October 6, 2008, na dem pick Sauerbrunn third overall insyd de first round of de 2008 WPS General Draft, wich assign de WPS rights of international den domestic players to de teams insyd de WPS for de 2009 season.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2008 |title=WPS General Draft Results |url=http://www.womensprosoccer.com/newsitem_ektid5502.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009032407/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/newsitem_ektid5502.aspx |archive-date=October 9, 2008 |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Women's Professional Soccer 2009 |publisher=Women's Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn make ein first appearance give de team on March 29, 2009, insyd a match against de Los Angeles Sol.<ref name=":3"/> She start all 20 games give de Freedom insyd de regular season den insyd de team ein one playoff match.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3" /> She make one goal during de season insyd de 54th minute of de match against de Chicago Red Stars on April 11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Washington Freedom vs Chicago Red Stars Match Statistics – USA WPS |url=http://www.soccerpunter.com/soccer-statistics/USA/WPS-2009/match/742467_Washington_Freedom_vs_Chicago_Red_Stars |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Soccer Punter}}</ref> === Røa IL, 2009 === Following de 2009 season plus de Washington Freedom, Sauerbrunn play give Røa IL for three months insyd Norway insyd Toppserien, de top level professional league give women insyd Norway.<ref name=":0"/> She make ein first appearance give de team on September 26, 2009, insyd a match against Kattem IL, wer she play all 90 minutes wey she score a goal insyd de 13th minute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Røa vs Kattem Match Statistics – Norway Toppserien |url=http://www.soccerpunter.com/soccer-statistics/Norway/Toppserien-2009/match/736951_R%C3%B8a_IL_vs_Kattem_IL |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Soccer Punter}}</ref> She make five appearances give Røa IL insyd de domestic league. Na dem confirm Røa as league champions on de last day of de season after drawing 0–0 plus Stabæk on October 31,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lote |first=Arve |date=October 31, 2009 |title=Røa mester for tredje gang på rad |url=https://www.nrk.no/sport/fotball/roa-mester-for-tredje-gang-pa-rad-1.6843987 |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=NRK |language=no}}</ref> a match insyd wich Sauerbrunn start.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Røa vs Stabæk Match Statistics – Norway Toppserien |url=http://www.soccerpunter.com/soccer-statistics/Norway/Toppserien-2009/match/736975_R%C3%B8a_IL_vs_Stab%C3%A6k_Fotball |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Soccer Punter}}</ref> She then go on to play insyd two rounds of UEFA Women's Champions League against Everton den Zvezda 2005 Perm, helping Røa advance to de quarterfinals.<ref name=":0" /> === Washington Freedom, 2010 === Sauerbrunn return to de Freedom for de 2010 WPS season. She play insyd all 24 games of de regular season give de Freedom.<ref name=":3"/> At de end of de regular season, de Freedom rank fourth insyd de league wey dem advance to de playoffs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Washington Freedom Soccer Statistics and Results in WPS 2010 |url=http://www.soccerpunter.com/soccer-statistics/USA/WPS-2010/team_info_overall/8092_Washington_Freedom |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Soccer Punter}}</ref> De Freedom face de Philadelphia Independence insyd de first round of de playoffs on September 19. Sauerbrunn start de match wey dem play all 120 minutes, wich end insyd a 1–0 defeat for de Freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philadelphia Indep. vs Washington Freedom Match Statistics – USA WPS |url=http://www.soccerpunter.com/soccer-statistics/USA/WPS-2010/match |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Soccer Punter}}</ref> [[File:Becky_Sauerbrunn_(cropped).jpg|thumb|405x405px|Sauerbrunn plus magicJack during a match against de Boston Breakers on August 6, 2011]] === magicJack, 2011 === On December 2, 2010, Dan Borislow buy de Washington Freedom, dem change ein name to magicJack wey dem relocate de team to Boca Raton, Florida, for de 2011 season.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Dure |first=Beau |date=January 10, 2012 |title=Dan Borislow's dealings with WPS |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/7443329/timeline-dan-borislow-dealings-wps |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=ESPNW}}</ref> Sauerbrunn remain plus de team after de change wey dem make a start insyd de team ein first appearance under de new name on April 23, 2011, against de Boston Breakers, a 1–0 win.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Washington Freedom vs Boston Breakers Match Statistics – USA WPS |url=http://www.soccerpunter.com/soccer-statistics/USA/WPS-2011/match/1085256_Washington_Freedom_vs_Boston_Breakers |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Soccer Punter}}</ref> She make 13 total appearances give de team insyd de regular season.<ref name=":0"/> magicJack end de season dem rank third insyd de league wey dem advance to de playoffs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Washington Freedom Soccer Statistics and Results in WPS 2011 |url=http://www.soccerpunter.com/soccer-statistics/USA/WPS-2011/team_info_overall/8092_Washington_Freedom |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Soccer Punter}}</ref> On August 17, Sauerbrunn appear insyd magicJack ein match against de Boston Breakers insyd de first round of de playoffs. magicJack win 3–1 wey dem advance to de semifinals. Sauerbrunn start insyd de semifinal match against Philadelphia Independence, a 2–0 defeat for magicJack.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Becky Sauerbrunn |url=http://www.soccerpunter.com/players/75999-Becky-Sauerbrunn |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Soccer Punter}}</ref> On October 25, 2011, de WPS Board of Governors vote to terminate de magicJack franchise,<ref name=":4"/> wey dey accuse Borislow of violations wey dey range from "unprofessional den disparaging treatment of ein players to failure to pay ein bills."<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2014 |title=WPS owner Borislow dies of heart attack |url=http://www.socceramerica.com/article/59576/wps-owner-borislow-dies-of-heart-attack.html |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Soccer America Daily |publisher=Soccer America}}</ref> Na dem release all players wey dem cam be free agents on November 9, 2011.<ref name=":4" /> === Sky Blue FC, 2012 === Sauerbrunn sign plus Sky Blue FC for de 2012 season. However, on January 30, 2012, de WPS Board of Governors vote to suspend de 2012 season secof an ongoing legal dispute plus Borislow following de termination of magicJack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2012 |title=WPS suspends 2012 season |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/7519539/women-professional-soccer-suspends-2012-season-amid-legal-dispute |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=ESPNW |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> De league officially fold insyd May of de same year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quarstad |first=Brian |date=May 20, 2012 |title=WPS Folds After 3 Year Stint and Lots of Problems |url=http://www.insidemnsoccer.com/2012/05/20/wps-folds-3-year-stint-lots-problems/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818050809/http://www.insidemnsoccer.com/2012/05/20/wps-folds-3-year-stint-lots-problems/ |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=IMSoccer News}}</ref> === D.C. United Women, 2012 === Insyd March 2012, following de suspension of de 2012 WPS season, Sauerbrunn sign plus D.C. United Women insyd de W-League for de 2012 season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2012 |title=U.S. Women's National Team player Becky Sauerbrunn signs for D.C. United Women |url=http://www.soccerwire.com/news/pro/u-s-womens-national-team-player-becky-sauerbrunn-signs-for-dc-united-women/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224194924/http://www.soccerwire.com/news/pro/u-s-womens-national-team-player-becky-sauerbrunn-signs-for-dc-united-women/ |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Soccer Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bromley |first=Ben |date=March 3, 2012 |title=USWNT's Becky Sauerbrunn considering playing for D.C. United Women |url=http://www.blackandredunited.com/2012/3/3/2841567/uswnts-becky-sauerbrunn-considering-playing-for-d-c-united-women |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=SB Nation |publisher=Vox Media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819000027/http://www.blackandredunited.com/2012/3/3/2841567/uswnts-becky-sauerbrunn-considering-playing-for-d-c-united-women |archive-date=August 19, 2016}}</ref> She help de team fini first place insyd de Eastern Conference buh she be unable to appear insyd any playoff matches secof ein national team obligations at de [[2012 Summer Olympics]] insyd London.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/becky-sauerbrunn-us-women-hope-olympic-success-spurs-renewed-interest-in-pro-league/2012/07/11/gJQACZfxdW_story.html|title=Becky Sauerbrunn, U.S. women hope Olympic success spurs renewed interest in pro league|last=Breen|first=Matt|date=July 14, 2012|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=November 30, 2012}}</ref> === FC Kansas City, 2013–2017 === Na dem announce a new professional league, de National Women's Soccer League, insyd November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lauletta |first=Dan |date=November 21, 2012 |title=Eight teams to start new women's pro soccer league in 2013 |url=http://equalizersoccer.com/2012/11/21/eight-teams-to-start-new-womens-pro-soccer-league-in-2013/ |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=The Equalizer}}</ref> On January 11, 2013, na dem allocate Sauerbrunn to FC Kansas City via de NWSL Player Allocation, wich distribute national team players from de United States, Canada, den Mexico to teams insyd de NWSL. She be one of three members of de United States women's national team wey na dem allocate to FC Kansas City, along plus [[Nicole Barnhart]] den [[Lauren Holiday]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2013 |title=NWSL Announces Allocation of 55 National Team Players to Eight Clubs |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/45/nwsl-announces-allocation-of-55-national-team-players-to-eight-clubs |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> For de 2013 season, dem name Sauerbrunn as co-captain along plus Holiday.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Becky Sauerbrunn |url=http://www.fckansascity.com/roster/becky-sauerbrunn/ |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=FC Kansas City}}</ref> Sauerbrunn make ein first appearance insyd de team ein season opener against de Portland Thorns on April 14, 2013.<ref name=":3"/> She go on to make a total of 19 appearances for de team insyd de regular season insyd 2013, starting all 19. She help Kansas City finish second insyd de league behind de Western New York Flash.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2013 |title=2013 Final Regular Season NWSL Statistics |url=https://ussoccer.app.box.com/v/2013-nwsl-final-stats |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer |publisher=National Women's Soccer League}}</ref> On August 24, Sauerbrunn play all 120 minutes of de semifinal match against de Portland Thorns, wich end insyd a 3–2 defeat for Kansas City insyd overtime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2013 |title=NWSL Semifinal Recap |url=https://www.timbers.com/news/nwsl-semifinal-recap-portland-thorns-fc-3-fc-kansas-city-2-ot |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=MLS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112205025/http://www.timbers.com/news/2013/08/nwsl-semifinal-recap-portland-thorns-fc-3-fc-kansas-city-2-ot |archive-date=November 12, 2014}}</ref> Na dem award Sauerbrunn Defender of de Year for de 2013 season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2013 |title=NWSL Defender of the Year: Becky Sauerbrunn |url=http://nwslsoccer.com/news-2/jul---sep-2013/nwsl-defender-of-the-year--becky-sauerbrunn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917200225/http://nwslsoccer.com/news-2/jul---sep-2013/nwsl-defender-of-the-year--becky-sauerbrunn |archive-date=September 17, 2016 |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=National Women's Soccer League}}</ref> Na dem sanso name am to de 2013 NWSL Best XI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NWSL Award Winners |url=http://nwslsoccer.com/news-2/apr---jun-2014/nwsl-award-winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917191636/http://nwslsoccer.com/news-2/apr---jun-2014/nwsl-award-winners |archive-date=September 17, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=National Women's Soccer League}}</ref> Insyd de 2014 season, she once again serve as co-captain plus Holiday.<ref name=":9"/> Sauerbrunn start all 22 of ein appearances insyd de regular season, playing a total of 1935 minutes wey she make one goal.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2014 |title=2014 Final Regular Season NWSL Statistics |url=https://ussoccer.app.box.com/v/2014-nwsl-final-stats |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer |publisher=National Women's Soccer League}}</ref> She score de first goal insyd ein career plus de NWSL on July 30 against de Washington Spirit.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2014 |title=Becky Sauerbrunn named 2014 NWSL Defender of the Year |url=http://www.fckansascity.com/2014/08/26/becky-sauerbrunn-named-2014-nwsl-defender-year/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806161048/http://www.fckansascity.com/2014/08/26/becky-sauerbrunn-named-2014-nwsl-defender-year/ |archive-date=August 6, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=FC Kansas City}}</ref> She help Kansas City finish second insyd de league behind Seattle Reign FC.<ref name=":10" /> On August 23, Kansas City face de Portland Thorns insyd de semifinals. Sauerbrunn play all 90 minutes of de match, wich end insyd a 2–0 win give Kansas City.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2014 |title=Kansas City vs Portland Thorns Match Statistics – USA NWSL |url=http://www.soccerpunter.com/soccer-statistics/USA/NWSL-2014/match/1909543_FC_Kansas_City_vs_Portland_Thorns_FC |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=Soccer Punter}}</ref> Sauerbrunn then help Kansas City defeat Seattle Reign insyd de championship match on August 31.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 31, 2014 |title=Seattle Reign vs Kansas City Match Statistics – USA NWSL |url=http://www.soccerpunter.com/soccer-statistics/USA/NWSL-2014/match/1914235_Seattle_Reign_FC_vs_FC_Kansas_City |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=Soccer Punter}}</ref> Na dem award Sauerbrunn Defender of de Year for de 2014 season.<ref name=":11" /> Na dem sanso name am to de 2014 NWSL Best XI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2014 |title=Seattle, Kansas City lead NWSL Best XI selections |url=http://equalizersoccer.com/2014/08/29/nwsl-best-xi-announced-seattle-kansas-city/ |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=The Equalizer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn make 11 appearances give FC Kansas City insyd de 2015 season, missing nine regular season games secof national team obligations at de 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goff |first=Steven |date=April 6, 2015 |title=NWSL teams balance 2015 schedule and absences with Women's World Cup |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/soccer-insider/wp/2015/04/06/nwsl-teams-balance-2015-schedule-and-absences-with-womens-world-cup/ |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=Soccer Insider |publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=September 10, 2015 |title=2015 Final Regular Season NWSL Statistics |url=https://ussoccer.app.box.com/s/l1z0zv3w41m3vdaezh28kju65dyrjzq3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810071352/https://ussoccer.app.box.com/s/l1z0zv3w41m3vdaezh28kju65dyrjzq3 |archive-date=August 10, 2018 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer |publisher=National Women's Soccer League}}</ref> She help Kansas City finish third insyd de league wey dem advance to de playoffs.<ref name=":12" /> Sauerbrunn play all 90 minutes of de semifinal match against Chicago Red Stars on September 13, a 3–0 win give Kansas City.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2015 |title=Recap: FC Kansas City Advances to the 2015 NWSL Final After Defeating Chicago at Toyota Park |url=http://www.fckansascity.com/2015/09/13/recap-fc-kansas-city-advances-to-the-2015-nwsl-final-after-defeating-chicago-at-toyota-park/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806172844/http://www.fckansascity.com/2015/09/13/recap-fc-kansas-city-advances-to-the-2015-nwsl-final-after-defeating-chicago-at-toyota-park/ |archive-date=August 6, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=FC Kansas City}}</ref> Sauerbrunn then help Kansas City defeat Seattle Reign insyd de championship match on October 1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2015 |title=FCKC Crowned 2015 NWSL Champions in 1–0 Win Over Seattle |url=http://nwslsoccer.com/news-2/oct---dec-2015/fckc-crowned-2015-nwsl-champions-in-1-0-win-over-seattle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917191713/http://nwslsoccer.com/news-2/oct---dec-2015/fckc-crowned-2015-nwsl-champions-in-1-0-win-over-seattle |archive-date=September 17, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=National Women's Soccer League}}</ref> Na dem award Sauerbrunn Defender of de Year for de 2015 season wey she cam be de first player insyd NWSL history to win a league award three years in a row.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2015 |title=FCKC'S Becky Sauerbrunn Voted Defender of the Year |url=http://nwslsoccer.com/news-2/jul---sep-2015/fckc-s-becky-sauerbrunn-voted-defender-of-the-year |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917194841/http://nwslsoccer.com/news-2/jul---sep-2015/fckc-s-becky-sauerbrunn-voted-defender-of-the-year |archive-date=September 17, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=National Women's Soccer League}}</ref> Na dem sanso name am to de 2015 NWSL Best XI for de third time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2015 |title=National Women's Soccer League Announces 2015 Best XI |url=http://www.fckansascity.com/2015/09/24/national-womens-soccer-league-announces-2015-best-xi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806154846/http://www.fckansascity.com/2015/09/24/national-womens-soccer-league-announces-2015-best-xi/ |archive-date=August 6, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=FC Kansas City}}</ref> === Utah Royals FC, 2018–2019 === After FCKC cease operations, na dem transfer ein rights to Utah.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 21, 2017 |title=Becky Sauerbrunn becomes Utah Royals' first commit |url=https://www.sltrib.com/sports/rsl/2017/12/21/sources-becky-sauerbrunn-becomes-utah-royals-first-commit/ |publisher=Maddie Lee}}</ref> Na dem name Sauerbrunn to de NWSL Team of the Month for March, April, May den June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2018 |title=May Team of the Month |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/videos/2E0A7F03-1896-8448-2A2B-D1CF4C29FBCC |access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref> Na dem name am to de NWSL Best XI for de sixth consecutive season, wey na dem name am a finalist for Defender of de Year.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 20, 2018 |title=2018 NWSL Best XI and Second XI announced |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/article/2018-nwsl-best-xi-and-second-xi-announced |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120223514/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/article/2018-nwsl-best-xi-and-second-xi-announced |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=September 26, 2018}}</ref> Following de 2019 season, na dem name Sauerbrunn Defender of de Year for a fourth time.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Levine|first1=Matthew|title=Utah Royals FC defender Becky Sauerbrunn named 2019 NWSL Defender of the Year|url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/article/utah-royals-fc-defender-becky-sauerbrunn-named-2019-nwsl-defender-of-the-year|archive-date=October 30, 2019|publisher=[[National Women's Soccer League]]|date=October 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030221928/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/article/utah-royals-fc-defender-becky-sauerbrunn-named-2019-nwsl-defender-of-the-year}}</ref> === Portland Thorns FC, 2020–2024 === Insyd March 2020, Utah Royals FC officially trade Sauerbrunn to Portland Thorns FC in exchange for defender [[Elizabeth Ball (soccer)|Elizabeth Ball]] den $100,000 insyd allocation money.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hays|first=Graham|date=March 3, 2020|title=NWSL: USWNT defender Becky Sauerbrunn traded to Portland Thorns|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37582041/nwsl-uswnt-defender-becky-sauerbrunn-traded-portland-thorns|access-date=August 30, 2026|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> On February 7, 2022, Thorns FC announce say de club sign Sauerbrunn to a one-year contract.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://justwomenssports.com/reads/nwsl-soccer-portland-thorns-sauerbrunn-deal/|title=Becky Sauerbrunn signs one-year contract with Portland Thorns|date=February 8, 2022|access-date=April 7, 2023|work=Just Women's Sports|first=Emma|last=Hruby}}</ref> On June 19, 2022, Sauerbrunn score ein first goal for Thorns FC insyd a 6–0 victory against Orlando Pride.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://prosoccerwire.usatoday.com/2022/06/19/becky-sauerbrunn-goal-uswnt-portland-thorns-nwsl/|title=Becky Sauerbrunn scored a goal. We repeat: Becky Sauerbrunn scored a goal|date=June 19, 2022|access-date=April 7, 2023|agency=Pro Soccer Wire|publisher=[[USA Today]]|first=Jason|last=Anderson}}</ref> On October 4, 2022, following de release of de Yates Report wey dey regard de 2021 NWSL abuse scandal den oda widespread abuse insyd de league, Sauerbrunn remark insyd a press conference say "''every owner and executive and U.S. Soccer official who has repeatedly failed the players, and failed to protect the players, and have not participated fully in these investigations should be gone".'' Na de reportimplicate Thorns FC executives [[Gavin Wilkinson]] den Mike Golub, den owner [[Merritt Paulson]], in failing to act on reports of abuse, wey e state say de Thorns as an organization fail to cooperate insyd de investigation. Wen dem biz am if ein statement include Paulson, Sauerbrunn reiterate say ein request includ "''everyone that has continued to fail the players''" den "''who have not participated in investigations — all of them''."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://onherturf.nbcsports.com/2022/10/04/the-players-are-not-doing-well-becky-sauerbrunn-calls-for-change-following-yates-report/|title='The players are not doing well': Becky Sauerbrunn calls for change following Yates report|date=October 4, 2022|access-date=April 7, 2023|work=On Her Turf|publisher=[[NBC Sports]]|first=Alex|last=Azzi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-soccer-sports-united-states-international-f41a3657ad9fcd2d495c0b8db00bfdcd|title=US players 'horrified' by report of abuse in women's soccer|date=October 4, 2022|access-date=April 7, 2023|work=[[Associated Press|AP News]]|first=Anne M.|last=Peterson}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://prosoccerwire.usatoday.com/2022/10/04/sauerbrunn-demands-nwsl-owners-and-execs-step-aside/|title=Sauerbrunn says owners and execs who failed players 'need to be gone'|date=October 4, 2022|access-date=April 7, 2023|agency=Pro Soccer Wire|publisher=[[USA Today]]|first=Seth|last=Vertelney}}</ref> Na de offseason period prior to de 2023 National Women's Soccer League season introduce free agency, wey Sauerbrunn ein tenure insyd de league qualify am for unrestricted free agency, wich allow am to sign plus any team insyd de league. Thorns FC announce on September 30, 2022, say de club sign Sauerbrunn to a one-year contract extension.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.stumptownfooty.com/2022/9/30/23380903/becky-sauerbrunn-re-signs-with-portland-thorns-for-2023-season|title=Becky Sauerbrunn re-signs with Portland Thorns for 2023 season|date=September 30, 2022|access-date=April 7, 2023|work=Stumptown Footy|first=Sam|last=Svilar|archive-date=April 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410101349/https://www.stumptownfooty.com/2022/9/30/23380903/becky-sauerbrunn-re-signs-with-portland-thorns-for-2023-season|url-status=dead}}</ref> == International career == === Youth national teams === Insyd 1999, Sauerbrunn attend de United States U-14 Girl's National Team Identification Camp.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2014 |title=Becky Sauerbrunn |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/players/2014/03/15/05/06/becky-sauerbrunn#tab-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707091728/http://www.ussoccer.com/players/2014/03/15/05/06/becky-sauerbrunn#tab-1 |archive-date=July 7, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> ==== U-16 national team ==== Sauerbrunn represent de United States as a member of de U-16 women's national team from 2000 to 2002. Insyd 2001, Sauerbrunn be on de U-16 national team wey compete insyd de United States Amateur Soccer Festival from July 29 to August 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2001 |title=Youth National Team Rosters Unveiled for 2001 U.S. Amateur Soccer Festival |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/32/youth-national-team-rosters-unveiled-for-2001-u-s-amateur-soccer-festival |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> During de festival, Sauerbrunn appear insyd a match against an older East Region Team on July 30 wey end insyd a 0–0 draw den a match against de West Region Team on August 1 wey end insyd a 5–1 win.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2001 |title=U.S. Under-16 Girls Draw 0–0 With Older USASA East Team at U.S. Amateur Soccer Festival |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/46/u-s-under-16-girls-draw-0-0-with-older-usasa-east-team-at-u-s-amateur-soccer-festival |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2001 |title=U.S. Under-16 Girls Hammer West Region Team, 5–1, Face Mexico's Under-18 Squad on Friday |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/04/u-s-under-16-girls-hammer-west-region-team-5-1-face-mexicos-under-18-squad-on-friday |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On August 3, Sauerbrunn appear insyd a match against Mexico ein U-18 national team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2001 |title=U.S. Under-16 Girls Shutout Mexico's Under-18s 3–0; U.S. Under-18 Men Come Back to Beat UNAM Pumas 2–1 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/41/u-s-under-16-girls-shutout-mexicos-under-18s-3-0-u-s-under-18-men-come-back-to-beat-unam-pumas-2-1 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She sanso appear insyd de team ein final match insyd de festival against de USA National Select Team on August 5, wich end insyd a 2–2 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2001 |title=U.S. Under-19 Women Draw 0–0 with Mexico; U-16s Tally 89th Minute Goal to Tie National Select 2–2 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/39/u-s-under-19-women-draw-0-0-with-mexico-u-16s-tally-89th-minute-goal-to-tie-national-select-2-2 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer |publisher=United States Soccer Federation}}</ref> Insyd March 2002, Sauerbrunn dey on de roster for a series of three matches at de IMG Academy insyd Bradenton, Florida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2002 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire: U.S. Men Dominate Honduras 4–0 in Seattle, Face Ecuador in Birmingham on March 10 Live on ABC at 3 P.M. CT |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/46/u-s-soccer-wire-u-s-men-dominate-honduras-4-0-in-seattle-face-ecuador-in-birmingham-on-march-10-live |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer |publisher=United States Soccer Federation}}</ref> She then be named to de roster for a three game series insyd Houston insyd July den August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2002 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire: U.S. Women Snap Four-Game Losing Streak vs. Norway with 4–0 Win |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/16/02/34/u-s-soccer-wire-u-s-women-snap-four-game-losing-streak-vs-norway-with-4-0-win |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer |publisher=United States Soccer Federation}}</ref> ==== U-19 national team ==== Insyd 2003, Sauerbrunn move up to de U-19 national team wey she start off de year at de ARCO U.S. Olympic Training Center insyd San Diego, California, from January 18 to 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2003 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire: China Challenga Awaits U.S. Women in Four Nations Tournament This Week |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/23/u-s-soccer-wire-china-challenga-awaits-u-s-women-in-four-nations-tournament-this-week |access-date=July 14, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd February, Sauerbrunn dey on de roster for a two-game series plus de full Mexican women's national team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2003 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire: U.S. Men's Match vs. Japan Re-Confirmed for March 29 in Seattle |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/24/u-s-soccer-wire-u-s-mens-match-vs-japan-re-confirmed-for-march-29-in-seattle |access-date=July 14, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She then join de team once again for a nine-day training camp at de ARCO Olympic Training Center insyd April. While der, de team play a match against de San Diego Spirit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2003 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire: Arena to Announce 18-Man U.S. MNT Roster for May 8 Match vs. Mexico Tuesday at 10 a.m. ET Exclusively on ussoccer.com |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/10/u-s-soccer-wire-arena-to-announce-18-man-u-s-mnt-roster-for-may-8-match-vs-mexico-tuesday-at-10-a-m |access-date=July 14, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn travel plus de U-19 national team to Spring, Texas, for de USYS Cup from May 24 to June 1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2003 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire: MacMillan to Miss Remainder of WUSA Season |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/27/u-s-soccer-wire-macmillan-to-miss-remainder-of-wusa-season |access-date=July 14, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbunn start insyd de first match of de tournament against Canada on May 27 insyd a 6–1 win.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2003 |title=U.S. U-19 Women Defeat Canada, 6–1, on Four Davis Goals |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/20/u-s-u-19-women-defeat-canada-6-1-on-four-davis-goals |access-date=July 14, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de USYS Cup, Sauerbrunn join de U-19 national team on a trip to Europe wey involve three matches on July 2, July 5, den July 9.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2003 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire: Arena Names Gold Cup Squad |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/17/u-s-soccer-wire-arena-names-gold-cup-squad |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> De team gather one last time for de year for a training camp from December 27 to January 2 at de U.S. Soccer's National Training Center at The Home Depot Center insyd Carson, California. Na Sauerbrunn dey on de 26-player roster for de training camp.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2003 |title=U-19 Women Prepare For 2004 With Post-Christmas Camp; Leone's Squad Sets Sights On U-19 CONCACAF Qualifying |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/18/u-19-women-prepare-for-2004-with-post-christmas-camp-leones-squad-sets-sights-on-u-19-concacaf-quali |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Shortly after, insyd 2004, Sauerbrunn join de team for anoda training camp from January 23 to February first at The Home Depot Center.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2004 |title=Youth National Team Update: Jan. 12-Jan. 20 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/57/youth-national-team-update-jan-12-jan-20 |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 18-player roster for a two-game series against de full Mexican women's national team on February 18 den 20.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2004 |title=Youth National Team Update: Feb. 2-Feb. 9, 2004 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/25/youth-national-team-update-feb-2-feb-9-2004 |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de matches, she train plus de U-19 team at The Home Depot Center insyd Carson, California.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2014 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire: U.S. Women Qualify for Olympics, Depart for Algarve This Week; Men to Face Haiti Saturday |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/52/u-s-soccer-wire-u-s-women-qualify-for-olympics-depart-for-algarve-this-week-men-to-face-haiti-saturd |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn be a member of de U-19 national team wey play insyd de Philips Lighting U-19 Women's Soccer Invitational, dema first major domestic tournament, from April 6 to 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2004 |title=Philips Lighting U-19 Women's Soccer Invitational at Home Depot Center from April 6–10 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/37/philips-lighting-u-19-womens-soccer-invitational-at-home-depot-center-from-april-6-10 |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd de first match of de tournament against Holland on April 6, Sauerbrunn make an appearance wey she help de United States win 2–0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2004 |title=U-19 WNT Beats Holland 2–0 in Opening Match of Philips Lighting Invitational |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/08/u-19-wnt-beats-holland-2-0-in-opening-match-of-philips-lighting-invitational |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On April 8, Sauerbrunn start insyd de team's first-ever loss to anoda U-19 team insyd de match against Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2004 |title=U.S. Under-19 WNT Fall to Japan 1–0 in Philips Lighting Invitational |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/15/21/08/u-s-under-19-wnt-fall-to-japan-1-0-in-philips-lighting-invitational |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She make an appearance during de team ein final match against China on April 10. Na de match be a 4–0 win, giving de United States a second-place finish insyd de invitational.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2014 |title=U.S. U-19 WNT Defeat China 4–0 to Finish Second in Philips Lighting Invitational |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/18/u-s-u-19-wnt-defeat-china-4-0-to-finish-second-in-philips-lighting-invitational |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On April 28, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 18-player roster wey go represent de United States at de CONCACAF U-19 Women's Qualifying Tournament dem hold insyd Ottawa, Ontario, den Montreal, Quebec, insyd Canada. Na she be co-captain of de team wey she lead de team ein defense.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2004 |title=Krikorian Selects 18 Players to Represent USA at U-19 CONCACAF Qualifying Tournament |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/27/krikorian-selects-18-players-to-represent-usa-at-u-19-concacaf-qualifying-tounament |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn start insyd de team ein opening match against de Dominican Republic on May 28 for a 14–0 win.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2004 |title=U.S. Under-19 WNT Dominates Dominican Republic 14–0 in Opening Match of CONCACAF Qualifying |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/50/u-s-under-19-wnt-dominates-dominican-republic-14-0-in-opening-match-of-concacaf-qualifying |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She then start insyd de game against Trinidad & Tobago on May 30. De United States win de match 11–1, wey dey guarantee dema spot insyd de semifinals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2004 |title=U.S. U-19 WNT Obtain Semifinal Berth in CONCACAF Qualifying Tournament With 11–1 Win Over Trinidad & Tobago |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/45/u-s-u-19-wnt-obtain-semifinal-berth-in-concacaf-qualifying-tournament-with-11-1-win-over-trinidad-to |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She appear once again on June 1 during de team ein final group match against Costa Rica, wich end insyd a 0–0 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2004 |title=U.S. U-19 WNT Draw With Costa Rica 0–0, Play Mexico in Semifinals to Qualify For FIFA World Championship |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/24/u-s-u-19-wnt-draw-with-costa-rica-0-0-play-mexico-in-semifinals-to-qualify-for-fifa-world-championsh |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd de semifinal match against Mexico on June 4, Sauerbrunn help secure de United States U-19 women's national team a place insyd de 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship plus a 6–0 win, although na dem still get one more match insyd de tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2004 |title=U.S. Under-19 WNT Qualifies For FIFA World Championship With 6–0 Win Over Mexico |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/40/u-s-under-19-wnt-qualifies-for-fifa-world-championship-with-6-0-win-over-mexico |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn start insyd de final against Canada on June 6. Canada win de match insyd overtime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2004 |title=U.S. Under-19 WNT Fall 2–1 in Overtime to Canada in CONCACAF Qualifying Tournament Final |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/40/u-s-under-19-wnt-fall-2-1-in-overtime-to-canada-in-concacaf-qualifying-tournament-final |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn train plus de U-19 national team during dema first training camp following de CONCACAF Qualifying Tournament. De training take place insyd from July 7 to 18 insyd New Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2004 |title=Youth National Team Update: June 21 – June 28 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/14/00/youth-national-team-update-june-21-june-28 |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Leading up to de FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship dem hold insyd November, Sauerbrunn join de U-19 team for anoda training at de U.S. Soccer's National Training Center at The Home Depot Center insyd Carson, California, insyd late August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2004 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire: U.S. Returns to Gold Medal Match |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/04/u-s-soccer-wire-u-s-returns-to-gold-medal-match |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na Sauerbrunn no play plus de University of Virginia Cavaliers for de 2004 season in order to train plus de U-19 team leading up to de U-19 World Championship insyd a modified residency program. Insyd de two months leading up to de championship, de team train togeda insyd two-week blocks til dem lef for de tournament insyd November.<ref name="UVbio"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2004 |title=U.S. U-19 Women's Squad Readies For 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/54/u-s-u-19-womens-squad-readies-for-2004-fifa-u-19-womens-world-championship |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On October 12, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 21-player roster wey go represent de United States at de 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship insyd Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2004 |title=Krikorian Selects 21-Player Roster for U-19 Women's World Championship |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/13/krikorian-selects-21-player-roster-for-u-19-womens-world-championship |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na Sauerbrunn be co-captain of de team wey she play every minute insyd all six matches of de tournament give de United States.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2004 |title=U.S. Defeats Brazil 3–0 to Take Third Place at FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/01/u-s-defeats-brazil-3-0-to-take-third-place-at-fifa-u-19-womens-world-championship |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd de opening group match against South Korea on November 11, Sauerbrunn help de United States post a shut out victory plus a 3–0 win.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2004 |title=U.S. U-19 Women Dominate South Korea 3–0 in Opening Match of FIFA World Championship |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/06/u-s-u-19-women-dominate-south-korea-3-0-in-opening-match-of-fifa-world-championship |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On November 14, she start insyd de match against Russia. One goal make am thru de defense den de United States win 4–1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2004 |title=U.S. Women Take Down Russia, 4–1, in U-19 World Championship, Next Face Spain |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/11/u-s-women-take-down-russia-4-1-in-u-19-world-championship-next-face-spain |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd de team ein final group match on November 18, Sauerbrunn help de United States defeat Spain insyd a 1–0 victory. De United States be de only team to win all three of ein group matches.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2004 |title=U.S. U-19 Women Down Spain, 1–0, at U-19 World Championship; USA Will Face Australia in Quarterfinals on Nov. 21 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/56/u-s-u-19-women-down-spain-1-0-at-u-19-world-championship-usa-will-face-australia-in-quarterfinals-on |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd de quarterfinals, Sauerbrunn help de United States advance plus a 2–0 win over Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2004 |title=U.S. Women Roll Past Australia, 2–0, and into Semifinals Against Germany |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/08/u-s-women-roll-past-australia-2-0-and-into-semifinals-against-germany |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> De United States move into de semifinals, wer Sauerbrunn start insyd de match against Germany on November 24. De Germans take de win wey dem halt de United States dema advancement insyd de tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2004 |title=U.S. Women Fall to Germany, 3–1, at U-19 World Championship |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/19/u-s-women-fall-to-germany-3-1-at-u-19-world-championship |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> De United States face Brazil insyd de third place match, wer Sauerbrunn play all 90 minutes. De United States win de game 3–0 wey dem take away third place.<ref name=":15"/> Sauerbrunn subsequently be named to de Tournament All-Star Team by de FIFA Technical Study Group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2004 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire: Mia, Julie and Joy To Make Last {{sic|Apper|ance |nolink=y}} |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/26/u-s-soccer-wire-mia-julie-and-joy-to-make-last-apperance |access-date=July 22, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> ==== U-21/U-23 national team ==== Following de 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship, Sauerbrunn join de U-21 national team for a training camp insyd 2005 at de U.S. Soccer National Team Training Center from March 26 to April 3 insyd preparation for de 2005 Nordic Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2005 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire: U.S. MNT Prepares for Estadio Azteca, U.S. Women Win Algarve Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/58/u-s-soccer-wire-u-s-mnt-prepares-for-estadio-azteca-u-s-women-win-algarve-cup |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She train plus de team once again insyd late May insyd de largest training camp insyd de women's national team history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2005 |title=U-20 and U-21 Women Train in Carson for Mega-Camp |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/14/01/u-20-and-u-21-women-train-in-carson-for-mega-camp |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She no be named to de roster for de 2005 Nordic Cup insyd July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2005 |title=Ellis Names 2005 U.S. Under-21 WNT Nordic Cup Roster |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/38/ellis-names-2005-u-s-under-21-wnt-nordic-cup-roster |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd 2006, Sauerbrunn train plus de U-21 national team from March 19 to 24 at The Home Depot Center insyd preparation for de 2006 Nordic Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2006 |title=U.S. Soccer Wire – March 13, 2006 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/30/u-s-soccer-wire-march-13-2006 |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na dem no name am to de roster for de 2006 Nordic Cup insyd July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2006 |title=U.S. U-21 WNT Head Coach Jillian Ellis Names 2006 Nordic Cup Roster |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/00/u-s-u-21-wnt-head-coach-jillian-ellis-names-2006-nordic-cup-roster |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn travel go Germany plus de U-21 national team from May 18 to 27 for three matches against Gutersloh, SG Essen-Schönebeck, den 07 Bad Neuenahr insyd 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2007 |title=U.S. U-21 Women Head to Germany For Three Matches |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/01/u-s-u-21-women-head-to-germany-for-three-matches |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She then train plus de team insyd early June insyd Portland, Oregon, in preparation give de 2007 Nordic Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2007 |title=U.S. Under-21 WNT Heads Into Portland Training Camp In Advance of 2007 Nordic Cup in Finland |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/48/u-s-under-21-wnt-heads-into-portland-training-camp-in-advance-of-2007-nordic-cup-in-finland |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de training camp, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 18-player roster for de 2007 Nordic Cup roster dem hold insyd late July insyd Vassa, Finland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2007 |title=Irwin Names U.S. Under-21 WNT Nordic Cup Roster |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/24/irwin-names-u-s-under-21-wnt-nordic-cup-roster |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn cam insyd during de 89th minute of de team ein opening match insyd de tournament against Norway, a 1–0 win for de United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2007 |title=U.S. U-21 Women Defeat Norway, 1–0, to Open 2007 Nordic Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/47/u-s-u-21-women-defeat-norway-1-0-to-open-2007-nordic-cup |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She sanso appear insyd de final minutes of de match on July 22 wey she help de United States defeat Sweden to advance to de championship game.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2007 |title=U.S. U-21 Women Defeat Sweden, 1–0, to Advance to Championship Game of 2007 Nordic Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/10/u-s-u-21-women-defeat-sweden-1-0-to-advance-to-championship-game-of-2007-nordic-cup |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd de championship game, de United States face Germany. Sauerbrunn cam insyd give Ali Krieger insyd de 79th minute to help de United States win de match den de Nordic Cup title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2007 |title=U-21 WNT Win Ninth Nordic Cup Title with 4–0 Victory Over Germany |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/03/u-21-wnt-win-ninth-nordic-cup-title-with-4-0-victory-over-germany |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd 2008, de U-21 team change to U-23 after dem change Nordic Cup to a U-23 competition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2008 |title=U-23 WNT Roster Announced for First Training Camp of 2008 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/45/u-23-wnt-roster-announced-for-first-training-camp-of-2008 |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following ein short time plus de full national team insyd early 2008, Sauerbrunn join de now U-23 national team at de La Manga Tournament insyd Spain. De United States place second insyd de tournament after a 1–1 draw plus Germany insyd dema final match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2008 |title=U.S. Under-23 WNT Ties Germany, 1–1, in La Manga, Spain |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/02/u-s-under-23-wnt-ties-germany-1-1-in-la-manga-spain |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn then travel plus de team to England for two matches against de England U-23 national team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2008 |title=U.S. Under-23 Women Head To Manchester For Two Matches Against England U-23's |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/15/21/09/u-s-under-23-women-head-to-manchester-for-two-matches-against-england-u-23s |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> De first match take place on March 12 wey Sauerbrunn make de start. De United States defeat England 1–0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2008 |title=U.S. U-23 Women Down England, 1–0, on 90th Minute Goal |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/32/u-s-u-23-women-down-england-1-0-on-90th-minute-goal |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn start insyd de second match on March 14 wey de United States win 2–0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2008 |title=U.S. U-23 Women Sweep England U-23s With A 2–0 Win |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/39/u-s-u-23-women-sweep-england-u-23s-with-a-2-0-win |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn train plus de U-23 national team from June 5 to 12 at The Home Depot Center in preparation give de 2008 Nordic Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2008 |title=U.S. U-23 WNT In Camp at The Home Depot Center Prior to 2008 Nordic Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/30/u-s-u-23-wnt-in-camp-at-the-home-depot-center-prior-to-2008-nordic-cup |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn subsequently be named to de roster anaa de 2008 Nordic Cup dem hold insyd late July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2008 |title=Irwin Names U.S. Under-23 WNT Nordic Cup Roster |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/58/irwin-names-u-s-under-23-wnt-nordic-cup-roster |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> De United States win de Nordic Cup championship after defeating Germany on July 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2008 |title=U.S. Under-23 Women's National Team Defeats Germany, 3–0, to Win Nordic Cup Championship |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/12/u-s-under-23-womens-national-team-defeats-germany-3-0-to-win-nordic-cup-championship |access-date=July 23, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> === Senior National Team === ==== First Cap ==== Ja dem first call Sauerbrunn up to de United States women's national team for a six-day training camp at de Home Depot Center insyd Carson, California, from January 3 to 8 insyd 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 28, 2007 |title=U.S. Women To Open 2008 Schedule Against Canada at Four Nations Tournament in Foshan, China |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/41/u-s-women-to-open-2008-schedule-against-canada-at-four-nations-tournament-in-foshan-china |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de training camp, na dem name am to de roster for de Four Nations Tournament insyd China. During de tournament, she earn ein first cap against Canada on January 16, wich she start. Sauerbrunn san train plus de national team insyd February 2008. She then go back down to de U-23 team.<ref name=":0"/> ==== Return to de national team, 2010 ==== Insyd late September 2010, Sauerbrunn make ein return to de national team wen dem call am into a national team training camp insyd Atlanta to replace [[Joanna Lohman]], wey dey recover from an ankle injury.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2010 |title=Sauerbrunn Called in to Kennesaw |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/14/17/15/sauerbrunn-called-in-to-kennesaw |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Immediately following de 20-day training camp, na dem name Saeurbrunn to de 20-player roster for de 2010 CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying tournament dem hold from October 28 to November 8. Plus two caps, she get de least experience on de roster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2010 |title=Sundhage Names Roster for 2010 CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying Tournament in Mexico |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/44/concacaf-qualifying-roster |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2010 |title=Becky's Back |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/35/becky-sauerbrunn-is-back |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She make one appearance during de tournament, coming insyd for [[Amy LePeilbet]] insyd de 56th minute of de match against Guatemala on October 30.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 30, 2010 |title=U.S. Women Defeat Guatemala 9–0 to Qualify for Semifinals at CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying in Cancun, Mexico |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/20/rodriguez-nets-hat-trick-as-us-wnt-wins-90-again-guatemala-in-second-group-b-match |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> De United States place third insyd de tournament den a berth insyd a two-game series against Italy for de last spot insyd de 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2010 |title=U.S. Women Defeat Costa Rica 3–0 to Earn Spot in Two-Game Playoff Against Italy for Berth to Germany 2011 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/28/us-wnt-claims-third-place-after-defeating-costa-rica-30 |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na Sauerbrunn be on de preliminary roster for de two matches.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2010 |title=Sundhage Names 24-Player Preliminary Roster for Two-Game Playoff Series Against Italy |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/04/sundhage-names-24-player-preliminary-roster-for-two-game-playoff |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> ==== 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup ==== Sauerbrunn start off 2011 plus de national team at a six-day training camp at The Home Depot Center insyd Carson, California, from January 8 to 13.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 20, 2010 |title=Sundhage Names 26 Players to January Training Camp in Preparation for 2011 Four Nations Tournament |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/26/sundhage-names-janurary-camp-roster |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de training, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 23-player roster for de 2011 Four Nations Tournament dem hold insyd China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2011 |title=Sundhage Names 23 Players To Roster For 2011 Four Nations Tournament in China |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/09/sundhage-names-23-players-to-roster-for-2011-four-nations-tournament-in-china |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn make ein first start since 2008 during de tournament on January 23 insyd a match against Canada. She play all 90 minutes insyd de match, wich end insyd a 2–1 win give de United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2011 |title=U.S. Women Rebound to Defeat Canada 2–1 at Four Nations Tournament in China |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/28/us-women-rebound-to-defeat-canada-at-four-nations-tournament |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She sanso make an appearance during de match against China on January 25, helping de United States win de Four Nations Tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2016 |title=U.S. Defeats China 2–0 to Win Four Nations Tournament |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/35/us-defeats-china-2-0-to-win-four-nations-tournament |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn join de national team for a 32-player training camp insyd Florida wey take place from February 3 to 9 in preparation for de 2011 Algarve Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2011 |title=Sundhage Names Roster for Florida Camp as USA Continues Preparations for 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/38/sundhage-names-roster-for-florida-camp-as-usa-continues-preparations-for-2011-fifa-womens-world-cup |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de camp, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 23-player roster for de Algarve Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 10, 2011 |title=Sundhage Names 24-Player Roster for 2011 Algarve Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/11/sundhage-names-24-player-roster-for-2011-algarve-cup |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn cam insyd during de second half insyd de match against Norway on March 4<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2011 |title=U.S. Women Defeat Norway To Make Championship Game of 2011 Algarve Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/46/us-wnt-defeats-norway |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> as well as insyd de match against Finland on March 7.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2011 |title=U.S. Women Put Four Past Finland in Group A Finale |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/25/us-wnt-defeats-finland-4-0-and-advances-to-algarve-final |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She start insyd de final against Iceland, helping de United States win de 2011 Algarve Cup title plus a 4–2 win.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2011 |title=U.S. WNT Defeats Iceland For 2011 Algarve Cup Title |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/46/us-wnt-defeats-iceland-for-2011-algarve-cup-title |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 23-player roster for a 20-day training camp insyd de United Kingdom insyd February den April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2011 |title=U.S. Women To Play First Match in England on April 2 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/14/00/us-women-to-play-first-ever-match-in-england-on-april-2 |website=U.S. Soccer |publisher=July 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2011 |title=Sundhage Names 23-Player Roster for Match Against England on April 2 at Brisbane Road in East London |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/16/sundhage-names-roster-fro-match-against-england-on-april-2 |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> During de training camp, de United States play a match against England on April 2, although na Sauerbrunn no make an appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2011 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Falls 2–1 to England |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/20/wnt-falls-to-england |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> From April 18 to May 6, Sauerbrunn join de national team for a three-week training camp insyd Florida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2011 |title=Sundhage Names 29 Players for Three-Week U.S. WNT Training Camp in Florida |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/15/21/08/sundhage-names-29-players-for-three-week-us-wnt-training-camp-in-florida |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On May 9, following de training camp, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 21-player roster for de 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2011 |title=Sundhage Names 2011 U.S. Women's World Cup Team |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/12/sundhage-names-2011-us-womens-world-cup-team |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn train plus de team insyd June for eight days insyd Austria before going to Germany for de World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2011 |title=Goodbye Austria, Hello Germany |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/14/18/51/goodbye-austria-hello-germany |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn ein one appearance during de tournament cam during de semifinal against France on July 13. She replace Rachel Buehler insyd de starting lineup, as na she dey serve a suspension wey she no be eligible to play insyd de match.<ref name=":0"/> De United States win de match 3–1 wey dem advance to de final.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2011 |title=U.S. WNT Advances to Final of 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/24/us-wnt-advances-to-final-of-2011-fifa-womens-world-cup |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> De United States go on be wey Japan defeat dem insyd de final.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2011 |title=USA Falls in Dramatic Penalty Kick Shootout to Japan in 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Final |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/55/us-wnt-falls-in-penalties-to-japan-in-world-cup-final |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn train plus de national team for two weeks insyd November insyd Arizona leading into a match against Sweden on November 19.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2011 |title=Sundhage Calls Up 30 Players for Arizona Training Camp Prior to Match against Sweden on Nov. 19 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/14/03/sundhage-calls-up-30-players-for-arizona-training-camp |access-date=July 20, 2015 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na dem then name am to 18-player game roster for de match against Sweden<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2011 |title=Sundhage Names 18 for Game Roster vs. Sweden |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/14/16/44/sundhage-names-18-for-game-roster-vs-sweden |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> wey she make an appearance during de game.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2011 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Ties Sweden in Front of Record Crowd to Round Out 2011 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/34/wnt-ties-sweden-in-phoenix |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de match, na dem call Sauerbrunn up for an 18-day training camp insyd Carson, California, at The Home Depot Center from December 3 to 20.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2011 |title=Sundhage Calls Up 31 Players for December Training Camp in Advance of Olympic Qualifying |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/17/sundhage-calls-up-31-players-for-december-training-camp |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> ==== 2012 Summer Olympics ==== [[File:Becky_Sauerbrunn_Warmup.jpg|thumb|296x296px|Sauerbrunn plus de United States national team prior to an international friendly against New Zealand insyd Frisco, Texas, insyd February 2012]] Sauerbrunn train plus de national team during de first training camp of de year from January 7 to 15.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2012 |title=Sundhage Calls Up 29 Players for Training Camp in Los Angeles Before U.S. WNT Heads to Canada for Olympic Qualifying |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/38/sundhage-calls-up-29-players-for-camp-ahead-of-olympic-qualifying |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Immediately following de camp, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 20-player roster for de 2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying tournament from January 10 to 29 insyd Vancouver.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2012 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Set for Canada as Sundhage Names 20-Player Roster for 2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/30/us-team-set-for-concacaf-olympic-qualifying |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She start insyd de final two group matches against Guatemala den Mexico on January den January 24, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2012 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Qualifies for Semifinals of 2012 CONCACAF Olympic Women's Qualifying with 13–0 Victory Against Guatemala |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/40/us-women-defeat-guatemala |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2012 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Wins Group B at 2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying with 4–0 Victory Against Mexico |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/49/us-defeats-mexico |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She sanso start insyd de final match against Canada on January 29, helping de United States win 4–0. Dema first place finish give dem a berth to de 2012 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2012 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Defeats Canada 4–0 To Win CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying Tournament |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/20/us-wnt-wins-concacaf-qualifying-tournament |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de 2012 CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Sauerbrunn join a 28-player roster for a training camp insyd Frisco, Texas, insyd de week leading up to a match against New Zealand on February 11.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2012 |title=Sundhage Names 28 Players for Training Camp Prior to Match Against New Zealand on Feb. 11 at FC Dallas Stadium |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/26/sundhage-announces-training-camp-roster-for-frisco-texas |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On February 17, na dem name Sauerbrunn to a 23-player roster wey go travel to Portugal for de 2012 Algarve Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2012 |title=Sundhage Names 23-Player Roster for 2012 Algarve Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/24/sundhage-names-roster-for-algarve-cup |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She subsequently be named to de roster of 21 players wey go suit up for de matches of de tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2012 |title=Sundhage Names 21 for Algarve Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/14/17/25/sundhage-names-21-for-algarve-cup |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn make one appearance during de Algarve Cup, plus a start insyd de match against Norway on March 2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2012 |title=U.S. WNT Nets 2–1 Win Against Norway in Algarve Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/23/us-wnt-tops-norway-in-algarve-cup |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn travel to Japan plus de national team for de Women's Kirin Challenge Cup insyd early April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2012 |title=U.S. WNT Head Coach Pia Sundhage Names 23-Player Roster for Two Matches in Japan |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/41/sundhage-names-23-player-roster-for-two-matches-in-japan |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na she no appear insyd de team ein first match against Japan on April 1,<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2012 |title=Alex Morgan Scores as the U.S. Women's National Team Draws 1–1 with Japan in Front of 15,159 Fans in Sendai |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/31/us-wnt-draws-japan-in-kirin-challenge-cup |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> buh she cam insyd during de second half insyd de second match against Brazil on April 3, a 3–0 win.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2012 |title=Carli Lloyd, Shannon Boxx and Amy Rodriguez Score as the U.S. Women's National Team Downs Brazil 3–0 in Chiba, Japan |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/40/wnt-defeats-brazil-in-chiba |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de tournament, she train plus de national team insyd Florida from April 18 to 30.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2012 |title=Sundhage Names 27 Players to U.S. WNT's Florida Training Camp Roster |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/22/sundhage-names-us-wnt-roster-for-florida-training-camp |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She then be called up to a training camp insyd Princeton, New Jersey, from May 10 to 25 in preparation for a match against China on May 27.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2012 |title=Sundhage Names 28 Players to New Jersey Training Camp in Advance of U.S. WNT Match against China on May 27 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/43/sundhage-names-roster-for-new-jersey-camp |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She subsequently be named to de 18-player roster for de match<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2012 |title=Pia Names 18 to Face China |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/14/17/03/pia-names-18-to-face-china |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> wey she cam insyd during de 62nd minute of de match, a 4–1 win give de United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2012 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Defeats China 4–1 in Front of Sold-Out Crowd of 18,573 at PPL Park in Chester, Pa. |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/16/02/35/us-wnt-defeats-china-at-sold-out-ppl-park |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On May 27, Sauerbrunn be one of de 18 players dem name to de team wey go represent de United States at de 2012 Summer Olympics insyd London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2012 |title=Pia Sundhage Names 2012 U S Olympic Women s Soccer Team |url=http://www.teamusa.org/News/2012/May/27/Pia-Sundhage-Names-2012-U-S-Olympic-Women-s-Soccer-Team-May-27-2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301123054/http://www.teamusa.org/News/2012/May/27/Pia-Sundhage-Names-2012-U-S-Olympic-Women-s-Soccer-Team-May-27-2012 |archive-date=March 1, 2014 |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=Team USA |publisher=United States Olympic Committee}}</ref> De team, plus de four alternates, then travel go Sweden for de Volvo Winners Cup, wey dey consist of a match against Sweden on June 16 den Japan on June 18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2012 |title=Sundhage Takes 22 to Sweden |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/14/18/32/sundhage-takes-22-to-sweden |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn cam insyd during de second half of both matches.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2016 |title=WNT Earns 3–1 Win on the Road against Sweden |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/15/21/07/wnt-earns-31-win-on-the-road-against-sweden |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2012 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Defeats Japan 4–1 in Penultimate Tune-Up for the 2012 Olympics |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/15/wnt-defeats-defending-world-cup-champion-japan-41 |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn make ein Olympic debut on July 31, 2012, insyd a group match against Korea DPR. She cam insyd for Rachel Buehler insyd de 75th minute.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2012 |title=Abby Wambach Goal Gives U.S. Women's National Team a 1–0 Victory Against Korea DPR and Group G Title at 2012 Olympics |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/00/wnt-finishes-on-top-of-group-g-following-10-victory-against-korea-dpr |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She sanso play insyd de final ten minutes of de semifinal match against Canada on August 6, a 4–3 win give de United States wey send dem to de final.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2012 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Defeats Canada 4–3 in Drama Filled Overtime Match to Qualify for Gold Medal Game at 2012 Olympics |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/07/wnt-comes-from-behind-three-times-to-win-4-3 |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn cam insyd during de 80th minute of de match against Japan on August 9. De United States win de match 2–1, taking away de gold medal.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2012 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Earns Fourth Olympic Gold Medal with 2–1 Victory Against Japan in Front of 80,203 at Wembley Stadium |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/16/us-wnt-vs-japan-gold-medal-match |access-date=July 20, 2012 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd ein three appearances insyd de tournament, Sauerbrunn play a total of 38 minutes.<ref name=":0"/> Following de Olympics, Sauerbrunn join de national team on de Fan Tribute Tour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 31, 2012 |title=U.S. WNT Kicks off Fan Tribute Tour Against Costa Rica on Saturday in Rochester |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/29/us-wnt-kicks-off-fan-tribute-tour-against-costa-rica-on-saturday |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> ==== 2013–2014 ==== Insyd 2013, na Sauerbrunn be a consistent starter at de center-back position. She start 10 of ein 12 appearances during 2013, playing a total of 940 minutes.<ref name=":0"/> Insyd January 2013, na dem call Sauerbrunn up to a 29-player training camp leading up to two matches against Scotland insyd early February.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2013 |title=Sermanni Names 29-Player Training Camp Roster for First Matches of 2013 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/23/sermanni-names-29-player-training-camp-roster |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On February 21, na dem name Saeurbrunn to de 23-player roster for de 2013 Algarve Cup insyd Portugal wey take place from March 6 to 13.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2013 |title=Sermanni Names 23-Player Roster For 2013 Algarve Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/50/sermanni-names-23-player-roster-for-2013-algarve-cup |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Although na she no appear insyd de team ein first match against Iceland on March 6,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2013 |title=Rachel Buehler Scores in Her 100th Career Cap as USA Defeats Iceland 3–0 to Open 2013 Algarve Cup in Portugal |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/27/us-wnt-opens-2013-algarve-cup-with-win-against-iceland |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn wear de captain's armband insyd ein first appearance of de tournament on March 8 insyd a match against China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2013 |title=Krieger and Engen Tally First International Goals as U.S. WNT Defeats China PR 5–0 at Algarve Cup in Portugal |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/44/us-wnt-wins-5-0-against-china-at-2013-algarve-cup |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She sanso start insyd a match against Sweden on March 11 wey she cam insyd during de 68th minute of de final match to help de United States win de Algarve Cup title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2013 |title=Alex Morgan Scores as U.S. Women Tie Sweden 1–1 to Earn a Berth in the 2013 Algarve Cup Final on March 13 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/10/wnt-wins-group-b-at-2013-algarve-cup-to-advance-to-final |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2014 |title=WNT Takes 2013 Algarve Cup Title with 2–0 Win Against Germany |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/31/wnt-takes-2013-algarve-cup-title-with-20-win-against-germany |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de 2013 Algarve Cup, Sauerbrunn travel go Europe plus de national team for matches against Germany den de Netherlands insyd early April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2013 |title=Sermanni Names U.S. WNT Roster for Matches in Germany and the Netherlands |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/51/sermanni-names-wnt-roster-for-trip-to-europe |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She appear during de match against de Netherlands on April 9, a 3–1 win give de United States.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2013 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Defeats Netherlands 3–1 in International Friendly at The Hague |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/05/wnt-defeats-the-netherlands-3-1 |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd late May, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 21-player roster wey travel to Canada to train in preparation for a match against Canada on June 2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2013 |title=Sermanni Names U.S. WNT Training Camp Roster for Match against Canada in Toronto on June 2 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/48/sermanni-names-us-wnt-training-camp-roster-for-match-against-canada-in-toronto-on-june-2 |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na she no appear insyd de match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2013 |title=US WNT Defeats Canada 3–0 in Centennial Celebration Match |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/13/us-wnt-defeats-canada-in-centennial-match |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd 2014, Sauerbrunn make 22 appearances, starting 20, wey she play a total of 1,757 minutes.<ref name=":0"/> She start off de year at a national team training camp from January 8 to 15 at U.S. Soccer's National Training Center insyd Carson, California.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2014 |title=Sermanni Names U.S. WNT Roster for January Training Camp at U.S. Soccer's National Training Center |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/12/140102-wnt-jan-ntc-training-camp |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de training camp, Sauerbrunn make ein 50th appearance for de national team insyd a match against Canada on January 31 insyd Frisco, Texas. Na she be de 46th player insyd United States women's national team history to reach 50 caps.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2014 |title=WNT Tops Canada 1–0 to Open 2014 in Front of 20,862 Fans in Frisco, Texas |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/43/140131-wnt-1-can-0-2014-opener |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On February 24, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 24-player roster for de 2014 Algarve Cup wey take place from March 5 to 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2014 |title=Sermanni Names U.S. WNT Roster for 2014 Algarve Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/24/140224-algarve-cup-roster-rel |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She wear de captain's armband during de team ein first match of de tournament on March 5 against Japan, a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2014 |title=U.S. WNT and Japan Draw 1–1 at 2014 Algarve Cup Opener |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/59/140305-wnt-ties-jpn-in-algarve-opener |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She sanso start insyd de match against Sweden on March 7, a game wey end de 43-game unbeaten streak for de United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2014 |title=WNT Drops Second Match of 2014 Algarve Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/19/140307-wnt-vs-swe-report |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn cam insyd during de 62nd minute of de match against Denmark on March 10, a 5–3 defeat for de United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2014 |title=WNT Falls to Denmark 5–3 in Final Group B Match at Algarve Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/25/140310-wnt-vs-den |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn start insyd de match against Korea DPR wey secure dema seventh place finish insyd de tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2014 |title=U.S. WNT Blanks Korea DPR 3–0 for Seventh Place at Algarve Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/34/140312-wntvprk |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn join de team for a two-game series against China insyd April. She start insyd both matches wey she wear de captain's armband insyd de second game on April 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2014 |title=2–0 Victory in Colorado: U.S. WNT vs. China PR |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/04/06/11/21/140406-wntvchn-match |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2014 |title=Lloyd Hits for Two, Leroux Adds the Third: U.S. WNT vs. China – April 10, 2014 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/04/10/19/23/140410-wntvchn-match-report |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd late April, na dem name Sauerbrunn to a 22-player roster for a match against Canada on May 8.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2014 |title=Ellis Names WNT Roster for May 8 Match vs. Canada |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/04/30/09/20/140430-wnt-v-can-winnipeg-roster-rel |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She play all 90 minutes insyd de match, wich end insyd a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2014 |title=U.S. Rallies for 1–1 Draw Against Canada |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/05/09/15/08/140508-wnt-v-can-match-report |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na dem then name am to de roster for two games against France on June 14 den 19.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2014 |title=Ellis Names 26 Players for Pair of June Matches against France |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/06/02/14/57/140602-wnt-vs-fra-x2-roster-rel |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She start both matches.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2014 |title=Full-time: USA 1–0 France {{!}} International Friendly (June 14, 2014) |url=http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/usa-v-france-international-friendly-14-june-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029145527/https://www.womenssoccerunited.com/usa-v-france-international-friendly-14-june-2014/ |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=Women's Soccer United}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=June 19, 2014 |title=U.S. WNT Equalizes Twice as Morgan's Brace Earns 2–2 Draw with France |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/06/19/21/04/140619-wnt-vs-fra-second-leg |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na dem name Sauerbrunn to a 19-player roster for a match against Switzerland on August 20 insyd Sandy, Utah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2014 |title=Jill Ellis Names 19 Players to Face Switzerland on Aug. 20 in Cary, North Carolina |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/08/12/12/38/140812-wnt-roster |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She start de match wey na she be replaced by Julie Johnston insyd de second half. De United States go on de win 4–1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2014 |title=U.S. WNT Tallies Three Second-Half Goals in 4–1 Rout of Switzerland |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/08/20/15/06/140820-wnt-switzerland |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn join de national team for a training camp at de end of August in order to prepare for two matches against Mexico insyd September as well as de 2014 CONCACAF Women's Qualifying tournament insyd October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2014 |title=Ellis Names 28 Players to U.S. WNT Training Camp Roster Prior to Matches Against Mexico |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/08/29/09/03/140829-wnt-mexico-roster |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She appear insyd both games against Mexico<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2014 |title=U.S. WNT Routs Mexico 8–0 as Hope Solo Earns Record 72nd Clean Sheet |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/09/13/23/30/140913-wnt-vs-mex-game-recap |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2014 |title=U.S. WNT Wraps Up Two-Game Set Against Mexico on Sept. 18 in Rochester |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/09/18/20/52/140918-wnt-vs-mex-game-story |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> wey na dem subsequently name am to de roster for de 2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship wey serve as a qualification for de 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2014 |title=Ellis Names WNT Roster for 2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/10/05/19/54/141006-wnt-concacaf-champ_wwcq-roster-rel |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn make three appearances insyd de tournament. She start give de United States insyd dema opening match against Trinidad & Tobago on October 15, wich dem win 1–0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2014 |title=WNT Opens 2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship with 1–0 Win against Trinidad & Tobago |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/10/15/22/14/141015-wnt-v-tri-game-story |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She sanso appear insyd de team ein second group match against Guatemala on October 17, a 5–0 win for de United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2014 |title=WNT Takes Control of Group A with 5–0 Victory against Guatemala |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/10/17/22/54/141017-wnt-v-gua-game-story |access-date=July 20, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Ein third appearance cam during de final against Costa Rica on October 26, helping de United States win de tournament den qualify for de 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2014 |title=WNT Rolls Past Costa Rica 6–0 to Win 2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship Crown |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/10/26/19/10/141026-wnt-v-crc-game-story |access-date=July 16, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de CONCACAF Qualifying tournament, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 24-player roster for de International Tournament of Brasilia insyd Brazil wey take place from December 10 to 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2014 |title=Ellis Names WNT Roster for International Tournament of Brasilia |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/12/04/17/08/141205-wnt-ellis-names-brasilia-tournament-roster |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn start all four games of de tournament. Na dem name am Budweiser Woman of de Match for de team ein opening match against China, wich result in a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2014 |title=U.S. WNT Opens International Tournament of Brasilia with 1–1 Tie vs. China PR |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/12/10/19/05/141210-wnt-draws-china-pr-in-brazil |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd de final against Brazil, Sauerbrunn make a header off of a corner kick by Megan Rapinoe, buh na de shot be saved by Luciana, Brazil ein goalkeeper. Na de game be a 0–0 draw, buh na dem give de tournament title to Brazil, wey na dem get more points from de group stage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2014 |title=WNT Ties Brazil 0–0 in Title Game at International Tournament of Brasilia |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/12/21/18/05/141221-wntvbra-gamestory |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> ==== 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup ==== [[File:Becky_Sauerbrunn.jpg|thumb|342x342px|Sauerbrunn insyd 2015]] Sauerbrunn start all 25 matches for de United States insyd 2015, de only player to do so. She sanso get de most minutes played on de team plus 2,184.<ref name=":0"/> Sauerbrunn start off de year at a 21-day training camp insyd 2015 from January 5 to 25 at de U.S. Soccer National Training Center insyd Carson, California.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2015 |title=Ellis Names WNT Roster for January Camp at NTC |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/01/02/09/52/150102-wnt-ellis-names-roster-for-january-camp |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Following de training camp, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 24-player team wey go travel on a 13-day trip to Europe for matches against France den England insyd mid-February.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2015 |title=Ellis Names WNT Roster for Matches in Europe against France and England |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/01/30/07/21/150130-wnt-ellis-names-roster-for-europe-openers |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn play all 90 minutes insyd de match against France on February 8. She make a key save insyd de opening minutes of de game wey na she assist insyd halting de opposing team ein attack. She subsequently be named Budweiser Woman of de Match.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2015 |title=WNT Falls to No. 3 France 2–0 in 2015 Opener |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/02/08/13/14/150208-wnt-v-fra-game-story |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She sanso play all 90 minutes insyd de match against England on February 13, wich na be a shutout victory for de United States.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2015 |title=WNT Caps Off European Trip with 1–0 Victory against England |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/02/13/16/08/150213-wnt-v-eng-game-story |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On February 21, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 25-player roster for de 2015 Algarve Cup insyd Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2015 |title=Ellis Names U.S. WNT Roster for 2015 Algarve Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/02/21/12/18/150221-wnt-algarve-cup-roster |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She start all four of de matches for de United States wey dem name am Budweiser Woman of de Match for de 0–0 draw against Iceland on March 9.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2015 |title=WNT Draws 0–0 with Iceland to Win Group B and Earn Place in Algarve Cup Championship |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/03/09/16/00/150309-wnt-0-isl-0-gamestory |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She then be named to a 25-player roster on March 20 for a match against New Zealand on April 4 insyd St. Louis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2015 |title=Ellis Names 25-Player Roster for Next Stretch of World Cup Prep |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/03/20/08/23/150320-wnt-stlouis-roster-rel |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She start insyd de match wey she play all 90 minutes, helping de United States defeat New Zealand 4–0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2015 |title=WNT Cruises to 4–0 Win against New Zealand before Record-Setting Crowd in St. Louis |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/04/04/16/21/150404-wnt-v-nzl-gamestory |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On April 14, 2015, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 23-player roster wey go represent de United States at de 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Ellis Names U.S. Roster for 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Team |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/04/14/15/20/150414-wnt-wwc-roster-announcement |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She play every minute insyd all seven matches for de United States during de World Cup.<ref name=":0"/> Sauerbrunn cam be a World Cup Champion on July 5, wen she help de United States defeat Japan 5–2 insyd de Women's World Cup final.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2015 |title=World Champions: USA Wins 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/07/05/21/19/150705-wnt-v-jpn-game-story |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn join de national team on a Victory Tour following dema World Cup win wey start insyd Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on August 16 wey dem end insyd New Orleans, Louisiana, on December 16.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2015 |title=World Champs Begin Victory Tour in Pittsburgh |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/08/14/16/10/150814-wnt-v-crc-pitt-gamenotes |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2015 |title=WNT Sends Off Abby Wambach in Front of Record Crowd in New Orleans |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/12/17/03/36/151216-wnt-sends-off-abby-wambach-in-final-game-of-2015-victory-tour |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> ==== 2016 Summer Olympics ==== On January 9, 2016, na dem name Sauerbrunn captain of de United States women's national team along plus [[Carli Lloyd]].<ref name="captain"/> Sauerbrunn join de national team for dema first training camp of de year at de U.S. Soccer National Training Center insyd Carson, California, from January 5 to 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2015 |title=Ellis Names 26 for Training Camp Roster as U.S WNT Opens 2016 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/12/31/15/16/151231-ellis-names-26-for-training-camp-as-wnt-opens-2016 |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She then be named to de 20-player roster for 2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2016 |title=Ellis Names 20-Player Roster for 2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/01/26/18/02/160126-wnt-ellis-names-20-player-roster-for-2016-concacaf-womens-olympic-qualifying |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> De United States qualify to de 2016 Olympic Games insyd Rio de Janeiro after a semifinal win against Trinidad & Tobago on February 19.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2016 |title=WNT Punches Ticket to Rio With 5–0 Win Against Trinidad & Tobago |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/02/20/04/35/160219-wnt-v-trinidad-tobago-qualifies-for-2016-olympics |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn make ein 100th appearance give de national team on February 21 insyd de final against Canada. During de match, she sanso make ein third career assist. De United States win de tournament after defeating Canada 2–0. Following de tournament, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Best XI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2016 |title=WNT Defeats Canada 2–0 to Win 2016 CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying Championship |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/02/22/03/30/160221-wnt-defeats-canada-2-0-to-claim-2016-olympic-qualifying-title |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na dem name Sauerbrunn to de roster for de 2016 SheBelieves Cup wey take place from March 3 to 9.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 26, 2016 |title=USA Unveils SheBelieves Cup Roster as World's Top Teams Come to USA |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/02/26/18/51/160226-wnt-usa-england-france-germany-shebelieves-cup-top-players-come-for-international-tournament |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She start insyd de team ein opening match of de tournament on March 3 against England. Sauerbrunn be noted for ein good positioning during de match, helping block a shot insyd de 59th minute.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Dunn Strike Earns USA 1–0 Win Against England in First SheBelieves Cup Match |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/03/04/03/01/160303-wnt-crystal-dunn-fires-usa-to-win-vs-england-in-shebelieves-cup-opener |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She sanso make appearances insyd oda two matches of de tournament, helping de United States win de 2016 SheBelieves Cup plus a 2–1 win over Germany insyd dema final game.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2016 |title=WNT Defeats France 1–0 at SheBelieves Cup on Stoppage Time Goal From Alex Morgan in Front of Record Crowd in Nashville |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/03/06/22/21/160306-wnt-defeats-france-1-0-at-shebelieves-cup-on-stoppage-time-goal-from-alex-morgan |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2016 |title=USA Defeats Germany 2–1 to Win 2016 SheBelieves Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/03/10/03/54/160309-wnt-downs-germany-2-1-to-claim-inaugural-shebelieves-cup-title |access-date=July 21, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn join a 23-player roster for a training camp ahead of two matches against Colombia insyd early April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2016 |title=Ellis Names 23 Players for April Friendly Matches Against Colombia |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/03/22/14/31/160322-wnt-ellis-names-23-players-for-april-friendly-matches-against-colombia |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She appear insyd both matches, buh na she no play all 90 minutes insyd either game.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2016 |title=U.S. WNT Defeats Colombia 7–0 in Front of Record Crowd in Connecticut |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/04/06/20/35/160406-wnt-defeats-colombia-7-0-in-front-of-record-crowd-in-connecticut |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2016 |title=U.S. WNT Tops Colombia 3–0 in Front of Sold-Out Crowd in Pennsylvania |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/04/10/17/15/160410-wnt-tops-colombia-3-0-in-front-of-sold-out-crowd-in-pennsylvania |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Na Sauerbrunn be on de roster for anoda two-game series against Japan insyd early June<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2016 |title=Ellis Names 25 Players for Japan Friendlies |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/05/18/14/13/160518-wnt-ellis-names-25-players-to-training-camp-roster-for-japan-friendlies |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> wey she start insyd both games.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2016 |title=USA and Japan Play to Thrilling 3–3 Draw Before Sold Out Crowd in Colorado |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/06/03/05/03/160602-wnt-and-japan-play-to-thrilling-3-3-draw-before-sold-out-crowd-in-colorado |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2016 |title=Johnston, Morgan Goals Lift USA to 2–0 Win vs. Japan in Front of Record Ohio Crowd |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/06/05/21/26/160605-wnt-beats-japan-2-0-in-front-of-record-ohio-crowd |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> On July 12, 2016, na dem name Sauerbrunn to de 18-player team wey go represent de United States at de 2016 Olympic Games insyd Rio de Janeiro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2016 |title=USA Head Coach Jill Ellis Names 2016 U.S. Olympic Women's Soccer Team |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/07/12/15/35/160712-wnt-jill-ellis-names-2016-us-olympic-womens-soccer-team |access-date=July 17, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She make ein first appearance insyd Rio on August 3 insyd de team ein opening match against New Zealand. De match mark ein first Olympic start wey na she subsequently be named de Woman of de Match.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2016 |title=USA Opens 2016 Olympic Games With 2–0 Group G Win Against New Zealand |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/08/04/00/21/160803-wnt-160803-wnt-usa-opens-2016-olympic-games-with-2-0-group-g-win-against-new-zealand |access-date=August 7, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> She sanso appear insyd de second group match against France, helping de United States take away anoda victory den secure dema first place finish insyd de group.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2016 |title=USA Seizes Control of Group G with 1–0 Win vs. France at 2016 Olympics |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/08/06/22/55/160806-wnt-usa-seizes-contron-of-group-g-with-1-0-win-vs-france-at-2016-olympics |access-date=August 7, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn play all 90 minutes of de team ein final group match against Colombia on August 9, wich end insyd a 2–2 draw.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 9, 2016 |title=USA Wins Group G with 2–2 Draw vs. Colombia at 2016 Olympics |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/08/09/23/48/160809-wnt-wins-group-g-with-2-2-draw-vs-colombia-at-2016-olympics |access-date=August 12, 2016 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Insyd de quarterfinals, Sauerbrunn start insyd de match against Sweden on August 12. Na de game be tied 1–1 after both regulation time den extra time. Na de United States then be defeated by Sweden insyd penalty kicks.<ref name="swedenaug12">{{cite web |date=August 12, 2016 |title=Dominant USA Falls to Sweden 4–3 in Penalty Shootout after 1–1 Draw in 2016 Olympic Quarterfinals |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/08/12/19/37/160812-wnt-falls-to-sweden-4-3-in-penalty-shootout-after-1-1-draw-in-2016-olympic-quarterfinals |access-date=August 12, 2016}}</ref> ==== 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup ==== Insyd May 2019, na dem name am to de final 23-player roster for de 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2019 |title=Meet the USA's 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Team |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/05/01/23/56/wnt-usa-roster-2019-womens-world-cup-france |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Sauerbrunn appear insyd 6 of de 7 matches for de USWNT during de tournament, missing only de opening match vs Thailand. De United States go on to defeat de Netherlands 2–0 insyd de final, winning back-to-back World Cup titles den de fourth overall World Cup title for de United States women's national team.<ref name="WC History">{{cite news|first1=Steven|last1=Goff|first2=Emily|last2=Giambalvo|title=U.S. wins World Cup with a final four-star performance|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/07/07/uswnt-netherlands-world-cup-final/?noredirect=on|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 7, 2019}}</ref> ==== 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup ==== Insyd June 2023, na e be announced say Sauerbrunn go miss de 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup plus a foot injury she suffer insyd April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=USWNT captain Sauerbrunn to miss World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37865613/usa-captain-becky-sauerbrunn-miss-women-world-cup-injury |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> === Organized labor activism === Insyd March 2016, na Sauerbrunn be one of five women's national team players to file a complaint plus de Equal Employment Opportunity Commission alleging wage discrimination as compared to de men's national team.<ref name="ESPNMar31">{{cite news|title=U.S. women's team files wage-discrimination action vs. U.S. Soccer|url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/story/_/id/15102506/women-national-team-files-wage-discrimination-action-vs-us-soccer-federation|work=[[ESPN]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=March 31, 2016|access-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref> Sauerbrunn be active insyd collective bargaining agreement negotiations plus U.S. Soccer for several years, from at least de expiration of de previous agreement insyd December 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2016/12/01/becky-sauerbrunn-uswnt-cba-us-soccer-eeoc|title=USWNT co-captain Sauerbrunn on state of CBA talks: 'We're far apart'|date=December 1, 2016|access-date=April 7, 2023|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|first=Alexander|last=Abnos}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.socceramerica.com/publications/article/80910/becky-sauerbrunn-on-her-off-field-leadership-play.html|title=Becky Sauerbrunn on her off-field leadership, player power, and Carlos Cordeiro|date=January 8, 2019|access-date=April 7, 2023|work=[[Soccer America]]}}</ref> Insyd February 2017, she be among de players dem elect to represent de team insyd negotiations plus de federation insyd April 2017<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2017/04/05/womens-national-team-us-soccer-contract-talk/|title=Women's national team and U.S. Soccer intensify talks on new contract|date=April 5, 2017|access-date=April 7, 2023|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=[[The Denver Post]]}}</ref> wey dem continue to be elected to den serve insyd dis executive committee role insyd subsequent years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/04/sports/soccer/us-womens-soccer-equality.html|title=In Fight for Equality, U.S. Women's Soccer Team Leads the Way|date=March 4, 2018|access-date=April 7, 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Andrew|last=Das}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Players Association - OOSA |url=https://uswntplayers.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214123627/https://uswntplayers.com/ |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |access-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref> On March 4, 2020, de association announce say e name Sauerbrunn as ein first presido.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37582070/becky-sauerbrunn-named-first-uswntpa-president|title=Becky Sauerbrunn named first USWNTPA president|date=March 4, 2020|access-date=April 7, 2023|work=[[ESPN]]|first=Graham|last=Hays}}</ref> Sauerbrunn represent de players association at de signing of de team ein new collective bargaining agreement on September 6, 2022, prior to a national team friendly against Nigeria insyd Washington, D.C., wey she give a speech to de audience wer she declare de agreement to be "a huge win for workers den for labor rights".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/3574110/2022/09/07/uswnt-cba-ussf/|title=The USWNT make history with CBA signing, but the players know there's more to be done|date=September 7, 2022|access-date=April 7, 2023|work=[[The Athletic]]|first=Meg|last=Linehan}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://twitter.com/USWNT/status/1567307606431236096 |title=The Captain is speaking. |date=September 6, 2022 |language=English |location=Washington, D.C. |time=1:06 |access-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref> == Retirement den post-retirement work == > On December 17, 2024, Sauerbrunn announce ein retirement from soccer after a 16 year career. She state, "''Sixteen years ago I woke up dreaming and I haven't slept since. That makes it sound easy. It was never easy. But even so, I'd run it back''."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-12-17|title=Former USA captain Becky Sauerbrunn retires after glittering 16-year career|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/dec/17/becky-sauerbrunn-retires-uswnt-captain|access-date=2024-12-18|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Following retirement, she begin dey co-host de podcast “Good Vibes FC” on ''The Women’s Game'' channel, wey she work as a sideline analyst give TNT Sports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-22 |title=The Women’s Game {{!}} USWNT, NWSL & Women’s Soccer News |url=https://www.meninblazers.com/undefined/the-women-s-game/ |access-date=2026-09-03 |website=Men in Blazers |language=en}}</ref> On September 3, 2026, de Portland Thorns, de club team for wich na she play ein last five years, announce say dem hire am as a Technical Consultant for de remainder of de 2026 season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-09-03 |title=Portland Thorns hire USWNT legend Becky Sauerbrunn as Technical Consultant |url=https://www.thorns.com/news/portland-thorns-hire-uswnt-legend-becky-sauerbrunn-as-technical-consultant |access-date=2026-09-03 |website=Portland Thorns}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pelit |first=Asli |date=2026-09-03 |title=USWNT legend Becky Sauerbrunn returns to Portland as technical consultant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7561383/2026/09/03/becky-sauerbrunn-return-portland-thorns-technical-consultant/ |access-date=2026-09-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Personal life == Since 2011, Sauerbrunn dey insyd a relationship plus Zola Short, a soccer player she meet while at de University of Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tinwala |first=Yasmin |date=2021-08-05 |title=Who is Becky Sauerbrunn's boyfriend? Soccer star dating Zola Short who played for Virginia team |url=https://meaww.com/who-becky-sauerbrunn-boyfriend-zola-short |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=meaww.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://twitter.com/ussoccer_wnt/status/928307451950137345?s=21 |title=The Journey to the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup |date=November 8, 2017 |language=English |location=Portland, Oregon |time=1:09 |access-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Zola Short and Becky Sauerbrunn are seen on the red carpet at the... |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/zola-short-and-becky-sauerbrunn-are-seen-on-the-red-carpet-news-photo/1836959954 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Getty Images |language=en-us}}</ref> Sauerbrunn be a self-described cat lover wey she get two cats, Missy den Olive,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reeba04/?hl=en# |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PTFCats: Meet Missy and Olive – Rose City Review |url=https://rosecity.review/ptfcats-meet-missy-and-olive/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212023222/https://rosecity.review/ptfcats-meet-missy-and-olive/ |archive-date=2024-12-12}}</ref> wey she sanso be known as a lover of books den reading.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=Subhan |first=Amha |date=April 2025 |title=Catching up with USWNT legend Becky Sauerbrunn as she steps into a broadcasting career |url=https://ussoccer.com/stories/2025/04/uswnt-legend-becky-sauerbrunn-broadcasting-career-tnt-sports |access-date=2026-09-03 |website=US Soccer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Swanick|first=Megan|date=2024-12-18|title=USA legend Becky Sauerbrunn was worthy of a spotlight she never sought|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/dec/18/becky-sauerbrunn-tribute-uswnt-retirement|access-date=2025-01-02|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Insyd May 2025, she announce say na she dey expect ein first kiddie.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former USWNT and NWSL star Becky Sauerbrunn announces pregnancy with partner Zola Short |url=https://www.allforxi.com/2025/5/20/24434023/former-uswnt-and-nwsl-star-becky-sauerbrunn-announces-pregnancy-zola-short-baby-pregnant}}</ref> Sauerbrunn give birth to ein son on October 9, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vertelney |first=Seth |title=TNT broadcast sneaks in Sauerbrunn baby announcement |url=https://prosoccerwire.usatoday.com/story/sports/uswnt/2025/10/24/sauerbrunn-baby-announcement-tnt-reveals-uswnt-legend-gives-birth/86876076007/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Pro Soccer Wire |language=en-US}}</ref> == Player statistics == ===Club summary=== {| class="wikitable" |- |style="background:#afe6ba; width:3em;"|† |Dey denote seasons insyd wich Sauerbrunn win a [[NWSL Championship]] |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:90%;" |- !rowspan=3|Club !rowspan=3|Season !colspan=5|League !colspan=2 rowspan=2|Cup !colspan=2 rowspan=2|Continental !colspan=2 rowspan=2|Total !colspan=2 rowspan=3|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- !rowspan=2|Division !colspan=2|Regular Season !colspan=2|Play-offs |- !Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals |- | rowspan=2| [[Boston Renegades]] | [[2005 USL W-League season|2005]] | [[USL W-League (1995–2015)|USL W-League]] | ? || ? || ? || ? ||colspan=4| — || 11 || 1 || |- !colspan=2| Total || ? || ? || ? || ? || colspan=4 |—|| 11 || 1 || — |- | rowspan=3 |[[Richmond Kickers Destiny]] | [[2006 USL W-League season|2006]] | rowspan=2| USL W-League | ? || ? || ? || ?|| rowspan=2 colspan=4| — || ? || ? || |- | [[2007 USL W-League season|2007]] | ? || ? || 1 || 1 || ? || ? || <ref>{{cite web |title=Richmond Kickers Destiny at Minnesota Lightning 2-4 |url=http://www.uslsoccer.com/stats/2007/502536.html |date= |website=USLSoccer.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705173541/http://www.uslsoccer.com/stats/2007/502536.html |archive-date=July 5, 2008 }}</ref> |- !colspan=2| Total || ? || ? || 1 + ? || 1 + ? || colspan=4 |—|| 24 || 3 || — |- | rowspan=3 |[[Washington Freedom (soccer)|Washington Freedom]] | [[2008 USL W-League season|2008]] | USL W-League | 6 || 0 || 4 || 0 || rowspan=2 colspan=4| — || 10 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=United Soccer League |url=http://www.uslsoccer.com/schedules/2008/8630105.20085.html |website=USLSoccer.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209072418/http://www.uslsoccer.com/schedules/2008/8630105.20085.html |archive-date=December 9, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=United Soccer League - Washington Freedom - 2008 Season |url=http://www.uslsoccer.com/teams/2008/4186092.html |date= |website=USLSoccer.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206174932/http://www.uslsoccer.com/teams/2008/4186092.html |archive-date=December 6, 2008 }}</ref> |- | 2009 | [[Women's Professional Soccer]] | 20 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 21 || 1 || |- !colspan=2| Total || 26 || 1 || 5 || 0 || colspan=4 |—|| 31 || 1 || — |- | rowspan=2| [[Røa IL]] {{small|(loan)}} |[[2009 Toppserien|2009]] |[[Toppserien]] | 5 || 1 || colspan=2|—|| colspan=2 |—|| 4 || 0 || 9 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=UEFA Women's Champions League |url=https://int.soccerway.com/international/europe/uefa-womens-champions-league/2009-2010/2nd-round/r9527/ |website=SoccerWay}}</ref> |- !colspan=2| Total || 5 || 1 || colspan=2|—|| colspan=2|—|| 4 || 0 || 9 || 1 ||— |- | rowspan=2| Washington Freedom | [[2010 Women's Professional Soccer season|2010]] | Women's Professional Soccer | 24 || 0 || 1 || 0 || colspan=4| — || 25 || 0 || |- !colspan=2| Total || 24 || 0 || 1 || 0 || colspan=4 |—|| 25 || 0 || — |- | rowspan=2 |[[magicJack (WPS)|magicJack]] | [[2011 magicJack season|2011]] | Women's Professional Soccer | 13 || 0 || 2 || 0 || colspan=4| — || 15 || 0 || |- !colspan=2| Total || 13 || 0 || 2 || 0 || colspan=4 |—|| 15 || 0 || — |- | rowspan=2 |[[D.C. United Women|D.C. United]] | [[2012 D.C. United Women season|2012]] | USL W-League | 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || colspan=4| — || 4 || 1 || |- !colspan=2| Total || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || colspan=4 |—|| 4 || 1 || — |- |rowspan=6 valign="center" |[[FC Kansas City]] |[[2013 FC Kansas City season|2013]] |rowspan=5|[[National Women's Soccer League]] | 19 || 0 || 1 || 0 || rowspan=5 colspan=4|— || 20 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=NWSL Semifinal Recap - Portland Thorns FC 3, FC Kansas City 2 (OT) |url=https://www.timbers.com/news/nwsl-semifinal-recap-portland-thorns-fc-3-fc-kansas-city-2-ot |website=Timbers |date=August 24, 2013 |access-date=September 2, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112205025/http://www.timbers.com/news/2013/08/nwsl-semifinal-recap-portland-thorns-fc-3-fc-kansas-city-2-ot |archive-date=November 12, 2014}}</ref> |- |style="background:#afe6ba;| [[2014 FC Kansas City season|2014]] † | 22 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 24 || 1 ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kansas City Defeats Portland, 2-0 |url=http://nwslsoccer.com/home/831653.html |website=NWSL |date=August 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826121310/http://nwslsoccer.com/home/831653.html |archive-date=August 26, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2014 NWSL CHAMPIONS: FC KANSAS CITY |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/833457.html |website=NWSL |date=August 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317145440/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/833457.html |archive-date=March 17, 2015 }}</ref> |- |style="background:#afe6ba;| [[2015 FC Kansas City season|2015]] † | 11 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 13 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Moreno |title=Recap: FC Kansas City Defeats Seatlle to Win the 2015 National Women's Soccer League Championship |url=http://www.fckansascity.com/2015/10/02/recap-fc-kansas-city-defeats-seattle-to-win-the-2015-national-womens-soccer-league-championship/ |website=FC Kansas City |date=October 2, 2015}}</ref> |- |[[2016 FC Kansas City season|2016]] | 14 || 1 || colspan=2|— || 14 || 1 || |- |[[2017 FC Kansas City season|2017]] | 22 || 1 || colspan=2|— || 22 || 1 || |- !colspan=2| Total || 88 || 3 || 5 || 0 || colspan=4 |—|| 93 || 3 || — |- |rowspan=3 valign="center" |[[Utah Royals FC]] |[[2018 Utah Royals FC season|2018]] |rowspan=2|National Women's Soccer League | 20 || 0 || colspan=2|— || rowspan=2 colspan=4|—|| 20 || 0 || |- |[[2019 Utah Royals FC season|2019]] | 14 || 1 || colspan=2|— || 14 || 1 || |- !colspan=2| Total || 34 || 1 ||colspan=2|–||colspan=4|—|| 34 || 1 || — |- |rowspan=6 valign="center" |[[Portland Thorns FC]] |[[2020 Portland Thorns FC season|2020]] |rowspan=5|National Women's Soccer League |colspan=4| — || 5 || 0 || colspan=2| — || 5 || 0 || |- |[[2021 Portland Thorns FC season|2021]] | 15 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 20 || 0 || |- |style="background:#afe6ba;|[[2022 Portland Thorns FC season|2022]] † | 17 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 20 || 1 || |- |[[2023 Portland Thorns FC season|2023]] | 9 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||colspan=2|–|| 10 || 0 || |- |[[2024 Portland Thorns FC season|2024]] | 25 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 29 || 0 || |- !colspan=2| Total || 66 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 8 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 84 || 1 || — |- !colspan=3| Career total || 260 + ? || 8 + ? || 19 + ? || 1 + ? || 8 || 0 || 9 || 0 || 330 || 12 ||— |} ===International summary=== {{updated|match played February 26, 2024}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals!!Assists |- |rowspan=18| [[United States women's national soccer team|United States]] |- |[[2008 in American soccer#Women's|2008]]|| 2 || 0 || 1 |- |[[2009 in American soccer#Women|2009]]|| – || – || – |- |[[2010 in American soccer#Women|2010]]|| 1 || 0 || 0 |- |[[2011 in American soccer#Women|2011]]|| 12 || 0 || 0 |- |[[2012 in American soccer#Women|2012]]|| 22 || 0 || 0 |- |[[2013 in American soccer#Women|2013]]|| 12 || 0 || 0 |- |[[2014 in American soccer#Women|2014]]|| 22 || 0 || 1 |- |[[2015 in American soccer#Women|2015]]|| 25 || 0 || 0 |- |[[2016 in American soccer#Women|2016]]|| 23 || 0 || 3 |- |[[2017 in American soccer#Women's|2017]]|| 16 || 0 || 1 |- |[[2018 in American soccer#Women's|2018]]|| 14 || 0 || 1 |- |[[2019 in American soccer#Women's|2019]]|| 22 || 0 || 0 |- |[[2020 in American soccer#Women's|2020]]|| 7 || 0 || 0 |- |[[2021 in American soccer#Women's|2021]]|| 21 || 0 || 0 |- |[[2022 in American soccer#Women's|2022]]|| 12 || 0 || 0 |- |[[2023 in American soccer#Women's|2023]]|| 6 || 0 || 0 |- |[[2024 in American soccer#Women's|2024]]|| 2 || 0 || 0 |- !colspan=2| Total || 219 || 0 || 7 |} == Honors den awards == '''Røa IL''' * [[Toppserien]]: [[2009 Toppserien|2009]] '''FC Kansas City''' * [[National Women's Soccer League|NWSL Championship]]: [[2014 FC Kansas City season|2014]],<ref>{{cite web |date=August 31, 2014 |title=FC Kansas City Earns 2014 NWSL Championship |url=http://www.fckansascity.com/2014/08/31/fc-kansas-city-earns-2014-nwsl-championship/ |access-date=November 12, 2014 |publisher=FC Kansas City}}</ref> [[2015 FC Kansas City season|2015]] '''Portland Thorns FC''' * NWSL Community Shield: [[2020 National Women's Soccer League season#Fall Series|2020]] * [[NWSL Challenge Cup]]: [[2021 NWSL Challenge Cup|2021]] * [[International Champions Cup]]: [[2021 Women's International Champions Cup|2021]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Snipes |first=Tyler |date=August 22, 2021 |title=The Portland Thorns are WICC Champions! |url=https://www.internationalchampionscup.com/news/wicc-tournament-recap |website=International Champions Cup |access-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005212904/https://www.internationalchampionscup.com/news/wicc-tournament-recap |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[NWSL Shield]]: [[2021 National Women's Soccer League season#Regular Season|2021]] * [[NWSL Championship]]: [[2022 National Women's Soccer League season#Playoffs|2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azzi |first=Alex |date=October 30, 2022 |title=Portland Thorns win 2022 NWSL Championship, MVP Smith scores game winner |url=https://onherturf.nbcsports.com/2022/10/29/portland-thorns-win-2022-nwsl-championship/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=On Her Turf |language=en-US}}</ref> '''United States''' * [[FIFA Women's World Cup]]: [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup|2015]], [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup|2019]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenblatt |first=Kalhan |date=July 7, 2019 |title=U.S. women's soccer team wins 2019 World Cup over the Netherlands in 2-0 final |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/u-s-women-s-soccer-team-win-2019-world-cup-n1027206 |access-date=January 8, 2023 |website=NBC News |language=}}</ref> * [[CONCACAF W Championship|CONCACAF Women's Championship]]: [[2010 CONCACAF Women's Championship|2010]], [[2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship|2014]], [[2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship|2018]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.concacaf.com/en/article/canada-v-united-states-recap |title=Lavelle and Morgan lift the United States over Canada for the 2018 CWC title |date=October 17, 2018 |website=CONCACAF |archive-date=July 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701145147/https://www.concacaf.com/en/article/canada-v-united-states-recap |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2022 CONCACAF W Championship|2022]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Das |title=U.S. Women Beat Canada to Claim Spot in Paris Olympics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/19/sports/soccer/uswnt-canada-concacaf-w-championship.html |work=The New York Times |date=July 19, 2022}}</ref> * [[CONCACAF W Gold Cup]]: [[2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup|2024]]<ref>{{cite web |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Horan the hero as USA down Brazil to win W Gold Cup crown |url=https://www.concacaf.com/w-gold-cup/news/horan-the-hero-as-usa-down-brazil-to-win-w-gold-cup-crown/ |access-date=March 11, 2024 |website=CONCACAF.com}}</ref> * [[CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament]]: [[2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|2012]], [[2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|2016]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/02/22/03/30/160221-wnt-defeats-canada-2-0-to-claim-2016-olympic-qualifying-title |title=WNT Defeats Canada 2–0 to Claim 2016 Olympic Qualifying Title |website=U.S. Soccer |date=February 21, 2016}}</ref> [[2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship|2020]]<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Wins 2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament with 3-0 Victory Over Canada |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/02/2020-concacaf-womens-olympic-qualifying-final-uswnt-3-canada-0-match-report-stats |work=U.S. Soccer |date=February 9, 2020}}</ref> * [[Summer Olympic Games|Summer Olympics]]: [[Summer Olympic Games|Gold Medal]]: [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2012]]; [[Summer Olympic Games|Bronze Medal]]: [[Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2020]] * [[SheBelieves Cup]]: [[2016 SheBelieves Cup|2016]],<ref>{{cite web |title=USA Defeats Germany 2–1 to Win 2016 SheBelieves Cup |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/03/10/03/54/160309-wnt-downs-germany-2-1-to-claim-inaugural-shebelieves-cup-title |work=U.S. Soccer |date=March 9, 2016}}</ref> [[2020 SheBelieves Cup|2020]],<ref>{{cite web |title=USA Wins 2020 SheBelieves Cup With 3-1 Victory vs. Japan |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2020/03/2020-shebelieves-cup-usa-3-japan-1-match-report-stats-standings |work=U.S. Soccer |date=March 11, 2020}}</ref> [[2021 SheBelieves Cup|2021]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2021/02/shebelieves-cup-uswnt-6-argentina-0-match-report-stats-standings |title=U.S. Women's National Team Rolls to Title at 2021 SheBelieves Cup, Presented by Visa, With Dominant 6-0 Victory Against Argentina |date=February 25, 2021 |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> [[2022 SheBelieves Cup|2022]],<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Defeats Iceland 5-0 to Win Third Consecutive and Fifth Overall SheBelieves Cup Title, Presented by Visa |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2022/02/2022-shebelieves-cup-uswnt-5-iceland-0-match-report-stats-standings |work=U.S. Soccer |date=February 23, 2022}}</ref> [[2023 SheBelieves Cup|2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herrera |first=Sandra |date=February 22, 2023 |title=USWNT vs. Brazil score: USA win SheBelieves Cup with Alex Morgan and Mallory Swanson dominating in attack |url=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/uswnt-vs-brazil-score-usa-win-shebelieves-cup-with-alex-morgan-and-mallory-swanson-dominating-in-attack/live/ |access-date=February 23, 2023 |website=CBS Sports |language=}}</ref> * [[Algarve Cup]]: 2011, 2013, 2015 * Four Nations Tournament: 2008, 2011 * Nordic Cup: 2007, 2008 * Tournament of Nations: [[2018 Tournament of Nations|2018]] '''Individual''' * [[National Soccer Coaches Association of America|NSCAA]] Youth All-American: 2001<ref name="UVbio" /> * NSCAA Adidas (U-17) All-American: 2002<ref name="UVbio" /> * Parade All-American: 2002, 2003<ref name="UVbio" /> * Missouri Gatorade Player of the Year: 2003<ref name="UVbio" /> * Soccer Times All-American Third Team: 2003<ref name=":6" /> * ACC Freshman of the Year: 2003<ref name=":7" /> * ACC All-Freshman Team: 2003<ref name=":7" /> * Soccer Buzz Mid-Atlantic Region Freshman of the Year: 2003<ref name=":6" /> * Soccer Buzz National Freshman of the Year Finalist: 2003<ref name=":6" /> * Soccer Buzz Freshman All-American First Team: 2003<ref name=":6" /> * All-ACC Second Team: 2003, 2005<ref name=":7" /> * Soccer Buzz All-American Second Team: 2003, 2007<ref name=":6" /> * NSCAA All-American First Team: 2003, 2007<ref name=":6" /> * Soccer Buzz All-American Honorable Mention: 2005<ref name=":6" /> * NSCAA All-American Second Team: 2006<ref name=":6" /> * Soccer Buzz All-American Third Team: 2006<ref name=":6" /> * All-ACC First Team: 2006, 2007<ref name=":7" /> * Academic All-American: 2007<ref name=":6" /> * NSCAA Scholar-Athlete of the Year: 2007<ref name=":6" /> * VaSID State Player of the Year: 2007<ref name=":6" /> * ACC Player of the Year: 2007<ref name=":7" /> * ACC All-Tournament Team: 2007<ref name=":7" /> * ACC All-Academic Team: 2005, 2006, 2007<ref name=":7" /> * NSCAA All-Region: 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007<ref name=":6" /> * VaSID First Team All-State: 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007<ref name=":6" /> * ACC Postgraduate Scholarship Award: 2008<ref name=":7" /> * [[U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year]] Nominee: 2015 * BBC Women's Footballer of the Year Nominee: 2016 * [[IFFHS World Team#Women Team of the Decade (2011–2020)|IFFHS CONCACAF Woman Team of the Decade]] 2011–2020<ref>{{cite web |date=January 29, 2021 |title=IFFHS Woman Team - CONCACAF - Of The Decade 2011-2020 |url=https://iffhs.com/en/news/iffhs-woman-team-concacaf-of-the-decade-2011-2020-927 |work=IFFHS |access-date=September 5, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612130152/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/927 |archive-date=June 12, 2021}}</ref> * [[CONCACAF W Championship]] Best XI: [[2022 CONCACAF W Championship|2022]]<ref name="2022BestXI">{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2022 |title=Dumornay, Lavelle and Shaw headline CMU20 Best XI |url=https://www.concacaf.com/women-s-championship/news/dumornay-lavelle-and-shaw-headline-cwc22-best-xi/ |access-date=November 2, 2022 |website=[[CONCACAF]] |language=en}}</ref> * [[NWSL Defender of the Year]]: [[2013 NWSL season|2013]], [[2014 NWSL season|2014]], [[2015 NWSL season|2015]], [[2019 NWSL season|2019]] * NWSL Best XI: [[2013 National Women's Soccer League season#Annual awards|2013]], [[2014 National Women's Soccer League season#Annual awards|2014]], [[2015 National Women's Soccer League season#Annual awards|2015]], [[2016 National Women's Soccer League season#Annual awards|2016]], [[2017 National Women's Soccer League season#Annual awards|2017]], [[2018 National Women's Soccer League season#Annual awards|2018]], [[2019 National Women's Soccer League season#Annual awards|2019]] * NWSL Second XI: [[2022 National Women's Soccer League season#Annual awards|2022]] == Insyd popular culture == Sauerbrunn be featured along plus ein national teammates insyd de EA Sports' FIFA video game series insyd ''FIFA 16'', de first time wey na women players be included insyd de game.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barnes |first1=Katie |date=September 28, 2015 |title=Why 'FIFA 16' is a Landmark for Women |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/13763107/why-fifa-16-landmark-women |access-date=January 3, 2016 |work=ESPN}}</ref> Inayd September 2015, na she be ranked by EA Sports as de No. 10 women's player insyd de game.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 8, 2015 |title=FIFA 16 Player Ratings – Top 20 Women |url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/news/2015/fifa-16-ratings-top-20-women |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=EA Sports}}</ref> Following de United States dema win at de 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Sauerbrunn den ein teammates cam be de first women's sports team to be honored plus a Ticker Tape Parade insyd New York City.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 11, 2015 |title=U.S. women celebrate World Cup with ticker-tape parade in New York City |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/07/10/uswnt-world-cup-parade-new-york-city/29960353/ |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> Each player receive a key to de city from Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]].<ref>{{cite web |date=July 10, 2015 |title=Team USA parades NYC's "Canyon of Heroes" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/us-womens-soccer-national-team-ticker-tape-victory-parade-new-york/38/ |access-date=January 3, 2016 |work=CBS News}}</ref> Insyd October of de same year, na de team be honored by President Barack Obama at de White House.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wagner |first1=Laura |date=October 27, 2015 |title=Obama To U.S. Women's Soccer Team: 'Playing Like A Girl Means You're A Badass' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/10/27/452260571/obama-to-u-s-womens-soccer-team-playing-like-a-girl-means-youre-a-badass |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Insyd April 2016, na dem announce say Sauerbrunn go appear insyd ads den a 225-foot mural insyd New York give Budweiser.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McDowell |first1=Sam |date=April 28, 2016 |title=FC Kansas City captain Becky Sauerbrunn to appear in Budweiser ads for 2016 Olympics |url=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/soccer/kc-current/article74523032.html |access-date=April 28, 2025 |publisher=The Kansas City Star}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==Read further== * Grainey, Timothy (2012), ''Beyond Bend It Like Beckham: The Global Phenomenon of Women's Soccer'', University of Nebraska Press, {{ISBN|0803240368}} * Lisi, Clemente A. (2010), ''The U.S. Women's Soccer Team: An American Success Story'', Scarecrow Press, {{ISBN|0810874164}} * Longman, Jere (2009), ''The Girls of Summer: The U.S. Women's Soccer Team and How it Changed the World'', HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0061877689}} * Seigerman, David (2017), ''Becky Sauerbrunn'', Alladin, {{ISBN|9781481482172}} * Stevens, Dakota (2011), ''A Look at the Women's Professional Soccer Including the Soccer Associations, Teams, Players, Awards, and More'', BiblioBazaar, {{ISBN|1241047464}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Becky Sauerbrunn}} * {{NWSL player|862f82d43a1943c0b7eba7d7983a2c73/becky-sauerbrunn}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180610031151/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/players/becky-sauerbrunn archive]) * [http://www.fckansascity.com/roster/becky-sauerbrunn/ Becky Sauerbrunn] at [[FC Kansas City]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111211213456/http://www.virginiasports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=17800 Becky Sauerbrunn] at [[Virginia Cavaliers women's soccer|Virginia Cavaliers]] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061111204720/http://www.uslsoccer.com/teams/4068995/934457-4069026/3195923.html Becky Sauerbrunn] at [[USL W-League (1995–2015)|USL W-League]] (archived) * {{U.S. Soccer player|s/becky-sauerbrunn}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100106211015/http://www.ussoccer.com/Teams/WNT/S/Becky-Sauerbrunn.aspx archive]) * {{Olympics.com|becky-sauerbrunn}} * {{Instagram}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sauerbrunn, Becky}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:American expatriate sportspeople insyd Norway]] [[Category:American expatriate women's soccer players]] [[Category:American people of German descent]] [[Category:American women's soccer players]] [[Category:Expatriate women's footballers insyd Norway]] [[Category:FC Kansas City players]] [[Category:FIFA Women's Century Club]] [[Category:FIFA Women's World Cup–winning players]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2012 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Ladue Horton Watkins High School alumni]] [[Category:MagicJack (WPS) players]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2012 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:National Women's Soccer League players]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for de United States insyd soccer]] [[Category:Portland Thorns FC players]] [[Category:Røa IL players]] [[Category:Soccer players wey komot St. Louis]] [[Category:United States women's international soccer players]] [[Category:USL W-League (1995–2015) players]] [[Category:Utah Royals players]] [[Category:Virginia Cavaliers women's soccer players]] [[Category:Washington Freedom (soccer) players]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for de United States insyd soccer]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Women's Professional Soccer players]] [[Category:Boston Renegades players]] [[Category:21st-century American sportswomen]] [[Category:United States women's youth international soccer players]] [[Category:Women's association football central defenders]] [[Category:2022 CONCACAF W Championship players]] [[Category:2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship players]] [[Category:2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship players]] kvil1olf7p0yzgwwm3naq5c8muy61ai 0 31213 115695 115617 2026-11-04T20:01:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alcohol intoxication''', dem commonly describe insyd higher doses as '''drunkenness''' anaa '''inebriation''',<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry=inebriation |dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/inebriation |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> den known insyd [[overdose]] as '''alcohol poisoning''',<ref name="Gar2007">{{cite book |last1=Garfunkel |first1=Lynn C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwajBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Pediatric Clinical Advisor E-Book: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment |last2=Kaczorowski |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Christy |first3=Cynthia |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07058-4 |page=13}}</ref> be de behavior den physical effects wey recent consumption of [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] cause.<ref name="Jun2014">{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=YC |title=Alcohol and the Nervous System |last2=Namkoong |first2=K |chapter=Alcohol |date=2014 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |isbn=978-0-444-62619-6 |volume=125 |pages=115–21 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62619-6.00007-0 |pmid=25307571}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Acute intoxication |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040704055527/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/acute_intox/en/ |archive-date=4 July 2004 |access-date=24 May 2018 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> De technical term ''intoxication'' insyd common speech fi suggest say a large amount of alcohol be consumed, wey dey lead to accompanying physical symptoms den deleterious health effects. Mild intoxication be mostly referred to by slang terms such as ''tipsy'' anaa ''buzzed''. In addition to de [[toxicity]] of [[ethanol]], de main [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] component of alcoholic beverages, oda physiological symptoms fi arise from de activity of [[acetaldehyde]], a [[metabolite]] of alcohol.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zakhari|first=Samir|year=2006|title=Overview: how is alcohol metabolized by the body?|journal=Alcohol Research & Health|volume=29|issue=4|pages=245–254|issn=1535-7414|pmc=6527027|pmid=17718403}}</ref> Dese effects no fi arise til hours after ingestion den fi contribute to a condition dem colloquially know as a [[hangover]]. Symptoms of [[Substance intoxication|intoxication]] at lower doses fi include mild [[sedation]] den poor coordination.<ref name=Mer2018/> At higher doses, der fi be slurred speech, [[Ataxia#Exogenous substances (metabolic ataxia)|trouble walking]], impaired vision, mood swings den vomiting.<ref name=Mer2018/> Extreme doses fi result in a [[Hypoventilation|respiratory depression]], coma, anaa death.<ref name="Mer2018">{{cite web |title=Alcohol Toxicity and Withdrawal |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/recreational-drugs-and-intoxicants/alcohol-toxicity-and-withdrawal |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition}}</ref> Complications fi include [[seizures]], [[aspiration pneumonia]], [[hypoglycemia|low blood sugar]], den injuries anaa [[self-harm]] such as [[suicide]].<ref name=Mer2018/><ref name=NHS2018/> Alcohol intoxication fi lead to [[alcohol-related crime]], plus perpetrators more likely to be intoxicated dan victims.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sung |first=Hung-En |title=Alcohol and Crime |year=2016 |encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology |pages=1–2 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosa039.pub2 |isbn=978-1-4051-6551-8}}</ref> Alcohol intoxication typically dey begin after two anaa more [[alcoholic drink]]s.<ref name=DSM5/> Alcohol get de potential for abuse. Risk factors dey include a social situation wer heavy drinking be common wey a person get an impulsive personality.<ref name=DSM5/> Diagnosis be usually based on de history of events den physical examination.<ref name=Jun2014/> Verification of events by witnesses fi be useful.<ref name=Jun2014/> Legally, alcohol intoxication often be defined as a [[blood alcohol concentration]] (BAC) of greater dan 5.4–17.4&nbsp;mmol/L (25–80&nbsp;mg/dL anaa 0.025–0.080%).<ref>{{cite journal |date=22 April 2018 |title=Ethanol Level: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2090019-overview?pa=tZlaRqU6qrJZktQC5WWvdZUn3AyA7274pd4Hf2zSCvNL1t86c9tryKJmi8Xcaw5t8SIvl8zjYv73GUyW5rsbWA%3D%3D |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Medscape}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Canfield |first1=DV |last2=Dubowski |first2=KM |last3=Cowan |first3=M |last4=Harding |first4=PM |date=January 2014 |title=Alcohol Limits and Public Safety. |journal=Forensic Science Review |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=9–22 |pmid=26226968}}</ref> Dis fi be measured by blood anaa [[breathalyzer|breath testing]].<ref name="DSM5">{{Citation |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/497 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/497 497–499] |year=2013 |place=Arlington |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8}}</ref> Alcohol be broken down insyd de human body at a rate of about 3.3&nbsp;mmol/L (15&nbsp;mg/dL) per hour,<ref name=Jun2014/> wey dey depend on an individual ein [[metabolic rate]] ([[metabolism]]).<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Alcohol Alert |url=https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA72/AA72.htm |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=pubs.niaaa.nih.gov |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228215303/https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA72/AA72.htm }}</ref> De [[DSM-5]] dey define alcohol intoxication as at least one of de following symptoms wey develop during anaa close after alcohol ingestion: slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady walking/movement, nystagmus (uncontrolled eye movement), attention anaa memory impairment, anaa near unconsciousness anaa coma.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |date=2013-05-22 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8 |edition=5th|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596}}</ref> Management of alcohol intoxication dey involve supportive care.<ref name=Jun2014/> Typically, dis dey include putting de person insyd de recovery position, keeping de person warm, den dey make sure breathing be sufficient.<ref name="NHS2018">{{cite web |date=17 October 2017 |title=Alcohol poisoning |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-poisoning/ |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=nhs.uk}}</ref> [[Gastric lavage]] den [[activated charcoal]] no been found to be useful.<ref name=Jun2014/> Repeated assessments fi be required to rule out oda potential causes of a person ein symptoms.<ref name=Jun2014/> Acute intoxication be documented thru out history, den alcohol remain one of de world ein most widespread [[recreational drug]]s.<ref name=":5">{{cite book |last1=Belenko |first1=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3pZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 |title=Drugs, Crime, and Justice |last2=Spohn |first2=Cassia |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4833-5542-9 |page=PT21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Scott C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9i5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1382 |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4833-7438-3 |page=PT1382}}</ref> Sam religions, such as [[Islam]], dey consider alcohol intoxication to be a sin.<ref name=DSM5/><ref>{{cite book |last=Kolig |first=Erich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3iEBiWQOBwC&pg=PA101 |title=Conservative Islam: A Cultural Anthropology |date=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-7425-8 |page=101}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q205972|c=Category:Drunken people|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Drunkenness|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-dangers-of-alcohol-overdose Alcohol overdose]: [[NIAAA]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171011032049/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/alcohol-poisoning/Pages/Introduction.aspx Alcohol poisoning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011032049/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/alcohol-poisoning/Pages/Introduction.aspx |date=11 October 2017 }}: NHS Choices {{Authority control}} [[Category:Alcohol abuse]] [[Category:Drinking culture]] [[Category:Health effects of alcohol|Intox]] [[Category:Substance intoxication]] [[Category:Disorders secof use of alcohol]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3s88rhlumn2df1fahogo1kbqkxnfpgw 0 31225 115658 115650 2026-11-04T16:20:56Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis''' ('''SSPE''') be progressive [[encephalitis|brain inflammation]] secof persistent [[measles|measles infection]].<ref name=Stat2021>{{cite journal |last1=Rocke |first1=Z |last2=Belyayeva |first2=M |title=Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis |date=January 2021 |pmid=32809508|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Onset generally be 7 to 10 years after de initial infection.<ref name=CDC2019>{{cite web |title=Measles - Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Manual {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=16 May 2021 |language=en-us |date=13 May 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015227/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Initial symptoms dey include memory loss den irritability wich be followed by [[myoclonus|involuntary jerking movements]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> Complications fi include [[seizures]] den [[blindness]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> E be caused by wild-type [[measles virus]], no be by vaccine strains.<ref name=Stat2021/> Diagnosis fi be based on a combination of symptoms, [[CSF analysis]], [[EEG]] findings, [[medical imaging]], den [[brain biopsy]].<ref name=Stat2021/> E dey differ from de oda forms of [[encephalitis]] secof measles: primary measles encephalitis, acute post-measles encephalitis, den measles inclusion body encephalitis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=D.L. |last2=Defres |first2=S. |last3=Solomon |first3=T. |title=Measles-induced encephalitis |journal=QJM |date=March 2015 |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=177–182 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcu113 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article-abstract/108/3/177/1606747?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |accessdate=16 September 2025}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] faxqst1aah8bdw477r363uv4n0mv2jy 115659 115658 2026-11-04T16:27:47Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis''' ('''SSPE''') be progressive [[encephalitis|brain inflammation]] secof persistent [[measles|measles infection]].<ref name=Stat2021>{{cite journal |last1=Rocke |first1=Z |last2=Belyayeva |first2=M |title=Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis |date=January 2021 |pmid=32809508|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Onset generally be 7 to 10 years after de initial infection.<ref name=CDC2019>{{cite web |title=Measles - Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Manual {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=16 May 2021 |language=en-us |date=13 May 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015227/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Initial symptoms dey include memory loss den irritability wich be followed by [[myoclonus|involuntary jerking movements]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> Complications fi include [[seizures]] den [[blindness]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> E be caused by wild-type [[measles virus]], no be by vaccine strains.<ref name=Stat2021/> Diagnosis fi be based on a combination of symptoms, [[CSF analysis]], [[EEG]] findings, [[medical imaging]], den [[brain biopsy]].<ref name=Stat2021/> E dey differ from de oda forms of [[encephalitis]] secof measles: primary measles encephalitis, acute post-measles encephalitis, den measles inclusion body encephalitis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=D.L. |last2=Defres |first2=S. |last3=Solomon |first3=T. |title=Measles-induced encephalitis |journal=QJM |date=March 2015 |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=177–182 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcu113 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article-abstract/108/3/177/1606747?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |accessdate=16 September 2025}}</ref> Prevention be by [[measles vaccine|measles vaccination]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> Der be no cure.<ref name=NINDS2021/> Treatment fi involve de use of [[antiviral medication]] such as [[ribavirin]], [[antiseizure medication]], den [[antispasmodic]]s.<ref name=NINDS2021>{{cite web |title=Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Subacute-Sclerosing-Panencephalitis-Information-Page |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409043746/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Subacute-Sclerosing-Panencephalitis-Information-Page |url-status=live }}</ref> Chaw individuals die within 3 years of de diagnosis.<ref name=NINDS2021/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 7117by5n0vkrjha34z9yclfcsdzge2w 115660 115659 2026-11-04T16:31:08Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis''' ('''SSPE''') be progressive [[encephalitis|brain inflammation]] secof persistent [[measles|measles infection]].<ref name=Stat2021>{{cite journal |last1=Rocke |first1=Z |last2=Belyayeva |first2=M |title=Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis |date=January 2021 |pmid=32809508|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Onset generally be 7 to 10 years after de initial infection.<ref name=CDC2019>{{cite web |title=Measles - Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Manual {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=16 May 2021 |language=en-us |date=13 May 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015227/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Initial symptoms dey include memory loss den irritability wich be followed by [[myoclonus|involuntary jerking movements]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> Complications fi include [[seizures]] den [[blindness]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> E be caused by wild-type [[measles virus]], no be by vaccine strains.<ref name=Stat2021/> Diagnosis fi be based on a combination of symptoms, [[CSF analysis]], [[EEG]] findings, [[medical imaging]], den [[brain biopsy]].<ref name=Stat2021/> E dey differ from de oda forms of [[encephalitis]] secof measles: primary measles encephalitis, acute post-measles encephalitis, den measles inclusion body encephalitis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=D.L. |last2=Defres |first2=S. |last3=Solomon |first3=T. |title=Measles-induced encephalitis |journal=QJM |date=March 2015 |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=177–182 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcu113 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article-abstract/108/3/177/1606747?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |accessdate=16 September 2025}}</ref> Prevention be by [[measles vaccine|measles vaccination]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> Der be no cure.<ref name=NINDS2021/> Treatment fi involve de use of [[antiviral medication]] such as [[ribavirin]], [[antiseizure medication]], den [[antispasmodic]]s.<ref name=NINDS2021>{{cite web |title=Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Subacute-Sclerosing-Panencephalitis-Information-Page |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409043746/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Subacute-Sclerosing-Panencephalitis-Information-Page |url-status=live }}</ref> Chaw individuals die within 3 years of de diagnosis.<ref name=NINDS2021/> SSPE dey affect about 1 insyd 10,000 people wey get measles; though e be more common insyd those wey na dem get measles before de age of 5.<ref name=CDC2019/><ref name=Mek2019>{{cite journal |last1=Mekki |first1=M |last2=Eley |first2=B |last3=Hardie |first3=D |last4=Wilmshurst |first4=JM |title=Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: clinical phenotype, epidemiology, and preventive interventions. |journal=Developmental medicine and child neurology |date=October 2019 |volume=61 |issue=10 |pages=1139–1144 |doi=10.1111/dmcn.14166 |pmid=30680706}}</ref> Rates decrease more dan 90% plus widespread vaccination against measles.<ref name=NINDS2021/> De condition primarily dey affect kiddies den young adults.<ref name=NINDS2021/> Males be more commonly affected dan females.<ref name=NINDS2021/> Na de condition first be described insyd 1933 by Dawson.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Huw |title=Neurology Update: Reviews for Continuing Professional Development |date=2005 |publisher=Radcliffe Publishing |isbn=978-1-85775-722-4 |page=77 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Neurology_Update/hHtrqyQOZrsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22&pg=PA77 |language=en |access-date=2021-05-16 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829072328/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Neurology_Update/hHtrqyQOZrsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3ju32at92zalofrc0n98f6vknsm7ikn 115664 115660 2026-11-04T16:37:02Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis''' ('''SSPE''') be progressive [[encephalitis|brain inflammation]] secof persistent [[measles|measles infection]].<ref name=Stat2021>{{cite journal |last1=Rocke |first1=Z |last2=Belyayeva |first2=M |title=Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis |date=January 2021 |pmid=32809508|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Onset generally be 7 to 10 years after de initial infection.<ref name=CDC2019>{{cite web |title=Measles - Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Manual {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=16 May 2021 |language=en-us |date=13 May 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015227/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Initial symptoms dey include memory loss den irritability wich be followed by [[myoclonus|involuntary jerking movements]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> Complications fi include [[seizures]] den [[blindness]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> E be caused by wild-type [[measles virus]], no be by vaccine strains.<ref name=Stat2021/> Diagnosis fi be based on a combination of symptoms, [[CSF analysis]], [[EEG]] findings, [[medical imaging]], den [[brain biopsy]].<ref name=Stat2021/> E dey differ from de oda forms of [[encephalitis]] secof measles: primary measles encephalitis, acute post-measles encephalitis, den measles inclusion body encephalitis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=D.L. |last2=Defres |first2=S. |last3=Solomon |first3=T. |title=Measles-induced encephalitis |journal=QJM |date=March 2015 |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=177–182 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcu113 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article-abstract/108/3/177/1606747?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |accessdate=16 September 2025}}</ref> Prevention be by [[measles vaccine|measles vaccination]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> Der be no cure.<ref name=NINDS2021/> Treatment fi involve de use of [[antiviral medication]] such as [[ribavirin]], [[antiseizure medication]], den [[antispasmodic]]s.<ref name=NINDS2021>{{cite web |title=Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Subacute-Sclerosing-Panencephalitis-Information-Page |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409043746/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Subacute-Sclerosing-Panencephalitis-Information-Page |url-status=live }}</ref> Chaw individuals die within 3 years of de diagnosis.<ref name=NINDS2021/> SSPE dey affect about 1 insyd 10,000 people wey get measles; though e be more common insyd those wey na dem get measles before de age of 5.<ref name=CDC2019/><ref name=Mek2019>{{cite journal |last1=Mekki |first1=M |last2=Eley |first2=B |last3=Hardie |first3=D |last4=Wilmshurst |first4=JM |title=Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: clinical phenotype, epidemiology, and preventive interventions. |journal=Developmental medicine and child neurology |date=October 2019 |volume=61 |issue=10 |pages=1139–1144 |doi=10.1111/dmcn.14166 |pmid=30680706}}</ref> Rates decrease more dan 90% plus widespread vaccination against measles.<ref name=NINDS2021/> De condition primarily dey affect kiddies den young adults.<ref name=NINDS2021/> Males be more commonly affected dan females.<ref name=NINDS2021/> Na de condition first be described insyd 1933 by Dawson.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Huw |title=Neurology Update: Reviews for Continuing Professional Development |date=2005 |publisher=Radcliffe Publishing |isbn=978-1-85775-722-4 |page=77 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Neurology_Update/hHtrqyQOZrsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22&pg=PA77 |language=en |access-date=2021-05-16 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829072328/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Neurology_Update/hHtrqyQOZrsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} * {{MerckHome|23|273|l}} * {{NINDS|subacute-sclerosing-panencephalitis|Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis}} * [[PubMed]] Health: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002392/ Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808160601/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002392/ |date=2014-08-08 }} * {{WhoNamedIt|synd|1889}} {{Viral diseases}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis}} [[Category:Inflammations]] [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Viral encephalitis]] [[Category:Measles]] [[Category:Neurodegenerative disorders]] [[Category:Unsolved problems insyd neuroscience]] [[Category:Slow virus diseases]] [[Category:Rare infectious diseases]] [[de:Masern#Subakute sklerosierende Panenzephalitis]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lyxp9dp4nfq8tn97g1hxtnpedx2uctw 115665 115664 2026-11-04T16:37:40Z DaSupremo 9 added [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 115665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis''' ('''SSPE''') be progressive [[encephalitis|brain inflammation]] secof persistent [[measles|measles infection]].<ref name=Stat2021>{{cite journal |last1=Rocke |first1=Z |last2=Belyayeva |first2=M |title=Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis |date=January 2021 |pmid=32809508|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Onset generally be 7 to 10 years after de initial infection.<ref name=CDC2019>{{cite web |title=Measles - Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Manual {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=16 May 2021 |language=en-us |date=13 May 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015227/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Initial symptoms dey include memory loss den irritability wich be followed by [[myoclonus|involuntary jerking movements]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> Complications fi include [[seizures]] den [[blindness]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> E be caused by wild-type [[measles virus]], no be by vaccine strains.<ref name=Stat2021/> Diagnosis fi be based on a combination of symptoms, [[CSF analysis]], [[EEG]] findings, [[medical imaging]], den [[brain biopsy]].<ref name=Stat2021/> E dey differ from de oda forms of [[encephalitis]] secof measles: primary measles encephalitis, acute post-measles encephalitis, den measles inclusion body encephalitis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=D.L. |last2=Defres |first2=S. |last3=Solomon |first3=T. |title=Measles-induced encephalitis |journal=QJM |date=March 2015 |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=177–182 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcu113 |url=https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article-abstract/108/3/177/1606747?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |accessdate=16 September 2025}}</ref> Prevention be by [[measles vaccine|measles vaccination]].<ref name=NINDS2021/> Der be no cure.<ref name=NINDS2021/> Treatment fi involve de use of [[antiviral medication]] such as [[ribavirin]], [[antiseizure medication]], den [[antispasmodic]]s.<ref name=NINDS2021>{{cite web |title=Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Subacute-Sclerosing-Panencephalitis-Information-Page |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409043746/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Subacute-Sclerosing-Panencephalitis-Information-Page |url-status=live }}</ref> Chaw individuals die within 3 years of de diagnosis.<ref name=NINDS2021/> SSPE dey affect about 1 insyd 10,000 people wey get measles; though e be more common insyd those wey na dem get measles before de age of 5.<ref name=CDC2019/><ref name=Mek2019>{{cite journal |last1=Mekki |first1=M |last2=Eley |first2=B |last3=Hardie |first3=D |last4=Wilmshurst |first4=JM |title=Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: clinical phenotype, epidemiology, and preventive interventions. |journal=Developmental medicine and child neurology |date=October 2019 |volume=61 |issue=10 |pages=1139–1144 |doi=10.1111/dmcn.14166 |pmid=30680706}}</ref> Rates decrease more dan 90% plus widespread vaccination against measles.<ref name=NINDS2021/> De condition primarily dey affect kiddies den young adults.<ref name=NINDS2021/> Males be more commonly affected dan females.<ref name=NINDS2021/> Na de condition first be described insyd 1933 by Dawson.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Huw |title=Neurology Update: Reviews for Continuing Professional Development |date=2005 |publisher=Radcliffe Publishing |isbn=978-1-85775-722-4 |page=77 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Neurology_Update/hHtrqyQOZrsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22&pg=PA77 |language=en |access-date=2021-05-16 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829072328/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Neurology_Update/hHtrqyQOZrsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} * {{MerckHome|23|273|l}} * {{NINDS|subacute-sclerosing-panencephalitis|Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis}} * [[PubMed]] Health: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002392/ Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808160601/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002392/ |date=2014-08-08 }} * {{WhoNamedIt|synd|1889}} {{Viral diseases}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis}} [[Category:Inflammations]] [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Viral encephalitis]] [[Category:Measles]] [[Category:Neurodegenerative disorders]] [[Category:Unsolved problems insyd neuroscience]] [[Category:Slow virus diseases]] [[Category:Rare infectious diseases]] [[de:Masern#Subakute sklerosierende Panenzephalitis]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] dbnngltdbv5jwahfqh4yxn27fc9y1eq 0 31227 115652 2026-11-04T13:47:41Z ~2026-58400-70 8693 Production: Jagun Jagun (The Warrior), 2023. 115652 wikitext text/x-wiki JAGUN JAGUN (THE WARRIOR) – 2023 About the Movie Jagun Jagun (The Warrior) is a Nigerian Yoruba-language historical action and drama film released on 10 August 2023. The movie was produced by renowned Nigerian filmmaker and actor Femi Adebayo under Euphoria360 Media and distributed on Netflix. The film tells the story of a young and determined warrior named Gbotija, who joins an elite army with the ambition of becoming a powerful warrior. His journey brings him into conflict with Ogundiji, a feared and ruthless warlord who has built his power through violence, domination and the conquest of neighbouring kingdoms. As Gbotija becomes increasingly powerful, Ogundiji begins to see him as a threat to his authority. The story explores ambition, revenge, courage, loyalty, love, betrayal, power and the consequences of dictatorship. The movie features elaborate traditional costumes, historical settings, intense battle scenes and strong performances from some of Nigeria's recognised actors. Main Cast and Actors The following actors are publicly listed as members of the film's cast: 1. Femi Adebayo – Ogundiji 2. Lateef Adedimeji – Gbotija 3. Odunlade Adekola – Jigan 4. Ibrahim Yekini (Itele) – Gbogunmi 5. Bukunmi Oluwashina – Kitan / Agemo 6. Adebayo Salami – Oba Alayaki 7. Faithia Balogun – Erinfunto 8. Debo Adedayo (Mr Macaroni) – Moyale 9. Tope Adebayo – Arakunrin 10. Muyiwa Ademola – Oniketo 11. Bimbo Ademoye – Morohunmbo 12. Yinka Quadri – Amoye 13. Dayo Amusa – Ajepe 14. Ibrahim Chatta – Ikulende Agbarako 15. Kunle Afod – Ditemola 16. Ayo Ajewole (Woli Agba) – Agbeloba 17. Kola Ajeyemi – Modede Prince 18. Aisha Lawal – Ajitoni 19. Dele Odule – Alarinka 20. Bose Akinola – Okineto's Wife 21. Akinsanmi Adura – Okineto's Prince 22. Olutayo Amokade – Alabi 23. Adeoye Adeyem Elesho – Wehinwo 24. Ifayemi Elebuibon – Awoyinfa 25. Aderemi Anifowose – Gbotija's Father 26. Bola Ayodele – Rike 27. Najeem Bamidele – Ilusinmi 28. Babatunde Bangbode – Ilu Alaje Chief 29. Adeniyi Johnson – Jigan's Aide 30. Ibrahim Kolajo – Young Gbotija 31. Aishat Isiaka – Kitan's Maid 32. Tanwa Hameed – Crowd 33. Abiola Kazeem – Layewu 34. Binta Ayo Mogaji – Jitoni's Mother 35. Ganiu Nofiu – Dalemo 36. Ogundele Nike – Ogundiji's Chanter 37. Bose Odogboro – Okineto's Wife 38. Adeola Okanipekun – Ilu Alaje Chief 39. Jelilat Oladejo – Kitan's Maid 40. Rasak Muideen Olawale – Ilu Aje King 41. Okunlola Olawumi – Okineto's Princess 42. Rasaq Olayiwola – Ilu Aje Priest 43. Itunu Oluwaseun – Ilu Alaje Chief 44. Adele Oyenike – Peju Ogunmola 45. Taofeeq Salami – Ilu Alaje Chief 46. Kabirat Salaudeen – Kitan's Maid 47. Olabisi Semiya – Young Kitan 48. Ayinde Seun – Eyinlola 49. Jimi Sholanke – Narrator 50. Omobolanle Suleiman – Kitan's Maid 51. Soji Taiwo – Modede Prince's Friend 52. Ndifreke Ukpong – Friend Production and Film Crew - Producer: Femi Adebayo - Directors: Tope Adebayo and Adebayo Tijani - Story: Femi Adebayo - Screenplay: Adebayo Tijani - Cinematography: Adeoluwa Owu - Film Editor: Dolapo Adigun - Original Music: Tolu Obanro - Art Director: Tunji Afolayan - Production Company: Euphoria360 Media - Distributor: Netflix Film Editing Credit The officially listed editor of Jagun Jagun is Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. Any additional editor should only be credited where their actual contribution to the production can be established. Release and Distribution Jagun Jagun was released on Netflix on 10 August 2023. It is a Yoruba-language Nigerian production that brought together a large cast and crew to tell a historical story through action, drama and traditional African storytelling. The film received recognition at major African film award events, including the Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards and the Africa Movie Academy Awards. Conclusion Jagun Jagun remains a notable Nigerian historical action production, showcasing the creative work of Femi Adebayo, its directors, actors and production crew. Its storyline highlights the struggle for power, the desire for revenge and the importance of courage in the face of oppression. 03o6s2trq2gha8muuoxckyvhizvw58h 115666 115652 2026-11-04T16:40:23Z DaSupremo 9 DaSupremo moved page [[Jagun Jagun (Fíìmù Nàìjíŕà)]] to [[Jagun Jagun]] without leaving a redirect: Misspelled title 115652 wikitext text/x-wiki JAGUN JAGUN (THE WARRIOR) – 2023 About the Movie Jagun Jagun (The Warrior) is a Nigerian Yoruba-language historical action and drama film released on 10 August 2023. The movie was produced by renowned Nigerian filmmaker and actor Femi Adebayo under Euphoria360 Media and distributed on Netflix. The film tells the story of a young and determined warrior named Gbotija, who joins an elite army with the ambition of becoming a powerful warrior. His journey brings him into conflict with Ogundiji, a feared and ruthless warlord who has built his power through violence, domination and the conquest of neighbouring kingdoms. As Gbotija becomes increasingly powerful, Ogundiji begins to see him as a threat to his authority. The story explores ambition, revenge, courage, loyalty, love, betrayal, power and the consequences of dictatorship. The movie features elaborate traditional costumes, historical settings, intense battle scenes and strong performances from some of Nigeria's recognised actors. Main Cast and Actors The following actors are publicly listed as members of the film's cast: 1. Femi Adebayo – Ogundiji 2. Lateef Adedimeji – Gbotija 3. Odunlade Adekola – Jigan 4. Ibrahim Yekini (Itele) – Gbogunmi 5. Bukunmi Oluwashina – Kitan / Agemo 6. Adebayo Salami – Oba Alayaki 7. Faithia Balogun – Erinfunto 8. Debo Adedayo (Mr Macaroni) – Moyale 9. Tope Adebayo – Arakunrin 10. Muyiwa Ademola – Oniketo 11. Bimbo Ademoye – Morohunmbo 12. Yinka Quadri – Amoye 13. Dayo Amusa – Ajepe 14. Ibrahim Chatta – Ikulende Agbarako 15. Kunle Afod – Ditemola 16. Ayo Ajewole (Woli Agba) – Agbeloba 17. Kola Ajeyemi – Modede Prince 18. Aisha Lawal – Ajitoni 19. Dele Odule – Alarinka 20. Bose Akinola – Okineto's Wife 21. Akinsanmi Adura – Okineto's Prince 22. Olutayo Amokade – Alabi 23. Adeoye Adeyem Elesho – Wehinwo 24. Ifayemi Elebuibon – Awoyinfa 25. Aderemi Anifowose – Gbotija's Father 26. Bola Ayodele – Rike 27. Najeem Bamidele – Ilusinmi 28. Babatunde Bangbode – Ilu Alaje Chief 29. Adeniyi Johnson – Jigan's Aide 30. Ibrahim Kolajo – Young Gbotija 31. Aishat Isiaka – Kitan's Maid 32. Tanwa Hameed – Crowd 33. Abiola Kazeem – Layewu 34. Binta Ayo Mogaji – Jitoni's Mother 35. Ganiu Nofiu – Dalemo 36. Ogundele Nike – Ogundiji's Chanter 37. Bose Odogboro – Okineto's Wife 38. Adeola Okanipekun – Ilu Alaje Chief 39. Jelilat Oladejo – Kitan's Maid 40. Rasak Muideen Olawale – Ilu Aje King 41. Okunlola Olawumi – Okineto's Princess 42. Rasaq Olayiwola – Ilu Aje Priest 43. Itunu Oluwaseun – Ilu Alaje Chief 44. Adele Oyenike – Peju Ogunmola 45. Taofeeq Salami – Ilu Alaje Chief 46. Kabirat Salaudeen – Kitan's Maid 47. Olabisi Semiya – Young Kitan 48. Ayinde Seun – Eyinlola 49. Jimi Sholanke – Narrator 50. Omobolanle Suleiman – Kitan's Maid 51. Soji Taiwo – Modede Prince's Friend 52. Ndifreke Ukpong – Friend Production and Film Crew - Producer: Femi Adebayo - Directors: Tope Adebayo and Adebayo Tijani - Story: Femi Adebayo - Screenplay: Adebayo Tijani - Cinematography: Adeoluwa Owu - Film Editor: Dolapo Adigun - Original Music: Tolu Obanro - Art Director: Tunji Afolayan - Production Company: Euphoria360 Media - Distributor: Netflix Film Editing Credit The officially listed editor of Jagun Jagun is Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. Any additional editor should only be credited where their actual contribution to the production can be established. Release and Distribution Jagun Jagun was released on Netflix on 10 August 2023. It is a Yoruba-language Nigerian production that brought together a large cast and crew to tell a historical story through action, drama and traditional African storytelling. The film received recognition at major African film award events, including the Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards and the Africa Movie Academy Awards. Conclusion Jagun Jagun remains a notable Nigerian historical action production, showcasing the creative work of Femi Adebayo, its directors, actors and production crew. Its storyline highlights the struggle for power, the desire for revenge and the importance of courage in the face of oppression. 03o6s2trq2gha8muuoxckyvhizvw58h 115667 115666 2026-11-04T16:45:11Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 115667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jagun Jagun (The Warrior)''''' be a 2023 [[Netflix, Inc.|Netflix]] original [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] film wey [[Femi Adebayo|Femi Adebayo Salami]] den Euphoria360 Media produce. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Oloruntoyin |first=Faith |date=21 July 2023 |title=Here is your first look at Netflix's 'Jagun Jagun' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/here-is-your-first-look-at-netflixs-jagun-jagun/2qg35f1 |access-date=22 July 2023 |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref> Na e be directed by [[Adebayo Tijani]] den Tope Adebayo Salami. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=22 July 2023 |title=Netflix Unveils 'Jagun Jagun (The Warrior)': An Epic Yoruba Tale of Power, Love, and Honor! » YNaija |url=https://webloadedmovie.com/jagun-jagun-2023-yoruba-movie/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817142310/https://webloadedmovie.com/jagun-jagun-2023-yoruba-movie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> De film dey star [[Femi Adebayo]], [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]], [[Bimbo Ademoye]], [[Faithia Williams|Faithia Balogun]], [[Mr Macaroni]], [[Bukunmi Oluwasina]], Ibrahim Yekini den [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. Na dem release am on [[Netflix]] on 10 August 2023.<ref name=":0" /> E win de Best Indigenous Language Movie (West Africa) den de Best Costume Design award category at de [[2024 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]].<ref name="x895">{{Cite news | last=Mosadioluwa | first=Adam | title=AMVCA2024: Femi Adebayo’s ‘Jagun Jagun’ bags two awards |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]| date=11 May 2024 | url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/amvca2024-femi-adebayos-jagun-jagun-bags-two-awards/ | access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=tvcnewsng |date=11 May 2024 |title=AMVCA: Femi Adebayo’s Jagun Jagun wins best indigenous film award – Trending News |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/05/amvca-femi-adebayos-jagun-jagun-wins-best-indigenous-film-award/,%20https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/05/amvca-femi-adebayos-jagun-jagun-wins-best-indigenous-film-award/ |access-date=12 May 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peaceman |first=Pandora |date=11 May 2024 |title=AMVCA 2024: Breath Of Life, Jagun Jagun, Others Win Big At 10th Edition (Full List) – New Telegraph |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/amvca-2024-breath-of-life-jagun-jagun-others-win-big-at-10th-edition-full-list/,%20https://newtelegraphng.com/amvca-2024-breath-of-life-jagun-jagun-others-win-big-at-10th-edition-full-list/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=12 May 2024 |newspaper=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref> E snag 7 nominations insyd de 2024 [[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] wey e then go on to win 3 awards, wey dey include Achievement insyd Makeup den Achievement insyd Visual Effects, wey [[Femi Adebayo]] go home plus de Best Actor insyd a Supporting Role award. Adebayo sanso go ahead to win Outstanding Male Actor insyd de 2024 Abuja International Film Festival. == References == <references /> 6nj6amgfbdpkudc38j58b2ssj47dth2 115668 115667 2026-11-04T16:46:25Z DaSupremo 9 /* Cast */ Improve article 115668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jagun Jagun (The Warrior)''''' be a 2023 [[Netflix, Inc.|Netflix]] original [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] film wey [[Femi Adebayo|Femi Adebayo Salami]] den Euphoria360 Media produce. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Oloruntoyin |first=Faith |date=21 July 2023 |title=Here is your first look at Netflix's 'Jagun Jagun' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/here-is-your-first-look-at-netflixs-jagun-jagun/2qg35f1 |access-date=22 July 2023 |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref> Na e be directed by [[Adebayo Tijani]] den Tope Adebayo Salami. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=22 July 2023 |title=Netflix Unveils 'Jagun Jagun (The Warrior)': An Epic Yoruba Tale of Power, Love, and Honor! » YNaija |url=https://webloadedmovie.com/jagun-jagun-2023-yoruba-movie/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817142310/https://webloadedmovie.com/jagun-jagun-2023-yoruba-movie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> De film dey star [[Femi Adebayo]], [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]], [[Bimbo Ademoye]], [[Faithia Williams|Faithia Balogun]], [[Mr Macaroni]], [[Bukunmi Oluwasina]], Ibrahim Yekini den [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. Na dem release am on [[Netflix]] on 10 August 2023.<ref name=":0" /> E win de Best Indigenous Language Movie (West Africa) den de Best Costume Design award category at de [[2024 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]].<ref name="x895">{{Cite news | last=Mosadioluwa | first=Adam | title=AMVCA2024: Femi Adebayo’s ‘Jagun Jagun’ bags two awards |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]| date=11 May 2024 | url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/amvca2024-femi-adebayos-jagun-jagun-bags-two-awards/ | access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=tvcnewsng |date=11 May 2024 |title=AMVCA: Femi Adebayo’s Jagun Jagun wins best indigenous film award – Trending News |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/05/amvca-femi-adebayos-jagun-jagun-wins-best-indigenous-film-award/,%20https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/05/amvca-femi-adebayos-jagun-jagun-wins-best-indigenous-film-award/ |access-date=12 May 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peaceman |first=Pandora |date=11 May 2024 |title=AMVCA 2024: Breath Of Life, Jagun Jagun, Others Win Big At 10th Edition (Full List) – New Telegraph |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/amvca-2024-breath-of-life-jagun-jagun-others-win-big-at-10th-edition-full-list/,%20https://newtelegraphng.com/amvca-2024-breath-of-life-jagun-jagun-others-win-big-at-10th-edition-full-list/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=12 May 2024 |newspaper=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref> E snag 7 nominations insyd de 2024 [[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] wey e then go on to win 3 awards, wey dey include Achievement insyd Makeup den Achievement insyd Visual Effects, wey [[Femi Adebayo]] go home plus de Best Actor insyd a Supporting Role award. Adebayo sanso go ahead to win Outstanding Male Actor insyd de 2024 Abuja International Film Festival. == Cast == * [[Femi Adebayo]] as Ogundiji * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] as Gbotija * [[Odunlade Adekola]] as Jigan * [[Ibrahim Yekini]] as Gbogunmi * [[Bukunmi Oluwasina]] as Kitan / Agemo * [[Adebayo Salami]] (Oga Bello) as Oba Alayaki * [[Faithia Williams|Fathia Balogun]] as Erinfunto * [[Bimbo Ademoye]] as Morohunmbo * [[Dayo Amusa]] as Ajepe * [[Mr Macaroni]] as Moyale * [[Yinka Quadri]] as Amoye * Tope Adebayo as Arakunri * Akinsanmi Adura as Okineto ein Prince * Kola Ajeyemi as Modede Prince * [[Bose Akinola]] as Okineto ein Wifey * Olutayo Amokade as Alabi * Adeoye Adeyem Elesho as Wehinwo * [[Ibrahim Chatta]] as Ikulende Agbarako * Kunle Afod as Ditemola * Yemi Elesho (Alfa Ebenezer) * [[Muyiwa Ademola]] as Oniketo * [[Aisha Lawal]] as Ajitoni * [[Dele Odule]] as Alarinka * Ayo Ajewole (Woli Agba) as Agbeloba * Soji Taiwo as Modede Prince ein paddie == References == <references /> iq7xw0dav0qkn2n46oepeskzxbu8c9d 115671 115668 2026-11-04T16:50:09Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jagun Jagun (The Warrior)''''' be a 2023 [[Netflix, Inc.|Netflix]] original [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] film wey [[Femi Adebayo|Femi Adebayo Salami]] den Euphoria360 Media produce. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Oloruntoyin |first=Faith |date=21 July 2023 |title=Here is your first look at Netflix's 'Jagun Jagun' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/here-is-your-first-look-at-netflixs-jagun-jagun/2qg35f1 |access-date=22 July 2023 |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref> Na e be directed by [[Adebayo Tijani]] den Tope Adebayo Salami. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=22 July 2023 |title=Netflix Unveils 'Jagun Jagun (The Warrior)': An Epic Yoruba Tale of Power, Love, and Honor! » YNaija |url=https://webloadedmovie.com/jagun-jagun-2023-yoruba-movie/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817142310/https://webloadedmovie.com/jagun-jagun-2023-yoruba-movie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> De film dey star Femi Adebayo, [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]], [[Bimbo Ademoye]], [[Faithia Williams|Faithia Balogun]], [[Mr Macaroni]], [[Bukunmi Oluwasina]], Ibrahim Yekini den [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. Na dem release am on [[Netflix]] on 10 August 2023.<ref name=":0" /> E win de Best Indigenous Language Movie (West Africa) den de Best Costume Design award category at de [[2024 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]].<ref name="x895">{{Cite news | last=Mosadioluwa | first=Adam | title=AMVCA2024: Femi Adebayo’s ‘Jagun Jagun’ bags two awards |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]| date=11 May 2024 | url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/amvca2024-femi-adebayos-jagun-jagun-bags-two-awards/ | access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=tvcnewsng |date=11 May 2024 |title=AMVCA: Femi Adebayo’s Jagun Jagun wins best indigenous film award – Trending News |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/05/amvca-femi-adebayos-jagun-jagun-wins-best-indigenous-film-award/,%20https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/05/amvca-femi-adebayos-jagun-jagun-wins-best-indigenous-film-award/ |access-date=12 May 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peaceman |first=Pandora |date=11 May 2024 |title=AMVCA 2024: Breath Of Life, Jagun Jagun, Others Win Big At 10th Edition (Full List) – New Telegraph |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/amvca-2024-breath-of-life-jagun-jagun-others-win-big-at-10th-edition-full-list/,%20https://newtelegraphng.com/amvca-2024-breath-of-life-jagun-jagun-others-win-big-at-10th-edition-full-list/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=12 May 2024 |newspaper=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref> E snag 7 nominations insyd de 2024 [[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] wey e then go on to win 3 awards, wey dey include Achievement insyd Makeup den Achievement insyd Visual Effects, wey Femi Adebayo go home plus de Best Actor insyd a Supporting Role award. Adebayo sanso go ahead to win Outstanding Male Actor insyd de 2024 Abuja International Film Festival. == Cast == * [[Femi Adebayo]] as Ogundiji * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] as Gbotija * [[Odunlade Adekola]] as Jigan * [[Ibrahim Yekini]] as Gbogunmi * [[Bukunmi Oluwasina]] as Kitan / Agemo * [[Adebayo Salami]] (Oga Bello) as Oba Alayaki * [[Faithia Williams|Fathia Balogun]] as Erinfunto * [[Bimbo Ademoye]] as Morohunmbo * [[Dayo Amusa]] as Ajepe * [[Mr Macaroni]] as Moyale * [[Yinka Quadri]] as Amoye * Tope Adebayo as Arakunri * Akinsanmi Adura as Okineto ein Prince * Kola Ajeyemi as Modede Prince * [[Bose Akinola]] as Okineto ein Wifey * Olutayo Amokade as Alabi * Adeoye Adeyem Elesho as Wehinwo * [[Ibrahim Chatta]] as Ikulende Agbarako * Kunle Afod as Ditemola * Yemi Elesho (Alfa Ebenezer) * [[Muyiwa Ademola]] as Oniketo * [[Aisha Lawal]] as Ajitoni * [[Dele Odule]] as Alarinka * Ayo Ajewole (Woli Agba) as Agbeloba * Soji Taiwo as Modede Prince ein paddie == References == <references /> ==External links== *{{IMDb title|id=28546464}} [[Category:Nigerian historical films]] [[Category:2023 films]] [[Category:Nigerian epic films]] [[Category:2020s Yoruba-language films]] [[Category:2023 Nigerian films]] [[Category:2020s epic films]] m0obm1o6imrez2iinonpmlfh5dilap7 10 31228 115661 2026-11-04T16:34:49Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Viral systemic diseases | title = [[Infection|Infectious diseases]] – [[Viral disease|viral systemic diseases]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | listclass = hlist | group1 = [[Oncovirus]] | list1 = ; [[DNA virus]] : ''[[Hepatitis B virus|HBV]]'' :: [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]] : ''[[Papillomaviridae|HPV]]'' :: [[Cervical cancer]] :: [[Anal cancer]] :: [[Penile cancer]] :: [[Vulvar cancer]] :: [[Vaginal cancer]] :: [[HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer|Oropharyngeal cancer]] : ''[[Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus|KSHV]]'' :: [[Kaposi's sarcoma]] : ''[[Epstein–Barr virus|EBV]]'' :: [[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]] :: [[Burkitt lymphoma]] :: [[Hodgkin lymphoma]] :: [[Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma]] :: [[Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type]] : ''[[Merkel cell polyomavirus|MCPyV]]'' :: [[Merkel-cell carcinoma]] ; [[RNA virus]] : ''[[Hepatitis C virus|HCV]]'' :: [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]] :: [[Splenic marginal zone lymphoma]] : ''[[Human T-lymphotropic virus 1|HTLV-I]]'' :: [[Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma]] | group2 = [[Immune disorder]]s | list2 = * ''[[HIV]]'' ** [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] | group3 = [[Central nervous system viral disease|Central<br /> nervous system]] | list3 = {{Navbox|subgroup | group1 = [[Viral encephalitis|Encephalitis]]/<br />[[Viral meningitis|meningitis]] | list1 = ; [[DNA virus]] : ''[[Human polyomavirus 2]]'' :: [[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]] : ''[[Herpes simplex virus|HSV]]'' :: [[Herpes simplex encephalitis]] :: [[Herpes meningitis]] : ''[[Varicella zoster virus|VZV]]'' :: [[Herpes meningitis]] ; [[RNA virus]] : ''[[Measles virus|MeV]]'' :: [[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis]] : ''[[Lymphocytic choriomeningitis|LCV]]'' :: [[Lymphocytic choriomeningitis]] : [[Arbovirus encephalitis]] : ''[[Orthomyxoviridae]]'' (probable) :: [[Encephalitis lethargica]] : ''[[Rabies virus|RV]]'' :: [[Rabies]] : [[Chandipura virus]] : [[Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2]] | group2 = [[Myelitis]] | list2 = * ''[[Poliovirus]]'' ** [[Polio|Poliomyelitis]] ** [[Post-polio syndrome]] * ''[[Human T-lymphotropic virus 1|HTLV-I]]'' ** [[Tropical spastic paraparesis]] | group3 = [[Eye disease|Eye]] | list3 = * ''[[Cytomegalovirus]]'' ** [[Cytomegalovirus retinitis]] * ''[[Herpes simplex virus|HSV]]'' ** [[Herpes simplex keratitis|Herpes of the eye]] }} | group4 = [[Cardiovascular disease|Cardiovascular]] | list4 = * ''[[Coxsackie B virus|CBV]]'' ** [[Pericarditis]] ** [[Myocarditis]] | group5 = [[Respiratory system]]/<br />[[Common cold|acute viral<br />nasopharyngitis]]/<br />[[viral pneumonia]] | list5 = {{Navbox|subgroup | group1 = [[DNA virus]] | list1 = * ''[[Epstein–Barr virus]]'' ** [[Epstein–Barr virus infection|EBV infection]]/[[Infectious mononucleosis]] * ''[[Cytomegalovirus]]'' | group2 = [[RNA virus]] | list2 = * [[RNA virus#Group IV – positive-sense ssRNA viruses|IV]]: ''[[Coronavirus]] [[Human coronavirus 229E|229E]]/[[Human coronavirus NL63|NL63]]/[[Human coronavirus HKU1|HKU1]]/[[Human coronavirus OC43|OC43]]'' ** [[Common cold]] * ''[[MERS-related coronavirus|MERS coronavirus]]'' ** [[MERS]] * ''[[SARS-CoV-1]]'' ** [[SARS]] * ''[[SARS-CoV-2]]'' ** [[COVID-19]] * [[RNA virus#Group V – negative-sense ssRNA viruses|V]], ''[[Orthomyxoviridae]]'': ''[[Influenza A virus|Influenza virus A]]/[[Influenza B virus|B]]/[[Influenza C virus|C]]/[[Influenza D virus|D]]'' ** [[Influenza]]/[[Avian influenza]] * V, ''[[Paramyxoviridae]]'': ''[[Human parainfluenza viruses]]'' ** [[Human parainfluenza viruses|Parainfluenza]] * ''[[Respiratory syncytial virus]]'' * ''[[Human metapneumovirus|hMPV]]'' }} | group6 = [[Human digestive system|Human<br /> digestive system]] | list6 = {{Navbox|subgroup | group1 = [[Pharynx]]/[[Esophagus]] | list1 = * ''[[Mumps virus|MuV]]'' ** [[Mumps]] * ''[[Cytomegalovirus]]'' ** [[Cytomegalovirus esophagitis]] | group2 = [[Gastroenteritis#Viral|Gastroenteritis]]/<br />[[Gastroenteritis#Virus|diarrhea]] | list2 = ; [[DNA virus]] : ''[[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]]'' :: [[Adenovirus infection]] ; [[RNA virus]] : ''[[Rotavirus]]'' :: [[Gastroenteritis]] : ''[[Norovirus]]'' : ''[[Astrovirus]]'' : ''[[Coronavirus]]'' | group3 = [[Viral hepatitis|Hepatitis]] | list3 = ; [[DNA virus]] : ''[[Hepatitis B virus|HBV]]'' ([[Hepatitis B|B]]) ; [[RNA virus]] : ''[[Coxsackie B virus|CBV]]'' : ''[[Hepatitis A#Virology|HAV]]'' ([[Hepatitis A|A]]) : ''[[Hepatitis C virus|HCV]]'' ([[Hepatitis C|C]]) : ''[[Hepatitis D|HDV]]'' ([[Hepatitis D|D]]) : ''[[Hepatitis E virus|HEV]]'' ([[Hepatitis E|E]]) | group4 = [[Pancreatitis]] | list4 = * ''[[Coxsackie B virus|CBV]]'' }} | group7 = [[Viral skin disease|Skin]] and<br /> [[mucous membrane]]<br />[[lesion]]s,<br /> including [[exanthem]] | group8 = [[Genitourinary system|Urogenital]] | list8 = * ''[[BK virus]]'' * ''[[Mumps virus|MuV]]'' ** [[Mumps]] }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 48svqn432xk074ht77oxjiif7yzulsq 10 31229 115662 2026-11-04T16:35:49Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115662 wikitext text/x-wiki ''[https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/{{{1}}} {{{2|{{{1}}}}}}]'' at [[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|NINDS]]<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> rp4p6n5ylt5lua5syakdteqtox0jyc4 10 31230 115663 2026-11-04T16:36:38Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115663 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec{{{1}}}/ch{{{2}}}/ch{{{2}}}{{{3}}}.html{{#if: {{{4|}}} |&#0035;sec{{{1}}}-ch{{{2}}}-ch{{{2}}}{{{3}}}-{{{4}}}}} {{{5|{{{1}}}-{{{2}}}{{{3}}}.{{{4|}}}}}}] at ''[[Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy]]'' Home 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ID|qid={{{qid|}}}|nocatsame=1}} }}<!-- --></includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 09pw0szthazsh6qot2yt4rs013vmz1l 14 31233 115672 2026-11-04T16:52:58Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115672 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31234 115673 2026-11-04T16:53:11Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115673 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31235 115674 2026-11-04T16:53:23Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115674 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31236 115675 2026-11-04T16:54:01Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115675 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31237 115676 2026-11-04T16:54:11Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115676 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31238 115677 2026-11-04T16:54:23Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115677 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31240 115679 2026-11-04T17:11:22Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1514976|Coccidioidomycosis]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115679 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Coccidioidomycosis''', == References == hx3og0t2fvl6xsgcv7qsljel5yleeqc 115680 115679 2026-11-04T17:18:37Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Coccidioidomycosis''', dem sanso know as '''Valley fever''', be a [[fungal infection]] wey ''[[Coccidioides]]'' cause.<ref name=CDC2022Main>{{cite web |title=Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis) {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529231558/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms typically dey include cough, fever, [[shortness of breath]], headache, rash, den muscle pain.<ref name=CDC2022Sym/> Onset typically be 1 to 3 weeks after exposure.<ref name=CDC2022Sym>{{cite web |title=Symptoms of Valley Fever {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=13 January 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606203121/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Complications fi include long term long problems anaa [[meningitis]].<ref name=CDC2022Pro/><ref name=CDC2022Sym/> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] qvkr57tffbhxdb29mc5tk7zghjoa445 115681 115680 2026-11-04T17:23:04Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Coccidioidomycosis''', dem sanso know as '''Valley fever''', be a [[fungal infection]] wey ''[[Coccidioides]]'' cause.<ref name=CDC2022Main>{{cite web |title=Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis) {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529231558/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms typically dey include cough, fever, [[shortness of breath]], headache, rash, den muscle pain.<ref name=CDC2022Sym/> Onset typically be 1 to 3 weeks after exposure.<ref name=CDC2022Sym>{{cite web |title=Symptoms of Valley Fever {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=13 January 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606203121/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Complications fi include long term long problems anaa [[meningitis]].<ref name=CDC2022Pro/><ref name=CDC2022Sym/> Specifically e be secof ''[[Coccidioides immitis]]'' anaa ''[[Coccidioides posadasii]]''.<ref name=CDC2022Pro>{{cite web |title=Information for Healthcare Professionals {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/health-professionals.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007024935/http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/health-professionals.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Nguyen2013>{{cite journal|vauthors=Nguyen C, Barker BM, Hoover S, Nix DE, Ampel NM, Frelinger JA, Orbach MJ, Galgiani JN |title=Recent advances in our understanding of the environmental, epidemiological, immunological, and clinical dimensions of coccidioidomycosis|journal=Clin Microbiol Rev|volume=26|issue=3|pages=505–25|date=July 2013|pmid=23824371|pmc=3719491|doi=10.1128/CMR.00005-13}}</ref> Generally infections dey occur secof breathing in airborne [[spores]] after soil insyd wich dem occur be disturbed.<ref name=CDC2022Cau/> E typically no dey spread between people.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Rarely e fi spread as a result of contact plus a contaminated object anaa [[organ transplantation]].<ref name=CDC2022Cau/> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], [[pregnancy]], den oda causes of poor immune function.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Diagnosis fi be confirmed based on blood tests for specific [[antibodies]] anaa urine [[antigen]] tests.<ref name=CDC2022Pro/> == References == <references /> ==External links== [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] m071zfov60q6ktvi50hb5u5j72vdicg 115682 115681 2026-11-04T17:25:16Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Coccidioidomycosis''', dem sanso know as '''Valley fever''', be a [[fungal infection]] wey ''[[Coccidioides]]'' cause.<ref name=CDC2022Main>{{cite web |title=Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis) {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529231558/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms typically dey include cough, fever, [[shortness of breath]], headache, rash, den muscle pain.<ref name=CDC2022Sym/> Onset typically be 1 to 3 weeks after exposure.<ref name=CDC2022Sym>{{cite web |title=Symptoms of Valley Fever {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=13 January 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606203121/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Complications fi include long term long problems anaa [[meningitis]].<ref name=CDC2022Pro/><ref name=CDC2022Sym/> Specifically e be secof ''[[Coccidioides immitis]]'' anaa ''[[Coccidioides posadasii]]''.<ref name=CDC2022Pro>{{cite web |title=Information for Healthcare Professionals {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/health-professionals.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007024935/http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/health-professionals.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Nguyen2013>{{cite journal|vauthors=Nguyen C, Barker BM, Hoover S, Nix DE, Ampel NM, Frelinger JA, Orbach MJ, Galgiani JN |title=Recent advances in our understanding of the environmental, epidemiological, immunological, and clinical dimensions of coccidioidomycosis|journal=Clin Microbiol Rev|volume=26|issue=3|pages=505–25|date=July 2013|pmid=23824371|pmc=3719491|doi=10.1128/CMR.00005-13}}</ref> Generally infections dey occur secof breathing in airborne [[spores]] after soil insyd wich dem occur be disturbed.<ref name=CDC2022Cau/> E typically no dey spread between people.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Rarely e fi spread as a result of contact plus a contaminated object anaa [[organ transplantation]].<ref name=CDC2022Cau/> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], [[pregnancy]], den oda causes of poor immune function.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Diagnosis fi be confirmed based on blood tests for specific [[antibodies]] anaa urine [[antigen]] tests.<ref name=CDC2022Pro/> Chaw people get better widout any specific treatment within weeks to months.<ref name=CDC2022Main/> Those wey be at high risk anaa dem get severe disease generally be treated plus [[antifungal medication]], plus 3 to 6 months of [[fluconazole]] dem typically use.<ref name=CDC2022Pro/><ref name=CDC2022Main/> Generally e dey occur at most once.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Prevention be by avoiding dusty places anaa wearing an [[N95 respirator|N95 facemask]].<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Der currently no be available [[vaccine]].<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> == References == <references /> ==External links== [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3ce7ss84029ut3h3rch8uzmpbk35bf4 115683 115682 2026-11-04T17:29:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Coccidioidomycosis''', dem sanso know as '''Valley fever''', be a [[fungal infection]] wey ''[[Coccidioides]]'' cause.<ref name=CDC2022Main>{{cite web |title=Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis) {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529231558/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms typically dey include cough, fever, [[shortness of breath]], headache, rash, den muscle pain.<ref name=CDC2022Sym/> Onset typically be 1 to 3 weeks after exposure.<ref name=CDC2022Sym>{{cite web |title=Symptoms of Valley Fever {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=13 January 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606203121/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Complications fi include long term long problems anaa [[meningitis]].<ref name=CDC2022Pro/><ref name=CDC2022Sym/> Specifically e be secof ''[[Coccidioides immitis]]'' anaa ''[[Coccidioides posadasii]]''.<ref name=CDC2022Pro>{{cite web |title=Information for Healthcare Professionals {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/health-professionals.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007024935/http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/health-professionals.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Nguyen2013>{{cite journal|vauthors=Nguyen C, Barker BM, Hoover S, Nix DE, Ampel NM, Frelinger JA, Orbach MJ, Galgiani JN |title=Recent advances in our understanding of the environmental, epidemiological, immunological, and clinical dimensions of coccidioidomycosis|journal=Clin Microbiol Rev|volume=26|issue=3|pages=505–25|date=July 2013|pmid=23824371|pmc=3719491|doi=10.1128/CMR.00005-13}}</ref> Generally infections dey occur secof breathing in airborne [[spores]] after soil insyd wich dem occur be disturbed.<ref name=CDC2022Cau/> E typically no dey spread between people.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Rarely e fi spread as a result of contact plus a contaminated object anaa [[organ transplantation]].<ref name=CDC2022Cau/> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], [[pregnancy]], den oda causes of poor immune function.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Diagnosis fi be confirmed based on blood tests for specific [[antibodies]] anaa urine [[antigen]] tests.<ref name=CDC2022Pro/> Chaw people get better widout any specific treatment within weeks to months.<ref name=CDC2022Main/> Those wey be at high risk anaa dem get severe disease generally be treated plus [[antifungal medication]], plus 3 to 6 months of [[fluconazole]] dem typically use.<ref name=CDC2022Pro/><ref name=CDC2022Main/> Generally e dey occur at most once.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Prevention be by avoiding dusty places anaa wearing an [[N95 respirator|N95 facemask]].<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Der currently no be available [[vaccine]].<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> About 20,000 cases occur insyd de [[Southwestern United States]] insyd 2019, wey de disease sanso be relatively common insyd parts of [[Mexico]], [[Central America|Central]], den [[South America]].<ref name=CDC2022Main/><ref name=CDC2022Stat>{{cite web |title=Valley Fever Statistics {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/statistics.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030003838/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/statistics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Insyd de United States e most commonly dey occur insyd [[Arizona]] den [[California]]; though dem sanso be cases insyd [[Nevada]], [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]], [[Washington]], den [[Utah]].<ref name=CDC2022Stat/><ref name=CDC2022Cau>{{cite web |title=Where Valley Fever Comes From {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/causes.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922013519/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/causes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> E most commonly dey affect those over de age of 60.<ref name=CDC2022Risk>{{cite web |title=Valley Fever Risk & Prevention {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/risk-prevention.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130191146/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/risk-prevention.html |url-status=live }}</ref> E be a relatively common cause of [[community acquired pneumonia|community-acquired pneumonia]] insyd dese areas.<ref name=Malo2014>{{cite journal|vauthors=Malo J, Luraschi-Monjagatta C, Wolk DM, Thompson R, Hage CA, Knox KS |title=Update on the diagnosis of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis|journal= Annals of the American Thoracic Society|volume=11|issue=2|pages=243–53|date=February 2014|pmid=24575994|doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201308-286FR}}</ref> Insyd 1977, a windstorm insyd [[Arvin, California]] lead to several hundred cases insyd an areas hundreds of miles away, wich typically no dey see de disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pappagianis|first1=Demosthenes|last2=Einstein|first2=Hans|date=1978-12-01|title=Tempest From Tehachapi Takes Toll or Coccidioides Conveyed Aloft and Afar|journal=Western Journal of Medicine|volume=129|issue=6|pages=527–530|issn=0093-0415|pmc=1238466|pmid=735056}}</ref> Oda animals sanso fi be affected.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> == References == <references /> ==External links== [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 6zmfblm4n40ipghmbhlztmsovn5zip8 115684 115683 2026-11-04T17:31:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Coccidioidomycosis''', dem sanso know as '''Valley fever''', be a [[fungal infection]] wey ''[[Coccidioides]]'' cause.<ref name=CDC2022Main>{{cite web |title=Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis) {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529231558/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms typically dey include cough, fever, [[shortness of breath]], headache, rash, den muscle pain.<ref name=CDC2022Sym/> Onset typically be 1 to 3 weeks after exposure.<ref name=CDC2022Sym>{{cite web |title=Symptoms of Valley Fever {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=13 January 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606203121/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Complications fi include long term long problems anaa [[meningitis]].<ref name=CDC2022Pro/><ref name=CDC2022Sym/> Specifically e be secof ''[[Coccidioides immitis]]'' anaa ''[[Coccidioides posadasii]]''.<ref name=CDC2022Pro>{{cite web |title=Information for Healthcare Professionals {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/health-professionals.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007024935/http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/health-professionals.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Nguyen2013>{{cite journal|vauthors=Nguyen C, Barker BM, Hoover S, Nix DE, Ampel NM, Frelinger JA, Orbach MJ, Galgiani JN |title=Recent advances in our understanding of the environmental, epidemiological, immunological, and clinical dimensions of coccidioidomycosis|journal=Clin Microbiol Rev|volume=26|issue=3|pages=505–25|date=July 2013|pmid=23824371|pmc=3719491|doi=10.1128/CMR.00005-13}}</ref> Generally infections dey occur secof breathing in airborne [[spores]] after soil insyd wich dem occur be disturbed.<ref name=CDC2022Cau/> E typically no dey spread between people.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Rarely e fi spread as a result of contact plus a contaminated object anaa [[organ transplantation]].<ref name=CDC2022Cau/> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], [[pregnancy]], den oda causes of poor immune function.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Diagnosis fi be confirmed based on blood tests for specific [[antibodies]] anaa urine [[antigen]] tests.<ref name=CDC2022Pro/> Chaw people get better widout any specific treatment within weeks to months.<ref name=CDC2022Main/> Those wey be at high risk anaa dem get severe disease generally be treated plus [[antifungal medication]], plus 3 to 6 months of [[fluconazole]] dem typically use.<ref name=CDC2022Pro/><ref name=CDC2022Main/> Generally e dey occur at most once.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Prevention be by avoiding dusty places anaa wearing an [[N95 respirator|N95 facemask]].<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> Der currently no be available [[vaccine]].<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> About 20,000 cases occur insyd de [[Southwestern United States]] insyd 2019, wey de disease sanso be relatively common insyd parts of [[Mexico]], [[Central America|Central]], den [[South America]].<ref name=CDC2022Main/><ref name=CDC2022Stat>{{cite web |title=Valley Fever Statistics {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/statistics.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030003838/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/statistics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Insyd de United States e most commonly dey occur insyd [[Arizona]] den [[California]]; though dem sanso be cases insyd [[Nevada]], [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]], [[Washington]], den [[Utah]].<ref name=CDC2022Stat/><ref name=CDC2022Cau>{{cite web |title=Where Valley Fever Comes From {{!}} Coccidioidomycosis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/causes.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922013519/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/causes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> E most commonly dey affect those over de age of 60.<ref name=CDC2022Risk>{{cite web |title=Valley Fever Risk & Prevention {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/risk-prevention.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130191146/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/risk-prevention.html |url-status=live }}</ref> E be a relatively common cause of [[community acquired pneumonia|community-acquired pneumonia]] insyd dese areas.<ref name=Malo2014>{{cite journal|vauthors=Malo J, Luraschi-Monjagatta C, Wolk DM, Thompson R, Hage CA, Knox KS |title=Update on the diagnosis of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis|journal= Annals of the American Thoracic Society|volume=11|issue=2|pages=243–53|date=February 2014|pmid=24575994|doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201308-286FR}}</ref> Insyd 1977, a windstorm insyd [[Arvin, California]] lead to several hundred cases insyd an areas hundreds of miles away, wich typically no dey see de disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pappagianis|first1=Demosthenes|last2=Einstein|first2=Hans|date=1978-12-01|title=Tempest From Tehachapi Takes Toll or Coccidioides Conveyed Aloft and Afar|journal=Western Journal of Medicine|volume=129|issue=6|pages=527–530|issn=0093-0415|pmc=1238466|pmid=735056}}</ref> Oda animals sanso fi be affected.<ref name=CDC2022Risk/> == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{cite journal |vauthors=Twarog M, Thompson GR |year=2015 |title=Coccidioidomycosis: Recent Updates |url=https://zenodo.org/record/889834 |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=746–755 |doi=10.1055/s-0035-1562900 |pmid=26398540 |s2cid=36888911}} (Review). * {{cite journal |vauthors=Stockamp NW, Thompson GR |year=2016 |title=Coccidioidomycosis |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=229–246 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2015.10.008 |pmid=26739609 |s2cid=265802757}} (Review). == External links == {{Commons category|Coccidioidomycosis}} * [https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/index.html U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention page on coccidioidomycosis] * [https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001322.htm Medline Plus Entry for coccidioidomycosis] [[Category:Biological agents]] [[Category:Animal fungal diseases]] [[Category:Neglected American diseases]] [[Category:Fungal diseases]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] c61ss3o0e6ljiibdjfk7awp1pekxeqb 14 31241 115685 2026-11-04T17:32:46Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115685 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31242 115686 2026-11-04T17:32:57Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115686 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31243 115687 2026-11-04T17:37:40Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456918|Thalassemia]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115687 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thalassemias''' be inherited blood disorders wey decreased hemoglobin production characterize.<ref name="NIH2012What">{{Cite web|title=What Are Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826182827/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Symptoms dey depend on de type wey fi vary from none to severe.<ref name="NIH2012Sym">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112346/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Often der be mild to severe [[anemia]] (low red blood cells anaa hemoglobin).<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Anemia fi result in feeling tired den pale skin.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Der sanso fi be bone problems, an enlarged spleen, [[Jaundice|yellowish skin]], den dark urine.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Slow growth fi occur insyd kiddies.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> == References == 5l1bhw69srnrf9gynhews26fs0ej11b 115688 115687 2026-11-04T17:44:26Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thalassemias''' be inherited blood disorders wey decreased hemoglobin production characterize.<ref name="NIH2012What">{{Cite web|title=What Are Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826182827/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Symptoms dey depend on de type wey fi vary from none to severe.<ref name="NIH2012Sym">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112346/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Often der be mild to severe [[anemia]] (low red blood cells anaa hemoglobin).<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Anemia fi result in feeling tired den pale skin.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Der sanso fi be bone problems, an enlarged spleen, [[Jaundice|yellowish skin]], den dark urine.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Slow growth fi occur insyd kiddies.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Thalassemia be [[genetic disorder]]s.<ref name="NHLBI-Cause">{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=What Causes Thalassemias? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thalassemia/causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826015351/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/causes |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> [[Alpha thalassemia]] be caused by deficient production of de [[Hemoglobin subunit alpha|alpha globin]] component of [[hemoglobin]], while [[beta thalassemia]] be a deficiency insyd de [[Hemoglobin subunit beta|beta globin]] component.<ref name="NIH2012What" /> De severity of alpha den beta thalassemia dey depend on how many of de four genes for [[alpha globin]] anaa two genes for [[beta globin]] be faulty.<ref name="NHLBI-Cause" /> Diagnosis be typically by blood tests wey dey include a [[complete blood count]], special hemoglobin tests, den genetic tests.<ref name="NHLBI-Diagnosis">{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thalassemia/diagnosis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113848/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/diagnosis |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> Diagnosis fi occur before birth thru [[prenatal testing]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=How Can Thalassemias Be Prevented? |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916115635/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jyds3jwps0tzivtwssfm712ctqq9gd1 115709 115688 2026-11-04T22:43:48Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thalassemias''' be inherited blood disorders wey decreased hemoglobin production characterize.<ref name="NIH2012What">{{Cite web|title=What Are Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826182827/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Symptoms dey depend on de type wey fi vary from none to severe.<ref name="NIH2012Sym">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112346/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Often der be mild to severe [[anemia]] (low red blood cells anaa hemoglobin).<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Anemia fi result in feeling tired den pale skin.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Der sanso fi be bone problems, an enlarged spleen, [[Jaundice|yellowish skin]], den dark urine.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Slow growth fi occur insyd kiddies.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Thalassemia be [[genetic disorder]]s.<ref name="NHLBI-Cause">{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=What Causes Thalassemias? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thalassemia/causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826015351/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/causes |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> [[Alpha thalassemia]] be caused by deficient production of de [[Hemoglobin subunit alpha|alpha globin]] component of [[hemoglobin]], while [[beta thalassemia]] be a deficiency insyd de [[Hemoglobin subunit beta|beta globin]] component.<ref name="NIH2012What" /> De severity of alpha den beta thalassemia dey depend on how many of de four genes for [[alpha globin]] anaa two genes for [[beta globin]] be faulty.<ref name="NHLBI-Cause" /> Diagnosis be typically by blood tests wey dey include a [[complete blood count]], special hemoglobin tests, den genetic tests.<ref name="NHLBI-Diagnosis">{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thalassemia/diagnosis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113848/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/diagnosis |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> Diagnosis fi occur before birth thru [[prenatal testing]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=How Can Thalassemias Be Prevented? |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916115635/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> Treatment dey depend on de type den severity.<ref name="NIH2012Tx">{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=How Are Thalassemias Treated? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thalassemia/treatment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916111713/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/treatment |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> Clinically, thalassemia be classed as Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia (TDT) anaa non-Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia (NTDT), since dis dey determine de principal treatment options. TDT dey require regular blood [[Blood transfusion|transfusions]], typically every two to five weeks. TDTs dey include beta-thalassemia major, [[hemoglobin H disease]], den severe HbE/beta-thalassemia. NTDT no dey need regular transfusions buh fi require transfusion in case of an anemia crisis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baird DC, Batten SH, Sparks SK | title = Alpha- and Beta-thalassemia: Rapid Evidence Review | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 105 | issue = 3 | pages = 272–280 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35289581 | url = https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0300/p272.html }}</ref> Complications of transfusion dey include [[iron overload]] plus resulting [[heart disease|heart]] anaa [[liver disease]].<ref name="NHLBI-Symptoms" /> Oda symptoms of thalassemias dey include enlargement of de [[spleen]], frequent [[infection]]s, den [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="NHLBI-Symptoms" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] du228q51sf9pud0jqnc1jea5o7nwfkm 115711 115709 2026-11-04T22:56:32Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thalassemias''' be inherited blood disorders wey decreased hemoglobin production characterize.<ref name="NIH2012What">{{Cite web|title=What Are Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826182827/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Symptoms dey depend on de type wey fi vary from none to severe.<ref name="NIH2012Sym">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112346/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Often der be mild to severe [[anemia]] (low red blood cells anaa hemoglobin).<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Anemia fi result in feeling tired den pale skin.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Der sanso fi be bone problems, an enlarged spleen, [[Jaundice|yellowish skin]], den dark urine.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Slow growth fi occur insyd kiddies.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Thalassemia be [[genetic disorder]]s.<ref name="NHLBI-Cause">{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=What Causes Thalassemias? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thalassemia/causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826015351/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/causes |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> [[Alpha thalassemia]] be caused by deficient production of de [[Hemoglobin subunit alpha|alpha globin]] component of [[hemoglobin]], while [[beta thalassemia]] be a deficiency insyd de [[Hemoglobin subunit beta|beta globin]] component.<ref name="NIH2012What" /> De severity of alpha den beta thalassemia dey depend on how many of de four genes for [[alpha globin]] anaa two genes for [[beta globin]] be faulty.<ref name="NHLBI-Cause" /> Diagnosis be typically by blood tests wey dey include a [[complete blood count]], special hemoglobin tests, den genetic tests.<ref name="NHLBI-Diagnosis">{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thalassemia/diagnosis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113848/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/diagnosis |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> Diagnosis fi occur before birth thru [[prenatal testing]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=How Can Thalassemias Be Prevented? |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916115635/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> Treatment dey depend on de type den severity.<ref name="NIH2012Tx">{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=How Are Thalassemias Treated? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thalassemia/treatment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916111713/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/treatment |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> Clinically, thalassemia be classed as Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia (TDT) anaa non-Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia (NTDT), since dis dey determine de principal treatment options. TDT dey require regular blood [[Blood transfusion|transfusions]], typically every two to five weeks. TDTs dey include beta-thalassemia major, [[hemoglobin H disease]], den severe HbE/beta-thalassemia. NTDT no dey need regular transfusions buh fi require transfusion in case of an anemia crisis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baird DC, Batten SH, Sparks SK | title = Alpha- and Beta-thalassemia: Rapid Evidence Review | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 105 | issue = 3 | pages = 272–280 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35289581 | url = https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0300/p272.html }}</ref> Complications of transfusion dey include [[iron overload]] plus resulting [[heart disease|heart]] anaa [[liver disease]].<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Oda symptoms of thalassemias dey include enlargement of de [[spleen]], frequent [[infection]]s, den [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> De {{As of|2021|bare=Yes}} Global Burden of Disease Survey find say 1.31 million people worldwide get severe thalassemia while thalassemia trait dey occur insyd 358 million people, wey dey cause 11,100 deaths per annum. E be slightly more prevalent insyd males dan females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalassemias - Level 4 cause {{!}} Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation |url=https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/diseases-injuries-risks/factsheets/2021-thalassemias-level-4-disease |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.healthdata.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalassemias trait - Level 4 cause {{!}} Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation |url=https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/diseases-injuries-risks/factsheets/2021-thalassemias-trait-level-4-disease |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.healthdata.org |language=en}}</ref> E be most common among people of [[Greece|Greek]], [[Italy|Italian]], [[Middle East]]ern, [[South Asia]]n, den [[Africa]]n descent.<ref name="NIH2012What" /> Those wey get minor degrees of thalassemia, in common plus those wey get [[sickle-cell disease|sickle-cell trait]], get sam protection against [[malaria]], wey dey explain why sickle-cell trait den thalassemia historically be more common insyd regions of de world wer de risk of malaria be higher.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Weatherall DJ |title=Williams Hematology |date=2015 |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |isbn=978-0-07-183301-1 |page=725 |edition= 9th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MneCgAAQBAJ|chapter=The Thalassemias: Disorders of Globin Synthesis}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ts35dwa8mrjbgfpps14nw43h4x773de 115712 115711 2026-11-04T23:19:23Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thalassemias''' be inherited blood disorders wey decreased hemoglobin production characterize.<ref name="NIH2012What">{{Cite web|title=What Are Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826182827/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Symptoms dey depend on de type wey fi vary from none to severe.<ref name="NIH2012Sym">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112346/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Often der be mild to severe [[anemia]] (low red blood cells anaa hemoglobin).<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Anemia fi result in feeling tired den pale skin.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Der sanso fi be bone problems, an enlarged spleen, [[Jaundice|yellowish skin]], den dark urine.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Slow growth fi occur insyd kiddies.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Thalassemia be [[genetic disorder]]s.<ref name="NHLBI-Cause">{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=What Causes Thalassemias? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thalassemia/causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826015351/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/causes |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> [[Alpha thalassemia]] be caused by deficient production of de [[Hemoglobin subunit alpha|alpha globin]] component of [[hemoglobin]], while [[beta thalassemia]] be a deficiency insyd de [[Hemoglobin subunit beta|beta globin]] component.<ref name="NIH2012What" /> De severity of alpha den beta thalassemia dey depend on how many of de four genes for [[alpha globin]] anaa two genes for [[beta globin]] be faulty.<ref name="NHLBI-Cause" /> Diagnosis be typically by blood tests wey dey include a [[complete blood count]], special hemoglobin tests, den genetic tests.<ref name="NHLBI-Diagnosis">{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thalassemia/diagnosis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113848/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/diagnosis |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> Diagnosis fi occur before birth thru [[prenatal testing]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=How Can Thalassemias Be Prevented? |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916115635/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> Treatment dey depend on de type den severity.<ref name="NIH2012Tx">{{cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=How Are Thalassemias Treated? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/thalassemia/treatment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916111713/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/treatment |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> Clinically, thalassemia be classed as Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia (TDT) anaa non-Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia (NTDT), since dis dey determine de principal treatment options. TDT dey require regular blood [[Blood transfusion|transfusions]], typically every two to five weeks. TDTs dey include beta-thalassemia major, [[hemoglobin H disease]], den severe HbE/beta-thalassemia. NTDT no dey need regular transfusions buh fi require transfusion in case of an anemia crisis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baird DC, Batten SH, Sparks SK | title = Alpha- and Beta-thalassemia: Rapid Evidence Review | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 105 | issue = 3 | pages = 272–280 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35289581 | url = https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0300/p272.html }}</ref> Complications of transfusion dey include [[iron overload]] plus resulting [[heart disease|heart]] anaa [[liver disease]].<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Oda symptoms of thalassemias dey include enlargement of de [[spleen]], frequent [[infection]]s, den [[osteoporosis]].<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> De {{As of|2021|bare=Yes}} Global Burden of Disease Survey find say 1.31 million people worldwide get severe thalassemia while thalassemia trait dey occur insyd 358 million people, wey dey cause 11,100 deaths per annum. E be slightly more prevalent insyd males dan females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalassemias - Level 4 cause {{!}} Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation |url=https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/diseases-injuries-risks/factsheets/2021-thalassemias-level-4-disease |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.healthdata.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalassemias trait - Level 4 cause {{!}} Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation |url=https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/diseases-injuries-risks/factsheets/2021-thalassemias-trait-level-4-disease |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.healthdata.org |language=en}}</ref> E be most common among people of [[Greece|Greek]], [[Italy|Italian]], [[Middle East]]ern, [[South Asia]]n, den [[Africa]]n descent.<ref name="NIH2012What" /> Those wey get minor degrees of thalassemia, in common plus those wey get [[sickle-cell disease|sickle-cell trait]], get sam protection against [[malaria]], wey dey explain why sickle-cell trait den thalassemia historically be more common insyd regions of de world wer de risk of malaria be higher.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Weatherall DJ |title=Williams Hematology |date=2015 |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |isbn=978-0-07-183301-1 |page=725 |edition= 9th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MneCgAAQBAJ|chapter=The Thalassemias: Disorders of Globin Synthesis}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.genome.gov/10001221 | title = Learning About Thalassemia | work = National Human Genome Research Institute | date = 27 December 2013 }} [[Category:Thalassemias| ]] [[Category:Autosomal recessive disorders]] [[Category:Disorders of globin den globulin proteins]] [[Category:Mediterranean]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9bja6xhg2hgi04wrx75nsyx8fvlkzq0 14 31244 115713 2026-11-04T23:22:59Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115713 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31245 115714 2026-11-04T23:24:35Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115714 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31246 115759 2026-11-05T08:38:41Z Aldayaman 8590 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1383283972|Actor]]" 115759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Actor''' na person wey dey play character for one show or film. Actor dey perform for real life inside di old school theatre or for new school media like film, radio, and TV. di Greek word wey mean di same na hupokrits, e mean person wey dey answer for real talk how di actor take play di role The way we dey act na about the role wey person dey play, whether na real person or one wey dem just create. Dis one fit also be actor role, dem call am so because dem dey use scrolls for theater dem. Interpretation dey happen even when person dey play imself, like for some kind experimental performance art. Before, for ancient Greece and medieval time, plus for England when William Shakespeare dey, na only men fit act, and na men or boys dem go play women role dem. Back in ancient Rome, dem have some pikin wey be female wey fit perform for stage, but na only small small few wey dem gree make dem talk for the play. Di commedia dellarte wey dey Italy, e allow professional women to perform early. Lucrezia di Siena, wey her name dey one contract of actors from 10 October 1564, na di first Italian actress wey dem sabi by name. Vincenza Armani and Barbara Flaminia na di first primadonnas and di first well-documented actresses for Italy and Europe. After dem bring back English king for 1660, women start show for stage for England. Nowadays, for pantomime and some opera dem, sometimes na women dem go play pikin or young guy role. dk2fxvjiotkxrcnqta82oenkie0eq1o 115770 115759 2026-11-05T10:26:34Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 115770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An '''actor''' (masculine/gender-neutral), anaa '''actress''' (feminine), be a person wey dey portray a character insyd a production.<ref>"The dramatic world can be extended to include the 'author', the 'audience' and even the 'theatre'; but these remain 'possible' surrogates, not the 'actual' referents as such" (Elam 1980, 110).</ref> De actor dey perform "in the flesh" insyd de traditional medium of de [[theatre]] anaa insyd modern media such as film, radio, den television. De analogous Greek term be {{wikt-lang|grc|ὑποκριτής|italic=yes}} ({{grc-transl|ὑποκριτής}}), literally "one wey dey answer".<ref name="hypocrite">{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/actor?q=actor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116145550/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/actor?q=actor|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 16, 2013|title=Definition of actor}}''Hypokrites'' (related to our word for [[Hypocrisy|hypocrite]]) also means, less often, "to answer" the [[Tragedy|tragic]] [[Greek chorus|chorus]]. See Weimann (1978, 2); see also Csapo and Slater, who offer translations of classical source material using the term ''hypocrisis'' ([[acting]]) (1994, 257, 265–267).</ref> De actor ein interpretation of a role{{emdash}}de art of acting dey pertain to de role dem play, whether based on a real person anaa fictional character. Dis sanso fi be considered an "actor ein role", wich na dem call dis secof [[scrolls]] be used insyd de theaters. Interpretation dey occur even wen de actor dey "play demaselves", as insyd sam forms of experimental [[performance art]]. == References == <references /> == External links == mx232gmdjcuazm7fx9ops0ct0tid327 115771 115770 2026-11-05T10:30:55Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An '''actor''' (masculine/gender-neutral), anaa '''actress''' (feminine), be a person wey dey portray a character insyd a production.<ref>"The dramatic world can be extended to include the 'author', the 'audience' and even the 'theatre'; but these remain 'possible' surrogates, not the 'actual' referents as such" (Elam 1980, 110).</ref> De actor dey perform "in the flesh" insyd de traditional medium of de [[theatre]] anaa insyd modern media such as film, radio, den television. De analogous Greek term be {{wikt-lang|grc|ὑποκριτής|italic=yes}} ({{grc-transl|ὑποκριτής}}), literally "one wey dey answer".<ref name="hypocrite">{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/actor?q=actor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116145550/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/actor?q=actor|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 16, 2013|title=Definition of actor}}''Hypokrites'' (related to our word for [[Hypocrisy|hypocrite]]) also means, less often, "to answer" the [[Tragedy|tragic]] [[Greek chorus|chorus]]. See Weimann (1978, 2); see also Csapo and Slater, who offer translations of classical source material using the term ''hypocrisis'' ([[acting]]) (1994, 257, 265–267).</ref> De actor ein interpretation of a role{{emdash}}de art of acting dey pertain to de role dem play, whether based on a real person anaa fictional character. Dis sanso fi be considered an "actor ein role", wich na dem call dis secof [[scrolls]] be used insyd de theaters. Interpretation dey occur even wen de actor dey "play demaselves", as insyd sam forms of experimental [[performance art]]. Formerly, insyd [[ancient Greece]] den de [[Middle Ages|medieval world]], den insyd England at de time of [[William Shakespeare]], na men per fi cam be actors, den women dema roles generally be played by men anaa boys.<ref name="Neziroski 2003">{{cite web|url=http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/narrativelyricdrama.htm|title=narrative, lyric, drama|last=Neziroski |first=Lirim|year=2003|work=Theories of Media :: Keywords Glossary :: multimedia|publisher=[[University of Chicago]]|access-date=14 March 2009|quote=For example, until the late 1600s, audiences were opposed to seeing women on stage, because of the belief stage performance reduced them to the status of showgirls and prostitutes. Even [[Shakespeare]]'s plays were performed by boys dressed in drag.}}</ref> While na Ancient Rome allow female stage performers, na only a small minority of dem dem give speaking parts. De [[commedia dell'arte]] of Italy, however, allow professional women to perform early on; [[Lucrezia Di Siena]], wey ein name dey on a contract of actors from 10 October 1564, be referred to as de first Italian actress dem know by name, plus [[Vincenza Armani]] den [[Barbara Flaminia]] as de first primadonnas den de first well-documented actresses insyd [[Italy]] (den insyd [[Europe]]).<ref name="GO">Giacomo Oreglia (2002). Commedia dell'arte. [[Ordfront]]. {{ISBN|91-7324-602-6}}</ref> After de [[English Restoration]] of 1660, women begin to appear onstage insyd England. Insyd modern times, particularly insyd pantomime den sam operas, women occasionally play de roles of boys anaa young men.<ref name="PDF">{{cite web|url=http://www.s-sj.org/pdfs/St-Dusinberre-web.pdf|title=Boys Becoming Women in Shakespeare's Plays|author=JULIET DUSINBERRE|website=S-sj.org|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723174901/http://www.s-sj.org/pdfs/St-Dusinberre-web.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == suo5ac80m67hd7ysaw6d5seoi9ktzm3 115772 115771 2026-11-05T10:38:03Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An '''actor''' (masculine/gender-neutral), anaa '''actress''' (feminine), be a person wey dey portray a character insyd a production.<ref>"The dramatic world can be extended to include the 'author', the 'audience' and even the 'theatre'; but these remain 'possible' surrogates, not the 'actual' referents as such" (Elam 1980, 110).</ref> De actor dey perform "in the flesh" insyd de traditional medium of de [[theatre]] anaa insyd modern media such as film, radio, den television. De analogous Greek term be {{wikt-lang|grc|ὑποκριτής|italic=yes}} ({{grc-transl|ὑποκριτής}}), literally "one wey dey answer".<ref name="hypocrite">{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/actor?q=actor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116145550/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/actor?q=actor|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 16, 2013|title=Definition of actor}}''Hypokrites'' (related to our word for [[Hypocrisy|hypocrite]]) also means, less often, "to answer" the [[Tragedy|tragic]] [[Greek chorus|chorus]]. See Weimann (1978, 2); see also Csapo and Slater, who offer translations of classical source material using the term ''hypocrisis'' ([[acting]]) (1994, 257, 265–267).</ref> De actor ein interpretation of a role{{emdash}}de art of acting dey pertain to de role dem play, whether based on a real person anaa fictional character. Dis sanso fi be considered an "actor ein role", wich na dem call dis secof [[scrolls]] be used insyd de theaters. Interpretation dey occur even wen de actor dey "play demaselves", as insyd sam forms of experimental [[performance art]]. Formerly, insyd [[ancient Greece]] den de [[Middle Ages|medieval world]], den insyd England at de time of [[William Shakespeare]], na men per fi cam be actors, den women dema roles generally be played by men anaa boys.<ref name="Neziroski 2003">{{cite web|url=http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/narrativelyricdrama.htm|title=narrative, lyric, drama|last=Neziroski |first=Lirim|year=2003|work=Theories of Media :: Keywords Glossary :: multimedia|publisher=[[University of Chicago]]|access-date=14 March 2009|quote=For example, until the late 1600s, audiences were opposed to seeing women on stage, because of the belief stage performance reduced them to the status of showgirls and prostitutes. Even [[Shakespeare]]'s plays were performed by boys dressed in drag.}}</ref> While na Ancient Rome allow female stage performers, na only a small minority of dem dem give speaking parts. De [[commedia dell'arte]] of Italy, however, allow professional women to perform early on; [[Lucrezia Di Siena]], wey ein name dey on a contract of actors from 10 October 1564, be referred to as de first Italian actress dem know by name, plus [[Vincenza Armani]] den [[Barbara Flaminia]] as de first primadonnas den de first well-documented actresses insyd [[Italy]] (den insyd [[Europe]]).<ref name="GO">Giacomo Oreglia (2002). Commedia dell'arte. [[Ordfront]]. {{ISBN|91-7324-602-6}}</ref> After de [[English Restoration]] of 1660, women begin to appear onstage insyd England. Insyd modern times, particularly insyd pantomime den sam operas, women occasionally play de roles of boys anaa young men.<ref name="PDF">{{cite web|url=http://www.s-sj.org/pdfs/St-Dusinberre-web.pdf|title=Boys Becoming Women in Shakespeare's Plays|author=JULIET DUSINBERRE|website=S-sj.org|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723174901/http://www.s-sj.org/pdfs/St-Dusinberre-web.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q33999|c=Category:Actor|n=no|b=no|v=no|q=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=actor|species=no}} * [http://www.sag.org/ Screen Actors Guild (SAG)]: a union representing U. S. film and TV actors. * [http://www.actorsequity.org/ Actors' Equity Association (AEA)]: a union representing U. S. theatre actors and stage managers. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060720195027/http://www.aftra.org/ American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA)]: a union representing U. S. television and radio actors and broadcasters (on-air journalists, etc.). * [http://www.equity.org.uk/ British Actors' Equity]: a trade union representing UK artists, including actors, singers, dancers, choreographers, stage managers, theatre directors and designers, variety and circus artists, television and radio presenters, walk-on and supporting artists, [[stunt performer]]s and directors and theatre fight directors. * [http://www.alliance.org.au Media Entertainment & Arts Alliance]: an Australian/New Zealand trade union representing everyone in the media, entertainment, sports, and arts industries. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Acting]] [[Category:Entertainment occupations]] [[Category:Filmmaking occupations]] [[Category:Television occupations]] [[Category:Theatrical occupations]] [[Category:Actors| ]] n84ozyin453ahrizxguurlnck1xs3i5 0 31247 115760 2026-11-05T08:44:56Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1480023|Tularemia]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115760 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tularemia''', dem sanso know as '''rabbit fever''' == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3k1i5r3clnt75rg2wn60r6gwkmkaoq8 115763 115760 2026-11-05T09:14:18Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tularemia''', dem sanso know as '''rabbit fever''' be an [[infectious disease]] wey de [[bacterium]] ''[[Francisella tularensis]]'' cause.<ref name="CDC2024Main">{{cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=Tularemia |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823122706/https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/about/index.html |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=CDC.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us }}</ref> Symptoms fi include [[fever]], [[skin ulcers]], den [[lymphadenopathy|enlarged lymph nodes]].<ref name="CDC2015Sym">{{cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Signs and Symptoms Tularemia |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signs-symptoms/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signssymptoms/ |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=CDC |language=en-us}}</ref> Occasionally, a form wey dey result in [[pneumonia]] anaa a throat den [[nasal sinus]] infection fi occur.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 59ve79sb3wwiio8ltvlwfjikr5tqi5u 115764 115763 2026-11-05T09:31:34Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tularemia''', dem sanso know as '''rabbit fever''' be an [[infectious disease]] wey de [[bacterium]] ''[[Francisella tularensis]]'' cause.<ref name="CDC2024Main">{{cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=Tularemia |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823122706/https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/about/index.html |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=CDC.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us }}</ref> Symptoms fi include [[fever]], [[skin ulcers]], den [[lymphadenopathy|enlarged lymph nodes]].<ref name="CDC2015Sym">{{cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Signs and Symptoms Tularemia |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signs-symptoms/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signssymptoms/ |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=CDC |language=en-us}}</ref> Occasionally, a form wey dey result in [[pneumonia]] anaa a throat den [[nasal sinus]] infection fi occur.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> De bacterium typically be spread by [[tick]]s, [[deer fly|deer flies]], anaa contact plus infected animals.<ref name=CDC2024Main/> E sanso fi be spread by drinking contaminated water anaa breathing in contaminated dust.<ref name=CDC2024Main/> E no dey spread directly between people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transmission Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/transmission/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=October 2015}}</ref> Diagnosis be by blood tests anaa [[microbial culture|cultures]] of de infected site.<ref name=CDC2015Tx>{{cite web|title=Diagnosis and Treatment Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/diagnosistreatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=October 2015}}</ref><ref name=CDC2016Doc>{{cite web|title=Clinicians Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/clinicians/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=September 2016}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] qtfd0fitkposzmw7kejrlswuvobfacl 115765 115764 2026-11-05T09:34:57Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tularemia''', dem sanso know as '''rabbit fever''' be an [[infectious disease]] wey de [[bacterium]] ''[[Francisella tularensis]]'' cause.<ref name="CDC2024Main">{{cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=Tularemia |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823122706/https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/about/index.html |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=CDC.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us }}</ref> Symptoms fi include [[fever]], [[skin ulcers]], den [[lymphadenopathy|enlarged lymph nodes]].<ref name="CDC2015Sym">{{cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Signs and Symptoms Tularemia |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signs-symptoms/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signssymptoms/ |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=CDC |language=en-us}}</ref> Occasionally, a form wey dey result in [[pneumonia]] anaa a throat den [[nasal sinus]] infection fi occur.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> De bacterium typically be spread by [[tick]]s, [[deer fly|deer flies]], anaa contact plus infected animals.<ref name=CDC2024Main/> E sanso fi be spread by drinking contaminated water anaa breathing in contaminated dust.<ref name=CDC2024Main/> E no dey spread directly between people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transmission Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/transmission/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=October 2015}}</ref> Diagnosis be by blood tests anaa [[microbial culture|cultures]] of de infected site.<ref name=CDC2015Tx>{{cite web|title=Diagnosis and Treatment Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/diagnosistreatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=October 2015}}</ref><ref name=CDC2016Doc>{{cite web|title=Clinicians Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/clinicians/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=September 2016}}</ref> Prevention dey include de use of [[insect repellent]] den long pants, rapidly removing ticks, den no dey disturb dead animals.<ref name=CDC2015Pre>{{cite web|title=Prevention Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/prevention/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=October 2015}}</ref> Treatment typically be plus de antibiotic [[streptomycin]].<ref name=CDC2016Doc/> [[Gentamicin]], [[doxycycline]], anaa [[ciprofloxacin]] sanso fi be used.<ref name=CDC2015Tx/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] mhn5diaa503cv3hl6rktjdspzk9odv8 115766 115765 2026-11-05T09:39:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tularemia''', dem sanso know as '''rabbit fever''' be an [[infectious disease]] wey de [[bacterium]] ''[[Francisella tularensis]]'' cause.<ref name="CDC2024Main">{{cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=Tularemia |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823122706/https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/about/index.html |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=CDC.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us }}</ref> Symptoms fi include [[fever]], [[skin ulcers]], den [[lymphadenopathy|enlarged lymph nodes]].<ref name="CDC2015Sym">{{cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Signs and Symptoms Tularemia |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signs-symptoms/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signssymptoms/ |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=CDC |language=en-us}}</ref> Occasionally, a form wey dey result in [[pneumonia]] anaa a throat den [[nasal sinus]] infection fi occur.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> De bacterium typically be spread by [[tick]]s, [[deer fly|deer flies]], anaa contact plus infected animals.<ref name=CDC2024Main/> E sanso fi be spread by drinking contaminated water anaa breathing in contaminated dust.<ref name=CDC2024Main/> E no dey spread directly between people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transmission Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/transmission/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=October 2015}}</ref> Diagnosis be by blood tests anaa [[microbial culture|cultures]] of de infected site.<ref name=CDC2015Tx>{{cite web|title=Diagnosis and Treatment Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/diagnosistreatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=October 2015}}</ref><ref name=CDC2016Doc>{{cite web|title=Clinicians Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/clinicians/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=September 2016}}</ref> Prevention dey include de use of [[insect repellent]] den long pants, rapidly removing ticks, den no dey disturb dead animals.<ref name=CDC2015Pre>{{cite web|title=Prevention Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/prevention/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=October 2015}}</ref> Treatment typically be plus de antibiotic [[streptomycin]].<ref name=CDC2016Doc/> [[Gentamicin]], [[doxycycline]], anaa [[ciprofloxacin]] sanso fi be used.<ref name=CDC2015Tx/> Between de 1970s den 2015, na around 200 cases be reported insyd de [[United States]] each year.<ref name=CDC2016Epi>{{cite web|title=Statistics Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/statistics/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=November 2016}}</ref> Males be affected more often dan females.<ref name=CDC2016Epi/> E dey occur most frequently insyd de young den de middle-aged.<ref name=CDC2016Epi/> Insyd de United States, chaw cases dey occur insyd de summer.<ref name=CDC2016Epi/> Na dem name de disease after [[Tulare County, California]], wer na de disease be discovered insyd 1911.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hagan|first1=William Arthur|last2=Bruner|first2=Dorsey William|last3=Timoney|first3=John Francis|title=Hagan and Bruner's Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals: With Reference to Etiology, Epizootiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility|date=1988|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801418969|page=132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtxUbXOfAFUC&pg=PA132|language=en}}</ref> Several oda animals, such as [[rabbit]]s, sanso fi be infected.<ref name=CDC2024Main/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0cs5c8fhjbns12mjtw2oz2br3mbdhgd 115767 115766 2026-11-05T10:13:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tularemia''', dem sanso know as '''rabbit fever''' be an [[infectious disease]] wey de [[bacterium]] ''[[Francisella tularensis]]'' cause.<ref name="CDC2024Main">{{cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=Tularemia |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823122706/https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/about/index.html |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=CDC.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us }}</ref> Symptoms fi include [[fever]], [[skin ulcers]], den [[lymphadenopathy|enlarged lymph nodes]].<ref name="CDC2015Sym">{{cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Signs and Symptoms Tularemia |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signs-symptoms/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signssymptoms/ |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=CDC |language=en-us}}</ref> Occasionally, a form wey dey result in [[pneumonia]] anaa a throat den [[nasal sinus]] infection fi occur.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> De bacterium typically be spread by [[tick]]s, [[deer fly|deer flies]], anaa contact plus infected animals.<ref name=CDC2024Main/> E sanso fi be spread by drinking contaminated water anaa breathing in contaminated dust.<ref name=CDC2024Main/> E no dey spread directly between people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transmission Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/transmission/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=October 2015}}</ref> Diagnosis be by blood tests anaa [[microbial culture|cultures]] of de infected site.<ref name=CDC2015Tx>{{cite web|title=Diagnosis and Treatment Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/diagnosistreatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=October 2015}}</ref><ref name=CDC2016Doc>{{cite web|title=Clinicians Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/clinicians/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=September 2016}}</ref> Prevention dey include de use of [[insect repellent]] den long pants, rapidly removing ticks, den no dey disturb dead animals.<ref name=CDC2015Pre>{{cite web|title=Prevention Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/prevention/index.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=October 2015}}</ref> Treatment typically be plus de antibiotic [[streptomycin]].<ref name=CDC2016Doc/> [[Gentamicin]], [[doxycycline]], anaa [[ciprofloxacin]] sanso fi be used.<ref name=CDC2015Tx/> Between de 1970s den 2015, na around 200 cases be reported insyd de [[United States]] each year.<ref name=CDC2016Epi>{{cite web|title=Statistics Tularemia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/statistics/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=8 November 2017|language=en-us|date=November 2016}}</ref> Males be affected more often dan females.<ref name=CDC2016Epi/> E dey occur most frequently insyd de young den de middle-aged.<ref name=CDC2016Epi/> Insyd de United States, chaw cases dey occur insyd de summer.<ref name=CDC2016Epi/> Na dem name de disease after [[Tulare County, California]], wer na de disease be discovered insyd 1911.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hagan|first1=William Arthur|last2=Bruner|first2=Dorsey William|last3=Timoney|first3=John Francis|title=Hagan and Bruner's Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals: With Reference to Etiology, Epizootiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility|date=1988|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801418969|page=132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtxUbXOfAFUC&pg=PA132|language=en}}</ref> Several oda animals, such as [[rabbit]]s, sanso fi be infected.<ref name=CDC2024Main/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Atypical pneumonias]] [[Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Biological agents]] [[Category:Rabbit diseases]] [[Category:Rare infectious diseases]] [[Category:Sheep den goat diseases]] [[Category:Tick-borne diseases]] [[Category:Zoonoses]] [[Category:Zoonotic bacterial diseases]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 7gx89kts71nu1co1lzcppfzghbeuirp 0 31248 115761 2026-11-05T08:48:07Z Aldayaman 8590 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1383449186|Tom Holland]]" 115761 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tom Holland''' wey dem born for 1st June 1996 na British actor. Dem sabi am well for how e dey perform for both small small film and big big studio film dem, im film don make pass 16. 1 billion for whole world, e be di highest money wey any lead actor don make for all time. E don carry British Academy Film Award plus three Saturn Awards, plus e still dey nominated for four Critics Choice Awards. Holland start im career when e be nine years old, e join dance class, one choreographer see am, come help am arrange audition for one role for Billy Elliot the musical for London Victoria Palace Theatre. After two years wey e dey train, dem promote am go be the main guy for Billy Elliot, wey e play from 2008 reach 2010. Holland first show for film as voice actor for di British dub of di Japanese cartoon film Arrietty 2011. For 2012, e knack beta praise for how e play young tourist for that disaster drama wey dem call The Impossible, wey make am carry National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance plus dem nominate am for Critics Choice Movie Award as Best Young Performer. After dis one, Holland come decide say e go do acting full time, e show for How I Live Now 2013, In the Heart of the Sea 2015, and The Lost City of Z 2016. Holland blow big for outside as Spiderman for seven Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films, e start for Captain America Civil War 2016. Di next year, Holland carry go collect di Bafta Rising Star award, and e become di youngest actor wey play di main role for one MCU film wen e star for Spiderman Homecoming 2017. E play dat same role again for di film sequel dem: Far From Home 2019, No Way Home 2021, and Brand New Day 2026. Holland don play different kain roles for crime drama dem like The Devil All The Time 2020 and Cherry 2021, plus e star for big budget film dem like Uncharted 2022 and The Odyssey 2026. Holland do voice role for dem cartoon movie Spies in Disguise 2019 and Onward 2020. For TV, e play role for BBC historical miniseries Wolf Hall 2015 and for Apple TV psychological thriller limited series The Crowded Room 2023. Na im come back for stage as Romeo for the West End revival of Romeo and Juliet 2024. Holland don marry Zendaya, wey be him costar for Spiderman film dem. bmw91dnsrc09653wb243r458ytn71er 115762 115761 2026-11-05T08:48:46Z Aldayaman 8590 /* */ 115762 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tom Holland''' wey dem born for 1st June 1996 na British [[actor]]. Dem sabi am well for how e dey perform for both small small film and big big studio film dem, im film don make pass 16. 1 billion for whole world, e be di highest money wey any lead actor don make for all time. E don carry British Academy Film Award plus three Saturn Awards, plus e still dey nominated for four Critics Choice Awards. Holland start im career when e be nine years old, e join dance class, one choreographer see am, come help am arrange audition for one role for Billy Elliot the musical for London Victoria Palace Theatre. After two years wey e dey train, dem promote am go be the main guy for Billy Elliot, wey e play from 2008 reach 2010. Holland first show for film as voice actor for di British dub of di Japanese cartoon film Arrietty 2011. For 2012, e knack beta praise for how e play young tourist for that disaster drama wey dem call The Impossible, wey make am carry National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance plus dem nominate am for Critics Choice Movie Award as Best Young Performer. After dis one, Holland come decide say e go do acting full time, e show for How I Live Now 2013, In the Heart of the Sea 2015, and The Lost City of Z 2016. Holland blow big for outside as Spiderman for seven Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films, e start for Captain America Civil War 2016. Di next year, Holland carry go collect di Bafta Rising Star award, and e become di youngest actor wey play di main role for one MCU film wen e star for Spiderman Homecoming 2017. E play dat same role again for di film sequel dem: Far From Home 2019, No Way Home 2021, and Brand New Day 2026. Holland don play different kain roles for crime drama dem like The Devil All The Time 2020 and Cherry 2021, plus e star for big budget film dem like Uncharted 2022 and The Odyssey 2026. Holland do voice role for dem cartoon movie Spies in Disguise 2019 and Onward 2020. For TV, e play role for BBC historical miniseries Wolf Hall 2015 and for Apple TV psychological thriller limited series The Crowded Room 2023. Na im come back for stage as Romeo for the West End revival of Romeo and Juliet 2024. Holland don marry Zendaya, wey be him costar for Spiderman film dem. 5hvu1brk0wjdltf2cjpmg5yyicsjp6r 115779 115762 2026-11-05T11:31:54Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 June 1996) be a British actor. Dem know for [[List of roles and awards of Tom Holland|ein performances]] insyd both [[independent film]]s den major studio features, na ein films gross over $16.1 billion worldwide, wey dey make am [[List of highest-grossing actors|de highest-grossing leading actor of all time]]. [[List of roles and awards of Tom Holland#Awards and nominations|Ein accolades]] dey include a [[British Academy Film Award]] den three [[Saturn Awards]], in addition to nominations for four [[Broadcast Film Critics Association|Critics' Choice Awards]]. Holland ein career begin at age nine wen he enroll insyd a dancing class, wer a choreographer notice am den arranged for am to audition for a role insyd ''[[Billy Elliot the Musical]]'' at London ein [[Victoria Palace Theatre]]. After two years of training, na dem promote am to de lead role of Billy Elliot, wich he play from 2008 to 2010. Holland make ein film debut as a voice actor on de British dub of de Japanese animated film ''[[Arrietty]]'' (2011). Insyd 2012, he receive acclaim for ein portrayal of a young tourist insyd de disaster drama ''[[The Impossible (2012 film)|The Impossible]]'', wich earn am de [[National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance]] den a nomination for de [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer]]. After dis, Holland decide to pursue [[acting]] as a full-time career, appearing insyd ''[[How I Live Now (film)|How I Live Now]]'' (2013), ''[[In the Heart of the Sea (film)|In the Heart of the Sea]]'' (2015) den ''[[The Lost City of Z (film)|The Lost City of Z]]'' (2016). Holland achieve international recognition playing [[Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Spider-Man]] insyd seven [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) superhero films, wey dey begin plus ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016). De following year, Holland receive de [[BAFTA Rising Star Award]] wey he cam be de youngest actor to play a title role insyd an MCU film wen he star insyd ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017). He reprise de role insyd de film ein sequels ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home|Far From Home]]'' (2019), ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home|No Way Home]]'' (2021) den ''[[Spider-Man: Brand New Day|Brand New Day]]'' (2026). Holland play against-[[typecasting|type]] roles insyd de crime dramas ''[[The Devil All the Time (film)|The Devil All the Time]]'' (2020) den ''[[Cherry (2021 film)|Cherry]]'' (2021), wey he star insyd de big-budget films ''[[Uncharted (film)|Uncharted]]'' (2022) den ''[[The Odyssey (2026 film)|The Odyssey]]'' (2026). Holland get voice roles insyd de animated features ''[[Spies in Disguise]]'' (2019) den ''[[Onward (film)|Onward]]'' (2020). On television, he get roles insyd de [[BBC]] historical miniseries ''[[Wolf Hall (TV series)|Wolf Hall]]'' (2015) den de [[Apple TV+]] psychological thriller limited series ''[[The Crowded Room]]'' (2023). He return to de stage as Romeo insyd de West End revival of ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' (2024). Holland marry to [[Zendaya]], ein co-star insyd de ''Spider-Man'' films. ==Early life== Na dem born Thomas Stanley Holland on 1 June 1996 insyd [[Kingston upon Thames]], insyd south-west [[London]], to photographer Nicola ({{Nee|Frost}}) den comedian-author [[Dominic Holland]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ott |first1=Tim |title=Tom Holland |url=https://www.biography.com/actor/tom-holland |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]] |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222021614/https://www.biography.com/actor/tom-holland |url-status=dead}}</ref> He has three younger brothers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Kathryn |title=Meet Tom Holland's younger brother Harry, with a cameo in Spider-Man 3 |url=https://www.capitalfm.com/news/tom-holland-brother-harry/ |publisher=[[Capital (network)|Capital FM]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |date=24 February 2021 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031222359/https://www.capitalfm.com/news/tom-holland-brother-harry/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Na ein paternal grandmommie be from [[County Tipperary]], [[Ireland]] den ein paternal grandpoppie be from de [[Isle of Man]]. Holland dey live insyd Kingston upon Thames, near de house of ein parents den brothers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/849879/tom-holland-s-mom-tricks-him-into-staying-close-to-home|title=Tom Holland's Mom Tricks Him Into Staying Close to Home |first=Zach |last=Johnson |date=10 May 2017 |access-date=30 September 2018 |publisher=[[E!]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515154650/http://www.eonline.com/news/849879/tom-holland-s-mom-tricks-him-into-staying-close-to-home |archive-date=15 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> As ein parents get creative professions, he often be inspired by them<ref name="interview">{{cite magazine |author=[[Coleman, Zendaya]] |title=Tom Holland |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/tom-holland |access-date=19 February 2022 |magazine=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]] |date=2 June 2017 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219111245/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/tom-holland |url-status=live}}</ref> den dey consider ein poppie a role model. Ein poppie unofficially work as Holland ein manager secof ein experience insyd de entertainment industry.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |last1=Khomami |first1=Nadia |title=From Billy Elliot to Spider-Man: how Tom Holland won the world's heart |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jan/24/tom-holland-actor-billy-elliot-to-spider-man |access-date=13 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213004331/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jan/24/tom-holland-actor-billy-elliot-to-spider-man |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="people">{{cite magazine |last1=Nelson |first1=Jeff |date=15 December 2021 |title=Tom Holland Talks His Future as Spider-Man, Reveals He Wants to 'Focus on Starting a Family' Next |url=https://people.com/movies/tom-holland-talks-plans-after-spider-man-family/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220014507/https://people.com/movies/tom-holland-talks-plans-after-spider-man-family/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == 0c6ufdcqu8dfg03mwumcx1at2fikz0c 115780 115779 2026-11-05T11:45:04Z DaSupremo 9 /* Filmography den accolades */ Improve article 115780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 June 1996) be a British actor. Dem know for [[List of roles and awards of Tom Holland|ein performances]] insyd both [[independent film]]s den major studio features, na ein films gross over $16.1 billion worldwide, wey dey make am [[List of highest-grossing actors|de highest-grossing leading actor of all time]]. [[List of roles and awards of Tom Holland#Awards and nominations|Ein accolades]] dey include a [[British Academy Film Award]] den three [[Saturn Awards]], in addition to nominations for four [[Broadcast Film Critics Association|Critics' Choice Awards]]. Holland ein career begin at age nine wen he enroll insyd a dancing class, wer a choreographer notice am den arranged for am to audition for a role insyd ''[[Billy Elliot the Musical]]'' at London ein [[Victoria Palace Theatre]]. After two years of training, na dem promote am to de lead role of Billy Elliot, wich he play from 2008 to 2010. Holland make ein film debut as a voice actor on de British dub of de Japanese animated film ''[[Arrietty]]'' (2011). Insyd 2012, he receive acclaim for ein portrayal of a young tourist insyd de disaster drama ''[[The Impossible (2012 film)|The Impossible]]'', wich earn am de [[National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance]] den a nomination for de [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer]]. After dis, Holland decide to pursue [[acting]] as a full-time career, appearing insyd ''[[How I Live Now (film)|How I Live Now]]'' (2013), ''[[In the Heart of the Sea (film)|In the Heart of the Sea]]'' (2015) den ''[[The Lost City of Z (film)|The Lost City of Z]]'' (2016). Holland achieve international recognition playing [[Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Spider-Man]] insyd seven [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) superhero films, wey dey begin plus ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016). De following year, Holland receive de [[BAFTA Rising Star Award]] wey he cam be de youngest actor to play a title role insyd an MCU film wen he star insyd ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017). He reprise de role insyd de film ein sequels ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home|Far From Home]]'' (2019), ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home|No Way Home]]'' (2021) den ''[[Spider-Man: Brand New Day|Brand New Day]]'' (2026). Holland play against-[[typecasting|type]] roles insyd de crime dramas ''[[The Devil All the Time (film)|The Devil All the Time]]'' (2020) den ''[[Cherry (2021 film)|Cherry]]'' (2021), wey he star insyd de big-budget films ''[[Uncharted (film)|Uncharted]]'' (2022) den ''[[The Odyssey (2026 film)|The Odyssey]]'' (2026). Holland get voice roles insyd de animated features ''[[Spies in Disguise]]'' (2019) den ''[[Onward (film)|Onward]]'' (2020). On television, he get roles insyd de [[BBC]] historical miniseries ''[[Wolf Hall (TV series)|Wolf Hall]]'' (2015) den de [[Apple TV+]] psychological thriller limited series ''[[The Crowded Room]]'' (2023). He return to de stage as Romeo insyd de West End revival of ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' (2024). Holland marry to [[Zendaya]], ein co-star insyd de ''Spider-Man'' films. ==Early life== Na dem born Thomas Stanley Holland on 1 June 1996 insyd [[Kingston upon Thames]], insyd south-west [[London]], to photographer Nicola ({{Nee|Frost}}) den comedian-author [[Dominic Holland]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ott |first1=Tim |title=Tom Holland |url=https://www.biography.com/actor/tom-holland |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]] |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222021614/https://www.biography.com/actor/tom-holland |url-status=dead}}</ref> He has three younger brothers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Kathryn |title=Meet Tom Holland's younger brother Harry, with a cameo in Spider-Man 3 |url=https://www.capitalfm.com/news/tom-holland-brother-harry/ |publisher=[[Capital (network)|Capital FM]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |date=24 February 2021 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031222359/https://www.capitalfm.com/news/tom-holland-brother-harry/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Na ein paternal grandmommie be from [[County Tipperary]], [[Ireland]] den ein paternal grandpoppie be from de [[Isle of Man]]. Holland dey live insyd Kingston upon Thames, near de house of ein parents den brothers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/849879/tom-holland-s-mom-tricks-him-into-staying-close-to-home|title=Tom Holland's Mom Tricks Him Into Staying Close to Home |first=Zach |last=Johnson |date=10 May 2017 |access-date=30 September 2018 |publisher=[[E!]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515154650/http://www.eonline.com/news/849879/tom-holland-s-mom-tricks-him-into-staying-close-to-home |archive-date=15 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> As ein parents get creative professions, he often be inspired by them<ref name="interview">{{cite magazine |author=[[Coleman, Zendaya]] |title=Tom Holland |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/tom-holland |access-date=19 February 2022 |magazine=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]] |date=2 June 2017 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219111245/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/tom-holland |url-status=live}}</ref> den dey consider ein poppie a role model. Ein poppie unofficially work as Holland ein manager secof ein experience insyd de entertainment industry.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |last1=Khomami |first1=Nadia |title=From Billy Elliot to Spider-Man: how Tom Holland won the world's heart |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jan/24/tom-holland-actor-billy-elliot-to-spider-man |access-date=13 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213004331/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jan/24/tom-holland-actor-billy-elliot-to-spider-man |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="people">{{cite magazine |last1=Nelson |first1=Jeff |date=15 December 2021 |title=Tom Holland Talks His Future as Spider-Man, Reveals He Wants to 'Focus on Starting a Family' Next |url=https://people.com/movies/tom-holland-talks-plans-after-spider-man-family/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220014507/https://people.com/movies/tom-holland-talks-plans-after-spider-man-family/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> ==Filmography den accolades== [[List of roles and awards of Tom Holland|Holland ein accolades]] include a [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Award]], three [[Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor]] for ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016), ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017) den ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home|Far From Home]]'', three [[Teen Choice Awards]] den two [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]. == References == <references /> == External links == 129nejm40zoejn94e738an02o5ibfg1 115781 115780 2026-11-05T11:50:11Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 June 1996) be a British actor. Dem know for [[List of roles and awards of Tom Holland|ein performances]] insyd both [[independent film]]s den major studio features, na ein films gross over $16.1 billion worldwide, wey dey make am [[List of highest-grossing actors|de highest-grossing leading actor of all time]]. [[List of roles and awards of Tom Holland#Awards and nominations|Ein accolades]] dey include a [[British Academy Film Award]] den three [[Saturn Awards]], in addition to nominations for four [[Broadcast Film Critics Association|Critics' Choice Awards]]. Holland ein career begin at age nine wen he enroll insyd a dancing class, wer a choreographer notice am den arranged for am to audition for a role insyd ''[[Billy Elliot the Musical]]'' at London ein [[Victoria Palace Theatre]]. After two years of training, na dem promote am to de lead role of Billy Elliot, wich he play from 2008 to 2010. Holland make ein film debut as a voice actor on de British dub of de Japanese animated film ''[[Arrietty]]'' (2011). Insyd 2012, he receive acclaim for ein portrayal of a young tourist insyd de disaster drama ''[[The Impossible (2012 film)|The Impossible]]'', wich earn am de [[National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance]] den a nomination for de [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer]]. After dis, Holland decide to pursue [[acting]] as a full-time career, appearing insyd ''[[How I Live Now (film)|How I Live Now]]'' (2013), ''[[In the Heart of the Sea (film)|In the Heart of the Sea]]'' (2015) den ''[[The Lost City of Z (film)|The Lost City of Z]]'' (2016). Holland achieve international recognition playing [[Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Spider-Man]] insyd seven [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) superhero films, wey dey begin plus ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016). De following year, Holland receive de [[BAFTA Rising Star Award]] wey he cam be de youngest actor to play a title role insyd an MCU film wen he star insyd ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017). He reprise de role insyd de film ein sequels ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home|Far From Home]]'' (2019), ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home|No Way Home]]'' (2021) den ''[[Spider-Man: Brand New Day|Brand New Day]]'' (2026). Holland play against-[[typecasting|type]] roles insyd de crime dramas ''[[The Devil All the Time (film)|The Devil All the Time]]'' (2020) den ''[[Cherry (2021 film)|Cherry]]'' (2021), wey he star insyd de big-budget films ''[[Uncharted (film)|Uncharted]]'' (2022) den ''[[The Odyssey (2026 film)|The Odyssey]]'' (2026). Holland get voice roles insyd de animated features ''[[Spies in Disguise]]'' (2019) den ''[[Onward (film)|Onward]]'' (2020). On television, he get roles insyd de [[BBC]] historical miniseries ''[[Wolf Hall (TV series)|Wolf Hall]]'' (2015) den de [[Apple TV+]] psychological thriller limited series ''[[The Crowded Room]]'' (2023). He return to de stage as Romeo insyd de West End revival of ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' (2024). Holland marry to [[Zendaya]], ein co-star insyd de ''Spider-Man'' films. ==Early life== Na dem born Thomas Stanley Holland on 1 June 1996 insyd [[Kingston upon Thames]], insyd south-west [[London]], to photographer Nicola ({{Nee|Frost}}) den comedian-author [[Dominic Holland]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ott |first1=Tim |title=Tom Holland |url=https://www.biography.com/actor/tom-holland |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]] |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222021614/https://www.biography.com/actor/tom-holland |url-status=dead}}</ref> He has three younger brothers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Kathryn |title=Meet Tom Holland's younger brother Harry, with a cameo in Spider-Man 3 |url=https://www.capitalfm.com/news/tom-holland-brother-harry/ |publisher=[[Capital (network)|Capital FM]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |date=24 February 2021 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031222359/https://www.capitalfm.com/news/tom-holland-brother-harry/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Na ein paternal grandmommie be from [[County Tipperary]], [[Ireland]] den ein paternal grandpoppie be from de [[Isle of Man]]. Holland dey live insyd Kingston upon Thames, near de house of ein parents den brothers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/849879/tom-holland-s-mom-tricks-him-into-staying-close-to-home|title=Tom Holland's Mom Tricks Him Into Staying Close to Home |first=Zach |last=Johnson |date=10 May 2017 |access-date=30 September 2018 |publisher=[[E!]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515154650/http://www.eonline.com/news/849879/tom-holland-s-mom-tricks-him-into-staying-close-to-home |archive-date=15 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> As ein parents get creative professions, he often be inspired by them<ref name="interview">{{cite magazine |author=[[Coleman, Zendaya]] |title=Tom Holland |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/tom-holland |access-date=19 February 2022 |magazine=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]] |date=2 June 2017 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219111245/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/tom-holland |url-status=live}}</ref> den dey consider ein poppie a role model. Ein poppie unofficially work as Holland ein manager secof ein experience insyd de entertainment industry.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |last1=Khomami |first1=Nadia |title=From Billy Elliot to Spider-Man: how Tom Holland won the world's heart |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jan/24/tom-holland-actor-billy-elliot-to-spider-man |access-date=13 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213004331/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jan/24/tom-holland-actor-billy-elliot-to-spider-man |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="people">{{cite magazine |last1=Nelson |first1=Jeff |date=15 December 2021 |title=Tom Holland Talks His Future as Spider-Man, Reveals He Wants to 'Focus on Starting a Family' Next |url=https://people.com/movies/tom-holland-talks-plans-after-spider-man-family/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220014507/https://people.com/movies/tom-holland-talks-plans-after-spider-man-family/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> ==Filmography den accolades== [[List of roles and awards of Tom Holland|Holland ein accolades]] include a [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Award]], three [[Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor]] for ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016), ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017) den ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home|Far From Home]]'', three [[Teen Choice Awards]] den two [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]. == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q2023710|c=Category:Tom Holland (actor)|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * {{IMDb name|4043618}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century British male actors]] [[Category:People educated at de BRIT School]] [[Category:Actors wey komot de Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Actors plus dyslexia]] [[Category:BAFTA Rising Star Award winners]] [[Category:British actors plus disabilities]] [[Category:British male child actors]] [[Category:British male film actors]] [[Category:British male musical theatre actors]] [[Category:British male stage actors]] [[Category:British male television actors]] [[Category:British male voice actors]] [[Category:British people of Irish descent]] [[Category:British people of Manx descent]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Male actors wey komot London]] [[Category:People educated at Wimbledon College]] [[Category:People wey komot Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:British people plus attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] oehbb2xfu406apdapanp749b848jaig 14 31249 115768 2026-11-05T10:14:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115768 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 10 31250 115769 2026-11-05T10:25:39Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115769 wikitext text/x-wiki —<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 23joqzm2jd36f43xgqngjduru7rp4ip 14 31251 115773 2026-11-05T10:39:13Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115773 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31252 115774 2026-11-05T10:39:23Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115774 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31253 115775 2026-11-05T10:39:35Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115775 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31254 115776 2026-11-05T10:39:45Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115776 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31255 115777 2026-11-05T10:39:56Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115777 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3 31256 115778 2026-11-05T11:01:48Z DaSupremo 9 /* Ghanaian Pidgin */ new section 115778 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ghanaian Pidgin == Hello @[[User:Aldayaman|Aldayaman]]. Thanks for the translations you are doing and we appreciate your effort. I would like to draw your attention. This is Ghanaian Pidgin which is different from Nigerian Pidgin. I realized your translations are mostly in Nigerian Pidgin which I have been correcting so kindly take note. Regards [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:01, 5 November 2026 (GMT) 6r68grcamszc7wluajqnr3b3rtmpo0j 14 31257 115782 2026-11-05T11:51:57Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115782 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31258 115783 2026-11-05T11:54:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115783 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31259 115784 2026-11-05T11:55:12Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115784 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31260 115785 2026-11-05T11:55:51Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115785 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31261 115786 2026-11-05T11:56:27Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115786 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31262 115787 2026-11-05T11:56:38Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115787 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31263 115788 2026-11-05T11:57:45Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115788 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31264 115789 2026-11-05T11:57:55Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115789 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31265 115790 2026-11-05T11:58:38Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115790 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31266 115791 2026-11-05T11:58:49Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115791 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1