Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 29582 115893 109943 2026-11-06T19:19:44Z ~2026-58927-65 8723 115893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Sex chromosome aneuploidies]] [[Category:Syndromes]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] * == External links == {{Commons}} * [[United States National Library of Medicine|NLM]] (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20041211065522/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=triplexsyndrome Triple X syndrome] Genetics Home Reference 461gra7rk7l86r4vardxm8cb2ye5oc2 115899 115893 2026-11-06T22:02:16Z DaSupremo 9 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/115893|115893]] by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58927-65|~2026-58927-65]] ([[User talk:~2026-58927-65|talk]]) 115899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Trisomy X''', dem sanso know as '''triple X syndrome''' wey be characterized by de karyotype '''47,XXX''', be a chromosome disorder insyd wich a female get an extra copy of de X chromosome. E be relatively common den dey occur insyd 1 insyd 1,000 females, buh e be rarely diagnosed; fewer dan 10% of those plus de condition know say dem get am. Those wey get symptoms fi get learning disabilities, mild dysmorphic features such as hypertelorism (wide-spaced eyes) den clinodactyly (incurved little fingers), early [[menopause]], den increased height. As de symptoms of trisomy X often no be serious enough to prompt a karyotype test, chaw cases of trisomy X be diagnosed before birth via prenatal screening tests such as amniocentesis. Most females plus trisomy X dey live normal lives, although dema socioeconomic status be reduced compared to de general population. Trisomy X dey occur via a process dem call nondisjunction, insyd wich normal cell division be interrupted den dey produce gametes plus too many anaa too few chromosomes. Nondisjunction be a random occurrence, den most girlies den women plus trisomy X get no family histories of chromosome aneuploidy. Advanced maternal age be mildly associated plus trisomy X. Women plus trisomy X fi get kiddies of dema own, wey insyd most cases no get an increased risk of chromosome disorders; women plus mosaic trisomy X, wey get a mixture of 46,XX (de typical female karyotype) den 47,XXX cells, fi get an increased risk of chromosomally abnormal kiddies. Dem first report insyd 1959 by de geneticist [[Patricia Jacobs]], na de early understanding of trisomy X be dat of a debilitating disability dem observe insyd institutionalized women. Beginning insyd de 1960s, studies of people plus sex chromosome aneuploidies from birth to adulthood find say dem often be only mildly affected, fitting insyd plus de general population, den dat many never need de attention of clinicians secof de condition. == References == <references /> [[Category:Sex chromosome aneuploidies]] [[Category:Syndromes]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] == Book sources == * {{Cite book |last1=Skuse |first1=David |chapter=Sex chromosome aneuploidies |date=2018 |title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=147 |pages=355–376 |editor-last=Geschwind |editor-first=Daniel H. |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444632333000245 |series=Neurogenetics, Part I |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-63233-3.00024-5 |last2=Printzlau |first2=Frida |last3=Wolstencroft |first3=Jeanne |pmid=29325624 |isbn=978-0-444-63233-3 |editor2-last=Paulson |editor2-first=Henry L. |editor3-last=Klein |editor3-first=Christine |ref=CITEREFSkuse, Printzlau & Wolstencroft2018}} * {{Cite book |last1=Messer |first1=K |chapter=Trisomy X Syndrome (47,XXX) |date=2013 |title=Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123749840017009 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-374984-0.01700-9 |isbn=978-0-08-096156-9 |last2=D'Epagnier |first2=C |last3=Howell |first3=S |last4=Tartaglia |first4=N |pages=195−197 |ref=CITEREFMesser2013}}. == External links == {{Commons}} * [[United States National Library of Medicine|NLM]] (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20041211065522/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=triplexsyndrome Triple X syndrome] Genetics Home Reference jt5bc3lxjtuznchhcpcmrqjl314oks2 0 31315 115874 2026-11-06T16:50:20Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502734|Influenza vaccine]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115874 wikitext text/x-wiki '''fluenza vaccines''', == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] enqv34jxnb0dnjvkvlugvmdpbahw7j7 115875 115874 2026-11-06T16:56:17Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Influenza vaccines''', dem colloquially know as '''flu shots'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines/keyfacts.html |website=Influenza (Flu) |language=en-us |date=30 September 2024}}</ref> or '''flu jabs''',<ref>{{cite web |title=The flu jab in pregnancy |url=https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/flu-jab/ |website=nhs.uk |language=en |date=3 December 2020}}</ref> be [[vaccine]]s wey dey protect against infection by [[influenza viruses]].<ref name=WHO2012>{{cite journal |author=World Health Organization | author-link = World Health Organization | title = Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 87 | issue = 47 | pages = 461–76 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23210147 | hdl=10665/241993 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=WHO2022>{{cite journal |author=World Health Organization | author-link = World Health Organization | title = Vaccines against influenza: WHO position paper – May 2022 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 97 | issue = 19 | pages = 185–208 | date = May 2022 | hdl=10665/354265 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> New versions of de vaccines be developed twice a year, as de influenza virus rapidly change.<ref name=WHO2012/> While dema effectiveness dey vary from year to year, chaw provide modest to high protection against [[influenza]].<ref name=WHO2012/><ref name=Man2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manzoli L, Ioannidis JP, Flacco ME, De Vito C, Villari P | title = Effectiveness and harms of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in children, adults and elderly: a critical review and re-analysis of 15 meta-analyses | journal = Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = 851–62 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22777099 | pmc = 3495721 | doi = 10.4161/hv.19917 | author-link2 = John P.A. Ioannidis }}</ref> Vaccination against influenza begin insyd de 1930s, with large-scale availability insyd de [[United States]] wey dey begin insyd 1945.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOE-3atWZssC&pg=PA49 |title=Vaccines for pandemic influenza |vauthors=Compans RW |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-92165-3 |location=Dordrecht |page=49 |access-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803101300/https://books.google.com/books?id=uOE-3atWZssC&pg=PA49 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJKeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-45024-6 |page=61 |access-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141329/https://books.google.com/books?id=vJKeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == iq1v2tjad8es93b2u27spq5hfd2a6ch 115876 115875 2026-11-06T17:00:09Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Influenza vaccines''', dem colloquially know as '''flu shots'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines/keyfacts.html |website=Influenza (Flu) |language=en-us |date=30 September 2024}}</ref> anaa '''flu jabs''',<ref>{{cite web |title=The flu jab in pregnancy |url=https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/flu-jab/ |website=nhs.uk |language=en |date=3 December 2020}}</ref> be [[vaccine]]s wey dey protect against infection by [[influenza viruses]].<ref name=WHO2012>{{cite journal |author=World Health Organization | author-link = World Health Organization | title = Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 87 | issue = 47 | pages = 461–76 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23210147 | hdl=10665/241993 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=WHO2022>{{cite journal |author=World Health Organization | author-link = World Health Organization | title = Vaccines against influenza: WHO position paper – May 2022 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 97 | issue = 19 | pages = 185–208 | date = May 2022 | hdl=10665/354265 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> New versions of de vaccines be developed twice a year, as de influenza virus rapidly change.<ref name=WHO2012/> While dema effectiveness dey vary from year to year, chaw provide modest to high protection against [[influenza]].<ref name=WHO2012/><ref name=Man2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manzoli L, Ioannidis JP, Flacco ME, De Vito C, Villari P | title = Effectiveness and harms of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in children, adults and elderly: a critical review and re-analysis of 15 meta-analyses | journal = Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = 851–62 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22777099 | pmc = 3495721 | doi = 10.4161/hv.19917 | author-link2 = John P.A. Ioannidis }}</ref> Vaccination against influenza begin insyd de 1930s, with large-scale availability insyd de [[United States]] wey dey begin insyd 1945.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOE-3atWZssC&pg=PA49 |title=Vaccines for pandemic influenza |vauthors=Compans RW |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-92165-3 |location=Dordrecht |page=49 |access-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803101300/https://books.google.com/books?id=uOE-3atWZssC&pg=PA49 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJKeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-45024-6 |page=61 |access-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141329/https://books.google.com/books?id=vJKeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Both de [[World Health Organization]] den de US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) recommend yearly vaccination for nearly all people over de age of six months, especially those at high risk,<ref name="WHO2012" /><ref name="WhoShouldVax">{{cite web |date=October 11, 2019 |title=Who Should and Who Should NOT get a Flu Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/whoshouldvax.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202202838/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/whoshouldvax.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2019 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The immunological basis for immunization series: module 23: influenza vaccines |date=October 2017 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |isbn=978-92-4-151305-0 |hdl=10665/259211 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid34448800" /> den de influenza vaccine be on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO24th">{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list | year = 2025 | hdl = 10665/382243 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | hdl-access = free | doi = 10.2471/B09474 | doi-access = free | id = License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> De [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC) sanso dey recommend yearly vaccination of high-risk groups,<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2014 |title=Implementation of the Council Recommendation on seasonal influenza vaccination (2009/1019/EU) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/Implementation-seasonal-influenza-vaccination-Council-Recommendation-Jan-2014.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410223651/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/Implementation-seasonal-influenza-vaccination-Council-Recommendation-Jan-2014.pdf |archive-date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=April 10, 2020 |website=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]]}}</ref> particularly pregnant women, de elderly, kiddies between six months den five years, den those plus certain health problems.<ref name="WHO20122" /><ref name="pmid344488002" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] igbcqe4g82bzrx0oob6gwu72f355v8u 115877 115876 2026-11-06T17:05:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Influenza vaccines''', dem colloquially know as '''flu shots'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines/keyfacts.html |website=Influenza (Flu) |language=en-us |date=30 September 2024}}</ref> anaa '''flu jabs''',<ref>{{cite web |title=The flu jab in pregnancy |url=https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/flu-jab/ |website=nhs.uk |language=en |date=3 December 2020}}</ref> be [[vaccine]]s wey dey protect against infection by [[influenza viruses]].<ref name=WHO2012>{{cite journal |author=World Health Organization | author-link = World Health Organization | title = Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 87 | issue = 47 | pages = 461–76 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23210147 | hdl=10665/241993 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=WHO2022>{{cite journal |author=World Health Organization | author-link = World Health Organization | title = Vaccines against influenza: WHO position paper – May 2022 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 97 | issue = 19 | pages = 185–208 | date = May 2022 | hdl=10665/354265 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> New versions of de vaccines be developed twice a year, as de influenza virus rapidly change.<ref name=WHO2012/> While dema effectiveness dey vary from year to year, chaw provide modest to high protection against [[influenza]].<ref name=WHO2012/><ref name=Man2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manzoli L, Ioannidis JP, Flacco ME, De Vito C, Villari P | title = Effectiveness and harms of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in children, adults and elderly: a critical review and re-analysis of 15 meta-analyses | journal = Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = 851–62 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22777099 | pmc = 3495721 | doi = 10.4161/hv.19917 | author-link2 = John P.A. Ioannidis }}</ref> Vaccination against influenza begin insyd de 1930s, with large-scale availability insyd de [[United States]] wey dey begin insyd 1945.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOE-3atWZssC&pg=PA49 |title=Vaccines for pandemic influenza |vauthors=Compans RW |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-92165-3 |location=Dordrecht |page=49 |access-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803101300/https://books.google.com/books?id=uOE-3atWZssC&pg=PA49 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJKeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-45024-6 |page=61 |access-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141329/https://books.google.com/books?id=vJKeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Both de [[World Health Organization]] den de US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) recommend yearly vaccination for nearly all people over de age of six months, especially those at high risk,<ref name="WHO2012" /><ref name="WhoShouldVax">{{cite web |date=October 11, 2019 |title=Who Should and Who Should NOT get a Flu Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/whoshouldvax.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202202838/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/whoshouldvax.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2019 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}} </ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The immunological basis for immunization series: module 23: influenza vaccines |date=October 2017 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |isbn=978-92-4-151305-0 |hdl=10665/259211 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid34448800" /> den de influenza vaccine be on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO24th">{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list | year = 2025 | hdl = 10665/382243 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | hdl-access = free | doi = 10.2471/B09474 | doi-access = free | id = License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> De [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC) sanso dey recommend yearly vaccination of high-risk groups,<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2014 |title=Implementation of the Council Recommendation on seasonal influenza vaccination (2009/1019/EU) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/Implementation-seasonal-influenza-vaccination-Council-Recommendation-Jan-2014.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410223651/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/Implementation-seasonal-influenza-vaccination-Council-Recommendation-Jan-2014.pdf |archive-date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=April 10, 2020 |website=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]]}}</ref> particularly pregnant women, de elderly, kiddies between six months den five years, den those plus certain health problems.<ref name="WHO20122" /><ref name="pmid344488002" /> De vaccines generally be safe, wey dey include for people wey get severe [[egg allergy|egg allergies]].<ref name="CDCegg">{{cite web |date=November 25, 2019 |title=Flu Vaccine and People with Egg Allergies |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/egg-allergies.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202200432/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/egg-allergies.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2019 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}} </ref> A common [[side effect]] be soreness near de site of injection. [[Fever]] dey occur insyd five to ten percent of kiddies dem vaccinate, den temporary muscle pains anaa feelings of tiredness fi occur. Insyd certain years, de vaccine be linked to an increase insyd [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]] among older people at a rate of about one case per million doses.<ref name="WHO2012" /> Influenza vaccines no be recommended insyd those wey na dem get a [[anaphylaxis|severe allergy]] to previous versions of de vaccine einself.<ref name="WHO2012" /><ref name="CDCegg" /> De vaccine dey cam insyd ''[[Inactivated vaccine|inactive]]'' den ''[[Attenuated vaccine|weakened]]'' viral forms. De live, weakened vaccine generally no be recommended insyd pregnant women, kiddies less dan two years old, adults older dan 50, anaa people plus a [[Immunocompromisation|weakened immune system]].<ref name=WHO2012/> Dey depend on de type e fi be [[intramuscular|injected into a muscle (intramuscular)]], [[intranasal|dem spray into de nose]] (intranasal), anaa [[intradermal|dem inject into de middle layer of de skin]] (intradermal).<ref name=WHO2012/> De intradermal vaccine no be available during de 2018–2019 den 2019–2020 influenza seasons.<ref>{{cite web | title=Intradermal Influenza (Flu) Vaccination | website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date=October 31, 2018 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/qa_intradermal-vaccine.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014052917/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/qa_intradermal-vaccine.htm | archive-date=October 14, 2019 | url-status=live | access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Influenza vaccines – United States, 2019–20 influenza season | website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date=August 22, 2019 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccines.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014053637/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccines.htm | archive-date=October 14, 2019 | url-status=live | access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web | title = Influenza Virus Vaccine Inactivated | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/influenza-virus-vaccine-inactivated.html | publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | date=November 19, 2018 | access-date = October 13, 2019 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191014051931/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/influenza-virus-vaccine-inactivated.html | archive-date = October 14, 2019 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 46pxc6uf8bl08edlozadp52jgpvc5ef 115878 115877 2026-11-06T17:08:11Z DaSupremo 9 Fix references 115878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Influenza vaccines''', dem colloquially know as '''flu shots'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines/keyfacts.html |website=Influenza (Flu) |language=en-us |date=30 September 2024}}</ref> anaa '''flu jabs''',<ref>{{cite web |title=The flu jab in pregnancy |url=https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/flu-jab/ |website=nhs.uk |language=en |date=3 December 2020}}</ref> be [[vaccine]]s wey dey protect against infection by [[influenza viruses]].<ref name=WHO2012>{{cite journal |author=World Health Organization | author-link = World Health Organization | title = Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 87 | issue = 47 | pages = 461–76 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23210147 | hdl=10665/241993 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=WHO2022>{{cite journal |author=World Health Organization | author-link = World Health Organization | title = Vaccines against influenza: WHO position paper – May 2022 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 97 | issue = 19 | pages = 185–208 | date = May 2022 | hdl=10665/354265 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> New versions of de vaccines be developed twice a year, as de influenza virus rapidly change.<ref name=WHO2012/> While dema effectiveness dey vary from year to year, chaw provide modest to high protection against [[influenza]].<ref name=WHO2012/><ref name=Man2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manzoli L, Ioannidis JP, Flacco ME, De Vito C, Villari P | title = Effectiveness and harms of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in children, adults and elderly: a critical review and re-analysis of 15 meta-analyses | journal = Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = 851–62 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22777099 | pmc = 3495721 | doi = 10.4161/hv.19917 | author-link2 = John P.A. Ioannidis }}</ref> Vaccination against influenza begin insyd de 1930s, with large-scale availability insyd de [[United States]] wey dey begin insyd 1945.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOE-3atWZssC&pg=PA49 |title=Vaccines for pandemic influenza |vauthors=Compans RW |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-92165-3 |location=Dordrecht |page=49 |access-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803101300/https://books.google.com/books?id=uOE-3atWZssC&pg=PA49 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJKeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-45024-6 |page=61 |access-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141329/https://books.google.com/books?id=vJKeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Both de [[World Health Organization]] den de US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) recommend yearly vaccination for nearly all people over de age of six months, especially those at high risk,<ref name="WHO2012" /><ref name="WhoShouldVax">{{cite web |date=October 11, 2019 |title=Who Should and Who Should NOT get a Flu Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/whoshouldvax.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202202838/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/whoshouldvax.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2019 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}} </ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The immunological basis for immunization series: module 23: influenza vaccines |date=October 2017 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |isbn=978-92-4-151305-0 |hdl=10665/259211 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid344488003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grohskopf LA, Alyanak E, Ferdinands JM, Broder KR, Blanton LH, Talbot HK, Fry AM |date=August 2021 |title=Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2021-22 Influenza Season |url=<!-- Official URL --> https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/rr/pdfs/rr7005a1-H.pdf |url-status=live |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.rr7005a1 |pmc=8407757 |pmid=34448800 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827010217/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/rr/pdfs/rr7005a1-H.pdf |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |access-date=August 29, 2021 |doi-access=free}} </ref> den de influenza vaccine be on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO24th">{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list | year = 2025 | hdl = 10665/382243 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | hdl-access = free | doi = 10.2471/B09474 | doi-access = free | id = License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> De [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC) sanso dey recommend yearly vaccination of high-risk groups,<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2014 |title=Implementation of the Council Recommendation on seasonal influenza vaccination (2009/1019/EU) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/Implementation-seasonal-influenza-vaccination-Council-Recommendation-Jan-2014.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410223651/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/Implementation-seasonal-influenza-vaccination-Council-Recommendation-Jan-2014.pdf |archive-date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=April 10, 2020 |website=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]]}}</ref> particularly pregnant women, de elderly, kiddies between six months den five years, den those plus certain health problems.<ref name="WHO2012" /><ref name="pmid344488003" /> De vaccines generally be safe, wey dey include for people wey get severe [[egg allergy|egg allergies]].<ref name="CDCegg">{{cite web |date=November 25, 2019 |title=Flu Vaccine and People with Egg Allergies |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/egg-allergies.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202200432/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/egg-allergies.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2019 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}} </ref> A common [[side effect]] be soreness near de site of injection. [[Fever]] dey occur insyd five to ten percent of kiddies dem vaccinate, den temporary muscle pains anaa feelings of tiredness fi occur. Insyd certain years, de vaccine be linked to an increase insyd [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]] among older people at a rate of about one case per million doses.<ref name="WHO2012" /> Influenza vaccines no be recommended insyd those wey na dem get a [[anaphylaxis|severe allergy]] to previous versions of de vaccine einself.<ref name="WHO2012" /><ref name="CDCegg" /> De vaccine dey cam insyd ''[[Inactivated vaccine|inactive]]'' den ''[[Attenuated vaccine|weakened]]'' viral forms. De live, weakened vaccine generally no be recommended insyd pregnant women, kiddies less dan two years old, adults older dan 50, anaa people plus a [[Immunocompromisation|weakened immune system]].<ref name=WHO2012/> Dey depend on de type e fi be [[intramuscular|injected into a muscle (intramuscular)]], [[intranasal|dem spray into de nose]] (intranasal), anaa [[intradermal|dem inject into de middle layer of de skin]] (intradermal).<ref name=WHO2012/> De intradermal vaccine no be available during de 2018–2019 den 2019–2020 influenza seasons.<ref>{{cite web | title=Intradermal Influenza (Flu) Vaccination | website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date=October 31, 2018 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/qa_intradermal-vaccine.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014052917/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/qa_intradermal-vaccine.htm | archive-date=October 14, 2019 | url-status=live | access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Influenza vaccines – United States, 2019–20 influenza season | website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date=August 22, 2019 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccines.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014053637/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccines.htm | archive-date=October 14, 2019 | url-status=live | access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web | title = Influenza Virus Vaccine Inactivated | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/influenza-virus-vaccine-inactivated.html | publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | date=November 19, 2018 | access-date = October 13, 2019 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191014051931/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/influenza-virus-vaccine-inactivated.html | archive-date = October 14, 2019 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] fjn20f7jw5nmjnwm2wv880t4z20kjxj 115880 115878 2026-11-06T17:12:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Influenza vaccines''', dem colloquially know as '''flu shots'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines/keyfacts.html |website=Influenza (Flu) |language=en-us |date=30 September 2024}}</ref> anaa '''flu jabs''',<ref>{{cite web |title=The flu jab in pregnancy |url=https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/flu-jab/ |website=nhs.uk |language=en |date=3 December 2020}}</ref> be [[vaccine]]s wey dey protect against infection by [[influenza viruses]].<ref name=WHO2012>{{cite journal |author=World Health Organization | author-link = World Health Organization | title = Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 87 | issue = 47 | pages = 461–76 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23210147 | hdl=10665/241993 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=WHO2022>{{cite journal |author=World Health Organization | author-link = World Health Organization | title = Vaccines against influenza: WHO position paper – May 2022 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 97 | issue = 19 | pages = 185–208 | date = May 2022 | hdl=10665/354265 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> New versions of de vaccines be developed twice a year, as de influenza virus rapidly change.<ref name=WHO2012/> While dema effectiveness dey vary from year to year, chaw provide modest to high protection against [[influenza]].<ref name=WHO2012/><ref name=Man2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manzoli L, Ioannidis JP, Flacco ME, De Vito C, Villari P | title = Effectiveness and harms of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in children, adults and elderly: a critical review and re-analysis of 15 meta-analyses | journal = Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = 851–62 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22777099 | pmc = 3495721 | doi = 10.4161/hv.19917 | author-link2 = John P.A. Ioannidis }}</ref> Vaccination against influenza begin insyd de 1930s, with large-scale availability insyd de [[United States]] wey dey begin insyd 1945.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOE-3atWZssC&pg=PA49 |title=Vaccines for pandemic influenza |vauthors=Compans RW |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-92165-3 |location=Dordrecht |page=49 |access-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803101300/https://books.google.com/books?id=uOE-3atWZssC&pg=PA49 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJKeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-45024-6 |page=61 |access-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141329/https://books.google.com/books?id=vJKeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Both de [[World Health Organization]] den de US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) recommend yearly vaccination for nearly all people over de age of six months, especially those at high risk,<ref name="WHO2012" /><ref name="WhoShouldVax">{{cite web |date=October 11, 2019 |title=Who Should and Who Should NOT get a Flu Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/whoshouldvax.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202202838/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/whoshouldvax.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2019 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}} </ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The immunological basis for immunization series: module 23: influenza vaccines |date=October 2017 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |isbn=978-92-4-151305-0 |hdl=10665/259211 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid344488003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grohskopf LA, Alyanak E, Ferdinands JM, Broder KR, Blanton LH, Talbot HK, Fry AM |date=August 2021 |title=Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2021-22 Influenza Season |url=<!-- Official URL --> https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/rr/pdfs/rr7005a1-H.pdf |url-status=live |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.rr7005a1 |pmc=8407757 |pmid=34448800 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827010217/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/rr/pdfs/rr7005a1-H.pdf |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |access-date=August 29, 2021 |doi-access=free}} </ref> den de influenza vaccine be on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO24th">{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list | year = 2025 | hdl = 10665/382243 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | hdl-access = free | doi = 10.2471/B09474 | doi-access = free | id = License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> De [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC) sanso dey recommend yearly vaccination of high-risk groups,<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2014 |title=Implementation of the Council Recommendation on seasonal influenza vaccination (2009/1019/EU) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/Implementation-seasonal-influenza-vaccination-Council-Recommendation-Jan-2014.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410223651/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/Implementation-seasonal-influenza-vaccination-Council-Recommendation-Jan-2014.pdf |archive-date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=April 10, 2020 |website=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]]}}</ref> particularly pregnant women, de elderly, kiddies between six months den five years, den those plus certain health problems.<ref name="WHO2012" /><ref name="pmid344488003" /> De vaccines generally be safe, wey dey include for people wey get severe [[egg allergy|egg allergies]].<ref name="CDCegg">{{cite web |date=November 25, 2019 |title=Flu Vaccine and People with Egg Allergies |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/egg-allergies.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202200432/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/egg-allergies.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2019 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}} </ref> A common [[side effect]] be soreness near de site of injection. [[Fever]] dey occur insyd five to ten percent of kiddies dem vaccinate, den temporary muscle pains anaa feelings of tiredness fi occur. Insyd certain years, de vaccine be linked to an increase insyd [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]] among older people at a rate of about one case per million doses.<ref name="WHO2012" /> Influenza vaccines no be recommended insyd those wey na dem get a [[anaphylaxis|severe allergy]] to previous versions of de vaccine einself.<ref name="WHO2012" /><ref name="CDCegg" /> De vaccine dey cam insyd ''[[Inactivated vaccine|inactive]]'' den ''[[Attenuated vaccine|weakened]]'' viral forms. De live, weakened vaccine generally no be recommended insyd pregnant women, kiddies less dan two years old, adults older dan 50, anaa people plus a [[Immunocompromisation|weakened immune system]].<ref name=WHO2012/> Dey depend on de type e fi be [[intramuscular|injected into a muscle (intramuscular)]], [[intranasal|dem spray into de nose]] (intranasal), anaa [[intradermal|dem inject into de middle layer of de skin]] (intradermal).<ref name=WHO2012/> De intradermal vaccine no be available during de 2018–2019 den 2019–2020 influenza seasons.<ref>{{cite web | title=Intradermal Influenza (Flu) Vaccination | website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date=October 31, 2018 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/qa_intradermal-vaccine.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014052917/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/qa_intradermal-vaccine.htm | archive-date=October 14, 2019 | url-status=live | access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Influenza vaccines – United States, 2019–20 influenza season | website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date=August 22, 2019 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccines.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014053637/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccines.htm | archive-date=October 14, 2019 | url-status=live | access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web | title = Influenza Virus Vaccine Inactivated | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/influenza-virus-vaccine-inactivated.html | publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | date=November 19, 2018 | access-date = October 13, 2019 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191014051931/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/influenza-virus-vaccine-inactivated.html | archive-date = October 14, 2019 }}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q383260|c=Category:Influenza vaccines|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/current-vis/influenza-inactivated.html Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Information Statement], US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) * [https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/current-vis/influenza-live-intranasal.html Live, Intranasal Influenza Vaccine Information Statement], US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) * [https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevention/index.html Preventing Seasonal Flu], US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) * [https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevention/misconceptions.html Misconceptions about Seasonal Flu and Flu Vaccines], US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) * {{MeshName|Influenza Vaccines}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Influenza Vaccine}} [[Category:Influenza vaccines| ]] [[Category:Live vaccines]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines)]] [[Category:Inactivated vaccines]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] d6uz213hplamgeoibj3po6av2egatwi 10 31316 115879 2026-11-06T17:12:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115879 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name={{urlencode:{{#invoke:String|replace|{{{1}}}|+| }}}} {{replace|{{{3|{{{1}}}}}}|'|&#39;}}] at the U.S. National Library of Medicine [[Medical Subject Headings]] (MeSH)<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> ct189cdtcykguj9h1328gfu8j9jxx6r 14 31317 115881 2026-11-06T17:13:12Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115881 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31318 115882 2026-11-06T18:16:07Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1508940|Birth control]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Birth control''', == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] gil2rqzw4zsxdkaue0hlnlxc3dwpvhm 115883 115882 2026-11-06T18:26:29Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Birth control''', dem sanso know as '''contraception''', '''anticonception''', den '''fertility control''', be de use of methods anaa devices to prevent [[pregnancy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Birth control|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|work=MedicineNet|access-date=August 9, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|archive-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schreiber |first1=Courtney A. |last2=Barnhart |first2=Kurt |title=Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology |date=2014 |publisher=[[Saunders (imprint)|Saunders]] |isbn=978-1-4557-2758-2 |pages=890–908.e3 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9781455727582000366 |chapter=Chapter 36 - Contraception|edition=Seventh }}</ref> Birth control be used since ancient times, buh effective den safe methods of birth control only cam be available insyd de 20th century.<ref name="Hopkins2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Hanson SJ, Burke AE |year=2010|chapter=Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232| veditors = Hurt KJ, Guile MW, Bienstock JL, Fox HE, Wallach EE |title=The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pages=382–395|isbn=978-1-60547-433-5}}</ref> Planning, making available, den using human birth control be called [[family planning]].<ref name="OED2012">{{cite book|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395|title=Oxford English Dictionary|date= 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="WHO-health-topic">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|title=Family planning|author=World Health Organization (WHO)|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|work=Health topics|access-date=March 28, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318195523/http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|archive-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref> Sam cultures limit anaa discourage access to birth control secof dem consider am to be morally, religiously, anaa politically undesirable.<ref name="Hopkins2010" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 2fnrnfias2lmqe73qsj7difcjhpujcc 115884 115883 2026-11-06T18:33:45Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Birth control''', dem sanso know as '''contraception''', '''anticonception''', den '''fertility control''', be de use of methods anaa devices to prevent [[pregnancy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Birth control|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|work=MedicineNet|access-date=August 9, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|archive-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schreiber |first1=Courtney A. |last2=Barnhart |first2=Kurt |title=Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology |date=2014 |publisher=[[Saunders (imprint)|Saunders]] |isbn=978-1-4557-2758-2 |pages=890–908.e3 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9781455727582000366 |chapter=Chapter 36 - Contraception|edition=Seventh }}</ref> Birth control be used since ancient times, buh effective den safe methods of birth control only cam be available insyd de 20th century.<ref name="Hopkins2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Hanson SJ, Burke AE |year=2010|chapter=Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232| veditors = Hurt KJ, Guile MW, Bienstock JL, Fox HE, Wallach EE |title=The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pages=382–395|isbn=978-1-60547-433-5}}</ref> Planning, making available, den using human birth control be called [[family planning]].<ref name="OED2012">{{cite book|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395|title=Oxford English Dictionary|date= 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="WHO-health-topic">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|title=Family planning|author=World Health Organization (WHO)|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|work=Health topics|access-date=March 28, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318195523/http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|archive-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref> Sam cultures limit anaa discourage access to birth control secof dem consider am to be morally, religiously, anaa politically undesirable.<ref name="Hopkins2010" /> De [[World Health Organization]] den [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] dey provide guidance on de safety of birth control methods among women plus specific medical conditions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use |publisher= World Health Organization|year=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154915-8|edition=Fifth|location=Geneva, Switzerland|oclc=932048744}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, Simmons KB, Pagano HP, Jamieson DJ, Whiteman MK | display-authors = 6 | title = U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016 | language = en-us | journal = MMWR. Recommendations and Reports | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–103 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27467196 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6503a1.htm | doi-access = free }}</ref> De most effective methods of birth control be [[Sterilization (medicine)|sterilization]] by means of [[vasectomy]] insyd males den [[tubal ligation]] insyd females, [[intrauterine device]]s (IUDs), den [[contraceptive implant|implantable birth control]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> Dis be followed by a number of [[hormonal contraceptive|hormone-based methods]] wey dey include [[contraceptive pills]], [[contraceptive patch|patches]], [[vaginal rings]], den [[injectable contraceptives|injections]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> Less effective methods dey include [[barrier contraception|physical barriers]] such as [[condoms]], [[diaphragm (contraceptive)|diaphragms]] den [[fertility awareness methods]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> De least effective methods be [[spermicides]] den [[withdrawal method|withdrawal by de male before ejaculation]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> Sterilization, while highly effective, no be usually reversible; all oda methods be reversible, most immediately upon stopping dem.<ref name=WHO_FP2011>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> [[Safe sex]] practices, such as plus de use of condoms anaa [[female condoms]], sanso fi help prevent [[sexually transmitted infections]].<ref name="pmid22423463">{{cite journal | vauthors = Taliaferro LA, Sieving R, Brady SS, Bearinger LH | title = We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health—do we have the will? | journal = Adolescent Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 521–43, xii | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22423463 }}</ref> Oda birth control methods no dey protect against sexually transmitted infections.<ref name="pmid22341164">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chin HB, Sipe TA, Elder R, Mercer SL, Chattopadhyay SK, Jacob V, Wethington HR, Kirby D, Elliston DB, Griffith M, Chuke SO, Briss SC, Ericksen I, Galbraith JS, Herbst JH, Johnson RL, Kraft JM, Noar SM, Romero LM, Santelli J | display-authors = 6 | title = The effectiveness of group-based comprehensive risk-reduction and abstinence education interventions to prevent or reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted infections: two systematic reviews for the Guide to Community Preventive Services | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 272–94 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22341164 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006 | url = http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract }}</ref> [[Emergency contraceptive|Emergency birth control]] fi prevent pregnancy if dem take within 72 to 120 hours after unprotected sex.<ref name=Gizzo2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gizzo S, Fanelli T, Di Gangi S, Saccardi C, Patrelli TS, Zambon A, Omar A, D'Antona D, Nardelli GB | display-authors = 6 | title = Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications | journal = Gynecological Endocrinology | volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 758–63 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22390259 | doi = 10.3109/09513590.2012.662546 | s2cid = 39676240 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use|date=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156284-3|page=13|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77hFLypBfHYC&pg=RA2-PA16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191327/https://books.google.com/books?id=77hFLypBfHYC&pg=RA2-PA16|archive-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref> Sam dey argue [[sexual abstinence|no dey have sex]] sanso be a form of birth control, buh [[abstinence-only sex education]] fi increase [[teenage pregnancies]] if dem offer widout birth control education, secof non-compliance.<ref name="pmid12065267">{{cite journal | vauthors = DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L | title = Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 324 | issue = 7351 | page = 1426 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12065267 | pmc = 115855 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18923389">{{cite journal | vauthors = Duffy K, Lynch DA, Santinelli J, Santelli J | title = Government support for abstinence-only-until-marriage education | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 84 | issue = 6 | pages = 746–8 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 18923389 | doi = 10.1038/clpt.2008.188 | url = http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html | url-status = live | s2cid = 19499439 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211135056/http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html | archive-date = December 11, 2008 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8rqw9njlff7pcjxjwzlk3o5928z4chu 115885 115884 2026-11-06T18:40:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Birth control''', dem sanso know as '''contraception''', '''anticonception''', den '''fertility control''', be de use of methods anaa devices to prevent [[pregnancy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Birth control|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|work=MedicineNet|access-date=August 9, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|archive-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schreiber |first1=Courtney A. |last2=Barnhart |first2=Kurt |title=Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology |date=2014 |publisher=[[Saunders (imprint)|Saunders]] |isbn=978-1-4557-2758-2 |pages=890–908.e3 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9781455727582000366 |chapter=Chapter 36 - Contraception|edition=Seventh }}</ref> Birth control be used since ancient times, buh effective den safe methods of birth control only cam be available insyd de 20th century.<ref name="Hopkins2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Hanson SJ, Burke AE |year=2010|chapter=Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232| veditors = Hurt KJ, Guile MW, Bienstock JL, Fox HE, Wallach EE |title=The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pages=382–395|isbn=978-1-60547-433-5}}</ref> Planning, making available, den using human birth control be called [[family planning]].<ref name="OED2012">{{cite book|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395|title=Oxford English Dictionary|date= 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="WHO-health-topic">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|title=Family planning|author=World Health Organization (WHO)|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|work=Health topics|access-date=March 28, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318195523/http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|archive-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref> Sam cultures limit anaa discourage access to birth control secof dem consider am to be morally, religiously, anaa politically undesirable.<ref name="Hopkins2010" /> De [[World Health Organization]] den [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] dey provide guidance on de safety of birth control methods among women plus specific medical conditions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use |publisher= World Health Organization|year=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154915-8|edition=Fifth|location=Geneva, Switzerland|oclc=932048744}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, Simmons KB, Pagano HP, Jamieson DJ, Whiteman MK | display-authors = 6 | title = U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016 | language = en-us | journal = MMWR. Recommendations and Reports | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–103 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27467196 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6503a1.htm | doi-access = free }}</ref> De most effective methods of birth control be [[Sterilization (medicine)|sterilization]] by means of [[vasectomy]] insyd males den [[tubal ligation]] insyd females, [[intrauterine device]]s (IUDs), den [[contraceptive implant|implantable birth control]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> Dis be followed by a number of [[hormonal contraceptive|hormone-based methods]] wey dey include [[contraceptive pills]], [[contraceptive patch|patches]], [[vaginal rings]], den [[injectable contraceptives|injections]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> Less effective methods dey include [[barrier contraception|physical barriers]] such as [[condoms]], [[diaphragm (contraceptive)|diaphragms]] den [[fertility awareness methods]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> De least effective methods be [[spermicides]] den [[withdrawal method|withdrawal by de male before ejaculation]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> Sterilization, while highly effective, no be usually reversible; all oda methods be reversible, most immediately upon stopping dem.<ref name=WHO_FP2011>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> [[Safe sex]] practices, such as plus de use of condoms anaa [[female condoms]], sanso fi help prevent [[sexually transmitted infections]].<ref name="pmid22423463">{{cite journal | vauthors = Taliaferro LA, Sieving R, Brady SS, Bearinger LH | title = We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health—do we have the will? | journal = Adolescent Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 521–43, xii | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22423463 }}</ref> Oda birth control methods no dey protect against sexually transmitted infections.<ref name="pmid22341164">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chin HB, Sipe TA, Elder R, Mercer SL, Chattopadhyay SK, Jacob V, Wethington HR, Kirby D, Elliston DB, Griffith M, Chuke SO, Briss SC, Ericksen I, Galbraith JS, Herbst JH, Johnson RL, Kraft JM, Noar SM, Romero LM, Santelli J | display-authors = 6 | title = The effectiveness of group-based comprehensive risk-reduction and abstinence education interventions to prevent or reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted infections: two systematic reviews for the Guide to Community Preventive Services | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 272–94 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22341164 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006 | url = http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract }}</ref> [[Emergency contraceptive|Emergency birth control]] fi prevent pregnancy if dem take within 72 to 120 hours after unprotected sex.<ref name=Gizzo2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gizzo S, Fanelli T, Di Gangi S, Saccardi C, Patrelli TS, Zambon A, Omar A, D'Antona D, Nardelli GB | display-authors = 6 | title = Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications | journal = Gynecological Endocrinology | volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 758–63 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22390259 | doi = 10.3109/09513590.2012.662546 | s2cid = 39676240 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use|date=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156284-3|page=13|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77hFLypBfHYC&pg=RA2-PA16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191327/https://books.google.com/books?id=77hFLypBfHYC&pg=RA2-PA16|archive-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref> Sam dey argue [[sexual abstinence|no dey have sex]] sanso be a form of birth control, buh [[abstinence-only sex education]] fi increase [[teenage pregnancies]] if dem offer widout birth control education, secof non-compliance.<ref name="pmid12065267">{{cite journal | vauthors = DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L | title = Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 324 | issue = 7351 | page = 1426 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12065267 | pmc = 115855 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18923389">{{cite journal | vauthors = Duffy K, Lynch DA, Santinelli J, Santelli J | title = Government support for abstinence-only-until-marriage education | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 84 | issue = 6 | pages = 746–8 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 18923389 | doi = 10.1038/clpt.2008.188 | url = http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html | url-status = live | s2cid = 19499439 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211135056/http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html | archive-date = December 11, 2008 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> [[teenage pregnancy|Insyd teenagers]], pregnancies be at greater risk of poor outcomes.<ref name="pmid22764559" /> Comprehensive [[sex education]] den access to birth control dey decrease de rate of unintended pregnancies insyd dis age group.<ref name="pmid22764559">{{cite journal | vauthors = Black AY, Fleming NA, Rome ES | title = Pregnancy in adolescents | journal = Adolescent Medicine | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 123–38, xi | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22764559 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22764557">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rowan SP, Someshwar J, Murray P | title = Contraception for primary care providers | journal = Adolescent Medicine | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–110, x–xi | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22764557 }}</ref> While all forms of birth control fi generally be used by young people,<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} [[long-acting reversible birth control]] such as implants, IUDs, anaa vaginal rings be more successful in reducing rates of teenage pregnancy.<ref name="pmid22764557" /> After de delivery of a kiddie, a woman wey no be exclusively breastfeeding fi cam be pregnant again after as few as four to six weeks.<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} Sam methods of birth control fi be started immediately following de birth, while odas require a delay of up to six months.<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} Insyd women wey be breastfeeding, [[Progestogen only contraception|progestin-only methods]] be preferred over [[Combined oral contraceptive pill|combined oral birth control pills]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} Insyd women wey na dem reach [[menopause]], e be recommended say birth control be continued for one year after de last [[menstrual period]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] rduvwawvv0jz21sk1knwf5oqbs0t9i9 115886 115885 2026-11-06T18:48:20Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Birth control''', dem sanso know as '''contraception''', '''anticonception''', den '''fertility control''', be de use of methods anaa devices to prevent [[pregnancy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Birth control|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|work=MedicineNet|access-date=August 9, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|archive-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schreiber |first1=Courtney A. |last2=Barnhart |first2=Kurt |title=Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology |date=2014 |publisher=[[Saunders (imprint)|Saunders]] |isbn=978-1-4557-2758-2 |pages=890–908.e3 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9781455727582000366 |chapter=Chapter 36 - Contraception|edition=Seventh }}</ref> Birth control be used since ancient times, buh effective den safe methods of birth control only cam be available insyd de 20th century.<ref name="Hopkins2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Hanson SJ, Burke AE |year=2010|chapter=Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232| veditors = Hurt KJ, Guile MW, Bienstock JL, Fox HE, Wallach EE |title=The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pages=382–395|isbn=978-1-60547-433-5}}</ref> Planning, making available, den using human birth control be called [[family planning]].<ref name="OED2012">{{cite book|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395|title=Oxford English Dictionary|date= 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="WHO-health-topic">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|title=Family planning|author=World Health Organization (WHO)|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|work=Health topics|access-date=March 28, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318195523/http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|archive-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref> Sam cultures limit anaa discourage access to birth control secof dem consider am to be morally, religiously, anaa politically undesirable.<ref name="Hopkins2010" /> De [[World Health Organization]] den [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] dey provide guidance on de safety of birth control methods among women plus specific medical conditions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use |publisher= World Health Organization|year=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154915-8|edition=Fifth|location=Geneva, Switzerland|oclc=932048744}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, Simmons KB, Pagano HP, Jamieson DJ, Whiteman MK | display-authors = 6 | title = U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016 | language = en-us | journal = MMWR. Recommendations and Reports | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–103 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27467196 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6503a1.htm | doi-access = free }}</ref> De most effective methods of birth control be [[Sterilization (medicine)|sterilization]] by means of [[vasectomy]] insyd males den [[tubal ligation]] insyd females, [[intrauterine device]]s (IUDs), den [[contraceptive implant|implantable birth control]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> Dis be followed by a number of [[hormonal contraceptive|hormone-based methods]] wey dey include [[contraceptive pills]], [[contraceptive patch|patches]], [[vaginal rings]], den [[injectable contraceptives|injections]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> Less effective methods dey include [[barrier contraception|physical barriers]] such as [[condoms]], [[diaphragm (contraceptive)|diaphragms]] den [[fertility awareness methods]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> De least effective methods be [[spermicides]] den [[withdrawal method|withdrawal by de male before ejaculation]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> Sterilization, while highly effective, no be usually reversible; all oda methods be reversible, most immediately upon stopping dem.<ref name=WHO_FP2011>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> [[Safe sex]] practices, such as plus de use of condoms anaa [[female condoms]], sanso fi help prevent [[sexually transmitted infections]].<ref name="pmid22423463">{{cite journal | vauthors = Taliaferro LA, Sieving R, Brady SS, Bearinger LH | title = We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health—do we have the will? | journal = Adolescent Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 521–43, xii | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22423463 }}</ref> Oda birth control methods no dey protect against sexually transmitted infections.<ref name="pmid22341164">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chin HB, Sipe TA, Elder R, Mercer SL, Chattopadhyay SK, Jacob V, Wethington HR, Kirby D, Elliston DB, Griffith M, Chuke SO, Briss SC, Ericksen I, Galbraith JS, Herbst JH, Johnson RL, Kraft JM, Noar SM, Romero LM, Santelli J | display-authors = 6 | title = The effectiveness of group-based comprehensive risk-reduction and abstinence education interventions to prevent or reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted infections: two systematic reviews for the Guide to Community Preventive Services | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 272–94 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22341164 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006 | url = http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract }}</ref> [[Emergency contraceptive|Emergency birth control]] fi prevent pregnancy if dem take within 72 to 120 hours after unprotected sex.<ref name=Gizzo2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gizzo S, Fanelli T, Di Gangi S, Saccardi C, Patrelli TS, Zambon A, Omar A, D'Antona D, Nardelli GB | display-authors = 6 | title = Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications | journal = Gynecological Endocrinology | volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 758–63 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22390259 | doi = 10.3109/09513590.2012.662546 | s2cid = 39676240 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use|date=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156284-3|page=13|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77hFLypBfHYC&pg=RA2-PA16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191327/https://books.google.com/books?id=77hFLypBfHYC&pg=RA2-PA16|archive-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref> Sam dey argue [[sexual abstinence|no dey have sex]] sanso be a form of birth control, buh [[abstinence-only sex education]] fi increase [[teenage pregnancies]] if dem offer widout birth control education, secof non-compliance.<ref name="pmid12065267">{{cite journal | vauthors = DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L | title = Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 324 | issue = 7351 | page = 1426 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12065267 | pmc = 115855 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18923389">{{cite journal | vauthors = Duffy K, Lynch DA, Santinelli J, Santelli J | title = Government support for abstinence-only-until-marriage education | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 84 | issue = 6 | pages = 746–8 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 18923389 | doi = 10.1038/clpt.2008.188 | url = http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html | url-status = live | s2cid = 19499439 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211135056/http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html | archive-date = December 11, 2008 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> [[teenage pregnancy|Insyd teenagers]], pregnancies be at greater risk of poor outcomes.<ref name="pmid22764559" /> Comprehensive [[sex education]] den access to birth control dey decrease de rate of unintended pregnancies insyd dis age group.<ref name="pmid22764559">{{cite journal | vauthors = Black AY, Fleming NA, Rome ES | title = Pregnancy in adolescents | journal = Adolescent Medicine | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 123–38, xi | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22764559 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22764557">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rowan SP, Someshwar J, Murray P | title = Contraception for primary care providers | journal = Adolescent Medicine | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–110, x–xi | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22764557 }}</ref> While all forms of birth control fi generally be used by young people,<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} [[long-acting reversible birth control]] such as implants, IUDs, anaa vaginal rings be more successful in reducing rates of teenage pregnancy.<ref name="pmid22764557" /> After de delivery of a kiddie, a woman wey no be exclusively breastfeeding fi cam be pregnant again after as few as four to six weeks.<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} Sam methods of birth control fi be started immediately following de birth, while odas require a delay of up to six months.<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} Insyd women wey be breastfeeding, [[Progestogen only contraception|progestin-only methods]] be preferred over [[Combined oral contraceptive pill|combined oral birth control pills]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} Insyd women wey na dem reach [[menopause]], e be recommended say birth control be continued for one year after de last [[menstrual period]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} About 222&nbsp;million women wey wan to avoid pregnancy insyd [[developing country|developing countries]] no dey use a modern birth control method.<ref name="Guttmacher2012">{{cite journal|title=Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf|journal=United Nations Population Fund|page=1|date=June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805154133/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf|archive-date=August 5, 2012| vauthors = Singh S, Darroch JE }}</ref><ref name="pmid22784540">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carr B, Gates MF, Mitchell A, Shah R | title = Giving women the power to plan their families | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9837 | pages = 80–82 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22784540 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext | url-status = live | s2cid = 205966410 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510203702/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext | archive-date = May 10, 2013 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Birth control use insyd developing countries decrease de number of [[maternal death|deaths during anaa around de time of pregnancy]] by 40% (about 270,000 deaths dem prevent insyd 2008) wey fi prevent 70% if de full demand for birth control be met.<ref name="pmid22784533">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cleland J, Conde-Agudelo A, Peterson H, Ross J, Tsui A | title = Contraception and health | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9837 | pages = 149–156 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22784533 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60609-6 | s2cid = 9982712 | author5-link = Amy Tsui }}</ref><ref name="pmid22784531">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahmed S, Li Q, Liu L, Tsui AO | title = Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: an analysis of 172 countries | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9837 | pages = 111–125 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22784531 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext | url-status = live | s2cid = 25724866 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510214305/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext | archive-date = May 10, 2013 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> By lengthening de time between pregnancies, birth control fi improve adult women dema delivery outcomes den de survival of dema kiddies.<ref name="pmid22784533" /> Insyd de developing world, women dema earnings, assets, den weight, as well as dema kiddies dema schooling den health, all improve plus greater access to birth control.<ref name="pmid22784535">{{cite journal | vauthors = Canning D, Schultz TP | title = The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9837 | pages = 165–171 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22784535 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext | url-status = live | s2cid = 39280999 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602231028/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext | archive-date = June 2, 2013 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Birth control dey increase economic growth secof fewer dependent kiddies, more women dey participate insyd de paid [[workforce]] outsyd de home, den/anaa less use of scarce resources.<ref name="pmid22784535"/><ref name="pmid22784542">{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Braeckel D, Temmerman M, Roelens K, Degomme O | title = Slowing population growth for wellbeing and development | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9837 | pages = 84–85 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22784542 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext | url-status = live | s2cid = 10015998 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510213023/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext | archive-date = May 10, 2013 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] mjxs59y9c1318dm1jj5jjkukbx199n8 115887 115886 2026-11-06T18:56:37Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Birth control''', dem sanso know as '''contraception''', '''anticonception''', den '''fertility control''', be de use of methods anaa devices to prevent [[pregnancy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Birth control|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|work=MedicineNet|access-date=August 9, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|archive-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schreiber |first1=Courtney A. |last2=Barnhart |first2=Kurt |title=Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology |date=2014 |publisher=[[Saunders (imprint)|Saunders]] |isbn=978-1-4557-2758-2 |pages=890–908.e3 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9781455727582000366 |chapter=Chapter 36 - Contraception|edition=Seventh }}</ref> Birth control be used since ancient times, buh effective den safe methods of birth control only cam be available insyd de 20th century.<ref name="Hopkins2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Hanson SJ, Burke AE |year=2010|chapter=Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232| veditors = Hurt KJ, Guile MW, Bienstock JL, Fox HE, Wallach EE |title=The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pages=382–395|isbn=978-1-60547-433-5}}</ref> Planning, making available, den using human birth control be called [[family planning]].<ref name="OED2012">{{cite book|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395|title=Oxford English Dictionary|date= 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="WHO-health-topic">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|title=Family planning|author=World Health Organization (WHO)|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|work=Health topics|access-date=March 28, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318195523/http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|archive-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref> Sam cultures limit anaa discourage access to birth control secof dem consider am to be morally, religiously, anaa politically undesirable.<ref name="Hopkins2010" /> De [[World Health Organization]] den [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] dey provide guidance on de safety of birth control methods among women plus specific medical conditions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use |publisher= World Health Organization|year=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154915-8|edition=Fifth|location=Geneva, Switzerland|oclc=932048744}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, Simmons KB, Pagano HP, Jamieson DJ, Whiteman MK | display-authors = 6 | title = U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016 | language = en-us | journal = MMWR. Recommendations and Reports | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–103 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27467196 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6503a1.htm | doi-access = free }}</ref> De most effective methods of birth control be [[Sterilization (medicine)|sterilization]] by means of [[vasectomy]] insyd males den [[tubal ligation]] insyd females, [[intrauterine device]]s (IUDs), den [[contraceptive implant|implantable birth control]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> Dis be followed by a number of [[hormonal contraceptive|hormone-based methods]] wey dey include [[contraceptive pills]], [[contraceptive patch|patches]], [[vaginal rings]], den [[injectable contraceptives|injections]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> Less effective methods dey include [[barrier contraception|physical barriers]] such as [[condoms]], [[diaphragm (contraceptive)|diaphragms]] den [[fertility awareness methods]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> De least effective methods be [[spermicides]] den [[withdrawal method|withdrawal by de male before ejaculation]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 /> Sterilization, while highly effective, no be usually reversible; all oda methods be reversible, most immediately upon stopping dem.<ref name=WHO_FP2011>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> [[Safe sex]] practices, such as plus de use of condoms anaa [[female condoms]], sanso fi help prevent [[sexually transmitted infections]].<ref name="pmid22423463">{{cite journal | vauthors = Taliaferro LA, Sieving R, Brady SS, Bearinger LH | title = We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health—do we have the will? | journal = Adolescent Medicine | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 521–43, xii | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22423463 }}</ref> Oda birth control methods no dey protect against sexually transmitted infections.<ref name="pmid22341164">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chin HB, Sipe TA, Elder R, Mercer SL, Chattopadhyay SK, Jacob V, Wethington HR, Kirby D, Elliston DB, Griffith M, Chuke SO, Briss SC, Ericksen I, Galbraith JS, Herbst JH, Johnson RL, Kraft JM, Noar SM, Romero LM, Santelli J | display-authors = 6 | title = The effectiveness of group-based comprehensive risk-reduction and abstinence education interventions to prevent or reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted infections: two systematic reviews for the Guide to Community Preventive Services | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 272–94 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22341164 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006 | url = http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract }}</ref> [[Emergency contraceptive|Emergency birth control]] fi prevent pregnancy if dem take within 72 to 120 hours after unprotected sex.<ref name=Gizzo2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gizzo S, Fanelli T, Di Gangi S, Saccardi C, Patrelli TS, Zambon A, Omar A, D'Antona D, Nardelli GB | display-authors = 6 | title = Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications | journal = Gynecological Endocrinology | volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 758–63 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22390259 | doi = 10.3109/09513590.2012.662546 | s2cid = 39676240 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use|date=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156284-3|page=13|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77hFLypBfHYC&pg=RA2-PA16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191327/https://books.google.com/books?id=77hFLypBfHYC&pg=RA2-PA16|archive-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref> Sam dey argue [[sexual abstinence|no dey have sex]] sanso be a form of birth control, buh [[abstinence-only sex education]] fi increase [[teenage pregnancies]] if dem offer widout birth control education, secof non-compliance.<ref name="pmid12065267">{{cite journal | vauthors = DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L | title = Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 324 | issue = 7351 | page = 1426 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12065267 | pmc = 115855 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18923389">{{cite journal | vauthors = Duffy K, Lynch DA, Santinelli J, Santelli J | title = Government support for abstinence-only-until-marriage education | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 84 | issue = 6 | pages = 746–8 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 18923389 | doi = 10.1038/clpt.2008.188 | url = http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html | url-status = live | s2cid = 19499439 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211135056/http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html | archive-date = December 11, 2008 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> [[teenage pregnancy|Insyd teenagers]], pregnancies be at greater risk of poor outcomes.<ref name="pmid22764559" /> Comprehensive [[sex education]] den access to birth control dey decrease de rate of unintended pregnancies insyd dis age group.<ref name="pmid22764559">{{cite journal | vauthors = Black AY, Fleming NA, Rome ES | title = Pregnancy in adolescents | journal = Adolescent Medicine | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 123–38, xi | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22764559 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22764557">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rowan SP, Someshwar J, Murray P | title = Contraception for primary care providers | journal = Adolescent Medicine | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–110, x–xi | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22764557 }}</ref> While all forms of birth control fi generally be used by young people,<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} [[long-acting reversible birth control]] such as implants, IUDs, anaa vaginal rings be more successful in reducing rates of teenage pregnancy.<ref name="pmid22764557" /> After de delivery of a kiddie, a woman wey no be exclusively breastfeeding fi cam be pregnant again after as few as four to six weeks.<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} Sam methods of birth control fi be started immediately following de birth, while odas require a delay of up to six months.<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} Insyd women wey be breastfeeding, [[Progestogen only contraception|progestin-only methods]] be preferred over [[Combined oral contraceptive pill|combined oral birth control pills]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} Insyd women wey na dem reach [[menopause]], e be recommended say birth control be continued for one year after de last [[menstrual period]].<ref name=WHO_FP2011 />{{rp|pages=260–300}} About 222&nbsp;million women wey wan to avoid pregnancy insyd [[developing country|developing countries]] no dey use a modern birth control method.<ref name="Guttmacher2012">{{cite journal|title=Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf|journal=United Nations Population Fund|page=1|date=June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805154133/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf|archive-date=August 5, 2012| vauthors = Singh S, Darroch JE }}</ref><ref name="pmid22784540">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carr B, Gates MF, Mitchell A, Shah R | title = Giving women the power to plan their families | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9837 | pages = 80–82 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22784540 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext | url-status = live | s2cid = 205966410 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510203702/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext | archive-date = May 10, 2013 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Birth control use insyd developing countries decrease de number of [[maternal death|deaths during anaa around de time of pregnancy]] by 40% (about 270,000 deaths dem prevent insyd 2008) wey fi prevent 70% if de full demand for birth control be met.<ref name="pmid22784533">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cleland J, Conde-Agudelo A, Peterson H, Ross J, Tsui A | title = Contraception and health | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9837 | pages = 149–156 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22784533 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60609-6 | s2cid = 9982712 | author5-link = Amy Tsui }}</ref><ref name="pmid22784531">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahmed S, Li Q, Liu L, Tsui AO | title = Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: an analysis of 172 countries | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9837 | pages = 111–125 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22784531 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext | url-status = live | s2cid = 25724866 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510214305/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext | archive-date = May 10, 2013 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> By lengthening de time between pregnancies, birth control fi improve adult women dema delivery outcomes den de survival of dema kiddies.<ref name="pmid22784533" /> Insyd de developing world, women dema earnings, assets, den weight, as well as dema kiddies dema schooling den health, all improve plus greater access to birth control.<ref name="pmid22784535">{{cite journal | vauthors = Canning D, Schultz TP | title = The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9837 | pages = 165–171 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22784535 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext | url-status = live | s2cid = 39280999 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602231028/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext | archive-date = June 2, 2013 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Birth control dey increase economic growth secof fewer dependent kiddies, more women dey participate insyd de paid [[workforce]] outsyd de home, den/anaa less use of scarce resources.<ref name="pmid22784535"/><ref name="pmid22784542">{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Braeckel D, Temmerman M, Roelens K, Degomme O | title = Slowing population growth for wellbeing and development | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9837 | pages = 84–85 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22784542 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext | url-status = live | s2cid = 10015998 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510213023/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext | archive-date = May 10, 2013 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links|collapsible=true|c=Category:Contraception|d=Q122224}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=yes lcheading=Birth control}} * {{cite web | title = WHO Fact Sheet |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs351/en/|access-date=23 July 2017|date=July 2017}} * {{cite web|title=Birth Control Comparison Chart|url=https://www.birth-control-comparison.info/|publisher=Cedar River Clinics}} * [https://www.who.int/rhem/procurement/en/ Bulk procurement of birth control] by the [[World Health Organization]] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Birth control| ]] [[Category:Reproductive rights]] [[Category:Women's health]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Issues insyd ethics]] d80ujy8ovn44v6wa2ep2o377gx4ripl 14 31319 115888 2026-11-06T18:57:16Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115888 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31320 115889 2026-11-06T18:57:30Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115889 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31321 115890 2026-11-06T18:59:45Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502015|Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115890 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders''' ('''FASDs''') == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 1vfbqi9nx296taxkgis60xibf34ta7b 115891 115890 2026-11-06T19:05:54Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders''' ('''FASDs''') be a group of conditions wey fi occur insyd a person wey be exposed to [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] during [[gestation]].<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> FASDS dey affect 7.7 out of 1000 people globally,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=S |last2=Probst |first2=C |last3=Gmel |first3=G |last4=Rehm |first4=J |last5=Burd |first5=L |last6=Popova |first6=S |title=Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |date=1 October 2017 |volume=171 |issue=10 |pages=948–956 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1919 |pmid=28828483|pmc=5710622}}</ref> buh highly be misdiagnosed den underdiagnosed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=May |first=Phil |date=2018 |title=Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities. |journal=JAMA |volume=319 |issue=5 |pages=474–482 |doi=10.1001/jama.2017.21896 |pmid=29411031 |pmc=5839298 }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 63e69kowyw66e5przc5rutl9flafnx6 115892 115891 2026-11-06T19:09:17Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders''' ('''FASDs''') be a group of conditions wey fi occur insyd a person wey be exposed to [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] during [[gestation]].<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> FASDS dey affect 7.7 out of 1000 people globally,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=S |last2=Probst |first2=C |last3=Gmel |first3=G |last4=Rehm |first4=J |last5=Burd |first5=L |last6=Popova |first6=S |title=Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |date=1 October 2017 |volume=171 |issue=10 |pages=948–956 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1919 |pmid=28828483|pmc=5710622}}</ref> buh highly be misdiagnosed den underdiagnosed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=May |first=Phil |date=2018 |title=Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities. |journal=JAMA |volume=319 |issue=5 |pages=474–482 |doi=10.1001/jama.2017.21896 |pmid=29411031 |pmc=5839298 }}</ref> De several forms of de condition (in order of most severe to least severe) be: '''fetal alcohol syndrome''' ('''FAS'''), '''partial fetal alcohol syndrome''' ('''pFAS'''), '''alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder''' ('''ARND'''),<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> den '''neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure''' ('''ND-PAE''').<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hagan JF, Balachova T, Bertrand J, Chasnoff I, Dang E, Fernandez-Baca D, Kable J, Kosofsky B, Senturias YN, Singh N, Sloane M, Weitzman C, Zubler J | display-authors = 6 | title = Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 138 | issue = 4 | article-number = e20151553 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27677572 | pmc = 5477054 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2015-1553 | publisher = AAP Publications }}</ref> Oda terms dem use be fetal alcohol effects (FAE), partial fetal alcohol effects (PFAE), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD),<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /><ref name="Ril2011" /> and static [[encephalopathy]],<ref>{{cite web |title=FASD Fact #1: FASD = Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder |url=https://fafasd.org/fasdfact1/ |website=Families Affected by Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder FAFASD |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> buh dese terms fall out of favor dem no longer be considered part of de spectrum.<ref name="FASGuide" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] nzynjz8mpam9lf8bg8sdx3nauwcgsu0 115894 115892 2026-11-06T19:33:43Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders''' ('''FASDs''') be a group of conditions wey fi occur insyd a person wey be exposed to [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] during [[gestation]].<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> FASDS dey affect 7.7 out of 1000 people globally,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=S |last2=Probst |first2=C |last3=Gmel |first3=G |last4=Rehm |first4=J |last5=Burd |first5=L |last6=Popova |first6=S |title=Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |date=1 October 2017 |volume=171 |issue=10 |pages=948–956 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1919 |pmid=28828483|pmc=5710622}}</ref> buh highly be misdiagnosed den underdiagnosed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=May |first=Phil |date=2018 |title=Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities. |journal=JAMA |volume=319 |issue=5 |pages=474–482 |doi=10.1001/jama.2017.21896 |pmid=29411031 |pmc=5839298 }}</ref> De several forms of de condition (in order of most severe to least severe) be: '''fetal alcohol syndrome''' ('''FAS'''), '''partial fetal alcohol syndrome''' ('''pFAS'''), '''alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder''' ('''ARND'''),<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /> den '''neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure''' ('''ND-PAE''').<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hagan JF, Balachova T, Bertrand J, Chasnoff I, Dang E, Fernandez-Baca D, Kable J, Kosofsky B, Senturias YN, Singh N, Sloane M, Weitzman C, Zubler J | display-authors = 6 | title = Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 138 | issue = 4 | article-number = e20151553 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27677572 | pmc = 5477054 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2015-1553 | publisher = AAP Publications }}</ref> Oda terms dem use be fetal alcohol effects (FAE), partial fetal alcohol effects (PFAE), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD),<ref name="CDC2015Fact" /><ref name="Ril2011" /> and static [[encephalopathy]],<ref>{{cite web |title=FASD Fact #1: FASD = Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder |url=https://fafasd.org/fasdfact1/ |website=Families Affected by Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder FAFASD |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> buh dese terms fall out of favor dem no longer be considered part of de spectrum.<ref name="FASGuide" /> No be all infants dem expose to alcohol insyd utero go get detectable FASD anaa pregnancy complications. De risk of FASD dey increase plus de amount consumed, de frequency of consumption, den de longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, particularly [[binge drinking]]. De variance dem see insyd outcomes of alcohol consumption during pregnancy be poorly understood. Diagnosis be based on an assessment of growth, facial features, central nervous system, den alcohol exposure by a multidisciplinary team of professionals. De main criteria give diagnosis of FASD be nervous system damage den alcohol exposure, plus FAS wey dey include congenital malformations of de lips den growth deficiency. FASD often be misdiagnosed as anaa comorbid plus ADHD. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] eyyjyui9jwgeq7bfh0xjhjeo4m3xic3 115895 115894 2026-11-06T19:38:18Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders''' ('''FASDs''') be a group of conditions wey fi occur insyd a person wey be exposed to [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] during [[gestation]].<ref name="CDC2015Fact2">{{cite web |date=April 16, 2015 |title=Facts about FASDs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/facts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523194618/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/facts.html |archive-date=23 May 2015 |access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> FASDS dey affect 7.7 out of 1000 people globally,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=S |last2=Probst |first2=C |last3=Gmel |first3=G |last4=Rehm |first4=J |last5=Burd |first5=L |last6=Popova |first6=S |title=Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |date=1 October 2017 |volume=171 |issue=10 |pages=948–956 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1919 |pmid=28828483|pmc=5710622}}</ref> buh highly be misdiagnosed den underdiagnosed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=May |first=Phil |date=2018 |title=Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities. |journal=JAMA |volume=319 |issue=5 |pages=474–482 |doi=10.1001/jama.2017.21896 |pmid=29411031 |pmc=5839298 }}</ref> De several forms of de condition (in order of most severe to least severe) be: '''fetal alcohol syndrome''' ('''FAS'''), '''partial fetal alcohol syndrome''' ('''pFAS'''), '''alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder''' ('''ARND'''),<ref name="CDC2015Fact2" /> den '''neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure''' ('''ND-PAE''').<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hagan JF, Balachova T, Bertrand J, Chasnoff I, Dang E, Fernandez-Baca D, Kable J, Kosofsky B, Senturias YN, Singh N, Sloane M, Weitzman C, Zubler J | display-authors = 6 | title = Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 138 | issue = 4 | article-number = e20151553 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27677572 | pmc = 5477054 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2015-1553 | publisher = AAP Publications }}</ref> Oda terms dem use be fetal alcohol effects (FAE), partial fetal alcohol effects (PFAE), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD),<ref name="CDC2015Fact2" /><ref name="Ril20112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Riley EP, Infante MA, Warren KR |date=June 2011 |title=Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview |journal=Neuropsychology Review |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=73–80 |doi=10.1007/s11065-011-9166-x |pmc=3779274 |pmid=21499711}}</ref> and static [[encephalopathy]],<ref>{{cite web |title=FASD Fact #1: FASD = Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder |url=https://fafasd.org/fasdfact1/ |website=Families Affected by Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder FAFASD |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> buh dese terms fall out of favor dem no longer be considered part of de spectrum.<ref name="FASGuide2">{{cite book |last=Streissguth |first=A. |title=Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities |publisher=Brookes |year=1997 |isbn=1-55766-283-5 |location=Baltimore}}</ref> No be all infants dem expose to alcohol insyd utero go get detectable FASD anaa pregnancy complications. De risk of FASD dey increase plus de amount consumed, de frequency of consumption, den de longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, particularly [[binge drinking]]. De variance dem see insyd outcomes of alcohol consumption during pregnancy be poorly understood. Diagnosis be based on an assessment of growth, facial features, central nervous system, den alcohol exposure by a multidisciplinary team of professionals. De main criteria give diagnosis of FASD be nervous system damage den alcohol exposure, plus FAS wey dey include congenital malformations of de lips den growth deficiency. FASD often be misdiagnosed as anaa comorbid plus ADHD. Almost all experts dey recommend say de mommie abstain from alcohol use during pregnancy to prevent FASDs. As de woman no fi cam be aware say she conceive til several weeks into de pregnancy, e sanso be recommended to abstain while attempting to become pregnant. Although de condition get no known cure, treatment fi improve outcomes. Treatment needs dey vary buh dey include psychoactive medications, behavioral interventions, tailored accommodations, den case management. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9tm30n4qks83vdzz6v1hd1sk5iwxn6p 115896 115895 2026-11-06T19:44:14Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders''' ('''FASDs''') be a group of conditions wey fi occur insyd a person wey be exposed to [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] during [[gestation]].<ref name="CDC2015Fact2">{{cite web |date=April 16, 2015 |title=Facts about FASDs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/facts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523194618/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/facts.html |archive-date=23 May 2015 |access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> FASDS dey affect 7.7 out of 1000 people globally,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=S |last2=Probst |first2=C |last3=Gmel |first3=G |last4=Rehm |first4=J |last5=Burd |first5=L |last6=Popova |first6=S |title=Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |date=1 October 2017 |volume=171 |issue=10 |pages=948–956 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1919 |pmid=28828483|pmc=5710622}}</ref> buh highly be misdiagnosed den underdiagnosed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=May |first=Phil |date=2018 |title=Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities. |journal=JAMA |volume=319 |issue=5 |pages=474–482 |doi=10.1001/jama.2017.21896 |pmid=29411031 |pmc=5839298 }}</ref> De several forms of de condition (in order of most severe to least severe) be: '''fetal alcohol syndrome''' ('''FAS'''), '''partial fetal alcohol syndrome''' ('''pFAS'''), '''alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder''' ('''ARND'''),<ref name="CDC2015Fact2" /> den '''neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure''' ('''ND-PAE''').<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hagan JF, Balachova T, Bertrand J, Chasnoff I, Dang E, Fernandez-Baca D, Kable J, Kosofsky B, Senturias YN, Singh N, Sloane M, Weitzman C, Zubler J | display-authors = 6 | title = Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 138 | issue = 4 | article-number = e20151553 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27677572 | pmc = 5477054 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2015-1553 | publisher = AAP Publications }}</ref> Oda terms dem use be fetal alcohol effects (FAE), partial fetal alcohol effects (PFAE), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD),<ref name="CDC2015Fact2" /><ref name="Ril20112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Riley EP, Infante MA, Warren KR |date=June 2011 |title=Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview |journal=Neuropsychology Review |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=73–80 |doi=10.1007/s11065-011-9166-x |pmc=3779274 |pmid=21499711}}</ref> and static [[encephalopathy]],<ref>{{cite web |title=FASD Fact #1: FASD = Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder |url=https://fafasd.org/fasdfact1/ |website=Families Affected by Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder FAFASD |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> buh dese terms fall out of favor dem no longer be considered part of de spectrum.<ref name="FASGuide2">{{cite book |last=Streissguth |first=A. |title=Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities |publisher=Brookes |year=1997 |isbn=1-55766-283-5 |location=Baltimore}}</ref> No be all infants dem expose to alcohol insyd utero go get detectable FASD anaa pregnancy complications. De risk of FASD dey increase plus de amount consumed, de frequency of consumption, den de longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, particularly [[binge drinking]]. De variance dem see insyd outcomes of alcohol consumption during pregnancy be poorly understood. Diagnosis be based on an assessment of growth, facial features, central nervous system, den alcohol exposure by a multidisciplinary team of professionals. De main criteria give diagnosis of FASD be nervous system damage den alcohol exposure, plus FAS wey dey include congenital malformations of de lips den growth deficiency. FASD often be misdiagnosed as anaa comorbid plus ADHD. Almost all experts dey recommend say de mommie abstain from alcohol use during pregnancy to prevent FASDs. As de woman no fi cam be aware say she conceive til several weeks into de pregnancy, e sanso be recommended to abstain while attempting to become pregnant. Although de condition get no known cure, treatment fi improve outcomes. Treatment needs dey vary buh dey include psychoactive medications, behavioral interventions, tailored accommodations, den case management. == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons category|Fetal alcohol syndrome}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181015090219/https://www.helpguide.org/harvard/women-and-alcohol.htm Harvard health] * [https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/index.html Center for Disease Control's page on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] [[Category:Congenital disorders]] [[Category:Congenital disorders of nervous system]] [[Category:Congenital malformation secof exogenous toxicity]] [[Category:Drugs den pregnancy]] [[Category:Health effects of alcohol]] [[Category:Health issues insyd pregnancy]] [[Category:Human pregnancy]] [[Category:Mental disorders secof brain damage]] [[Category:Neurodevelopmental disorders]] [[Category:Neurological disorders]] [[Category:Neurological disorders insyd kiddies]] [[Category:Obstetrics]] [[Category:Spectrum disorders]] [[Category:Syndromes]] [[Category:Syndromes plus craniofacial abnormalities]] [[Category:Syndromes plus intellectual disabilities]] [[Category:Teratogens]] [[Category:Women's health]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] fpmzagk6jmuzcc090yz8lvmom96d1h3 14 31322 115897 2026-11-06T19:44:50Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115897 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31323 115898 2026-11-06T19:45:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115898 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31324 115900 2026-11-06T22:07:44Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513712|Marburg virus disease]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115900 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marburg virus disease''' ('''MVD'''), formerly '''Marburg hemorrhagic fever''', == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] m7cr54921p9eglkb1az2srllfgu5jj6 115901 115900 2026-11-06T22:43:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marburg virus disease''' ('''MVD'''), formerly '''Marburg hemorrhagic fever''', be a severe type of [[viral hemorrhagic fever]] insyd humans.<ref name=WHO2018/> Initial symptoms typically dey include fever, [[headache]], den [[muscle pain]].<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> A few days later a rash, vomiting, diarrhea, den abdominal pain fi occur.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Onset of symptoms typically be 5 to 10 days following exposure.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Complications fi include [[liver failure]], [[delirium]], [[pancreatitis]], den severe bleeding.<ref name=CDC2015Sym>{{cite web |title=Signs and Symptoms {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 0c85fdtelrqy40zpz49cvb0kvgdfgrc 115902 115901 2026-11-06T22:52:11Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marburg virus disease''' ('''MVD'''), formerly '''Marburg hemorrhagic fever''', be a severe type of [[viral hemorrhagic fever]] insyd humans.<ref name=WHO2018/> Initial symptoms typically dey include fever, [[headache]], den [[muscle pain]].<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> A few days later a rash, vomiting, diarrhea, den abdominal pain fi occur.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Onset of symptoms typically be 5 to 10 days following exposure.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Complications fi include [[liver failure]], [[delirium]], [[pancreatitis]], den severe bleeding.<ref name=CDC2015Sym>{{cite web |title=Signs and Symptoms {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> De cause be ''[[Marburgvirus]]'', of wich der be two types [[Marburg virus]] (MARV) den [[Ravn virus]] (RAVV).<ref name=Spic2016>{{cite web|last1=Spickler|first1=Anna|title=Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections|url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf|access-date=2014-10-19|archive-date=2015-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165458/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165458/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf |date=2015-04-30 }}</ref> Dese viruses normally dey circulate among African [[fruit bat]]s, widout resulting in ill affects.<ref name=CDC2014About/> Spread fi occur from dese bats to people den dan between people.<ref name=WHO2018>{{cite web |title=Marburg virus disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |website=www.who.int |access-date=8 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |date=11 April 2020 }}</ref> Spread between people be by direct anaa indirect contact plus contaminated [[body fluids]], wey dey include during sex.<ref name=CDC2014Trans>{{cite web |title=Transmission {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183721/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183721/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name=WHO2018/> Diagnosis be by blood tests.<ref name=Yel2018>{{cite web |title=Ebola Virus Disease & Marburg Virus Disease - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |website=wwwnc.cdc.gov |access-date=19 July 2019 |language=en-us |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |date=19 July 2019 }}</ref> E dey present similar to [[Ebola|Ebola virus disease]] (EVD).<ref name=WHO2018/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] k1b0d8x29i29o068rcr7h93wfexjd1a 115903 115902 2026-11-06T23:00:08Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marburg virus disease''' ('''MVD'''), formerly '''Marburg hemorrhagic fever''', be a severe type of [[viral hemorrhagic fever]] insyd humans.<ref name=WHO2018/> Initial symptoms typically dey include fever, [[headache]], den [[muscle pain]].<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> A few days later a rash, vomiting, diarrhea, den abdominal pain fi occur.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Onset of symptoms typically be 5 to 10 days following exposure.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Complications fi include [[liver failure]], [[delirium]], [[pancreatitis]], den severe bleeding.<ref name=CDC2015Sym>{{cite web |title=Signs and Symptoms {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> De cause be ''[[Marburgvirus]]'', of wich der be two types [[Marburg virus]] (MARV) den [[Ravn virus]] (RAVV).<ref name=Spic2016>{{cite web|last1=Spickler|first1=Anna|title=Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections|url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf|access-date=2014-10-19|archive-date=2015-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165458/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165458/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf |date=2015-04-30 }}</ref> Dese viruses normally dey circulate among African [[fruit bat]]s, widout resulting in ill affects.<ref name=CDC2014About/> Spread fi occur from dese bats to people den dan between people.<ref name=WHO2018>{{cite web |title=Marburg virus disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |website=www.who.int |access-date=8 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |date=11 April 2020 }}</ref> Spread between people be by direct anaa indirect contact plus contaminated [[body fluids]], wey dey include during sex.<ref name=CDC2014Trans>{{cite web |title=Transmission {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183721/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183721/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name=WHO2018/> Diagnosis be by blood tests.<ref name=Yel2018>{{cite web |title=Ebola Virus Disease & Marburg Virus Disease - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |website=wwwnc.cdc.gov |access-date=19 July 2019 |language=en-us |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |date=19 July 2019 }}</ref> E dey present similar to [[Ebola|Ebola virus disease]] (EVD).<ref name=WHO2018/> Prevention dey involve avoiding bats insyd central Africa den using appropriate [[personal protective equipment]] wen caring for sick people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prevention {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320000915/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320000915/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> Treatment dey involve [[supportive care]] den dis dey improve outcomes.<ref name=WHO2018/> Dis fi include [[intravenous fluids]], [[blood products]], [[oxygen therapy]], den [[electrolytes]].<ref name=CDC2014TX>{{cite web |title=Treatment {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183720/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183720/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref> About half of those wey be infected die as a result.<ref name=WHO2018/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] c9uv3votq2vlqp73if6y83vtyqku1km 115904 115903 2026-11-06T23:07:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marburg virus disease''' ('''MVD'''), formerly '''Marburg hemorrhagic fever''', be a severe type of [[viral hemorrhagic fever]] insyd humans.<ref name=WHO2018/> Initial symptoms typically dey include fever, [[headache]], den [[muscle pain]].<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> A few days later a rash, vomiting, diarrhea, den abdominal pain fi occur.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Onset of symptoms typically be 5 to 10 days following exposure.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Complications fi include [[liver failure]], [[delirium]], [[pancreatitis]], den severe bleeding.<ref name=CDC2015Sym>{{cite web |title=Signs and Symptoms {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> De cause be ''[[Marburgvirus]]'', of wich der be two types [[Marburg virus]] (MARV) den [[Ravn virus]] (RAVV).<ref name=Spic2016>{{cite web|last1=Spickler|first1=Anna|title=Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections|url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf|access-date=2014-10-19|archive-date=2015-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165458/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165458/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf |date=2015-04-30 }}</ref> Dese viruses normally dey circulate among African [[fruit bat]]s, widout resulting in ill affects.<ref name=CDC2014About/> Spread fi occur from dese bats to people den dan between people.<ref name=WHO2018>{{cite web |title=Marburg virus disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |website=www.who.int |access-date=8 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |date=11 April 2020 }}</ref> Spread between people be by direct anaa indirect contact plus contaminated [[body fluids]], wey dey include during sex.<ref name=CDC2014Trans>{{cite web |title=Transmission {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183721/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183721/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name=WHO2018/> Diagnosis be by blood tests.<ref name=Yel2018>{{cite web |title=Ebola Virus Disease & Marburg Virus Disease - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |website=wwwnc.cdc.gov |access-date=19 July 2019 |language=en-us |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |date=19 July 2019 }}</ref> E dey present similar to [[Ebola|Ebola virus disease]] (EVD).<ref name=WHO2018/> Prevention dey involve avoiding bats insyd central Africa den using appropriate [[personal protective equipment]] wen caring for sick people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prevention {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320000915/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320000915/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> Treatment dey involve [[supportive care]] den dis dey improve outcomes.<ref name=WHO2018/> Dis fi include [[intravenous fluids]], [[blood products]], [[oxygen therapy]], den [[electrolytes]].<ref name=CDC2014TX>{{cite web |title=Treatment {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183720/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183720/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref> About half of those wey be infected die as a result.<ref name=WHO2018/> MVD be rare.<ref name=CDC2014About>{{cite web |title=About Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320122301/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320122301/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> E generally dey occur as outbreaks within [[Africa]].<ref name=CDC2014About/> De disease initially be recognized insyd 1967 den since 588 cases be diagnosed.<ref name="WHO2018" /><ref name=CDC2014About/> Oda [[primates]] sanso fi be affected.<ref name=CDC2014About/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 6icou373k4bowwctgdc3g0q5h7qpcyo 115905 115904 2026-11-06T23:14:04Z DaSupremo 9 /* Epidemiology */ Improve article 115905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marburg virus disease''' ('''MVD'''), formerly '''Marburg hemorrhagic fever''', be a severe type of [[viral hemorrhagic fever]] insyd humans.<ref name=WHO2018/> Initial symptoms typically dey include fever, [[headache]], den [[muscle pain]].<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> A few days later a rash, vomiting, diarrhea, den abdominal pain fi occur.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Onset of symptoms typically be 5 to 10 days following exposure.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Complications fi include [[liver failure]], [[delirium]], [[pancreatitis]], den severe bleeding.<ref name=CDC2015Sym>{{cite web |title=Signs and Symptoms {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> De cause be ''[[Marburgvirus]]'', of wich der be two types [[Marburg virus]] (MARV) den [[Ravn virus]] (RAVV).<ref name=Spic2016>{{cite web|last1=Spickler|first1=Anna|title=Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections|url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf|access-date=2014-10-19|archive-date=2015-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165458/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165458/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf |date=2015-04-30 }}</ref> Dese viruses normally dey circulate among African [[fruit bat]]s, widout resulting in ill affects.<ref name=CDC2014About/> Spread fi occur from dese bats to people den dan between people.<ref name=WHO2018>{{cite web |title=Marburg virus disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |website=www.who.int |access-date=8 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |date=11 April 2020 }}</ref> Spread between people be by direct anaa indirect contact plus contaminated [[body fluids]], wey dey include during sex.<ref name=CDC2014Trans>{{cite web |title=Transmission {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183721/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183721/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name=WHO2018/> Diagnosis be by blood tests.<ref name=Yel2018>{{cite web |title=Ebola Virus Disease & Marburg Virus Disease - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |website=wwwnc.cdc.gov |access-date=19 July 2019 |language=en-us |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |date=19 July 2019 }}</ref> E dey present similar to [[Ebola|Ebola virus disease]] (EVD).<ref name=WHO2018/> Prevention dey involve avoiding bats insyd central Africa den using appropriate [[personal protective equipment]] wen caring for sick people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prevention {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320000915/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320000915/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> Treatment dey involve [[supportive care]] den dis dey improve outcomes.<ref name=WHO2018/> Dis fi include [[intravenous fluids]], [[blood products]], [[oxygen therapy]], den [[electrolytes]].<ref name=CDC2014TX>{{cite web |title=Treatment {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183720/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183720/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref> About half of those wey be infected die as a result.<ref name=WHO2018/> MVD be rare.<ref name=CDC2014About>{{cite web |title=About Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320122301/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320122301/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> E generally dey occur as outbreaks within [[Africa]].<ref name=CDC2014About/> De disease initially be recognized insyd 1967 den since 588 cases be diagnosed.<ref name="WHO2018" /><ref name=CDC2014About/> Oda [[primates]] sanso fi be affected.<ref name=CDC2014About/> == Epidemiology == === Pandemic potential === De WHO dey identify marburg virus disease as e get [[pandemic]] potential.<ref name="lid">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cuomo-Dannenburg G, McCain K, McCabe R, Unwin HJ, Doohan P, Nash RK, Hicks JT, Charniga K, Geismar C, Lambert B, Nikitin D, Skarp J, Wardle J, Kont M, Bhatia S, Imai N, van Elsland S, Cori A, Morgenstern C |date=November 2023 |title=Marburg virus disease outbreaks, mathematical models, and disease parameters: a systematic review |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |type=Systematic review |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=e307–e317 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00515-7 |pmc=7615873 |pmid=38040006}}</ref> === Historical outbreaks === Below be a table of outbreaks wey dey concern MVD from 1967 to 2025: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Marburg virus disease outbreaks <ref>{{Cite web |title=Outbreak Table {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/resources/outbreak-table.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121181229/http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/resources/outbreak-table.html |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=4 August 2018 |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en}}</ref> |- ! Year ! Country ! Virus ! data-sort-type="number" | Human cases ! data-sort-type="number" | Human deaths ! data-sort-type="number" | [[Case fatality rate]] ! Notes |- | [[1967 Marburg virus outbreak in West Germany|1967]] | {{FRG}}<br />{{YUG}} | MARV | 31 | 7 | 23% | |- | 1975 | {{flagcountry|Rhodesia}}<br />{{flag country|Union of South Africa}} | MARV | 3 | 1 | 33% | |- | 1980 | {{KEN}} | MARV | 2 | 1 | 50% | |- | 1987 | {{KEN}} | RAVV | 1 | 1 | 100% | |- | 1988 | {{URS}} | MARV | 1 | 1 | 100% | |- | 1990 | {{URS}} | MARV | 1 | 0 | 0% | |- | 1998–2000 | {{COD}} | MARV & RAVV | 154 | 128 | 83% | |- | 2004–2005 | {{ANG}} | MARV | 252 | 227 | 90% | |- | 2007 | {{UGA}} | MARV & RAVV | 4 | 1 | 25% | <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Marburg haemorrhagic fever in Uganda |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/2007_08_03/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008044427/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2007_08_03/en/ |archive-date=October 8, 2014 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> |- | 2008 | {{UGA}}<br />{{NED}}<br />{{USA}} | MARV | 2 | 1 | 50% | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imported Case of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever --- Colorado, 2008 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5849a2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523210515/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5849a2.htm |archive-date=23 May 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> |- | 2012 | {{UGA}} | MARV | 18 | 9 | 50% | <ref name="healio.com">{{Cite web |date=October 2012 |title=Marburg hemorrhagic fever outbreak continues in Uganda |url=http://www.healio.com/pediatrics/emerging-diseases/news/online/%7B52F1CE80-ACF7-4302-AB14-05428DDDA440%7D/Marburg-hemorrhagic-fever-outbreak-continues-in-Uganda- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184447/https://www.healio.com/pediatrics/emerging-diseases/news/online/%7B52F1CE80-ACF7-4302-AB14-05428DDDA440%7D/Marburg-hemorrhagic-fever-outbreak-continues-in-Uganda- |archive-date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2014-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Marburg haemorrhagic fever in Uganda – update |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_10_31/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810103334/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_10_31/en/ |archive-date=August 10, 2014 |access-date=29 October 2017 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> |- | 2014 | {{UGA}} | MARV | 1 | 1 | 100% | <ref name="china.org.cn">{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2014 |title=1st LD-Writethru: Deadly Marburg hemorrhagic fever breaks out in Uganda |url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2014-10/05/content_33686011.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205045905/http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2014-10/05/content_33686011.htm |archive-date=December 5, 2017 |access-date=October 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Marburg virus disease – Uganda |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/13-november-2014-marburg/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117004432/http://www.who.int/csr/don/13-november-2014-marburg/en/ |archive-date=November 17, 2014 |access-date=29 October 2017 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> |- | '''[[2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak|2017]]''' | {{UGA}} | MARV | 3 | 3 | 100% | <ref name="abc">{{Cite web |title=Uganda controls deadly Marburg fever outbreak, WHO says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/uganda-controls-deadly-marburg-fever-outbreak-51664552 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208164055/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/uganda-controls-deadly-marburg-fever-outbreak-51664552 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |access-date=8 December 2017 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref> |- | '''[[2021 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Guinea|2021]]''' | {{GUI}} | MARV | 1 | 1 | 100% | <ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |date=7 August 2021 |title=Guinea records probable case of Ebola-like Marburg virus |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/guinea-records-probable-case-ebola-like-marburg-virus-2021-08-06/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=Reuters |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807032109/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/guinea-records-probable-case-ebola-like-marburg-virus-2021-08-06/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mvdwho">{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=West Africa's first-ever case of Marburg virus disease confirmed in Guinea |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/west-africas-first-ever-case-marburg-virus-disease-confirmed-guinea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002211223/https://www.afro.who.int/news/west-africas-first-ever-case-marburg-virus-disease-confirmed-guinea |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=who.int}}</ref><ref name="reuters2">{{Cite news |date=August 10, 2021 |title=Guinea records West Africa's first Marburg virus death, WHO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/guinea-records-west-africas-first-marburg-virus-death-who-says-2021-08-09/ |access-date=August 10, 2021 |work=Reuters}}</ref> |- | '''[[2022 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Ghana|2022]]''' | {{GHA}} | MARV | 3 | 2 | 66.66% | <ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2022 |title=Ghana confirms first cases of deadly Marburg virus |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-62202240 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002211224/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62202240 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> |- | '''[[2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Equatorial Guinea|2023]]''' | {{GNQ}} | MARV | 40 | 35 | 88% | <ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2023 |title=Equatorial Guinea declares outbreak of Ebola-like Marburg virus |url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/02/equatorial-guinea-declares-outbreak-of-ebola-like-marburg-virus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220120932/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/02/equatorial-guinea-declares-outbreak-of-ebola-like-marburg-virus/ |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=[[BNO News]]}}</ref><ref name="cidrap1">{{Cite news |last=Schnirring |first=Lisa |date=4 April 2023 |title=Equatorial Guinea confirms another Marburg virus case |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/equatorial-guinea-confirms-another-marburg-virus-case |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404100508/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/equatorial-guinea-confirms-another-marburg-virus-case |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |publisher=University of Minnesota |agency=CIDRAP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schnirring |first=Lisa |date=24 April 2023 |title=New fatal Marburg case reported in Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/new-fatal-marburg-case-reported-equatorial-guinea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425013302/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/new-fatal-marburg-case-reported-equatorial-guinea |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |publisher=University of Minnesota |agency=CIDRAP}}</ref> |- | [[2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Tanzania|'''2023''']] | {{TAN}} | MARV | 9 | 6 | 66% | <ref name="tanz">{{Cite news |last=Schnirring |first=Lisa |date=22 March 2023 |title=Tanzania declares Marburg virus outbreak |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/tanzania-declares-marburg-virus-outbreak |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002211223/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/tanzania-declares-marburg-virus-outbreak |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=22 March 2023 |publisher=University of Minnesota |agency=CIDRAP}}</ref><ref name="tanz2">{{Cite news |date=24 April 2023 |title=Tanzania reports additional Marburg virus disease case |url=http://outbreaknewstoday.com/tanzania-reports-additional-marburg-virus-disease-case-47802/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424235514/https://outbreaknewstoday.com/tanzania-reports-additional-marburg-virus-disease-case-47802/ |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |agency=Outbreak News Today}}</ref> |- | [[Rwanda Marburg virus disease outbreak|'''2024''']] | {{RWA}} | MARV | 58 | 13 | 22% | <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2024 |title=Rwanda reports first-ever Marburg virus disease outbreak, with 26 cases confirmed |url=https://www.afro.who.int/countries/rwanda/news/rwanda-reports-first-ever-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak-26-cases-confirmed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928210038/https://www.afro.who.int/countries/rwanda/news/rwanda-reports-first-ever-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak-26-cases-confirmed |archive-date=28 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024 |publisher=World Health Organization Africa}}</ref> |- |2025 |{{TAN}} |MARV |9 |8 |88% |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2025 |title=Kenya on high alert as Marburg virus kills 8 in Tanzania |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2025-01-15-kenya-on-high-alert-as-marburg-virus-kills-8-in-tanzania |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=The Star |archive-date=January 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115072636/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2025-01-15-kenya-on-high-alert-as-marburg-virus-kills-8-in-tanzania |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2025 |title=Suspected outbreak of Marburg virus kills eight in Tanzania, WHO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/suspected-outbreak-marburg-virus-kills-eight-tanzania-who-says-2025-01-15/ |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=Reuters |archive-date=January 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115122532/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/suspected-outbreak-marburg-virus-kills-eight-tanzania-who-says-2025-01-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | |TOTAL |MARV & RAVV |593 |446 |75% | |} == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] oqhg74v400dk926vv1bepy7en767w3p 115907 115905 2026-11-06T23:25:53Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marburg virus disease''' ('''MVD'''), formerly '''Marburg hemorrhagic fever''', be a severe type of [[viral hemorrhagic fever]] insyd humans.<ref name=WHO2018/> Initial symptoms typically dey include fever, [[headache]], den [[muscle pain]].<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> A few days later a rash, vomiting, diarrhea, den abdominal pain fi occur.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Onset of symptoms typically be 5 to 10 days following exposure.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Complications fi include [[liver failure]], [[delirium]], [[pancreatitis]], den severe bleeding.<ref name=CDC2015Sym>{{cite web |title=Signs and Symptoms {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> De cause be ''[[Marburgvirus]]'', of wich der be two types [[Marburg virus]] (MARV) den [[Ravn virus]] (RAVV).<ref name=Spic2016>{{cite web|last1=Spickler|first1=Anna|title=Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections|url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf|access-date=2014-10-19|archive-date=2015-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165458/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165458/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf |date=2015-04-30 }}</ref> Dese viruses normally dey circulate among African [[fruit bat]]s, widout resulting in ill affects.<ref name=CDC2014About/> Spread fi occur from dese bats to people den dan between people.<ref name=WHO2018>{{cite web |title=Marburg virus disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |website=www.who.int |access-date=8 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |date=11 April 2020 }}</ref> Spread between people be by direct anaa indirect contact plus contaminated [[body fluids]], wey dey include during sex.<ref name=CDC2014Trans>{{cite web |title=Transmission {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183721/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183721/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name=WHO2018/> Diagnosis be by blood tests.<ref name=Yel2018>{{cite web |title=Ebola Virus Disease & Marburg Virus Disease - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |website=wwwnc.cdc.gov |access-date=19 July 2019 |language=en-us |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |date=19 July 2019 }}</ref> E dey present similar to [[Ebola|Ebola virus disease]] (EVD).<ref name=WHO2018/> Prevention dey involve avoiding bats insyd central Africa den using appropriate [[personal protective equipment]] wen caring for sick people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prevention {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320000915/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320000915/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> Treatment dey involve [[supportive care]] den dis dey improve outcomes.<ref name=WHO2018/> Dis fi include [[intravenous fluids]], [[blood products]], [[oxygen therapy]], den [[electrolytes]].<ref name=CDC2014TX>{{cite web |title=Treatment {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183720/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183720/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref> About half of those wey be infected die as a result.<ref name=WHO2018/> MVD be rare.<ref name=CDC2014About>{{cite web |title=About Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320122301/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320122301/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> E generally dey occur as outbreaks within [[Africa]].<ref name=CDC2014About/> De disease initially be recognized insyd 1967 den since 588 cases be diagnosed.<ref name="WHO2018" /><ref name=CDC2014About/> Oda [[primates]] sanso fi be affected.<ref name=CDC2014About/> == Epidemiology == === Pandemic potential === De WHO dey identify marburg virus disease as e get [[pandemic]] potential.<ref name="lid">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cuomo-Dannenburg G, McCain K, McCabe R, Unwin HJ, Doohan P, Nash RK, Hicks JT, Charniga K, Geismar C, Lambert B, Nikitin D, Skarp J, Wardle J, Kont M, Bhatia S, Imai N, van Elsland S, Cori A, Morgenstern C |date=November 2023 |title=Marburg virus disease outbreaks, mathematical models, and disease parameters: a systematic review |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |type=Systematic review |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=e307–e317 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00515-7 |pmc=7615873 |pmid=38040006}}</ref> === Historical outbreaks === Below be a table of outbreaks wey dey concern MVD from 1967 to 2025: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Marburg virus disease outbreaks <ref>{{Cite web |title=Outbreak Table {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/resources/outbreak-table.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121181229/http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/resources/outbreak-table.html |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=4 August 2018 |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en}}</ref> |- ! Year ! Country ! Virus ! data-sort-type="number" | Human cases ! data-sort-type="number" | Human deaths ! data-sort-type="number" | [[Case fatality rate]] ! Notes |- | [[1967 Marburg virus outbreak in West Germany|1967]] | {{FRG}}<br />{{YUG}} | MARV | 31 | 7 | 23% | |- | 1975 | {{flagcountry|Rhodesia}}<br />{{flag country|Union of South Africa}} | MARV | 3 | 1 | 33% | |- | 1980 | {{KEN}} | MARV | 2 | 1 | 50% | |- | 1987 | {{KEN}} | RAVV | 1 | 1 | 100% | |- | 1988 | {{URS}} | MARV | 1 | 1 | 100% | |- | 1990 | {{URS}} | MARV | 1 | 0 | 0% | |- | 1998–2000 | {{COD}} | MARV & RAVV | 154 | 128 | 83% | |- | 2004–2005 | {{ANG}} | MARV | 252 | 227 | 90% | |- | 2007 | {{UGA}} | MARV & RAVV | 4 | 1 | 25% | <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Marburg haemorrhagic fever in Uganda |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/2007_08_03/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008044427/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2007_08_03/en/ |archive-date=October 8, 2014 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> |- | 2008 | {{UGA}}<br />{{NED}}<br />{{USA}} | MARV | 2 | 1 | 50% | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imported Case of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever --- Colorado, 2008 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5849a2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523210515/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5849a2.htm |archive-date=23 May 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> |- | 2012 | {{UGA}} | MARV | 18 | 9 | 50% | <ref name="healio.com">{{Cite web |date=October 2012 |title=Marburg hemorrhagic fever outbreak continues in Uganda |url=http://www.healio.com/pediatrics/emerging-diseases/news/online/%7B52F1CE80-ACF7-4302-AB14-05428DDDA440%7D/Marburg-hemorrhagic-fever-outbreak-continues-in-Uganda- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184447/https://www.healio.com/pediatrics/emerging-diseases/news/online/%7B52F1CE80-ACF7-4302-AB14-05428DDDA440%7D/Marburg-hemorrhagic-fever-outbreak-continues-in-Uganda- |archive-date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2014-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Marburg haemorrhagic fever in Uganda – update |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_10_31/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810103334/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_10_31/en/ |archive-date=August 10, 2014 |access-date=29 October 2017 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> |- | 2014 | {{UGA}} | MARV | 1 | 1 | 100% | <ref name="china.org.cn">{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2014 |title=1st LD-Writethru: Deadly Marburg hemorrhagic fever breaks out in Uganda |url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2014-10/05/content_33686011.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205045905/http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2014-10/05/content_33686011.htm |archive-date=December 5, 2017 |access-date=October 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Marburg virus disease – Uganda |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/13-november-2014-marburg/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117004432/http://www.who.int/csr/don/13-november-2014-marburg/en/ |archive-date=November 17, 2014 |access-date=29 October 2017 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> |- | '''[[2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak|2017]]''' | {{UGA}} | MARV | 3 | 3 | 100% | <ref name="abc">{{Cite web |title=Uganda controls deadly Marburg fever outbreak, WHO says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/uganda-controls-deadly-marburg-fever-outbreak-51664552 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208164055/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/uganda-controls-deadly-marburg-fever-outbreak-51664552 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |access-date=8 December 2017 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref> |- | '''[[2021 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Guinea|2021]]''' | {{GUI}} | MARV | 1 | 1 | 100% | <ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |date=7 August 2021 |title=Guinea records probable case of Ebola-like Marburg virus |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/guinea-records-probable-case-ebola-like-marburg-virus-2021-08-06/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=Reuters |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807032109/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/guinea-records-probable-case-ebola-like-marburg-virus-2021-08-06/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mvdwho">{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=West Africa's first-ever case of Marburg virus disease confirmed in Guinea |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/west-africas-first-ever-case-marburg-virus-disease-confirmed-guinea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002211223/https://www.afro.who.int/news/west-africas-first-ever-case-marburg-virus-disease-confirmed-guinea |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=who.int}}</ref><ref name="reuters2">{{Cite news |date=August 10, 2021 |title=Guinea records West Africa's first Marburg virus death, WHO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/guinea-records-west-africas-first-marburg-virus-death-who-says-2021-08-09/ |access-date=August 10, 2021 |work=Reuters}}</ref> |- | '''[[2022 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Ghana|2022]]''' | {{GHA}} | MARV | 3 | 2 | 66.66% | <ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2022 |title=Ghana confirms first cases of deadly Marburg virus |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-62202240 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002211224/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62202240 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> |- | '''[[2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Equatorial Guinea|2023]]''' | {{GNQ}} | MARV | 40 | 35 | 88% | <ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2023 |title=Equatorial Guinea declares outbreak of Ebola-like Marburg virus |url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/02/equatorial-guinea-declares-outbreak-of-ebola-like-marburg-virus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220120932/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/02/equatorial-guinea-declares-outbreak-of-ebola-like-marburg-virus/ |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=[[BNO News]]}}</ref><ref name="cidrap1">{{Cite news |last=Schnirring |first=Lisa |date=4 April 2023 |title=Equatorial Guinea confirms another Marburg virus case |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/equatorial-guinea-confirms-another-marburg-virus-case |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404100508/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/equatorial-guinea-confirms-another-marburg-virus-case |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |publisher=University of Minnesota |agency=CIDRAP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schnirring |first=Lisa |date=24 April 2023 |title=New fatal Marburg case reported in Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/new-fatal-marburg-case-reported-equatorial-guinea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425013302/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/new-fatal-marburg-case-reported-equatorial-guinea |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |publisher=University of Minnesota |agency=CIDRAP}}</ref> |- | [[2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Tanzania|'''2023''']] | {{TAN}} | MARV | 9 | 6 | 66% | <ref name="tanz">{{Cite news |last=Schnirring |first=Lisa |date=22 March 2023 |title=Tanzania declares Marburg virus outbreak |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/tanzania-declares-marburg-virus-outbreak |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002211223/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/tanzania-declares-marburg-virus-outbreak |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=22 March 2023 |publisher=University of Minnesota |agency=CIDRAP}}</ref><ref name="tanz2">{{Cite news |date=24 April 2023 |title=Tanzania reports additional Marburg virus disease case |url=http://outbreaknewstoday.com/tanzania-reports-additional-marburg-virus-disease-case-47802/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424235514/https://outbreaknewstoday.com/tanzania-reports-additional-marburg-virus-disease-case-47802/ |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |agency=Outbreak News Today}}</ref> |- | [[Rwanda Marburg virus disease outbreak|'''2024''']] | {{RWA}} | MARV | 58 | 13 | 22% | <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2024 |title=Rwanda reports first-ever Marburg virus disease outbreak, with 26 cases confirmed |url=https://www.afro.who.int/countries/rwanda/news/rwanda-reports-first-ever-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak-26-cases-confirmed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928210038/https://www.afro.who.int/countries/rwanda/news/rwanda-reports-first-ever-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak-26-cases-confirmed |archive-date=28 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024 |publisher=World Health Organization Africa}}</ref> |- |2025 |{{TAN}} |MARV |9 |8 |88% |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2025 |title=Kenya on high alert as Marburg virus kills 8 in Tanzania |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2025-01-15-kenya-on-high-alert-as-marburg-virus-kills-8-in-tanzania |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=The Star |archive-date=January 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115072636/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2025-01-15-kenya-on-high-alert-as-marburg-virus-kills-8-in-tanzania |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2025 |title=Suspected outbreak of Marburg virus kills eight in Tanzania, WHO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/suspected-outbreak-marburg-virus-kills-eight-tanzania-who-says-2025-01-15/ |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=Reuters |archive-date=January 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115122532/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/suspected-outbreak-marburg-virus-kills-eight-tanzania-who-says-2025-01-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | |TOTAL |MARV & RAVV |593 |446 |75% | |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons|Marburg virus}} * [http://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/224.html ViralZone: Marburg virus] * [[Centers for Disease Control]], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050404234910/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/vhfmanual.htm Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers In the African Health Care Setting]''. * Center for Disease Control, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050325072042/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/marburg.htm Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever]''. * Center for Disease Control, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110920155118/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/marburg/marburgtable.htm Known Cases and Outbreaks of Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever]'' * {{ECDC|ebola_marburg_fevers/factsheet.aspx|Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever|10 July 2008}} * [[World Health Organization]], ''[https://www.who.int/csr/disease/marburg/en/ Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever]''. * [http://www.ifrc.org/cgi/pdf_appeals.pl?/05/05me021.pdf#xml=http://www.ifrc.org/cgi/webinator/texis.exe/webinator/search/xml.txt?query=marburg&pr=english&order=r&cq=&id=4259e31f18 Red Cross PDF] * [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filoi Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae] * [https://data.niaid.nih.gov/diseases/ebola-and-marburg NIAID Data Ecosystem - Marburg] [[Category:Animal viral diseases]] [[Category:Arthropod-borne viral fevers den viral haemorrhagic fevers]] [[Category:Biological agents]] [[Category:Hemorrhagic fevers]] [[Category:Tropical diseases]] [[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Zoonotic viral diseases]] [[Category:Marburg virus disease| ]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] rtqpclid7okvn8ldpsg4w5zcj4l3kny 115908 115907 2026-11-06T23:33:32Z DaSupremo 9 /* External links */ 115908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marburg virus disease''' ('''MVD'''), formerly '''Marburg hemorrhagic fever''', be a severe type of [[viral hemorrhagic fever]] insyd humans.<ref name=WHO2018/> Initial symptoms typically dey include fever, [[headache]], den [[muscle pain]].<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> A few days later a rash, vomiting, diarrhea, den abdominal pain fi occur.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Onset of symptoms typically be 5 to 10 days following exposure.<ref name=CDC2015Sym/> Complications fi include [[liver failure]], [[delirium]], [[pancreatitis]], den severe bleeding.<ref name=CDC2015Sym>{{cite web |title=Signs and Symptoms {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013245/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> De cause be ''[[Marburgvirus]]'', of wich der be two types [[Marburg virus]] (MARV) den [[Ravn virus]] (RAVV).<ref name=Spic2016>{{cite web|last1=Spickler|first1=Anna|title=Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections|url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf|access-date=2014-10-19|archive-date=2015-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165458/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165458/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf |date=2015-04-30 }}</ref> Dese viruses normally dey circulate among African [[fruit bat]]s, widout resulting in ill affects.<ref name=CDC2014About/> Spread fi occur from dese bats to people den dan between people.<ref name=WHO2018>{{cite web |title=Marburg virus disease |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |website=www.who.int |access-date=8 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411123405/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/marburg-virus-disease |date=11 April 2020 }}</ref> Spread between people be by direct anaa indirect contact plus contaminated [[body fluids]], wey dey include during sex.<ref name=CDC2014Trans>{{cite web |title=Transmission {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183721/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183721/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/transmission/index.html |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name=WHO2018/> Diagnosis be by blood tests.<ref name=Yel2018>{{cite web |title=Ebola Virus Disease & Marburg Virus Disease - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |website=wwwnc.cdc.gov |access-date=19 July 2019 |language=en-us |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease |date=19 July 2019 }}</ref> E dey present similar to [[Ebola|Ebola virus disease]] (EVD).<ref name=WHO2018/> Prevention dey involve avoiding bats insyd central Africa den using appropriate [[personal protective equipment]] wen caring for sick people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prevention {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320000915/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320000915/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/prevention/index.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> Treatment dey involve [[supportive care]] den dis dey improve outcomes.<ref name=WHO2018/> Dis fi include [[intravenous fluids]], [[blood products]], [[oxygen therapy]], den [[electrolytes]].<ref name=CDC2014TX>{{cite web |title=Treatment {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183720/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319183720/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/treatment/index.html |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref> About half of those wey be infected die as a result.<ref name=WHO2018/> MVD be rare.<ref name=CDC2014About>{{cite web |title=About Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (Marburg HF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320122301/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320122301/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> E generally dey occur as outbreaks within [[Africa]].<ref name=CDC2014About/> De disease initially be recognized insyd 1967 den since 588 cases be diagnosed.<ref name="WHO2018" /><ref name=CDC2014About/> Oda [[primates]] sanso fi be affected.<ref name=CDC2014About/> == Epidemiology == === Pandemic potential === De WHO dey identify marburg virus disease as e get [[pandemic]] potential.<ref name="lid">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cuomo-Dannenburg G, McCain K, McCabe R, Unwin HJ, Doohan P, Nash RK, Hicks JT, Charniga K, Geismar C, Lambert B, Nikitin D, Skarp J, Wardle J, Kont M, Bhatia S, Imai N, van Elsland S, Cori A, Morgenstern C |date=November 2023 |title=Marburg virus disease outbreaks, mathematical models, and disease parameters: a systematic review |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |type=Systematic review |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=e307–e317 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00515-7 |pmc=7615873 |pmid=38040006}}</ref> === Historical outbreaks === Below be a table of outbreaks wey dey concern MVD from 1967 to 2025: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Marburg virus disease outbreaks <ref>{{Cite web |title=Outbreak Table {{!}} Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/resources/outbreak-table.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121181229/http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/resources/outbreak-table.html |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=4 August 2018 |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en}}</ref> |- ! Year ! Country ! Virus ! data-sort-type="number" | Human cases ! data-sort-type="number" | Human deaths ! data-sort-type="number" | [[Case fatality rate]] ! Notes |- | [[1967 Marburg virus outbreak in West Germany|1967]] | {{FRG}}<br />{{YUG}} | MARV | 31 | 7 | 23% | |- | 1975 | {{flagcountry|Rhodesia}}<br />{{flag country|Union of South Africa}} | MARV | 3 | 1 | 33% | |- | 1980 | {{KEN}} | MARV | 2 | 1 | 50% | |- | 1987 | {{KEN}} | RAVV | 1 | 1 | 100% | |- | 1988 | {{URS}} | MARV | 1 | 1 | 100% | |- | 1990 | {{URS}} | MARV | 1 | 0 | 0% | |- | 1998–2000 | {{COD}} | MARV & RAVV | 154 | 128 | 83% | |- | 2004–2005 | {{ANG}} | MARV | 252 | 227 | 90% | |- | 2007 | {{UGA}} | MARV & RAVV | 4 | 1 | 25% | <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Marburg haemorrhagic fever in Uganda |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/2007_08_03/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008044427/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2007_08_03/en/ |archive-date=October 8, 2014 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> |- | 2008 | {{UGA}}<br />{{NED}}<br />{{USA}} | MARV | 2 | 1 | 50% | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imported Case of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever --- Colorado, 2008 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5849a2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523210515/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5849a2.htm |archive-date=23 May 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> |- | 2012 | {{UGA}} | MARV | 18 | 9 | 50% | <ref name="healio.com">{{Cite web |date=October 2012 |title=Marburg hemorrhagic fever outbreak continues in Uganda |url=http://www.healio.com/pediatrics/emerging-diseases/news/online/%7B52F1CE80-ACF7-4302-AB14-05428DDDA440%7D/Marburg-hemorrhagic-fever-outbreak-continues-in-Uganda- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184447/https://www.healio.com/pediatrics/emerging-diseases/news/online/%7B52F1CE80-ACF7-4302-AB14-05428DDDA440%7D/Marburg-hemorrhagic-fever-outbreak-continues-in-Uganda- |archive-date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2014-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Marburg haemorrhagic fever in Uganda – update |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_10_31/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810103334/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_10_31/en/ |archive-date=August 10, 2014 |access-date=29 October 2017 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> |- | 2014 | {{UGA}} | MARV | 1 | 1 | 100% | <ref name="china.org.cn">{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2014 |title=1st LD-Writethru: Deadly Marburg hemorrhagic fever breaks out in Uganda |url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2014-10/05/content_33686011.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205045905/http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2014-10/05/content_33686011.htm |archive-date=December 5, 2017 |access-date=October 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Marburg virus disease – Uganda |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/13-november-2014-marburg/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117004432/http://www.who.int/csr/don/13-november-2014-marburg/en/ |archive-date=November 17, 2014 |access-date=29 October 2017 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> |- | '''[[2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak|2017]]''' | {{UGA}} | MARV | 3 | 3 | 100% | <ref name="abc">{{Cite web |title=Uganda controls deadly Marburg fever outbreak, WHO says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/uganda-controls-deadly-marburg-fever-outbreak-51664552 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208164055/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/uganda-controls-deadly-marburg-fever-outbreak-51664552 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |access-date=8 December 2017 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref> |- | '''[[2021 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Guinea|2021]]''' | {{GUI}} | MARV | 1 | 1 | 100% | <ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |date=7 August 2021 |title=Guinea records probable case of Ebola-like Marburg virus |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/guinea-records-probable-case-ebola-like-marburg-virus-2021-08-06/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=Reuters |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807032109/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/guinea-records-probable-case-ebola-like-marburg-virus-2021-08-06/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mvdwho">{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=West Africa's first-ever case of Marburg virus disease confirmed in Guinea |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/west-africas-first-ever-case-marburg-virus-disease-confirmed-guinea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002211223/https://www.afro.who.int/news/west-africas-first-ever-case-marburg-virus-disease-confirmed-guinea |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=who.int}}</ref><ref name="reuters2">{{Cite news |date=August 10, 2021 |title=Guinea records West Africa's first Marburg virus death, WHO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/guinea-records-west-africas-first-marburg-virus-death-who-says-2021-08-09/ |access-date=August 10, 2021 |work=Reuters}}</ref> |- | '''[[2022 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Ghana|2022]]''' | {{GHA}} | MARV | 3 | 2 | 66.66% | <ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2022 |title=Ghana confirms first cases of deadly Marburg virus |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-62202240 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002211224/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62202240 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> |- | '''[[2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Equatorial Guinea|2023]]''' | {{GNQ}} | MARV | 40 | 35 | 88% | <ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2023 |title=Equatorial Guinea declares outbreak of Ebola-like Marburg virus |url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/02/equatorial-guinea-declares-outbreak-of-ebola-like-marburg-virus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220120932/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/02/equatorial-guinea-declares-outbreak-of-ebola-like-marburg-virus/ |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=[[BNO News]]}}</ref><ref name="cidrap1">{{Cite news |last=Schnirring |first=Lisa |date=4 April 2023 |title=Equatorial Guinea confirms another Marburg virus case |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/equatorial-guinea-confirms-another-marburg-virus-case |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404100508/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/equatorial-guinea-confirms-another-marburg-virus-case |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |publisher=University of Minnesota |agency=CIDRAP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schnirring |first=Lisa |date=24 April 2023 |title=New fatal Marburg case reported in Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/new-fatal-marburg-case-reported-equatorial-guinea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425013302/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/new-fatal-marburg-case-reported-equatorial-guinea |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |publisher=University of Minnesota |agency=CIDRAP}}</ref> |- | [[2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Tanzania|'''2023''']] | {{TAN}} | MARV | 9 | 6 | 66% | <ref name="tanz">{{Cite news |last=Schnirring |first=Lisa |date=22 March 2023 |title=Tanzania declares Marburg virus outbreak |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/tanzania-declares-marburg-virus-outbreak |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002211223/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/tanzania-declares-marburg-virus-outbreak |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=22 March 2023 |publisher=University of Minnesota |agency=CIDRAP}}</ref><ref name="tanz2">{{Cite news |date=24 April 2023 |title=Tanzania reports additional Marburg virus disease case |url=http://outbreaknewstoday.com/tanzania-reports-additional-marburg-virus-disease-case-47802/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424235514/https://outbreaknewstoday.com/tanzania-reports-additional-marburg-virus-disease-case-47802/ |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |agency=Outbreak News Today}}</ref> |- | [[Rwanda Marburg virus disease outbreak|'''2024''']] | {{RWA}} | MARV | 58 | 13 | 22% | <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2024 |title=Rwanda reports first-ever Marburg virus disease outbreak, with 26 cases confirmed |url=https://www.afro.who.int/countries/rwanda/news/rwanda-reports-first-ever-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak-26-cases-confirmed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928210038/https://www.afro.who.int/countries/rwanda/news/rwanda-reports-first-ever-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak-26-cases-confirmed |archive-date=28 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024 |publisher=World Health Organization Africa}}</ref> |- |2025 |{{TAN}} |MARV |9 |8 |88% |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2025 |title=Kenya on high alert as Marburg virus kills 8 in Tanzania |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2025-01-15-kenya-on-high-alert-as-marburg-virus-kills-8-in-tanzania |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=The Star |archive-date=January 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115072636/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2025-01-15-kenya-on-high-alert-as-marburg-virus-kills-8-in-tanzania |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2025 |title=Suspected outbreak of Marburg virus kills eight in Tanzania, WHO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/suspected-outbreak-marburg-virus-kills-eight-tanzania-who-says-2025-01-15/ |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=Reuters |archive-date=January 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115122532/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/suspected-outbreak-marburg-virus-kills-eight-tanzania-who-says-2025-01-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | |TOTAL |MARV & RAVV |593 |446 |75% | |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/224.html ViralZone: Marburg virus] * [[Centers for Disease Control]], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050404234910/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/vhfmanual.htm Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers In the African Health Care Setting]''. * Center for Disease Control, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050325072042/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/marburg.htm Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever]''. * Center for Disease Control, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110920155118/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/marburg/marburgtable.htm Known Cases and Outbreaks of Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever]'' * {{ECDC|ebola_marburg_fevers/factsheet.aspx|Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever|10 July 2008}} * [[World Health Organization]], ''[https://www.who.int/csr/disease/marburg/en/ Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever]''. * [http://www.ifrc.org/cgi/pdf_appeals.pl?/05/05me021.pdf#xml=http://www.ifrc.org/cgi/webinator/texis.exe/webinator/search/xml.txt?query=marburg&pr=english&order=r&cq=&id=4259e31f18 Red Cross PDF] * [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filoi Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae] * [https://data.niaid.nih.gov/diseases/ebola-and-marburg NIAID Data Ecosystem - Marburg] [[Category:Animal viral diseases]] [[Category:Arthropod-borne viral fevers den viral haemorrhagic fevers]] [[Category:Biological agents]] [[Category:Hemorrhagic fevers]] [[Category:Tropical diseases]] [[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Zoonotic viral diseases]] [[Category:Marburg virus disease| ]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jprxhpk4qrf60xe8hmjuwj960r9pguc 10 31325 115906 2026-11-06T23:23:45Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115906 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/Health_topics/{{{1}}} {{{2}}}] {{#if:{{{3|}}}|({{{3}}})}} factsheet from [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]]<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> s1ioswjf0toqd3ouib3iovgs7mwoft7 14 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Naval ensign of Germany.svg | link alias-navy = German Navy | border-naval = | border-navy = | link alias-football = Germany {{{mw|}}} {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#ifeq:{{{mw|}}}|Olympic||national}} {{{age|}}} football {{{class|}}} team | link alias-field hockey = Germany {{{mw|}}} national {{{age|}}} field hockey team | link alias-tennis = Germany {{{mw}}} Cup team | link alias-basketball = Germany {{{mw|}}} national {{{age|}}} basketball team | link alias-rugby union = Germany {{{mw|}}} national {{{age|}}} rugby union team | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = state | redir1 = FRG | related1 = Germany | related2 = East Germany </noinclude> }}<noinclude> </noinclude> kh5zd9ieuugz7sgclsqsmp82xy267fi 10 31330 115913 2026-11-07T08:53:34Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115913 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{documentation | content = {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:High-use|num|x}}|many||{{High-use}}}} {{{header|}}} ==Description== :<code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{#if:{{{2|}}} |{{{2}}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}} |{{{3}}} |{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{{4}}} |? }} }} }}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> Renders a flag icon and wikilink to [[{{getalias|{{{1}}}}}|{{getalias|{{{1}}}}}]]. This template is equivalent to {{tlx|flag|{{{1}}}}}, but is named after the standard three letter {{#if:{{{2|}}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}} |{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|{{{3}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{3}}}|{{{4}}} |[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]] country code, [[List of IOC country codes|IOC code]], and [[List of FIFA country codes|FIFA code]] |[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]] country code and [[List of IOC country codes|IOC code]] }} |{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|{{{4}}} |[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]] country code and [[List of FIFA country codes|FIFA code]] |[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]] country code }} }} |{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|{{{3}}} |[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]] country code and [[List of IOC country codes|IOC code]] |[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]] country code }} }} |{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|{{{4}}} |[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]] country code and [[List of FIFA country codes|FIFA code]] |[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]] country code }} |[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]] country code }} }} |{{#if:{{{3|}}} |{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{3}}}|{{{4}}} |[[List of IOC country codes|IOC country code]] and [[List of FIFA country codes|FIFA code]] |[[List of IOC country codes|IOC country code]] }} |[[List of IOC country codes|IOC country code]] }} |{{#if:{{{4|}}} |[[List of FIFA country codes|FIFA country code]] |country code }} }} }} for {{{1}}} as a shorthand editing convenience. {{#if:{{{2|}}} |<br/>{{#if:{{{3|}}} |{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|{{{3}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{3}}}|{{{4}}}| |You can also use {{tlx|{{{4}}}}} (which is a redirect to this template) because "{{{4}}}" is the [[List of FIFA country codes|FIFA code]] for {{{1}}}. }} |{{#ifeq:{{{3}}}|{{{4}}} |You can also use {{tlx|{{{3}}}}} (which is a redirect to this template) because "{{{3}}}" is the [[List of IOC country codes|IOC code]] and [[List of FIFA country codes|FIFA code]] for {{{1}}}. |{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|{{{4}}} |You can also use {{tlx|{{{3}}}}} (which is a redirect to this template) because "{{{3}}}" is the [[List of IOC country codes|IOC code]] for {{{1}}}. |You can also use {{tlx|{{{3}}}}} or {{tlx|{{{4}}}}} (which are redirects to this template) because "{{{3}}}" is the [[List of IOC country codes|IOC code]] and "{{{4}}}" is the [[List of FIFA country codes|FIFA code]] for {{{1}}}. }} }} }} |{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|{{{3}}}| |You can also use {{tlx|{{{3}}}}} (which is a redirect to this template) because "{{{3}}}" is the [[List of IOC country codes|IOC code]] for {{{1}}}. }} }} |{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|{{{4}}}| |You can also use {{tlx|{{{4}}}}} (which is a redirect to this template) because "{{{4}}}" is the [[List of FIFA country codes|FIFA code]] for {{{1}}}. }} }} }} |{{#if:{{{3|}}} |{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{3}}}|{{{4}}}| |You can also use {{tlx|{{{4}}}}} (which is a redirect to this template) because "{{{4}}}" is the [[List of FIFA country codes|FIFA code]] for {{{1}}}. }} }} }} }} {{#ifexist:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}/doc |{{ {{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}/doc}} <!-- category and other documentation for the flag template --> }} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": {}, "description": "Renders a flag icon and wikilink. Takes no parameters." } </templatedata> ==See also== *[[Template:Country data {{{1}}}]]—for more options, such as historical flag variations where applicable *[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Flag Template]]—for a complete discussion of the flag template system *[[Wikipedia:Inline templates linking country articles]]—for a complete list of these "shorthand" flag templates {{Sandbox other||[[Category:Flag template shorthands]]}} | link box = This documentation is generated by [[Template:Flag template documentation]]. <br/> Documentation specific to this template may be placed in this template's [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc|/doc]] subpage and will be automatically transcluded. <br/> Any [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categories]] should also be added to the [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc|/doc]] subpage. }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}<!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> hkzzq2axj1p02qr37zbnxlcp9sucu3p 828 31331 115914 2026-11-07T08:56:05Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh module 115914 Scribunto text/plain local CountryData = require('Module:CountryData') local pages = {'Albania', 'Chinese_Taipei', 'Czechoslovakia', 'Dominican_Republic', 'Kenya', 'Montenegro', 'Puerto_Rico', 'Saudi_Arabia', 'Sri_Lanka', 'United_Arab_Emirates', 'Uzbekistan', 'Yugoslavia'} local p = { data = {} } local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() for _,v in ipairs(pages) do p.data[v] = CountryData.gettable(frame, v, {}) end return p ez734ua3h4bdk98wz89a91ratf9031a 10 31332 115915 2026-11-07T08:57:09Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | shortname alias = Yugoslavia | flag alias = Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg | flag alias-shs = Flag of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.svg | flag alias-army = Yugoslavia Infantry flag.svg | flag alias-naval = Naval Ensign of Yugoslavia (1949–1993).svg | flag alias-navy = Naval Ensign of Yugoslavia (1949–1993).svg | link alias-military = Yugoslav People's Army | link alias-army = Yugoslav Ground Forces | link alias-naval = Yugoslav Navy | link alias-air force = Yugoslav Air Force | link alias-navy = Yugoslav Navy | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = shs | redir1 = YUG | redir2 = SFR Yugoslavia | redir3 = Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | related1 = Kingdom of Yugoslavia<!-- 1929–1941/1945 --> | related2 = Democratic Federal Yugoslavia<!-- 1941–1945 --> | related3 = Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia<!-- 1945–1963 --> | related4 = Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<!-- 1992–2003 --> </noinclude> }} 79b0fiovbbfs6hdo3k4irfp0rdatuke 10 31333 115916 2026-11-07T08:57:58Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{country data {{{1}}}|getalias/core|name={{{2|}}}|variant={{{variant|{{{3|}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> anrk3h1ng0trq4l9xqx1we1umkopk3n 10 31334 115917 2026-11-07T08:58:48Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{{name|}}} alias-{{{variant}}}|{{{{{{name|}}} alias|{{{alias}}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation|content=This template is used internally by [[Template:getalias]]. It is not intended to be transcluded directly.}} [[Category:Flag template system cores]] </noinclude> 4e3aw8q2gzkst0zs5pgdj3mfpnvpckz 10 31335 115918 2026-11-07T08:59:18Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Yugoslavia}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Yugoslavia|YUG|YUG|YUG}} </noinclude> 75y5yk3n59vzcav5jsqwaph59ms3xd3 828 31336 115919 2026-11-07T09:00:18Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh module 115919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{high-use|1681}}<noinclude> [[Category:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> pfqh6aeg1jco4nt82ysb1gnqdm4j6dk 10 31337 115920 2026-11-07T09:01:30Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Rhodesia | flag alias = Flag of Rhodesia (1968–1979).svg | flag alias-1964 = Flag of Rhodesia (1964–1968).svg | link alias-football = Zimbabwe {{{mw|}}} national football team | link alias-tennis = Zimbabwe {{{mw}}} Cup team | flag alias-air force = Air Force Ensign of Rhodesia (1970–1979).svg | link alias-air force = Rhodesian Air Force | flag alias-army = Rhodesian Army Flag.svg | link alias-army = Rhodesian Army | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1964 | related1 = Zimbabwe | related2 = Zimbabwe-Rhodesia | related3 = Southern Rhodesia </noinclude> }} 7t255nn39je0gm6hrnr6hvnw6q93hnj 10 31338 115921 2026-11-07T09:02:22Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Union of South Africa | shortname alias = South Africa | flag alias = Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg | flag alias-1910 = Red Ensign of South Africa (1910–1912).svg | flag alias-1912 = Red Ensign of South Africa (1912–1951).svg | flag alias-1910blue = Blue Ensign of South Africa (1910–1928).svg | flag alias-army = Flag of the South African Army (1951–1966).png | link alias-army = South African Army | flag alias-air force = Air Force Ensign of South Africa (1958–1967, 1970–1981).svg | link alias-air force = South African Air Force | flag alias-marines = Naval Ensign of South Africa (1952–1959).svg | link alias-marines = South African Corps of Marines | flag alias-military = Ensign of the South African Defence Force (1947–1981).svg | link alias-military = South African Defence Force | flag alias-naval = Naval Ensign of South Africa (1952–1959).svg | link alias-naval = South African Navy | flag alias-naval-1922 = Naval ensign of the United Kingdom.svg | link alias-naval-1922 = South African Navy | flag alias-naval-1946 = Naval Ensign of South Africa (1946–1951).svg | link alias-naval-1946 = South African Navy | flag alias-navy = Naval Ensign of South Africa (1952–1959).svg | link alias-navy = South African Navy | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1910 | var2 = 1912 | var3 = 1910blue | var4 = naval-1922 | var5 = naval-1946 | redir1 = South African Union | related1 = South Africa | related2 = South African Republic | cat = South Africa, Union </noinclude> }}<noinclude> </noinclude> ozcj4l0gdw1jtha4zwqywd283i0qpvo 10 31339 115922 2026-11-07T09:04:22Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Kenya}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Kenya|KEN|KEN|KEN}} </noinclude> 4rzb2zvymof5jzvv15mvea9or696ru9 10 31340 115923 2026-11-07T09:04:36Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Kenya | flag alias = Flag of Kenya.svg | flag alias-colonial = Flag of Kenya (1921–1963).svg | flag alias-kdf = Flag of the Kenya Defence Forces.svg | flag alias-1895 = Flag of Kenya (1895–1921).svg | flag alias-naval = Naval Ensign of Kenya.svg | link alias-naval = Kenya Navy | flag alias-military=Flag of the Kenya Defence Forces.svg | link alias-military=Kenya Defence Forces | flag alias-navy=Presidential Colour of the Kenyan Navy.svg | link alias-navy=Kenya Navy | flag alias-air force = Air Force Ensign of Kenya.svg | link alias-air force= Kenya Air Force | flag alias-army = Flag of the Kenyan Army.svg | link alias-army = Kenya Army | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = colonial | var2 = kdf | var3 = 1895 | redir1 = KEN </noinclude> }} kd8l8e32jikiidmqwb6hs8ui7e314kl 14 31341 115924 2026-11-07T09:05:06Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115924 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 10 31342 115925 2026-11-07T09:06:51Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Soviet Union | flag alias = Flag of the Soviet Union.svg | flag alias-1922 = Flag of the Soviet Union (1922–1923).svg | flag alias-1923 = Flag of the Soviet Union (1924).svg | flag alias-1924 = Flag of the Soviet Union (1924–1936).svg | flag alias-1936 = Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 – 1955).svg | flag alias-1955 = Flag of the Soviet Union.svg | flag alias-coast guard-1924 = USSR, Flag KGB 1924.svg | link alias-coast guard-1924 = Soviet Border Troops | flag alias-coast guard-1935 = USSR, Flag KGB 1935.svg | link alias-coast guard-1935 = Soviet Border Troops | flag alias-coast guard = USSR, Flag KGB 1950.svg | link alias-coast guard = Soviet Border Troops | flag alias-air force=Flag of the Soviet Air Force.svg | link alias-air force=Soviet Air Forces | flag alias-army = Flag of the Soviet Union.svg | link alias-army = Soviet Army | flag alias-naval = Naval Ensign of the Soviet Union (1950–1991).svg | flag alias-naval-1924 = Naval Ensign of the Soviet Union (1923–1935).svg | flag alias-naval-1935 = Naval Ensign of the Soviet Union 1935.svg | flag alias-VV MVD naval = USSR, Naval flag of ships by the Interior Force 1983.svg | link alias-naval = {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#switch:{{{variant|}}}|VV MVD naval=Soviet Internal Troops|Soviet Navy}} | flag alias-navy = Naval Ensign of the Soviet Union (1950–1991).svg | link alias-navy = Soviet Navy | flag alias-marines= Flag of the Soviet Union.svg | link alias-marines= Soviet Naval Infantry | flag alias-military= Flag of the Soviet Union.svg | link alias-military= Soviet Armed Forces | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1922 | var2 = 1923 | var3 = 1924 | var4 = 1936 | var5 = 1955 | var6 = naval-1924 | var7 = naval-1935 | var8 = coast guard-1924 | var9 = coast guard-1935 | var10 = VV MVD naval | redir1 = URS | redir2 = USSR | redir3 = SUN | redir4 = the Soviet Union | related1 = Commonwealth of Independent States </noinclude> }} 4hxiuakejvjzk89cb1kj5g09d2d4v5i 10 31343 115926 2026-11-07T09:07:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Soviet Union}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Soviet Union||URS|URS}} </noinclude> 6gmdrbdppywsq2p3l2ukrsnawuurfrv 10 31345 115928 2026-11-07T09:08:43Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Democratic Republic of the Congo | shortname alias = DR Congo | flag alias = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg | flag alias-1960 = Flag of the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) (1960–1963).svg | flag alias-1963 = Flag of the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) (1963–1966).svg | flag alias-1966 = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1966–1971).svg | flag alias-1997 = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1997–2006).svg | flag alias-2003 = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1997–2006).svg | link alias-army = Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | link alias-naval = Navy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | link alias-air force = Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | link alias-navy = Navy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | link alias-military = Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | hatnote = {{For|the neighboring country|Template:Country data Republic of the Congo}} | var1 = 1960 | var2 = 1963 | var3 = 1966 | var4 = 1997 | var5 = 2003 | redir1 = COD | redir2 = DR Congo | redir3 = Congo, Democratic Republic of the | redir4 = Congo-Kinshasa | related1 = Zaire | related2 = Belgian Congo | related3 = Congo Free State | cat = Congo democratic republic </noinclude> }} jwxsnygnr82at27azkruratrem22s3d 10 31346 115929 2026-11-07T09:09:06Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Democratic Republic of the Congo|name={{{name|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}}}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Democratic Republic of the Congo|COD|COD|COD}} </noinclude> augx45bn3j28for50i1vmjilb3f46df 828 31347 115930 2026-11-07T09:10:57Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh module 115930 Scribunto text/plain local CountryData = require('Module:CountryData') local pages = {'Afghanistan', 'Angola', 'Bahrain', 'Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo', 'East_Germany', 'Fiji', 'Honduras', 'Jordan', 'Kuwait', 'Mali', 'Taiwan', 'Tanzania'} local p = { data = {} } local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() for _,v in ipairs(pages) do p.data[v] = CountryData.gettable(frame, v, {}) end return p 7bns4d0dgyxxybxk2ifhnrdrd9jhmd7 10 31348 115931 2026-11-07T09:11:49Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Angola | flag alias = Flag of Angola.svg | link alias-naval = Angolan Navy | link alias-army = Angolan Army | link alias-navy = Angolan Navy | link alias-military = Angolan Armed Forces | link alias-air force = National Air Force of Angola | flag alias-air force = Infobox Flag of the Angola Air Force.svg | variant = {{{variant|}}} | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} <noinclude> | redir1 = AGO | redir2 = ANG </noinclude> }} 4xq9hvqv9fiwwq5bx3xxcr2dxtj1f9g 10 31349 115932 2026-11-07T09:12:06Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Angola}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Angola|AGO|ANG|ANG}} </noinclude> 4uyd25fpm9q2kpuind98oohqz4ruly9 828 31350 115933 2026-11-07T09:13:59Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh module 115933 Scribunto text/plain local CountryData = require('Module:CountryData') local pages = {'Bolivia', 'El_Salvador', 'Ethiopia', 'Guatemala', 'Iraq', 'Lebanon', 'Myanmar', 'North_Korea', 'Northern_Ireland', 'Syria', 'Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'Uganda'} local p = { data = {} } local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() for _,v in ipairs(pages) do p.data[v] = CountryData.gettable(frame, v, {}) end return p fsj16tv4coxdifgcvd2q58pe4aatrdw 10 31351 115934 2026-11-07T09:14:45Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Uganda | flag alias = Flag of Uganda.svg | flag alias-colonial = Flag of the Uganda Protectorate.svg | flag alias-1962 = Flag of Uganda 1962.svg | flag alias-military = Flag of the Uganda People's Defence Force.svg | link alias-military = Uganda People's Defence Force | link alias-army = Uganda People's Defence Force{{!}}Ugandan Land Forces | flag alias-army = Flag of the Ugandan Land Forces.svg | flag alias-air force = Flag of the Uganda People's Defence Air Force.svg | link alias-air force = Uganda Air Force{{!}}Ugandan Air Force | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = colonial | var2 = 1962 | redir1 = UGA </noinclude> }} iq6alxp2stbvqxnp1bqoxsxf52sbt37 10 31352 115935 2026-11-07T09:15:04Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Uganda}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Uganda|UGA|UGA|UGA}} </noinclude> 8d46igasbarsdpqrq4g4y94i9gwax5e 828 31353 115936 2026-11-07T09:20:39Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh module 115936 Scribunto text/plain local CountryData = require('Module:CountryData') local pages = {'Australia', 'Canada', 'France', 'Germany', 'India', 'Italy', 'Japan', 'Netherlands', 'Poland', 'Russia', 'Spain', 'United_States'} local p = { data = {} } local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() for _,v in ipairs(pages) do p.data[v] = CountryData.gettable(frame, v, {}) end return p 96fdyeg6uibqh66zu8o0bzeys1oed10 10 31354 115937 2026-11-07T09:20:55Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Netherlands}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Netherlands|NLD|NED|NED}} </noinclude> ho0ynqce7bhopafmb0ujvguorys1ywa 10 31355 115938 2026-11-07T09:21:54Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||United States|23px}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|United States|USA|USA|USA|header= {{for|the WikiProject:United States banner for use on talk page headers|Template:WPUS}} {{Template shortcut|US|U.S.}}}} </noinclude> 2nl6g6895ciacn39hpio24clirlp0mx 10 31356 115939 2026-11-07T09:23:22Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Guinea | flag alias = Flag of Guinea.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} <noinclude> | redir1 = GIN | redir2 = GUI </noinclude> }} 6099sqcpkqqiwsrb6jcn5z0iouk2g0d 10 31357 115940 2026-11-07T09:23:46Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Guinea}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Guinea|GIN|GUI|GUI}} </noinclude> jczn17oo8ym75oxka7ftfql3nqly99i 10 31358 115941 2026-11-07T09:24:45Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Ghana}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Ghana|GHA|GHA|GHA}} </noinclude> mdvqdsrumi8c7cdigklf7yx0pi0j7p3 828 31359 115942 2026-11-07T09:25:34Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh module 115942 Scribunto text/plain local CountryData = require('Module:CountryData') local pages = {'Armenia', 'Cuba', 'Cyprus', 'Ecuador', 'Ghana', 'Iceland', 'Jamaica', 'Luxembourg', 'Paraguay', 'Tunisia', 'Vietnam', 'West_Germany'} local p = { data = {} } local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() for _,v in ipairs(pages) do p.data[v] = CountryData.gettable(frame, v, {}) end return p 6bnokx6tx8j73rz3bf7h667ttknn5gm 10 31360 115943 2026-11-07T09:26:28Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Ghana | flag alias = Flag of Ghana.svg | flag alias-1964 = Ghana flag 1964.svg | flag alias-civil = Civil Ensign of Ghana.svg | flag alias-naval = Naval Ensign of Ghana.svg | flag alias-air force = Air Force Ensign of Ghana.svg | flag alias-navy = Naval Ensign of Ghana.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1964 | var2 = civil | redir1 = GHA | related1 = Gold Coast </noinclude> }} 8q239u2ayfzjkkg8ik9plk7jb9llpgk 10 31361 115944 2026-11-07T09:27:28Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Gold Coast (British colony) | shortname alias = Gold Coast | flag alias = Flag of the Gold Coast (1877–1957).svg | link alias-football = Ghana national football team | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} <noinclude> | related1 = Ghana </noinclude> }} n1cbbthkok4js2kex9h0v0zudvhsy6q 10 31362 115945 2026-11-07T09:28:28Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{country data {{{1}}} | naval/core | variant = {{{variant|{{{2|}}}}}} | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> hw1i98765z62cdgi6b101u4zaa18mls 10 31363 115946 2026-11-07T09:29:18Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{country data {{{1}}} | air force/core | variant = {{{variant|{{{2|}}}}}} | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 423t78kyy1gl03if5b1ivvq2d5pg4r9 10 31364 115947 2026-11-07T09:30:00Z 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It is not intended to be transcluded directly from the main article space.}} [[Category:Flag template system cores]] </noinclude> 1z81tlhmp2otyp6t5zakj6vaj22f3p0 10 31367 115950 2026-11-07T09:33:52Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Equatorial Guinea | flag alias = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | link alias-naval = Navy of Equatorial Guinea | link alias-navy = Navy of Equatorial Guinea | link alias-military = Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} <noinclude> | redir1 = GNQ | redir2 = EQG | redir3 = GEQ </noinclude> }} t2z828hukovtg5upbctp9mq8d6gwq61 10 31368 115951 2026-11-07T09:34:17Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Equatorial Guinea}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Equatorial Guinea|GNQ|GEQ|EQG}} </noinclude> 1j2vi6gyessnw8f66p8v1a2lrlu4hcj 10 31369 115952 2026-11-07T09:35:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Tanzania}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Tanzania|TZA|TAN|TAN}} </noinclude> qsmhf9g4fi1o977s3ytezu805cbmtcy 10 31370 115953 2026-11-07T09:35:40Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Tanzania | flag alias = Flag of Tanzania.svg | flag alias-1964 = Flag of Tanzania (WFB 2000).png | flag alias-2004 = Flag of Tanzania (2004 World Factbook).gif | link alias-army = Tanzanian Army | link alias-naval = Tanzania Naval Command | link alias-navy = Tanzania Naval Command | size = {{{size|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1964 | var2 = 2004 | redir1 = TZA | redir2 = TAN | redir3 = United Republic of Tanzania | related1 = Tanganyika | related2 = Zanzibar </noinclude> }} 5boyrdnrshqlfb8qh3a3b1ahihg2q5g 10 31371 115954 2026-11-07T09:36:25Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Rwanda}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Rwanda|RWA|RWA|RWA}} </noinclude> a39jvo69otmywb3abomx13hfi26lue9 10 31372 115955 2026-11-07T09:36:58Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Rwanda | flag alias = Flag of Rwanda.svg | flag alias-Gitarama = Flag of Rwanda (January – September 1961).svg | flag alias-1961 = Flag of Rwanda (1961–2001).svg | flag alias-1962 = Flag of Rwanda (1961–2001).svg | link alias-air force= Rwandan Air Force | link alias-army = Rwanda Defence Force{{!}}Rwandan Army | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1961 | var2 = 1962 | var3 = Gitarama | redir1 = RWA </noinclude> }} 7fleydsq3j9kgsxrojvtrlh5wpxc71z 0 31373 115956 2026-11-07T09:39:54Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456740|Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115956 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency anemia''', of which '''pernicious anemia''' ('''PA''') i == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0uaxi1t7698pzxc6csux6bokv4hd5j6 115957 115956 2026-11-07T09:50:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pernicious anemia''' be a disease wer no enough [[red blood cell]]s be produced secof a deficiency of [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B₁₂]].<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Those wey be affected often get a gradual onset.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> De most common initial symptoms be [[Fatigue|feeling tired]] den weak.<ref name="NIH2011Sign">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112837/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Oda symptoms fi include [[shortness of breath|rapid breathing]], feeling faint, mouth ulcers, sore tongue, [[Pallor|pale]] skin, chest pain, loss of appetite, [[Indigestion|upset stomach]], numbness insyd hands den feet, [[Ataxia|difficulty walking]], muscle weakness, blurred vision, slow thinking, memory loss, clumsiness, depression, den confusion.<ref name="NIH2011Sign" /> Widout treatment, sam of dese problems fi cam be permanent.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == b7cmol31j1mvvd8zme0qv96d0qpci7v 115958 115957 2026-11-07T11:44:09Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency anemia''', of wich '''pernicious anemia''' ('''PA''') be a disease wer no enough [[red blood cell]]s be produced secof a deficiency of [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B₁₂]].<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Those wey be affected often get a gradual onset.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> De most common initial symptoms be [[Fatigue|feeling tired]] den weak.<ref name="NIH2011Sign">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112837/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Oda symptoms fi include [[shortness of breath|rapid breathing]], feeling faint, mouth ulcers, sore tongue, [[Pallor|pale]] skin, chest pain, loss of appetite, [[Indigestion|upset stomach]], numbness insyd hands den feet, [[Ataxia|difficulty walking]], muscle weakness, blurred vision, slow thinking, memory loss, clumsiness, depression, den confusion.<ref name="NIH2011Sign" /> Widout treatment, sam of dese problems fi cam be permanent.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Pernicious anemia dey refer to a type of [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|vitamin B₁₂ deficiency]] [[anemia]] wey dey result from lack of [[intrinsic factor]].<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Lack of intrinsic factor be most commonly secof an [[autoimmune]] attack on de [[Parietal cells|cells]] wey create am insyd de [[stomach]].<ref name="NIH2011Cas" /> E sanso fi occur following de surgical removal of all anaa part of de stomach anaa [[small intestine]]; from an inherited disorder anaa illnesses wey damage de stomach lining.<ref name="NIH2011Cas">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Causes Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/causes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115517/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/causes |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Wen suspected, diagnosis be made by [[blood test]]s initially a [[complete blood count]], den occasionally, [[Bone marrow examination|bone marrow tests]].<ref name="NIH2011Diag" /> Blood tests fi show [[Megaloblastic anemia|fewer buh larger red blood cells]], low numbers of [[reticulocyte|young red blood cells]], low levels of vitamin B₁₂, den [[antibodies]] to intrinsic factor.<ref name="NIH2011Diag">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Is Pernicious Anemia Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/diagnosis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115225/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/diagnosis |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Diagnosis no always be straightforward wey fi be challenging.<ref name=":0" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 99je5zc44j1g0sk2tb71tz7xf5ls8e3 115959 115958 2026-11-07T11:46:50Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency anemia''', of wich '''pernicious anemia''' ('''PA''') be a disease wer no enough [[red blood cell]]s be produced secof a deficiency of [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B₁₂]].<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Those wey be affected often get a gradual onset.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> De most common initial symptoms be [[Fatigue|feeling tired]] den weak.<ref name="NIH2011Sign">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112837/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Oda symptoms fi include [[shortness of breath|rapid breathing]], feeling faint, mouth ulcers, sore tongue, [[Pallor|pale]] skin, chest pain, loss of appetite, [[Indigestion|upset stomach]], numbness insyd hands den feet, [[Ataxia|difficulty walking]], muscle weakness, blurred vision, slow thinking, memory loss, clumsiness, depression, den confusion.<ref name="NIH2011Sign" /> Widout treatment, sam of dese problems fi cam be permanent.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Pernicious anemia dey refer to a type of [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|vitamin B₁₂ deficiency]] [[anemia]] wey dey result from lack of [[intrinsic factor]].<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Lack of intrinsic factor be most commonly secof an [[autoimmune]] attack on de [[Parietal cells|cells]] wey create am insyd de [[stomach]].<ref name="NIH2011Cas" /> E sanso fi occur following de surgical removal of all anaa part of de stomach anaa [[small intestine]]; from an inherited disorder anaa illnesses wey damage de stomach lining.<ref name="NIH2011Cas">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Causes Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/causes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115517/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/causes |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Wen suspected, diagnosis be made by [[blood test]]s initially a [[complete blood count]], den occasionally, [[Bone marrow examination|bone marrow tests]].<ref name="NIH2011Diag" /> Blood tests fi show [[Megaloblastic anemia|fewer buh larger red blood cells]], low numbers of [[reticulocyte|young red blood cells]], low levels of vitamin B₁₂, den [[antibodies]] to intrinsic factor.<ref name="NIH2011Diag">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Is Pernicious Anemia Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/diagnosis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115225/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/diagnosis |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Diagnosis no always be straightforward wey fi be challenging.<ref name=":0" /> Secof pernicious anemia be secof a lack of intrinsic factor, e no be preventable.<ref name="NIH2011Pre">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Can Pernicious Anemia Be Prevented? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314105519/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/prevention |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Pernicious anemia fi be treated plus injections of vitamin B₁₂.<ref name="NIH2011Tx">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Is Pernicious Anemia Treated? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/treatment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314111520/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/treatment |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> If de symptoms be serious, frequent injections typically be recommended initially.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Der no be enough studies on whether pills be effective in improving anaa eliminating symptoms.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Wolffenbuttel |first1=Bruce H.R. |last2=Wouters |first2=Hanneke J.C.M. |last3=Heiner-Fokkema |first3=M. Rebecca |last4=van der Klauw |first4=Melanie M. |date=June 2019 |title=The Many Faces of Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=200–214 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.03.002 |issn=2542-4548 |pmc=6543499 |pmid=31193945}}</ref> Often, treatment fi be needed for life.<ref name="NIH2011Prog">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=Living With Pernicious Anemia |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/livingwith |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314110059/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/livingwith |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] e8e7xoexe6fsyqm8ahtk8sace34av0p 115960 115959 2026-11-07T11:50:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency anemia''', of wich '''pernicious anemia''' ('''PA''') be a disease wer no enough [[red blood cell]]s be produced secof a deficiency of [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B₁₂]].<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Those wey be affected often get a gradual onset.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> De most common initial symptoms be [[Fatigue|feeling tired]] den weak.<ref name="NIH2011Sign">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112837/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Oda symptoms fi include [[shortness of breath|rapid breathing]], feeling faint, mouth ulcers, sore tongue, [[Pallor|pale]] skin, chest pain, loss of appetite, [[Indigestion|upset stomach]], numbness insyd hands den feet, [[Ataxia|difficulty walking]], muscle weakness, blurred vision, slow thinking, memory loss, clumsiness, depression, den confusion.<ref name="NIH2011Sign" /> Widout treatment, sam of dese problems fi cam be permanent.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Pernicious anemia dey refer to a type of [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|vitamin B₁₂ deficiency]] [[anemia]] wey dey result from lack of [[intrinsic factor]].<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Lack of intrinsic factor be most commonly secof an [[autoimmune]] attack on de [[Parietal cells|cells]] wey create am insyd de [[stomach]].<ref name="NIH2011Cas" /> E sanso fi occur following de surgical removal of all anaa part of de stomach anaa [[small intestine]]; from an inherited disorder anaa illnesses wey damage de stomach lining.<ref name="NIH2011Cas">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Causes Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/causes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115517/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/causes |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Wen suspected, diagnosis be made by [[blood test]]s initially a [[complete blood count]], den occasionally, [[Bone marrow examination|bone marrow tests]].<ref name="NIH2011Diag" /> Blood tests fi show [[Megaloblastic anemia|fewer buh larger red blood cells]], low numbers of [[reticulocyte|young red blood cells]], low levels of vitamin B₁₂, den [[antibodies]] to intrinsic factor.<ref name="NIH2011Diag">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Is Pernicious Anemia Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/diagnosis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115225/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/diagnosis |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Diagnosis no always be straightforward wey fi be challenging.<ref name=":0" /> Secof pernicious anemia be secof a lack of intrinsic factor, e no be preventable.<ref name="NIH2011Pre">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Can Pernicious Anemia Be Prevented? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314105519/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/prevention |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Pernicious anemia fi be treated plus injections of vitamin B₁₂.<ref name="NIH2011Tx">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Is Pernicious Anemia Treated? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/treatment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314111520/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/treatment |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> If de symptoms be serious, frequent injections typically be recommended initially.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Der no be enough studies on whether pills be effective in improving anaa eliminating symptoms.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Wolffenbuttel |first1=Bruce H.R. |last2=Wouters |first2=Hanneke J.C.M. |last3=Heiner-Fokkema |first3=M. Rebecca |last4=van der Klauw |first4=Melanie M. |date=June 2019 |title=The Many Faces of Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=200–214 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.03.002 |issn=2542-4548 |pmc=6543499 |pmid=31193945}}</ref> Often, treatment fi be needed for life.<ref name="NIH2011Prog">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=Living With Pernicious Anemia |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/livingwith |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314110059/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/livingwith |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Pernicious anemia be de most common cause of clinically evident vitamin B₁₂ deficiency worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rojas Hernandez |first1=Cristhiam M. |last2=Oo |first2=Thein Hlaing |date=March 2015 |title=Advances in mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of pernicious anemia |journal=Discovery Medicine |volume=19 |issue=104 |pages=159–168 |issn=1944-7930 |pmid=25828519}}</ref> Pernicious anemia secof autoimmune problems dey occur insyd about one per 1000 people insyd de US. Among those over de age of 60, about 2% get de condition.<ref name="Li">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Li X, Thomsen H, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Försti A, Hemminki K |date=2021 |title=Familial Risks between Pernicious Anemia and Other Autoimmune Diseases in the Population of Sweden |journal=Autoimmune Diseases |volume=2021 |article-number=8815297 |doi=10.1155/2021/8815297 |pmc=7815416 |pmid=33505716 |doi-access=free}}</ref> E more commonly dey affect people of northern European descent.<ref name="Wol2009">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781778992 |title=Professional guide to diseases. |date=2009 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7899-2 |edition=9 |location=Philadelphia |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781778992/page/502 502] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Women be more commonly affected dan men.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68enzUD7BVgC&pg=PA1157 |title=Wintrobe's clinical hematology. |vauthors=Greer JP |date=2009 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-6507-7 |edition=12th |location=Philadelphia |page=1157 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314111810/https://books.google.ca/books?id=68enzUD7BVgC&pg=PA1157 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> Plus proper treatment, chaw people dey live normal lives.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Secof a higher risk of [[stomach cancer]], those plus pernicious anemia for be checked regularly give dis.<ref name="NIH2011Prog" /> Na de first clear description be by [[Thomas Addison]] insyd 1849.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Drawing blood technology and disease identity in twentieth-century America |vauthors=Wailoo K |date=1999 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-7029-3 |edition=Johns Hopkins Paperbacks |location=Baltimore, Md. |page=Chapter 4 |chapter=The Corporate "Conquest" of Pernicious Anemia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1vYa5ipzJtoC&pg=PT50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314160726/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1vYa5ipzJtoC&pg=PT50 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xD3JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |title=Dictionary of Medicine |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-92841-4 |page=404 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112849/https://books.google.ca/books?id=xD3JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> De term "pernicious" dey mean "deadly", wey dis term cam into use secof, before de availability of treatment, na de disease often be fatal.<ref name="NIH2011What">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Is Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314111724/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMOCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295 |title=Diseases of the Human Body |vauthors=Tamparo C |date=2016 |publisher=F.A. Davis |isbn=978-0-8036-5791-5 |page=295 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317174529/https://books.google.ca/books?id=eMOCCwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA52&dq=Diseases%20of%20the%20Human%20Body&pg=PA295 |archive-date=2016-03-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ipuvaivxkcxyc5so7nxfiqzemelsasr 115961 115960 2026-11-07T11:54:47Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency anemia''', of wich '''pernicious anemia''' ('''PA''') be a disease wer no enough [[red blood cell]]s be produced secof a deficiency of [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B₁₂]].<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Those wey be affected often get a gradual onset.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> De most common initial symptoms be [[Fatigue|feeling tired]] den weak.<ref name="NIH2011Sign">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112837/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Oda symptoms fi include [[shortness of breath|rapid breathing]], feeling faint, mouth ulcers, sore tongue, [[Pallor|pale]] skin, chest pain, loss of appetite, [[Indigestion|upset stomach]], numbness insyd hands den feet, [[Ataxia|difficulty walking]], muscle weakness, blurred vision, slow thinking, memory loss, clumsiness, depression, den confusion.<ref name="NIH2011Sign" /> Widout treatment, sam of dese problems fi cam be permanent.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Pernicious anemia dey refer to a type of [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|vitamin B₁₂ deficiency]] [[anemia]] wey dey result from lack of [[intrinsic factor]].<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Lack of intrinsic factor be most commonly secof an [[autoimmune]] attack on de [[Parietal cells|cells]] wey create am insyd de [[stomach]].<ref name="NIH2011Cas" /> E sanso fi occur following de surgical removal of all anaa part of de stomach anaa [[small intestine]]; from an inherited disorder anaa illnesses wey damage de stomach lining.<ref name="NIH2011Cas">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Causes Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/causes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115517/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/causes |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Wen suspected, diagnosis be made by [[blood test]]s initially a [[complete blood count]], den occasionally, [[Bone marrow examination|bone marrow tests]].<ref name="NIH2011Diag" /> Blood tests fi show [[Megaloblastic anemia|fewer buh larger red blood cells]], low numbers of [[reticulocyte|young red blood cells]], low levels of vitamin B₁₂, den [[antibodies]] to intrinsic factor.<ref name="NIH2011Diag">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Is Pernicious Anemia Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/diagnosis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115225/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/diagnosis |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Diagnosis no always be straightforward wey fi be challenging.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oo TH |date=2019-12-23 |title=Diagnostic difficulties in pernicious anemia |url=https://www.discoverymedicine.com/Thein-H-Oo/2019/12/diagnostic-difficulties-in-pernicious-anemia/ |journal=Discovery Medicine |volume=28 |issue=155 |pages=247–253 |pmid=32053765}}</ref> Secof pernicious anemia be secof a lack of intrinsic factor, e no be preventable.<ref name="NIH2011Pre">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Can Pernicious Anemia Be Prevented? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314105519/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/prevention |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Pernicious anemia fi be treated plus injections of vitamin B₁₂.<ref name="NIH2011Tx">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Is Pernicious Anemia Treated? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/treatment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314111520/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/treatment |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> If de symptoms be serious, frequent injections typically be recommended initially.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Der no be enough studies on whether pills be effective in improving anaa eliminating symptoms.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Wolffenbuttel |first1=Bruce H.R. |last2=Wouters |first2=Hanneke J.C.M. |last3=Heiner-Fokkema |first3=M. Rebecca |last4=van der Klauw |first4=Melanie M. |date=June 2019 |title=The Many Faces of Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=200–214 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.03.002 |issn=2542-4548 |pmc=6543499 |pmid=31193945}}</ref> Often, treatment fi be needed for life.<ref name="NIH2011Prog">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=Living With Pernicious Anemia |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/livingwith |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314110059/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/livingwith |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Pernicious anemia be de most common cause of clinically evident vitamin B₁₂ deficiency worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rojas Hernandez |first1=Cristhiam M. |last2=Oo |first2=Thein Hlaing |date=March 2015 |title=Advances in mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of pernicious anemia |journal=Discovery Medicine |volume=19 |issue=104 |pages=159–168 |issn=1944-7930 |pmid=25828519}}</ref> Pernicious anemia secof autoimmune problems dey occur insyd about one per 1000 people insyd de US. Among those over de age of 60, about 2% get de condition.<ref name="Li">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Li X, Thomsen H, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Försti A, Hemminki K |date=2021 |title=Familial Risks between Pernicious Anemia and Other Autoimmune Diseases in the Population of Sweden |journal=Autoimmune Diseases |volume=2021 |article-number=8815297 |doi=10.1155/2021/8815297 |pmc=7815416 |pmid=33505716 |doi-access=free}}</ref> E more commonly dey affect people of northern European descent.<ref name="Wol2009">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781778992 |title=Professional guide to diseases. |date=2009 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7899-2 |edition=9 |location=Philadelphia |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781778992/page/502 502] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Women be more commonly affected dan men.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68enzUD7BVgC&pg=PA1157 |title=Wintrobe's clinical hematology. |vauthors=Greer JP |date=2009 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-6507-7 |edition=12th |location=Philadelphia |page=1157 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314111810/https://books.google.ca/books?id=68enzUD7BVgC&pg=PA1157 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> Plus proper treatment, chaw people dey live normal lives.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Secof a higher risk of [[stomach cancer]], those plus pernicious anemia for be checked regularly give dis.<ref name="NIH2011Prog" /> Na de first clear description be by [[Thomas Addison]] insyd 1849.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Drawing blood technology and disease identity in twentieth-century America |vauthors=Wailoo K |date=1999 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-7029-3 |edition=Johns Hopkins Paperbacks |location=Baltimore, Md. |page=Chapter 4 |chapter=The Corporate "Conquest" of Pernicious Anemia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1vYa5ipzJtoC&pg=PT50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314160726/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1vYa5ipzJtoC&pg=PT50 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xD3JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |title=Dictionary of Medicine |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-92841-4 |page=404 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112849/https://books.google.ca/books?id=xD3JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> De term "pernicious" dey mean "deadly", wey dis term cam into use secof, before de availability of treatment, na de disease often be fatal.<ref name="NIH2011What">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Is Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314111724/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMOCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295 |title=Diseases of the Human Body |vauthors=Tamparo C |date=2016 |publisher=F.A. Davis |isbn=978-0-8036-5791-5 |page=295 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317174529/https://books.google.ca/books?id=eMOCCwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA52&dq=Diseases%20of%20the%20Human%20Body&pg=PA295 |archive-date=2016-03-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Pernicious Anemia}} [[Category:Hematopathology]] [[Category:Nutritional anemias]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ffv5q0t7wcah5ofdmhbsaf5ddidjgds 115962 115961 2026-11-07T11:56:31Z DaSupremo 9 added [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 115962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency anemia''', of wich '''pernicious anemia''' ('''PA''') be a disease wer no enough [[red blood cell]]s be produced secof a deficiency of [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B₁₂]].<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Those wey be affected often get a gradual onset.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> De most common initial symptoms be [[Fatigue|feeling tired]] den weak.<ref name="NIH2011Sign">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112837/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Oda symptoms fi include [[shortness of breath|rapid breathing]], feeling faint, mouth ulcers, sore tongue, [[Pallor|pale]] skin, chest pain, loss of appetite, [[Indigestion|upset stomach]], numbness insyd hands den feet, [[Ataxia|difficulty walking]], muscle weakness, blurred vision, slow thinking, memory loss, clumsiness, depression, den confusion.<ref name="NIH2011Sign" /> Widout treatment, sam of dese problems fi cam be permanent.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Pernicious anemia dey refer to a type of [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|vitamin B₁₂ deficiency]] [[anemia]] wey dey result from lack of [[intrinsic factor]].<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Lack of intrinsic factor be most commonly secof an [[autoimmune]] attack on de [[Parietal cells|cells]] wey create am insyd de [[stomach]].<ref name="NIH2011Cas" /> E sanso fi occur following de surgical removal of all anaa part of de stomach anaa [[small intestine]]; from an inherited disorder anaa illnesses wey damage de stomach lining.<ref name="NIH2011Cas">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Causes Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/causes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115517/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/causes |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Wen suspected, diagnosis be made by [[blood test]]s initially a [[complete blood count]], den occasionally, [[Bone marrow examination|bone marrow tests]].<ref name="NIH2011Diag" /> Blood tests fi show [[Megaloblastic anemia|fewer buh larger red blood cells]], low numbers of [[reticulocyte|young red blood cells]], low levels of vitamin B₁₂, den [[antibodies]] to intrinsic factor.<ref name="NIH2011Diag">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Is Pernicious Anemia Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/diagnosis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115225/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/diagnosis |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Diagnosis no always be straightforward wey fi be challenging.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oo TH |date=2019-12-23 |title=Diagnostic difficulties in pernicious anemia |url=https://www.discoverymedicine.com/Thein-H-Oo/2019/12/diagnostic-difficulties-in-pernicious-anemia/ |journal=Discovery Medicine |volume=28 |issue=155 |pages=247–253 |pmid=32053765}}</ref> Secof pernicious anemia be secof a lack of intrinsic factor, e no be preventable.<ref name="NIH2011Pre">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Can Pernicious Anemia Be Prevented? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314105519/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/prevention |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Pernicious anemia fi be treated plus injections of vitamin B₁₂.<ref name="NIH2011Tx">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=How Is Pernicious Anemia Treated? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/treatment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314111520/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/treatment |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> If de symptoms be serious, frequent injections typically be recommended initially.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Der no be enough studies on whether pills be effective in improving anaa eliminating symptoms.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Wolffenbuttel |first1=Bruce H.R. |last2=Wouters |first2=Hanneke J.C.M. |last3=Heiner-Fokkema |first3=M. Rebecca |last4=van der Klauw |first4=Melanie M. |date=June 2019 |title=The Many Faces of Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=200–214 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.03.002 |issn=2542-4548 |pmc=6543499 |pmid=31193945}}</ref> Often, treatment fi be needed for life.<ref name="NIH2011Prog">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=Living With Pernicious Anemia |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/livingwith |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314110059/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/livingwith |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref> Pernicious anemia be de most common cause of clinically evident vitamin B₁₂ deficiency worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rojas Hernandez |first1=Cristhiam M. |last2=Oo |first2=Thein Hlaing |date=March 2015 |title=Advances in mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of pernicious anemia |journal=Discovery Medicine |volume=19 |issue=104 |pages=159–168 |issn=1944-7930 |pmid=25828519}}</ref> Pernicious anemia secof autoimmune problems dey occur insyd about one per 1000 people insyd de US. Among those over de age of 60, about 2% get de condition.<ref name="Li">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Li X, Thomsen H, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Försti A, Hemminki K |date=2021 |title=Familial Risks between Pernicious Anemia and Other Autoimmune Diseases in the Population of Sweden |journal=Autoimmune Diseases |volume=2021 |article-number=8815297 |doi=10.1155/2021/8815297 |pmc=7815416 |pmid=33505716 |doi-access=free}}</ref> E more commonly dey affect people of northern European descent.<ref name="Wol2009">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781778992 |title=Professional guide to diseases. |date=2009 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7899-2 |edition=9 |location=Philadelphia |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781778992/page/502 502] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Women be more commonly affected dan men.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68enzUD7BVgC&pg=PA1157 |title=Wintrobe's clinical hematology. |vauthors=Greer JP |date=2009 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-6507-7 |edition=12th |location=Philadelphia |page=1157 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314111810/https://books.google.ca/books?id=68enzUD7BVgC&pg=PA1157 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> Plus proper treatment, chaw people dey live normal lives.<ref name="NIH2011What" /> Secof a higher risk of [[stomach cancer]], those plus pernicious anemia for be checked regularly give dis.<ref name="NIH2011Prog" /> Na de first clear description be by [[Thomas Addison]] insyd 1849.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Drawing blood technology and disease identity in twentieth-century America |vauthors=Wailoo K |date=1999 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-7029-3 |edition=Johns Hopkins Paperbacks |location=Baltimore, Md. |page=Chapter 4 |chapter=The Corporate "Conquest" of Pernicious Anemia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1vYa5ipzJtoC&pg=PT50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314160726/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1vYa5ipzJtoC&pg=PT50 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xD3JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |title=Dictionary of Medicine |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-92841-4 |page=404 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112849/https://books.google.ca/books?id=xD3JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> De term "pernicious" dey mean "deadly", wey dis term cam into use secof, before de availability of treatment, na de disease often be fatal.<ref name="NIH2011What">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |title=What Is Pernicious Anemia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314111724/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMOCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295 |title=Diseases of the Human Body |vauthors=Tamparo C |date=2016 |publisher=F.A. Davis |isbn=978-0-8036-5791-5 |page=295 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317174529/https://books.google.ca/books?id=eMOCCwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA52&dq=Diseases%20of%20the%20Human%20Body&pg=PA295 |archive-date=2016-03-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Pernicious Anemia}} [[Category:Hematopathology]] [[Category:Nutritional anemias]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] amhjss9vn2pwiwci7ig7ycgtn6zhu13