Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 15628 116549 113631 2026-11-08T20:17:05Z CommonsDelinker 61 Removing [[:c:File:2023_Ohio_American_Innovation_Dollar.jpg|2023_Ohio_American_Innovation_Dollar.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Túrelio|Túrelio]] because: [[:c:COM:L|Copyright violation]]: Design was created by an Artistic Infusion P 116549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Na de '''Underground Railroad''' be an organized network of secret routes den safe houses wey be used by freedom seekers make dem escape to de abolitionist Northern United States den Eastern Canada. Na enslaved Africans den African Americans escape from slavery as early as de 16th century, wey na chaw of dema escapes be unaided;<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7m8mTMjMSRYC&q=unaided |title=Special Resource Study, Management Concepts Underground Railroad |date=1995 |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center |page=19}}</ref><ref name="NPS What Is">{{Cite web|title=What is the Underground Railroad?|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/what-is-the-underground-railroad.htm|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208022026/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/what-is-the-underground-railroad.htm|archive-date=2025-02-08|access-date=9 September 2024|website=National Park Service}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=New Jersey's Underground Railroad Heritage|url=https://dspace.njstatelib.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/2d0a25c0-0b00-4c37-a53f-b8888b3e2193/content|access-date=18 September 2024|website=New Jersey Historical Commission|publisher=New Jersey State Library}}</ref> however, na a network of safe houses dem generally know as de Underground Railroad begin to organize insyd de 1780s among Abolitionist Societies insyd de North.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|title=Historic Context for the Underground Railroad|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/ugrr/exugrr2.htm#:~:text=The%20runaways%20became%20%22contraband%2C%22,the%20Army%20were%20initially%20rebuffed.|access-date=8 September 2024|website=Researching and Interpreting the Underground Railroad|publisher=The National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Underground Railroad c. 1780–1862|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html|access-date=9 September 2024|website=Africans in America|publisher=PBS}}</ref> Na e run north wey e grow steadily til de na dem sign de Emancipation Proclamation insyd 1863 by Presido Abraham Lincoln. Na de escapees seek primarily make dem escape into free states, den potentially from der go Canada.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cross|first=L.D.|title=The Underground Railroad: The long journey to freedom in Canada|url=https://archive.org/details/undergroundrailr0000cros|publisher=James Lorimer Limited, Publishers|year=2010|isbn=978-1-55277-581-3|location=Toronto, ON}}</ref> De network, primarily de work of free den enslaved African Americans,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunter|first=Carol|title=To Set the Captives Free. Reverend Jermain Wesley Loguen and the struggle for freedom in central New York 1835–1872|date=December 20, 2013|publisher=Hyrax Publishing|isbn=978-1494767983|edition=2nd|page=139}}</ref> na e be assisted by abolitionists den odas sympathetic to de cause of de escapees. De enslaved people wey risk capture den those wey aid dem sanso be collectively referred to as de passengers den conductors of de Railroad, respectively.<ref name="PBS">{{Cite web|title=The Underground Railroad|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122605/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html|archive-date=June 22, 2018|access-date=July 25, 2007|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service}}</ref> Na chaw oda routes lead to [[Mexico]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leanos|first=Reynaldo Jr.|year=2017|title=This underground railroad took slaves to freedom in Mexico, PRI's The World, Public Radio International, March 29, 2017|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018081421/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|archive-date=October 18, 2020|access-date=September 4, 2019|publisher=Public Radio International|location=Minneapolis, MN}}</ref> wer na dem abolish slavery, den to islands insyd de Caribbean wey na dem no be part of de slave trade.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sheoh017_Jones_Leesa_transcript|title=Leesa Jones Interview Transcript, 2020-01-07 [SHE.OH.017]|year=2020}}</ref> An earlier escape route wey dey run south toward Florida, then a Spanish possession (except 1763–1783), na e exist from de late 17th century til approximately 1790. During de American Civil War, na freedom seekers escape to Union lines insyd de South make dem obtain dema freedom. One estimate dey suggest dat by 1850, approximately na 100,000 slaves escape to freedom via de network. According to former professor of Pan-African studies J. Blaine Hudson, wey na he be dean of de College of Arts and Sciences for de University of Louisville, by de end of de Civil War, na 500,000 anaa more African Americans self-emancipate from slavery for de Underground Railroad. == Origin of de name == Na Eric Foner wrep say na de term "be perhaps first used by a Washington newspaper insyd 1839, wey he dey quote a young slave wey dey hope make he escape bondage via a railroad wey na 'go underground all de way to Boston'".<ref>{{cite book|last=Pettit|first=Eber M.|url=https://archive.org/details/sketchesinhistor0000pett/page/130/mode/2up|title=Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad|publisher=Chautauqua Region Press|year=1999|isbn=0-9658955-3-X|location=Westfield, NY|ref=pettit1879|orig-year=1879}}, p. 131</ref> Na Dr. Robert Clemens Smedley wrep de following slave catchers dema fail searches wey dem lost traces of fugitives as far north as Columbia, Pennsylvania, na dem declare in bewilderment say "der for be an underground railroad sam wer," dey give origin to de term.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smedley|first=Robert C.|title=History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the neighboring counties of Pennsylvania|date=1883|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-3189-8|edition=|location=Mechanicsburg, Pa|pages=34–35}}</ref> Na Scott Shane wrep say na first documented use of de term be insyd an article wey Thomas Smallwood wrep insyd de August 10, 1842, edition of ''Tocsin of Liberty'', an abolitionist newspaper dem publish in Albany. He sanso wrep dat na de 1879 book ''Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad'' say na dem mention de phrase insyd an 1839 Washington newspaper article den dat ba de book ein author say 40 years later dat na he quote de article from memory as closely as he fi.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/11/opinion/man-who-named-underground-railroad.html|title=How the Underground Railroad Got Its Name|work=The New York Times|date=September 11, 2023|access-date=September 11, 2023}}</ref><ref>Shane, Scott, ''Flee North A Forgotten Hero and the Fight for Freedom in Slavery's Borderland'' (Macmillan, London, 2023), pp. 117–118.</ref> === Terminology === Members of the Underground Railroad often used specific terms, based on the metaphor of the railway. For example: * People wey na dem help fugitive slaves find de railroad be "agents" * Na dem know guides as "conductors" * Na hiding places be "stations"anaa "way stations" * Na "station masters" hide escaping slaves insyd dema homes * Na people wey dey escape slavery be referred to as "passengers" anaa "cargo" * Na fugitive slaves go obtain a "ticket" * Similar to common gospel lore, de "wheels would keep on turning" * Na dem know de financial benefactors of de Railroad as "stockholders" * Promised Land – code word give [[Canada]] * River Jordan – code word give Ohio River * Heaven – code give freedom anaa Canada<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wade |first1=Phyllis |title=Signal Songs of the Underground Railroad |url=https://discoverytheater.org/forms/guides/2017/feb/Signal%20Songs%20of%20the%20Underground%20Railroad%20Learning%20Guide.pdf |website=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref> De Big Dipper (wey ein "bowl" dey point to de North Star) na e be known as de drinkin' gourd. Na de Railroad be often known as de "freedom train" anaa "Gospel train", wich na e head towards "Heaven" anaa "de Promised Land", i.e., Canada.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://freedomcenter.org/enabling-freedom/history| title=History – National Underground Railroad Freedom Center| website=Freedomcenter.org| access-date=June 7, 2016| archive-date=August 17, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817144323/http://freedomcenter.org/enabling-freedom/history| url-status=dead}}</ref> == Political background == [[File:The_disappointed_abolitionists_LCCN2008661783.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_disappointed_abolitionists_LCCN2008661783.jpg|right|thumb|David Ruggles dey middle two guys wey dey face John P. Darg]] For di runaway slaves wey 'ride' di Underground Railroad, plenty of dem sabi say Canada na di end of di road. Everybody talk say about 30,000 to 40,000 of dem don settle for Canada, half of dem come between 1850 and 1860. Others go settle for di free states up north<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Henry|first1=Natasha|last2=McIntosh|first2=Andrew|date=January 31, 2020|title=Underground Railroad|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/underground-railroad#:~:text=An%2520estimated%252030%252C000%2520to%252040%252C000,reached%2520the%2520Province%2520of%2520Canada.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509210944/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/underground-railroad#:~:text=An%2520estimated%252030%252C000%2520to%252040%252C000,reached%2520the%2520Province%2520of%2520Canada.|archive-date=May 9, 2021|access-date=2022-03-02|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>. Plenty court cases for runaway slaves dey show since di Revolutionary War to di Civil War<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schweninger|first=Loren|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyBrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|title=Appealing for Liberty: Freedom Suits in the South|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-066429-9|page=9|access-date=March 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302225408/https://books.google.com/books?id=UyBrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|archive-date=March 2, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>. Di original Fugitive Slave Act wey dem put for 1793, e say officials from di free states suppose help anybody wey dey find dem runaway slaves, but some states no gree do am. Di law make am easy for slaveholders and di slave catchers to catch African Americans and send dem back to slavery, sometimes dem fit even make free blacks slaves again. Di law also make di abolitionists dey wan help di enslaved people, wey cause anti-slavery societies and di Underground Railroad for grow plenty<ref>{{Cite journal |last=C.W.A. |first=David |date=January 1984 |title=The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 and its Antecedents |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713433 |url-status=live |journal=The Journal of Negro History |publisher=The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History |volume=9 |pages=22–25 |doi=10.2307/2713433 |jstor=2713433 |s2cid=149160543 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302231257/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713433 |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |access-date=March 2, 2022 |number=1}}</ref>. Southern politicians dey push wey make Congress pass Compromise of 1850 after Mexican–American War. E get stricter Fugitive Slave Law; dem say e go fit help solve wahala wey dey between regions by forcing officials for free states to help slave catchers, wey go dey do their work for free states without wahala{{sfn|Potter|1976|pp=132–139}}. Dis law no need plenty papers to show say person be fugitive, so slave catchers dey carry free blacks, especially pikin dem, come sell dem into slavery<ref>Bordewich, Fergus, 2005, p. 324</ref>. Southern politicians too dey lie say plenty slaves don escape and dey blame am on Northerners wey dey disturb Southern people property<ref>Bordewich, Fergus, 2005, p. 324</ref>. Dis law no allow people wey dem suspect say dem be slaves defend demself for court, make am hard to prove say dem be free<ref>Douglass, Frederick (July 5, 1852), [http://www.historyisaweapon.org/defcon1/douglassjuly4.html "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704185311/http://www.historyisaweapon.org/defcon1/douglassjuly4.html|date=July 4, 2008}}, ''History Is a Weapon'', Retrieved July 17, 2011.</ref>. Some Northern states come bring laws wey go make e illegal for public officials to catch or jail former slaves{{sfn|Potter|1976|p=139}}. People dey reason say Northern states dey ignore the fugitive slave laws and dat be one main reason dem dey talk about secession.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avalon Project – Confederate States of America – Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_scarsec.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220121942/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_scarsec.asp|archive-date=February 20, 2019|access-date=June 7, 2016|website=Avalon.law.yale.edu}}</ref> == Routes den methods of escape == [[File:Great_Dismal_Swamp-Fugitive_Slaves_crop.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Dismal_Swamp-Fugitive_Slaves_crop.jpg|thumb|People wey wan free, run go di Great Dismal Swamp maroon community.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Underground Railroad|url=https://www.camdencountync.gov/departments/dismal-swamp-welcome-center/the-underground-railroad|access-date=13 September 2024|website=Camden County, North Carolina Government}}</ref>]] Underground Railroad routes dey go north to free states and Canada, plus Caribbean, US western territories, and Indian territories. Some runaway slaves check south enter Mexico for their freedom.<ref>{{cite web|title=Selected Routes of the Underground Railroad|url=https://www.nps.gov/npgallery/GetAsset/7075060c-593d-4a38-b7e0-719c2dd5f4b3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921163132/https://www.nps.gov/npgallery/GetAsset/7075060c-593d-4a38-b7e0-719c2dd5f4b3|archive-date=2024-09-21|access-date=21 September 2024|website=NPS}}</ref>{{sfn|Hudson|2015}}. Plenty people escape by sea, like Ona Judge wey George Washington dey hold as slave.<ref>Russell, Tonya, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2023/10/15/underground-railroad-by-sea-slavery/ "Underground Railroad's forgotten route: Thousands fled slavery by sea", ''The Washington Post'', October 15, 2023]</ref> Some historians talk say the waterways for South be big deal for freedom seekers, as water dem dey use find road to freedom. Plus, historians of the Underground Railroad don find 200,000 runaway slave adverts for North American papers from mid-1700s till American Civil War end<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tabb|first1=Kip|date=May 26, 2022|title=Symposium highlights enslaved people's escape by water|url=https://coastalreview.org/2022/05/symposium-highlights-enslaved-peoples-escape-by-water/|access-date=12 September 2024|website=Coastal Review}}</ref>. Freedom seekers for Alabama dey hide for steamboats wey dey go Mobile, Alabama, hope say dem go fit blend with the free Black community, and dem dey hide for other steamboats wey dey leave Alabama go further north to free areas. In 1852, Alabama legislature pass law wey go reduce the number of freedom seekers wey dey escape for boats<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nordmann|first1=Christopher|title=Fugitive Slave Laws and Freedom Seeking|url=https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/runaway-slaves/|access-date=15 September 2024|website=Encyclopedia of Alabama}}</ref>. The law go punish slaveholders and ship captains wey allow enslaved people enter their boat without pass. Freedom seekers for Alabama too dey make canoes to escape. Dem escape from their masters for Panama on boats wey dey go California through Panama route. Slaveholders dey use the Panama route reach California. For Panama, slavery no dey legal and Black Panamanians dey encourage enslaved people from the US to escape enter the city of Panama<ref>{{cite web|title=The Quest for Freedom Moves West 1848–1869|url=https://npshistory.com/brochures/ugrr/western-quest-for-freedom.pdf|access-date=21 September 2024|website=NPS}}</ref> People wey wan free dey find ways to jam slave catchers wey dey use their dogs follow dem. One way na to mix hot pepper, lard, and vinegar put for their shoes. For North Carolina, dem dey put turpentine for their shoes to shake off slave catchers' dogs, while for Texas, dem dey use paste wey dem make from charred bullfrog<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gattuso|first1=Reina|date=October 14, 2020|title=A Historical Dig Sheds Light on the Food of the Underground Railroad|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-did-people-eat-on-underground-railroad|access-date=13 September 2024|website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref>. Some runaways even enter swamps to wash off their scent<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|title=The Underground Railroad|url=https://mrnussbaum.com/storage/uploads/activities/tubman/path.htm|access-date=10 September 2024|website=mrnussbaum.com}}</ref>. Most of the time, dem dey escape at night, make dem fit hide under the darkness.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stevens|first1=Kathleen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljljDwAAQBAJ&q=That%20night,%20under%20cover%20of%20darkness|title=William Still and the Underground Railroad|date=2008|publisher=Townsend Press|isbn=9781591944140}}</ref> Anoda way wey di freedom seekers dey take run from capture na to carry fake free passes. During slavery, free Blacks dey show dem freedom by carrying pass wey prove say dem dey free. Free Blacks and di enslaved people go sabi create fake free passes for di freedom seekers as dem dey waka through di slave states..<ref>{{cite web|last1=Biehl|first1=Andre F.|title=Strategies for Escape: A Study of Fugitive Slave Ads (1770–1819)|url=https://slavery.princeton.edu/stories/strategies-for-escape|access-date=15 September 2024|website=Princeton and Slavery|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Successfully Escaping Slavery on Maryland's Underground Railroad|url=https://www.visitmaryland.org/article/successfully-escaping-slavery-marylands-underground-railroad|access-date=15 September 2024|website=Visit Maryland}}</ref> === North to free states den Canada === ===== Structure ===== [[File:Harriet_Tubman.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harriet_Tubman.jpg|thumb|247x247px|Harriet Tubman (photo H. B. Lindsley), around 1870. Dis woman dey work for Underground Railroad, she make 13 trips go South, help over 70 people escape. She dey carry dem go northern free states and Canada. Because of dis matter, dem dey call am 'Moses of Her People'.]] [[File:Levi_coffin.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Levi_coffin.JPG|right|thumb|220x220px|Quaker abolitionist Levi Coffin and im wife Catherine help more than 2,000 people wey dey enslave jom come free.]] Though dem call am ‘road’, dis escape network no be underground like we dey think, plus e no be real railroad too. (Real underground railroad no come be till 1863.) According to John Rankin, “Dem call am dat name because as people hop aboard, dem just vanish from sight like say dem don enter ground. Once di fugitive slaves enter any depot for dat road, you no fit find dem again. Dem go dey quietly pass from one depot to another until dem reach place wey dem go fit stay free.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ritchie|first=Andrew|url=https://archive.org/details/ASPC0002367700|title=The soldier, the battle, and the victory : being a brief account of the work of Rev. John Rankin in the anti-slavery cause|publisher=Western Tract and Book Society|year=1870|location=Cincinnati|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ASPC0002367700/page/n96 96]–97}}</ref>” Dem dey use railroad name because na di transport system wey dem dey use that time.<ref>Blight, David, 2004, p. 3.</ref> Underground Railroad no get headquarters or governing body, and no published guides, maps, pamphlets, or even newspaper articles dey. E be combination of meeting points, secret routes, transportation, and safe houses, all na people wey dey help abolitionist and dem dey talk am for mouth, though some people talk say dem use numeric code to hide message<ref>{{cite news|title=The Grave of Old John Brown's Son. It Lies Above the San Gabriel Valley and Overlooks Pasadena. Owen and Jason Brown Lived in the Mountains and Were Guides to Tourists. Uncle James Townsend, a Venerable Quaker, Knew Them Both Well and Their Father|newspaper=[[San Francisco Call]]|date=21 Jun 1896|page=24|via=[[newspapers.com]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5369067/james-townsend-john-brown/|first=Mary E.|last=Wright|access-date=September 24, 2021|archive-date=September 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925182112/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5369067/james-townsend-john-brown/|url-status=live}}</ref>. Participants dey organize for small, independent groups; this one help dem keep am secret. People wey dey escape from slavery go dey move north from one way station to another. The 'Conductors' wey dey for the railroad come from different backgrounds, including free-born blacks, white abolitionists, people wey don escape or wey don free, plus Native Americans<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/maps/undergroundrailroad/|title=The Underground Railroad|date=November 16, 2011|work=National Geographic Society|access-date=August 1, 2017|language=en|archive-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801160322/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/maps/undergroundrailroad/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Miles|first=Tiya|date=Summer 2011|title=Of Waterways and Runaways: Reflections on the Great Lakes in Underground Railroad History|magazine=Michigan Quarterly Review|volume=L|issue=3|issn=1558-7266|hdl=2027/spo.act2080.0050.320}}</ref>. Dem believe say slavery no fit be wetin Jesus go agree with, so Christian groups and clergy join inside, especially Quakers, Congregationalists, Wesleyan Methodists, and Reformed Presbyterians, plus the anti-slavery parts of big churches wey dey scatter over dis matter, like Methodist Episcopal Church and Baptists<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Salem Township, Washtenaw County, Michigan|date=1976|publisher=Salem Area Historical Society|page=56|language=English}}</ref>. The role of free blacks na very important; without dem, e for hard make people wey dey run from slavery fit reach freedom well well<ref>{{cite book|last=Pinsker|first=Matthew|title=Vigilance in Pennsylvania: Underground Railroad Activities in the Keystone State, 1837–1861|publisher=PHMC|year=2000|location=Lancaster}}</ref>. The underground railroad 'agents' dey work for group wey dem sabi as vigilance committees.{{sfn|Foner|2015}} Free Black communities for Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New York dey help freedom seekers run away from slavery. Black Churches be like stations for Underground Railroad, and Black communities for North go hide freedom seekers inside their churches and homes. Historian Cheryl Janifer Laroche talk for her book, Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad The Geography of Resistance say: "Blacks, whether dem dey slave or free, na dem be the main actors for the big show wey be the Underground Railroad." She also talk say some authors dey put white abolitionists and white people wey dey involved for antislavery matter as the main reason wey freedom seekers fit run, neglecting the important role of free Black communities<ref>{{cite book|last1=Laroche|first1=Cheryl J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7gPBAAAQBAJ&q=free+blacks+underground+railroad|title=Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad The Geography of Resistance|date=2013|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252095894|pages=1–3}}</ref>. Author Diane Miller talk say: "History people don dey neglect the power of African Americans for their own search for freedom as dem dey show Underground Railroad as organized effort by white religious groups, normally Quakers, to help 'helpless' slaves." Historian Larry Gara dey argue say plenty stories wey concern Underground Railroad suppose dey folklore, no be history. The actions of real historical figures like Harriet Tubman, Thomas Garrett, and Levi Coffin dey exaggerated, and Northern abolitionists wey dey lead enslaved people to Canada dey call dem heroes of the Underground Railroad. This story dey reduce the sense and power of enslaved Black people wey free themselves, and e dey make am look like say freedom seekers need Northerners help to escape.<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Diane|title=The Underground Railroad in Bleeding Kansas|url=https://www.nps.gov/npgallery/GetAsset/5c8a5ce2-d40d-4a57-bbef-703aac0b479c|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304001224/https://www.nps.gov/npgallery/GetAsset/5c8a5ce2-d40d-4a57-bbef-703aac0b479c|archive-date=2025-03-04|access-date=16 September 2024|website=The National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gara|first=Larry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WK48TBgPW-EC&q=folklore|title=The Liberty Line The Legend of the Underground Railroad|date=2013|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=9780813143569}}</ref> === Geography === [[File:Rail_Road_Suspension_Bridge_Near_Niagara_Falls_v2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rail_Road_Suspension_Bridge_Near_Niagara_Falls_v2.jpg|thumb|People wey dey find freedom escape from slavery come reach Canada through the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge.]] The Underground Railroad sabi how di geography fit work for U.S.–Canada border: Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and most of New York dey separate from Canada by water, wey e easy to arrange transport and e dey safe. Di main route wey freedom seekers from di South take go up di Appalachians, Harriet Tubman go through Harpers Ferry, enter di anti-slavery Western Reserve region for northeast Ohio, reach di big shore of Lake Erie, then enter Canada by boat. Small number wey dey travel through New York or New England go via Syracuse (wey Samuel May dey) and Rochester (wey Frederick Douglass dey), cross Niagara River or Lake Ontario enter Canada. By 1848, Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge don build—e cross Niagara River join New York to Canada. Enslaved runaways dey use di bridge to escape dem bondage, and Harriet Tubman use di bridge to carry freedom seekers go Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Niagara River: Between Slavery and Freedom|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-niagara-river-between-slavery-and-freedom.htm|access-date=21 September 2024|website=NPS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center|url=https://www.nps.gov/places/niagara-falls-underground-railroad-heritage-center.htm|access-date=21 September 2024|website=NPS}}</ref>. Those wey dey travel via di New York Adirondacks, sometimes through Black communities like Timbuctoo, New York, enter Canada through Ogdensburg on di St. Lawrence River, or Lake Champlain (Joshua Young help). Di western route, wey John Brown and others use, dey come from Missouri go free Kansas and north to free Iowa, then east through Chicago to di Detroit River. Thomas Downing be free Black man for New York wey him dey run him Oyster restaurant like one stop for Underground Railroad. Freedom seekers (people wey run from slavery) wey dey find freedom dey hide for Downing restaurant basement<ref>{{cite web|title=Downing's Oyster House|url=https://maap.columbia.edu/place/1.html|access-date=20 June 2024|website=Mapping the African American Past|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>. Enslaved people dey help dem freedom seekers escape from slavery. Arnold Gragstone be enslaved man wey dey help runaways escape by guiding dem cross Ohio River make dem fit find freedom.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blaisdell|first1=Bob|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0g_dAwAAQBAJ&q=civil%20war|title=Slave Narratives of the Underground Railroad|last2=Rudisel|first2=Christine|date=2014|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=9780486780610|page=72}}</ref> [[File:William_Still_portrait.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Still_portrait.png|thumb|William Still be free Black man for Philadelphia wey help plenty freedom seekers run away from slavery.]] William Still<ref>Blight, David, 2004, p. 175</ref>, wey dem dey call am "The Father of the Underground Railroad", help plenty slaves escape (as much as 60 every month), sometimes e go hide dem for im house for Philadelphia. E dey keep record well well, including small biographies of di people, wey dey drop railway metaphors for dem. E dey write plenty letters to dem, sometimes e go dey act like middleman for di people wey don escape slavery and dem wey still dey behind. Later, e publish all dis story for di book wey dem call The Underground Railroad: Authentic Narratives and First-Hand Accounts (1872), wey be important material for historians to sabi how di system work and learn about di individual creativity wey dey help people escape. Still talk say dem dey encode message so only people wey dey inside train wahala go fit understand am. For example, dis message wey show say, "I don send four big hams and two small hams via 2 o'clock", mean say four adults and two pikin don waka by train from Harrisburg go Philadelphia. Di word wey say via mean say di "passengers" no take di usual train but dem catch am via Reading, Pennsylvania. E be like say di authorities fall for trick, dey go regular station to catch di runaways, while Still don meet dem for correct station and show dem way safe. In di end, dem escape either go north or Canada, wey slavery don finish for 1830s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Still|first=William|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/21243533-the-underground-railroad?from_search=true&search_version=service_impr|title=The Underground Railroad: Authentic Narratives and First-Hand Accounts|date=1872|asin=B00264GNTU|access-date=July 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214092959/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/21243533-the-underground-railroad?from_search=true&search_version=service_impr|archive-date=December 14, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Desperate_Conflict_in_a_Barn.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desperate_Conflict_in_a_Barn.png|thumb|280x280px|Fight for freedom for Maryland barn. Wood cut from William Still's The Underground Rail Road, p. 50.<ref>Dictated by Robert Jackson a.k.a. Wesley Harris on November 2, 1853. "Engravings by Bensell, Schell, and others."</ref>]] To make am no go see dem, plenty people wey dey work for Underground Railroad sabi only wetin dem dey do, dem no sabi di whole plan. Dem wey dey lead, wey we dey call 'conductors', go take di 'passengers' from one station to another. Sometimes, conductor go act like say dem don enslave am to enter plantation. When e don enter di plantation, e go show di runaways how to waka go North. Dem wey dey run go travel for night, about 10-20 miles (16-32 km) to each station. Dem go rest small, then dem go send message go di next station make di station master sabi say di escapees dey come. Dem go chill for di so-called 'stations' or 'depots' during day and rest. Di stations fit dey for basement<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cedarville University |date=February 12, 2018 |title=Underground Railroad Hiding Places |url=https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/wyland_collection/85 |url-status=live |journal=Slideshow Images |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424165353/https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/wyland_collection/85/ |archive-date=April 24, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2021}}</ref>, barn<ref>{{cite web|date=1930s|title=Point of interest at Oakland City – site of barn of Col. James W. Cockrum used as an underground railroad station|url=http://visions.indstate.edu:8888/cdm/singleitem/collection/isulib/id/7638/rec/3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024158/http://visions.indstate.edu:8888/cdm/singleitem/collection/isulib/id/7638/rec/3|archive-date=April 15, 2021|access-date=February 27, 2021|website=Wabash Valley Visions & Voices Digital Memory Project}}</ref>, church<ref>{{cite web|date=March 15, 2017|title=The Underground Railroad|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog/underground-railroad|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310182912/https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog/underground-railroad|archive-date=March 10, 2021|access-date=February 28, 2021|website=National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en}}</ref>, or some hiding place for cave<ref>{{cite web|title=The Smith Underground Railroad Station :: Ohio :: Henry Robert Burke :: Lest We Forget|url=http://lestweforget.hamptonu.edu/page.cfm?uuid=9FEC4E64-D74A-B3E9-A15B5ED01281AC79|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024543/http://lestweforget.hamptonu.edu/page.cfm?uuid=9FEC4E64-D74A-B3E9-A15B5ED01281AC79|archive-date=April 15, 2021|access-date=February 28, 2021|website=lestweforget.hamptonu.edu}}</ref>. Dem rest areas wey freedom seekers fit sleep and chop dey call am "stations" and "depots", and dem get "station masters" wey dey manage am. "Stockholders" go dey drop money or supply to help dem. Dem fugitives dey call Canada "Promised Land" or "Heaven" from Bible matter, and dem dey call Ohio River wey dey mark border between slave states and free states "River Jordan".<ref>{{cite web|title=Underground Railroad Codes|url=http://www.safepassageohio.org/resources/weblesson.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135935/http://www.safepassageohio.org/resources/weblesson.pdf|archive-date=June 12, 2018|access-date=June 29, 2013|work=Myths and Codes of the Underground Railroad|series=Safe Passage|publisher=Greater Cincinnati Television Educational Foundation|page=20}}</ref> ===== Traveling conditions ===== [[File:4271695318-marymeachum.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4271695318-marymeachum.jpg|thumb|Mary Meachum be Underground Railroad agent for St. Louis, Missouri]] Though dem wey wan escape go fit travel by boat or train<ref>Bordewich, Fergus, 2005, p. 236</ref>, dem dey waka on foot or use wagon, sometimes dem dey lie down, cover with hay or wetin dem fit find, in groups of one to three wey dey run. Some groups big pass dat. Abolitionist Charles Turner Torrey and him boys dey rent horse and wagon, dem go fit carry like 15 to 20 people at once<ref>{{cite book|last=Torrey|first=E. Fuller|title=The Martyrdom of Abolitionist Charles Torrey|url=https://archive.org/details/martyrdomofaboli0000torr|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=2013|location=Baton Rouge|author-link=E. Fuller Torrey}}</ref>. Free and enslaved black men wey be mariners dey help dem wey dey run away from slavery. Dem go give ride for dia ship, show dem better escape routes, and safe places wey dey land, plus who go fit help. Enslaved African-American mariners get gist about slave revolts for Caribbean, and dem dey share am with people wey dem fit reach for American ports. Dem free and enslaved African-American mariners help Harriet Tubman when she dey do her rescue work. Black mariners dey give her info on the best escape ways and help her for her rescue works. For New Bedford, Massachusetts, freedom seekers dey hide inside ships wey dey leave dock, with help from Black and white crew, dem dey chop from ship cargo during dia journey to freedom.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Underground Railroad: New Bedford Massachusetts|url=https://npshistory.com/publications/nebe/brochures/underground-railroad2.pdf|access-date=13 September 2024|website=The National Park Service}}</ref> Slaves wey dey near river fit run away for boats and canoes. For 1855, Mary Meachum, wey be free Black woman, try help eight or nine slaves make dem escape from slavery for Mississippi River near St. Louis, Missouri go free state of Illinois. White people wey dey fight against slavery and one African American wey dem call "Freeman" from Illinois join help dem for the escape. But the plan no work, as police and slave catchers hear say dem wan run and dey wait for dem across the river for Illinois side. Breckenridge, Burrows and Meachum come arrest. Before this escape, Mary Meachum and her husband John, wey be former slave, dey work for Underground Railroad wey dey help other slaves escape cross the Mississippi River.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 20, 2019|title=Slave Stampedes on the Southern Borderlands|url=https://housedivided.dickinson.edu/sites/stampedes/meachum-1855/|access-date=9 September 2024|website=National Park Service Network to Freedom|publisher=Dickson College}}</ref> [[File:Underground_Railroad_Handbook.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Underground_Railroad_Handbook.jpg|thumb|People wey dey suffer for river side and Chesapeake Bay take canoe and boat waka go free from slavery.]] Dem dey take roundabout routes make e confuse people wey dey chase dem. Most people wey dey escape na individuals or small groups; sometimes, dem fit get big breakout, like that Pearl matter. The journey dey tough and dangerous pass for women and children. Children dey hard to keep quiet or dem no fit catch up with group. Plus, dem no dey allow enslaved women waka go plantation side, so e dey harder for dem to escape like men go fit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blackett |first1=Richard |date=October 2014 |title=The Underground Railroad and the Struggle Against Slavery |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=78 |issue=1 |page=279 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbu012 |s2cid=154049844}}</ref> Even though e dey tough for women, some women still fit make am. One of the most popular and successful conductors wey dey sneak enter slave areas to help people wey wan free na Harriet Tubman, wey be woman wey escape slavery..<ref>{{cite web|last=Wellington|first=Darryl Lorenzo|date=January 20, 2004|title=The most famous abductor on the Underground Railroad|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0120/p19s02-bogn.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907110326/https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0120/p19s02-bogn.html|archive-date=September 7, 2018|access-date=January 9, 2012|work=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Underground Railroad – Black History|url=http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/underground-railroad|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215130905/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/underground-railroad|archive-date=December 15, 2018|access-date=August 1, 2017|website=history.com}}</ref> Because wahala fit catch dem, dem dey use mouth share where to run go and safe places, but for 1896, dem talk say dem get some code wey dem dey use hide message. Southern newspapers back then no dey waste time, dem go fill am with notices wey dey ask for info on runaway slaves and dem dey promise big money for anybody wey fit catch dem and bring dem back. Federal marshals and bounty hunters wey dem sabi as slave catchers dey chase people wey wan find freedom go as far as Canada–U.S. border{{sfn|Potter|1976|p=133}}. Freedom seekers (runaway slaves) dey find food anyhow, dey fish, dey hunt as dem waka come freedom for Underground Railroad. Dem go gather ingredients, cook one-pot meals (stews) wey be how West Africans sabi cook. Enslaved and free Black people go drop food for front of dem house to help the freedom seekers chop. The meals wey dem prepare for Underground Railroad come join the food essence of Black Americans wey dem dey call soul food.<ref>{{cite news|title=Soul Food Got Its Start From Freedom Seekers Surviving Off The Land|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/soul-food-freedom-seekers-surviving-off-the-land/|access-date=20 June 2024|agency=CBS News|date=2022}}</ref> === Maroons === [[File:Maroons_preparing_to_ambush_a_convoy.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maroons_preparing_to_ambush_a_convoy.jpg|thumb|Maroons]] Most of di people wey de look for freedom wey comot from slavery no get help from any abolitionist. Even though plenty stories dey talk say black and white abolitionists dey help freedom seekers run from slavery, e get plenty wey do am by demself.<ref name="auto22">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7m8mTMjMSRYC&q=unaided|title=Special Resource Study, Management Concepts Underground Railroad|date=1995|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center|page=19}}</ref><ref name="NPS What Is2">{{cite web|title=What is the Underground Railroad?|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/what-is-the-underground-railroad.htm|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208022026/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/what-is-the-underground-railroad.htm|archive-date=2025-02-08|access-date=9 September 2024|website=[[National Park Service]]}}<!-- The original link may be live but it has been modified by the Trump administration making it unfit. More info: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/04/07/national-park-website-harriet-tubman-underground-railroad/82971945007/ --></ref> Other escape routes wey freedom seekers dey use be maroon communities. Maroon communities be secret places, like wetlands or marshes, where dem wey don escape from slavery dey form their own independent areas. For USA, examples be Black Seminole communities for Florida, and groups wey dey live for Great Dismal Swamp for Virginia plus Okefenokee swamp for Georgia and Florida{{sfn|Hudson|2015|pp=143–144}}. For 1780s, Louisiana get one maroon community for di bayous of Saint Malo. Di leader of Saint Malo maroon community na Jean Saint Malo, wey escape from slavery to join other runaways for di swamps and bayous. Di population of maroons be fifty, but di Spanish colonial government scatter dem community and on June 19, 1784, dem execute Jean Saint Malo<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Diane |date=2022 |title=Living Freedom Through the Maroon Landscape |url=https://placesjournal.org/article/the-maroon-communities-and-landscapes-of-louisiana/ |journal=Places Journal |issue=2022 |doi=10.22269/220922 |access-date=19 September 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Palmer|first1=Lue|title=Juneteenth & Jean Saint Malo: How New Orleans is celebrating justice and freedom on June 19|url=https://veritenews.org/2023/06/15/juneteenth-jean-saint-malo/#:~:text=According%20to%20Creole%20legend%2C%20Jean,against%20French%20and%20Spanish%20slaveholders.|access-date=19 September 2024|agency=Verite News|date=2023}}</ref>. Colonial South Carolina too get plenty maroon settlements for di marshland regions for Lowcountry and near rivers. Dem maroons for South Carolina dey fight to keep dem freedom and avoid enslavement for Ashepoo for 1816, Williamsburg County for 1819, Georgetown for 1820, Jacksonborough for 1822, and near Marion for 1861. Historian Herbert Aptheker find evidence say fifty maroon communities dey exist for USA between 1672 and 1864..<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fitzgerald|first1=Catherine|title=Maroons|url=https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/maroons/#:~:text=The%20typical%20South%20Carolina%20maroon,away%20more%20on%20their%20own.|access-date=22 September 2024|website=South Carolina Encyclopedia|publisher=University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Silkenat|first1=David|date=2022|title=An Inhospitable Refuge|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41417/chapter-abstract/352738020?redirectedFrom=fulltext|access-date=22 September 2024|website=Oxford Academic|pages=123–148|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197564226.003.0007|isbn=978-0-19-756422-6}}</ref> Di history of maroons show how di enslaved dey resist slavery by living for free independent settlements. Historical archeologist Dan Sayer talk say historians dey downplay di importance of maroon settlements and dey give credit to white people wey involve for di Underground Railroad, wey e talk show say dem dey bias, indicating say dem no wan accept di strength of black resistance and initiative<ref>{{cite web|title=Deep in the Swamps, Archaeologists Are Finding How Fugitive Slaves Kept Their Freedom|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/deep-swamps-archaeologists-fugitive-slaves-kept-freedom-180960122/|access-date=20 September 2024|website=Smithsonian Magazine|publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>. === Freedom routes dem dey waka for Native American land<ref name="auto2" /> === From colonial America enter 19th century, Indigenous people for North America dey help and protect enslaved Africans wey dey find way to freedom.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|title=The Indigenous connection to the Underground Railroad|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/what-happens-when-hidden-histories-become-a-national-conversation-1.6059520/the-indigenous-connection-to-the-underground-railroad-1.6061957|access-date=10 September 2024|agency=CBC|date=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Uncovering Tribal Connections to the Underground Railroad|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/tribal-ugrr-connections.htm|access-date=10 September 2024|website=The National Park Service}}</ref> But no be all Indigenous community dey accept freedom seekers, some of dem sef dey enslave dem or carry dem go back to their former masters<ref name="NPS Telling Stories">{{cite web|title=The Underground Railroad in American History|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/tellingallamericansstories/upload/UndergroundRailroad.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930211640/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/tellingallamericansstories/upload/UndergroundRailroad.pdf|archive-date=2024-09-30|access-date=22 September 2024|website=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref>. The first stories wey we fit see about escape na from 16th century. For 1526, Spanish people start the first European colony for United States wey dem call San Miguel de Gualdape for South Carolina. The enslaved Africans start to revolt and historians talk say dem fit escape go Shakori Indigenous communities<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|title=New Jersey's Underground Railroad Heritage|url=https://dspace.njstatelib.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/2d0a25c0-0b00-4c37-a53f-b8888b3e2193/content|access-date=18 September 2024|website=New Jersey Historical Commission|publisher=New Jersey State Library}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Brockell|first1=Gillian|title=Before 1619, there was 1526: The mystery of the first enslaved Africans in what became the United States|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/09/07/before-there-was-mystery-first-enslaved-africans-what-became-us/|access-date=18 September 2024|agency=The Washington Post|date=2019}}</ref>. As early as 1689, some enslaved Africans run from the South Carolina Lowcountry go Spanish Florida dey find freedom<ref name="Opala">{{cite book|last=Opala|first=Joseph A.|title=The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection – Website|publisher=Yale University, Gilder Lehrman Center|chapter=Black Seminoles – Gullahs Who Escaped From Slavery|access-date=2009-08-04|chapter-url=http://www.yale.edu/glc/gullah/07.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221041/http://www.yale.edu/glc/gullah/07.htm|archive-date=2009-08-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>. The Seminole Nation accept Gullah runaways (we dey call dem Black Seminoles now) come their land.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pressly|first1=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjBQ0AEACAAJ|title=A Southern Underground Railroad Black Georgians and the Promise of Spanish Florida and Indian Country|date=2024|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=9780820366326}}</ref> This na the southern route for Underground Railroad wey connect Georgia and Carolinas go Florida. For Northwest Ohio for 18th and 19th century, three Indigenous/Native American nations, the Shawnee, Ottawa, and Wyandot help freedom seekers escape from slavery. The Ottawa people dey accept and protect runaways for their villages. Other escapees dey carry go Fort Malden by the Ottawa. For Upper Sandusky, Wyandot people allow maroon community of freedom seekers wey dem dey call Negro Town stay for their land for four decades<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finkinebine|first1=Roy|url=https://academic.oup.com/florida-scholarship-online/book/14776/chapter-abstract/168992172?redirectedFrom=fulltext|title=The Underground Railroad in "Indian Country": Northwest Ohio, 1795–1843|date=2018|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-5603-6|pages=70–92|doi=10.5744/florida/9780813056036.003.0004}}</ref>. [[File:Beverly_Image_of_Native_Villages.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beverly_Image_of_Native_Villages.jpg|thumb|Native Americans dey collect freedom seekers come their villages, then go carry dem go Canada.]] For 18th and 19th century, Nanticoke people for Chesapeake Bay and Delaware dey hide freedom people for their villages. Dem dey live small small villages near Pocomoke River; the river start from plenty forks for the big Cypress Swamp for southern Sussex County, Delaware. Black people wey dey run from slavery fit hide for swamps, plus water dey wash away the scent of dem wey don run, make e hard for dogs to find dem. As early as 18th century, mixed blood communities don start.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gould|first1=Bill|title=Delmarva Native Americans and the earliest Underground Railroad|url=https://nativeamericansofdelawarestate.com/Delmarva_Indians_&_Underground_Railroad.htm|access-date=10 September 2024|website=Native Americans of Delaware State}}</ref><ref name="auto32">{{cite web|title=The Underground Railroad|url=https://mrnussbaum.com/storage/uploads/activities/tubman/path.htm|access-date=10 September 2024|website=mrnussbaum.com}}</ref>. For Maryland, freedom seekers dey run go Shawnee villages wey dey along Potomac River. Slave owners for Virginia and Maryland dey chook mouth, file plenty complaints and court matter against Shawnee and Nanticoke for hiding freedom seekers<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the Underground Railroad and why did it exist here?|url=https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/011000/011364/unrestricted/20090253e.pdf|access-date=15 September 2024|website=Maryland State Government}}</ref>. Odawa people too dey accept freedom seekers to their villages. The Odawa go carry the runaways give Ojibwe wey go help dem waka go Canada. <ref name="auto12">{{cite news|title=The Indigenous connection to the Underground Railroad|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/what-happens-when-hidden-histories-become-a-national-conversation-1.6059520/the-indigenous-connection-to-the-underground-railroad-1.6061957|access-date=10 September 2024|agency=CBC|date=2021}}</ref>Some people wey don run from slavery go hide for Native American villages, e be like dem stay for there. White people wey come travel go Kentucky and Ohio Territory see 'Black Shawnees' dey live with the Indigenes for trans-Appalachian west. For the colonial time for New Spain and Seminole Nation for Florida, African Americans and Indigenes dey marry self..{{sfn|Hudson|2015|p=155}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Garrison|first1=Timothy A.|last2=Haefeli|first2=Evan|title=Native Americans and African Americans|url=https://oxfordaasc.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-44914|access-date=11 September 2024|website=Oxford African American Studies Center}}</ref> === South to Florida and Mexico === ===== Background ===== [[File:1888-view-Old_Stone_Fort-Harby-illus-American_Magazine.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1888-view-Old_Stone_Fort-Harby-illus-American_Magazine.jpg|thumb|Dis Old Stone Fort for Nacogdoches, by Lee C. Harby, for The American Magazine, April 1888 edition]] From 16th century, Spaniards dey come carry enslaved Africans go New Spain, including Mission Nombre de Dios wey go turn St. Augustine for Spanish Florida. As time dey go, free Afro-Spaniards dey find different work and dey serve for colonial militia.<ref name="UTSA - AAT">{{Cite web|date=2019|title=African American Texans|url=https://texancultures.utsa.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/TOA_African-American_Revised_VI.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185719/https://texancultures.utsa.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/TOA_African-American_Revised_VI.pdf|archive-date=July 9, 2021|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=Institute of Texan Cultures, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA)}}</ref> When King Charles II of Spain talk say Spanish Florida go be safe place for slaves wey escape from British North America, plenty of dem dey waka come Florida from North like New York. Spanish people come build Fort Mose for free Blacks inside St. Augustine area for 1738. For 1806, enslaved people land for Stone Fort for Nacogdoches, Texas, dey find freedom. Dem come with fake passport wey dem thief from one Kentucky judge. Spanish no gree return dem go America. The next year, more freedom seekers waka come through Texas<ref name="Barnes">{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Michael|date=April 13, 2021|title=One route of the Underground Railroad ran through Texas to Mexico|language=en-US|work=Austin American-Statesman|url=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185249/https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|url-status=live}}</ref>. Enslaved people fit libre when dem cross border from America enter Mexico, wey still be Spanish colony till nineteenth century{{sfn|Crable|2021}}. For America, dem dey see enslaved people as property. E mean say dem no fit marry, and dem fit sell dem away from dem partners. Dem no fit fight against bad punishment too. But for New Spain, dem dey recognize fugitive slaves as human beings. Dem fit join Catholic Church and marry. Dem dey protect from bad punishment too<ref name="Barnes2">{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Michael|date=April 13, 2021|title=One route of the Underground Railroad ran through Texas to Mexico|language=en-US|work=Austin American-Statesman|url=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185249/https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|url-status=live}}</ref>. During War of 1812, U.S. Army general Andrew Jackson invade Spanish Florida because enslaved people don run come from plantations for Carolinas and Georgia go Florida. Some of dem join Black Seminoles wey later move go Mexico.<ref name="Barnes3">{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Michael|date=April 13, 2021|title=One route of the Underground Railroad ran through Texas to Mexico|language=en-US|work=Austin American-Statesman|url=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185249/https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|url-status=live}}</ref> But Mexico dey send mixed signals on slavery matter. Sometimes e go allow dem to send enslaved people back into slavery and let Americans waka enter Spanish land to populate North, come start cotton plantations wey go bring enslaved people come work the land.<ref name="Barnes4">{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Michael|date=April 13, 2021|title=One route of the Underground Railroad ran through Texas to Mexico|language=en-US|work=Austin American-Statesman|url=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185249/https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|url-status=live}}</ref> For 1829, Mexican president Vicente Guerrero (wey be mixed race black man) officially cancel slavery for Mexico.{{sfn|Hudson|2015}}{{sfn|Little|2021}}. Freedom seekers from Southern plantations for Deep South, especially Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, run come Mexico to escape slavery. At that time, Texas still dey part of Mexico.{{sfn|Hudson|2015}}<ref name="Barnes5">{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Michael|date=April 13, 2021|title=One route of the Underground Railroad ran through Texas to Mexico|language=en-US|work=Austin American-Statesman|url=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185249/https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|url-status=live}}</ref>. The Texas Revolution wey start partly to make slavery legal, lead to the formation of Republic of Texas for 1836.{{sfn|Little|2021}} After San Jacinto fight, some slaves waka come out from Houston area with Mexican army, dem see soldiers as way to run from slavery{{sfn|Burnett|2021}}. When Texas join Union for 1845, e be slave state{{sfn|Little|2021}} and Rio Grande come be di international border with Mexico.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} Pressure between free states and slave states increase as Mexico don chop slavery and western states don join Union as free states. As dem dey add more free states join Union, na so the power of slave state representatives for Congress dey reduce..{{sfn|Crable|2021}}<ref name="Barnes6">{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Michael|date=April 13, 2021|title=One route of the Underground Railroad ran through Texas to Mexico|language=en-US|work=Austin American-Statesman|url=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185249/https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Slavery areas den dema slave catchers === Di Southern Underground Railroad pass through slave states wey no get abolitionist societies and di organized system for di north. People wey talk against slavery dey face mob, physical assault, and dem fit hang dem. Dem get slave catchers wey dey find runaway slaves. E no dey plenty free blacks for Texas, so free blacks no fit feel safe for di state. Di network to freedom be informal, random, and e dey dangerous.{{sfn|Bird|2021}}<ref name="auto2" /> U.S. military forts wey dem build for Rio Grande border during the Mexican–American War for 1840s, dem go dey capture and return fleeing enslaved people to their masters..<ref name="Leanos">{{Cite news|last=Leanos|first=Reynaldo Jr.|date=March 29, 2017|title=This underground railroad took slaves to freedom in Mexico|language=en|work=The World, a public radio program|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=October 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018081421/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Grant|first1=Richard|title=South to the Promised Land|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/southbound-underground-railroad-brought-thousands-enslaved-americans-mexico-180980328/|access-date=15 September 2024|website=Smithsonian Magazine|publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> The Fugitive Slave Act wey dem pass for 1850 make am crime to help escaping enslaved people for free states. E be like the U.S. government wan sign treaty with Mexico make dem help catch and return bonds-people. But Mexico no gree, dem allow anybody wey cross their border to be free. Slave catchers dey waka cross southern border enter Mexico come dey capture black people illegally come return them to slavery.{{sfn|Little|2021}} One group of slave hunters turn be Texas Rangers now.<ref name="Leanos2">{{Cite news|last=Leanos|first=Reynaldo Jr.|date=March 29, 2017|title=This underground railroad took slaves to freedom in Mexico|language=en|work=The World, a public radio program|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=October 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018081421/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|url-status=live}}</ref> === Routes === [[File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_A_Ride_for_Liberty_--_The_Fugitive_Slaves_-_Eastman_Johnson_-_overall.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_A_Ride_for_Liberty_--_The_Fugitive_Slaves_-_Eastman_Johnson_-_overall.jpg|thumb|Eastman Johnson, A Ride for Liberty – The Fugitive Slaves, oil for paperboard, 22 × 26.25 inches, around 1862, Brooklyn Museum. E show family wey African Americans dey run from slavery for South USA during di American Civil War.]] Plenty of freedom seekers dey waka follow network from southern U.S. go Texas and finally reach Mexico{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}}. Southern enslaved people dey trek ‘unforgiving country’ on foot or horse while dem dey chase by lawmen and slave hunters{{sfn|Bird|2021}}. Some go hide for ferries wey dey go Mexican port{{sfn|Little|2021}} from New Orleans, Louisiana and Galveston, Texas.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} Some even dey carry cotton go Brownsville, Texas for wagon before dem cross enter Mexico for Matamoros.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} {{Quote box|Sometimes someone would come 'long and try to get us to run up north and be free. We used to laugh at that.|—Former slave Felix Haywood, interviewed in 1937 for the federal Slave Narrative Project.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}}|align=right|width=250px}}Plenty people waka go North Carolina, Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, or Mississippi go Texas and finally Mexico..{{sfn|Little|2021}}{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} Dem dey run from slavery wey dey for Indian Territory (now Oklahoma){{sfn|Burnett|2021}}. Black Seminoles dey waka for South-West route from Florida go Mexico{{sfn|Hudson|2015|p=147}}<ref name="NPS What Is3">{{cite web|title=What is the Underground Railroad?|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/what-is-the-underground-railroad.htm|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208022026/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/what-is-the-underground-railroad.htm|archive-date=2025-02-08|access-date=9 September 2024|website=[[National Park Service]]}}<!-- The original link may be live but it has been modified by the Trump administration making it unfit. More info: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/04/07/national-park-website-harriet-tubman-underground-railroad/82971945007/ --></ref>. Dem wey dey waka land way go fit carry dem last 150 miles through hot and hard land of the Nueces Strip wey dey between Nueces River and Rio Grande. No plenty shade dey and water wey fit drink no dey for this brush country{{sfn|Bird|2021}} If dem get horse and gun, dem fit survive the journey better{{sfn|Bird|2021}}. National Park Service don find route from Natchitoches, Louisiana to Monclova, Mexico in 2010 wey be roughly the southern Underground Railroad path. E still get belief say El Camino Real de los Tejas be path for freedom. President George W. Bush make am National Historic Trail for 2004.{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} === Assistance === Some people waka on dem own without any help, while others get support from pipo for the southern Underground Railroad.{{sfn|Little|2021}} Dem help include direction, shelter, and supplies. Black pipo, black and white couples, plus German immigrants wey no support slavery, give plenty support, but most help come from Mexican laborers.{{sfn|Bird|2021}}{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}}. E reach so far wey enslavers no trust any Mexican again, and dem even pass law for Texas wey no allow Mexicans talk to enslaved pipo{{sfn|Burnett|2021}}. Mexican migrant workers form tight relationship with enslaved black workers wey dem dey work with. Dem dey give advice on how e go be to cross border, plus dem dey show empathy. When slaveholders and Texan townsfolk see how Mexicans dey help enslaved pipo escape, dem go push dem from town, whip dem for public, or even lynch dem.{{sfn|Bird|2021}}{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} Some border officers help slaves wey dey cross go Mexico. For Monclova, Mexico, one border officer gather money for the town to support one family wey need food, clothes, and cash to waka continue their journey down south and escape from slave hunters<ref name="Leanos3">{{Cite news|last=Leanos|first=Reynaldo Jr.|date=March 29, 2017|title=This underground railroad took slaves to freedom in Mexico|language=en|work=The World, a public radio program|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=October 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018081421/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|url-status=live}}</ref>. Once dem cross the border, some Mexican authorities dey help former slaves make dem no go back to USA by slave hunters{{sfn|Burnett|2021}}. Freedom seekers wey dem carry go ferries to Mexican ports, Mexican ship captains dey support dem, one of dem even get catch for Louisiana and dem indict am for helping slaves run away.{{sfn|Crable|2021}} People sabi say if dem run away or help person comot, wahala go dey, so dem dey careful no to make mistakes. Records wey fit show fugitive slaves no plenty, but we get plenty records from people wey dey promote slavery or go catch dem. Texas Runaway Slave Project for Stephen F. Austin State University don document more than 2,500 escapes.{{sfn|Bird|2021}} === Southern freedom seekers === [[File:Tom_Blue,_General_Sam_Houston's_bodyguard.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Blue,_General_Sam_Houston's_bodyguard.jpg|thumb|Tom Blue, wey General Sam Houston don enslave, him run come out join di Mexican army.]] Dem put ads for newspaper wey dey offer reward make you bring back dia "property". Slave catchers dey waka for Mexico. Dem get Black Seminoles, or Los Mascogos wey dey for northern Mexico wey dey show armed fight back.{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} Sam Houston, wey be president of Texas, na him be de slaveholder wey Tom wey run away. E waka go Texas, and when e reach, e join de Mexican military.{{sfn|Little|2018}}<ref name="auto2" /> One enslaved man wey dem brand am with letter "R" for both cheek after e try to run from slavery no work. E try am again for winter of 1819, wey e commot from him enslaver cotton plantation ride on top horse. With four oda guys, dem waka go southwest to Mexico, risk plenty wahala from bad Native Americans, slave catchers, or dem "horse-eating alligators".{{sfn|Crable|2021}} Plenty people no fit reach Mexico. For 1842, one Mexican guy and one black woman commot from Jackson County, Texas on top two horses, but dem catch dem for Lavaca River<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammack|first1=María|date=June 5, 2019|title=Love In Times of Texas Slavery|url=https://notevenpast.org/love-in-the-time-of-texas-slavery/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813212021/https://notevenpast.org/love-in-the-time-of-texas-slavery/|archive-date=August 13, 2021|access-date=13 August 2021|website=Not Even Past|publisher=Department of History, University of Texas at Austin}}</ref>. The woman, wey be enslaved, be valuable to her owner, so dem carry her back to slavery. Her husband, wey fit be farm laborer or indentured servant, dem lynch am sharp-sharp{{sfn|Bird|2021}}. Fugitive slaves dey change dem names for Mexico. Dem go marry Mexican families and move come down south of American-Mexican border. All dis wahala make am hard to find where the people wey don free dey{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}}. For Stephen F. Austin State University, dem get database wey get runaway slave ads as part of Texas Runaway Slave Project. The Works Progress Administration during Great Depression start Federal Writers' Project to document slave stories, including dem wey stay for Mexico. One of dem be Felix Haywood, wey find freedom when he cross Rio Grande.<ref name="Leanos3" />{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} === Rio Grande stations === Two families, Webbers and Jacksons, dey stay for Rio Grande, dem dey help people escape slavery. Di husbands na white, and di wives na black women wey don suffer before.{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}}No body sabi if Nathaniel Jackson buy Matilda Hicks and her family freedom, but for di early 1860s, dem move go Hidalgo county, where dem settle down as family. Him na white southerner and she na enslaved woman, dem be childhood sweethearts for Alabama{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}} Him be di pikin of her slaveholder,{{sfn|Little|2021}} wey help seven families in 1857 and others cross enter Mexico.{{sfn|Bird|2021}}<ref name="auto2" /> Silvia Hector Webber be born as slave for West Florida, then for 1819 dem sell am go give slaveholder for Clark County, Arkansas. Di slaveholder pikin, John Cryer, carry Silvia go Mexican Texas illegally for 1828, four years after Mexico don ban slave trade enter dia territory. But Silvia no gree low am, with John Webber help, she collect freedom paper for herself and 3 pikin for 1834<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Hammack|first1=María Esther|title=Handbook of Texas|date=Spring 2020|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|chapter=Silvia Hector Webber|access-date=13 August 2021|chapter-url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/webber-sylvia-hector-aunt-puss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710234324/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/webber-sylvia-hector-aunt-puss|archive-date=July 10, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>. Dem dey live antislavery life, dey hide runaway slaves for dia ranch and house. Silvia dey carry people wey wan free, on di ferry wey she get license for her ranch, go Mexico for freedom<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hammack|first1=María Esther|title=Handbook of Texas|date=Spring 2020|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|chapter=Silvia Hector Webber|access-date=13 August 2021|chapter-url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/webber-sylvia-hector-aunt-puss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710234324/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/webber-sylvia-hector-aunt-puss|archive-date=July 10, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>. John Ferdinand Webber, wey born for Vermont, dey live for Rio Grande with her wife, Silvia Hector Webber{{sfn|Contreras|2020b}}, and dem dey help enslaved people cross di Rio Grande{{sfn|Bird|2021}}. Di Jacksons and Webbers, wey both get licensed ferry service, dem dey popular for runaways.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} === Arrival insyd Mexico === Fugi slaves wey make am reach Mexico sabi say dem fit carry dem go kidnap anytime by slave catchers or blackbirders{{sfn|Bird|2021}}. Slave hunters wey dey try carry former slaves from Mexico fit go court or dem go fit shoot dem.{{sfn|Crable|2021}}<ref name="auto2" /> Dem no get plenty support from dem new community and job options dey few. Dem no get official paper wey go show say dem dey free.{{sfn|Bird|2021}} But, dem fit sign indentured servitude contracts and join military place{{sfn|Bird|2021}}. Some people, after dem settle for Mexico, go back United States to help family run come and guide dem go Mexico.{{sfn|Bird|2021}} === Colonies === Plenty abolitionists for north dey push Mexican government make dem set up colonies for free and run away blacks. Benjamin Lundy, wey be Quaker, dey fight for colony make dem establish for wetin be Texas today during early 1830s, but e no fit as Texas carry slavery come when e separate from Mexico and become Republic of Texas (1836){{sfn|Little|2021}}. Black Seminoles sabi petition land and set colony for 1852. Di land still dey belong to dem pikin dem<ref name="auto2" />{{sfn|Little|2021}}. === Scholarships === [[File:Galveston_Weekly_News_from_May_11,_1858._"$25_Reward.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galveston_Weekly_News_from_May_11,_1858._%22$25_Reward.jpg|thumb|$25 Reward for Tom, ''Galveston Weekly News'' from May 11, 1858]] The Texas Runaway Slave Project dey Nacogdoches for Stephen F. Austin State University. Dem don research all di runaway ads wey show for 19,000 newspaper editions from mid-19th century.{{sfn|Burnett|2021}} Alice L. Baumgartner study how plenty people wey run from slavery from di Southern states go Mexico. She publish book wey be South to Freedom: Runaway Slaves to Mexico and the Road to the Civil War<ref name="Barnes7">{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Michael|date=April 13, 2021|title=One route of the Underground Railroad ran through Texas to Mexico|language=en-US|work=Austin American-Statesman|url=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185249/https://www.statesman.com/story/news/history/2021/04/13/slaves-moved-through-texas-freedom-mexico/7141742002/|url-status=live}}</ref>. Thomas Mareite do him PhD for Leiden University, e research di social and political level of di enslaved dem wey escape from di U.S. South go Mexico, him title na Conditional Freedom: Free Soil and Fugitive Slaves from the U.S. South to Mexico's Northeast, 1803–1861<ref>Mareite, Thomas, ''Conditional Freedom: Free Soil and Fugitive Slaves from the US South to Mexico's Northeast, 1803–1861'' (PhD Diss., Leiden University, 2020) https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/85166 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307090353/https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/85166|date=March 7, 2022}}</ref>. Roseann Bacha-Garza from University of Texas Rio Grande Valley dey handle historical archeology projects, she don research di cases of enslaved people wey run go Mexico. .<ref name="Leanos4">{{Cite news|last=Leanos|first=Reynaldo Jr.|date=March 29, 2017|title=This underground railroad took slaves to freedom in Mexico|language=en|work=The World, a public radio program|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=October 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018081421/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Contreras|2020a}}Mekala Audain don publish one chapter wey dem title "A Scheme to Desert: The Louisiana Purchase and Freedom Seekers in the Louisiana-Texas Borderlands, 1804–1806" for di book wey dem edit call In Search of Liberty: African American Internationalism for di Nineteenth-Century Atlantic World<ref>{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Angelo|title=In Search of Liberty: African American Internationalism in the Nineteenth-Century Atlantic World|date=2021|publisher=University of Georgia Press|location=Athens}}</ref>. Maria Esther Hammack finish her PhD on top di matter for 2021 for di University of Texas for Austin. <ref name="Leanos5">{{Cite news|last=Leanos|first=Reynaldo Jr.|date=March 29, 2017|title=This underground railroad took slaves to freedom in Mexico|language=en|work=The World, a public radio program|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=October 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018081421/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|url-status=live}}</ref> === "Reverse Underground Railroad" === Freedom seekers no be di only black people wey dey risk from slave catchers. Di demand for slaves dey high for di Deep South as dem dey plant cotton, strong, healthy blacks wey dey for dia best working and reproductive years dem dey see am as valuable goods. Both former slaves and free blacks fit suffer kidnap and sold as slaves, like di case wey dem sabi of Solomon Northup, wey be New York-born free black wey dem kidnap by Southern slavers as he dey visit Washington, DC. "Certificates of freedom", or "free papers", na signed and notarized statements wey show say individual Blacks be free. Dem fit easily destroy or steal am, so e no dey provide strong protection. Some buildings, like Crenshaw House for far-southeastern Illinois, na places wey people sabi say dem dey sell free blacks into slavery, dem dey call am di "Reverse Underground Railroad."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meyers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHZWEAAAQBAJ&q=crenshaw%20house|title=The Reverse Underground Railroad in Ohio|last2=Walker|date=2022|publisher=History Press|isbn=9781467150842}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Snodgrass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmqsBwAAQBAJ&q=reverse%20underground%20railroad|title=The Underground Railroad An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Operations|date=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317454151}}</ref> === American Revolutionary War routes (1775 to 1783) === During American Revolution War, dem wey dey enslave run come out, dem go meet British, Canada, Florida, and Native American land. Last Royal Governor for Virginia, Lord Dunmore, plan to scatter American colonists by dropping proclamation for 1775 wey go free any enslaved wey run comot join British side. According to PBS and National Park Service article, this proclamation make about 100,000 people wey wan get freedom escape during the war. American colonial officers dey receive plenty request to bring back runaway slaves. For November 1775, Dunmore start military group of 300 freedom seekers for North Carolina wey dem call 'the Ethiopian Regiment.' For Virginia, 800 freedom seekers join this regiment.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fitzgibbons|first1=Ellen|title=Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment|url=https://www.ncpedia.org/dunmores-ethiopian-regiment#:~:text=In%20November%201775%20Dunmore%2C%20who,as%20%22Dunmore's%20Ethiopian%20Regiment.%22|access-date=11 September 2024|website=Encyclopedia of North Carolina}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Allen|first1=Kathryn|last2=Shuck-Hall|first2=Sheri|date=February 22, 2024|title=The Ethiopian Regiment and the Fight for Independence|url=https://www.explorehistorycnu.org/2024/02/22/the-ethiopian-regiment-and-the-fight-for-independence/|access-date=11 September 2024|website=Christopher Newport University's}}</ref>. American colonists dey try stop freedom seekers from joining British by sending slave patrols to catch dem, and dem dey publish newspaper talk say British no go do anything about their promise to free runaway slaves<ref>{{cite web|title=Virginia: Group Escape, November 26, 1775|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/group-escape-virginia-november-26-1775.htm|access-date=19 September 2024|website=Underground Railroad Network to Freedom|publisher=The National Park Service}}</ref>. Plenty free and enslaved Black people fight with British in hope say dem go fit get freedom. Dem call dem Black Loyalists. Black Loyalists wey serve with British for one year collect Certificates of Freedom and dem carry dem go live as free people for Bahamas and Jamaica, some even go Canada<ref>{{cite web|date=February 13, 2024|title=Harry Washington|url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/1bbc314b54da43d99dd890e3b3f4b0c5|access-date=19 September 2024|website=Underground Railroad Network to Freedom|publisher=The National Park Service}}</ref>. Between 1783 and 1785, 3,000 enslaved and free Black Americans settle for British colony wey dem dey call Nova Scotia, Canada<ref>{{cite web|last1=Oyeniran|first1=Channon|title=Black Loyalists in British North America|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/black-loyalists-in-british-north-america|access-date=16 September 2024|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>. Other enslaved people run come join Continental Army or Patriot militias. Black Americans wey fight for Continental Army dem call Black Patriots, and some of dem earn their freedom through their military work. Some enslaved wey run use their master horse take escape during war.<ref>{{cite web|title=Runaways 1740–1783|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p17.html#:~:text=An%20estimated%20100%2C000%20took%20advantage,slaves%20in%20one%20year%20alone.|access-date=9 September 2024|website=Africans in America|publisher=PBS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Freedom Denied? Enslaved Soldiers During the Revolution|url=https://www.nps.gov/fost/blogs/freedom-denied-enslaved-soldiers-during-the-revolution.htm|access-date=11 September 2024|website=Fort Stanwix National Monument|publisher=The National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ayres|first1=Edward|title=African Americans and the American Revolution|url=https://www.jyfmuseums.org/learn/research-and-collections/essays/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution|access-date=11 September 2024|website=American Revolution Museum at Yorktown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Revolutionary War|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2narr4.html|access-date=11 September 2024|website=Africans in America|publisher=PBS}}</ref> === War of 1812 routes === [[File:William_Williams_Black_Soldier_U.S._Army_War_of_1812.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Williams_Black_Soldier_U.S._Army_War_of_1812.jpg|thumb|William Williams be one runaway wey dem dey hold before, plus e be Black Soldier for U.S. Army during War of 1812.<ref>{{cite web|title=William Williams|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/william-williams.htm|access-date=10 September 2024|website=Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, Star-Spangled Banner National Historic Trail|publisher=The National Park Service}}</ref>]] For di War of 1812, 700 enslaved people for Maryland run away from slavery<ref>{{cite web|title=African Americans and the War of 1812|url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/war1812/html/afam_war.html#:~:text=Upwards%20of%20700%20slaves%20from,widow%20of%20Governor%20Benjamin%20Ogle.|access-date=10 September 2024|website=The Maryland State Archives}}</ref>. Bfore di war, people wey dey find freedom dey waka go Michigan Territory, cross Detroit River. As time dey go, plenty African Americans wey don escape dey increase for di territory. Territorial governor William Hull gree Peter Denison, wey be enslaved man, “one written license” make e fit form militia company of free Blacks and escaped slaves. Dem men be armed and trained but Hull scatter di militia. Some of di Black men for di militia run from slavery for British Canada. For di 18th century, dem dey practice slavery for Canada, and by 1793, dem don phase am out, but some Black Canadians still dey enslaved. For late 18th century and early 19th century, di route wey freedom seekers dey follow go south start from British Canada to finish for free American territories for di Old Northwest. By di War of 1812, slave laws for British Canada stop di continuation of slavery. Dis one change di final places wey freedom seekers for di United States dey look for, dey dey turn eye go north to Canada to take dem freedom. For di summer of 1812, Hull talk say enslaved runaways and free Blacks for di Michigan Territory be free citizens, and when war burst with Britain, Black citizens of Michigan carry arms fight di British. After him military service, Peter Denison and in family waka go north to Canada.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Allen Smith|first1=Gene|title=The Underground Railroad of 1812: Paths to freedom along the Canadian border|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-underground-railroad-changes-course.htm#:~:text=Yet%20by%20the%20end%20of,new%20Canadian%20land%20of%20freedom.|access-date=10 September 2024|website=The National Park Service}}</ref> === Black Refugees === For April 1814, British Army talk say dem go give freedom to enslaved Black Americans wey join dem military or choose freedom inside British colonies. For Chesapeake Region inside Virginia and Maryland plus coastal areas of Georgia, about 4,000 enslaved Black Americans escape from slavery. Inside the 4,000 freedom seekers wey don run away, 2,000 catch ship go Nova Scotia from September 1813 to August 1816 for naval vessels and private ships wey British plan and dem carry dem go Nova Scotia and New Brunswick for Canada, plus 400 freedom seekers wey go Trinidad for Caribbean. De Black people wey settle for British Canada dem dey call Black refugees wey run from slavery for United States and side with British during War of 1812.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 20, 2020|title=African Nova Scotians in the Age of Slavery and Abolition|url=https://archives.novascotia.ca/africanns/results/?Search=&SearchList1=4|access-date=16 September 2024|website=Nova Scotia Archives}}</ref> === Merikens === De Merikins be former enslaved Black Americans wey don escape slavery, join British military all-Black unit of Colonial Marines during War of 1812. When de war finish, dem carry dem go plenty British colonies to live as free people. About 700 Colonial Marines go Trinidad for Caribbean. Even though slavery dey legal for Trinidad, dem promise say dem go protect dem under commander Robert Mitchell. De former Black Americans dey call demself Merikens, na short form of 'Americans' and start new life for Trinidad inside six Company Villages for de southern side of de island<ref>{{cite web|title=Celebrating the Merikins|url=https://natt.gov.tt/sites/default/files/pdfs/Celebrating-the-Merikins.pdf|access-date=16 September 2024|website=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref>. De Trinidad government dey provide Merikens with food, rations, clothes, and tools wey dem need to build dem home, and dem dey grow dem own food like corn, pumpkin, plantain, and rice..<ref>{{cite web|title=The Merikins|url=https://www.nps.gov/stsp/learn/historyculture/merikins.htm|access-date=16 September 2024|website=Star-Spangled Banner National Historic Trail|publisher=The National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Fergus|first1=Claudius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUrRM-RVRJ4C&dq=merikins+slavery&pg=PA115|title=Revolutionary Emancipation Slavery and Abolitionism in the British West Indies|date=2013|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|isbn=9780807149898|page=113}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Guide to the Merikin Collection|url=https://www.natt.gov.tt/sites/default/files/images/NATT%20Merikin%20Collection%20GuideREV2021.pdf|access-date=16 September 2024|website=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref> === De "Saltwater Railroad" freedom route === [[File:The_merchant_vessel_-_a_sailor_boy's_voyages_around_the_world_(1884)_(14593118478).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_merchant_vessel_-_a_sailor_boy's_voyages_around_the_world_(1884)_(14593118478).jpg|thumb|A scene in the Bahamas in 1884]] From 1821 to 1861, people wey wan be free escape from Southeastern slave states like South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida go Bahamas through secret way dem dey call the "Saltwater Railroad." Before 1821, Florida be Spanish colony wey historians dey call Spanish Florida, where runaways fit dey free under Spanish law. But by 1821, America take over Florida. Free Blacks for Florida dey fear say dem fit go back to slavery under American law, so plenty free people run go Bahamas. From 1821 to 1825, Southern beaches for Florida be like safe haven for freedom seekers wey dey find boat wey go take dem go island. Some other freedom seekers even make their own canoes and boats and waka go Bahamas by demself..<ref>{{cite web|last1=Campbell|first1=Nicole|date=April 26, 2020|title=The Saltwater Railroad (1821 to 1861)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/the-saltwater-railroad-1821-1861/|access-date=12 September 2024|website=The Black Past}}</ref><ref name="auto42">{{cite web|last1=Wills|first1=Matthew|date=September 6, 2019|title=The Saltwater Railroad|url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-saltwater-road/|access-date=12 September 2024|website=JSTOR Daily}}</ref> [[File:Gulf_of_Mexico.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulf_of_Mexico.png|thumb|Pipo wey dey suffer for USA, dem comot from South Florida side with boat go Bahamas.]] By 1825, dem dey build Cape Florida Lighthouse (wey e dey Miami-Dade now) wey mess up for enslaved pipo wey wan run go night for boat off Florida coast because of di bright light wey fit show sailors how to dey come off Florida Reef. Di Bahamas dey attract enslaved pipo because dem get Black Seminoles and oda escapees dey. Di Bahamas be British controlled island wey for under local imperial practices, Black pipo fit own land, go school, and marry legal. Plus, in 1825, Britain talk say any escapee wey reach British lands go be free. Dis talk make plenty slaves for United States waka go di island. By di 1830s, historians dey estimate say at least 6,000 freedom seekers find dem way go di Bahamas, and by di 1840s, di Bahamas get plenty enslaved runaways more than any British colony for di Caribbean<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Knetsch |first1=Joe |last2=Winsboro |first2=Irvin |date=2013 |title=Florida Slaves, the 'Saltwater Railroad' to the Bahamas, and Anglo-American Diplomacy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23795403 |journal=The Journal of Southern History |volume=79 |issue=1 |page=56 |jstor=23795403 |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref>. Di actions of Britain wey wan free enslaved Americans scatter dem relationship with United States. For 1841, for di slave ship, Creole, slave revolt happen. Di Creole wey come from Virginia carry over one hundred enslaved pipo dey go New Orleans, Louisiana. Di enslaved pipo revolt, take control for di ship, and drive am go Nassau for di Bahamas. Dis revolt catch international eyes; di escapees face charge, but dem later free dem..<ref name="auto43">{{cite web|last1=Wills|first1=Matthew|date=September 6, 2019|title=The Saltwater Railroad|url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-saltwater-road/|access-date=12 September 2024|website=JSTOR Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lyons|first1=Douglas|title='Saltwater Railroad' had its roots on Cape Florida|url=https://www.floridarambler.com/historic-florida-getaways/saltwater-railroad-cape-florida/|access-date=12 September 2024|agency=Florida Rambler|date=2024}}</ref> === Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 === [[File:From_Library_of_Congress-_"Print_shows_a_portrait_of_the_fugitive_slave_Anthony_Burns,_whose_arrest_and_trial_under_the_Fugitive_(32f5b651-55ed-457d-8c2e-45b46a5dcc24).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:From_Library_of_Congress-_%22Print_shows_a_portrait_of_the_fugitive_slave_Anthony_Burns,_whose_arrest_and_trial_under_the_Fugitive_(32f5b651-55ed-457d-8c2e-45b46a5dcc24).jpg|thumb|One portrait of freedom guy, Anthony Burns, wey dem catch under Fugitive Slave Law]] For di Fugitive Slave Act wey come out for 1850, if dem catch suspected runaways and carry dem go meet di special magistrate wey dem dey call commissioner, dem no get right to trial for jury and dem no fit talk for demself. Between 1850 and 1860, 343 people wey dey find freedom don go meet commissioner, an 332 of dem go back to slavery. Commissioners go collect ten dollars if dem rule for slaveholder side, an if dem rule for di slave side, dem go collect five dollars. Technically, dem no dey accuse anybody of crime. Di marshal or private slave-catcher just need swear oath to collect writ wey go allow dem carry back property. Dem go charge person wey help freedom seeker escape fine of 1,000 dollars.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Paul|first1=Catherine|date=December 26, 2015|title=Fugitive Slave Act of 1850|url=https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/federal/fugitive-slave-act-of-1850/|access-date=14 September 2024|website=Virginia Commonwealth University}}</ref> Congress dey under Southern men hand because dem population for their states rise sharp with three-fifths of slaves wey dey count. Dem pass Fugitive Slave Law for 1850 because dem vex say people from slavery dey run come out, and even government no dey help dem. For some part of North, slave catchers dey need police support. According to author Andrew Delbanco, "Northerners start sabi say slavery no be only Southern wahala after dem pass the 1850 law." Before American Civil War, nation dey split on how to manage runaway slaves. The Fugitive Slave Act make matter worse as Southern slave owners get power to carry back freedom seekers wey don escape to North and drag dem go back South. Northerners sef get law wey go make dem help return runaways<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gross|first1=Terry|title=How The Fugitive Slave Act Paved The Way For The Civil War|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/11/08/777212545/how-the-fugitive-slave-act-paved-the-way-for-the-civil-war|access-date=12 September 2024|website=South Carolina Public Radio (NPR)}}</ref> Some freedom seekers like Anthony Burns, John Price, Shadrach Minkins, Stephen Pembroke and him two pikin plus others dey arrest under this law. Abolitionists dey use this cases push slavery matter enter national gist; dem dey argue say di way enslaved people dey run away fit show say we need to end slavery.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 15, 2016|title=Fugitive Slave Case: Stephen Pembrook|url=https://www.archives.gov/nyc/exhibit/stephen-pembrook.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913133605/https://www.archives.gov/nyc/exhibit/stephen-pembrook.html|archive-date=September 13, 2024|access-date=13 September 2024|website=The National Archives and Records Administration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gonzalez|first1=Jennifer|date=February 10, 2023|title='Law or No Law': Abolitionist Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2023/02/law-or-no-law-abolitionist-resistance-to-the-fugitive-slave-act-of-1850/|access-date=13 September 2024|website=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Maltz|first1=Earl|title=The Trial of Anthony Burns (1854)|url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/burns-anthony-the-trial-of-1854/|access-date=13 September 2024|website=Encyclopedia of Virginia|publisher=Virginia Humanities}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shadrach Minkins (d. 1875)|url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/minkins-shadrach-d-1875/|access-date=14 September 2024|website=Encyclopedia of Virginia|publisher=Virginia Humanities}}</ref> Some weeks after dem pass fugitive slave law, the Black people for Northern cities begin dey reduce as plenty formerly enslaved African Americans waka go Canada because dem dey fear say dem go fit catch dem and re-enslave dem. For August 1, 1834, Britain come abolish slavery for Canada and everywhere wey British Empire dey, make Canada beta place for American slaves and free Blacks wey dey find freedom<ref>{{cite web|date=July 31, 2020|title=The Enslavement of African People in Canada (c. 1629–1834)|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/parks-canada/news/2020/07/the-enslavement-of-african-people-in-canada-c-16291834.html|access-date=22 September 2024|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>. For Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, plenty Black waiters wey dey work for hotel run go Canada. Columbia for Pennsylvania Black population drop by half. Between mid-February and early March 1851, one hundred free African Americans and fugitives run away from Boston. Abolitionists for Detroit, Michigan carry 1,200 free people go Canada. By December 1850, dem estimate say 3,000 African Americans don find shelter for Canada.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Horton |first1=James |last2=Horton |first2=Louis |date=1993 |title=A Federal Assault: African Americans and the Impact of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 – Symposium on the Law of Slavery: Constitutional Law and Slavery |url=https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2905&context=cklawreview |journal=Symposium on the Law of Slavery |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=1187–1188 |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref> === American Civil War routes (1861 to 1865) === [[File:Contraband_foreground_-_Copy.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contraband_foreground_-_Copy.jpg|thumb|Dem wey run away from slavery come join Union side for Civil War, dem dey call am contraband.]] For di American Civil War, di Union Army catch Southern towns like Beaufort for South Carolina, St. Simons Island for Georgia, and plenty other places, and dem set camp. Because of dat, enslaved people wey dey nearby plantations escape from slavery come run go meet Union lines for freedom and to join fight for di Union Army. American historian Eric Foner talk am for him book, Gateway to Freedom: Di Hidden History of di Underground Railroad, say: "...di Civil War really change di chances wey dey available for slaves wey wan find freedom. As soon as federal troops show up for Maryland, wey mean di war don start, slaves dey find safety with di Union...<ref name=":1" />"{{sfn|Foner|2015}} Susie King Taylor be born slave for Liberty County, Georgia, e come escape from slavery with her family go meet Union line for St. Catherine's Island, Georgia, thanks to her uncle wey help am take waka for federal gunboat wey dey sail near Fort Pulaski wey Confederate get. Plus, plenty enslaved Black Americans don run away from slavery go meet Union line for South Carolina Sea Islands<ref>{{cite web|title=Susie King Taylor|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/susie-king-taylor.htm|access-date=8 September 2024|website=Fort Pulaski National Monument, Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park, Reconstruction Era National Historical Park|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Susie King Taylor An African American Nurse and Teacher in the Civil War|url=https://www.loc.gov/ghe/cascade/index.html?appid=5be2377c246c4b5483e32ddd51d32dc0&bookmark=Narrative%20of%20War|access-date=11 September 2024|website=Library of Congress}}</ref>. For 1861, Jarvis Harvey sef escape from slavery, e waka go Union line for Fortress Monroe, Virginia<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Hahn|first1=Steven|title=The Largest, Most Successful Slave Revolt in History? What historians get wrong about the actions of enslaved people during the Civil War.|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/10/why-historians-are-reluctant-to-call-the-american-civil-war-a-slave-rebellion.html|website=The Slate|date=October 13, 2015|access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>. Robert Sutton come born slave for Alberti Plantation near Florida border wey dey with Georgia, during Civil War, e build canoe escape come Port Royal, South Carolina, where Black Americans dey free from slavery after Battle of Port Royal, and he join to fight for the 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert Suttion|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/robert-sutton.htm|access-date=8 September 2024|website=Reconstruction Era National Historical Park|publisher=The National Park Service}}</ref>. Prince Rivers flee from slavery too, e find freedom for Union line for Port Royal after him enslaver don run come Beaufort when Union Navy and Army show up. Rivers later join to fight for the 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment<ref>{{cite web|last1=Poole|first1=Scott|title=Rivers, Prince|url=https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/rivers-prince/|access-date=8 September 2024|website=South Carolina Encyclopedia|publisher=University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies}}</ref>. On May 12, 1862, Robert Smalls and sixteen enslaved people escape from slavery during Civil War on top Confederate ship, dem sail am out of Charleston Harbor go meet Union blockade for South Carolina.<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert Smalls|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/robert-smalls.htm|access-date=8 September 2024|website=Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park, Reconstruction Era National Historical Park|publisher=The National Park Service}}</ref> [[File:Contraband_Camp,_formerly_used_as_a_Female_Seminary.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contraband_Camp,_formerly_used_as_a_Female_Seminary.jpg|thumb|Contraband camps dey start during di Civil War, e give shelter and protection for di new free people wey dey area wey Union get control for di South.]] Underground Railroad agents dey change their plans and escape route near Union camps becos plenty freedom seekers dey run enter Union territory instead of North<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Viola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIphDwAAQBAJ|title=A Primary Source Investigation of the Underground Railroad|last2=Wolny|first2=Philip|date=2015|publisher=Rosen Publishing|isbn=9781499435177|page=46}}</ref>. For example, Kansas become state for 1861, and dem ban slavery for there. During Civil War, abolitionists, free staters, and Jayhawkers dey help free people wey escape slavery from Missouri (wey be slave state wey dey near Kansas) and carry dem back to Kansas as war contraband<ref>{{cite web|title=First to Serve-1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/1stkansas.htm|access-date=9 September 2024|website=Fort Scott National Historic Site|publisher=The National Park Service}}</ref>. One article from National Park Service talk how Civil War change the escape routes and where freedom seekers dey go: "But as Union troops show for border states, islands for Atlantic coast, and lower Mississippi Valley, e be like thousands of blacks take chance to free themselves by running go Yankee (Union) camps. Dem first plan to send dem back to their masters no last. The runaways become 'contraband,' or war property. Plenty of dem sharp sharp find work inside Union lines and their family members come start join dem."<ref name="auto52">{{cite web|title=Historic Context for the Underground Railroad|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/ugrr/exugrr2.htm#:~:text=The%20runaways%20became%20%22contraband%2C%22,the%20Army%20were%20initially%20rebuffed.|access-date=8 September 2024|website=Researching and Interpreting the Underground Railroad|publisher=The National Park Service}}</ref> [[File:Contrabands_at_headquarters_of_General_Lafayette_LCCN2014646902.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contrabands_at_headquarters_of_General_Lafayette_LCCN2014646902.jpg|thumb|Contraband dey for General Lafayette base for Yorktown, Virginia]] Di word contraband na wetin Union General Benjamin Butler give di enslaved wey run away. For 1861, three enslaved guys for Norfolk, Virginia, Shepard Mallory, Frank Baker, and James Townsend, don run comot slavery go Union lines for Fort Monroe. Butler no gree follow di Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 wey say make dem return escaped slaves to dem masters. Instead, Butler hold di three guys because dem be 'property' of di Confederate States and no be di United States wey pass di Fugitive Slave Act. Article from di National Trust for Historical Preservation talk say: '...Butler sabi say e no make sense to respect di Fugitive Slave Law wey dey force am return di three guys to dem owner. Dem dey help build one Confederate battery wey dey threaten im fort. Why go send dem back come help dem? So di general comot one smart solution: Because Virginia don comot from di Union, im argue say e no fit return di guys again. Rather, according to military law wey dey govern war, im go take di three guys as contraband—property wey enemy go use against di Union.'<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wills|first1=Eric|title=The Forgotten: The Contraband of America and the Road to Freedom|url=https://savingplaces.org/stories/the-forgotten-the-contraband-of-america-and-the-road-to-freedom|access-date=8 September 2024|website=National Trust for Historic Preservation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Confederate Slave Contraband, and the American Civil War, a story|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/confederate-contraband-and-the-american-civil-war-a-story/|access-date=8 September 2024|website=African American Registry}}</ref>[[File:Corinth_Contraband_Camp_(2c163208-1dd8-b71c-079b-9015087c01e4).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corinth_Contraband_Camp_(2c163208-1dd8-b71c-079b-9015087c01e4).jpg|thumb|Plaque wey go make us remember Corinth Contraband Camp]]As Civil War dey go on, places for South and border states turn refugee camps for people wey wan free dey seek better life. Washington D.C. na big refugee zone during the war. For April 16, 1862, Congress pass Compensated Emancipation Act wey komot slavery for District of Columbia. After dem pass this law, plenty freedom seekers from Virginia and Maryland escape come find freedom for District of Columbia, and by 1863, 10,000 refugees (former runaway slaves) dey inside city, plus dem numbers don double Black population for Washington, D.C. During the war, people wey dey enslave for Beaufort County, South Carolina escape from slavery and run go Union lines for Beaufort because African Americans for the county don free after the Battle of Port Royal on November 7, 1861 when plantation owners don japa as Union Navy and Army land. So e be say, dem start one refugee camp to give safety and protection to people wey wan find freedom. At first, na sixty to seventy people dey run from dem wahala, but as time pass, refugees grow reach 320. The Union Army no get enough food and clothes to take care of dem. Free men, women, and pikin for Beaufort's refugee camp dey collect money to work for the Union as cooks, laundry people, servants, and carpenters. Union force don occupy Corinth, Mississippi and slaves wey dey near palm plantation don run come meet Union lines. To fit help the freedom seekers, general Grenville M. Dodge create the Corinth Contraband Camp wey get houses, schools, hospitals, churches, and paid jobs for African Americans. Dem talk say Corinth Contraband Camp provide new life for 6,000 former slaves.<ref>{{cite web|title=Corinth Contraband Camp|url=https://www.nps.gov/shil/planyourvisit/contrabandcamp.htm|access-date=9 September 2024|website=Shiloh National Military Park|publisher=The National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Corinth Contraband Camp|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/corinth-contraband-camp-poi.htm|access-date=9 September 2024|website=The National Park Service}}</ref> ==== Union Navy den Emancipation ==== [[File:Company_of_colored_troops._(3110840538).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Company_of_colored_troops._(3110840538).jpg|thumb|Free Blacks and pple wey don escape slavery join to fight for Union Army and Navy.]] De Secretary of Navy for dat Civil War na Gideon Welles. For September 1861, Welles talk say both enslaved and free African Americans fit join the Union Navy as 'Boy' rating. Union ships wey dey for Southern ports dey collect plenty runaways wey escape slavery with small boats to join ships wey dey for Union territory. Benjamin Gould, for him journal, jot down say by September 22, 1862, eight freedom seekers land for USS Cambridge plus 20 more wey come two weeks later. One of dem wey escape be William Gould, wey later join the Union Navy fight against Confederacy from 1862 to 1865. The Union ship USS Harftford help to free enslaved people as e dey waka go up Mississippi River. Bartholomew Diggins wey serve for the ship remember how dem dey free the enslaved. He talk say: 'we dey pick many negroes wey dey waka come join the ships for small boats anytime we anchor.' Other Union ships like USS Essex and USS Iroquois join for the liberation too. Some Union soldiers and sailors even carry escape slaves go back to their masters.<ref>{{cite web|title=African Americans in the U.S. Navy During the Civil War|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/civil-war-archive1/african-americans-in-the-u-s--navy-during-the-civil-war.html#:~:text=The%20Navy%20drew%20upon%20these,of%20the%20Navy%27s%20enlisted%20manpower.|access-date=19 September 2024|website=Naval History and Heritage Command}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Stanford professor finds inspiration, fortitude from the diaries of his great-grandfather, who escaped slavery|url=https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2021/06/finding-fortitude-diaries-escaped-slave|access-date=20 September 2024|website=Stanford Report|publisher=Stanford University}}</ref>. By the end of the war, 179,000 formerly enslaved and free Black Americans don fight for Union Army, and 21,000 don fight for Union Navy.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 15, 2016|title=Black Soldiers in the U.S. Military During the Civil War|url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war#:~:text=By%20the%20end%20of%20the,19%2C000%20served%20in%20the%20Navy.|access-date=20 September 2024|website=National Archives and Records Administration}}</ref> From the American Revolution War, go through the War of 1812, and then the Civil War, the Underground Railroad help plenty people, sometimes thousands of African Americans escape.{{sfn|Hudson|2015|pp=2, 9–10}}<ref name="auto2" /> === Legal den political === When North and South dey clash for Civil War, many Black people, whether dem dey suffer or dem free, join fight for Union Army.[<ref>Mark Lardas, ''African American Soldier in the Civil War: USCT, 1862–66''</ref>After Union win for Civil War, on December 6, 1865, dem pass Thirteenth Amendment wey say slavery no go happen again, unless na punishment for crime.<ref>Ann Heinrichs, ''The Underground Railroad''</ref> After dem pass am, sometimes the Underground Railroad dey run opposite as people wey don escape for Canada dey come back go United States<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gindy|first1=Gaye E.|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4979770-the-underground-railroad-and-sylvania-s-historic-lathrop-house|title=The Underground Railroad and Sylvania's Historic Lathrop House|date=2008|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781434367617|page=20|access-date=July 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004015/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4979770-the-underground-railroad-and-sylvania-s-historic-lathrop-house|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === Criticism === Frederick Douglass be writer and speaker wey don escape slavery. E write serious matter about how some of our western people dey show off di so-called Underground Railroad for him first autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845):<ref>Douglass, Frederick. (1845) ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass''. Dover Publications. Chapter 11.</ref> I no like di way some of our friends dey carry di Underground Railroad matter like say na big show, but I feel say, from wetin dem dey talk, na upperground railroad dem dey run.<ref>Douglass, Frederick. (1845) ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass''. Dover Publications. Chapter 11.</ref> E continue talk say, even though e respect di movement, e believe say all dis noise go help di slave-owners pass di slaves, because e go make dem dey watch everywhere and e go hard for future slaves to run away.<ref>Douglass, Frederick. (1845) ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass''. Dover Publications. Chapter 11.</ref> === Arrival insyd Canada === [[File:UndergroundRailroadmonumentWindsor.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UndergroundRailroadmonumentWindsor.jpg|thumb|253x253px|International Underground Railroad Memorial for Windsor, Ontario]] [[File:John_Brown_by_Levin_Handy,_1890-1910.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Brown_by_Levin_Handy,_1890-1910.jpg|right|thumb|John Brown dey chop dem Underground Railroad as one abolitionist.]] British North America (wey be Canada now) na better place to land, cause e get long border wey plenty access, far from slave catchers, plus e no dey come under US Fugitive Slave Acts. Plus, slavery don end long time before for Canada than for US. Britain ban slavery for Canada (and most British colonies) for 1833, but slavery don already dey finish for Canada for early 19th century because of court decisions wey slaves dey use to seek freedom<ref name="Shadd2016">{{cite book|last=Shadd|first=Mary Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob1aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|title=A Plea for Emigration; or Notes of Canada West: A Broadview Anthology of British Literature Edition|publisher=Broadview Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-55481-321-6|page=11|access-date=November 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415032411/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob1aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|archive-date=April 15, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>. Plenty former slaves wey waka come Canada by boat through Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, settle for Ontario. Dem dey talk say over 30,000 people don escape go there through the network during wetin dem call di peak period for 20 years<ref name="CAN2">{{cite web|title=Settling Canada Underground Railroad|url=http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106114439/http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166|archive-date=January 6, 2010|access-date=January 30, 2018|work=[[Historica Minutes]]|quote=Between 1840 and 1860, more than 30,000 people enslaved in America came secretly to Canada and freedom}}</ref>, but U.S. census fit only count like 6,000<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713234430/http://www.cdva.ca.gov/news/GV%202-2-07.pdf "From slavery to freedom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713234430/http://www.cdva.ca.gov/news/GV%202-2-07.pdf|date=July 13, 2007}}, ''The Grapevine'', pp. 3–5.</ref>. Plenty stories of fugitives dey for 1872 book wey dem call The Underground Railroad Records by William Still, wey be abolitionist wey dey run Philadelphia Vigilance Committee.<ref>[[Deborah Gray White]], [[Mia Bay]], [[Waldo E. Martin Jr.]] ''Freedom on My Mind: A History of African Americans with Documents''. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, p. 287. {{ISBN|978-0-312-64883-1}}.</ref> Estimates dey vary, but at least 30,000 slaves fit don escape go Canada through di Underground Railroad<ref name="CAN">{{cite web|title=Settling Canada Underground Railroad|url=http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106114439/http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166|archive-date=January 6, 2010|access-date=January 30, 2018|work=[[Historica Minutes]]|quote=Between 1840 and 1860, more than 30,000 people enslaved in America came secretly to Canada and freedom}}</ref>. Di biggest group settle for Upper Canada (Ontario), wey dem dey call Canada West since 1841. Plenty Black Canadian communities come develop for Southern Ontario, usually for di triangle wey Niagara Falls, Toronto, and Windsor dey. Some villages full with people wey dem don free from slavery establish for Kent and Essex counties for Ontario. Fort Malden, wey dey for Amherstburg, Ontario, na di main entry point for slaves wey wan enter Canada. Levi Coffin, wey be abolitionist wey help like 2,000 fugitives find safety, support dis place. E describe Fort Malden as di big landing point, di main stop for di underground railroad for di west.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Landon |first=Fred |date=1925 |title=Amherstburg, Terminus of the Underground Railroad |journal=[[Journal of Negro History]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.2307/2713665 |jstor=2713665 |s2cid=149997017}}</ref> After 1850, about thirty pipol each day dey cross go Fort Malden by steamboat{{sfn|Calarco|Vogel|Grover|Hallstrom|2011|p=15}}. Sultana be one of di ships wey dey make 'frequent round trips' from Great Lakes ports. Im captain, C.W. Appleby, wey dem sabi well-well as mariner, help plenty fugitives from different Lake Erie ports to Fort Malden{{sfn|Calarco|2008|p=110}}. Other fugitives for Fort Malden get support from William Wells Brown, wey be person wey don escape slavery too. E find job for one Lake Erie steamer and carry many fugitives from Cleveland go Ontario through Buffalo or Detroit. 'E dey well-known,' e talk say, 'say plenty fugitives dey escape go Canada through Cleveland. Di friends of di slave, sabi say I go carry dem free of charge, no be small, always get people when di boat land for Cleveland. Sometimes I go fit get four or five people aboard at once.' {{sfn|Brown|1848|pp=107–108}} [[File:MarthaCoffinWright.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MarthaCoffinWright.jpg|thumb|Martha Coffin Wright dey run her house for Auburn, New York as one stop for Underground Railroad, and Harriet Tubman sabi come there well well when she dey do her rescue work. Wright house join other safe houses for New York wey go fit take people go Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Martha C. Wright|url=https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/martha-c-wright.htm|access-date=16 September 2024|website=Women's Rights National Historical Park}}</ref>]]Anoda place wey dey important na Nova Scotia, wey Black Loyalists first settle during American Revolution, and later Black Refugees come dey land during War of 1812 (make you check Black Nova Scotians). Important Black settlements still develop inside other parts of British North America (wey be Canada now). Dis one include Lower Canada (wey be Quebec now) and Vancouver Island, where Governor James Douglas dey encourage Black people make dem come join because e no like slavery. E also dey hope say big Black community go fit stand strong against those wey wan join di island to United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Black Settlers Arrive in Victoria|url=https://www.leg.bc.ca/dyl/Pages/First-Black-Settlers-Arrive-in-Victoria.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142039/https://www.leg.bc.ca/dyl/Pages/First-Black-Settlers-Arrive-in-Victoria.aspx|archive-date=August 16, 2022|access-date=2022-06-18|website=www.leg.bc.ca|language=en}}</ref> When dem reach dem destinations, plenty freedom seekers dey vex, as life for Canada no easy. Even though dem no dey fear slave catchers because dem dey different country, racial discrimination still dey everywhere. Many of dem wey just land, dey compete with plenty European immigrants for jobs, and heavy racism dey common. For example, as dem settle Black Loyalists for eastern Canada by the Crown, Saint John for New Brunswick change dem charter for 1785 to make sure say Blacks no fit practice any trade, sell goods, fish for harbor, or become freemen; dem laws dey stand until 1870<ref>[http://www.saintjohn.nbcc.nb.ca/~Heritage/Black/Loyalists.htm "Arrival of the Black Loyalists: Saint John's Black Community"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519034253/http://www.saintjohn.nbcc.nb.ca/~Heritage/Black/Loyalists.htm|date=May 19, 2011}}, Heritage Resources Saint John</ref>. When Civil War start for U.S., plenty black people wey dey Canada pack go join Union Army. Some later come back to Canada, but plenty stay for United States. Many others go back to the American South after the war finish. Di wan wey dem wan reconnect with friends and family strong well, and most dem dey hopeful say emancipation and Reconstruction go bring better things. === Folklore === Dem dey talk say, from di 1980s, people don dey talk say quilt designs be way wey dem fit use signal and show enslaved people how to escape. Some pipo wey believe dis quilt theory talk say ten quilt patterns dey show enslaved people wetin to do. Dem go place di quilts one by one for fence, so dem fit alert di pipo wey dey run. Di code get double meaning: first, to tell dem say make dem prepare to run, and second, to show dem direction for di journey<ref>Williams, Ozella McDaniels, 1999.</ref>. But people dey argue di quilt design theory. Di first published work wey document oral history na 1999, and di first book wey publish dis theory be for 1980, na children book<ref name="SLJ407">{{Cite magazine|last=Aronson|first=Marc|date=April 1, 2007|url=http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6430152.html|title=History That Never Happened|magazine=[[School Library Journal]]|access-date=March 31, 2011|archive-date=November 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109103018/http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6430152.html|url-status=live}}</ref>. Quilt historians and people wey sabi pre-Civil War (1820–1860) America don argue dis story well well<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Stukin|first1=Stacie|title=Unravelling the Myth of Quilts and the Underground Railroad|url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1606271,00.html|magazine=Time|date=April 3, 2007|access-date=January 18, 2017|archive-date=January 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113104857/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1606271,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>. No evidence dey show say any quilt code dey, and quilt historians like Pat Cummings and Barbara Brackman don raise serious questions about di idea. Plus, Underground Railroad historian Giles Wright don publish pamphlet wey dey debunk di quilt code. Some popular but no academic sources dey claim say spiritual songs and other songs like "Steal Away" or "Follow di Drinking Gourd" get coded information wey help pipo find their way for di railroad. But dem no fit find enough evidence to back their talks. Scholars dey believe say, though di slave songs fit show say dem get hope for better life from di wahala for dis world, dem songs no really provide help for di runaway slaves.<ref name="songstory">{{cite journal |last=Kelley |first=James |date=April 2008 |title=Song, Story, or History: Resisting Claims of a Coded Message in the African American Spiritual 'Follow the Drinking Gourd |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-popular-culture_2008-04_41_2/page/262 |journal=[[The Journal of Popular Culture]] |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=262–280 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5931.2008.00502.x}}</ref> The Underground Railroad be inspiration for plenty culture works. Like how dem get 'Song of the Free', wey dem write am for 1860 about one guy wey dey run from slavery for Tennessee to Canada, and e dey groove to 'Oh! Susanna' beat. Every verse wey dem write dey talk about Canada as di place wey 'colored men dey free'. Slavery for Upper Canada (now Ontario) don chop finish since 1793; in 1819, John Robinson, di Attorney General for Upper Canada, talk say as you dey live for Canada<ref>{{cite web|title=Black History-From Slavery to Settlement|url=https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/alvin_mccurdy/settlement.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214020850/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/alvin_mccurdy/settlement.aspx|archive-date=February 14, 2013|access-date=June 7, 2016|website=Archives.gov.on.ca|df=mdy-all}}</ref>, black people dey free, and di Canadian courts go make sure say dem freedom dey safe. After one court ruling for 1803, slavery for Canada start dey fade fast and dem finally ban am totally for 1834. === Notable people === * Ann Bamford * John Brown * Owen Brown (poppie) * Owen Brown (son) * Samuel Burris * Obadiah Bush * Levi Coffin * Elizabeth Rous Comstock * George Corson<ref>William Still, [https://archive.org/stream/undergroundrailr00stil#page/720/mode/2up/search/corson "George Corson,"] ''The Underground Rail Road'', (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872), pp. 721–23.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/2016-04-20/news/72457126_1_underground-railroad-runaway-slaves-zoning-variance|title=Letters: Underground Railroad site threatened in Montco|website=Articles.philly.com|access-date=June 7, 2016|archive-date=May 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531195452/http://articles.philly.com/2016-04-20/news/72457126_1_underground-railroad-runaway-slaves-zoning-variance|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Moses Dickson<ref>Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates Jr, ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience'', Oxford University Press, 1999 {{ISBN|978-0195170559}}</ref> * Frederick Douglass<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210628094455/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/dc1.htm "Aboard the Underground Railroad" – Boston African American NHS]. Nps.gov (September 5, 1962). Retrieved on August 16, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/part3.html |title=The Rochester Years |access-date=December 3, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124220634/http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/part3.html |archive-date=November 24, 2011 }}</ref> * Asa Drury * George Hussey Earle Sr. * Calvin Fairbank * Bartholomew Fussell * Matilda Joslyn Gage * Thomas Galt<ref>{{cite web|title= For the People: A Newsletter of the Abraham Lincoln Association v.8 number 1 Spring 2006, Springfield, Illinois|url= http://www.abrahamlincolnassociation.org/Newsletters/8-1.pdf|access-date= October 25, 2007|archive-date= October 8, 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008172446/http://abrahamlincolnassociation.org/Newsletters/8-1.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> * Thomas Garrett * Sydney Howard Gay * Josiah Bushnell Grinnell * Frances Harper * Laura Smith Haviland * Lewis Hayden * John Hunn * Roger Hooker Leavitt * Jermain Wesley Loguen * Samuel Joseph May * John Berry Meachum * Mary Meachum<ref name="stlpublicradio">{{cite web| url=http://www.stlpublicradio.org/programs/commentaries/commentary.php?cid=1351#.VjVGcNAUplI| title=Mary Meachum and the Underground Railroad| publisher=St. Louis Public Radio| date=October 9, 2012| access-date=November 1, 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033819/http://www.stlpublicradio.org/programs/commentaries/commentary.php?cid=1351#.VjVGcNAUplI| archive-date=March 5, 2016| df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Cynthia Catlin Miller * William M. Mitchell * Solomon Northup * John Parker * Elijah F. Pennypacker * Mary Ellen Pleasant * John Wesley Posey * Amy and Isaac Post * Peter Quire<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2021|title=St. John's Founder Peter Quire|url=https://www.newportthisweek.com/articles/st-johns-founder-peter-quire/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Newport This Week}}</ref> * John Rankin * Alexander Milton Ross * David Ruggles * Gerrit Smith * George Luther Stearns * William Still * John Ton * Charles Turner Torrey * William Troy * Harriet Tubman * Martha Coffin Wright * John Van Zandt * Bernardhus Van Leer * Silvia den John Webber * Edward Wetherill == National Underground Railroad Network == [[File:Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_NHP_VC4.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_NHP_VC4.jpg|thumb|Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park for Dorchester County, Maryland]] E be di law wey dem pass for 1990 make di National Park Service do special study for di Underground Railroad.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 27, 2012|title=The Underground Railroad Leaves its Tracks in History|url=https://govbooktalk.gpo.gov/2012/02/27/underground-railroad/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515140944/https://govbooktalk.gpo.gov/2012/02/27/underground-railroad/|archive-date=May 15, 2020|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=Government Book Talk|language=en}}</ref> For 1997, di 105th Congress bring H.R. 1635 come wey dem pass am as di National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Act of 1998, wey President Bill Clinton sign for law that year<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stokes|first=Louis|date=July 21, 1998|title=Actions – H.R.1635 – 105th Congress (1997–1998): National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Act of 1999|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/house-bill/1635/actions|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610152302/https://www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/house-bill/1635/actions|archive-date=June 10, 2020|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=www.congress.gov}}</ref>. Dis law gree di National Park Service make dem create di National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program make dem fit find di sites wey dey related, preserve dem, and make di Underground Railroad and di stories of di people wey do di work popular. Di National Park Service don mark plenty sites for di network, dem dey post stories about di people and places, sponsor essay contest, and hold national conference about di Underground Railroad for May or June every year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Network to Freedom Homepage|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/index.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203193655/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/ugrr/index.htm|archive-date=December 3, 2018|access-date=January 16, 2017|website=www.nps.gov}}</ref> Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park, wey get Underground Railroad routes for three counties for Maryland East Shore and where Harriet Tubman born, na President Barack Obama create am under the Antiquities Act for March 25, 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title=Management – Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/hatu/learn/management/index.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610193537/https://www.nps.gov/hatu/learn/management/index.htm|archive-date=June 10, 2020|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=www.nps.gov|language=en}}</ref>. Dem also get sister park, Harriet Tubman National Historical Park for Auburn, New York, wey dem establish for January 10, 2017, wey dey focus on the later years of Tubman life and how she take join the Underground Railroad and the abolition movement<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harriet Tubman National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/hart/index.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610054259/https://www.nps.gov/hart/index.htm|archive-date=June 10, 2020|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=www.nps.gov|language=en}}</ref>. ==International Underground Railroad Month== Na dem designate de month of September International Underground Railroad Month, secof na September be de month Harriet Tubman den Frederick Douglass escape from slavery.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Underground Railroad Month |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/international-underground-railroad-month.htm |website=The National Park Service |access-date=18 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=September is Underground Railroad Month in Maryland |url=https://www.somdnews.com/news/state/september-is-underground-railroad-month-in-maryland/article_7cecbb74-6add-11ef-95fb-a7670ec183af.html |access-date=18 September 2024 |agency=Southern Maryland News |date=2024}}</ref> ==Insyd popular culture== ===Inspirations give fiction=== * ''The Underground Railroad'' be a 2016 novel by Colson Whitehead. Na e win de 2016 National Book Award den de 2017 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/colson-whitehead|title=The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Fiction|website=pulitzer.org|language=en|access-date=April 10, 2017|archive-date=April 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411091928/http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/colson-whitehead|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''The Underground Railroad'' be a 2021 streaming television limited series, dey base on Whitehead ein novel. * ''Underground'' be an American television series wey dem premier insyd 2016, for WGN America top. === Literature === * David Walker (1829) ''Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World'' * Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852) ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' * Caroline Lee Hentz (1854) ''The Planter's Northern Bride'' * William M. Mitchell (1860) [[s:The Under-Ground Railroad|The Under-Ground Railroad]] * Sarah Hopkins Bradford (1869) ''Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman''; (1896) ''Harriet Tubman, Moses of Her People'' * Barbara Smucker, (1977) Underground to Canada === Music === Na Underground Railroad be a company wey be created by [[Tupac Shakur]], Big D de Impossible, Shock G, Pee Wee, Jeremy, Raw Fusion den Live Squad plus de purpose of make dem promote den help young black women den men plus creating records, wey dey allow dem to initiate den develop dema musical careers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 20, 2018|title=2Pac Full UNSEEN Interview (1992) Speaks on Police Brutality|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRdVJzMhwzg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129032503/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRdVJzMhwzg|archive-date=January 29, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2022|website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 19, 2016|title=2Pacalypse Now 1991 Biography, Part 2|url=https://medium.com/@2pac/2pacalypse-now-1991-biography-part-2-cdc5d38b57fc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129032502/https://medium.com/@2pac/2pacalypse-now-1991-biography-part-2-cdc5d38b57fc|archive-date=January 29, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2022}}</ref> === Comics === Insyd ''Big Jim and the White Boy'', David F. Walker den Marcus Kwame Anderson dema upcoming graphic novel retelling of Mark Twain ein ''Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'', Big Jim den Huck cam be Underground Railroad agents as dem journey thru Civil War-era United States make dem rescue de former ein enslaved family.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Walker|first1=David F.|last2=Anderson|first2=Marcus Kwame|date=October 15, 2024|title=''Big Jim and the White Boy: An American Classic Reimagined''|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/621145/big-jim-and-the-white-boy-by-david-f-walker-and-marcus-kwame-anderson/|url-status=live|publisher=Ten Speed Graphic}}</ref> == References == <references /> === Sources === * {{Cite news|last=Bird|first=Tyson|date=January 28, 2021|title=The Little Known History of Texas' Underground Railroad|url=https://texashighways.com/culture/history/the-little-known-history-of-texas-underground-railroad/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Texas Highways|language=en-US|archive-date=May 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519021827/https://texashighways.com/culture/history/the-little-known-history-of-texas-underground-railroad/|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/passagestofreedo0000unse|title=Passages to Freedom: The Underground Railroad in History and Memory|date=2004|publisher=Smithsonian Books|isbn=1-58834-157-7|editor=Blight, David W.|editor-link=|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Bordewich|first=Fergus M.|url=https://archive.org/details/boundforcanaanun00bord|title=Bound for Canaan: The Underground Railroad and the War for the Soul of America|date=2005|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=0-06-052430-8|author-link=}} * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=William W.|url=https://archive.org/details/ASPC0001881300/page/n1/mode/1up|title=Narrative of William W. Brown, a fugitive slave|publisher=The Anti-slavery Office|year=1848|edition=2nd|location=Boston|author-link=}} * {{Cite news|last=Burnett|first=John|date=February 28, 2021|title=A Chapter In U.S. History Often Ignored: The Flight Of Runaway Slaves To Mexico|language=en|work=Georgia Public Broadcasting|url=https://www.gpb.org/news/2021/02/28/chapter-in-us-history-often-ignored-the-flight-of-runaway-slaves-mexico|access-date=2021-07-08|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709195907/https://www.gpb.org/news/2021/02/28/chapter-in-us-history-often-ignored-the-flight-of-runaway-slaves-mexico|url-status=live}} (heard on ''All Things Considered'') * {{cite book|last=Calarco|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyEoBnpKYygC|title=People of the Underground Railroad: A Biographical Dictionary|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313339240|location=Westport, Connecticut|access-date=June 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729123339/https://books.google.com/books?id=RyEoBnpKYygC|archive-date=July 29, 2020|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Calarco|first1=Tom|title=Places of the Underground Railroad: A Geographical Guide|last2=Vogel|first2=Cynthia|last3=Grover|first3=Kathryn|last4=Hallstrom|first4=Rae|last5=Pope|first5=Sharron L.|last6=Waddy-Thibodeaux|first6=Melissa|date=2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0313381461|doi=10.5040/9798400697135|author1-mask=1}} * {{cite book|last=Chadwick|first=Bruce|url=https://archive.org/details/travelingundergr00chad|title=Traveling the Underground Railroad: A Visitor's Guide to More Than 300 Sites|date=2000|publisher=Citadel Press|isbn=0-8065-2093-0}} * {{Cite news|last=Contreras|first=Russell|date=September 16, 2020a|title=Story of the Underground Railroad to Mexico gains attention|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/story-of-the-underground-railroad-to-mexico-gains-attention/2020/09/16/2db8daa8-f82f-11ea-85f7-5941188a98cd_story.html|access-date=2021-07-07|issn=0190-8286}} * {{cite news|last=Contreras|first=Russell|author-mask=1|date=September 17, 2020b|title=Story of the Underground Railroad to Mexico gains attention|language=en-US|work=Sentinel Colorado|url=https://sentinelcolorado.com/uncategorized/story-of-the-underground-railroad-to-mexico-gains-attention/|access-date=2021-07-03|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183145/https://sentinelcolorado.com/uncategorized/story-of-the-underground-railroad-to-mexico-gains-attention/|url-status=live}} * {{Cite news|last=Crable|first=Margaret|date=February 1, 2021|title=USC Dornsife historian uncovers the Underground Railroad that ran to Mexico > News > USC Dornsife|url=http://dornsifelive.usc.edu/news/stories/3393/slaves-escape-via-underground-railroad-to-mexico/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Dornsife, University of Southern California|language=en|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185029/http://dornsifelive.usc.edu/news/stories/3393/slaves-escape-via-underground-railroad-to-mexico/|url-status=live}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> * {{cite book|last=Foner|first=Eric|url=https://archive.org/details/gatewaytofreedom0000fone_a5t8/page/6/mode/2up|title=Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.|year=2015|isbn=978-0-393-35219-1|location=New York}} * {{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Ella|title=But We Have No Country: The 1851 Christiana Pennsylvania Resistance|url=https://archive.org/details/butwehavenocount00forb|publisher=Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers|year=1998|isbn=978-0965330817}} * {{cite book|last1=Frost|first1=Karolyn Smardz|url=https://archive.org/details/ivegothomeinglor00smar|title=I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad|last2=Osei|first2=Kwasi|publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux|year=2007|isbn=978-0-374-16481-2|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Griffler|first=Keith P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLKGinEZxygC|title=Front Line of Freedom: African Americans and the Forging of the Underground Railroad in the Ohio Valley|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=2004|isbn=0-8131-2298-8|access-date=November 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709150206/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLKGinEZxygC|archive-date=July 9, 2020|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Hagedorn|first=Ann|title=Beyond the River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad|date=2004|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=0-684-87066-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Hendrick|first1=George|url=https://archive.org/details/fleeingforfreedo00geor|title=Fleeing for Freedom: Stories of the Underground Railroad As Told by Levi Coffin and William Still|last2=Hendrick|first2=Willene|date=2003|publisher=Ivan R. Dee Publisher|isbn=1-56663-546-2|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Hudson|first=J. Blaine|url=https://archive.org/details/fugitiveslavesun0000huds|title=Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad in the Kentucky Borderland|date=2002|publisher=McFarland & Company|isbn=0-7864-1345-X|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Hudson|first=J. Blaine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKRI-GNca6oC|title=Encyclopedia of the Underground Railroad|date=January 9, 2015|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers|isbn=9781476602301|author-mask=1|access-date=May 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425214455/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_the_Underground_Railroad/AKRI-GNca6oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Maroon|archive-date=April 25, 2022|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=LaRoche|first=Cheryl Janifer|title=Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance|date=2014|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana, Illinois}} * {{Cite news|date=October 25, 2018|first=Becky|last=Little|title=Forgotten History: Mexico accepted slave migrants fleeing the U.S.|language=en-US|work=Vallarta Daily News|url=https://www.vallartadaily.com/forgotten-history-mexico-accepted-slave-migrants-fleeing-the-u-s/|access-date=2021-07-08|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185257/https://www.vallartadaily.com/forgotten-history-mexico-accepted-slave-migrants-fleeing-the-u-s/|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|last=Little|first=Becky|author-mask=1|date=January 29, 2021|title=The Little-Known Underground Railroad That Ran South to Mexico|url=https://www.history.com/news/underground-railroad-mexico-escaped-slaves|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182027/https://www.history.com/news/underground-railroad-mexico-escaped-slaves|archive-date=July 9, 2021|access-date=2021-07-03|website=HISTORY|language=en}} * {{cite book|last=Potter|first=David M.|url=https://archive.org/details/impendingcrisis00pott|title=The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861|date=1976|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=0-06-131929-5|author-link=|url-access=registration}} * {{cite web|title=Operating the Underground Railroad|url=https://cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/opugrr.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226091541/https://cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/opugrr.htm|archive-date=December 26, 2016|access-date=January 29, 2007|website=National Park Service}} * {{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html|title=Part 4: 1831–1865 Narrative, The Underground Railroad|work=Africans in America c. 1780–1862: Judgment Day|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|access-date=September 17, 2017|archive-date=June 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122605/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html|url-status=live}} ==Read further== * {{cite book|last=Blackett|first=R.J.M.| date=2013 |title=Making Freedom: The Underground Railroad and the Politics of Slavery|url=https://archive.org/details/makingfreedomund0000blac|location=Chapel Hill|publisher= University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-0877-8}} * {{cite book|last=Bolton|first=S. Charles| date=2019|title=Fugitivism: Escaping Slavery in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 1820–1860|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|isbn=9781682260999}} * {{cite book|last=Clifford Larson|first=Kate |date=2004|title=Bound For the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero|url=https://archive.org/details/boundforpromised0000lars|location= New York|publisher= Ballantine Books|isbn= 0-345-45627-0|author-link=}} * {{cite book |url=http://www.shockfamily.net/underground/index.html |title=Stories of the Underground Railroad |date=1941 |last=Curtis|first=Anna L. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331000922/http://www.shockfamily.net/underground/index.html |archive-date=March 31, 2012 }} (Stories about Thomas Garrett, a famous agent on the Underground Railroad) * {{cite book |last=Diemer |first=Andrew K.|title=Vigilance: The Life of William Still, Father of the Underground Railroad |url=https://archive.org/details/vigilancelifeofw0000andr |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2022 |isbn=9780593534380}} * {{cite book |title=I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad|url=https://archive.org/details/ivegothomeinglor00smar|url-access=registration|first1=Karolyn Smardz |last1=Frost |place=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2007|isbn = 9780374531256}} * {{cite book|last=Still|first=William|url=https://archive.org/details/undergroundrailr00lcstil|title=The Underground Railroad: A Record of Facts, Authentic Narratives, Letters, &c., Narrating the Hardships, Hair-Breadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in Their Efforts for Freedom, As Related by Themselves and Others, or Witnessed by the Author|date=1872|publisher=Porter & Coates|location=Philadelphia|author-link=}} (Classic book documenting the Underground Railroad operations in Philadelphia). ** {{cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15263|title=Public domain ebook at Project Gutenberg}} ** {{cite web|date=1872|title=Book at Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/DKC0088/page/n5}} * {{cite book|last=Strother|first=Horatio T.|title=The Underground Railroad in Connecticut|date=1962|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=9780819560124}} * {{cite book|last=Turner|first=Glennette Tilley|title=The Underground Railroad in Illinois|url=https://archive.org/details/undergroundrailr0000turn|date=2001|publisher=Newman Educational Pub.|isbn=978-0938990055}} * {{cite book|title=Sailing to Freedom: Maritime Dimensions of the Underground Railroad|date=2021|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|isbn=978-1625345936|editor-last=Walker|editor-first=Timothy Dale}} * {{cite book|last=Whitehead|first=Colson|title=The Underground Railroad|url=https://archive.org/details/undergroundrailr0000whit_f4u2|date=2016|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-54236-4|author-link=}}; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2017 for its poetical, mythical reflection on the meaning of the Railroad in American history. ===Folklore den myth=== * {{cite web |url= http://www.historyofquilts.com/underground-railroad.html |website= historyofquilts.com |title= Documentary Evidence is Missing on Underground Railroad Quilts |access-date= December 15, 2004 |archive-date= May 14, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110514184559/http://www.historyofquilts.com/underground-railroad.html |url-status= dead }} * {{cite web|url=http://historiccamdencounty.com/ccnews11.shtml |website=Historic Camden County|title=New Jersey's Underground Railroad Myth-Buster: Giles Wright is on a Mission to Fine Tune Black History}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.quilthistory.com/ugrrquilts.htm|website=quilthistory.com|title=Putting it in Perspective: The Symbolism of Underground Railroad quilts|access-date=December 15, 2004|archive-date=February 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204013739/http://www.quilthistory.com/ugrrquilts.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|website=Womenfolk.com|url=http://www.womenfolk.com/quilting_history/abolitionist.htm|title=Underground Railroad Quilts & Abolitionist Fairs|access-date=December 15, 2004|archive-date=October 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011102719/https://web.archive.org/web/20141011102719/http://www.womenfolk.com/quilting_history/abolitionist.htm|url-status=dead}} == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q868393|c=Category:Underground Railroad|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=Underground Railroad|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|label=the Underground Railroad}} * [https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/index.htm Underground Railroad] – National Park Service ** [https://nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/language-of-slavery.htm/index.htm Underground Railroad: Language of Slavery] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190402110001/http://www.antislaverystudies.org/ Underground Railroad Studies] * [http://www.fergusbordewich.com/underground-railroad-timeline.html Underground Railroad Timeline] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060715052736/http://www.fourr.org/ Friends of the Underground Railroad] * [http://www.freedomcenter.org National Underground Railroad Freedom Center] * [https://www.worldcat.org/profiles/BECHS/lists/651523?view=&count=100&se=ts&sd=asc&qt=sort_ts_asc%20target= Underground Railroad in Buffalo and Upstate New York]: A bibliography by The Buffalo History Museum * [https://www.newspapers.com/topics/civil-war/underground-railroad/ Newspaper articles and clippings about the Underground Railroad at Newspapers.com] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Underground Railroad| ]] [[Category:18th-century establishments insyd de United States]] [[Category:1865 disestablishments insyd de United States]] [[Category:Abolitionism insyd de United States]] [[Category:Secret places insyd de United States]] [[Category:Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)]] [[Category:Fugitive American slaves]] [[Category:British North America]] 9vsvwk963xlqqjoer2vhl1t54cayz45 828 20247 116550 115350 2026-11-08T21:07:03Z Grufo 3655 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/mediawikiwiki/Q122696746|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 116550 Scribunto text/plain require[[strict]] --- --- --- PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Abstract utilities ]]-- ---------------------------- -- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers) local function zero_padded (str) return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str) end -- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting) local function natural_sort (var1, var2) return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) < var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) end -- Return a copy or a reference to a table local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly) if refonly then return src end local newtab = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end return newtab end -- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest` local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len) local idx = 1 for key, val in pairs(src) do dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1 if idx > len then break end end return dest end -- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len) local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key >= idx then if key > tmp then cache[key - len] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = 1 - idx for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + len] = val end end end return ret end -- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val else ret[key + len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = idx - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val elseif key < 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val else ret[key - len] = val end end end return ret end -- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys local function get_sorted_key_list (tbl, sort_fn) local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 1, 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nums[nn], nn = key, nn + 1 else words[nw], nw = key, nw + 1 end end table.sort(nums) table.sort(words, sort_fn) return nums, words, nn - 1, nw - 1 end -- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number local function get_param_name (par_str) local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end return tonumber(ret) end -- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and -- always parsing numeric strings as numbers local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey) local realkey = get_param_name(dkey) if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end end --[[ Public strings ]]-- ------------------------ -- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local mkeywords = { ['or'] = 0, pattern = 1, plain = 2, strict = 3 } -- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local sortfunctions = { alphabetically = false, naturally = natural_sort } -- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers -- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) --[[ Meanings of the columns: col[1] = Loop type (0-3) col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3) col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]` col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]` A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`) ]]-- local mapping_styles = { names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 }, values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 }, values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 }, names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 }, names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 }, names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 }, values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 } } -- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local memoryslots = { h = 'header', f = 'footer', i = 'itersep', l = 'lastsep', n = 'ifngiven', p = 'pairsep', s = 'oxfordsep' } -- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier local trim_parse_opts = { trim_none = { false, false }, trim_positional = { false, true }, trim_named = { true, false }, trim_all = { true, true } } -- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local isep_parse_opts = { splitter_pattern = false, splitter_string = true } -- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local psep_parse_opts = { setter_pattern = false, setter_string = true } -- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier local position_references = { add_nothing = 0, add_smallest_number = 1, add_last_of_sequence = 2, add_largest_number = 3 } -- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier local a_modes = { transfer = 0, clone = 1, rename = 2, copy = 3, sacrifice = 4, provide = 5, spare = 7 } -- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`, -- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue` -- `without_sorting` --[[ Private constants ]]-- --------------------------- -- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`) local modulename = 'Module:Params' -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the -- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if -- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own -- (modified) copy available local refparams = { call_for_each_group = true, combining = true, combining_by_calling = true, combining_values = true, concat_and_call = true, concat_and_invoke = true, concat_and_magic = true, count = true, grouping_by_calling = true, mixing_names_and_values = true, keeping_at_most = true, renaming_by_mixing = true, renaming_to_sequence = true, renaming_to_uppercase = true, renaming_to_lowercase = true, shifting = true, splicing = true, value_of = true, with_name_matching = true } -- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we -- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its -- optimal value at Module talk:Params) local maxfill = 1024 -- The private table of functions local library = {} -- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position local static_iface = {} --[[ Private functions ]]-- --------------------------- -- Create a new context local function context_new (child_frame, first_fn_name) local main_frame, tpipe = child_frame:getParent(), { first_fn_name } for key, val in pairs(child_frame.args) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then tpipe[key + 1] = val else tpipe[key] = val end end return { frame = main_frame, pipe = tpipe, oparams = main_frame.args, firstposonly = static_iface, iterfunc = pairs, fnpos = 1, sorttype = 0, n_parents = 0, n_children = 0, n_available = maxfill } end -- Move to the next action within the user-given list local function context_iterate (ctx, next_fn_pos, trimmed_fname) local fname = trimmed_fname or ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos] and ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end if library[fname] == nil then if ctx.firstposonly[fname] == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. fname .. '’ directive can only appear in first position', 0) end end ctx.fnpos = next_fn_pos return library[fname] end -- Main loop local function main_loop (ctx, start_with) local fn = start_with repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn if ctx.n_parents > 0 then error(modulename .. ': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end if ctx.n_children > 0 then error(modulename .. ', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end end -- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, offs) local cmd if opts[offs] == nil then return offs - 1 end cmd = opts[offs]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/'):match'^/*(.*[^/])' if cmd == nil then return offs end local vname, chr local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), offs + 1 for idx = 1, #cmd do chr = cmd:byte(idx) if chr == sep then for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil end argc = argc + 1 else vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)] if vname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end table.insert(amap, vname) end end for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end return argc end -- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children` local function new_substack (ctx) local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {} if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams } else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end ctx.n_children = currsnap return newparams end -- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or -- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil` local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg) local trarg if raw_arg ~= nil then trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if trarg == nil then return nil, 1, false, nil end if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, nil end local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg] if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end return tmp or nil, 2, true, nil end -- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]| -- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]` local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params) local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2 local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {} while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1]) tbl[tmp1], pin = src[pin + 2], pin + 3 --[[ elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2 ]]-- elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 2]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[get_param_name(src[pin + 1])], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3 else break end end local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil) for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin]) if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then if tmp1 < 0 then tmp1 = -1 end tmp2 = append_after - pin for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end pin = pin + tmp1 + 1 end if tnamed ~= nil then for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end end return tbl, pin, tnew, mem end -- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` -- class of modifiers local function load_callback_opts (src, start_from, default_style, params) local style, shf local tmp = src[start_from + 1] if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, start_from - 1 else shf = start_from end local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5] tmp = style[6] if tmp > -1 then karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then karg = tonumber(karg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg) end end tmp = style[7] if tmp > -1 then varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then varg = tonumber(varg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg) end end tmp = style[1] local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist, params) if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 2 end if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 1 end return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem end -- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of -- modifiers local function load_replace_args (opts, offs, whoami) if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end local tn, flg local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[offs + 1], opts[offs + 2], tonumber(opts[offs + 3]), 3 if nmax ~= nil then argc = 4 elseif opts[offs + 3] ~= nil then tn = opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tn == nil then argc = 4 end end if tn == nil and opts[offs + argc] ~= nil then tn = opts[offs + argc]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tn ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[tn] if flg ~= nil then tn = nil end end if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, offs + argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax < 1) or (flg == 3 and ptn == repl), tn end -- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers local function load_pattern_args (opts, offs, whoami) local tn, kwid local ptns, arg, state, nptns, idx = {}, opts[offs + 1], 0, 0, offs + 2 while arg ~= nil do if state == 0 then nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1 ptns[nptns] = { arg, false, false } else tn = arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)' kwid = tn and mkeywords[tn] if kwid == nil or (state > 0 and kwid > 0) then break else state = kwid if state > 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end end end arg, idx = opts[idx], idx + 1 end if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end return ptns, nptns, idx - 1, kwid == nil and tn or nil end -- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and -- `evaluating` modifiers local function load_parse_opts (opts, offs, isp, psp) local tn, tmp local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = { true, true, true }, 3, offs, true, false, true, true repeat noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc] tn = tmp and tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tn == nil then break end if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then tmp = trim_parse_opts[tn] trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tn], opts[argc], nil elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tn], opts[argc], nil else break end argc, tn = argc + 1, nil until noptslots < 1 return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc, tn end -- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table local value_maps = { [0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end end, [1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end, [2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key tbl[key] = fn() end end, [3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val tbl[key] = fn() end end } -- Private table for `map_names()` local name_thieves = { [0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end } -- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn) local cache = {} name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric -- suffixes in its keys local function make_groups (src) -- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable! local prefix, gid local groups = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do -- `key` must only be a string or a number... if type(key) == 'string' then prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$' gid = tonumber(gid) or '' else prefix, gid = '', key end if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then prefix = tonumber(prefix) if prefix < 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end end groups[gid][prefix] = val end return groups end -- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and -- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length local function parse_placeholder_string (target) local skel, canvas, idx, s_pos, e_pos = {}, {}, 1, 1, string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false) while e_pos ~= nil do canvas[idx], skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1), target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@' idx, s_pos = idx + 2, e_pos + 2 e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false) end if (s_pos > target:len()) then idx = idx - 1 else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end return skel, canvas, idx end -- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`, -- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`) local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru) local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2 local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1 if isp == nil or isp == '' then if psp == nil or psp == '' then if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else tbl[idx] = str end return end spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else val = str end else key = get_param_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = str:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val return end if psp == nil or psp == '' then repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1 until pos2 == nil return end repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_param_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = val:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val until pos2 == nil return end -- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering` local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if len == nil or len == 0 then local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end return len == nil and 1 or 2 end if len < 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len) return 2 end -- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values` local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children local stack = ctx.children[currsnap] for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 end -- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values` local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function -- MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local argc local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {} local sortfn, ivar0, dosort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[offs + 2]) if ivar0 == 2 then tmp = opts[offs + 3] ~= nil and opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end ivar0 = ivar0 + offs if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then ivar0 = ivar0 + 1 argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami) else if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then ivar0 = ivar0 + 1 end argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1) end if argc < ivar0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end if next(tbl) == nil then if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = vars.ifngiven } elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end return argc + 1 end local cache, len if dosort then local words cache, words, len, tmp = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end len = len + tmp else cache, len = {}, 1 for key in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = key, len + 1 end len = len - 1 end local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or '' for idx = 1, len do tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs) nss = nss + 2 end tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and nss > 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp elseif nss > 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep end pmap[1] = vars.header or '' if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = table.concat(pmap) } return argc + 1 end -- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric -- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options -- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters local function concat_params (ctx, offs) local tbl, retval, cache, nmax = ctx.params, {}, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do if type(key) == 'number' then if key < 1 then cache[key] = val elseif key > offs then cache[key - offs] = val end if key > nmax then nmax = key end else cache[key] = val end end nmax = nmax - offs if ctx.subset == 1 then -- We need only the sequence for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end else if ctx.subset == -1 then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then retval[key + nmax] = val else retval[key] = val end end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do retval[key] = val end return retval end -- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this -- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function flush_params (ctx, fn) local tmp local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.subset == -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end elseif ctx.subset == 1 then if ctx.pins == nil then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end tmp = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tmp[key] = val end tbl = tmp end if ctx.pins ~= nil then local marker = ctx.sorttype < 1 and ctx.subset ~= -1 or nil for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do tmp = ctx.pins[idx] if tbl[tmp] ~= nil then fn(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp] = marker end end if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end end return end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end return end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 or ctx.pins == nil then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end end end -- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value -- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth) if ctx.subset == 1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_seq) return end if ctx.subset == -1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_oth) return end local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.pins == nil and ctx.sorttype < 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end return end local tseq = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tseq[key] = val end if ctx.pins ~= nil then local tmp local marker = ctx.sorttype < 1 or nil for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do tmp = ctx.pins[idx] if tseq[tmp] ~= nil then fn_seq(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp], tseq[tmp] = nil, marker elseif tbl[tmp] ~= nil then fn_oth(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp] = nil end end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end for idx = 1, nn do if tseq[nums[idx]] ~= nil then fn_seq(nums[idx], tseq[nums[idx]]) else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end end if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end return end for key, val in ipairs(tseq) do if val ~= true then fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end end -- Finalize and return a concatenated list local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize) if len > 0 then local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and len > modsize * 2 then lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp elseif len > modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep end lst[1] = ctx.header or '' if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end ctx.text = table.concat(lst) else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end --- --- --- PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Modifiers ]]-- ------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to library.sequential = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to library.all_sorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to library.reassorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 2 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pinned_until|sentinel|[parameter name 1]|[parameter -- name 2]|...|parameter name N|sentinel|pipe to library.pinned_until = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: No sentinel was provided', 0) end local tmp, bucket, curr, ncurr local sntl, idx = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', 2 if ctx.pin_bucket == nil then bucket, curr, ncurr = {}, {}, 0 ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins = bucket, curr else bucket, curr, ncurr = ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins, ctx.npins end while opts[offs + idx] ~= nil do tmp = opts[offs + idx]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if tmp == sntl then if idx == 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: No parameters to pin were provided', 0) end ctx.npins = ncurr + idx - 2 return context_iterate(ctx, offs + idx + 1) end if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end if bucket[tmp] then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Duplicate pinned parameter ‘' .. tostring(tmp) .. '’', 0) end curr[ncurr + idx - 1], bucket[tmp], idx = tmp, true, idx + 1 end error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Missing sentinel in position #' .. tostring(idx), 0) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to library.setting = function (ctx) local new_offs = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos + 1) if new_offs - ctx.fnpos < 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end return context_iterate(ctx, new_offs + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to library.scoring = function (ctx) local opts, offs, retval = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 0 if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end local tn = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tn == 'in_substack' then new_substack(ctx)[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = tostring(retval) return tn == 'here' and context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) or context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to library.squeezing = function (ctx) local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then newlen = newlen + 1 indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil end end table.sort(indices) for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx) local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1 if newval == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmax == nil then if key < nmin then nmin = key end nmax = key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1 end end if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin > nnums then ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax if ctx.n_available < 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end for idx = nmin, nmax do tbl[idx] = newval end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to library.clearing = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to library.cutting = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local len = #tbl if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end local tot = lcut + rcut if tot > 0 then local cache = {} if tot >= len then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end tot = len else for idx = len - rcut + 1, len do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = 1, lcut do tbl[idx] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then if key > len then cache[key - tot] = val else cache[key - lcut] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to library.cropping = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local nmin, nmax for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end if nmin ~= nil then local len = nmax - nmin + 1 if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end if lcut + rcut - len > -1 then for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end end elseif lcut + rcut > 0 then for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1 if lshift > 0 then for idx = lshift + 1, nmax do tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] = tbl[idx], nil end end end end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to library.purging = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local idx = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params if len < 1 then len = len + table.maxn(tbl) if idx > len then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end len = len - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to library.backpurging = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local last = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local idx local tbl = ctx.params if len > 0 then idx = last - len + 1 else for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or key < idx) then idx = key end end if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end idx = idx - len if last < idx then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end len = last - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to library.shifting = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end local tbl = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val else tbl[key] = val end end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if key > nmax then nmax = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local shift = #tbl + 1 if shift < 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end local tmp = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[shift - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx) local nmax, nmin local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 1 for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then cache[nsize], nsize = key, nsize + 1 end end table.sort(cache) for idx = math.floor((nsize - 1) / 2), 1, -1 do tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ] tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ] tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ] = tmp end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx) local sortfn local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tn = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tn ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[tn] end if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn) else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil` if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1, tn) end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment| -- [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to library.splicing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp2, argc, pos, refp local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tmp1 = opts[offs + 1] if tmp1 ~= nil then tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1) if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4, tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp2 ~= nil then refp = position_references[tmp2] if refp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end else refp = 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, offs + 3, 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4, 0 end if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end local insn = tonumber(opts[argc]) if len == 0 and (insn == nil or insn < 1) then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to write cannot be zero', 0) end if refp == 2 then for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end refp = 0 end tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key elseif key < tmp1 then tmp1 = key elseif key > tmp2 then tmp2 = key end end end end if tmp2 == nil then len = 0 elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2 elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end if len > 0 and pos + len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len) elseif len < 0 and pos - len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len) else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end ctx.params = tbl if insn == nil or insn < 0 or math.floor(insn) ~= insn then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end tmp1 = argc - offs - pos + 1 for key = pos, pos + insn - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[offs + key + tmp1] end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + insn + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to library.imposing = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = opts[offs + 2] return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to library.providing = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end local key = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = opts[offs + 2] end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to library.reassigning = function (ctx) local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end local mode, argc local src, tn = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]), opts[offs + 3] ~= nil and opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' local val = tbl[src] if tn ~= nil then mode = a_modes[tn] end if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, offs + 3 else argc, tn = offs + 4, nil end if val == nil and mode > 1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end local dest = get_param_name(opts[offs + 2]) local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end if tmp or mode < 4 then tbl[dest] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to library.discarding = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if len == nil then ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = nil return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end local key = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end if len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]| -- [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_name_matching = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, ptn local tbl, newparams, opts, offs = ctx.params, {}, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs, 'with_name_matching') for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then tmp = ptn[1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp] else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then newparams[key] = val end end end end ctx.params = newparams return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]| -- [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx) local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs, 'with_name_not_matching') if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then local tmp = targets[1][1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil else tbl[tmp] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end local yesmatch, ptn for key in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]| -- [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_value_matching = function (ctx) local nomatch, ptn local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs, 'with_value_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do nomatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val == ptn[1] then nomatch = false break end elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then nomatch = false break end end if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]| -- [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx) local yesmatch, ptn local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs, 'with_value_not_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len) return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to library.trimming_values = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = margs } value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die, tn = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'mapping_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax) end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local tbl, mix = ctx.params, opts[offs + 1] if mix == '$#' then for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv) end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache, len local tbl = ctx.params local sortfn, argc, dosort, tn = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if dosort then local words, wl cache, words, len, wl = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end else cache, len = {}, 1 for _, val in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = val, len + 1 end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = rargs } map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of -- additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument -- N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die, tn = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'renaming_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then ptn = get_param_name(ptn) local val = tbl[ptn] if val ~= nil then tbl[ptn], tbl[get_param_name(repl)] = nil, val end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)) end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local mix = ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1] if mix == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local cache = {} mix = mix:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if mix == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_param_name(val)] = val end else local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end end cache[get_param_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template -- name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tmp, argc, tbl, mem = load_child_opts(opts, offs + 2, 0, ctx.params) local gargs = {} for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' and key < 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val else gargs[key] = val end end tmp = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local groups = make_groups(tbl) for gid, group in pairs(groups) do for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args = gid, group groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end ctx.params = groups return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.parsing = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc, tn = load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=') parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim -- flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter -- setter]|[...]|pipe to library.reinterpreting = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc, tn = load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=') local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) local str = tbl[tmp] if str ~= nil then tbl[tmp] = nil parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.evaluating = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, repos, tn = load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '!', ':') if opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then remove_numeric_keys(opts, offs, repos - offs) return context_iterate(ctx, offs, tn) end local new_opts, cache = {}, {} parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) local shift = #cache + offs - repos + 1 for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < offs then new_opts[key] = val elseif key >= repos then new_opts[key + shift] = val end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < 1 then new_opts[key] = val else new_opts[key + offs] = val end end ctx.pipe = new_opts return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end local tmp local cache, mix_k, mix_v = {}, opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', opts[offs + 2] if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_param_name(val)] = val end elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_param_name(val)] = tostring(key) end elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end else local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k) local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do tmp = tostring(key) for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end end for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end end cache[get_param_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] = table.concat(cnv_v) end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end, 'combining' )) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return val end, 'combining_values' )) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = ctx.params } } return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new -- parameter name|pipe to library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 3] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 3])] = tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) } return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 4) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params) } return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to library.snapshotting = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to library.remembering = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to library.entering_substack = function (ctx) local tbl, opts, offs, ncurrparent = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, ctx.n_parents + 1 local tn = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl } else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent if tn == 'new' then ctx.params = {} return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children if currsnap > 0 then ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1 else local newparams = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end ctx.params = newparams end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to library.pulling = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end local tmp = ctx.n_parents local parent = tmp < 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp] tmp = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to library.recalling = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to --[[ library.finding = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) local parent for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do parent = ctx.parents[idx] if parent[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg] return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end end if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to --[[ library.picking = function (ctx) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end if ctx.n_parents < 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len) else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to library.detaching_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘detaching_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to library.dropping_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘dropping_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to library.leaving_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘leaving_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params } else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to library.merging_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil, ncurrparent - 1 for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|rearranging_substacks|...|pipe to library.rearranging_substacks = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tmp = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘rearranging_substacks’: You must specify at least one substack', 0) end local argc local oldchdn, newchdn, ntot, sid = ctx.children, {}, ctx.n_children, 1 repeat if tmp > ntot or tmp < 1 or math.floor(tmp) ~= tmp then error(modulename .. ', ‘rearranging_substacks’: Substack #' .. tostring(tmp) .. ' does not exist', 0) end if oldchdn[ntot - tmp + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘rearranging_substacks’: Substack #' .. tostring(tmp) .. ' appears multiple times', 0) end newchdn[ntot - sid + 1], oldchdn[ntot - tmp + 1], sid = oldchdn[ntot - tmp + 1], nil, sid + 1 tmp = tonumber(opts[offs + sid]) until tmp == nil ctx.children, argc, sid = newchdn, offs + sid, 1 for idx = 1, ntot do tmp = oldchdn[idx] if tmp ~= nil then newchdn[sid], sid = tmp, sid + 1 end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to library.flushing = function (ctx) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing') return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end --[[ Functions ]]-- ----------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|count library.count = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local retval = 0 for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end ctx.text = retval return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]| -- [...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value -- n]|[...] library.concat_and_call = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 1) } return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend -- 1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- item n=value n]|[...] library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{ title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 2) }) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend -- 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n= -- value n]|[...] library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx, offs + 1)) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name library.value_of = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local val local key = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then key = tonumber(key) val = ctx.params[key] -- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in -- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable) if val ~= nil and ( ctx.subset ~= -1 or key > #ctx.params or key < 1 ) and ( ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key <= #ctx.params and key > 0) ) then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end else val = ctx.params[key] if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list library.list = function (ctx) local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_values library.list_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx) local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' mixed_flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4 end, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext library.for_each = function (ctx) local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1] or '' local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2 ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]| -- [...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end local cargs = copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1) local model, ret, nss, ccs = { title = tname, args = cargs }, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append -- 1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]| -- [named param n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs } local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs = require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) iargs[1], iargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs, cargs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end local cargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs) local model = { title = tname, args = cargs } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs + 1) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs } local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs = require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) iargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]| -- [append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- param n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local cargs, ret, nss, ccs = copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs), {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tmp = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local bargs, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then bargs[key] = val elseif key > offs then bargs[key - offs - 1] = val elseif key < 1 then bargs[key - 1] = val end end ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params) flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group) for key, val in pairs(bargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end --[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|new|pipe to static_iface.new = function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame, 'new') ctx.params = {} main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 2)) return ctx.text end --[[ First-position-only functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|self static_iface.self = function (child_frame) return child_frame:getParent():getTitle() end --[[ Public metatable of functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- return setmetatable({}, { __index = function (_, query) local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end local func = static_iface[fname] if func ~= nil then return func end func = library[fname] if func == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end return function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame, fname) ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname]) main_loop(ctx, func) return ctx.text end end }) edjjks8ayvjip4tl4xpkdb2en7irkcr 0 30318 116557 116479 2026-11-09T08:56:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 116557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sound level meter with sound waves.png|thumb|A sound level meter]] '''Noise control''' anaa '''noise mitigation''' be set of strategies to reduce noise pollution anaa to reduce de impact of dat noise, weda outdoors anaa indoors. == Overview == De main areas of noise mitigation anaa abatement be: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning thru zoning codes,<ref>Benz Kotzen, [http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/ "Noise is an urban issue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803045400/http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/|date=2016-08-03}}</ref> den occupational noise control. Roadway noise den aircraft noise be de most pervasive sources of environmental noise.<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf OSHA Fact Sheet: Laboratory Safety Noise], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231722/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf|date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Social activities go fi generate noise levels dat consistently dey affect de health of populations wey dey reside insyd anaa occupying areas, both indoor den outdoor, near entertainment venues dat feature amplified sounds den music dat dey present significant challenges give effective noise mitigation strategies. Dem already develop multiple techniques to address interior sound levels, wey local building codes encourage many of dem. For de best case of project designs insyd, dem encourage planners to work plus design engineers to examine trade-offs of roadway design den architectural design. Dem techniques dey include design of exterior walls, party walls, den floor den ceiling assemblies; moreova, der dey a host of specialized means give damping reverberation from special-purpose rooms such as auditoria, concert halls, entertainment den social venues, dining areas, audio recording rooms, den meeting rooms. Many of dem techniques dey rely upon material science applications of constructing sound baffles anaa using sound-absorbing liners give interior spaces. Industrial noise control be subset of interior architectural control of noise, plus emphasis for specific methods of sound isolation top from industrial machinery den give protection of workers at demma task stations. Sound masking be de active addition of noise to reduce de annoyance of certain sounds, de opposite of soundproofing. == Standards, recommendations, den guidelines == Organizations each get demma own standards, recommendations/guidelines, den directives give wat levels of noise workers wey dem permit to be around before dem suppose put noise controls into place. === Occupational Safety den Health Administration (OSHA) === OSHA ein requirements dey state dat wen dem expose workers to noise levels above 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA) for 8-hour time-weighted averages (TWA) insyd, dem suppose implement administrative controls den/anaa new engineering controls for de workplace insyd. OSHA sanso dey require dat dem suppose control impulse noises den impact noises to prevent dem noises from reaching past 140&nbsp;dB peak sound pressure levels (SPL).<ref>Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (1983). Occupational noise exposure; hearing conservation amendment, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1910.95. ''Federal Register.'' 48(46): 9738-9785.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Rawool |first1=Vishakha |title=Hearing Conservation in Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings |date=2012 |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60406-256-4 |edition=First |location=New York, NY}}</ref> === Mine Safety den Health Organization (MSHA) === MSHA dey require dat dem suppose implement administrative den/anaa engineering controls for de workplace insyd wen dem expose miners to levels above 90 dBA TWA. If noise levels dey exceed 115 dBA, dem require miners to wear hearing protection. MSHA, therefore, dey require dat dem suppose reduce noise levels below 115&nbsp;dB TWA. Measuring noise levels give noise control decision-making suppose integrate all noises from 90&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Mine Safety and Health Administration. (1999). ''Health Standards for Occupational Noise Exposure: Final Rule'' (30 CFR Part 62, 64 Fed. Reg. 49548-49634, 49636-49637). Arlington, VA: Mine Safety and Health Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) === De FRA dey recommend dat dem suppose reduce worker exposure to noise wen demma noise exposure dey exceed 90&nbsp;dBA give an 8-hour TWA. Noise measurements suppose integrate all noises, wey dey include intermittent, continuous, impact, den impulse noises of 80&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Federal Railroad Administration (2008). 71 FR 63123, Oct. 27, 2006, as amended at 73 FR 79702, Dec. 30 2008. Part 227. ''Occupational Noise Exposure.'' Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === U.S. Department of Defense === De Department of Defense (DoD) dey suggest dat dem suppose control noise levels primarily thru engineering controls. De DoD dey require dat dem suppose reduce all steady-state noises to levels below 85 dBA den dat dem suppose reduce impulse noises below 140&nbsp;dB peak SPL. Dem no dey consider TWA exposures give de DoD ein requirements.<ref>U.S. Department of Defense. (2004). ''Instruction 6055.12. DoD Hearing Conservation Program.'' Washington, DC: Department of Defense.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === European Parliament den Council Directive === De European Parliament den Council Directive dey suppose require noise levels to reduce anaa eliminate using administrative den engineering controls. Dis directive dey require lower exposure action levels of 80 dBA give 8 hours plus 135&nbsp;dB peak SPL, along plus upper exposure action levels of 85 dBA give 8 hours plus 137 peak dBSPL. Exposure limits dey 87 dBA give 8 hours plus peak levels of 140 peak dBSPL.<ref>European Parliament and Council. (2003). ''Directive 2003/10/EC on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding the Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Noise).'' Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of the Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). ''Off J Eur Union.'' L42/38/-L42/44.</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Approaches to noise control == An effective model give noise control be de source, path, den receiver model by Bolt den Ingard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=CM |title=Handbook of Noise Control |date=1957 |publisher=McGraw-Hill:22-31 |location=New York}}</ref> Dem fi control hazardous noise by reducing de noise output at ein source, minimizing de noise as e dey travel along a path to de listener, den dey provide equipment to de listener anaa receiver to attenuate de noise. === Sources === A variety of measures dey aim to reduce hazardous noise at ein source. Programs wey dey include Buy Quiet den de National Institute give Occupational Safety den Health (NIOSH) Prevention thru design promote research den design of quiet equipment den renovation den replacement of older hazardous equipment plus modern technologies.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2010 |title=Prevention Through Design: Plan for the National Initiative |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |url-status=live |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2011121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053121/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2018 |doi-access=free |website=Centers for Disease Control}}</ref> === Path === De principle of noise reduction thru pathway modifications dey apply to de alteration of direct den indirect pathways give noise.<ref name=":1" /> Noise dat dey travel across reflective surfaces, wey dey include smooth floors, fi be hazardous. Pathway alterations dey include physical materials, wey dey include foam, dat dey absorb sound den walls to provide a sound barrier dat dey modify existing systems dat dey decrease hazardous noise. Sound dampening enclosures give loud equipment den isolation chambers from wey workers fi remotely control equipment, dem sanso fi design am. Dem methods dey prevent sound from traveling along a path to de worker anaa oda listeners. === Receiver === For de industrial anaa commercial setting insyd, workers suppose comply plus de appropriate Hearing conservation program. Administrative controls, wey dey incude de restriction of personnel for noisy areas insyd, dey prevent unnecessary noise exposure. Personal protective equipment wey dey include foam ear plugs anaa ear muffs to attenuate sound dey provide a last line of defense give de listener. == Basic technologies == * Sound insulation: dey prevent de transmission of noise by de introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials get high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. * Sound absorption: a porous material wey dey act as a 'noise sponge' by converting de sound energy into heat for de material insyd. Common sound absorption materials dey include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams den fiberglass * Vibration damping: applicable give large vibrating surfaces. De damping mechanism dey work by extracting de vibration energy from de thin sheet den dey dissipate am as heat. A common material be sound-deadened steel. * Vibration isolation: dey prevent transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element anaa a physical break. Common vibration isolators be springs, rubber mounts, cork etc. == Roadways == [[File:Geluidscherm Overschie.jpg|thumb|Dis noise abatement wall for de Netherlands insyd get a transparent section at de driver ein eye-level to reduce de visual impact give road users.]]Studies for noise barriers top show mixed results for demma ability top to effectively reduce noise pollution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landau |first1=Meryl |date=27 December 2017 |title=On Highway Noise Barriers, the Science Is Mixed. Are There Alternatives? |url=https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164021/https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Undark |publisher=Undark.org}}</ref> Electric den hybrid vehicles fi reduce noise pollution, but only if dem vehicles dey make up a high proportion of total vehicles for de road top; even if traffic for an urban area insyd reach a makeup of fifty percent electric vehicles, de overall noise reduction achieved go only be a few decibels go be barely noticeable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pallas |first1=Marie-Agnès |title=Assessing the noise impact of electric and hybrid vehicles |url=https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103211046/https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=IFSTTAR |publisher=IFSTTAR}}</ref> Highway noise be today wey motor type less affect am, since de effects for higher speed insyd be aerodynamic den tire noise related. Oda contributions to de reduction of noise at de source be: improved tire tread designs give trucks for de 1970s insyd, better shielding of diesel stacks for de 1980s insyd, den local vehicle regulation of unmuffled vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tire-Pavement Noise {{!}} Sound Control |url=http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050128/http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |archive-date=2022-02-01 |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=soundcontroltech.com |language=en-US}}</ref> De most fertile areas give roadway noise mitigation be for urban planning decisions, roadway design, noise barrier design,<ref>Benz Kotzen and Colin English, ''Environmental Noise Barriers: A Guide to Their Visual and Acoustic Design'', Spon Press, United Kingdom (1999) {{ISBN|978-0-419-23180-6}}</ref> speed control, surface pavement selection, den truck restrictions insyd. Speed control dey effective since de lowest sound emissions dey arise from vehicles moving smoothly at 30 to 60 kilometers per hour. Above dat range, sound emissions dey double plus every five miles per hour of speed. At de lowest speeds, braking den (engine) acceleration noise dey dominate. Selection of road surface pavement fi make a difference of a factor of two for sound levels insyd, give de speed regime above 30 kilometers per hour. Quieter pavements dey porous plus a negative surface texture den use small to medium-sized aggregates; de loudest pavements get transversely-grooved surfaces, positive surface textures, den larger aggregates. Surface friction den roadway safety be important considerations as well give pavement decisions. Wen designing new urban freeways anaa arterials, der dey numerous design decisions wey dey regard alignment den roadway geometrics.<ref>Myer Kutz, ''Handbook of Transportation Engineering'', McGraw-Hill (2004) {{ISBN|978-0-07-139122-1}}</ref> Use of a computer model to calculate sound levels already becam standard practice since de early 1970s. For dis way insyd dem fi minimize exposure of sensitive receptors to elevated sound levels. An analogous process dey exist give urban mass transit systems den oda rail transportation decisions. Early examples of urban rail systems wey dem design using dis technology be: Boston MBTA line expansions (1970s), San Francisco BART system expansion (1981), Houston METRORail system (1982), den de MAX Light Rail system for Portland, Oregon insyd (1983). Dem fi apply noise barriers to existing anaa planned surface transportation projects. Dem be one of de most effective actions wey dem take for retrofitting existing roadways insyd den commonly fi reduce adjacent land-use sound levels by up to ten decibels. Dem require a computer model to design de barrier since terrain, micrometeorology den oda locale-specific factors dey make de endeavor a very complex undertaking. For example, a roadway for a cut anaa strong prevailing winds insyd fi produce a setting wey atmospheric sound propagation dey unfavorable to any noise barrier. == Aircraft == [[File:Airbus A321 (British AW) - Aviation noise.jpg|thumb|An Airbus A321 of British Airways for ein landing approach top to London Heathrow Airport, wey dey showing ein proximity to homes]]As for de case of roadway noise insyd, dem already make little progress for quelling aircraft noise insyd at de source, oda dan elimination of loud engine designs from de 1960s den earlier. Sekof ein velocity den volume, jet turbine engine exhaust noise dey defy reduction by any simple means. De most promising forms of aircraft noise abatement be thru land planning, flight operations restrictions den residential soundproofing. Flight restrictions fi take de form of preferred runway use, departure flight path den slope, den time-of-day restrictions. Dem tactics be sometimes controversial since dem fi impact aircraft safety, flying convenience den airline economics. For 1979 insyd, de US Congress authorize de FAA to devise technology den programs to attempt to insulate homes near airports. While dis obviously no dey aid de exterior environment, de program already be effective give residential den school interiors. Sam of de airports at wey dem apply de technology early on be San Francisco International Airport,<ref>''Final Report for the Aircraft Noise Insulation Project for San Francisco International Airport: Phase one Pilot Project'', FAA funded and prepared for the city of South San Francisco, Earth Metrics Inc., Burlingame, California, July, 1986</ref> Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, John Wayne International Airport den San Jose International Airport<ref>C.M. Hogan and Ballard George, ''Pilot Noise Residential Insulation Program'', San Jose International Airport (1983)</ref> for California insyd. De underlying technology be a computer model wey dey simulate de propagation of aircraft noise den ein penetration into buildings. Dem fi analyze variations for aircraft types, flight patterns den local meteorology insyd along plus benefits of alternative building retrofit strategies wey dey include roof upgrading, window glazing improvement, fireplace baffling, caulking construction seams den oda measures. De computer model dey allow cost-effectiveness evaluations of a host of alternative strategies. For Canada insyd, Transport Canada dey prepare noise exposure forecasts (NEF) give each airport, wey dem dey use a computer model similar to dat dem use for de US insyd. Dem discourage residential land development within high-impact areas wey de forecast identify am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Canada |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171302/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |archive-date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> === Acoustic liners === [[File:Fan & nacelle Airbus A300's CF-6.JPG|thumb|Acoustic liners at de intake of a jet engine]] [[File:Acoustic Liner Composite Sandwich.png|thumb|A composite sandwich acoustic liner (A) plus perforate face-sheet (B) honeycomb core (C) den back-skin (D)]]Aircraft engines, typically turbofans, dey use acoustic liners to damp engine noise. Dem apply liners for de internal walls of de engine nacelle top, both for de intake den by-pass ducts top, den dey use Helmholtz resonance principle give de dissipation of incident acoustic energy. == Architectural solutions == [[File:Sound Proofed HALL, Adonai Church, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Sound treatment panels contrast plus red curtains for a church meeting hall insyd]] [[File:Schallschleuse.JPG|thumb|Soundproof doors for a broadcast center insyd]] [[File:紙飛行機 (4720476854).jpg|thumb|Acoustic ceiling tiles]]Architectural acoustics noise control practices dey include interior sound reverberation reduction, inter-room noise transfer mitigation, den exterior building skin augmentation. For de case of construction of new (anaa remodeled) apartments, condominiums, hospitals, den hotels insyd, many states den cities get stringent building codes plus requirements of acoustical analysis, in order to protect building occupants. Plus regard to exterior noise, de codes usually dey require measurement of de exterior acoustic environment in order to determine de performance standard required give exterior building skin design. De architect fi work plus de acoustical scientist to arrive at de best cost-effective means of creating a quiet interior (normally 45&nbsp;dBA). De most important elements of design of de building skin be usually: glazing (glass thickness, double pane design etc.), perforated metal (wey dem use internally anaa externally),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stewart |first=William |date=February 2007 |title=Perforated metal systems sound absorbing surfaces |url=http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Construction Specifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205093926/http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-05 |access-date=2013-03-09}}</ref> roof material, caulking standards, chimney baffles, exterior door design, mail slots, attic ventilation ports, den mounting of thru-de-wall air conditioners. Regarding sound generated insyd de building, der dey two principal types of transmission. Firstly, airborne sound travels thru walls anaa floor den ceiling assemblies den fi emanate from either human activities for adjacent living spaces insyd anaa from mechanical noise within de building systems. Human activities fi include voice, noise from amplified sound systems, anaa animal noise. Mechanical systems be elevator systems, boilers, refrigeration anaa air conditioning systems, generators den trash compactors. Aerodynamic sources dey include fans, pneumatics, den combustion. Noise control give aerodynamic sources dey include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic silencers den quiet fan technology. Since many mechanical sounds dey inherently loud, de principal design element be say to require de wall anaa ceiling assembly to meet certain performance standards,<ref>Cyril M. Harris, ''Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers'' (1994)</ref> (typically Sound transmission class of 50), wey dey allow considerable attenuation of de sound level wey dey reach occupants. Dem bell de second type of interior sound as Impact Insulation Class (IIC) transmission. Dis effect dey arise not from airborne transmission, but rada from de transmission of sound thru de building einself. De most common perception of IIC noise be from de footfall of occupants insyd living spaces above. Dem easily transfer low-frequency noise thru de ground den buildings. Dis type of noise be more difficult to abate, but dem suppose give consideration to isolating de floor assembly above anaa hanging de lower ceiling for resilient channel top. Both of de transmission effects wey dem note above fi emanate either from building occupants anaa from building mechanical systems wey dey include elevators, plumbing systems den heating, ventilating den air conditioning units. For sam cases insyd, e dey merely necessary to specify de best available quieting technology for selecting such building hardware insyd. For oda cases insyd, shock mounting of systems to control vibration fi be for order insyd. For de case of plumbing systems insyd, der dey specific protocols wey dem develop, especially give water supply lines, to create isolation clamping of pipes within building walls. For de case of central air systems insyd, e dey important to baffle any ducts dat fi transmit sound between different building areas. Designing special-purpose rooms get more exotic challenges, since dem rooms fi get requirements give unusual features wey dey include concert performance, sound studio recording, den lecture halls. For dem cases insyd, dem suppose analyze reverberation den reflection in order to not only quiet de rooms, but to prevent echo effects from occurring. For dem situations insyd, dem fi specify special sound baffles den sound absorptive lining materials to dampen unwanted effects. == Post-architectural solutions == Acoustical wall den ceiling panels be a common commercial den residential solution give noise control for already-constructed buildings insyd. Dem fi construct acoustic panels of a variety of materials, though dem go frequently compose commercial acoustic applications of fiberglass anaa mineral wool-based acoustic substrates. For example, Mineral fiberboard be a commonly used acoustical substrate, den commercial thermal insulations, wey dey include dat dem use for de insulation of boiler tanks insyd, dey frequently repurposed give noise-controlling acoustic use based for demma effectiveness top at minimizing reverberations. De ideal acoustical panels be dem without a face anaa finish material dat fi interfere plus de performance of de acoustical infill, but aesthetic den safety concerns dey typically lead to fabric coverings anaa oda finishing materials to minimize impedance. Dem make panel finishings occasionally of a porous configuration of wood anaa metal. Dem limit de effectiveness of post-construction acoustic treatment by de amount of space wey dem able to allocate to acoustic treatment, den so dem frequently make on-site acoustical wall panels to conform to de shape of de preexisting space. Dem dey do dis by "framing" de perimeter track into shape, infilling de acoustical substrate den sanso dey stretch den tuck de fabric into de perimeter frame system. Dem fi construct on-site wall panels to work around door frames, baseboard, anaa any oda intrusion. Dem fi create large panels (generally greater dan 50 feet) for walls den ceilings top plus dis method. Double-glazed den thicker windows sanso fi prevent sound transmission from de outdoors. === Industrial === Dem traditionally associate industrial noise plus manufacturing settings wey industrial machinery dey produce intense sound levels,<ref>Randall F Barron and Barron F Barron, ''Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics'', Marcel Dekker, New York (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-8247-0701-9}}</ref> often upwards of 85 decibels. While dis circumstance be de most dramatic, der dey many oda work environments wey sound levels fi lie for de range of 70 to 75 decibels insyd, entirely composed of office equipment, music, public address systems, den even exterior noise intrusion. Either type of environment fi result for noise health effects insyd if de sound intensity den exposure time be too great. For de case of industrial equipment insyd, de most common techniques give noise protection of workers dey consist of shock mounting source equipment, creation of acrylic glass anaa oda solid barriers, den provision of ear protection equipment. For certain cases insyd dem fi redesign de machinery einself to operate for a manner insyd less prone to produce grating, grinding, frictional, anaa oda motions dat dey induce sound emissions. For recent years insyd, Buy Quiet programs den initiatives already arise for an effort insyd to combat occupational noise exposures. Dem programs dey promote de purchase of quieter tools den equipment den encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html "CDC – Buy Quiet – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151558/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html Archived] from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2017-09-10.</ref> For de case of more conventional office environments insyd, de techniques for architectural acoustics insyd discussed above fi apply. Oda solutions fi involve researching de quietest models of office equipment, particularly printers den photocopy machines. Dem often fit impact printers den oda equipment plus "acoustic hoods", enclosures to reduce emitted noise. One source of annoying, if not loud, sound level emissions be lighting fixtures (notably older fluorescent globes). Dem fi retrofit anaa analyze dem fixtures to see weda over-illumination dey present, a common office environment issue. If over-illumination dey occur, de-lamping anaa reduced light bank usage fi apply. Photographers fi quieten noisy still cameras for a film set top wey dem dey use sound blimps. === Commercial === Reductions for cost of technology insyd already allow noise control technology to be used not only for performance facilities den recording studios insyd, but sanso for noise-sensitive small businesses wey dey include restaurants. Acoustically absorbent materials wey dey include fiberglass duct liner, wood fiber panels den recycled denim jeans dey serve as artwork-bearing canvasses for environments insyd for wey aesthetics dey important. == References == <references /> == External links == *[https://www.icacommission.org/ International Commission for Acoustics] *[https://acousticalsociety.org/ Acoustical Society of America] *[https://euracoustics.org European Acoustics Association] *[https://www.aia.org/ American Institute of Architects] *[https://ncac.com/ National Council of Acoustical Consultants] *[http://www.bifma.com/ Business & Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909071605/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=46&pg=3005%2F 'City of Melbourne' Citysounds guide to urban residential design] *[https://noiseabatementsociety.org/ Noise Abatement Society] * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/casestudies/soundsolutions/ Noise control case studies] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603081642/http://www.industrialdeafnesswatch.co.uk/category/case-studies/ Industrial noise control case studies] * [https://isostore.com/research/ Multiple sound isolation research articles for beginners] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html/ NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page] *[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] Technical manual; [https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/ Chapter III: Noise] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Building technology]] [[Category:Environmental engineering]] [[Category:Environmental design]] [[Category:Noise pollution]] [[Category:Noise control| ]] [[Category:Road infrastructure]] [[Category:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] [[Category:Sound]] [[Category:Acoustics]] qggi79r7j1npjk28isgnzgjyio4cbxe 116558 116557 2026-11-09T08:56:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 116558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sound level meter with sound waves.png|thumb|A sound level meter]] '''Noise control''' anaa '''noise mitigation''' be set of strategies to reduce noise pollution anaa to reduce de impact of dat noise, weda outdoors anaa indoors. == Overview == De main areas of noise mitigation anaa abatement be: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning thru zoning codes,<ref>Benz Kotzen, [http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/ "Noise is an urban issue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803045400/http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/|date=2016-08-03}}</ref> den occupational noise control. Roadway noise den aircraft noise be de most pervasive sources of environmental noise.<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf OSHA Fact Sheet: Laboratory Safety Noise], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231722/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf|date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Social activities go fi generate noise levels dat consistently dey affect de health of populations wey dey reside insyd anaa occupying areas, both indoor den outdoor, near entertainment venues dat feature amplified sounds den music dat dey present significant challenges give effective noise mitigation strategies. Dem already develop multiple techniques to address interior sound levels, wey local building codes encourage many of dem. For de best case of project designs insyd, dem encourage planners to work plus design engineers to examine trade-offs of roadway design den architectural design. Dem techniques dey include design of exterior walls, party walls, den floor den ceiling assemblies; moreova, der dey a host of specialized means give damping reverberation from special-purpose rooms such as auditoria, concert halls, entertainment den social venues, dining areas, audio recording rooms, den meeting rooms. Many of dem techniques dey rely upon material science applications of constructing sound baffles anaa using sound-absorbing liners give interior spaces. Industrial noise control be subset of interior architectural control of noise, plus emphasis for specific methods of sound isolation top from industrial machinery den give protection of workers at demma task stations. Sound masking be de active addition of noise to reduce de annoyance of certain sounds, de opposite of soundproofing. == Standards, recommendations, den guidelines == Organizations each get demma own standards, recommendations/guidelines, den directives give wat levels of noise workers wey dem permit to be around before dem suppose put noise controls into place. === Occupational Safety den Health Administration (OSHA) === OSHA ein requirements dey state dat wen dem expose workers to noise levels above 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA) for 8-hour time-weighted averages (TWA) insyd, dem suppose implement administrative controls den/anaa new engineering controls for de workplace insyd. OSHA sanso dey require dat dem suppose control impulse noises den impact noises to prevent dem noises from reaching past 140&nbsp;dB peak sound pressure levels (SPL).<ref>Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (1983). Occupational noise exposure; hearing conservation amendment, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1910.95. ''Federal Register.'' 48(46): 9738-9785.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Rawool |first1=Vishakha |title=Hearing Conservation in Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings |date=2012 |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60406-256-4 |edition=First |location=New York, NY}}</ref> === Mine Safety den Health Organization (MSHA) === MSHA dey require dat dem suppose implement administrative den/anaa engineering controls for de workplace insyd wen dem expose miners to levels above 90 dBA TWA. If noise levels dey exceed 115 dBA, dem require miners to wear hearing protection. MSHA, therefore, dey require dat dem suppose reduce noise levels below 115&nbsp;dB TWA. Measuring noise levels give noise control decision-making suppose integrate all noises from 90&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Mine Safety and Health Administration. (1999). ''Health Standards for Occupational Noise Exposure: Final Rule'' (30 CFR Part 62, 64 Fed. Reg. 49548-49634, 49636-49637). Arlington, VA: Mine Safety and Health Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) === De FRA dey recommend dat dem suppose reduce worker exposure to noise wen demma noise exposure dey exceed 90&nbsp;dBA give an 8-hour TWA. Noise measurements suppose integrate all noises, wey dey include intermittent, continuous, impact, den impulse noises of 80&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Federal Railroad Administration (2008). 71 FR 63123, Oct. 27, 2006, as amended at 73 FR 79702, Dec. 30 2008. Part 227. ''Occupational Noise Exposure.'' Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === U.S. Department of Defense === De Department of Defense (DoD) dey suggest dat dem suppose control noise levels primarily thru engineering controls. De DoD dey require dat dem suppose reduce all steady-state noises to levels below 85 dBA den dat dem suppose reduce impulse noises below 140&nbsp;dB peak SPL. Dem no dey consider TWA exposures give de DoD ein requirements.<ref>U.S. Department of Defense. (2004). ''Instruction 6055.12. DoD Hearing Conservation Program.'' Washington, DC: Department of Defense.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === European Parliament den Council Directive === De European Parliament den Council Directive dey suppose require noise levels to reduce anaa eliminate using administrative den engineering controls. Dis directive dey require lower exposure action levels of 80 dBA give 8 hours plus 135&nbsp;dB peak SPL, along plus upper exposure action levels of 85 dBA give 8 hours plus 137 peak dBSPL. Exposure limits dey 87 dBA give 8 hours plus peak levels of 140 peak dBSPL.<ref>European Parliament and Council. (2003). ''Directive 2003/10/EC on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding the Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Noise).'' Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of the Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). ''Off J Eur Union.'' L42/38/-L42/44.</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Approaches to noise control == An effective model give noise control be de source, path, den receiver model by Bolt den Ingard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=CM |title=Handbook of Noise Control |date=1957 |publisher=McGraw-Hill:22-31 |location=New York}}</ref> Dem fi control hazardous noise by reducing de noise output at ein source, minimizing de noise as e dey travel along a path to de listener, den dey provide equipment to de listener anaa receiver to attenuate de noise. === Sources === A variety of measures dey aim to reduce hazardous noise at ein source. Programs wey dey include Buy Quiet den de National Institute give Occupational Safety den Health (NIOSH) Prevention thru design promote research den design of quiet equipment den renovation den replacement of older hazardous equipment plus modern technologies.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2010 |title=Prevention Through Design: Plan for the National Initiative |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |url-status=live |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2011121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053121/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2018 |doi-access=free |website=Centers for Disease Control}}</ref> === Path === De principle of noise reduction thru pathway modifications dey apply to de alteration of direct den indirect pathways give noise.<ref name=":1" /> Noise dat dey travel across reflective surfaces, wey dey include smooth floors, fi be hazardous. Pathway alterations dey include physical materials, wey dey include foam, dat dey absorb sound den walls to provide a sound barrier dat dey modify existing systems dat dey decrease hazardous noise. Sound dampening enclosures give loud equipment den isolation chambers from wey workers fi remotely control equipment, dem sanso fi design am. Dem methods dey prevent sound from traveling along a path to de worker anaa oda listeners. === Receiver === For de industrial anaa commercial setting insyd, workers suppose comply plus de appropriate Hearing conservation program. Administrative controls, wey dey incude de restriction of personnel for noisy areas insyd, dey prevent unnecessary noise exposure. Personal protective equipment wey dey include foam ear plugs anaa ear muffs to attenuate sound dey provide a last line of defense give de listener. == Basic technologies == * Sound insulation: dey prevent de transmission of noise by de introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials get high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. * Sound absorption: a porous material wey dey act as a 'noise sponge' by converting de sound energy into heat for de material insyd. Common sound absorption materials dey include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams den fiberglass * Vibration damping: applicable give large vibrating surfaces. De damping mechanism dey work by extracting de vibration energy from de thin sheet den dey dissipate am as heat. A common material be sound-deadened steel. * Vibration isolation: dey prevent transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element anaa a physical break. Common vibration isolators be springs, rubber mounts, cork etc. == Roadways == [[File:Geluidscherm Overschie.jpg|thumb|Dis noise abatement wall for de Netherlands insyd get a transparent section at de driver ein eye-level to reduce de visual impact give road users.]]Studies for noise barriers top show mixed results for demma ability top to effectively reduce noise pollution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landau |first1=Meryl |date=27 December 2017 |title=On Highway Noise Barriers, the Science Is Mixed. Are There Alternatives? |url=https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164021/https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Undark |publisher=Undark.org}}</ref> Electric den hybrid vehicles fi reduce noise pollution, but only if dem vehicles dey make up a high proportion of total vehicles for de road top; even if traffic for an urban area insyd reach a makeup of fifty percent electric vehicles, de overall noise reduction achieved go only be a few decibels go be barely noticeable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pallas |first1=Marie-Agnès |title=Assessing the noise impact of electric and hybrid vehicles |url=https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103211046/https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=IFSTTAR |publisher=IFSTTAR}}</ref> Highway noise be today wey motor type less affect am, since de effects for higher speed insyd be aerodynamic den tire noise related. Oda contributions to de reduction of noise at de source be: improved tire tread designs give trucks for de 1970s insyd, better shielding of diesel stacks for de 1980s insyd, den local vehicle regulation of unmuffled vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tire-Pavement Noise {{!}} Sound Control |url=http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050128/http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |archive-date=2022-02-01 |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=soundcontroltech.com |language=en-US}}</ref> De most fertile areas give roadway noise mitigation be for urban planning decisions, roadway design, noise barrier design,<ref>Benz Kotzen and Colin English, ''Environmental Noise Barriers: A Guide to Their Visual and Acoustic Design'', Spon Press, United Kingdom (1999) {{ISBN|978-0-419-23180-6}}</ref> speed control, surface pavement selection, den truck restrictions insyd. Speed control dey effective since de lowest sound emissions dey arise from vehicles moving smoothly at 30 to 60 kilometers per hour. Above dat range, sound emissions dey double plus every five miles per hour of speed. At de lowest speeds, braking den (engine) acceleration noise dey dominate. Selection of road surface pavement fi make a difference of a factor of two for sound levels insyd, give de speed regime above 30 kilometers per hour. Quieter pavements dey porous plus a negative surface texture den use small to medium-sized aggregates; de loudest pavements get transversely-grooved surfaces, positive surface textures, den larger aggregates. Surface friction den roadway safety be important considerations as well give pavement decisions. Wen designing new urban freeways anaa arterials, der dey numerous design decisions wey dey regard alignment den roadway geometrics.<ref>Myer Kutz, ''Handbook of Transportation Engineering'', McGraw-Hill (2004) {{ISBN|978-0-07-139122-1}}</ref> Use of a computer model to calculate sound levels already becam standard practice since de early 1970s. For dis way insyd dem fi minimize exposure of sensitive receptors to elevated sound levels. An analogous process dey exist give urban mass transit systems den oda rail transportation decisions. Early examples of urban rail systems wey dem design using dis technology be: Boston MBTA line expansions (1970s), San Francisco BART system expansion (1981), Houston METRORail system (1982), den de MAX Light Rail system for Portland, Oregon insyd (1983). Dem fi apply noise barriers to existing anaa planned surface transportation projects. Dem be one of de most effective actions wey dem take for retrofitting existing roadways insyd den commonly fi reduce adjacent land-use sound levels by up to ten decibels. Dem require a computer model to design de barrier since terrain, micrometeorology den oda locale-specific factors dey make de endeavor a very complex undertaking. For example, a roadway for a cut anaa strong prevailing winds insyd fi produce a setting wey atmospheric sound propagation dey unfavorable to any noise barrier. == Aircraft == [[File:Airbus A321 (British AW) - Aviation noise.jpg|thumb|An Airbus A321 of British Airways for ein landing approach top to London Heathrow Airport, wey dey showing ein proximity to homes]]As for de case of roadway noise insyd, dem already make little progress for quelling aircraft noise insyd at de source, oda dan elimination of loud engine designs from de 1960s den earlier. Sekof ein velocity den volume, jet turbine engine exhaust noise dey defy reduction by any simple means. De most promising forms of aircraft noise abatement be thru land planning, flight operations restrictions den residential soundproofing. Flight restrictions fi take de form of preferred runway use, departure flight path den slope, den time-of-day restrictions. Dem tactics be sometimes controversial since dem fi impact aircraft safety, flying convenience den airline economics. For 1979 insyd, de US Congress authorize de FAA to devise technology den programs to attempt to insulate homes near airports. While dis obviously no dey aid de exterior environment, de program already be effective give residential den school interiors. Sam of de airports at wey dem apply de technology early on be San Francisco International Airport,<ref>''Final Report for the Aircraft Noise Insulation Project for San Francisco International Airport: Phase one Pilot Project'', FAA funded and prepared for the city of South San Francisco, Earth Metrics Inc., Burlingame, California, July, 1986</ref> Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, John Wayne International Airport den San Jose International Airport<ref>C.M. Hogan and Ballard George, ''Pilot Noise Residential Insulation Program'', San Jose International Airport (1983)</ref> for California insyd. De underlying technology be a computer model wey dey simulate de propagation of aircraft noise den ein penetration into buildings. Dem fi analyze variations for aircraft types, flight patterns den local meteorology insyd along plus benefits of alternative building retrofit strategies wey dey include roof upgrading, window glazing improvement, fireplace baffling, caulking construction seams den oda measures. De computer model dey allow cost-effectiveness evaluations of a host of alternative strategies. For Canada insyd, Transport Canada dey prepare noise exposure forecasts (NEF) give each airport, wey dem dey use a computer model similar to dat dem use for de US insyd. Dem discourage residential land development within high-impact areas wey de forecast identify am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Canada |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171302/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |archive-date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> === Acoustic liners === [[File:Fan & nacelle Airbus A300's CF-6.JPG|thumb|Acoustic liners at de intake of a jet engine]] [[File:Acoustic Liner Composite Sandwich.png|thumb|A composite sandwich acoustic liner (A) plus perforate face-sheet (B) honeycomb core (C) den back-skin (D)]]Aircraft engines, typically turbofans, dey use acoustic liners to damp engine noise. Dem apply liners for de internal walls of de engine nacelle top, both for de intake den by-pass ducts top, den dey use Helmholtz resonance principle give de dissipation of incident acoustic energy. == Architectural solutions == [[File:Sound Proofed HALL, Adonai Church, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Sound treatment panels contrast plus red curtains for a church meeting hall insyd]] [[File:Schallschleuse.JPG|thumb|Soundproof doors for a broadcast center insyd]] [[File:紙飛行機 (4720476854).jpg|thumb|Acoustic ceiling tiles]]Architectural acoustics noise control practices dey include interior sound reverberation reduction, inter-room noise transfer mitigation, den exterior building skin augmentation. For de case of construction of new (anaa remodeled) apartments, condominiums, hospitals, den hotels insyd, many states den cities get stringent building codes plus requirements of acoustical analysis, in order to protect building occupants. Plus regard to exterior noise, de codes usually dey require measurement of de exterior acoustic environment in order to determine de performance standard required give exterior building skin design. De architect fi work plus de acoustical scientist to arrive at de best cost-effective means of creating a quiet interior (normally 45&nbsp;dBA). De most important elements of design of de building skin be usually: glazing (glass thickness, double pane design etc.), perforated metal (wey dem use internally anaa externally),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stewart |first=William |date=February 2007 |title=Perforated metal systems sound absorbing surfaces |url=http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Construction Specifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205093926/http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-05 |access-date=2013-03-09}}</ref> roof material, caulking standards, chimney baffles, exterior door design, mail slots, attic ventilation ports, den mounting of thru-de-wall air conditioners. Regarding sound generated insyd de building, der dey two principal types of transmission. Firstly, airborne sound travels thru walls anaa floor den ceiling assemblies den fi emanate from either human activities for adjacent living spaces insyd anaa from mechanical noise within de building systems. Human activities fi include voice, noise from amplified sound systems, anaa animal noise. Mechanical systems be elevator systems, boilers, refrigeration anaa air conditioning systems, generators den trash compactors. Aerodynamic sources dey include fans, pneumatics, den combustion. Noise control give aerodynamic sources dey include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic silencers den quiet fan technology. Since many mechanical sounds dey inherently loud, de principal design element be say to require de wall anaa ceiling assembly to meet certain performance standards,<ref>Cyril M. Harris, ''Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers'' (1994)</ref> (typically Sound transmission class of 50), wey dey allow considerable attenuation of de sound level wey dey reach occupants. Dem bell de second type of interior sound as Impact Insulation Class (IIC) transmission. Dis effect dey arise not from airborne transmission, but rada from de transmission of sound thru de building einself. De most common perception of IIC noise be from de footfall of occupants insyd living spaces above. Dem easily transfer low-frequency noise thru de ground den buildings. Dis type of noise be more difficult to abate, but dem suppose give consideration to isolating de floor assembly above anaa hanging de lower ceiling for resilient channel top. Both of de transmission effects wey dem note above fi emanate either from building occupants anaa from building mechanical systems wey dey include elevators, plumbing systems den heating, ventilating den air conditioning units. For sam cases insyd, e dey merely necessary to specify de best available quieting technology for selecting such building hardware insyd. For oda cases insyd, shock mounting of systems to control vibration fi be for order insyd. For de case of plumbing systems insyd, der dey specific protocols wey dem develop, especially give water supply lines, to create isolation clamping of pipes within building walls. For de case of central air systems insyd, e dey important to baffle any ducts dat fi transmit sound between different building areas. Designing special-purpose rooms get more exotic challenges, since dem rooms fi get requirements give unusual features wey dey include concert performance, sound studio recording, den lecture halls. For dem cases insyd, dem suppose analyze reverberation den reflection in order to not only quiet de rooms, but to prevent echo effects from occurring. For dem situations insyd, dem fi specify special sound baffles den sound absorptive lining materials to dampen unwanted effects. == Post-architectural solutions == Acoustical wall den ceiling panels be a common commercial den residential solution give noise control for already-constructed buildings insyd. Dem fi construct acoustic panels of a variety of materials, though dem go frequently compose commercial acoustic applications of fiberglass anaa mineral wool-based acoustic substrates. For example, Mineral fiberboard be a commonly used acoustical substrate, den commercial thermal insulations, wey dey include dat dem use for de insulation of boiler tanks insyd, dey frequently repurposed give noise-controlling acoustic use based for demma effectiveness top at minimizing reverberations. De ideal acoustical panels be dem without a face anaa finish material dat fi interfere plus de performance of de acoustical infill, but aesthetic den safety concerns dey typically lead to fabric coverings anaa oda finishing materials to minimize impedance. Dem make panel finishings occasionally of a porous configuration of wood anaa metal. Dem limit de effectiveness of post-construction acoustic treatment by de amount of space wey dem able to allocate to acoustic treatment, den so dem frequently make on-site acoustical wall panels to conform to de shape of de preexisting space. Dem dey do dis by "framing" de perimeter track into shape, infilling de acoustical substrate den sanso dey stretch den tuck de fabric into de perimeter frame system. Dem fi construct on-site wall panels to work around door frames, baseboard, anaa any oda intrusion. Dem fi create large panels (generally greater dan 50 feet) for walls den ceilings top plus dis method. Double-glazed den thicker windows sanso fi prevent sound transmission from de outdoors. === Industrial === Dem traditionally associate industrial noise plus manufacturing settings wey industrial machinery dey produce intense sound levels,<ref>Randall F Barron and Barron F Barron, ''Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics'', Marcel Dekker, New York (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-8247-0701-9}}</ref> often upwards of 85 decibels. While dis circumstance be de most dramatic, der dey many oda work environments wey sound levels fi lie for de range of 70 to 75 decibels insyd, entirely composed of office equipment, music, public address systems, den even exterior noise intrusion. Either type of environment fi result for noise health effects insyd if de sound intensity den exposure time be too great. For de case of industrial equipment insyd, de most common techniques give noise protection of workers dey consist of shock mounting source equipment, creation of acrylic glass anaa oda solid barriers, den provision of ear protection equipment. For certain cases insyd dem fi redesign de machinery einself to operate for a manner insyd less prone to produce grating, grinding, frictional, anaa oda motions dat dey induce sound emissions. For recent years insyd, Buy Quiet programs den initiatives already arise for an effort insyd to combat occupational noise exposures. Dem programs dey promote de purchase of quieter tools den equipment den encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html "CDC – Buy Quiet – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151558/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html Archived] from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2017-09-10.</ref> For de case of more conventional office environments insyd, de techniques for architectural acoustics insyd discussed above fi apply. Oda solutions fi involve researching de quietest models of office equipment, particularly printers den photocopy machines. Dem often fit impact printers den oda equipment plus "acoustic hoods", enclosures to reduce emitted noise. One source of annoying, if not loud, sound level emissions be lighting fixtures (notably older fluorescent globes). Dem fi retrofit anaa analyze dem fixtures to see weda over-illumination dey present, a common office environment issue. If over-illumination dey occur, de-lamping anaa reduced light bank usage fi apply. Photographers fi quieten noisy still cameras for a film set top wey dem dey use sound blimps. === Commercial === Reductions for cost of technology insyd already allow noise control technology to be used not only for performance facilities den recording studios insyd, but sanso for noise-sensitive small businesses wey dey include restaurants. Acoustically absorbent materials wey dey include fiberglass duct liner, wood fiber panels den recycled denim jeans dey serve as artwork-bearing canvasses for environments insyd for wey aesthetics dey important. Using a combination of sound absorption materials, arrays of microphones den speakers, den a digital processor, a restaurant operator fi use a tablet computer to selectively control noise levels at different places for de restaurant insyd: de microphone arrays dey pick up sound den dey send am to de digital processor, wey dey control de speakers to output sound signals for command top. == References == <references /> == External links == *[https://www.icacommission.org/ International Commission for Acoustics] *[https://acousticalsociety.org/ Acoustical Society of America] *[https://euracoustics.org European Acoustics Association] *[https://www.aia.org/ American Institute of Architects] *[https://ncac.com/ National Council of Acoustical Consultants] *[http://www.bifma.com/ Business & Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909071605/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=46&pg=3005%2F 'City of Melbourne' Citysounds guide to urban residential design] *[https://noiseabatementsociety.org/ Noise Abatement Society] * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/casestudies/soundsolutions/ Noise control case studies] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603081642/http://www.industrialdeafnesswatch.co.uk/category/case-studies/ Industrial noise control case studies] * [https://isostore.com/research/ Multiple sound isolation research articles for beginners] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html/ NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page] *[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] Technical manual; [https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/ Chapter III: Noise] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Building technology]] [[Category:Environmental engineering]] [[Category:Environmental design]] [[Category:Noise pollution]] [[Category:Noise control| ]] [[Category:Road infrastructure]] [[Category:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] [[Category:Sound]] [[Category:Acoustics]] es2kzcd6az4yr44lxotsribiqw4sw6a 116559 116558 2026-11-09T08:57:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 116559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sound level meter with sound waves.png|thumb|A sound level meter]] '''Noise control''' anaa '''noise mitigation''' be set of strategies to reduce noise pollution anaa to reduce de impact of dat noise, weda outdoors anaa indoors. == Overview == De main areas of noise mitigation anaa abatement be: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning thru zoning codes,<ref>Benz Kotzen, [http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/ "Noise is an urban issue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803045400/http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/|date=2016-08-03}}</ref> den occupational noise control. Roadway noise den aircraft noise be de most pervasive sources of environmental noise.<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf OSHA Fact Sheet: Laboratory Safety Noise], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231722/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf|date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Social activities go fi generate noise levels dat consistently dey affect de health of populations wey dey reside insyd anaa occupying areas, both indoor den outdoor, near entertainment venues dat feature amplified sounds den music dat dey present significant challenges give effective noise mitigation strategies. Dem already develop multiple techniques to address interior sound levels, wey local building codes encourage many of dem. For de best case of project designs insyd, dem encourage planners to work plus design engineers to examine trade-offs of roadway design den architectural design. Dem techniques dey include design of exterior walls, party walls, den floor den ceiling assemblies; moreova, der dey a host of specialized means give damping reverberation from special-purpose rooms such as auditoria, concert halls, entertainment den social venues, dining areas, audio recording rooms, den meeting rooms. Many of dem techniques dey rely upon material science applications of constructing sound baffles anaa using sound-absorbing liners give interior spaces. Industrial noise control be subset of interior architectural control of noise, plus emphasis for specific methods of sound isolation top from industrial machinery den give protection of workers at demma task stations. Sound masking be de active addition of noise to reduce de annoyance of certain sounds, de opposite of soundproofing. == Standards, recommendations, den guidelines == Organizations each get demma own standards, recommendations/guidelines, den directives give wat levels of noise workers wey dem permit to be around before dem suppose put noise controls into place. === Occupational Safety den Health Administration (OSHA) === OSHA ein requirements dey state dat wen dem expose workers to noise levels above 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA) for 8-hour time-weighted averages (TWA) insyd, dem suppose implement administrative controls den/anaa new engineering controls for de workplace insyd. OSHA sanso dey require dat dem suppose control impulse noises den impact noises to prevent dem noises from reaching past 140&nbsp;dB peak sound pressure levels (SPL).<ref>Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (1983). Occupational noise exposure; hearing conservation amendment, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1910.95. ''Federal Register.'' 48(46): 9738-9785.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Rawool |first1=Vishakha |title=Hearing Conservation in Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings |date=2012 |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60406-256-4 |edition=First |location=New York, NY}}</ref> === Mine Safety den Health Organization (MSHA) === MSHA dey require dat dem suppose implement administrative den/anaa engineering controls for de workplace insyd wen dem expose miners to levels above 90 dBA TWA. If noise levels dey exceed 115 dBA, dem require miners to wear hearing protection. MSHA, therefore, dey require dat dem suppose reduce noise levels below 115&nbsp;dB TWA. Measuring noise levels give noise control decision-making suppose integrate all noises from 90&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Mine Safety and Health Administration. (1999). ''Health Standards for Occupational Noise Exposure: Final Rule'' (30 CFR Part 62, 64 Fed. Reg. 49548-49634, 49636-49637). Arlington, VA: Mine Safety and Health Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) === De FRA dey recommend dat dem suppose reduce worker exposure to noise wen demma noise exposure dey exceed 90&nbsp;dBA give an 8-hour TWA. Noise measurements suppose integrate all noises, wey dey include intermittent, continuous, impact, den impulse noises of 80&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Federal Railroad Administration (2008). 71 FR 63123, Oct. 27, 2006, as amended at 73 FR 79702, Dec. 30 2008. Part 227. ''Occupational Noise Exposure.'' Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === U.S. Department of Defense === De Department of Defense (DoD) dey suggest dat dem suppose control noise levels primarily thru engineering controls. De DoD dey require dat dem suppose reduce all steady-state noises to levels below 85 dBA den dat dem suppose reduce impulse noises below 140&nbsp;dB peak SPL. Dem no dey consider TWA exposures give de DoD ein requirements.<ref>U.S. Department of Defense. (2004). ''Instruction 6055.12. DoD Hearing Conservation Program.'' Washington, DC: Department of Defense.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === European Parliament den Council Directive === De European Parliament den Council Directive dey suppose require noise levels to reduce anaa eliminate using administrative den engineering controls. Dis directive dey require lower exposure action levels of 80 dBA give 8 hours plus 135&nbsp;dB peak SPL, along plus upper exposure action levels of 85 dBA give 8 hours plus 137 peak dBSPL. Exposure limits dey 87 dBA give 8 hours plus peak levels of 140 peak dBSPL.<ref>European Parliament and Council. (2003). ''Directive 2003/10/EC on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding the Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Noise).'' Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of the Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). ''Off J Eur Union.'' L42/38/-L42/44.</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Approaches to noise control == An effective model give noise control be de source, path, den receiver model by Bolt den Ingard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=CM |title=Handbook of Noise Control |date=1957 |publisher=McGraw-Hill:22-31 |location=New York}}</ref> Dem fi control hazardous noise by reducing de noise output at ein source, minimizing de noise as e dey travel along a path to de listener, den dey provide equipment to de listener anaa receiver to attenuate de noise. === Sources === A variety of measures dey aim to reduce hazardous noise at ein source. Programs wey dey include Buy Quiet den de National Institute give Occupational Safety den Health (NIOSH) Prevention thru design promote research den design of quiet equipment den renovation den replacement of older hazardous equipment plus modern technologies.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2010 |title=Prevention Through Design: Plan for the National Initiative |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |url-status=live |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2011121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053121/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2018 |doi-access=free |website=Centers for Disease Control}}</ref> === Path === De principle of noise reduction thru pathway modifications dey apply to de alteration of direct den indirect pathways give noise.<ref name=":1" /> Noise dat dey travel across reflective surfaces, wey dey include smooth floors, fi be hazardous. Pathway alterations dey include physical materials, wey dey include foam, dat dey absorb sound den walls to provide a sound barrier dat dey modify existing systems dat dey decrease hazardous noise. Sound dampening enclosures give loud equipment den isolation chambers from wey workers fi remotely control equipment, dem sanso fi design am. Dem methods dey prevent sound from traveling along a path to de worker anaa oda listeners. === Receiver === For de industrial anaa commercial setting insyd, workers suppose comply plus de appropriate Hearing conservation program. Administrative controls, wey dey incude de restriction of personnel for noisy areas insyd, dey prevent unnecessary noise exposure. Personal protective equipment wey dey include foam ear plugs anaa ear muffs to attenuate sound dey provide a last line of defense give de listener. == Basic technologies == * Sound insulation: dey prevent de transmission of noise by de introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials get high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. * Sound absorption: a porous material wey dey act as a 'noise sponge' by converting de sound energy into heat for de material insyd. Common sound absorption materials dey include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams den fiberglass * Vibration damping: applicable give large vibrating surfaces. De damping mechanism dey work by extracting de vibration energy from de thin sheet den dey dissipate am as heat. A common material be sound-deadened steel. * Vibration isolation: dey prevent transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element anaa a physical break. Common vibration isolators be springs, rubber mounts, cork etc. == Roadways == [[File:Geluidscherm Overschie.jpg|thumb|Dis noise abatement wall for de Netherlands insyd get a transparent section at de driver ein eye-level to reduce de visual impact give road users.]]Studies for noise barriers top show mixed results for demma ability top to effectively reduce noise pollution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landau |first1=Meryl |date=27 December 2017 |title=On Highway Noise Barriers, the Science Is Mixed. Are There Alternatives? |url=https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164021/https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Undark |publisher=Undark.org}}</ref> Electric den hybrid vehicles fi reduce noise pollution, but only if dem vehicles dey make up a high proportion of total vehicles for de road top; even if traffic for an urban area insyd reach a makeup of fifty percent electric vehicles, de overall noise reduction achieved go only be a few decibels go be barely noticeable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pallas |first1=Marie-Agnès |title=Assessing the noise impact of electric and hybrid vehicles |url=https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103211046/https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=IFSTTAR |publisher=IFSTTAR}}</ref> Highway noise be today wey motor type less affect am, since de effects for higher speed insyd be aerodynamic den tire noise related. Oda contributions to de reduction of noise at de source be: improved tire tread designs give trucks for de 1970s insyd, better shielding of diesel stacks for de 1980s insyd, den local vehicle regulation of unmuffled vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tire-Pavement Noise {{!}} Sound Control |url=http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050128/http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |archive-date=2022-02-01 |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=soundcontroltech.com |language=en-US}}</ref> De most fertile areas give roadway noise mitigation be for urban planning decisions, roadway design, noise barrier design,<ref>Benz Kotzen and Colin English, ''Environmental Noise Barriers: A Guide to Their Visual and Acoustic Design'', Spon Press, United Kingdom (1999) {{ISBN|978-0-419-23180-6}}</ref> speed control, surface pavement selection, den truck restrictions insyd. Speed control dey effective since de lowest sound emissions dey arise from vehicles moving smoothly at 30 to 60 kilometers per hour. Above dat range, sound emissions dey double plus every five miles per hour of speed. At de lowest speeds, braking den (engine) acceleration noise dey dominate. Selection of road surface pavement fi make a difference of a factor of two for sound levels insyd, give de speed regime above 30 kilometers per hour. Quieter pavements dey porous plus a negative surface texture den use small to medium-sized aggregates; de loudest pavements get transversely-grooved surfaces, positive surface textures, den larger aggregates. Surface friction den roadway safety be important considerations as well give pavement decisions. Wen designing new urban freeways anaa arterials, der dey numerous design decisions wey dey regard alignment den roadway geometrics.<ref>Myer Kutz, ''Handbook of Transportation Engineering'', McGraw-Hill (2004) {{ISBN|978-0-07-139122-1}}</ref> Use of a computer model to calculate sound levels already becam standard practice since de early 1970s. For dis way insyd dem fi minimize exposure of sensitive receptors to elevated sound levels. An analogous process dey exist give urban mass transit systems den oda rail transportation decisions. Early examples of urban rail systems wey dem design using dis technology be: Boston MBTA line expansions (1970s), San Francisco BART system expansion (1981), Houston METRORail system (1982), den de MAX Light Rail system for Portland, Oregon insyd (1983). Dem fi apply noise barriers to existing anaa planned surface transportation projects. Dem be one of de most effective actions wey dem take for retrofitting existing roadways insyd den commonly fi reduce adjacent land-use sound levels by up to ten decibels. Dem require a computer model to design de barrier since terrain, micrometeorology den oda locale-specific factors dey make de endeavor a very complex undertaking. For example, a roadway for a cut anaa strong prevailing winds insyd fi produce a setting wey atmospheric sound propagation dey unfavorable to any noise barrier. == Aircraft == [[File:Airbus A321 (British AW) - Aviation noise.jpg|thumb|An Airbus A321 of British Airways for ein landing approach top to London Heathrow Airport, wey dey showing ein proximity to homes]]As for de case of roadway noise insyd, dem already make little progress for quelling aircraft noise insyd at de source, oda dan elimination of loud engine designs from de 1960s den earlier. Sekof ein velocity den volume, jet turbine engine exhaust noise dey defy reduction by any simple means. De most promising forms of aircraft noise abatement be thru land planning, flight operations restrictions den residential soundproofing. Flight restrictions fi take de form of preferred runway use, departure flight path den slope, den time-of-day restrictions. Dem tactics be sometimes controversial since dem fi impact aircraft safety, flying convenience den airline economics. For 1979 insyd, de US Congress authorize de FAA to devise technology den programs to attempt to insulate homes near airports. While dis obviously no dey aid de exterior environment, de program already be effective give residential den school interiors. Sam of de airports at wey dem apply de technology early on be San Francisco International Airport,<ref>''Final Report for the Aircraft Noise Insulation Project for San Francisco International Airport: Phase one Pilot Project'', FAA funded and prepared for the city of South San Francisco, Earth Metrics Inc., Burlingame, California, July, 1986</ref> Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, John Wayne International Airport den San Jose International Airport<ref>C.M. Hogan and Ballard George, ''Pilot Noise Residential Insulation Program'', San Jose International Airport (1983)</ref> for California insyd. De underlying technology be a computer model wey dey simulate de propagation of aircraft noise den ein penetration into buildings. Dem fi analyze variations for aircraft types, flight patterns den local meteorology insyd along plus benefits of alternative building retrofit strategies wey dey include roof upgrading, window glazing improvement, fireplace baffling, caulking construction seams den oda measures. De computer model dey allow cost-effectiveness evaluations of a host of alternative strategies. For Canada insyd, Transport Canada dey prepare noise exposure forecasts (NEF) give each airport, wey dem dey use a computer model similar to dat dem use for de US insyd. Dem discourage residential land development within high-impact areas wey de forecast identify am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Canada |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171302/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |archive-date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> === Acoustic liners === [[File:Fan & nacelle Airbus A300's CF-6.JPG|thumb|Acoustic liners at de intake of a jet engine]] [[File:Acoustic Liner Composite Sandwich.png|thumb|A composite sandwich acoustic liner (A) plus perforate face-sheet (B) honeycomb core (C) den back-skin (D)]]Aircraft engines, typically turbofans, dey use acoustic liners to damp engine noise. Dem apply liners for de internal walls of de engine nacelle top, both for de intake den by-pass ducts top, den dey use Helmholtz resonance principle give de dissipation of incident acoustic energy. == Architectural solutions == [[File:Sound Proofed HALL, Adonai Church, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Sound treatment panels contrast plus red curtains for a church meeting hall insyd]] [[File:Schallschleuse.JPG|thumb|Soundproof doors for a broadcast center insyd]] [[File:紙飛行機 (4720476854).jpg|thumb|Acoustic ceiling tiles]]Architectural acoustics noise control practices dey include interior sound reverberation reduction, inter-room noise transfer mitigation, den exterior building skin augmentation. For de case of construction of new (anaa remodeled) apartments, condominiums, hospitals, den hotels insyd, many states den cities get stringent building codes plus requirements of acoustical analysis, in order to protect building occupants. Plus regard to exterior noise, de codes usually dey require measurement of de exterior acoustic environment in order to determine de performance standard required give exterior building skin design. De architect fi work plus de acoustical scientist to arrive at de best cost-effective means of creating a quiet interior (normally 45&nbsp;dBA). De most important elements of design of de building skin be usually: glazing (glass thickness, double pane design etc.), perforated metal (wey dem use internally anaa externally),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stewart |first=William |date=February 2007 |title=Perforated metal systems sound absorbing surfaces |url=http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Construction Specifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205093926/http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-05 |access-date=2013-03-09}}</ref> roof material, caulking standards, chimney baffles, exterior door design, mail slots, attic ventilation ports, den mounting of thru-de-wall air conditioners. Regarding sound generated insyd de building, der dey two principal types of transmission. Firstly, airborne sound travels thru walls anaa floor den ceiling assemblies den fi emanate from either human activities for adjacent living spaces insyd anaa from mechanical noise within de building systems. Human activities fi include voice, noise from amplified sound systems, anaa animal noise. Mechanical systems be elevator systems, boilers, refrigeration anaa air conditioning systems, generators den trash compactors. Aerodynamic sources dey include fans, pneumatics, den combustion. Noise control give aerodynamic sources dey include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic silencers den quiet fan technology. Since many mechanical sounds dey inherently loud, de principal design element be say to require de wall anaa ceiling assembly to meet certain performance standards,<ref>Cyril M. Harris, ''Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers'' (1994)</ref> (typically Sound transmission class of 50), wey dey allow considerable attenuation of de sound level wey dey reach occupants. Dem bell de second type of interior sound as Impact Insulation Class (IIC) transmission. Dis effect dey arise not from airborne transmission, but rada from de transmission of sound thru de building einself. De most common perception of IIC noise be from de footfall of occupants insyd living spaces above. Dem easily transfer low-frequency noise thru de ground den buildings. Dis type of noise be more difficult to abate, but dem suppose give consideration to isolating de floor assembly above anaa hanging de lower ceiling for resilient channel top. Both of de transmission effects wey dem note above fi emanate either from building occupants anaa from building mechanical systems wey dey include elevators, plumbing systems den heating, ventilating den air conditioning units. For sam cases insyd, e dey merely necessary to specify de best available quieting technology for selecting such building hardware insyd. For oda cases insyd, shock mounting of systems to control vibration fi be for order insyd. For de case of plumbing systems insyd, der dey specific protocols wey dem develop, especially give water supply lines, to create isolation clamping of pipes within building walls. For de case of central air systems insyd, e dey important to baffle any ducts dat fi transmit sound between different building areas. Designing special-purpose rooms get more exotic challenges, since dem rooms fi get requirements give unusual features wey dey include concert performance, sound studio recording, den lecture halls. For dem cases insyd, dem suppose analyze reverberation den reflection in order to not only quiet de rooms, but to prevent echo effects from occurring. For dem situations insyd, dem fi specify special sound baffles den sound absorptive lining materials to dampen unwanted effects. == Post-architectural solutions == Acoustical wall den ceiling panels be a common commercial den residential solution give noise control for already-constructed buildings insyd. Dem fi construct acoustic panels of a variety of materials, though dem go frequently compose commercial acoustic applications of fiberglass anaa mineral wool-based acoustic substrates. For example, Mineral fiberboard be a commonly used acoustical substrate, den commercial thermal insulations, wey dey include dat dem use for de insulation of boiler tanks insyd, dey frequently repurposed give noise-controlling acoustic use based for demma effectiveness top at minimizing reverberations. De ideal acoustical panels be dem without a face anaa finish material dat fi interfere plus de performance of de acoustical infill, but aesthetic den safety concerns dey typically lead to fabric coverings anaa oda finishing materials to minimize impedance. Dem make panel finishings occasionally of a porous configuration of wood anaa metal. Dem limit de effectiveness of post-construction acoustic treatment by de amount of space wey dem able to allocate to acoustic treatment, den so dem frequently make on-site acoustical wall panels to conform to de shape of de preexisting space. Dem dey do dis by "framing" de perimeter track into shape, infilling de acoustical substrate den sanso dey stretch den tuck de fabric into de perimeter frame system. Dem fi construct on-site wall panels to work around door frames, baseboard, anaa any oda intrusion. Dem fi create large panels (generally greater dan 50 feet) for walls den ceilings top plus dis method. Double-glazed den thicker windows sanso fi prevent sound transmission from de outdoors. === Industrial === Dem traditionally associate industrial noise plus manufacturing settings wey industrial machinery dey produce intense sound levels,<ref>Randall F Barron and Barron F Barron, ''Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics'', Marcel Dekker, New York (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-8247-0701-9}}</ref> often upwards of 85 decibels. While dis circumstance be de most dramatic, der dey many oda work environments wey sound levels fi lie for de range of 70 to 75 decibels insyd, entirely composed of office equipment, music, public address systems, den even exterior noise intrusion. Either type of environment fi result for noise health effects insyd if de sound intensity den exposure time be too great. For de case of industrial equipment insyd, de most common techniques give noise protection of workers dey consist of shock mounting source equipment, creation of acrylic glass anaa oda solid barriers, den provision of ear protection equipment. For certain cases insyd dem fi redesign de machinery einself to operate for a manner insyd less prone to produce grating, grinding, frictional, anaa oda motions dat dey induce sound emissions. For recent years insyd, Buy Quiet programs den initiatives already arise for an effort insyd to combat occupational noise exposures. Dem programs dey promote de purchase of quieter tools den equipment den encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html "CDC – Buy Quiet – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151558/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html Archived] from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2017-09-10.</ref> For de case of more conventional office environments insyd, de techniques for architectural acoustics insyd discussed above fi apply. Oda solutions fi involve researching de quietest models of office equipment, particularly printers den photocopy machines. Dem often fit impact printers den oda equipment plus "acoustic hoods", enclosures to reduce emitted noise. One source of annoying, if not loud, sound level emissions be lighting fixtures (notably older fluorescent globes). Dem fi retrofit anaa analyze dem fixtures to see weda over-illumination dey present, a common office environment issue. If over-illumination dey occur, de-lamping anaa reduced light bank usage fi apply. Photographers fi quieten noisy still cameras for a film set top wey dem dey use sound blimps. === Commercial === Reductions for cost of technology insyd already allow noise control technology to be used not only for performance facilities den recording studios insyd, but sanso for noise-sensitive small businesses wey dey include restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |last=Finz |first=Stacy |date=May 13, 2012 |title=High-tech system lets restaurant set noise level |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725235827/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Acoustically absorbent materials wey dey include fiberglass duct liner, wood fiber panels den recycled denim jeans dey serve as artwork-bearing canvasses for environments insyd for wey aesthetics dey important. Using a combination of sound absorption materials, arrays of microphones den speakers, den a digital processor, a restaurant operator fi use a tablet computer to selectively control noise levels at different places for de restaurant insyd: de microphone arrays dey pick up sound den dey send am to de digital processor, wey dey control de speakers to output sound signals for command top. == References == <references /> == External links == *[https://www.icacommission.org/ International Commission for Acoustics] *[https://acousticalsociety.org/ Acoustical Society of America] *[https://euracoustics.org European Acoustics Association] *[https://www.aia.org/ American Institute of Architects] *[https://ncac.com/ National Council of Acoustical Consultants] *[http://www.bifma.com/ Business & Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909071605/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=46&pg=3005%2F 'City of Melbourne' Citysounds guide to urban residential design] *[https://noiseabatementsociety.org/ Noise Abatement Society] * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/casestudies/soundsolutions/ Noise control case studies] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603081642/http://www.industrialdeafnesswatch.co.uk/category/case-studies/ Industrial noise control case studies] * [https://isostore.com/research/ Multiple sound isolation research articles for beginners] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html/ NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page] *[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] Technical manual; [https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/ Chapter III: Noise] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Building technology]] [[Category:Environmental engineering]] [[Category:Environmental design]] [[Category:Noise pollution]] [[Category:Noise control| ]] [[Category:Road infrastructure]] [[Category:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] [[Category:Sound]] [[Category:Acoustics]] qeavizcxywy18rrdgqgie390htu2jjx 116560 116559 2026-11-09T08:57:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 116560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sound level meter with sound waves.png|thumb|A sound level meter]] '''Noise control''' anaa '''noise mitigation''' be set of strategies to reduce noise pollution anaa to reduce de impact of dat noise, weda outdoors anaa indoors. == Overview == De main areas of noise mitigation anaa abatement be: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning thru zoning codes,<ref>Benz Kotzen, [http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/ "Noise is an urban issue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803045400/http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/|date=2016-08-03}}</ref> den occupational noise control. Roadway noise den aircraft noise be de most pervasive sources of environmental noise.<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf OSHA Fact Sheet: Laboratory Safety Noise], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231722/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf|date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Social activities go fi generate noise levels dat consistently dey affect de health of populations wey dey reside insyd anaa occupying areas, both indoor den outdoor, near entertainment venues dat feature amplified sounds den music dat dey present significant challenges give effective noise mitigation strategies. Dem already develop multiple techniques to address interior sound levels, wey local building codes encourage many of dem. For de best case of project designs insyd, dem encourage planners to work plus design engineers to examine trade-offs of roadway design den architectural design. Dem techniques dey include design of exterior walls, party walls, den floor den ceiling assemblies; moreova, der dey a host of specialized means give damping reverberation from special-purpose rooms such as auditoria, concert halls, entertainment den social venues, dining areas, audio recording rooms, den meeting rooms. Many of dem techniques dey rely upon material science applications of constructing sound baffles anaa using sound-absorbing liners give interior spaces. Industrial noise control be subset of interior architectural control of noise, plus emphasis for specific methods of sound isolation top from industrial machinery den give protection of workers at demma task stations. Sound masking be de active addition of noise to reduce de annoyance of certain sounds, de opposite of soundproofing. == Standards, recommendations, den guidelines == Organizations each get demma own standards, recommendations/guidelines, den directives give wat levels of noise workers wey dem permit to be around before dem suppose put noise controls into place. === Occupational Safety den Health Administration (OSHA) === OSHA ein requirements dey state dat wen dem expose workers to noise levels above 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA) for 8-hour time-weighted averages (TWA) insyd, dem suppose implement administrative controls den/anaa new engineering controls for de workplace insyd. OSHA sanso dey require dat dem suppose control impulse noises den impact noises to prevent dem noises from reaching past 140&nbsp;dB peak sound pressure levels (SPL).<ref>Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (1983). Occupational noise exposure; hearing conservation amendment, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1910.95. ''Federal Register.'' 48(46): 9738-9785.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Rawool |first1=Vishakha |title=Hearing Conservation in Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings |date=2012 |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60406-256-4 |edition=First |location=New York, NY}}</ref> === Mine Safety den Health Organization (MSHA) === MSHA dey require dat dem suppose implement administrative den/anaa engineering controls for de workplace insyd wen dem expose miners to levels above 90 dBA TWA. If noise levels dey exceed 115 dBA, dem require miners to wear hearing protection. MSHA, therefore, dey require dat dem suppose reduce noise levels below 115&nbsp;dB TWA. Measuring noise levels give noise control decision-making suppose integrate all noises from 90&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Mine Safety and Health Administration. (1999). ''Health Standards for Occupational Noise Exposure: Final Rule'' (30 CFR Part 62, 64 Fed. Reg. 49548-49634, 49636-49637). Arlington, VA: Mine Safety and Health Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) === De FRA dey recommend dat dem suppose reduce worker exposure to noise wen demma noise exposure dey exceed 90&nbsp;dBA give an 8-hour TWA. Noise measurements suppose integrate all noises, wey dey include intermittent, continuous, impact, den impulse noises of 80&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Federal Railroad Administration (2008). 71 FR 63123, Oct. 27, 2006, as amended at 73 FR 79702, Dec. 30 2008. Part 227. ''Occupational Noise Exposure.'' Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === U.S. Department of Defense === De Department of Defense (DoD) dey suggest dat dem suppose control noise levels primarily thru engineering controls. De DoD dey require dat dem suppose reduce all steady-state noises to levels below 85 dBA den dat dem suppose reduce impulse noises below 140&nbsp;dB peak SPL. Dem no dey consider TWA exposures give de DoD ein requirements.<ref>U.S. Department of Defense. (2004). ''Instruction 6055.12. DoD Hearing Conservation Program.'' Washington, DC: Department of Defense.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === European Parliament den Council Directive === De European Parliament den Council Directive dey suppose require noise levels to reduce anaa eliminate using administrative den engineering controls. Dis directive dey require lower exposure action levels of 80 dBA give 8 hours plus 135&nbsp;dB peak SPL, along plus upper exposure action levels of 85 dBA give 8 hours plus 137 peak dBSPL. Exposure limits dey 87 dBA give 8 hours plus peak levels of 140 peak dBSPL.<ref>European Parliament and Council. (2003). ''Directive 2003/10/EC on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding the Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Noise).'' Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of the Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). ''Off J Eur Union.'' L42/38/-L42/44.</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Approaches to noise control == An effective model give noise control be de source, path, den receiver model by Bolt den Ingard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=CM |title=Handbook of Noise Control |date=1957 |publisher=McGraw-Hill:22-31 |location=New York}}</ref> Dem fi control hazardous noise by reducing de noise output at ein source, minimizing de noise as e dey travel along a path to de listener, den dey provide equipment to de listener anaa receiver to attenuate de noise. === Sources === A variety of measures dey aim to reduce hazardous noise at ein source. Programs wey dey include Buy Quiet den de National Institute give Occupational Safety den Health (NIOSH) Prevention thru design promote research den design of quiet equipment den renovation den replacement of older hazardous equipment plus modern technologies.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2010 |title=Prevention Through Design: Plan for the National Initiative |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |url-status=live |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2011121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053121/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2018 |doi-access=free |website=Centers for Disease Control}}</ref> === Path === De principle of noise reduction thru pathway modifications dey apply to de alteration of direct den indirect pathways give noise.<ref name=":1" /> Noise dat dey travel across reflective surfaces, wey dey include smooth floors, fi be hazardous. Pathway alterations dey include physical materials, wey dey include foam, dat dey absorb sound den walls to provide a sound barrier dat dey modify existing systems dat dey decrease hazardous noise. Sound dampening enclosures give loud equipment den isolation chambers from wey workers fi remotely control equipment, dem sanso fi design am. Dem methods dey prevent sound from traveling along a path to de worker anaa oda listeners. === Receiver === For de industrial anaa commercial setting insyd, workers suppose comply plus de appropriate Hearing conservation program. Administrative controls, wey dey incude de restriction of personnel for noisy areas insyd, dey prevent unnecessary noise exposure. Personal protective equipment wey dey include foam ear plugs anaa ear muffs to attenuate sound dey provide a last line of defense give de listener. == Basic technologies == * Sound insulation: dey prevent de transmission of noise by de introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials get high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. * Sound absorption: a porous material wey dey act as a 'noise sponge' by converting de sound energy into heat for de material insyd. Common sound absorption materials dey include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams den fiberglass * Vibration damping: applicable give large vibrating surfaces. De damping mechanism dey work by extracting de vibration energy from de thin sheet den dey dissipate am as heat. A common material be sound-deadened steel. * Vibration isolation: dey prevent transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element anaa a physical break. Common vibration isolators be springs, rubber mounts, cork etc. == Roadways == [[File:Geluidscherm Overschie.jpg|thumb|Dis noise abatement wall for de Netherlands insyd get a transparent section at de driver ein eye-level to reduce de visual impact give road users.]]Studies for noise barriers top show mixed results for demma ability top to effectively reduce noise pollution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landau |first1=Meryl |date=27 December 2017 |title=On Highway Noise Barriers, the Science Is Mixed. Are There Alternatives? |url=https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164021/https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Undark |publisher=Undark.org}}</ref> Electric den hybrid vehicles fi reduce noise pollution, but only if dem vehicles dey make up a high proportion of total vehicles for de road top; even if traffic for an urban area insyd reach a makeup of fifty percent electric vehicles, de overall noise reduction achieved go only be a few decibels go be barely noticeable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pallas |first1=Marie-Agnès |title=Assessing the noise impact of electric and hybrid vehicles |url=https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103211046/https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=IFSTTAR |publisher=IFSTTAR}}</ref> Highway noise be today wey motor type less affect am, since de effects for higher speed insyd be aerodynamic den tire noise related. Oda contributions to de reduction of noise at de source be: improved tire tread designs give trucks for de 1970s insyd, better shielding of diesel stacks for de 1980s insyd, den local vehicle regulation of unmuffled vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tire-Pavement Noise {{!}} Sound Control |url=http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050128/http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |archive-date=2022-02-01 |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=soundcontroltech.com |language=en-US}}</ref> De most fertile areas give roadway noise mitigation be for urban planning decisions, roadway design, noise barrier design,<ref>Benz Kotzen and Colin English, ''Environmental Noise Barriers: A Guide to Their Visual and Acoustic Design'', Spon Press, United Kingdom (1999) {{ISBN|978-0-419-23180-6}}</ref> speed control, surface pavement selection, den truck restrictions insyd. Speed control dey effective since de lowest sound emissions dey arise from vehicles moving smoothly at 30 to 60 kilometers per hour. Above dat range, sound emissions dey double plus every five miles per hour of speed. At de lowest speeds, braking den (engine) acceleration noise dey dominate. Selection of road surface pavement fi make a difference of a factor of two for sound levels insyd, give de speed regime above 30 kilometers per hour. Quieter pavements dey porous plus a negative surface texture den use small to medium-sized aggregates; de loudest pavements get transversely-grooved surfaces, positive surface textures, den larger aggregates. Surface friction den roadway safety be important considerations as well give pavement decisions. Wen designing new urban freeways anaa arterials, der dey numerous design decisions wey dey regard alignment den roadway geometrics.<ref>Myer Kutz, ''Handbook of Transportation Engineering'', McGraw-Hill (2004) {{ISBN|978-0-07-139122-1}}</ref> Use of a computer model to calculate sound levels already becam standard practice since de early 1970s. For dis way insyd dem fi minimize exposure of sensitive receptors to elevated sound levels. An analogous process dey exist give urban mass transit systems den oda rail transportation decisions. Early examples of urban rail systems wey dem design using dis technology be: Boston MBTA line expansions (1970s), San Francisco BART system expansion (1981), Houston METRORail system (1982), den de MAX Light Rail system for Portland, Oregon insyd (1983). Dem fi apply noise barriers to existing anaa planned surface transportation projects. Dem be one of de most effective actions wey dem take for retrofitting existing roadways insyd den commonly fi reduce adjacent land-use sound levels by up to ten decibels. Dem require a computer model to design de barrier since terrain, micrometeorology den oda locale-specific factors dey make de endeavor a very complex undertaking. For example, a roadway for a cut anaa strong prevailing winds insyd fi produce a setting wey atmospheric sound propagation dey unfavorable to any noise barrier. == Aircraft == [[File:Airbus A321 (British AW) - Aviation noise.jpg|thumb|An Airbus A321 of British Airways for ein landing approach top to London Heathrow Airport, wey dey showing ein proximity to homes]]As for de case of roadway noise insyd, dem already make little progress for quelling aircraft noise insyd at de source, oda dan elimination of loud engine designs from de 1960s den earlier. Sekof ein velocity den volume, jet turbine engine exhaust noise dey defy reduction by any simple means. De most promising forms of aircraft noise abatement be thru land planning, flight operations restrictions den residential soundproofing. Flight restrictions fi take de form of preferred runway use, departure flight path den slope, den time-of-day restrictions. Dem tactics be sometimes controversial since dem fi impact aircraft safety, flying convenience den airline economics. For 1979 insyd, de US Congress authorize de FAA to devise technology den programs to attempt to insulate homes near airports. While dis obviously no dey aid de exterior environment, de program already be effective give residential den school interiors. Sam of de airports at wey dem apply de technology early on be San Francisco International Airport,<ref>''Final Report for the Aircraft Noise Insulation Project for San Francisco International Airport: Phase one Pilot Project'', FAA funded and prepared for the city of South San Francisco, Earth Metrics Inc., Burlingame, California, July, 1986</ref> Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, John Wayne International Airport den San Jose International Airport<ref>C.M. Hogan and Ballard George, ''Pilot Noise Residential Insulation Program'', San Jose International Airport (1983)</ref> for California insyd. De underlying technology be a computer model wey dey simulate de propagation of aircraft noise den ein penetration into buildings. Dem fi analyze variations for aircraft types, flight patterns den local meteorology insyd along plus benefits of alternative building retrofit strategies wey dey include roof upgrading, window glazing improvement, fireplace baffling, caulking construction seams den oda measures. De computer model dey allow cost-effectiveness evaluations of a host of alternative strategies. For Canada insyd, Transport Canada dey prepare noise exposure forecasts (NEF) give each airport, wey dem dey use a computer model similar to dat dem use for de US insyd. Dem discourage residential land development within high-impact areas wey de forecast identify am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Canada |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171302/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |archive-date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> === Acoustic liners === [[File:Fan & nacelle Airbus A300's CF-6.JPG|thumb|Acoustic liners at de intake of a jet engine]] [[File:Acoustic Liner Composite Sandwich.png|thumb|A composite sandwich acoustic liner (A) plus perforate face-sheet (B) honeycomb core (C) den back-skin (D)]]Aircraft engines, typically turbofans, dey use acoustic liners to damp engine noise. Dem apply liners for de internal walls of de engine nacelle top, both for de intake den by-pass ducts top, den dey use Helmholtz resonance principle give de dissipation of incident acoustic energy. == Architectural solutions == [[File:Sound Proofed HALL, Adonai Church, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Sound treatment panels contrast plus red curtains for a church meeting hall insyd]] [[File:Schallschleuse.JPG|thumb|Soundproof doors for a broadcast center insyd]] [[File:紙飛行機 (4720476854).jpg|thumb|Acoustic ceiling tiles]]Architectural acoustics noise control practices dey include interior sound reverberation reduction, inter-room noise transfer mitigation, den exterior building skin augmentation. For de case of construction of new (anaa remodeled) apartments, condominiums, hospitals, den hotels insyd, many states den cities get stringent building codes plus requirements of acoustical analysis, in order to protect building occupants. Plus regard to exterior noise, de codes usually dey require measurement of de exterior acoustic environment in order to determine de performance standard required give exterior building skin design. De architect fi work plus de acoustical scientist to arrive at de best cost-effective means of creating a quiet interior (normally 45&nbsp;dBA). De most important elements of design of de building skin be usually: glazing (glass thickness, double pane design etc.), perforated metal (wey dem use internally anaa externally),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stewart |first=William |date=February 2007 |title=Perforated metal systems sound absorbing surfaces |url=http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Construction Specifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205093926/http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-05 |access-date=2013-03-09}}</ref> roof material, caulking standards, chimney baffles, exterior door design, mail slots, attic ventilation ports, den mounting of thru-de-wall air conditioners. Regarding sound generated insyd de building, der dey two principal types of transmission. Firstly, airborne sound travels thru walls anaa floor den ceiling assemblies den fi emanate from either human activities for adjacent living spaces insyd anaa from mechanical noise within de building systems. Human activities fi include voice, noise from amplified sound systems, anaa animal noise. Mechanical systems be elevator systems, boilers, refrigeration anaa air conditioning systems, generators den trash compactors. Aerodynamic sources dey include fans, pneumatics, den combustion. Noise control give aerodynamic sources dey include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic silencers den quiet fan technology. Since many mechanical sounds dey inherently loud, de principal design element be say to require de wall anaa ceiling assembly to meet certain performance standards,<ref>Cyril M. Harris, ''Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers'' (1994)</ref> (typically Sound transmission class of 50), wey dey allow considerable attenuation of de sound level wey dey reach occupants. Dem bell de second type of interior sound as Impact Insulation Class (IIC) transmission. Dis effect dey arise not from airborne transmission, but rada from de transmission of sound thru de building einself. De most common perception of IIC noise be from de footfall of occupants insyd living spaces above. Dem easily transfer low-frequency noise thru de ground den buildings. Dis type of noise be more difficult to abate, but dem suppose give consideration to isolating de floor assembly above anaa hanging de lower ceiling for resilient channel top. Both of de transmission effects wey dem note above fi emanate either from building occupants anaa from building mechanical systems wey dey include elevators, plumbing systems den heating, ventilating den air conditioning units. For sam cases insyd, e dey merely necessary to specify de best available quieting technology for selecting such building hardware insyd. For oda cases insyd, shock mounting of systems to control vibration fi be for order insyd. For de case of plumbing systems insyd, der dey specific protocols wey dem develop, especially give water supply lines, to create isolation clamping of pipes within building walls. For de case of central air systems insyd, e dey important to baffle any ducts dat fi transmit sound between different building areas. Designing special-purpose rooms get more exotic challenges, since dem rooms fi get requirements give unusual features wey dey include concert performance, sound studio recording, den lecture halls. For dem cases insyd, dem suppose analyze reverberation den reflection in order to not only quiet de rooms, but to prevent echo effects from occurring. For dem situations insyd, dem fi specify special sound baffles den sound absorptive lining materials to dampen unwanted effects. == Post-architectural solutions == Acoustical wall den ceiling panels be a common commercial den residential solution give noise control for already-constructed buildings insyd. Dem fi construct acoustic panels of a variety of materials, though dem go frequently compose commercial acoustic applications of fiberglass anaa mineral wool-based acoustic substrates. For example, Mineral fiberboard be a commonly used acoustical substrate, den commercial thermal insulations, wey dey include dat dem use for de insulation of boiler tanks insyd, dey frequently repurposed give noise-controlling acoustic use based for demma effectiveness top at minimizing reverberations. De ideal acoustical panels be dem without a face anaa finish material dat fi interfere plus de performance of de acoustical infill, but aesthetic den safety concerns dey typically lead to fabric coverings anaa oda finishing materials to minimize impedance. Dem make panel finishings occasionally of a porous configuration of wood anaa metal. Dem limit de effectiveness of post-construction acoustic treatment by de amount of space wey dem able to allocate to acoustic treatment, den so dem frequently make on-site acoustical wall panels to conform to de shape of de preexisting space. Dem dey do dis by "framing" de perimeter track into shape, infilling de acoustical substrate den sanso dey stretch den tuck de fabric into de perimeter frame system. Dem fi construct on-site wall panels to work around door frames, baseboard, anaa any oda intrusion. Dem fi create large panels (generally greater dan 50 feet) for walls den ceilings top plus dis method. Double-glazed den thicker windows sanso fi prevent sound transmission from de outdoors. === Industrial === Dem traditionally associate industrial noise plus manufacturing settings wey industrial machinery dey produce intense sound levels,<ref>Randall F Barron and Barron F Barron, ''Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics'', Marcel Dekker, New York (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-8247-0701-9}}</ref> often upwards of 85 decibels. While dis circumstance be de most dramatic, der dey many oda work environments wey sound levels fi lie for de range of 70 to 75 decibels insyd, entirely composed of office equipment, music, public address systems, den even exterior noise intrusion. Either type of environment fi result for noise health effects insyd if de sound intensity den exposure time be too great. For de case of industrial equipment insyd, de most common techniques give noise protection of workers dey consist of shock mounting source equipment, creation of acrylic glass anaa oda solid barriers, den provision of ear protection equipment. For certain cases insyd dem fi redesign de machinery einself to operate for a manner insyd less prone to produce grating, grinding, frictional, anaa oda motions dat dey induce sound emissions. For recent years insyd, Buy Quiet programs den initiatives already arise for an effort insyd to combat occupational noise exposures. Dem programs dey promote de purchase of quieter tools den equipment den encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html "CDC – Buy Quiet – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151558/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html Archived] from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2017-09-10.</ref> For de case of more conventional office environments insyd, de techniques for architectural acoustics insyd discussed above fi apply. Oda solutions fi involve researching de quietest models of office equipment, particularly printers den photocopy machines. Dem often fit impact printers den oda equipment plus "acoustic hoods", enclosures to reduce emitted noise. One source of annoying, if not loud, sound level emissions be lighting fixtures (notably older fluorescent globes). Dem fi retrofit anaa analyze dem fixtures to see weda over-illumination dey present, a common office environment issue. If over-illumination dey occur, de-lamping anaa reduced light bank usage fi apply. Photographers fi quieten noisy still cameras for a film set top wey dem dey use sound blimps. === Commercial === Reductions for cost of technology insyd already allow noise control technology to be used not only for performance facilities den recording studios insyd, but sanso for noise-sensitive small businesses wey dey include restaurants.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Finz |first=Stacy |date=May 13, 2012 |title=High-tech system lets restaurant set noise level |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725235827/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Acoustically absorbent materials wey dey include fiberglass duct liner, wood fiber panels den recycled denim jeans dey serve as artwork-bearing canvasses for environments insyd for wey aesthetics dey important.<ref name=":2" /> Using a combination of sound absorption materials, arrays of microphones den speakers, den a digital processor, a restaurant operator fi use a tablet computer to selectively control noise levels at different places for de restaurant insyd: de microphone arrays dey pick up sound den dey send am to de digital processor, wey dey control de speakers to output sound signals for command top. == References == <references /> == External links == *[https://www.icacommission.org/ International Commission for Acoustics] *[https://acousticalsociety.org/ Acoustical Society of America] *[https://euracoustics.org European Acoustics Association] *[https://www.aia.org/ American Institute of Architects] *[https://ncac.com/ National Council of Acoustical Consultants] *[http://www.bifma.com/ Business & Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909071605/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=46&pg=3005%2F 'City of Melbourne' Citysounds guide to urban residential design] *[https://noiseabatementsociety.org/ Noise Abatement Society] * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/casestudies/soundsolutions/ Noise control case studies] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603081642/http://www.industrialdeafnesswatch.co.uk/category/case-studies/ Industrial noise control case studies] * [https://isostore.com/research/ Multiple sound isolation research articles for beginners] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html/ NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page] *[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] Technical manual; [https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/ Chapter III: Noise] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Building technology]] [[Category:Environmental engineering]] [[Category:Environmental design]] [[Category:Noise pollution]] [[Category:Noise control| ]] [[Category:Road infrastructure]] [[Category:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] [[Category:Sound]] [[Category:Acoustics]] kl5ycsy18mh5soifpqqdwuohrte4d6p 116561 116560 2026-11-09T08:58:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 116561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sound level meter with sound waves.png|thumb|A sound level meter]] '''Noise control''' anaa '''noise mitigation''' be set of strategies to reduce noise pollution anaa to reduce de impact of dat noise, weda outdoors anaa indoors. == Overview == De main areas of noise mitigation anaa abatement be: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning thru zoning codes,<ref>Benz Kotzen, [http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/ "Noise is an urban issue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803045400/http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/|date=2016-08-03}}</ref> den occupational noise control. Roadway noise den aircraft noise be de most pervasive sources of environmental noise.<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf OSHA Fact Sheet: Laboratory Safety Noise], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231722/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf|date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Social activities go fi generate noise levels dat consistently dey affect de health of populations wey dey reside insyd anaa occupying areas, both indoor den outdoor, near entertainment venues dat feature amplified sounds den music dat dey present significant challenges give effective noise mitigation strategies. Dem already develop multiple techniques to address interior sound levels, wey local building codes encourage many of dem. For de best case of project designs insyd, dem encourage planners to work plus design engineers to examine trade-offs of roadway design den architectural design. Dem techniques dey include design of exterior walls, party walls, den floor den ceiling assemblies; moreova, der dey a host of specialized means give damping reverberation from special-purpose rooms such as auditoria, concert halls, entertainment den social venues, dining areas, audio recording rooms, den meeting rooms. Many of dem techniques dey rely upon material science applications of constructing sound baffles anaa using sound-absorbing liners give interior spaces. Industrial noise control be subset of interior architectural control of noise, plus emphasis for specific methods of sound isolation top from industrial machinery den give protection of workers at demma task stations. Sound masking be de active addition of noise to reduce de annoyance of certain sounds, de opposite of soundproofing. == Standards, recommendations, den guidelines == Organizations each get demma own standards, recommendations/guidelines, den directives give wat levels of noise workers wey dem permit to be around before dem suppose put noise controls into place. === Occupational Safety den Health Administration (OSHA) === OSHA ein requirements dey state dat wen dem expose workers to noise levels above 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA) for 8-hour time-weighted averages (TWA) insyd, dem suppose implement administrative controls den/anaa new engineering controls for de workplace insyd. OSHA sanso dey require dat dem suppose control impulse noises den impact noises to prevent dem noises from reaching past 140&nbsp;dB peak sound pressure levels (SPL).<ref>Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (1983). Occupational noise exposure; hearing conservation amendment, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1910.95. ''Federal Register.'' 48(46): 9738-9785.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Rawool |first1=Vishakha |title=Hearing Conservation in Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings |date=2012 |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60406-256-4 |edition=First |location=New York, NY}}</ref> === Mine Safety den Health Organization (MSHA) === MSHA dey require dat dem suppose implement administrative den/anaa engineering controls for de workplace insyd wen dem expose miners to levels above 90 dBA TWA. If noise levels dey exceed 115 dBA, dem require miners to wear hearing protection. MSHA, therefore, dey require dat dem suppose reduce noise levels below 115&nbsp;dB TWA. Measuring noise levels give noise control decision-making suppose integrate all noises from 90&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Mine Safety and Health Administration. (1999). ''Health Standards for Occupational Noise Exposure: Final Rule'' (30 CFR Part 62, 64 Fed. Reg. 49548-49634, 49636-49637). Arlington, VA: Mine Safety and Health Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) === De FRA dey recommend dat dem suppose reduce worker exposure to noise wen demma noise exposure dey exceed 90&nbsp;dBA give an 8-hour TWA. Noise measurements suppose integrate all noises, wey dey include intermittent, continuous, impact, den impulse noises of 80&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Federal Railroad Administration (2008). 71 FR 63123, Oct. 27, 2006, as amended at 73 FR 79702, Dec. 30 2008. Part 227. ''Occupational Noise Exposure.'' Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === U.S. Department of Defense === De Department of Defense (DoD) dey suggest dat dem suppose control noise levels primarily thru engineering controls. De DoD dey require dat dem suppose reduce all steady-state noises to levels below 85 dBA den dat dem suppose reduce impulse noises below 140&nbsp;dB peak SPL. Dem no dey consider TWA exposures give de DoD ein requirements.<ref>U.S. Department of Defense. (2004). ''Instruction 6055.12. DoD Hearing Conservation Program.'' Washington, DC: Department of Defense.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === European Parliament den Council Directive === De European Parliament den Council Directive dey suppose require noise levels to reduce anaa eliminate using administrative den engineering controls. Dis directive dey require lower exposure action levels of 80 dBA give 8 hours plus 135&nbsp;dB peak SPL, along plus upper exposure action levels of 85 dBA give 8 hours plus 137 peak dBSPL. Exposure limits dey 87 dBA give 8 hours plus peak levels of 140 peak dBSPL.<ref>European Parliament and Council. (2003). ''Directive 2003/10/EC on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding the Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Noise).'' Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of the Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). ''Off J Eur Union.'' L42/38/-L42/44.</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Approaches to noise control == An effective model give noise control be de source, path, den receiver model by Bolt den Ingard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=CM |title=Handbook of Noise Control |date=1957 |publisher=McGraw-Hill:22-31 |location=New York}}</ref> Dem fi control hazardous noise by reducing de noise output at ein source, minimizing de noise as e dey travel along a path to de listener, den dey provide equipment to de listener anaa receiver to attenuate de noise. === Sources === A variety of measures dey aim to reduce hazardous noise at ein source. Programs wey dey include Buy Quiet den de National Institute give Occupational Safety den Health (NIOSH) Prevention thru design promote research den design of quiet equipment den renovation den replacement of older hazardous equipment plus modern technologies.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2010 |title=Prevention Through Design: Plan for the National Initiative |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |url-status=live |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2011121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053121/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2018 |doi-access=free |website=Centers for Disease Control}}</ref> === Path === De principle of noise reduction thru pathway modifications dey apply to de alteration of direct den indirect pathways give noise.<ref name=":1" /> Noise dat dey travel across reflective surfaces, wey dey include smooth floors, fi be hazardous. Pathway alterations dey include physical materials, wey dey include foam, dat dey absorb sound den walls to provide a sound barrier dat dey modify existing systems dat dey decrease hazardous noise. Sound dampening enclosures give loud equipment den isolation chambers from wey workers fi remotely control equipment, dem sanso fi design am. Dem methods dey prevent sound from traveling along a path to de worker anaa oda listeners. === Receiver === For de industrial anaa commercial setting insyd, workers suppose comply plus de appropriate Hearing conservation program. Administrative controls, wey dey incude de restriction of personnel for noisy areas insyd, dey prevent unnecessary noise exposure. Personal protective equipment wey dey include foam ear plugs anaa ear muffs to attenuate sound dey provide a last line of defense give de listener. == Basic technologies == * Sound insulation: dey prevent de transmission of noise by de introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials get high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. * Sound absorption: a porous material wey dey act as a 'noise sponge' by converting de sound energy into heat for de material insyd. Common sound absorption materials dey include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams den fiberglass * Vibration damping: applicable give large vibrating surfaces. De damping mechanism dey work by extracting de vibration energy from de thin sheet den dey dissipate am as heat. A common material be sound-deadened steel. * Vibration isolation: dey prevent transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element anaa a physical break. Common vibration isolators be springs, rubber mounts, cork etc. == Roadways == [[File:Geluidscherm Overschie.jpg|thumb|Dis noise abatement wall for de Netherlands insyd get a transparent section at de driver ein eye-level to reduce de visual impact give road users.]]Studies for noise barriers top show mixed results for demma ability top to effectively reduce noise pollution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landau |first1=Meryl |date=27 December 2017 |title=On Highway Noise Barriers, the Science Is Mixed. Are There Alternatives? |url=https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164021/https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Undark |publisher=Undark.org}}</ref> Electric den hybrid vehicles fi reduce noise pollution, but only if dem vehicles dey make up a high proportion of total vehicles for de road top; even if traffic for an urban area insyd reach a makeup of fifty percent electric vehicles, de overall noise reduction achieved go only be a few decibels go be barely noticeable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pallas |first1=Marie-Agnès |title=Assessing the noise impact of electric and hybrid vehicles |url=https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103211046/https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=IFSTTAR |publisher=IFSTTAR}}</ref> Highway noise be today wey motor type less affect am, since de effects for higher speed insyd be aerodynamic den tire noise related. Oda contributions to de reduction of noise at de source be: improved tire tread designs give trucks for de 1970s insyd, better shielding of diesel stacks for de 1980s insyd, den local vehicle regulation of unmuffled vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tire-Pavement Noise {{!}} Sound Control |url=http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050128/http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |archive-date=2022-02-01 |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=soundcontroltech.com |language=en-US}}</ref> De most fertile areas give roadway noise mitigation be for urban planning decisions, roadway design, noise barrier design,<ref>Benz Kotzen and Colin English, ''Environmental Noise Barriers: A Guide to Their Visual and Acoustic Design'', Spon Press, United Kingdom (1999) {{ISBN|978-0-419-23180-6}}</ref> speed control, surface pavement selection, den truck restrictions insyd. Speed control dey effective since de lowest sound emissions dey arise from vehicles moving smoothly at 30 to 60 kilometers per hour. Above dat range, sound emissions dey double plus every five miles per hour of speed. At de lowest speeds, braking den (engine) acceleration noise dey dominate. Selection of road surface pavement fi make a difference of a factor of two for sound levels insyd, give de speed regime above 30 kilometers per hour. Quieter pavements dey porous plus a negative surface texture den use small to medium-sized aggregates; de loudest pavements get transversely-grooved surfaces, positive surface textures, den larger aggregates. Surface friction den roadway safety be important considerations as well give pavement decisions. Wen designing new urban freeways anaa arterials, der dey numerous design decisions wey dey regard alignment den roadway geometrics.<ref>Myer Kutz, ''Handbook of Transportation Engineering'', McGraw-Hill (2004) {{ISBN|978-0-07-139122-1}}</ref> Use of a computer model to calculate sound levels already becam standard practice since de early 1970s. For dis way insyd dem fi minimize exposure of sensitive receptors to elevated sound levels. An analogous process dey exist give urban mass transit systems den oda rail transportation decisions. Early examples of urban rail systems wey dem design using dis technology be: Boston MBTA line expansions (1970s), San Francisco BART system expansion (1981), Houston METRORail system (1982), den de MAX Light Rail system for Portland, Oregon insyd (1983). Dem fi apply noise barriers to existing anaa planned surface transportation projects. Dem be one of de most effective actions wey dem take for retrofitting existing roadways insyd den commonly fi reduce adjacent land-use sound levels by up to ten decibels. Dem require a computer model to design de barrier since terrain, micrometeorology den oda locale-specific factors dey make de endeavor a very complex undertaking. For example, a roadway for a cut anaa strong prevailing winds insyd fi produce a setting wey atmospheric sound propagation dey unfavorable to any noise barrier. == Aircraft == [[File:Airbus A321 (British AW) - Aviation noise.jpg|thumb|An Airbus A321 of British Airways for ein landing approach top to London Heathrow Airport, wey dey showing ein proximity to homes]]As for de case of roadway noise insyd, dem already make little progress for quelling aircraft noise insyd at de source, oda dan elimination of loud engine designs from de 1960s den earlier. Sekof ein velocity den volume, jet turbine engine exhaust noise dey defy reduction by any simple means. De most promising forms of aircraft noise abatement be thru land planning, flight operations restrictions den residential soundproofing. Flight restrictions fi take de form of preferred runway use, departure flight path den slope, den time-of-day restrictions. Dem tactics be sometimes controversial since dem fi impact aircraft safety, flying convenience den airline economics. For 1979 insyd, de US Congress authorize de FAA to devise technology den programs to attempt to insulate homes near airports. While dis obviously no dey aid de exterior environment, de program already be effective give residential den school interiors. Sam of de airports at wey dem apply de technology early on be San Francisco International Airport,<ref>''Final Report for the Aircraft Noise Insulation Project for San Francisco International Airport: Phase one Pilot Project'', FAA funded and prepared for the city of South San Francisco, Earth Metrics Inc., Burlingame, California, July, 1986</ref> Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, John Wayne International Airport den San Jose International Airport<ref>C.M. Hogan and Ballard George, ''Pilot Noise Residential Insulation Program'', San Jose International Airport (1983)</ref> for California insyd. De underlying technology be a computer model wey dey simulate de propagation of aircraft noise den ein penetration into buildings. Dem fi analyze variations for aircraft types, flight patterns den local meteorology insyd along plus benefits of alternative building retrofit strategies wey dey include roof upgrading, window glazing improvement, fireplace baffling, caulking construction seams den oda measures. De computer model dey allow cost-effectiveness evaluations of a host of alternative strategies. For Canada insyd, Transport Canada dey prepare noise exposure forecasts (NEF) give each airport, wey dem dey use a computer model similar to dat dem use for de US insyd. Dem discourage residential land development within high-impact areas wey de forecast identify am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Canada |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171302/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |archive-date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> === Acoustic liners === [[File:Fan & nacelle Airbus A300's CF-6.JPG|thumb|Acoustic liners at de intake of a jet engine]] [[File:Acoustic Liner Composite Sandwich.png|thumb|A composite sandwich acoustic liner (A) plus perforate face-sheet (B) honeycomb core (C) den back-skin (D)]]Aircraft engines, typically turbofans, dey use acoustic liners to damp engine noise. Dem apply liners for de internal walls of de engine nacelle top, both for de intake den by-pass ducts top, den dey use Helmholtz resonance principle give de dissipation of incident acoustic energy. == Architectural solutions == [[File:Sound Proofed HALL, Adonai Church, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Sound treatment panels contrast plus red curtains for a church meeting hall insyd]] [[File:Schallschleuse.JPG|thumb|Soundproof doors for a broadcast center insyd]] [[File:紙飛行機 (4720476854).jpg|thumb|Acoustic ceiling tiles]]Architectural acoustics noise control practices dey include interior sound reverberation reduction, inter-room noise transfer mitigation, den exterior building skin augmentation. For de case of construction of new (anaa remodeled) apartments, condominiums, hospitals, den hotels insyd, many states den cities get stringent building codes plus requirements of acoustical analysis, in order to protect building occupants. Plus regard to exterior noise, de codes usually dey require measurement of de exterior acoustic environment in order to determine de performance standard required give exterior building skin design. De architect fi work plus de acoustical scientist to arrive at de best cost-effective means of creating a quiet interior (normally 45&nbsp;dBA). De most important elements of design of de building skin be usually: glazing (glass thickness, double pane design etc.), perforated metal (wey dem use internally anaa externally),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stewart |first=William |date=February 2007 |title=Perforated metal systems sound absorbing surfaces |url=http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Construction Specifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205093926/http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-05 |access-date=2013-03-09}}</ref> roof material, caulking standards, chimney baffles, exterior door design, mail slots, attic ventilation ports, den mounting of thru-de-wall air conditioners. Regarding sound generated insyd de building, der dey two principal types of transmission. Firstly, airborne sound travels thru walls anaa floor den ceiling assemblies den fi emanate from either human activities for adjacent living spaces insyd anaa from mechanical noise within de building systems. Human activities fi include voice, noise from amplified sound systems, anaa animal noise. Mechanical systems be elevator systems, boilers, refrigeration anaa air conditioning systems, generators den trash compactors. Aerodynamic sources dey include fans, pneumatics, den combustion. Noise control give aerodynamic sources dey include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic silencers den quiet fan technology. Since many mechanical sounds dey inherently loud, de principal design element be say to require de wall anaa ceiling assembly to meet certain performance standards,<ref>Cyril M. Harris, ''Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers'' (1994)</ref> (typically Sound transmission class of 50), wey dey allow considerable attenuation of de sound level wey dey reach occupants. Dem bell de second type of interior sound as Impact Insulation Class (IIC) transmission. Dis effect dey arise not from airborne transmission, but rada from de transmission of sound thru de building einself. De most common perception of IIC noise be from de footfall of occupants insyd living spaces above. Dem easily transfer low-frequency noise thru de ground den buildings. Dis type of noise be more difficult to abate, but dem suppose give consideration to isolating de floor assembly above anaa hanging de lower ceiling for resilient channel top. Both of de transmission effects wey dem note above fi emanate either from building occupants anaa from building mechanical systems wey dey include elevators, plumbing systems den heating, ventilating den air conditioning units. For sam cases insyd, e dey merely necessary to specify de best available quieting technology for selecting such building hardware insyd. For oda cases insyd, shock mounting of systems to control vibration fi be for order insyd. For de case of plumbing systems insyd, der dey specific protocols wey dem develop, especially give water supply lines, to create isolation clamping of pipes within building walls. For de case of central air systems insyd, e dey important to baffle any ducts dat fi transmit sound between different building areas. Designing special-purpose rooms get more exotic challenges, since dem rooms fi get requirements give unusual features wey dey include concert performance, sound studio recording, den lecture halls. For dem cases insyd, dem suppose analyze reverberation den reflection in order to not only quiet de rooms, but to prevent echo effects from occurring. For dem situations insyd, dem fi specify special sound baffles den sound absorptive lining materials to dampen unwanted effects. == Post-architectural solutions == Acoustical wall den ceiling panels be a common commercial den residential solution give noise control for already-constructed buildings insyd. Dem fi construct acoustic panels of a variety of materials, though dem go frequently compose commercial acoustic applications of fiberglass anaa mineral wool-based acoustic substrates. For example, Mineral fiberboard be a commonly used acoustical substrate, den commercial thermal insulations, wey dey include dat dem use for de insulation of boiler tanks insyd, dey frequently repurposed give noise-controlling acoustic use based for demma effectiveness top at minimizing reverberations. De ideal acoustical panels be dem without a face anaa finish material dat fi interfere plus de performance of de acoustical infill, but aesthetic den safety concerns dey typically lead to fabric coverings anaa oda finishing materials to minimize impedance. Dem make panel finishings occasionally of a porous configuration of wood anaa metal. Dem limit de effectiveness of post-construction acoustic treatment by de amount of space wey dem able to allocate to acoustic treatment, den so dem frequently make on-site acoustical wall panels to conform to de shape of de preexisting space. Dem dey do dis by "framing" de perimeter track into shape, infilling de acoustical substrate den sanso dey stretch den tuck de fabric into de perimeter frame system. Dem fi construct on-site wall panels to work around door frames, baseboard, anaa any oda intrusion. Dem fi create large panels (generally greater dan 50 feet) for walls den ceilings top plus dis method. Double-glazed den thicker windows sanso fi prevent sound transmission from de outdoors. === Industrial === Dem traditionally associate industrial noise plus manufacturing settings wey industrial machinery dey produce intense sound levels,<ref>Randall F Barron and Barron F Barron, ''Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics'', Marcel Dekker, New York (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-8247-0701-9}}</ref> often upwards of 85 decibels. While dis circumstance be de most dramatic, der dey many oda work environments wey sound levels fi lie for de range of 70 to 75 decibels insyd, entirely composed of office equipment, music, public address systems, den even exterior noise intrusion. Either type of environment fi result for noise health effects insyd if de sound intensity den exposure time be too great. For de case of industrial equipment insyd, de most common techniques give noise protection of workers dey consist of shock mounting source equipment, creation of acrylic glass anaa oda solid barriers, den provision of ear protection equipment. For certain cases insyd dem fi redesign de machinery einself to operate for a manner insyd less prone to produce grating, grinding, frictional, anaa oda motions dat dey induce sound emissions. For recent years insyd, Buy Quiet programs den initiatives already arise for an effort insyd to combat occupational noise exposures. Dem programs dey promote de purchase of quieter tools den equipment den encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html "CDC – Buy Quiet – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151558/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html Archived] from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2017-09-10.</ref> For de case of more conventional office environments insyd, de techniques for architectural acoustics insyd discussed above fi apply. Oda solutions fi involve researching de quietest models of office equipment, particularly printers den photocopy machines. Dem often fit impact printers den oda equipment plus "acoustic hoods", enclosures to reduce emitted noise. One source of annoying, if not loud, sound level emissions be lighting fixtures (notably older fluorescent globes). Dem fi retrofit anaa analyze dem fixtures to see weda over-illumination dey present, a common office environment issue. If over-illumination dey occur, de-lamping anaa reduced light bank usage fi apply. Photographers fi quieten noisy still cameras for a film set top wey dem dey use sound blimps. === Commercial === Reductions for cost of technology insyd already allow noise control technology to be used not only for performance facilities den recording studios insyd, but sanso for noise-sensitive small businesses wey dey include restaurants.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Finz |first=Stacy |date=May 13, 2012 |title=High-tech system lets restaurant set noise level |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725235827/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Acoustically absorbent materials wey dey include fiberglass duct liner, wood fiber panels den recycled denim jeans dey serve as artwork-bearing canvasses for environments insyd for wey aesthetics dey important.<ref name=":2" /> Using a combination of sound absorption materials, arrays of microphones den speakers, den a digital processor, a restaurant operator fi use a tablet computer to selectively control noise levels at different places for de restaurant insyd: de microphone arrays dey pick up sound den dey send am to de digital processor, wey dey control de speakers to output sound signals for command top.<ref name=":2" /> == References == <references /> == External links == *[https://www.icacommission.org/ International Commission for Acoustics] *[https://acousticalsociety.org/ Acoustical Society of America] *[https://euracoustics.org European Acoustics Association] *[https://www.aia.org/ American Institute of Architects] *[https://ncac.com/ National Council of Acoustical Consultants] *[http://www.bifma.com/ Business & Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909071605/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=46&pg=3005%2F 'City of Melbourne' Citysounds guide to urban residential design] *[https://noiseabatementsociety.org/ Noise Abatement Society] * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/casestudies/soundsolutions/ Noise control case studies] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603081642/http://www.industrialdeafnesswatch.co.uk/category/case-studies/ Industrial noise control case studies] * [https://isostore.com/research/ Multiple sound isolation research articles for beginners] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html/ NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page] *[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] Technical manual; [https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/ Chapter III: Noise] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Building technology]] [[Category:Environmental engineering]] [[Category:Environmental design]] [[Category:Noise pollution]] [[Category:Noise control| ]] [[Category:Road infrastructure]] [[Category:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] [[Category:Sound]] [[Category:Acoustics]] eyy7jp180u7w9gd35outw94kiwwd14f 116562 116561 2026-11-09T09:02:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 116562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sound level meter with sound waves.png|thumb|A sound level meter]] '''Noise control''' anaa '''noise mitigation''' be set of strategies to reduce noise pollution anaa to reduce de impact of dat noise, weda outdoors anaa indoors. == Overview == De main areas of noise mitigation anaa abatement be: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning thru zoning codes,<ref>Benz Kotzen, [http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/ "Noise is an urban issue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803045400/http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/|date=2016-08-03}}</ref> den occupational noise control. Roadway noise den aircraft noise be de most pervasive sources of environmental noise.<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf OSHA Fact Sheet: Laboratory Safety Noise], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231722/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf|date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Social activities go fi generate noise levels dat consistently dey affect de health of populations wey dey reside insyd anaa occupying areas, both indoor den outdoor, near entertainment venues dat feature amplified sounds den music dat dey present significant challenges give effective noise mitigation strategies. Dem already develop multiple techniques to address interior sound levels, wey local building codes encourage many of dem. For de best case of project designs insyd, dem encourage planners to work plus design engineers to examine trade-offs of roadway design den architectural design. Dem techniques dey include design of exterior walls, party walls, den floor den ceiling assemblies; moreova, der dey a host of specialized means give damping reverberation from special-purpose rooms such as auditoria, concert halls, entertainment den social venues, dining areas, audio recording rooms, den meeting rooms. Many of dem techniques dey rely upon material science applications of constructing sound baffles anaa using sound-absorbing liners give interior spaces. Industrial noise control be subset of interior architectural control of noise, plus emphasis for specific methods of sound isolation top from industrial machinery den give protection of workers at demma task stations. Sound masking be de active addition of noise to reduce de annoyance of certain sounds, de opposite of soundproofing. == Standards, recommendations, den guidelines == Organizations each get demma own standards, recommendations/guidelines, den directives give wat levels of noise workers wey dem permit to be around before dem suppose put noise controls into place. === Occupational Safety den Health Administration (OSHA) === OSHA ein requirements dey state dat wen dem expose workers to noise levels above 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA) for 8-hour time-weighted averages (TWA) insyd, dem suppose implement administrative controls den/anaa new engineering controls for de workplace insyd. OSHA sanso dey require dat dem suppose control impulse noises den impact noises to prevent dem noises from reaching past 140&nbsp;dB peak sound pressure levels (SPL).<ref>Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (1983). Occupational noise exposure; hearing conservation amendment, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1910.95. ''Federal Register.'' 48(46): 9738-9785.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Rawool |first1=Vishakha |title=Hearing Conservation in Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings |date=2012 |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60406-256-4 |edition=First |location=New York, NY}}</ref> === Mine Safety den Health Organization (MSHA) === MSHA dey require dat dem suppose implement administrative den/anaa engineering controls for de workplace insyd wen dem expose miners to levels above 90 dBA TWA. If noise levels dey exceed 115 dBA, dem require miners to wear hearing protection. MSHA, therefore, dey require dat dem suppose reduce noise levels below 115&nbsp;dB TWA. Measuring noise levels give noise control decision-making suppose integrate all noises from 90&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Mine Safety and Health Administration. (1999). ''Health Standards for Occupational Noise Exposure: Final Rule'' (30 CFR Part 62, 64 Fed. Reg. 49548-49634, 49636-49637). Arlington, VA: Mine Safety and Health Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) === De FRA dey recommend dat dem suppose reduce worker exposure to noise wen demma noise exposure dey exceed 90&nbsp;dBA give an 8-hour TWA. Noise measurements suppose integrate all noises, wey dey include intermittent, continuous, impact, den impulse noises of 80&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Federal Railroad Administration (2008). 71 FR 63123, Oct. 27, 2006, as amended at 73 FR 79702, Dec. 30 2008. Part 227. ''Occupational Noise Exposure.'' Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === U.S. Department of Defense === De Department of Defense (DoD) dey suggest dat dem suppose control noise levels primarily thru engineering controls. De DoD dey require dat dem suppose reduce all steady-state noises to levels below 85 dBA den dat dem suppose reduce impulse noises below 140&nbsp;dB peak SPL. Dem no dey consider TWA exposures give de DoD ein requirements.<ref>U.S. Department of Defense. (2004). ''Instruction 6055.12. DoD Hearing Conservation Program.'' Washington, DC: Department of Defense.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === European Parliament den Council Directive === De European Parliament den Council Directive dey suppose require noise levels to reduce anaa eliminate using administrative den engineering controls. Dis directive dey require lower exposure action levels of 80 dBA give 8 hours plus 135&nbsp;dB peak SPL, along plus upper exposure action levels of 85 dBA give 8 hours plus 137 peak dBSPL. Exposure limits dey 87 dBA give 8 hours plus peak levels of 140 peak dBSPL.<ref>European Parliament and Council. (2003). ''Directive 2003/10/EC on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding the Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Noise).'' Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of the Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). ''Off J Eur Union.'' L42/38/-L42/44.</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Approaches to noise control == An effective model give noise control be de source, path, den receiver model by Bolt den Ingard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=CM |title=Handbook of Noise Control |date=1957 |publisher=McGraw-Hill:22-31 |location=New York}}</ref> Dem fi control hazardous noise by reducing de noise output at ein source, minimizing de noise as e dey travel along a path to de listener, den dey provide equipment to de listener anaa receiver to attenuate de noise. === Sources === A variety of measures dey aim to reduce hazardous noise at ein source. Programs wey dey include Buy Quiet den de National Institute give Occupational Safety den Health (NIOSH) Prevention thru design promote research den design of quiet equipment den renovation den replacement of older hazardous equipment plus modern technologies.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2010 |title=Prevention Through Design: Plan for the National Initiative |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |url-status=live |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2011121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053121/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2018 |doi-access=free |website=Centers for Disease Control}}</ref> === Path === De principle of noise reduction thru pathway modifications dey apply to de alteration of direct den indirect pathways give noise.<ref name=":1" /> Noise dat dey travel across reflective surfaces, wey dey include smooth floors, fi be hazardous. Pathway alterations dey include physical materials, wey dey include foam, dat dey absorb sound den walls to provide a sound barrier dat dey modify existing systems dat dey decrease hazardous noise. Sound dampening enclosures give loud equipment den isolation chambers from wey workers fi remotely control equipment, dem sanso fi design am. Dem methods dey prevent sound from traveling along a path to de worker anaa oda listeners. === Receiver === For de industrial anaa commercial setting insyd, workers suppose comply plus de appropriate Hearing conservation program. Administrative controls, wey dey incude de restriction of personnel for noisy areas insyd, dey prevent unnecessary noise exposure. Personal protective equipment wey dey include foam ear plugs anaa ear muffs to attenuate sound dey provide a last line of defense give de listener. == Basic technologies == * Sound insulation: dey prevent de transmission of noise by de introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials get high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. * Sound absorption: a porous material wey dey act as a 'noise sponge' by converting de sound energy into heat for de material insyd. Common sound absorption materials dey include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams den fiberglass * Vibration damping: applicable give large vibrating surfaces. De damping mechanism dey work by extracting de vibration energy from de thin sheet den dey dissipate am as heat. A common material be sound-deadened steel. * Vibration isolation: dey prevent transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element anaa a physical break. Common vibration isolators be springs, rubber mounts, cork etc. == Roadways == [[File:Geluidscherm Overschie.jpg|thumb|Dis noise abatement wall for de Netherlands insyd get a transparent section at de driver ein eye-level to reduce de visual impact give road users.]]Studies for noise barriers top show mixed results for demma ability top to effectively reduce noise pollution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landau |first1=Meryl |date=27 December 2017 |title=On Highway Noise Barriers, the Science Is Mixed. Are There Alternatives? |url=https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164021/https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Undark |publisher=Undark.org}}</ref> Electric den hybrid vehicles fi reduce noise pollution, but only if dem vehicles dey make up a high proportion of total vehicles for de road top; even if traffic for an urban area insyd reach a makeup of fifty percent electric vehicles, de overall noise reduction achieved go only be a few decibels go be barely noticeable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pallas |first1=Marie-Agnès |title=Assessing the noise impact of electric and hybrid vehicles |url=https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103211046/https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=IFSTTAR |publisher=IFSTTAR}}</ref> Highway noise be today wey motor type less affect am, since de effects for higher speed insyd be aerodynamic den tire noise related. Oda contributions to de reduction of noise at de source be: improved tire tread designs give trucks for de 1970s insyd, better shielding of diesel stacks for de 1980s insyd, den local vehicle regulation of unmuffled vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tire-Pavement Noise {{!}} Sound Control |url=http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050128/http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |archive-date=2022-02-01 |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=soundcontroltech.com |language=en-US}}</ref> De most fertile areas give roadway noise mitigation be for urban planning decisions, roadway design, noise barrier design,<ref>Benz Kotzen and Colin English, ''Environmental Noise Barriers: A Guide to Their Visual and Acoustic Design'', Spon Press, United Kingdom (1999) {{ISBN|978-0-419-23180-6}}</ref> speed control, surface pavement selection, den truck restrictions insyd. Speed control dey effective since de lowest sound emissions dey arise from vehicles moving smoothly at 30 to 60 kilometers per hour. Above dat range, sound emissions dey double plus every five miles per hour of speed. At de lowest speeds, braking den (engine) acceleration noise dey dominate. Selection of road surface pavement fi make a difference of a factor of two for sound levels insyd, give de speed regime above 30 kilometers per hour. Quieter pavements dey porous plus a negative surface texture den use small to medium-sized aggregates; de loudest pavements get transversely-grooved surfaces, positive surface textures, den larger aggregates. Surface friction den roadway safety be important considerations as well give pavement decisions. Wen designing new urban freeways anaa arterials, der dey numerous design decisions wey dey regard alignment den roadway geometrics.<ref>Myer Kutz, ''Handbook of Transportation Engineering'', McGraw-Hill (2004) {{ISBN|978-0-07-139122-1}}</ref> Use of a computer model to calculate sound levels already becam standard practice since de early 1970s. For dis way insyd dem fi minimize exposure of sensitive receptors to elevated sound levels. An analogous process dey exist give urban mass transit systems den oda rail transportation decisions. Early examples of urban rail systems wey dem design using dis technology be: Boston MBTA line expansions (1970s), San Francisco BART system expansion (1981), Houston METRORail system (1982), den de MAX Light Rail system for Portland, Oregon insyd (1983). Dem fi apply noise barriers to existing anaa planned surface transportation projects. Dem be one of de most effective actions wey dem take for retrofitting existing roadways insyd den commonly fi reduce adjacent land-use sound levels by up to ten decibels. Dem require a computer model to design de barrier since terrain, micrometeorology den oda locale-specific factors dey make de endeavor a very complex undertaking. For example, a roadway for a cut anaa strong prevailing winds insyd fi produce a setting wey atmospheric sound propagation dey unfavorable to any noise barrier. == Aircraft == [[File:Airbus A321 (British AW) - Aviation noise.jpg|thumb|An Airbus A321 of British Airways for ein landing approach top to London Heathrow Airport, wey dey showing ein proximity to homes]]As for de case of roadway noise insyd, dem already make little progress for quelling aircraft noise insyd at de source, oda dan elimination of loud engine designs from de 1960s den earlier. Sekof ein velocity den volume, jet turbine engine exhaust noise dey defy reduction by any simple means. De most promising forms of aircraft noise abatement be thru land planning, flight operations restrictions den residential soundproofing. Flight restrictions fi take de form of preferred runway use, departure flight path den slope, den time-of-day restrictions. Dem tactics be sometimes controversial since dem fi impact aircraft safety, flying convenience den airline economics. For 1979 insyd, de US Congress authorize de FAA to devise technology den programs to attempt to insulate homes near airports. While dis obviously no dey aid de exterior environment, de program already be effective give residential den school interiors. Sam of de airports at wey dem apply de technology early on be San Francisco International Airport,<ref>''Final Report for the Aircraft Noise Insulation Project for San Francisco International Airport: Phase one Pilot Project'', FAA funded and prepared for the city of South San Francisco, Earth Metrics Inc., Burlingame, California, July, 1986</ref> Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, John Wayne International Airport den San Jose International Airport<ref>C.M. Hogan and Ballard George, ''Pilot Noise Residential Insulation Program'', San Jose International Airport (1983)</ref> for California insyd. De underlying technology be a computer model wey dey simulate de propagation of aircraft noise den ein penetration into buildings. Dem fi analyze variations for aircraft types, flight patterns den local meteorology insyd along plus benefits of alternative building retrofit strategies wey dey include roof upgrading, window glazing improvement, fireplace baffling, caulking construction seams den oda measures. De computer model dey allow cost-effectiveness evaluations of a host of alternative strategies. For Canada insyd, Transport Canada dey prepare noise exposure forecasts (NEF) give each airport, wey dem dey use a computer model similar to dat dem use for de US insyd. Dem discourage residential land development within high-impact areas wey de forecast identify am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Canada |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171302/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |archive-date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> === Acoustic liners === [[File:Fan & nacelle Airbus A300's CF-6.JPG|thumb|Acoustic liners at de intake of a jet engine]] [[File:Acoustic Liner Composite Sandwich.png|thumb|A composite sandwich acoustic liner (A) plus perforate face-sheet (B) honeycomb core (C) den back-skin (D)]]Aircraft engines, typically turbofans, dey use acoustic liners to damp engine noise. Dem apply liners for de internal walls of de engine nacelle top, both for de intake den by-pass ducts top, den dey use Helmholtz resonance principle give de dissipation of incident acoustic energy. == Architectural solutions == [[File:Sound Proofed HALL, Adonai Church, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Sound treatment panels contrast plus red curtains for a church meeting hall insyd]] [[File:Schallschleuse.JPG|thumb|Soundproof doors for a broadcast center insyd]] [[File:紙飛行機 (4720476854).jpg|thumb|Acoustic ceiling tiles]]Architectural acoustics noise control practices dey include interior sound reverberation reduction, inter-room noise transfer mitigation, den exterior building skin augmentation. For de case of construction of new (anaa remodeled) apartments, condominiums, hospitals, den hotels insyd, many states den cities get stringent building codes plus requirements of acoustical analysis, in order to protect building occupants. Plus regard to exterior noise, de codes usually dey require measurement of de exterior acoustic environment in order to determine de performance standard required give exterior building skin design. De architect fi work plus de acoustical scientist to arrive at de best cost-effective means of creating a quiet interior (normally 45&nbsp;dBA). De most important elements of design of de building skin be usually: glazing (glass thickness, double pane design etc.), perforated metal (wey dem use internally anaa externally),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stewart |first=William |date=February 2007 |title=Perforated metal systems sound absorbing surfaces |url=http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Construction Specifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205093926/http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-05 |access-date=2013-03-09}}</ref> roof material, caulking standards, chimney baffles, exterior door design, mail slots, attic ventilation ports, den mounting of thru-de-wall air conditioners. Regarding sound generated insyd de building, der dey two principal types of transmission. Firstly, airborne sound travels thru walls anaa floor den ceiling assemblies den fi emanate from either human activities for adjacent living spaces insyd anaa from mechanical noise within de building systems. Human activities fi include voice, noise from amplified sound systems, anaa animal noise. Mechanical systems be elevator systems, boilers, refrigeration anaa air conditioning systems, generators den trash compactors. Aerodynamic sources dey include fans, pneumatics, den combustion. Noise control give aerodynamic sources dey include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic silencers den quiet fan technology. Since many mechanical sounds dey inherently loud, de principal design element be say to require de wall anaa ceiling assembly to meet certain performance standards,<ref>Cyril M. Harris, ''Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers'' (1994)</ref> (typically Sound transmission class of 50), wey dey allow considerable attenuation of de sound level wey dey reach occupants. Dem bell de second type of interior sound as Impact Insulation Class (IIC) transmission. Dis effect dey arise not from airborne transmission, but rada from de transmission of sound thru de building einself. De most common perception of IIC noise be from de footfall of occupants insyd living spaces above. Dem easily transfer low-frequency noise thru de ground den buildings. Dis type of noise be more difficult to abate, but dem suppose give consideration to isolating de floor assembly above anaa hanging de lower ceiling for resilient channel top. Both of de transmission effects wey dem note above fi emanate either from building occupants anaa from building mechanical systems wey dey include elevators, plumbing systems den heating, ventilating den air conditioning units. For sam cases insyd, e dey merely necessary to specify de best available quieting technology for selecting such building hardware insyd. For oda cases insyd, shock mounting of systems to control vibration fi be for order insyd. For de case of plumbing systems insyd, der dey specific protocols wey dem develop, especially give water supply lines, to create isolation clamping of pipes within building walls. For de case of central air systems insyd, e dey important to baffle any ducts dat fi transmit sound between different building areas. Designing special-purpose rooms get more exotic challenges, since dem rooms fi get requirements give unusual features wey dey include concert performance, sound studio recording, den lecture halls. For dem cases insyd, dem suppose analyze reverberation den reflection in order to not only quiet de rooms, but to prevent echo effects from occurring. For dem situations insyd, dem fi specify special sound baffles den sound absorptive lining materials to dampen unwanted effects. == Post-architectural solutions == Acoustical wall den ceiling panels be a common commercial den residential solution give noise control for already-constructed buildings insyd. Dem fi construct acoustic panels of a variety of materials, though dem go frequently compose commercial acoustic applications of fiberglass anaa mineral wool-based acoustic substrates. For example, Mineral fiberboard be a commonly used acoustical substrate, den commercial thermal insulations, wey dey include dat dem use for de insulation of boiler tanks insyd, dey frequently repurposed give noise-controlling acoustic use based for demma effectiveness top at minimizing reverberations. De ideal acoustical panels be dem without a face anaa finish material dat fi interfere plus de performance of de acoustical infill, but aesthetic den safety concerns dey typically lead to fabric coverings anaa oda finishing materials to minimize impedance. Dem make panel finishings occasionally of a porous configuration of wood anaa metal. Dem limit de effectiveness of post-construction acoustic treatment by de amount of space wey dem able to allocate to acoustic treatment, den so dem frequently make on-site acoustical wall panels to conform to de shape of de preexisting space. Dem dey do dis by "framing" de perimeter track into shape, infilling de acoustical substrate den sanso dey stretch den tuck de fabric into de perimeter frame system. Dem fi construct on-site wall panels to work around door frames, baseboard, anaa any oda intrusion. Dem fi create large panels (generally greater dan 50 feet) for walls den ceilings top plus dis method. Double-glazed den thicker windows sanso fi prevent sound transmission from de outdoors. === Industrial === Dem traditionally associate industrial noise plus manufacturing settings wey industrial machinery dey produce intense sound levels,<ref>Randall F Barron and Barron F Barron, ''Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics'', Marcel Dekker, New York (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-8247-0701-9}}</ref> often upwards of 85 decibels. While dis circumstance be de most dramatic, der dey many oda work environments wey sound levels fi lie for de range of 70 to 75 decibels insyd, entirely composed of office equipment, music, public address systems, den even exterior noise intrusion. Either type of environment fi result for noise health effects insyd if de sound intensity den exposure time be too great. For de case of industrial equipment insyd, de most common techniques give noise protection of workers dey consist of shock mounting source equipment, creation of acrylic glass anaa oda solid barriers, den provision of ear protection equipment. For certain cases insyd dem fi redesign de machinery einself to operate for a manner insyd less prone to produce grating, grinding, frictional, anaa oda motions dat dey induce sound emissions. For recent years insyd, Buy Quiet programs den initiatives already arise for an effort insyd to combat occupational noise exposures. Dem programs dey promote de purchase of quieter tools den equipment den encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html "CDC – Buy Quiet – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151558/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html Archived] from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2017-09-10.</ref> For de case of more conventional office environments insyd, de techniques for architectural acoustics insyd discussed above fi apply. Oda solutions fi involve researching de quietest models of office equipment, particularly printers den photocopy machines. Dem often fit impact printers den oda equipment plus "acoustic hoods", enclosures to reduce emitted noise. One source of annoying, if not loud, sound level emissions be lighting fixtures (notably older fluorescent globes). Dem fi retrofit anaa analyze dem fixtures to see weda over-illumination dey present, a common office environment issue. If over-illumination dey occur, de-lamping anaa reduced light bank usage fi apply. Photographers fi quieten noisy still cameras for a film set top wey dem dey use sound blimps. === Commercial === Reductions for cost of technology insyd already allow noise control technology to be used not only for performance facilities den recording studios insyd, but sanso for noise-sensitive small businesses wey dey include restaurants.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Finz |first=Stacy |date=May 13, 2012 |title=High-tech system lets restaurant set noise level |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725235827/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Acoustically absorbent materials wey dey include fiberglass duct liner, wood fiber panels den recycled denim jeans dey serve as artwork-bearing canvasses for environments insyd for wey aesthetics dey important.<ref name=":2" /> Using a combination of sound absorption materials, arrays of microphones den speakers, den a digital processor, a restaurant operator fi use a tablet computer to selectively control noise levels at different places for de restaurant insyd: de microphone arrays dey pick up sound den dey send am to de digital processor, wey dey control de speakers to output sound signals for command top.<ref name=":2" /> === Residential === Post-construction residential acoustic treatment thruout de 20th century be only commonly de practice of music-listening enthusiasts. Howeva, developments for home recording technology den fidelity insyd already lead to a drastic increase for de spread den popularity of residential acoustic treatment insyd for de pursuit of home recording fidelity den accuracy insyd. == References == <references /> == External links == *[https://www.icacommission.org/ International Commission for Acoustics] *[https://acousticalsociety.org/ Acoustical Society of America] *[https://euracoustics.org European Acoustics Association] *[https://www.aia.org/ American Institute of Architects] *[https://ncac.com/ National Council of Acoustical Consultants] *[http://www.bifma.com/ Business & Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909071605/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=46&pg=3005%2F 'City of Melbourne' Citysounds guide to urban residential design] *[https://noiseabatementsociety.org/ Noise Abatement Society] * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/casestudies/soundsolutions/ Noise control case studies] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603081642/http://www.industrialdeafnesswatch.co.uk/category/case-studies/ Industrial noise control case studies] * [https://isostore.com/research/ Multiple sound isolation research articles for beginners] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html/ NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page] *[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] Technical manual; [https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/ Chapter III: Noise] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Building technology]] [[Category:Environmental engineering]] [[Category:Environmental design]] [[Category:Noise pollution]] [[Category:Noise control| ]] [[Category:Road infrastructure]] [[Category:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] [[Category:Sound]] [[Category:Acoustics]] h24yryyf81pzgc2y0jk08t31obo9iwg 116563 116562 2026-11-09T09:02:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 116563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sound level meter with sound waves.png|thumb|A sound level meter]] '''Noise control''' anaa '''noise mitigation''' be set of strategies to reduce noise pollution anaa to reduce de impact of dat noise, weda outdoors anaa indoors. == Overview == De main areas of noise mitigation anaa abatement be: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning thru zoning codes,<ref>Benz Kotzen, [http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/ "Noise is an urban issue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803045400/http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/|date=2016-08-03}}</ref> den occupational noise control. Roadway noise den aircraft noise be de most pervasive sources of environmental noise.<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf OSHA Fact Sheet: Laboratory Safety Noise], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231722/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf|date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Social activities go fi generate noise levels dat consistently dey affect de health of populations wey dey reside insyd anaa occupying areas, both indoor den outdoor, near entertainment venues dat feature amplified sounds den music dat dey present significant challenges give effective noise mitigation strategies. Dem already develop multiple techniques to address interior sound levels, wey local building codes encourage many of dem. For de best case of project designs insyd, dem encourage planners to work plus design engineers to examine trade-offs of roadway design den architectural design. Dem techniques dey include design of exterior walls, party walls, den floor den ceiling assemblies; moreova, der dey a host of specialized means give damping reverberation from special-purpose rooms such as auditoria, concert halls, entertainment den social venues, dining areas, audio recording rooms, den meeting rooms. Many of dem techniques dey rely upon material science applications of constructing sound baffles anaa using sound-absorbing liners give interior spaces. Industrial noise control be subset of interior architectural control of noise, plus emphasis for specific methods of sound isolation top from industrial machinery den give protection of workers at demma task stations. Sound masking be de active addition of noise to reduce de annoyance of certain sounds, de opposite of soundproofing. == Standards, recommendations, den guidelines == Organizations each get demma own standards, recommendations/guidelines, den directives give wat levels of noise workers wey dem permit to be around before dem suppose put noise controls into place. === Occupational Safety den Health Administration (OSHA) === OSHA ein requirements dey state dat wen dem expose workers to noise levels above 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA) for 8-hour time-weighted averages (TWA) insyd, dem suppose implement administrative controls den/anaa new engineering controls for de workplace insyd. OSHA sanso dey require dat dem suppose control impulse noises den impact noises to prevent dem noises from reaching past 140&nbsp;dB peak sound pressure levels (SPL).<ref>Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (1983). Occupational noise exposure; hearing conservation amendment, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1910.95. ''Federal Register.'' 48(46): 9738-9785.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Rawool |first1=Vishakha |title=Hearing Conservation in Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings |date=2012 |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60406-256-4 |edition=First |location=New York, NY}}</ref> === Mine Safety den Health Organization (MSHA) === MSHA dey require dat dem suppose implement administrative den/anaa engineering controls for de workplace insyd wen dem expose miners to levels above 90 dBA TWA. If noise levels dey exceed 115 dBA, dem require miners to wear hearing protection. MSHA, therefore, dey require dat dem suppose reduce noise levels below 115&nbsp;dB TWA. Measuring noise levels give noise control decision-making suppose integrate all noises from 90&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Mine Safety and Health Administration. (1999). ''Health Standards for Occupational Noise Exposure: Final Rule'' (30 CFR Part 62, 64 Fed. Reg. 49548-49634, 49636-49637). Arlington, VA: Mine Safety and Health Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) === De FRA dey recommend dat dem suppose reduce worker exposure to noise wen demma noise exposure dey exceed 90&nbsp;dBA give an 8-hour TWA. Noise measurements suppose integrate all noises, wey dey include intermittent, continuous, impact, den impulse noises of 80&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Federal Railroad Administration (2008). 71 FR 63123, Oct. 27, 2006, as amended at 73 FR 79702, Dec. 30 2008. Part 227. ''Occupational Noise Exposure.'' Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === U.S. Department of Defense === De Department of Defense (DoD) dey suggest dat dem suppose control noise levels primarily thru engineering controls. De DoD dey require dat dem suppose reduce all steady-state noises to levels below 85 dBA den dat dem suppose reduce impulse noises below 140&nbsp;dB peak SPL. Dem no dey consider TWA exposures give de DoD ein requirements.<ref>U.S. Department of Defense. (2004). ''Instruction 6055.12. DoD Hearing Conservation Program.'' Washington, DC: Department of Defense.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === European Parliament den Council Directive === De European Parliament den Council Directive dey suppose require noise levels to reduce anaa eliminate using administrative den engineering controls. Dis directive dey require lower exposure action levels of 80 dBA give 8 hours plus 135&nbsp;dB peak SPL, along plus upper exposure action levels of 85 dBA give 8 hours plus 137 peak dBSPL. Exposure limits dey 87 dBA give 8 hours plus peak levels of 140 peak dBSPL.<ref>European Parliament and Council. (2003). ''Directive 2003/10/EC on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding the Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Noise).'' Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of the Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). ''Off J Eur Union.'' L42/38/-L42/44.</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Approaches to noise control == An effective model give noise control be de source, path, den receiver model by Bolt den Ingard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=CM |title=Handbook of Noise Control |date=1957 |publisher=McGraw-Hill:22-31 |location=New York}}</ref> Dem fi control hazardous noise by reducing de noise output at ein source, minimizing de noise as e dey travel along a path to de listener, den dey provide equipment to de listener anaa receiver to attenuate de noise. === Sources === A variety of measures dey aim to reduce hazardous noise at ein source. Programs wey dey include Buy Quiet den de National Institute give Occupational Safety den Health (NIOSH) Prevention thru design promote research den design of quiet equipment den renovation den replacement of older hazardous equipment plus modern technologies.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2010 |title=Prevention Through Design: Plan for the National Initiative |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |url-status=live |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2011121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053121/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2018 |doi-access=free |website=Centers for Disease Control}}</ref> === Path === De principle of noise reduction thru pathway modifications dey apply to de alteration of direct den indirect pathways give noise.<ref name=":1" /> Noise dat dey travel across reflective surfaces, wey dey include smooth floors, fi be hazardous. Pathway alterations dey include physical materials, wey dey include foam, dat dey absorb sound den walls to provide a sound barrier dat dey modify existing systems dat dey decrease hazardous noise. Sound dampening enclosures give loud equipment den isolation chambers from wey workers fi remotely control equipment, dem sanso fi design am. Dem methods dey prevent sound from traveling along a path to de worker anaa oda listeners. === Receiver === For de industrial anaa commercial setting insyd, workers suppose comply plus de appropriate Hearing conservation program. Administrative controls, wey dey incude de restriction of personnel for noisy areas insyd, dey prevent unnecessary noise exposure. Personal protective equipment wey dey include foam ear plugs anaa ear muffs to attenuate sound dey provide a last line of defense give de listener. == Basic technologies == * Sound insulation: dey prevent de transmission of noise by de introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials get high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. * Sound absorption: a porous material wey dey act as a 'noise sponge' by converting de sound energy into heat for de material insyd. Common sound absorption materials dey include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams den fiberglass * Vibration damping: applicable give large vibrating surfaces. De damping mechanism dey work by extracting de vibration energy from de thin sheet den dey dissipate am as heat. A common material be sound-deadened steel. * Vibration isolation: dey prevent transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element anaa a physical break. Common vibration isolators be springs, rubber mounts, cork etc. == Roadways == [[File:Geluidscherm Overschie.jpg|thumb|Dis noise abatement wall for de Netherlands insyd get a transparent section at de driver ein eye-level to reduce de visual impact give road users.]]Studies for noise barriers top show mixed results for demma ability top to effectively reduce noise pollution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landau |first1=Meryl |date=27 December 2017 |title=On Highway Noise Barriers, the Science Is Mixed. Are There Alternatives? |url=https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164021/https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Undark |publisher=Undark.org}}</ref> Electric den hybrid vehicles fi reduce noise pollution, but only if dem vehicles dey make up a high proportion of total vehicles for de road top; even if traffic for an urban area insyd reach a makeup of fifty percent electric vehicles, de overall noise reduction achieved go only be a few decibels go be barely noticeable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pallas |first1=Marie-Agnès |title=Assessing the noise impact of electric and hybrid vehicles |url=https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103211046/https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=IFSTTAR |publisher=IFSTTAR}}</ref> Highway noise be today wey motor type less affect am, since de effects for higher speed insyd be aerodynamic den tire noise related. Oda contributions to de reduction of noise at de source be: improved tire tread designs give trucks for de 1970s insyd, better shielding of diesel stacks for de 1980s insyd, den local vehicle regulation of unmuffled vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tire-Pavement Noise {{!}} Sound Control |url=http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050128/http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |archive-date=2022-02-01 |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=soundcontroltech.com |language=en-US}}</ref> De most fertile areas give roadway noise mitigation be for urban planning decisions, roadway design, noise barrier design,<ref>Benz Kotzen and Colin English, ''Environmental Noise Barriers: A Guide to Their Visual and Acoustic Design'', Spon Press, United Kingdom (1999) {{ISBN|978-0-419-23180-6}}</ref> speed control, surface pavement selection, den truck restrictions insyd. Speed control dey effective since de lowest sound emissions dey arise from vehicles moving smoothly at 30 to 60 kilometers per hour. Above dat range, sound emissions dey double plus every five miles per hour of speed. At de lowest speeds, braking den (engine) acceleration noise dey dominate. Selection of road surface pavement fi make a difference of a factor of two for sound levels insyd, give de speed regime above 30 kilometers per hour. Quieter pavements dey porous plus a negative surface texture den use small to medium-sized aggregates; de loudest pavements get transversely-grooved surfaces, positive surface textures, den larger aggregates. Surface friction den roadway safety be important considerations as well give pavement decisions. Wen designing new urban freeways anaa arterials, der dey numerous design decisions wey dey regard alignment den roadway geometrics.<ref>Myer Kutz, ''Handbook of Transportation Engineering'', McGraw-Hill (2004) {{ISBN|978-0-07-139122-1}}</ref> Use of a computer model to calculate sound levels already becam standard practice since de early 1970s. For dis way insyd dem fi minimize exposure of sensitive receptors to elevated sound levels. An analogous process dey exist give urban mass transit systems den oda rail transportation decisions. Early examples of urban rail systems wey dem design using dis technology be: Boston MBTA line expansions (1970s), San Francisco BART system expansion (1981), Houston METRORail system (1982), den de MAX Light Rail system for Portland, Oregon insyd (1983). Dem fi apply noise barriers to existing anaa planned surface transportation projects. Dem be one of de most effective actions wey dem take for retrofitting existing roadways insyd den commonly fi reduce adjacent land-use sound levels by up to ten decibels. Dem require a computer model to design de barrier since terrain, micrometeorology den oda locale-specific factors dey make de endeavor a very complex undertaking. For example, a roadway for a cut anaa strong prevailing winds insyd fi produce a setting wey atmospheric sound propagation dey unfavorable to any noise barrier. == Aircraft == [[File:Airbus A321 (British AW) - Aviation noise.jpg|thumb|An Airbus A321 of British Airways for ein landing approach top to London Heathrow Airport, wey dey showing ein proximity to homes]]As for de case of roadway noise insyd, dem already make little progress for quelling aircraft noise insyd at de source, oda dan elimination of loud engine designs from de 1960s den earlier. Sekof ein velocity den volume, jet turbine engine exhaust noise dey defy reduction by any simple means. De most promising forms of aircraft noise abatement be thru land planning, flight operations restrictions den residential soundproofing. Flight restrictions fi take de form of preferred runway use, departure flight path den slope, den time-of-day restrictions. Dem tactics be sometimes controversial since dem fi impact aircraft safety, flying convenience den airline economics. For 1979 insyd, de US Congress authorize de FAA to devise technology den programs to attempt to insulate homes near airports. While dis obviously no dey aid de exterior environment, de program already be effective give residential den school interiors. Sam of de airports at wey dem apply de technology early on be San Francisco International Airport,<ref>''Final Report for the Aircraft Noise Insulation Project for San Francisco International Airport: Phase one Pilot Project'', FAA funded and prepared for the city of South San Francisco, Earth Metrics Inc., Burlingame, California, July, 1986</ref> Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, John Wayne International Airport den San Jose International Airport<ref>C.M. Hogan and Ballard George, ''Pilot Noise Residential Insulation Program'', San Jose International Airport (1983)</ref> for California insyd. De underlying technology be a computer model wey dey simulate de propagation of aircraft noise den ein penetration into buildings. Dem fi analyze variations for aircraft types, flight patterns den local meteorology insyd along plus benefits of alternative building retrofit strategies wey dey include roof upgrading, window glazing improvement, fireplace baffling, caulking construction seams den oda measures. De computer model dey allow cost-effectiveness evaluations of a host of alternative strategies. For Canada insyd, Transport Canada dey prepare noise exposure forecasts (NEF) give each airport, wey dem dey use a computer model similar to dat dem use for de US insyd. Dem discourage residential land development within high-impact areas wey de forecast identify am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Canada |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171302/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |archive-date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> === Acoustic liners === [[File:Fan & nacelle Airbus A300's CF-6.JPG|thumb|Acoustic liners at de intake of a jet engine]] [[File:Acoustic Liner Composite Sandwich.png|thumb|A composite sandwich acoustic liner (A) plus perforate face-sheet (B) honeycomb core (C) den back-skin (D)]]Aircraft engines, typically turbofans, dey use acoustic liners to damp engine noise. Dem apply liners for de internal walls of de engine nacelle top, both for de intake den by-pass ducts top, den dey use Helmholtz resonance principle give de dissipation of incident acoustic energy. == Architectural solutions == [[File:Sound Proofed HALL, Adonai Church, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Sound treatment panels contrast plus red curtains for a church meeting hall insyd]] [[File:Schallschleuse.JPG|thumb|Soundproof doors for a broadcast center insyd]] [[File:紙飛行機 (4720476854).jpg|thumb|Acoustic ceiling tiles]]Architectural acoustics noise control practices dey include interior sound reverberation reduction, inter-room noise transfer mitigation, den exterior building skin augmentation. For de case of construction of new (anaa remodeled) apartments, condominiums, hospitals, den hotels insyd, many states den cities get stringent building codes plus requirements of acoustical analysis, in order to protect building occupants. Plus regard to exterior noise, de codes usually dey require measurement of de exterior acoustic environment in order to determine de performance standard required give exterior building skin design. De architect fi work plus de acoustical scientist to arrive at de best cost-effective means of creating a quiet interior (normally 45&nbsp;dBA). De most important elements of design of de building skin be usually: glazing (glass thickness, double pane design etc.), perforated metal (wey dem use internally anaa externally),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stewart |first=William |date=February 2007 |title=Perforated metal systems sound absorbing surfaces |url=http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Construction Specifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205093926/http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-05 |access-date=2013-03-09}}</ref> roof material, caulking standards, chimney baffles, exterior door design, mail slots, attic ventilation ports, den mounting of thru-de-wall air conditioners. Regarding sound generated insyd de building, der dey two principal types of transmission. Firstly, airborne sound travels thru walls anaa floor den ceiling assemblies den fi emanate from either human activities for adjacent living spaces insyd anaa from mechanical noise within de building systems. Human activities fi include voice, noise from amplified sound systems, anaa animal noise. Mechanical systems be elevator systems, boilers, refrigeration anaa air conditioning systems, generators den trash compactors. Aerodynamic sources dey include fans, pneumatics, den combustion. Noise control give aerodynamic sources dey include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic silencers den quiet fan technology. Since many mechanical sounds dey inherently loud, de principal design element be say to require de wall anaa ceiling assembly to meet certain performance standards,<ref>Cyril M. Harris, ''Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers'' (1994)</ref> (typically Sound transmission class of 50), wey dey allow considerable attenuation of de sound level wey dey reach occupants. Dem bell de second type of interior sound as Impact Insulation Class (IIC) transmission. Dis effect dey arise not from airborne transmission, but rada from de transmission of sound thru de building einself. De most common perception of IIC noise be from de footfall of occupants insyd living spaces above. Dem easily transfer low-frequency noise thru de ground den buildings. Dis type of noise be more difficult to abate, but dem suppose give consideration to isolating de floor assembly above anaa hanging de lower ceiling for resilient channel top. Both of de transmission effects wey dem note above fi emanate either from building occupants anaa from building mechanical systems wey dey include elevators, plumbing systems den heating, ventilating den air conditioning units. For sam cases insyd, e dey merely necessary to specify de best available quieting technology for selecting such building hardware insyd. For oda cases insyd, shock mounting of systems to control vibration fi be for order insyd. For de case of plumbing systems insyd, der dey specific protocols wey dem develop, especially give water supply lines, to create isolation clamping of pipes within building walls. For de case of central air systems insyd, e dey important to baffle any ducts dat fi transmit sound between different building areas. Designing special-purpose rooms get more exotic challenges, since dem rooms fi get requirements give unusual features wey dey include concert performance, sound studio recording, den lecture halls. For dem cases insyd, dem suppose analyze reverberation den reflection in order to not only quiet de rooms, but to prevent echo effects from occurring. For dem situations insyd, dem fi specify special sound baffles den sound absorptive lining materials to dampen unwanted effects. == Post-architectural solutions == Acoustical wall den ceiling panels be a common commercial den residential solution give noise control for already-constructed buildings insyd. Dem fi construct acoustic panels of a variety of materials, though dem go frequently compose commercial acoustic applications of fiberglass anaa mineral wool-based acoustic substrates. For example, Mineral fiberboard be a commonly used acoustical substrate, den commercial thermal insulations, wey dey include dat dem use for de insulation of boiler tanks insyd, dey frequently repurposed give noise-controlling acoustic use based for demma effectiveness top at minimizing reverberations. De ideal acoustical panels be dem without a face anaa finish material dat fi interfere plus de performance of de acoustical infill, but aesthetic den safety concerns dey typically lead to fabric coverings anaa oda finishing materials to minimize impedance. Dem make panel finishings occasionally of a porous configuration of wood anaa metal. Dem limit de effectiveness of post-construction acoustic treatment by de amount of space wey dem able to allocate to acoustic treatment, den so dem frequently make on-site acoustical wall panels to conform to de shape of de preexisting space. Dem dey do dis by "framing" de perimeter track into shape, infilling de acoustical substrate den sanso dey stretch den tuck de fabric into de perimeter frame system. Dem fi construct on-site wall panels to work around door frames, baseboard, anaa any oda intrusion. Dem fi create large panels (generally greater dan 50 feet) for walls den ceilings top plus dis method. Double-glazed den thicker windows sanso fi prevent sound transmission from de outdoors. === Industrial === Dem traditionally associate industrial noise plus manufacturing settings wey industrial machinery dey produce intense sound levels,<ref>Randall F Barron and Barron F Barron, ''Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics'', Marcel Dekker, New York (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-8247-0701-9}}</ref> often upwards of 85 decibels. While dis circumstance be de most dramatic, der dey many oda work environments wey sound levels fi lie for de range of 70 to 75 decibels insyd, entirely composed of office equipment, music, public address systems, den even exterior noise intrusion. Either type of environment fi result for noise health effects insyd if de sound intensity den exposure time be too great. For de case of industrial equipment insyd, de most common techniques give noise protection of workers dey consist of shock mounting source equipment, creation of acrylic glass anaa oda solid barriers, den provision of ear protection equipment. For certain cases insyd dem fi redesign de machinery einself to operate for a manner insyd less prone to produce grating, grinding, frictional, anaa oda motions dat dey induce sound emissions. For recent years insyd, Buy Quiet programs den initiatives already arise for an effort insyd to combat occupational noise exposures. Dem programs dey promote de purchase of quieter tools den equipment den encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html "CDC – Buy Quiet – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151558/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html Archived] from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2017-09-10.</ref> For de case of more conventional office environments insyd, de techniques for architectural acoustics insyd discussed above fi apply. Oda solutions fi involve researching de quietest models of office equipment, particularly printers den photocopy machines. Dem often fit impact printers den oda equipment plus "acoustic hoods", enclosures to reduce emitted noise. One source of annoying, if not loud, sound level emissions be lighting fixtures (notably older fluorescent globes). Dem fi retrofit anaa analyze dem fixtures to see weda over-illumination dey present, a common office environment issue. If over-illumination dey occur, de-lamping anaa reduced light bank usage fi apply. Photographers fi quieten noisy still cameras for a film set top wey dem dey use sound blimps. === Commercial === Reductions for cost of technology insyd already allow noise control technology to be used not only for performance facilities den recording studios insyd, but sanso for noise-sensitive small businesses wey dey include restaurants.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Finz |first=Stacy |date=May 13, 2012 |title=High-tech system lets restaurant set noise level |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725235827/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Acoustically absorbent materials wey dey include fiberglass duct liner, wood fiber panels den recycled denim jeans dey serve as artwork-bearing canvasses for environments insyd for wey aesthetics dey important.<ref name=":2" /> Using a combination of sound absorption materials, arrays of microphones den speakers, den a digital processor, a restaurant operator fi use a tablet computer to selectively control noise levels at different places for de restaurant insyd: de microphone arrays dey pick up sound den dey send am to de digital processor, wey dey control de speakers to output sound signals for command top.<ref name=":2" /> === Residential === Post-construction residential acoustic treatment thruout de 20th century be only commonly de practice of music-listening enthusiasts. Howeva, developments for home recording technology den fidelity insyd already lead to a drastic increase for de spread den popularity of residential acoustic treatment insyd for de pursuit of home recording fidelity den accuracy insyd. A large secondary market of homemade den home-use acoustic panels, bass trap, den similar constructed products already develop wey e result from dis demand, plus many small companies den individuals wrapping industrial den commercial-grade insulations for fabric insyd give use for home recording studios, theatre rooms, den music practice spaces insyd. == References == <references /> == External links == *[https://www.icacommission.org/ International Commission for Acoustics] *[https://acousticalsociety.org/ Acoustical Society of America] *[https://euracoustics.org European Acoustics Association] *[https://www.aia.org/ American Institute of Architects] *[https://ncac.com/ National Council of Acoustical Consultants] *[http://www.bifma.com/ Business & Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909071605/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=46&pg=3005%2F 'City of Melbourne' Citysounds guide to urban residential design] *[https://noiseabatementsociety.org/ Noise Abatement Society] * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/casestudies/soundsolutions/ Noise control case studies] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603081642/http://www.industrialdeafnesswatch.co.uk/category/case-studies/ Industrial noise control case studies] * [https://isostore.com/research/ Multiple sound isolation research articles for beginners] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html/ NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page] *[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] Technical manual; [https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/ Chapter III: Noise] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Building technology]] [[Category:Environmental engineering]] [[Category:Environmental design]] [[Category:Noise pollution]] [[Category:Noise control| ]] [[Category:Road infrastructure]] [[Category:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] [[Category:Sound]] [[Category:Acoustics]] i5jmgw6iclxldt76g9a04jeu1rd6ihe 116564 116563 2026-11-09T09:06:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 116564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sound level meter with sound waves.png|thumb|A sound level meter]] '''Noise control''' anaa '''noise mitigation''' be set of strategies to reduce noise pollution anaa to reduce de impact of dat noise, weda outdoors anaa indoors. == Overview == De main areas of noise mitigation anaa abatement be: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning thru zoning codes,<ref>Benz Kotzen, [http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/ "Noise is an urban issue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803045400/http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/|date=2016-08-03}}</ref> den occupational noise control. Roadway noise den aircraft noise be de most pervasive sources of environmental noise.<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf OSHA Fact Sheet: Laboratory Safety Noise], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231722/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf|date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Social activities go fi generate noise levels dat consistently dey affect de health of populations wey dey reside insyd anaa occupying areas, both indoor den outdoor, near entertainment venues dat feature amplified sounds den music dat dey present significant challenges give effective noise mitigation strategies. Dem already develop multiple techniques to address interior sound levels, wey local building codes encourage many of dem. For de best case of project designs insyd, dem encourage planners to work plus design engineers to examine trade-offs of roadway design den architectural design. Dem techniques dey include design of exterior walls, party walls, den floor den ceiling assemblies; moreova, der dey a host of specialized means give damping reverberation from special-purpose rooms such as auditoria, concert halls, entertainment den social venues, dining areas, audio recording rooms, den meeting rooms. Many of dem techniques dey rely upon material science applications of constructing sound baffles anaa using sound-absorbing liners give interior spaces. Industrial noise control be subset of interior architectural control of noise, plus emphasis for specific methods of sound isolation top from industrial machinery den give protection of workers at demma task stations. Sound masking be de active addition of noise to reduce de annoyance of certain sounds, de opposite of soundproofing. == Standards, recommendations, den guidelines == Organizations each get demma own standards, recommendations/guidelines, den directives give wat levels of noise workers wey dem permit to be around before dem suppose put noise controls into place. === Occupational Safety den Health Administration (OSHA) === OSHA ein requirements dey state dat wen dem expose workers to noise levels above 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA) for 8-hour time-weighted averages (TWA) insyd, dem suppose implement administrative controls den/anaa new engineering controls for de workplace insyd. OSHA sanso dey require dat dem suppose control impulse noises den impact noises to prevent dem noises from reaching past 140&nbsp;dB peak sound pressure levels (SPL).<ref>Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (1983). Occupational noise exposure; hearing conservation amendment, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1910.95. ''Federal Register.'' 48(46): 9738-9785.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Rawool |first1=Vishakha |title=Hearing Conservation in Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings |date=2012 |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60406-256-4 |edition=First |location=New York, NY}}</ref> === Mine Safety den Health Organization (MSHA) === MSHA dey require dat dem suppose implement administrative den/anaa engineering controls for de workplace insyd wen dem expose miners to levels above 90 dBA TWA. If noise levels dey exceed 115 dBA, dem require miners to wear hearing protection. MSHA, therefore, dey require dat dem suppose reduce noise levels below 115&nbsp;dB TWA. Measuring noise levels give noise control decision-making suppose integrate all noises from 90&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Mine Safety and Health Administration. (1999). ''Health Standards for Occupational Noise Exposure: Final Rule'' (30 CFR Part 62, 64 Fed. Reg. 49548-49634, 49636-49637). Arlington, VA: Mine Safety and Health Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) === De FRA dey recommend dat dem suppose reduce worker exposure to noise wen demma noise exposure dey exceed 90&nbsp;dBA give an 8-hour TWA. Noise measurements suppose integrate all noises, wey dey include intermittent, continuous, impact, den impulse noises of 80&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Federal Railroad Administration (2008). 71 FR 63123, Oct. 27, 2006, as amended at 73 FR 79702, Dec. 30 2008. Part 227. ''Occupational Noise Exposure.'' Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === U.S. Department of Defense === De Department of Defense (DoD) dey suggest dat dem suppose control noise levels primarily thru engineering controls. De DoD dey require dat dem suppose reduce all steady-state noises to levels below 85 dBA den dat dem suppose reduce impulse noises below 140&nbsp;dB peak SPL. Dem no dey consider TWA exposures give de DoD ein requirements.<ref>U.S. Department of Defense. (2004). ''Instruction 6055.12. DoD Hearing Conservation Program.'' Washington, DC: Department of Defense.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === European Parliament den Council Directive === De European Parliament den Council Directive dey suppose require noise levels to reduce anaa eliminate using administrative den engineering controls. Dis directive dey require lower exposure action levels of 80 dBA give 8 hours plus 135&nbsp;dB peak SPL, along plus upper exposure action levels of 85 dBA give 8 hours plus 137 peak dBSPL. Exposure limits dey 87 dBA give 8 hours plus peak levels of 140 peak dBSPL.<ref>European Parliament and Council. (2003). ''Directive 2003/10/EC on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding the Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Noise).'' Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of the Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). ''Off J Eur Union.'' L42/38/-L42/44.</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Approaches to noise control == An effective model give noise control be de source, path, den receiver model by Bolt den Ingard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=CM |title=Handbook of Noise Control |date=1957 |publisher=McGraw-Hill:22-31 |location=New York}}</ref> Dem fi control hazardous noise by reducing de noise output at ein source, minimizing de noise as e dey travel along a path to de listener, den dey provide equipment to de listener anaa receiver to attenuate de noise. === Sources === A variety of measures dey aim to reduce hazardous noise at ein source. Programs wey dey include Buy Quiet den de National Institute give Occupational Safety den Health (NIOSH) Prevention thru design promote research den design of quiet equipment den renovation den replacement of older hazardous equipment plus modern technologies.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2010 |title=Prevention Through Design: Plan for the National Initiative |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |url-status=live |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2011121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053121/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2018 |doi-access=free |website=Centers for Disease Control}}</ref> === Path === De principle of noise reduction thru pathway modifications dey apply to de alteration of direct den indirect pathways give noise.<ref name=":1" /> Noise dat dey travel across reflective surfaces, wey dey include smooth floors, fi be hazardous. Pathway alterations dey include physical materials, wey dey include foam, dat dey absorb sound den walls to provide a sound barrier dat dey modify existing systems dat dey decrease hazardous noise. Sound dampening enclosures give loud equipment den isolation chambers from wey workers fi remotely control equipment, dem sanso fi design am. Dem methods dey prevent sound from traveling along a path to de worker anaa oda listeners. === Receiver === For de industrial anaa commercial setting insyd, workers suppose comply plus de appropriate Hearing conservation program. Administrative controls, wey dey incude de restriction of personnel for noisy areas insyd, dey prevent unnecessary noise exposure. Personal protective equipment wey dey include foam ear plugs anaa ear muffs to attenuate sound dey provide a last line of defense give de listener. == Basic technologies == * Sound insulation: dey prevent de transmission of noise by de introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials get high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. * Sound absorption: a porous material wey dey act as a 'noise sponge' by converting de sound energy into heat for de material insyd. Common sound absorption materials dey include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams den fiberglass * Vibration damping: applicable give large vibrating surfaces. De damping mechanism dey work by extracting de vibration energy from de thin sheet den dey dissipate am as heat. A common material be sound-deadened steel. * Vibration isolation: dey prevent transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element anaa a physical break. Common vibration isolators be springs, rubber mounts, cork etc. == Roadways == [[File:Geluidscherm Overschie.jpg|thumb|Dis noise abatement wall for de Netherlands insyd get a transparent section at de driver ein eye-level to reduce de visual impact give road users.]]Studies for noise barriers top show mixed results for demma ability top to effectively reduce noise pollution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landau |first1=Meryl |date=27 December 2017 |title=On Highway Noise Barriers, the Science Is Mixed. Are There Alternatives? |url=https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164021/https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Undark |publisher=Undark.org}}</ref> Electric den hybrid vehicles fi reduce noise pollution, but only if dem vehicles dey make up a high proportion of total vehicles for de road top; even if traffic for an urban area insyd reach a makeup of fifty percent electric vehicles, de overall noise reduction achieved go only be a few decibels go be barely noticeable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pallas |first1=Marie-Agnès |title=Assessing the noise impact of electric and hybrid vehicles |url=https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103211046/https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=IFSTTAR |publisher=IFSTTAR}}</ref> Highway noise be today wey motor type less affect am, since de effects for higher speed insyd be aerodynamic den tire noise related. Oda contributions to de reduction of noise at de source be: improved tire tread designs give trucks for de 1970s insyd, better shielding of diesel stacks for de 1980s insyd, den local vehicle regulation of unmuffled vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tire-Pavement Noise {{!}} Sound Control |url=http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050128/http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |archive-date=2022-02-01 |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=soundcontroltech.com |language=en-US}}</ref> De most fertile areas give roadway noise mitigation be for urban planning decisions, roadway design, noise barrier design,<ref>Benz Kotzen and Colin English, ''Environmental Noise Barriers: A Guide to Their Visual and Acoustic Design'', Spon Press, United Kingdom (1999) {{ISBN|978-0-419-23180-6}}</ref> speed control, surface pavement selection, den truck restrictions insyd. Speed control dey effective since de lowest sound emissions dey arise from vehicles moving smoothly at 30 to 60 kilometers per hour. Above dat range, sound emissions dey double plus every five miles per hour of speed. At de lowest speeds, braking den (engine) acceleration noise dey dominate. Selection of road surface pavement fi make a difference of a factor of two for sound levels insyd, give de speed regime above 30 kilometers per hour. Quieter pavements dey porous plus a negative surface texture den use small to medium-sized aggregates; de loudest pavements get transversely-grooved surfaces, positive surface textures, den larger aggregates. Surface friction den roadway safety be important considerations as well give pavement decisions. Wen designing new urban freeways anaa arterials, der dey numerous design decisions wey dey regard alignment den roadway geometrics.<ref>Myer Kutz, ''Handbook of Transportation Engineering'', McGraw-Hill (2004) {{ISBN|978-0-07-139122-1}}</ref> Use of a computer model to calculate sound levels already becam standard practice since de early 1970s. For dis way insyd dem fi minimize exposure of sensitive receptors to elevated sound levels. An analogous process dey exist give urban mass transit systems den oda rail transportation decisions. Early examples of urban rail systems wey dem design using dis technology be: Boston MBTA line expansions (1970s), San Francisco BART system expansion (1981), Houston METRORail system (1982), den de MAX Light Rail system for Portland, Oregon insyd (1983). Dem fi apply noise barriers to existing anaa planned surface transportation projects. Dem be one of de most effective actions wey dem take for retrofitting existing roadways insyd den commonly fi reduce adjacent land-use sound levels by up to ten decibels. Dem require a computer model to design de barrier since terrain, micrometeorology den oda locale-specific factors dey make de endeavor a very complex undertaking. For example, a roadway for a cut anaa strong prevailing winds insyd fi produce a setting wey atmospheric sound propagation dey unfavorable to any noise barrier. == Aircraft == [[File:Airbus A321 (British AW) - Aviation noise.jpg|thumb|An Airbus A321 of British Airways for ein landing approach top to London Heathrow Airport, wey dey showing ein proximity to homes]]As for de case of roadway noise insyd, dem already make little progress for quelling aircraft noise insyd at de source, oda dan elimination of loud engine designs from de 1960s den earlier. Sekof ein velocity den volume, jet turbine engine exhaust noise dey defy reduction by any simple means. De most promising forms of aircraft noise abatement be thru land planning, flight operations restrictions den residential soundproofing. Flight restrictions fi take de form of preferred runway use, departure flight path den slope, den time-of-day restrictions. Dem tactics be sometimes controversial since dem fi impact aircraft safety, flying convenience den airline economics. For 1979 insyd, de US Congress authorize de FAA to devise technology den programs to attempt to insulate homes near airports. While dis obviously no dey aid de exterior environment, de program already be effective give residential den school interiors. Sam of de airports at wey dem apply de technology early on be San Francisco International Airport,<ref>''Final Report for the Aircraft Noise Insulation Project for San Francisco International Airport: Phase one Pilot Project'', FAA funded and prepared for the city of South San Francisco, Earth Metrics Inc., Burlingame, California, July, 1986</ref> Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, John Wayne International Airport den San Jose International Airport<ref>C.M. Hogan and Ballard George, ''Pilot Noise Residential Insulation Program'', San Jose International Airport (1983)</ref> for California insyd. De underlying technology be a computer model wey dey simulate de propagation of aircraft noise den ein penetration into buildings. Dem fi analyze variations for aircraft types, flight patterns den local meteorology insyd along plus benefits of alternative building retrofit strategies wey dey include roof upgrading, window glazing improvement, fireplace baffling, caulking construction seams den oda measures. De computer model dey allow cost-effectiveness evaluations of a host of alternative strategies. For Canada insyd, Transport Canada dey prepare noise exposure forecasts (NEF) give each airport, wey dem dey use a computer model similar to dat dem use for de US insyd. Dem discourage residential land development within high-impact areas wey de forecast identify am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Canada |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171302/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |archive-date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> === Acoustic liners === [[File:Fan & nacelle Airbus A300's CF-6.JPG|thumb|Acoustic liners at de intake of a jet engine]] [[File:Acoustic Liner Composite Sandwich.png|thumb|A composite sandwich acoustic liner (A) plus perforate face-sheet (B) honeycomb core (C) den back-skin (D)]]Aircraft engines, typically turbofans, dey use acoustic liners to damp engine noise. Dem apply liners for de internal walls of de engine nacelle top, both for de intake den by-pass ducts top, den dey use Helmholtz resonance principle give de dissipation of incident acoustic energy. == Architectural solutions == [[File:Sound Proofed HALL, Adonai Church, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Sound treatment panels contrast plus red curtains for a church meeting hall insyd]] [[File:Schallschleuse.JPG|thumb|Soundproof doors for a broadcast center insyd]] [[File:紙飛行機 (4720476854).jpg|thumb|Acoustic ceiling tiles]]Architectural acoustics noise control practices dey include interior sound reverberation reduction, inter-room noise transfer mitigation, den exterior building skin augmentation. For de case of construction of new (anaa remodeled) apartments, condominiums, hospitals, den hotels insyd, many states den cities get stringent building codes plus requirements of acoustical analysis, in order to protect building occupants. Plus regard to exterior noise, de codes usually dey require measurement of de exterior acoustic environment in order to determine de performance standard required give exterior building skin design. De architect fi work plus de acoustical scientist to arrive at de best cost-effective means of creating a quiet interior (normally 45&nbsp;dBA). De most important elements of design of de building skin be usually: glazing (glass thickness, double pane design etc.), perforated metal (wey dem use internally anaa externally),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stewart |first=William |date=February 2007 |title=Perforated metal systems sound absorbing surfaces |url=http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Construction Specifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205093926/http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-05 |access-date=2013-03-09}}</ref> roof material, caulking standards, chimney baffles, exterior door design, mail slots, attic ventilation ports, den mounting of thru-de-wall air conditioners. Regarding sound generated insyd de building, der dey two principal types of transmission. Firstly, airborne sound travels thru walls anaa floor den ceiling assemblies den fi emanate from either human activities for adjacent living spaces insyd anaa from mechanical noise within de building systems. Human activities fi include voice, noise from amplified sound systems, anaa animal noise. Mechanical systems be elevator systems, boilers, refrigeration anaa air conditioning systems, generators den trash compactors. Aerodynamic sources dey include fans, pneumatics, den combustion. Noise control give aerodynamic sources dey include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic silencers den quiet fan technology. Since many mechanical sounds dey inherently loud, de principal design element be say to require de wall anaa ceiling assembly to meet certain performance standards,<ref>Cyril M. Harris, ''Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers'' (1994)</ref> (typically Sound transmission class of 50), wey dey allow considerable attenuation of de sound level wey dey reach occupants. Dem bell de second type of interior sound as Impact Insulation Class (IIC) transmission. Dis effect dey arise not from airborne transmission, but rada from de transmission of sound thru de building einself. De most common perception of IIC noise be from de footfall of occupants insyd living spaces above. Dem easily transfer low-frequency noise thru de ground den buildings. Dis type of noise be more difficult to abate, but dem suppose give consideration to isolating de floor assembly above anaa hanging de lower ceiling for resilient channel top. Both of de transmission effects wey dem note above fi emanate either from building occupants anaa from building mechanical systems wey dey include elevators, plumbing systems den heating, ventilating den air conditioning units. For sam cases insyd, e dey merely necessary to specify de best available quieting technology for selecting such building hardware insyd. For oda cases insyd, shock mounting of systems to control vibration fi be for order insyd. For de case of plumbing systems insyd, der dey specific protocols wey dem develop, especially give water supply lines, to create isolation clamping of pipes within building walls. For de case of central air systems insyd, e dey important to baffle any ducts dat fi transmit sound between different building areas. Designing special-purpose rooms get more exotic challenges, since dem rooms fi get requirements give unusual features wey dey include concert performance, sound studio recording, den lecture halls. For dem cases insyd, dem suppose analyze reverberation den reflection in order to not only quiet de rooms, but to prevent echo effects from occurring. For dem situations insyd, dem fi specify special sound baffles den sound absorptive lining materials to dampen unwanted effects. == Post-architectural solutions == Acoustical wall den ceiling panels be a common commercial den residential solution give noise control for already-constructed buildings insyd. Dem fi construct acoustic panels of a variety of materials, though dem go frequently compose commercial acoustic applications of fiberglass anaa mineral wool-based acoustic substrates. For example, Mineral fiberboard be a commonly used acoustical substrate, den commercial thermal insulations, wey dey include dat dem use for de insulation of boiler tanks insyd, dey frequently repurposed give noise-controlling acoustic use based for demma effectiveness top at minimizing reverberations. De ideal acoustical panels be dem without a face anaa finish material dat fi interfere plus de performance of de acoustical infill, but aesthetic den safety concerns dey typically lead to fabric coverings anaa oda finishing materials to minimize impedance. Dem make panel finishings occasionally of a porous configuration of wood anaa metal. Dem limit de effectiveness of post-construction acoustic treatment by de amount of space wey dem able to allocate to acoustic treatment, den so dem frequently make on-site acoustical wall panels to conform to de shape of de preexisting space. Dem dey do dis by "framing" de perimeter track into shape, infilling de acoustical substrate den sanso dey stretch den tuck de fabric into de perimeter frame system. Dem fi construct on-site wall panels to work around door frames, baseboard, anaa any oda intrusion. Dem fi create large panels (generally greater dan 50 feet) for walls den ceilings top plus dis method. Double-glazed den thicker windows sanso fi prevent sound transmission from de outdoors. === Industrial === Dem traditionally associate industrial noise plus manufacturing settings wey industrial machinery dey produce intense sound levels,<ref>Randall F Barron and Barron F Barron, ''Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics'', Marcel Dekker, New York (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-8247-0701-9}}</ref> often upwards of 85 decibels. While dis circumstance be de most dramatic, der dey many oda work environments wey sound levels fi lie for de range of 70 to 75 decibels insyd, entirely composed of office equipment, music, public address systems, den even exterior noise intrusion. Either type of environment fi result for noise health effects insyd if de sound intensity den exposure time be too great. For de case of industrial equipment insyd, de most common techniques give noise protection of workers dey consist of shock mounting source equipment, creation of acrylic glass anaa oda solid barriers, den provision of ear protection equipment. For certain cases insyd dem fi redesign de machinery einself to operate for a manner insyd less prone to produce grating, grinding, frictional, anaa oda motions dat dey induce sound emissions. For recent years insyd, Buy Quiet programs den initiatives already arise for an effort insyd to combat occupational noise exposures. Dem programs dey promote de purchase of quieter tools den equipment den encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html "CDC – Buy Quiet – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151558/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html Archived] from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2017-09-10.</ref> For de case of more conventional office environments insyd, de techniques for architectural acoustics insyd discussed above fi apply. Oda solutions fi involve researching de quietest models of office equipment, particularly printers den photocopy machines. Dem often fit impact printers den oda equipment plus "acoustic hoods", enclosures to reduce emitted noise. One source of annoying, if not loud, sound level emissions be lighting fixtures (notably older fluorescent globes). Dem fi retrofit anaa analyze dem fixtures to see weda over-illumination dey present, a common office environment issue. If over-illumination dey occur, de-lamping anaa reduced light bank usage fi apply. Photographers fi quieten noisy still cameras for a film set top wey dem dey use sound blimps. === Commercial === Reductions for cost of technology insyd already allow noise control technology to be used not only for performance facilities den recording studios insyd, but sanso for noise-sensitive small businesses wey dey include restaurants.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Finz |first=Stacy |date=May 13, 2012 |title=High-tech system lets restaurant set noise level |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725235827/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Acoustically absorbent materials wey dey include fiberglass duct liner, wood fiber panels den recycled denim jeans dey serve as artwork-bearing canvasses for environments insyd for wey aesthetics dey important.<ref name=":2" /> Using a combination of sound absorption materials, arrays of microphones den speakers, den a digital processor, a restaurant operator fi use a tablet computer to selectively control noise levels at different places for de restaurant insyd: de microphone arrays dey pick up sound den dey send am to de digital processor, wey dey control de speakers to output sound signals for command top.<ref name=":2" /> === Residential === Post-construction residential acoustic treatment thruout de 20th century be only commonly de practice of music-listening enthusiasts. Howeva, developments for home recording technology den fidelity insyd already lead to a drastic increase for de spread den popularity of residential acoustic treatment insyd for de pursuit of home recording fidelity den accuracy insyd. A large secondary market of homemade den home-use acoustic panels, bass trap, den similar constructed products already develop wey e result from dis demand, plus many small companies den individuals wrapping industrial den commercial-grade insulations for fabric insyd give use for home recording studios, theatre rooms, den music practice spaces insyd. == Urban planning == Communities fi use zoning codes to isolate noisy urban activities from areas wey dem suppose protect from such unhealthy exposures den to establish noise standards for areas insyd wey no fi not be conducive to such isolation strategies. Sekof low-income neighborhoods dey often at greater risk of noise pollution, de establishment of such zoning codes often be an environmental justice issue. == References == <references /> == External links == *[https://www.icacommission.org/ International Commission for Acoustics] *[https://acousticalsociety.org/ Acoustical Society of America] *[https://euracoustics.org European Acoustics Association] *[https://www.aia.org/ American Institute of Architects] *[https://ncac.com/ National Council of Acoustical Consultants] *[http://www.bifma.com/ Business & Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909071605/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=46&pg=3005%2F 'City of Melbourne' Citysounds guide to urban residential design] *[https://noiseabatementsociety.org/ Noise Abatement Society] * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/casestudies/soundsolutions/ Noise control case studies] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603081642/http://www.industrialdeafnesswatch.co.uk/category/case-studies/ Industrial noise control case studies] * [https://isostore.com/research/ Multiple sound isolation research articles for beginners] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html/ NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page] *[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] Technical manual; [https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/ Chapter III: Noise] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Building technology]] [[Category:Environmental engineering]] [[Category:Environmental design]] [[Category:Noise pollution]] [[Category:Noise control| ]] [[Category:Road infrastructure]] [[Category:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] [[Category:Sound]] [[Category:Acoustics]] dgy19zn6rhda6q4i99ttgylqcy7lfjt 116565 116564 2026-11-09T09:06:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 116565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sound level meter with sound waves.png|thumb|A sound level meter]] '''Noise control''' anaa '''noise mitigation''' be set of strategies to reduce noise pollution anaa to reduce de impact of dat noise, weda outdoors anaa indoors. == Overview == De main areas of noise mitigation anaa abatement be: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning thru zoning codes,<ref>Benz Kotzen, [http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/ "Noise is an urban issue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803045400/http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/|date=2016-08-03}}</ref> den occupational noise control. Roadway noise den aircraft noise be de most pervasive sources of environmental noise.<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf OSHA Fact Sheet: Laboratory Safety Noise], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231722/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf|date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Social activities go fi generate noise levels dat consistently dey affect de health of populations wey dey reside insyd anaa occupying areas, both indoor den outdoor, near entertainment venues dat feature amplified sounds den music dat dey present significant challenges give effective noise mitigation strategies. Dem already develop multiple techniques to address interior sound levels, wey local building codes encourage many of dem. For de best case of project designs insyd, dem encourage planners to work plus design engineers to examine trade-offs of roadway design den architectural design. Dem techniques dey include design of exterior walls, party walls, den floor den ceiling assemblies; moreova, der dey a host of specialized means give damping reverberation from special-purpose rooms such as auditoria, concert halls, entertainment den social venues, dining areas, audio recording rooms, den meeting rooms. Many of dem techniques dey rely upon material science applications of constructing sound baffles anaa using sound-absorbing liners give interior spaces. Industrial noise control be subset of interior architectural control of noise, plus emphasis for specific methods of sound isolation top from industrial machinery den give protection of workers at demma task stations. Sound masking be de active addition of noise to reduce de annoyance of certain sounds, de opposite of soundproofing. == Standards, recommendations, den guidelines == Organizations each get demma own standards, recommendations/guidelines, den directives give wat levels of noise workers wey dem permit to be around before dem suppose put noise controls into place. === Occupational Safety den Health Administration (OSHA) === OSHA ein requirements dey state dat wen dem expose workers to noise levels above 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA) for 8-hour time-weighted averages (TWA) insyd, dem suppose implement administrative controls den/anaa new engineering controls for de workplace insyd. OSHA sanso dey require dat dem suppose control impulse noises den impact noises to prevent dem noises from reaching past 140&nbsp;dB peak sound pressure levels (SPL).<ref>Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (1983). Occupational noise exposure; hearing conservation amendment, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1910.95. ''Federal Register.'' 48(46): 9738-9785.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Rawool |first1=Vishakha |title=Hearing Conservation in Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings |date=2012 |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60406-256-4 |edition=First |location=New York, NY}}</ref> === Mine Safety den Health Organization (MSHA) === MSHA dey require dat dem suppose implement administrative den/anaa engineering controls for de workplace insyd wen dem expose miners to levels above 90 dBA TWA. If noise levels dey exceed 115 dBA, dem require miners to wear hearing protection. MSHA, therefore, dey require dat dem suppose reduce noise levels below 115&nbsp;dB TWA. Measuring noise levels give noise control decision-making suppose integrate all noises from 90&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Mine Safety and Health Administration. (1999). ''Health Standards for Occupational Noise Exposure: Final Rule'' (30 CFR Part 62, 64 Fed. Reg. 49548-49634, 49636-49637). Arlington, VA: Mine Safety and Health Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) === De FRA dey recommend dat dem suppose reduce worker exposure to noise wen demma noise exposure dey exceed 90&nbsp;dBA give an 8-hour TWA. Noise measurements suppose integrate all noises, wey dey include intermittent, continuous, impact, den impulse noises of 80&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Federal Railroad Administration (2008). 71 FR 63123, Oct. 27, 2006, as amended at 73 FR 79702, Dec. 30 2008. Part 227. ''Occupational Noise Exposure.'' Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === U.S. Department of Defense === De Department of Defense (DoD) dey suggest dat dem suppose control noise levels primarily thru engineering controls. De DoD dey require dat dem suppose reduce all steady-state noises to levels below 85 dBA den dat dem suppose reduce impulse noises below 140&nbsp;dB peak SPL. Dem no dey consider TWA exposures give de DoD ein requirements.<ref>U.S. Department of Defense. (2004). ''Instruction 6055.12. DoD Hearing Conservation Program.'' Washington, DC: Department of Defense.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === European Parliament den Council Directive === De European Parliament den Council Directive dey suppose require noise levels to reduce anaa eliminate using administrative den engineering controls. Dis directive dey require lower exposure action levels of 80 dBA give 8 hours plus 135&nbsp;dB peak SPL, along plus upper exposure action levels of 85 dBA give 8 hours plus 137 peak dBSPL. Exposure limits dey 87 dBA give 8 hours plus peak levels of 140 peak dBSPL.<ref>European Parliament and Council. (2003). ''Directive 2003/10/EC on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding the Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Noise).'' Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of the Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). ''Off J Eur Union.'' L42/38/-L42/44.</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Approaches to noise control == An effective model give noise control be de source, path, den receiver model by Bolt den Ingard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=CM |title=Handbook of Noise Control |date=1957 |publisher=McGraw-Hill:22-31 |location=New York}}</ref> Dem fi control hazardous noise by reducing de noise output at ein source, minimizing de noise as e dey travel along a path to de listener, den dey provide equipment to de listener anaa receiver to attenuate de noise. === Sources === A variety of measures dey aim to reduce hazardous noise at ein source. Programs wey dey include Buy Quiet den de National Institute give Occupational Safety den Health (NIOSH) Prevention thru design promote research den design of quiet equipment den renovation den replacement of older hazardous equipment plus modern technologies.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2010 |title=Prevention Through Design: Plan for the National Initiative |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |url-status=live |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2011121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053121/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2018 |doi-access=free |website=Centers for Disease Control}}</ref> === Path === De principle of noise reduction thru pathway modifications dey apply to de alteration of direct den indirect pathways give noise.<ref name=":1" /> Noise dat dey travel across reflective surfaces, wey dey include smooth floors, fi be hazardous. Pathway alterations dey include physical materials, wey dey include foam, dat dey absorb sound den walls to provide a sound barrier dat dey modify existing systems dat dey decrease hazardous noise. Sound dampening enclosures give loud equipment den isolation chambers from wey workers fi remotely control equipment, dem sanso fi design am. Dem methods dey prevent sound from traveling along a path to de worker anaa oda listeners. === Receiver === For de industrial anaa commercial setting insyd, workers suppose comply plus de appropriate Hearing conservation program. Administrative controls, wey dey incude de restriction of personnel for noisy areas insyd, dey prevent unnecessary noise exposure. Personal protective equipment wey dey include foam ear plugs anaa ear muffs to attenuate sound dey provide a last line of defense give de listener. == Basic technologies == * Sound insulation: dey prevent de transmission of noise by de introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials get high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. * Sound absorption: a porous material wey dey act as a 'noise sponge' by converting de sound energy into heat for de material insyd. Common sound absorption materials dey include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams den fiberglass * Vibration damping: applicable give large vibrating surfaces. De damping mechanism dey work by extracting de vibration energy from de thin sheet den dey dissipate am as heat. A common material be sound-deadened steel. * Vibration isolation: dey prevent transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element anaa a physical break. Common vibration isolators be springs, rubber mounts, cork etc. == Roadways == [[File:Geluidscherm Overschie.jpg|thumb|Dis noise abatement wall for de Netherlands insyd get a transparent section at de driver ein eye-level to reduce de visual impact give road users.]]Studies for noise barriers top show mixed results for demma ability top to effectively reduce noise pollution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landau |first1=Meryl |date=27 December 2017 |title=On Highway Noise Barriers, the Science Is Mixed. Are There Alternatives? |url=https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164021/https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Undark |publisher=Undark.org}}</ref> Electric den hybrid vehicles fi reduce noise pollution, but only if dem vehicles dey make up a high proportion of total vehicles for de road top; even if traffic for an urban area insyd reach a makeup of fifty percent electric vehicles, de overall noise reduction achieved go only be a few decibels go be barely noticeable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pallas |first1=Marie-Agnès |title=Assessing the noise impact of electric and hybrid vehicles |url=https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103211046/https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=IFSTTAR |publisher=IFSTTAR}}</ref> Highway noise be today wey motor type less affect am, since de effects for higher speed insyd be aerodynamic den tire noise related. Oda contributions to de reduction of noise at de source be: improved tire tread designs give trucks for de 1970s insyd, better shielding of diesel stacks for de 1980s insyd, den local vehicle regulation of unmuffled vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tire-Pavement Noise {{!}} Sound Control |url=http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050128/http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |archive-date=2022-02-01 |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=soundcontroltech.com |language=en-US}}</ref> De most fertile areas give roadway noise mitigation be for urban planning decisions, roadway design, noise barrier design,<ref>Benz Kotzen and Colin English, ''Environmental Noise Barriers: A Guide to Their Visual and Acoustic Design'', Spon Press, United Kingdom (1999) {{ISBN|978-0-419-23180-6}}</ref> speed control, surface pavement selection, den truck restrictions insyd. Speed control dey effective since de lowest sound emissions dey arise from vehicles moving smoothly at 30 to 60 kilometers per hour. Above dat range, sound emissions dey double plus every five miles per hour of speed. At de lowest speeds, braking den (engine) acceleration noise dey dominate. Selection of road surface pavement fi make a difference of a factor of two for sound levels insyd, give de speed regime above 30 kilometers per hour. Quieter pavements dey porous plus a negative surface texture den use small to medium-sized aggregates; de loudest pavements get transversely-grooved surfaces, positive surface textures, den larger aggregates. Surface friction den roadway safety be important considerations as well give pavement decisions. Wen designing new urban freeways anaa arterials, der dey numerous design decisions wey dey regard alignment den roadway geometrics.<ref>Myer Kutz, ''Handbook of Transportation Engineering'', McGraw-Hill (2004) {{ISBN|978-0-07-139122-1}}</ref> Use of a computer model to calculate sound levels already becam standard practice since de early 1970s. For dis way insyd dem fi minimize exposure of sensitive receptors to elevated sound levels. An analogous process dey exist give urban mass transit systems den oda rail transportation decisions. Early examples of urban rail systems wey dem design using dis technology be: Boston MBTA line expansions (1970s), San Francisco BART system expansion (1981), Houston METRORail system (1982), den de MAX Light Rail system for Portland, Oregon insyd (1983). Dem fi apply noise barriers to existing anaa planned surface transportation projects. Dem be one of de most effective actions wey dem take for retrofitting existing roadways insyd den commonly fi reduce adjacent land-use sound levels by up to ten decibels. Dem require a computer model to design de barrier since terrain, micrometeorology den oda locale-specific factors dey make de endeavor a very complex undertaking. For example, a roadway for a cut anaa strong prevailing winds insyd fi produce a setting wey atmospheric sound propagation dey unfavorable to any noise barrier. == Aircraft == [[File:Airbus A321 (British AW) - Aviation noise.jpg|thumb|An Airbus A321 of British Airways for ein landing approach top to London Heathrow Airport, wey dey showing ein proximity to homes]]As for de case of roadway noise insyd, dem already make little progress for quelling aircraft noise insyd at de source, oda dan elimination of loud engine designs from de 1960s den earlier. Sekof ein velocity den volume, jet turbine engine exhaust noise dey defy reduction by any simple means. De most promising forms of aircraft noise abatement be thru land planning, flight operations restrictions den residential soundproofing. Flight restrictions fi take de form of preferred runway use, departure flight path den slope, den time-of-day restrictions. Dem tactics be sometimes controversial since dem fi impact aircraft safety, flying convenience den airline economics. For 1979 insyd, de US Congress authorize de FAA to devise technology den programs to attempt to insulate homes near airports. While dis obviously no dey aid de exterior environment, de program already be effective give residential den school interiors. Sam of de airports at wey dem apply de technology early on be San Francisco International Airport,<ref>''Final Report for the Aircraft Noise Insulation Project for San Francisco International Airport: Phase one Pilot Project'', FAA funded and prepared for the city of South San Francisco, Earth Metrics Inc., Burlingame, California, July, 1986</ref> Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, John Wayne International Airport den San Jose International Airport<ref>C.M. Hogan and Ballard George, ''Pilot Noise Residential Insulation Program'', San Jose International Airport (1983)</ref> for California insyd. De underlying technology be a computer model wey dey simulate de propagation of aircraft noise den ein penetration into buildings. Dem fi analyze variations for aircraft types, flight patterns den local meteorology insyd along plus benefits of alternative building retrofit strategies wey dey include roof upgrading, window glazing improvement, fireplace baffling, caulking construction seams den oda measures. De computer model dey allow cost-effectiveness evaluations of a host of alternative strategies. For Canada insyd, Transport Canada dey prepare noise exposure forecasts (NEF) give each airport, wey dem dey use a computer model similar to dat dem use for de US insyd. Dem discourage residential land development within high-impact areas wey de forecast identify am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Canada |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171302/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |archive-date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> === Acoustic liners === [[File:Fan & nacelle Airbus A300's CF-6.JPG|thumb|Acoustic liners at de intake of a jet engine]] [[File:Acoustic Liner Composite Sandwich.png|thumb|A composite sandwich acoustic liner (A) plus perforate face-sheet (B) honeycomb core (C) den back-skin (D)]]Aircraft engines, typically turbofans, dey use acoustic liners to damp engine noise. Dem apply liners for de internal walls of de engine nacelle top, both for de intake den by-pass ducts top, den dey use Helmholtz resonance principle give de dissipation of incident acoustic energy. == Architectural solutions == [[File:Sound Proofed HALL, Adonai Church, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Sound treatment panels contrast plus red curtains for a church meeting hall insyd]] [[File:Schallschleuse.JPG|thumb|Soundproof doors for a broadcast center insyd]] [[File:紙飛行機 (4720476854).jpg|thumb|Acoustic ceiling tiles]]Architectural acoustics noise control practices dey include interior sound reverberation reduction, inter-room noise transfer mitigation, den exterior building skin augmentation. For de case of construction of new (anaa remodeled) apartments, condominiums, hospitals, den hotels insyd, many states den cities get stringent building codes plus requirements of acoustical analysis, in order to protect building occupants. Plus regard to exterior noise, de codes usually dey require measurement of de exterior acoustic environment in order to determine de performance standard required give exterior building skin design. De architect fi work plus de acoustical scientist to arrive at de best cost-effective means of creating a quiet interior (normally 45&nbsp;dBA). De most important elements of design of de building skin be usually: glazing (glass thickness, double pane design etc.), perforated metal (wey dem use internally anaa externally),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stewart |first=William |date=February 2007 |title=Perforated metal systems sound absorbing surfaces |url=http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Construction Specifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205093926/http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-05 |access-date=2013-03-09}}</ref> roof material, caulking standards, chimney baffles, exterior door design, mail slots, attic ventilation ports, den mounting of thru-de-wall air conditioners. Regarding sound generated insyd de building, der dey two principal types of transmission. Firstly, airborne sound travels thru walls anaa floor den ceiling assemblies den fi emanate from either human activities for adjacent living spaces insyd anaa from mechanical noise within de building systems. Human activities fi include voice, noise from amplified sound systems, anaa animal noise. Mechanical systems be elevator systems, boilers, refrigeration anaa air conditioning systems, generators den trash compactors. Aerodynamic sources dey include fans, pneumatics, den combustion. Noise control give aerodynamic sources dey include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic silencers den quiet fan technology. Since many mechanical sounds dey inherently loud, de principal design element be say to require de wall anaa ceiling assembly to meet certain performance standards,<ref>Cyril M. Harris, ''Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers'' (1994)</ref> (typically Sound transmission class of 50), wey dey allow considerable attenuation of de sound level wey dey reach occupants. Dem bell de second type of interior sound as Impact Insulation Class (IIC) transmission. Dis effect dey arise not from airborne transmission, but rada from de transmission of sound thru de building einself. De most common perception of IIC noise be from de footfall of occupants insyd living spaces above. Dem easily transfer low-frequency noise thru de ground den buildings. Dis type of noise be more difficult to abate, but dem suppose give consideration to isolating de floor assembly above anaa hanging de lower ceiling for resilient channel top. Both of de transmission effects wey dem note above fi emanate either from building occupants anaa from building mechanical systems wey dey include elevators, plumbing systems den heating, ventilating den air conditioning units. For sam cases insyd, e dey merely necessary to specify de best available quieting technology for selecting such building hardware insyd. For oda cases insyd, shock mounting of systems to control vibration fi be for order insyd. For de case of plumbing systems insyd, der dey specific protocols wey dem develop, especially give water supply lines, to create isolation clamping of pipes within building walls. For de case of central air systems insyd, e dey important to baffle any ducts dat fi transmit sound between different building areas. Designing special-purpose rooms get more exotic challenges, since dem rooms fi get requirements give unusual features wey dey include concert performance, sound studio recording, den lecture halls. For dem cases insyd, dem suppose analyze reverberation den reflection in order to not only quiet de rooms, but to prevent echo effects from occurring. For dem situations insyd, dem fi specify special sound baffles den sound absorptive lining materials to dampen unwanted effects. == Post-architectural solutions == Acoustical wall den ceiling panels be a common commercial den residential solution give noise control for already-constructed buildings insyd. Dem fi construct acoustic panels of a variety of materials, though dem go frequently compose commercial acoustic applications of fiberglass anaa mineral wool-based acoustic substrates. For example, Mineral fiberboard be a commonly used acoustical substrate, den commercial thermal insulations, wey dey include dat dem use for de insulation of boiler tanks insyd, dey frequently repurposed give noise-controlling acoustic use based for demma effectiveness top at minimizing reverberations. De ideal acoustical panels be dem without a face anaa finish material dat fi interfere plus de performance of de acoustical infill, but aesthetic den safety concerns dey typically lead to fabric coverings anaa oda finishing materials to minimize impedance. Dem make panel finishings occasionally of a porous configuration of wood anaa metal. Dem limit de effectiveness of post-construction acoustic treatment by de amount of space wey dem able to allocate to acoustic treatment, den so dem frequently make on-site acoustical wall panels to conform to de shape of de preexisting space. Dem dey do dis by "framing" de perimeter track into shape, infilling de acoustical substrate den sanso dey stretch den tuck de fabric into de perimeter frame system. Dem fi construct on-site wall panels to work around door frames, baseboard, anaa any oda intrusion. Dem fi create large panels (generally greater dan 50 feet) for walls den ceilings top plus dis method. Double-glazed den thicker windows sanso fi prevent sound transmission from de outdoors. === Industrial === Dem traditionally associate industrial noise plus manufacturing settings wey industrial machinery dey produce intense sound levels,<ref>Randall F Barron and Barron F Barron, ''Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics'', Marcel Dekker, New York (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-8247-0701-9}}</ref> often upwards of 85 decibels. While dis circumstance be de most dramatic, der dey many oda work environments wey sound levels fi lie for de range of 70 to 75 decibels insyd, entirely composed of office equipment, music, public address systems, den even exterior noise intrusion. Either type of environment fi result for noise health effects insyd if de sound intensity den exposure time be too great. For de case of industrial equipment insyd, de most common techniques give noise protection of workers dey consist of shock mounting source equipment, creation of acrylic glass anaa oda solid barriers, den provision of ear protection equipment. For certain cases insyd dem fi redesign de machinery einself to operate for a manner insyd less prone to produce grating, grinding, frictional, anaa oda motions dat dey induce sound emissions. For recent years insyd, Buy Quiet programs den initiatives already arise for an effort insyd to combat occupational noise exposures. Dem programs dey promote de purchase of quieter tools den equipment den encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html "CDC – Buy Quiet – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151558/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html Archived] from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2017-09-10.</ref> For de case of more conventional office environments insyd, de techniques for architectural acoustics insyd discussed above fi apply. Oda solutions fi involve researching de quietest models of office equipment, particularly printers den photocopy machines. Dem often fit impact printers den oda equipment plus "acoustic hoods", enclosures to reduce emitted noise. One source of annoying, if not loud, sound level emissions be lighting fixtures (notably older fluorescent globes). Dem fi retrofit anaa analyze dem fixtures to see weda over-illumination dey present, a common office environment issue. If over-illumination dey occur, de-lamping anaa reduced light bank usage fi apply. Photographers fi quieten noisy still cameras for a film set top wey dem dey use sound blimps. === Commercial === Reductions for cost of technology insyd already allow noise control technology to be used not only for performance facilities den recording studios insyd, but sanso for noise-sensitive small businesses wey dey include restaurants.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Finz |first=Stacy |date=May 13, 2012 |title=High-tech system lets restaurant set noise level |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725235827/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Acoustically absorbent materials wey dey include fiberglass duct liner, wood fiber panels den recycled denim jeans dey serve as artwork-bearing canvasses for environments insyd for wey aesthetics dey important.<ref name=":2" /> Using a combination of sound absorption materials, arrays of microphones den speakers, den a digital processor, a restaurant operator fi use a tablet computer to selectively control noise levels at different places for de restaurant insyd: de microphone arrays dey pick up sound den dey send am to de digital processor, wey dey control de speakers to output sound signals for command top.<ref name=":2" /> === Residential === Post-construction residential acoustic treatment thruout de 20th century be only commonly de practice of music-listening enthusiasts. Howeva, developments for home recording technology den fidelity insyd already lead to a drastic increase for de spread den popularity of residential acoustic treatment insyd for de pursuit of home recording fidelity den accuracy insyd. A large secondary market of homemade den home-use acoustic panels, bass trap, den similar constructed products already develop wey e result from dis demand, plus many small companies den individuals wrapping industrial den commercial-grade insulations for fabric insyd give use for home recording studios, theatre rooms, den music practice spaces insyd. == Urban planning == Communities fi use zoning codes to isolate noisy urban activities from areas wey dem suppose protect from such unhealthy exposures den to establish noise standards for areas insyd wey no fi not be conducive to such isolation strategies. Sekof low-income neighborhoods dey often at greater risk of noise pollution, de establishment of such zoning codes often be an environmental justice issue. Mixed-use areas dey present especially difficult conflicts dat dey require special attention to de need to protect people from de harmful effects of noise pollution. Noise generally be one consideration for an environmental impact statement insyd, if applicable (wey dey include transportation system construction). == References == <references /> == External links == *[https://www.icacommission.org/ International Commission for Acoustics] *[https://acousticalsociety.org/ Acoustical Society of America] *[https://euracoustics.org European Acoustics Association] *[https://www.aia.org/ American Institute of Architects] *[https://ncac.com/ National Council of Acoustical Consultants] *[http://www.bifma.com/ Business & Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909071605/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=46&pg=3005%2F 'City of Melbourne' Citysounds guide to urban residential design] *[https://noiseabatementsociety.org/ Noise Abatement Society] * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/casestudies/soundsolutions/ Noise control case studies] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603081642/http://www.industrialdeafnesswatch.co.uk/category/case-studies/ Industrial noise control case studies] * [https://isostore.com/research/ Multiple sound isolation research articles for beginners] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html/ NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page] *[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] Technical manual; [https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/ Chapter III: Noise] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Building technology]] [[Category:Environmental engineering]] [[Category:Environmental design]] [[Category:Noise pollution]] [[Category:Noise control| ]] [[Category:Road infrastructure]] [[Category:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] [[Category:Sound]] [[Category:Acoustics]] bhq4oeohq465eut6xhgghu8pp108he4 116567 116565 2026-11-09T09:07:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 116567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sound level meter with sound waves.png|thumb|A sound level meter]] '''Noise control''' anaa '''noise mitigation''' be set of strategies to reduce noise pollution anaa to reduce de impact of dat noise, weda outdoors anaa indoors. == Overview == De main areas of noise mitigation anaa abatement be: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning thru zoning codes,<ref>Benz Kotzen, [http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/ "Noise is an urban issue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803045400/http://blogs.gre.ac.uk/architecture/2010/10/03/open-lecture-benz-kotzen-noise-is-an-urban-issue/|date=2016-08-03}}</ref> den occupational noise control. Roadway noise den aircraft noise be de most pervasive sources of environmental noise.<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf OSHA Fact Sheet: Laboratory Safety Noise], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231722/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-noise.pdf|date=2017-08-29}}</ref> Social activities go fi generate noise levels dat consistently dey affect de health of populations wey dey reside insyd anaa occupying areas, both indoor den outdoor, near entertainment venues dat feature amplified sounds den music dat dey present significant challenges give effective noise mitigation strategies. Dem already develop multiple techniques to address interior sound levels, wey local building codes encourage many of dem. For de best case of project designs insyd, dem encourage planners to work plus design engineers to examine trade-offs of roadway design den architectural design. Dem techniques dey include design of exterior walls, party walls, den floor den ceiling assemblies; moreova, der dey a host of specialized means give damping reverberation from special-purpose rooms such as auditoria, concert halls, entertainment den social venues, dining areas, audio recording rooms, den meeting rooms. Many of dem techniques dey rely upon material science applications of constructing sound baffles anaa using sound-absorbing liners give interior spaces. Industrial noise control be subset of interior architectural control of noise, plus emphasis for specific methods of sound isolation top from industrial machinery den give protection of workers at demma task stations. Sound masking be de active addition of noise to reduce de annoyance of certain sounds, de opposite of soundproofing. == Standards, recommendations, den guidelines == Organizations each get demma own standards, recommendations/guidelines, den directives give wat levels of noise workers wey dem permit to be around before dem suppose put noise controls into place. === Occupational Safety den Health Administration (OSHA) === OSHA ein requirements dey state dat wen dem expose workers to noise levels above 90 A-weighted decibels (dBA) for 8-hour time-weighted averages (TWA) insyd, dem suppose implement administrative controls den/anaa new engineering controls for de workplace insyd. OSHA sanso dey require dat dem suppose control impulse noises den impact noises to prevent dem noises from reaching past 140&nbsp;dB peak sound pressure levels (SPL).<ref>Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (1983). Occupational noise exposure; hearing conservation amendment, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1910.95. ''Federal Register.'' 48(46): 9738-9785.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Rawool |first1=Vishakha |title=Hearing Conservation in Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings |date=2012 |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-1-60406-256-4 |edition=First |location=New York, NY}}</ref> === Mine Safety den Health Organization (MSHA) === MSHA dey require dat dem suppose implement administrative den/anaa engineering controls for de workplace insyd wen dem expose miners to levels above 90 dBA TWA. If noise levels dey exceed 115 dBA, dem require miners to wear hearing protection. MSHA, therefore, dey require dat dem suppose reduce noise levels below 115&nbsp;dB TWA. Measuring noise levels give noise control decision-making suppose integrate all noises from 90&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Mine Safety and Health Administration. (1999). ''Health Standards for Occupational Noise Exposure: Final Rule'' (30 CFR Part 62, 64 Fed. Reg. 49548-49634, 49636-49637). Arlington, VA: Mine Safety and Health Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) === De FRA dey recommend dat dem suppose reduce worker exposure to noise wen demma noise exposure dey exceed 90&nbsp;dBA give an 8-hour TWA. Noise measurements suppose integrate all noises, wey dey include intermittent, continuous, impact, den impulse noises of 80&nbsp;dBA to 140&nbsp;dBA.<ref>Federal Railroad Administration (2008). 71 FR 63123, Oct. 27, 2006, as amended at 73 FR 79702, Dec. 30 2008. Part 227. ''Occupational Noise Exposure.'' Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === U.S. Department of Defense === De Department of Defense (DoD) dey suggest dat dem suppose control noise levels primarily thru engineering controls. De DoD dey require dat dem suppose reduce all steady-state noises to levels below 85 dBA den dat dem suppose reduce impulse noises below 140&nbsp;dB peak SPL. Dem no dey consider TWA exposures give de DoD ein requirements.<ref>U.S. Department of Defense. (2004). ''Instruction 6055.12. DoD Hearing Conservation Program.'' Washington, DC: Department of Defense.</ref><ref name=":1" /> === European Parliament den Council Directive === De European Parliament den Council Directive dey suppose require noise levels to reduce anaa eliminate using administrative den engineering controls. Dis directive dey require lower exposure action levels of 80 dBA give 8 hours plus 135&nbsp;dB peak SPL, along plus upper exposure action levels of 85 dBA give 8 hours plus 137 peak dBSPL. Exposure limits dey 87 dBA give 8 hours plus peak levels of 140 peak dBSPL.<ref>European Parliament and Council. (2003). ''Directive 2003/10/EC on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding the Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Noise).'' Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of the Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). ''Off J Eur Union.'' L42/38/-L42/44.</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Approaches to noise control == An effective model give noise control be de source, path, den receiver model by Bolt den Ingard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=CM |title=Handbook of Noise Control |date=1957 |publisher=McGraw-Hill:22-31 |location=New York}}</ref> Dem fi control hazardous noise by reducing de noise output at ein source, minimizing de noise as e dey travel along a path to de listener, den dey provide equipment to de listener anaa receiver to attenuate de noise. === Sources === A variety of measures dey aim to reduce hazardous noise at ein source. Programs wey dey include Buy Quiet den de National Institute give Occupational Safety den Health (NIOSH) Prevention thru design promote research den design of quiet equipment den renovation den replacement of older hazardous equipment plus modern technologies.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2010 |title=Prevention Through Design: Plan for the National Initiative |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |url-status=live |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2011121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053121/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-121/ |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2018 |doi-access=free |website=Centers for Disease Control}}</ref> === Path === De principle of noise reduction thru pathway modifications dey apply to de alteration of direct den indirect pathways give noise.<ref name=":1" /> Noise dat dey travel across reflective surfaces, wey dey include smooth floors, fi be hazardous. Pathway alterations dey include physical materials, wey dey include foam, dat dey absorb sound den walls to provide a sound barrier dat dey modify existing systems dat dey decrease hazardous noise. Sound dampening enclosures give loud equipment den isolation chambers from wey workers fi remotely control equipment, dem sanso fi design am. Dem methods dey prevent sound from traveling along a path to de worker anaa oda listeners. === Receiver === For de industrial anaa commercial setting insyd, workers suppose comply plus de appropriate Hearing conservation program. Administrative controls, wey dey incude de restriction of personnel for noisy areas insyd, dey prevent unnecessary noise exposure. Personal protective equipment wey dey include foam ear plugs anaa ear muffs to attenuate sound dey provide a last line of defense give de listener. == Basic technologies == * Sound insulation: dey prevent de transmission of noise by de introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials get high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. * Sound absorption: a porous material wey dey act as a 'noise sponge' by converting de sound energy into heat for de material insyd. Common sound absorption materials dey include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams den fiberglass * Vibration damping: applicable give large vibrating surfaces. De damping mechanism dey work by extracting de vibration energy from de thin sheet den dey dissipate am as heat. A common material be sound-deadened steel. * Vibration isolation: dey prevent transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element anaa a physical break. Common vibration isolators be springs, rubber mounts, cork etc. == Roadways == [[File:Geluidscherm Overschie.jpg|thumb|Dis noise abatement wall for de Netherlands insyd get a transparent section at de driver ein eye-level to reduce de visual impact give road users.]]Studies for noise barriers top show mixed results for demma ability top to effectively reduce noise pollution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landau |first1=Meryl |date=27 December 2017 |title=On Highway Noise Barriers, the Science Is Mixed. Are There Alternatives? |url=https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164021/https://undark.org/2017/12/27/highway-noise-barrier-science/ |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Undark |publisher=Undark.org}}</ref> Electric den hybrid vehicles fi reduce noise pollution, but only if dem vehicles dey make up a high proportion of total vehicles for de road top; even if traffic for an urban area insyd reach a makeup of fifty percent electric vehicles, de overall noise reduction achieved go only be a few decibels go be barely noticeable.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pallas |first1=Marie-Agnès |title=Assessing the noise impact of electric and hybrid vehicles |url=https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103211046/https://www.ifsttar.fr/en/online-resources/science-and-society/hazards-and-the-environment/science-topics/how-to-deal-with-urban-noise/assessing-the-noise-impact-of-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/ |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=IFSTTAR |publisher=IFSTTAR}}</ref> Highway noise be today wey motor type less affect am, since de effects for higher speed insyd be aerodynamic den tire noise related. Oda contributions to de reduction of noise at de source be: improved tire tread designs give trucks for de 1970s insyd, better shielding of diesel stacks for de 1980s insyd, den local vehicle regulation of unmuffled vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tire-Pavement Noise {{!}} Sound Control |url=http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050128/http://soundcontroltech.com/tire-pavement-noise/ |archive-date=2022-02-01 |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=soundcontroltech.com |language=en-US}}</ref> De most fertile areas give roadway noise mitigation be for urban planning decisions, roadway design, noise barrier design,<ref>Benz Kotzen and Colin English, ''Environmental Noise Barriers: A Guide to Their Visual and Acoustic Design'', Spon Press, United Kingdom (1999) {{ISBN|978-0-419-23180-6}}</ref> speed control, surface pavement selection, den truck restrictions insyd. Speed control dey effective since de lowest sound emissions dey arise from vehicles moving smoothly at 30 to 60 kilometers per hour. Above dat range, sound emissions dey double plus every five miles per hour of speed. At de lowest speeds, braking den (engine) acceleration noise dey dominate. Selection of road surface pavement fi make a difference of a factor of two for sound levels insyd, give de speed regime above 30 kilometers per hour. Quieter pavements dey porous plus a negative surface texture den use small to medium-sized aggregates; de loudest pavements get transversely-grooved surfaces, positive surface textures, den larger aggregates. Surface friction den roadway safety be important considerations as well give pavement decisions. Wen designing new urban freeways anaa arterials, der dey numerous design decisions wey dey regard alignment den roadway geometrics.<ref>Myer Kutz, ''Handbook of Transportation Engineering'', McGraw-Hill (2004) {{ISBN|978-0-07-139122-1}}</ref> Use of a computer model to calculate sound levels already becam standard practice since de early 1970s. For dis way insyd dem fi minimize exposure of sensitive receptors to elevated sound levels. An analogous process dey exist give urban mass transit systems den oda rail transportation decisions. Early examples of urban rail systems wey dem design using dis technology be: Boston MBTA line expansions (1970s), San Francisco BART system expansion (1981), Houston METRORail system (1982), den de MAX Light Rail system for Portland, Oregon insyd (1983). Dem fi apply noise barriers to existing anaa planned surface transportation projects. Dem be one of de most effective actions wey dem take for retrofitting existing roadways insyd den commonly fi reduce adjacent land-use sound levels by up to ten decibels. Dem require a computer model to design de barrier since terrain, micrometeorology den oda locale-specific factors dey make de endeavor a very complex undertaking. For example, a roadway for a cut anaa strong prevailing winds insyd fi produce a setting wey atmospheric sound propagation dey unfavorable to any noise barrier. == Aircraft == [[File:Airbus A321 (British AW) - Aviation noise.jpg|thumb|An Airbus A321 of British Airways for ein landing approach top to London Heathrow Airport, wey dey showing ein proximity to homes]]As for de case of roadway noise insyd, dem already make little progress for quelling aircraft noise insyd at de source, oda dan elimination of loud engine designs from de 1960s den earlier. Sekof ein velocity den volume, jet turbine engine exhaust noise dey defy reduction by any simple means. De most promising forms of aircraft noise abatement be thru land planning, flight operations restrictions den residential soundproofing. Flight restrictions fi take de form of preferred runway use, departure flight path den slope, den time-of-day restrictions. Dem tactics be sometimes controversial since dem fi impact aircraft safety, flying convenience den airline economics. For 1979 insyd, de US Congress authorize de FAA to devise technology den programs to attempt to insulate homes near airports. While dis obviously no dey aid de exterior environment, de program already be effective give residential den school interiors. Sam of de airports at wey dem apply de technology early on be San Francisco International Airport,<ref>''Final Report for the Aircraft Noise Insulation Project for San Francisco International Airport: Phase one Pilot Project'', FAA funded and prepared for the city of South San Francisco, Earth Metrics Inc., Burlingame, California, July, 1986</ref> Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, John Wayne International Airport den San Jose International Airport<ref>C.M. Hogan and Ballard George, ''Pilot Noise Residential Insulation Program'', San Jose International Airport (1983)</ref> for California insyd. De underlying technology be a computer model wey dey simulate de propagation of aircraft noise den ein penetration into buildings. Dem fi analyze variations for aircraft types, flight patterns den local meteorology insyd along plus benefits of alternative building retrofit strategies wey dey include roof upgrading, window glazing improvement, fireplace baffling, caulking construction seams den oda measures. De computer model dey allow cost-effectiveness evaluations of a host of alternative strategies. For Canada insyd, Transport Canada dey prepare noise exposure forecasts (NEF) give each airport, wey dem dey use a computer model similar to dat dem use for de US insyd. Dem discourage residential land development within high-impact areas wey de forecast identify am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Canada |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171302/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/standards/aerodromeairnav-standards-noise-nef-924.htm |archive-date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> === Acoustic liners === [[File:Fan & nacelle Airbus A300's CF-6.JPG|thumb|Acoustic liners at de intake of a jet engine]] [[File:Acoustic Liner Composite Sandwich.png|thumb|A composite sandwich acoustic liner (A) plus perforate face-sheet (B) honeycomb core (C) den back-skin (D)]]Aircraft engines, typically turbofans, dey use acoustic liners to damp engine noise. Dem apply liners for de internal walls of de engine nacelle top, both for de intake den by-pass ducts top, den dey use Helmholtz resonance principle give de dissipation of incident acoustic energy. == Architectural solutions == [[File:Sound Proofed HALL, Adonai Church, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Sound treatment panels contrast plus red curtains for a church meeting hall insyd]] [[File:Schallschleuse.JPG|thumb|Soundproof doors for a broadcast center insyd]] [[File:紙飛行機 (4720476854).jpg|thumb|Acoustic ceiling tiles]]Architectural acoustics noise control practices dey include interior sound reverberation reduction, inter-room noise transfer mitigation, den exterior building skin augmentation. For de case of construction of new (anaa remodeled) apartments, condominiums, hospitals, den hotels insyd, many states den cities get stringent building codes plus requirements of acoustical analysis, in order to protect building occupants. Plus regard to exterior noise, de codes usually dey require measurement of de exterior acoustic environment in order to determine de performance standard required give exterior building skin design. De architect fi work plus de acoustical scientist to arrive at de best cost-effective means of creating a quiet interior (normally 45&nbsp;dBA). De most important elements of design of de building skin be usually: glazing (glass thickness, double pane design etc.), perforated metal (wey dem use internally anaa externally),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stewart |first=William |date=February 2007 |title=Perforated metal systems sound absorbing surfaces |url=http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Construction Specifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205093926/http://www.ssaacoustics.com/newspublications/perforated%20metal%20systems%20as%20sound%20absorbative%20surf.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-05 |access-date=2013-03-09}}</ref> roof material, caulking standards, chimney baffles, exterior door design, mail slots, attic ventilation ports, den mounting of thru-de-wall air conditioners. Regarding sound generated insyd de building, der dey two principal types of transmission. Firstly, airborne sound travels thru walls anaa floor den ceiling assemblies den fi emanate from either human activities for adjacent living spaces insyd anaa from mechanical noise within de building systems. Human activities fi include voice, noise from amplified sound systems, anaa animal noise. Mechanical systems be elevator systems, boilers, refrigeration anaa air conditioning systems, generators den trash compactors. Aerodynamic sources dey include fans, pneumatics, den combustion. Noise control give aerodynamic sources dey include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic silencers den quiet fan technology. Since many mechanical sounds dey inherently loud, de principal design element be say to require de wall anaa ceiling assembly to meet certain performance standards,<ref>Cyril M. Harris, ''Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers'' (1994)</ref> (typically Sound transmission class of 50), wey dey allow considerable attenuation of de sound level wey dey reach occupants. Dem bell de second type of interior sound as Impact Insulation Class (IIC) transmission. Dis effect dey arise not from airborne transmission, but rada from de transmission of sound thru de building einself. De most common perception of IIC noise be from de footfall of occupants insyd living spaces above. Dem easily transfer low-frequency noise thru de ground den buildings. Dis type of noise be more difficult to abate, but dem suppose give consideration to isolating de floor assembly above anaa hanging de lower ceiling for resilient channel top. Both of de transmission effects wey dem note above fi emanate either from building occupants anaa from building mechanical systems wey dey include elevators, plumbing systems den heating, ventilating den air conditioning units. For sam cases insyd, e dey merely necessary to specify de best available quieting technology for selecting such building hardware insyd. For oda cases insyd, shock mounting of systems to control vibration fi be for order insyd. For de case of plumbing systems insyd, der dey specific protocols wey dem develop, especially give water supply lines, to create isolation clamping of pipes within building walls. For de case of central air systems insyd, e dey important to baffle any ducts dat fi transmit sound between different building areas. Designing special-purpose rooms get more exotic challenges, since dem rooms fi get requirements give unusual features wey dey include concert performance, sound studio recording, den lecture halls. For dem cases insyd, dem suppose analyze reverberation den reflection in order to not only quiet de rooms, but to prevent echo effects from occurring. For dem situations insyd, dem fi specify special sound baffles den sound absorptive lining materials to dampen unwanted effects. == Post-architectural solutions == Acoustical wall den ceiling panels be a common commercial den residential solution give noise control for already-constructed buildings insyd. Dem fi construct acoustic panels of a variety of materials, though dem go frequently compose commercial acoustic applications of fiberglass anaa mineral wool-based acoustic substrates. For example, Mineral fiberboard be a commonly used acoustical substrate, den commercial thermal insulations, wey dey include dat dem use for de insulation of boiler tanks insyd, dey frequently repurposed give noise-controlling acoustic use based for demma effectiveness top at minimizing reverberations. De ideal acoustical panels be dem without a face anaa finish material dat fi interfere plus de performance of de acoustical infill, but aesthetic den safety concerns dey typically lead to fabric coverings anaa oda finishing materials to minimize impedance. Dem make panel finishings occasionally of a porous configuration of wood anaa metal. Dem limit de effectiveness of post-construction acoustic treatment by de amount of space wey dem able to allocate to acoustic treatment, den so dem frequently make on-site acoustical wall panels to conform to de shape of de preexisting space. Dem dey do dis by "framing" de perimeter track into shape, infilling de acoustical substrate den sanso dey stretch den tuck de fabric into de perimeter frame system. Dem fi construct on-site wall panels to work around door frames, baseboard, anaa any oda intrusion. Dem fi create large panels (generally greater dan 50 feet) for walls den ceilings top plus dis method. Double-glazed den thicker windows sanso fi prevent sound transmission from de outdoors. === Industrial === Dem traditionally associate industrial noise plus manufacturing settings wey industrial machinery dey produce intense sound levels,<ref>Randall F Barron and Barron F Barron, ''Industrial Noise Control and Acoustics'', Marcel Dekker, New York (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-8247-0701-9}}</ref> often upwards of 85 decibels. While dis circumstance be de most dramatic, der dey many oda work environments wey sound levels fi lie for de range of 70 to 75 decibels insyd, entirely composed of office equipment, music, public address systems, den even exterior noise intrusion. Either type of environment fi result for noise health effects insyd if de sound intensity den exposure time be too great. For de case of industrial equipment insyd, de most common techniques give noise protection of workers dey consist of shock mounting source equipment, creation of acrylic glass anaa oda solid barriers, den provision of ear protection equipment. For certain cases insyd dem fi redesign de machinery einself to operate for a manner insyd less prone to produce grating, grinding, frictional, anaa oda motions dat dey induce sound emissions. For recent years insyd, Buy Quiet programs den initiatives already arise for an effort insyd to combat occupational noise exposures. Dem programs dey promote de purchase of quieter tools den equipment den encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html "CDC – Buy Quiet – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151558/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html Archived] from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2017-09-10.</ref> For de case of more conventional office environments insyd, de techniques for architectural acoustics insyd discussed above fi apply. Oda solutions fi involve researching de quietest models of office equipment, particularly printers den photocopy machines. Dem often fit impact printers den oda equipment plus "acoustic hoods", enclosures to reduce emitted noise. One source of annoying, if not loud, sound level emissions be lighting fixtures (notably older fluorescent globes). Dem fi retrofit anaa analyze dem fixtures to see weda over-illumination dey present, a common office environment issue. If over-illumination dey occur, de-lamping anaa reduced light bank usage fi apply. Photographers fi quieten noisy still cameras for a film set top wey dem dey use sound blimps. === Commercial === Reductions for cost of technology insyd already allow noise control technology to be used not only for performance facilities den recording studios insyd, but sanso for noise-sensitive small businesses wey dey include restaurants.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Finz |first=Stacy |date=May 13, 2012 |title=High-tech system lets restaurant set noise level |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725235827/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/High-tech-system-lets-restaurant-set-noise-level-3554029.php |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Acoustically absorbent materials wey dey include fiberglass duct liner, wood fiber panels den recycled denim jeans dey serve as artwork-bearing canvasses for environments insyd for wey aesthetics dey important.<ref name=":2" /> Using a combination of sound absorption materials, arrays of microphones den speakers, den a digital processor, a restaurant operator fi use a tablet computer to selectively control noise levels at different places for de restaurant insyd: de microphone arrays dey pick up sound den dey send am to de digital processor, wey dey control de speakers to output sound signals for command top.<ref name=":2" /> === Residential === Post-construction residential acoustic treatment thruout de 20th century be only commonly de practice of music-listening enthusiasts. Howeva, developments for home recording technology den fidelity insyd already lead to a drastic increase for de spread den popularity of residential acoustic treatment insyd for de pursuit of home recording fidelity den accuracy insyd. A large secondary market of homemade den home-use acoustic panels, bass trap, den similar constructed products already develop wey e result from dis demand, plus many small companies den individuals wrapping industrial den commercial-grade insulations for fabric insyd give use for home recording studios, theatre rooms, den music practice spaces insyd. == Urban planning == Communities fi use zoning codes to isolate noisy urban activities from areas wey dem suppose protect from such unhealthy exposures den to establish noise standards for areas insyd wey no fi not be conducive to such isolation strategies. Sekof low-income neighborhoods dey often at greater risk of noise pollution, de establishment of such zoning codes often be an environmental justice issue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Identifying the Vulnerable Groups |url=http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/issues/vulnerable-groups.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216002847/http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/issues/vulnerable-groups.html |archive-date=2015-12-16 |access-date=2015-12-21 |website=web.mit.edu}}</ref> Mixed-use areas dey present especially difficult conflicts dat dey require special attention to de need to protect people from de harmful effects of noise pollution. Noise generally be one consideration for an environmental impact statement insyd, if applicable (wey dey include transportation system construction). == References == <references /> == External links == *[https://www.icacommission.org/ International Commission for Acoustics] *[https://acousticalsociety.org/ Acoustical Society of America] *[https://euracoustics.org European Acoustics Association] *[https://www.aia.org/ American Institute of Architects] *[https://ncac.com/ National Council of Acoustical Consultants] *[http://www.bifma.com/ Business & Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100909071605/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=46&pg=3005%2F 'City of Melbourne' Citysounds guide to urban residential design] *[https://noiseabatementsociety.org/ Noise Abatement Society] * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/casestudies/soundsolutions/ Noise control case studies] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603081642/http://www.industrialdeafnesswatch.co.uk/category/case-studies/ Industrial noise control case studies] * [https://isostore.com/research/ Multiple sound isolation research articles for beginners] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html/ NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page] *[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] Technical manual; [https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/ Chapter III: Noise] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Building technology]] [[Category:Environmental engineering]] [[Category:Environmental design]] [[Category:Noise pollution]] [[Category:Noise control| ]] [[Category:Road infrastructure]] [[Category:National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] [[Category:Sound]] [[Category:Acoustics]] 7keav1m8jcljbdoqtdbfofnqyy5gu30 0 31393 116490 116485 2026-11-08T12:04:25Z DaSupremo 9 /* Filmography */ Improve article 116490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jacob Tremblay''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|ɒ|m|b|l|eɪ}} {{Respell|TROM|blay}}; born October 5, 2006) be a Canadian actor. Beginning ein career as a [[child actor]] insyd de 2010s, he expand to [[voice acting]] insyd mainstream animated media den mature roles insyd [[independent film]]s. Tremblay first gain recognition for ein role as a kiddie dem born insyd captivity insyd ''[[Room (2015 film)|Room]]'' (2015), for wich he win de [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer]] wey he cam be de youngest nominee for de [[Actor Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role]]. Continued recognition cam from ein roles as a kiddie plus [[Treacher Collins syndrome|Treacher Collins Syndrome]] insyd de drama ''[[Wonder (film)|Wonder]]'' (2017) den a naive sixth grader insyd de comedy ''[[Good Boys (film)|Good Boys]]'' (2019). Tremblay take on voice roles as [[Damian Wayne|Damian Wayne / Robin]] insyd ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]'' (2019), de [[title character]]s insyd ''[[Luca (2021 film)|Luca]]'' (2021) den ''[[Orion and the Dark]]'' (2024), wich earned am an [[Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Voice Performer in an Animated or Preschool Animated Program|Emmy Award]], [[List of The Little Mermaid characters#Flounder|Flounder]] insyd ''[[The Little Mermaid (2023 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' (2023), den Curtis insyd ''[[Wildwood (film)|Wildwood]]'' (2026). He return to live-action projects plus more mature roles insyd de biographical crime films ''[[Sovereign (film)|Sovereign]]'' (2025), wich earn am an [[Independent Spirit Award]] nomination, den ''[[Unabomber (film)|Unabomber]]'' (2026), insyd wich he portray de [[Ted Kaczynski|titular domestic terrorist]]. ==Early life== Na dem born Tremblay, de middle of three kiddies, on October 5, 2006, insyd [[Vancouver]], British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devan |date=October 5, 2015 |title=Brie Larson serenades her Room costar Jacob Tremblay for his 9th birthday |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/05/brie-larson-happy-birthday-jacob-tremblay-room |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=November 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114145234/https://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/05/brie-larson-happy-birthday-jacob-tremblay-room |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=BarDown |date=June 22, 2017 |title=Vancouver actor Jacob Tremblay roasted his hometown Canucks at the NHL Awards - Article |url=https://www.bardown.com/vancouver-actor-jacob-tremblay-roasted-his-hometown-canucks-at-the-nhl-awards-1.786337 |access-date=May 3, 2021 |website=BARDOWN |language=en}}</ref> Ein poppie be a police detective. Tremblay ein sistos be actresses Erica den [[Emma Tremblay]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Brooks |date=December 12, 2015 |title=Hollywood's ''It'' Kid: A Blast of Fresh Air on the Oscar Trail |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/fashion/room-jacob-tremblay-oscars.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |access-date=March 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226232832/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/fashion/room-jacob-tremblay-oscars.html |url-status=live}}</ref> His maternal grandfather is Chilean.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7956956/luca-star-jacob-tremblay-covid-shot/#:~:text=Tremblay%20had%20to%20pronounce%20certain,mother%27s%20side%20is%20from%20Chile |title=''Luca'' star Jacob Tremblay on the 'relief' of getting first COVID 19 vaccine shot |work=Global News}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {{Pending films key}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes ! class="unsortable" | {{refh}} |- | 2013 | data-sort-value="Smurfs 2, The" | ''[[The Smurfs 2]]'' | Blue Winslow | | |- | 2015 | ''[[Room (2015 film)|Room]]'' | Jack Newsome | | |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | ''[[Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie]]'' | Kid 4 | | |- | ''[[Before I Wake (2016 film)|Before I Wake]]'' | Cody Morgan | | |- | ''[[Burn Your Maps]]'' | Wes Firth | | |- | ''[[Shut In (2016 film)|Shut In]]'' | Tom Patterson | | |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | data-sort-value="Book of Henry, The" | ''[[The Book of Henry]]'' | Peter Carpenter | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Kroll" /> |- | ''[[Wonder (film)|Wonder]]'' | August "Auggie" Pullman | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=April 14, 2016 |title=''Room'' Star Jacob Tremblay in Talks for Lionsgate's ''Wonder'' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/room-star-jacob-tremblay-in-talks-for-lionsgates-wonder-exclusive/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US |archive-date=June 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630052721/https://www.thewrap.com/room-star-jacob-tremblay-in-talks-for-lionsgates-wonder-exclusive/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | data-sort-value="Predator, The" | ''[[The Predator (film)|The Predator]]'' | Rory McKenna | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=January 25, 2017 |title=Jacob Tremblay to Star in Shane Black's ''Predator'' Movie (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jacob-tremblay-star-shane-blacks-predator-movie-967671/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Death & Life of John F. Donovan, The" | ''[[The Death & Life of John F. Donovan]]'' | Young Rupert Turner | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Jacob Tremblay to Star in Xavier Dolan's ''The Death and Life of John F. Donovan'' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/jacob-tremblay-star-xavier-dolans-death-life-john-f-donovan-973115/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''[[Good Boys (film)|Good Boys]]'' | Max Newman | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=March 20, 2018 |title=Jacob Tremblay to Star in Comedy ''Good Boys'' for Universal |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/jacob-tremblay-good-boys-universal-1202731449/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805021738/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/jacob-tremblay-good-boys-universal-1202731449/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Doctor Sleep (2019 film)|Doctor Sleep]]'' | Bradley Trevor | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2018 |title=Jacob Tremblay Scores $100k Movie Deal for Sequel to ''The Shining'' |url=https://www.tmz.com/2018/11/09/jacob-tremblay-minors-contract-doctor-sleep-the-shining-sequel/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=TMZ |language=en |archive-date=November 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102140155/https://www.tmz.com/2018/11/09/jacob-tremblay-minors-contract-doctor-sleep-the-shining-sequel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2020 | ''Here We Are: Notes for Living on Planet Earth'' | Finn (voice) | Short film | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Knight |first=Chris |date=April 16, 2020 |title=Here We Are is a cosmology primer for the very young, says Chris Knight |work=[[National Post]] |url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/movies/here-we-are-is-a-cosmology-primer-for-the-very-young-says-chris-knight |access-date=October 16, 2022}}</ref><ref name="BtVA">{{cite web |title=Jacob Tremblay (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Jacob-Tremblay/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116144116/https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Jacob-Tremblay/ |url-status=live}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2021 | ''[[Luca (2021 film)|Luca]]'' | Luca Paguro (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=February 25, 2021 |title=Pixar's ''Luca'' teaser trailer gives Jacob Tremblay a sun-soaked Italian summer with sea monsters |url=https://ew.com/movies/pixar-luca-trailer-jacob-tremblay/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226042804/https://ew.com/movies/pixar-luca-trailer-jacob-tremblay/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | ''[[Ciao Alberto]]'' |Luca Paguro (voice) | Short film; cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2022 | ''[[My Father's Dragon (2022 film)|My Father's Dragon]]'' | Elmer Elevator (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grater |first=Tom |date=April 20, 2022 |title=Jacob Tremblay, Gaten Matarazzo, Golshifteh Farahani & More To Voice Netflix Animation ''My Father's Dragon'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/jacob-tremblay-gaten-matarazzo-golshifteh-farahani-more-voice-netflix-animation-my-fathers-dragon-1235006378/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101120143/https://deadline.com/2022/04/jacob-tremblay-gaten-matarazzo-golshifteh-farahani-more-voice-netflix-animation-my-fathers-dragon-1235006378/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | rowspan="4" | 2023 | data-sort-value="Little Mermaid, The" | ''[[The Little Mermaid (2023 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' | [[List of The Little Mermaid characters#Flounder|Flounder]] (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Kit">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=July 1, 2019 |title=Jacob Tremblay, Awkwafina in Talks for Disney's Live-Action ''Little Mermaid'' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/disneys-live-action-little-mermaid-eyes-jacob-tremblay-awkwafina-1221947/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | ''[[Cold Copy]]'' | Igor Nowak | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=September 28, 2022 |title=Bel Powley, Tracee Ellis Ross & Jacob Tremblay Lead Thriller Pic ''Cold Copy'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/bel-powley-tracee-ellis-ross-jacob-tremblay-lead-thriller-pic-cold-copy-1235129757/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011004902/https://deadline.com/2022/09/bel-powley-tracee-ellis-ross-jacob-tremblay-lead-thriller-pic-cold-copy-1235129757/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Toxic Avenger, The" | ''[[The Toxic Avenger (2023 film)|The Toxic Avenger]]'' | Wade | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=April 14, 2021 |title=''Toxic Avenger'': Jacob Tremblay Joins Peter Dinklage In The Legendary Reboot |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/toxic-avenger-jacob-tremblay-peter-dinklage-legendarys-1234734298/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630004122/https://deadline.com/2021/04/toxic-avenger-jacob-tremblay-peter-dinklage-legendarys-1234734298/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Queen of Bones]]'' | Sam | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Julia Butters, Jacob Tremblay, Martin Freeman & Taylor Schilling Set For Horror ''Queen Of Bones''; Robert Budreau Directing For Appian Way, Lumanity Productions And Productivity Media |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/martin-freeman-taylor-schilling-more-set-for-horror-queen-of-bones-1235100333/ |access-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830160356/https://deadline.com/2022/08/martin-freeman-taylor-schilling-more-set-for-horror-queen-of-bones-1235100333/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2024 | ''[[Orion and the Dark]]'' | Orion Mendelson (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Croll">{{Cite web |last=Croll |first=Ben |date=June 13, 2023 |title=Charlie Kaufman and Netflix Release First Look at Animated Movie ''Orion and The Dark'' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/festivals/dreamworks-animation-netflix-charlie-kaufman-orion-1235642186/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613162406/https://variety.com/2023/film/festivals/dreamworks-animation-netflix-charlie-kaufman-orion-1235642186/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | data-sort-value="Life of Chuck, The" | ''[[The Life of Chuck]]'' | Young Chuck Krantz | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title=''The Life Of Chuck'': Chiwetel Ejiofor, Karen Gillan & Jacob Tremblay Join Stephen King Adaptation From Mike Flanagan |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/the-life-of-chuck-movie-chiwetel-ejiofor-karen-gillan-jacob-tremblay-1235580724/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=October 23, 2023 |date=October 23, 2023 |archive-date=October 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023180733/https://deadline.com/2023/10/the-life-of-chuck-movie-chiwetel-ejiofor-karen-gillan-jacob-tremblay-1235580724/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2025 | ''[[Sovereign (film)|Sovereign]]'' | Joe Kane | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Nick Offerman, Dennis Quaid, and Jacob Tremblay shooting movie in Fayetteville |date=February 28, 2024 |website=KFSM-TV |url=https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/local/nick-offerman-dennis-quaid-jacob-tremblay-movie-fayetteville/527-64405124-a273-4cc2-8ca5-777cc327d1e5 |access-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-date=March 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303012130/https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/local/nick-offerman-dennis-quaid-jacob-tremblay-movie-fayetteville/527-64405124-a273-4cc2-8ca5-777cc327d1e5 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=April 14, 2025 |title=Dennis Quaid, Nick Offerman & Jacob Tremblay Thriller ''Sovereign'' Stakes Out Summer Release |url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/dennis-quaid-sovereign-release-date-1236368233/ |access-date=April 14, 2025 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=December 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215095702/https://deadline.com/2025/04/dennis-quaid-sovereign-release-date-1236368233/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2026 | ''[[Unabomber (film)|Unabomber]]'' | [[Ted Kaczynski]] | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/russell-crowe-jacob-tremblay-shailene-woodley-to-star-unabom-1236422433/ |title=Russell Crowe, Jacob Tremblay, Shailene Woodley & Annabelle Wallis To Star In Ted Kaczynski Thriller ''Unabom''; Janus Metz Directing For Netflix |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=June 4, 2025}}</ref> |- | ''[[Wildwood (film)|Wildwood]]'' | Curtis Mehlberg (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Carey Mulligan, Mahershala Ali, Peyton Elizabeth Lee Among Voice Cast For Laika's ''Wildwood'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/wildwood-cast-laika-movie-carey-mulligan-mahershala-ali-peyton-elizabeth-lee-first-photo-1235099543/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825150159/https://deadline.com/2022/08/wildwood-cast-laika-movie-carey-mulligan-mahershala-ali-peyton-elizabeth-lee-first-photo-1235099543/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | {{TableTBA}} | data-sort-value="Skeleton Tree, The" {{Pending film|The Skeleton Tree}} | Frank | Post-production | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=May 11, 2022 |title=Cannes: Jacob Tremblay Teaming with ''C'mon, C'mon'' Breakout Woody Norman on Survival Drama ''Skeleton Tree'' |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jacob-tremblay-woody-norman-skeleton-tree-movie-1235144611/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jacob-tremblay-woody-norman-skeleton-tree-movie-1235144611/}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Night House, The" {{Pending film|[[The Night House (upcoming film)|The Night House]]}} | Young Richard | Post-production | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Elcorreo">{{cite web |url=https://www.elcorreo.com/alava/araba/the-night-house-rueda-vitoria-20250827195059-nt.html |website=Elcorreo.com |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=August 27, 2025 |title=The Night House is already filming in Vitoria}}</ref> |- | {{Pending film|4 X 4: The Event}} | | Post-production | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=August 19, 2026 |title=''4 X 4: The Event'': Alex Ullom Neon Horror Film Sets Cast (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://deadline.com/2026/08/4x4-the-event-alex-ullom-neon-horror-film-sets-cast-1237044935/ |access-date=August 19, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=August 19, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260819170804/https://deadline.com/2026/08/4x4-the-event-alex-ullom-neon-horror-film-sets-cast-1237044935/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="2"| 2013 | ''[[Motive (TV series)|Motive]]'' | Riley Stanwyck | Episode: "Undertow" | |- | ''[[Mr. Young]]'' | Young Tater | Episode: "Mr. Finale Part 1" | |- | 2014 | ''My Mother's Future Husband'' | Connor | Television film | |- | rowspan="2"| 2016 | data-sort-value="Last Man on Earth, The" | ''[[The Last Man on Earth (TV series)|The Last Man on Earth]]'' | Young Phil Miller | Episode: "Pitch Black" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Tthhe Last Man on Ear - Fart Face from "Pitch Black" - Fox Broadcasting |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5hXsFwmLB4 |access-date=March 3, 2016 |publisher=YouTube |archive-date=October 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014031732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5hXsFwmLB4 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Billy on the Street]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Billy's Holiday Wonderland With Jacob Tremblay" | |- | 2017 | ''[[American Dad!]]'' | Young [[Charles Lindbergh]] (voice) | Episode: "Fight and Flight" | |- | 2017–2022 | ''[[Pete the Cat#Television|Pete the Cat]]'' | Pete the Cat (voice) | Main role | <ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2018 | ''[[Animals (American TV series)|Animals]]'' | Nuke (voice) | Episode: "Roachella" | <ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2019 | data-sort-value="Twilight Zone, The" | ''[[The Twilight Zone (2019 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' | Oliver Foley | Episode: "The Wunderkind" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=December 3, 2018 |title=''The Twilight Zone'': John Cho, Allison Tolman & Jacob Tremblay To Star In Episode Of CBS All Access Reboot |url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/the-twilight-zone-john-cho-allison-tolman-jacob-tremblay-to-star-in-episode-of-cbs-all-access-reboot-1202512838/ |access-date=December 3, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=December 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204004224/https://deadline.com/2018/12/the-twilight-zone-john-cho-allison-tolman-jacob-tremblay-to-star-in-episode-of-cbs-all-access-reboot-1202512838/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2019–present | ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]'' | [[Damian Wayne|Damian Wayne / Robin]] (voice) | Recurring role | <ref name="HarleyQuinn">{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=July 23, 2019 |title=DC Universe's ''Harley Quinn'' Starring Kaley Cuoco Eyes New Perspectives On Familiar Caped Crusaders |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/harley-quinn-dc-universe-kaley-cuoco-tca-patrick-schumacker-1202651411/ |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language= |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724134159/https://deadline.com/2019/07/harley-quinn-dc-universe-kaley-cuoco-tca-patrick-schumacker-1202651411/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2023 | ''[[Invincible (TV series)|Invincible]]'' | Prince Lizard, Phase Two (voice) | Episode: "Atom Eve" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Invincible'' Drops Surprise Episode, Season 2 Premiere Date {{!}} Decider |date=July 22, 2023 |url=https://decider.com/2023/07/21/invincible-surprise-episode-season-2-premiere-date/ |access-date=July 22, 2023}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |} ===Music video=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Artist |- | 2020 | "[[Lonely (Justin Bieber and Benny Blanco song)|Lonely]]" | [[Justin Bieber]] and [[Benny Blanco]] |} == References == <references /> == External links == 03p1uh6danyh1950szwdyqyx64srx91 116491 116490 2026-11-08T12:52:50Z DaSupremo 9 /* Filmography */ Fix reference 116491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jacob Tremblay''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|ɒ|m|b|l|eɪ}} {{Respell|TROM|blay}}; born October 5, 2006) be a Canadian actor. Beginning ein career as a [[child actor]] insyd de 2010s, he expand to [[voice acting]] insyd mainstream animated media den mature roles insyd [[independent film]]s. Tremblay first gain recognition for ein role as a kiddie dem born insyd captivity insyd ''[[Room (2015 film)|Room]]'' (2015), for wich he win de [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer]] wey he cam be de youngest nominee for de [[Actor Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role]]. Continued recognition cam from ein roles as a kiddie plus [[Treacher Collins syndrome|Treacher Collins Syndrome]] insyd de drama ''[[Wonder (film)|Wonder]]'' (2017) den a naive sixth grader insyd de comedy ''[[Good Boys (film)|Good Boys]]'' (2019). Tremblay take on voice roles as [[Damian Wayne|Damian Wayne / Robin]] insyd ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]'' (2019), de [[title character]]s insyd ''[[Luca (2021 film)|Luca]]'' (2021) den ''[[Orion and the Dark]]'' (2024), wich earned am an [[Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Voice Performer in an Animated or Preschool Animated Program|Emmy Award]], [[List of The Little Mermaid characters#Flounder|Flounder]] insyd ''[[The Little Mermaid (2023 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' (2023), den Curtis insyd ''[[Wildwood (film)|Wildwood]]'' (2026). He return to live-action projects plus more mature roles insyd de biographical crime films ''[[Sovereign (film)|Sovereign]]'' (2025), wich earn am an [[Independent Spirit Award]] nomination, den ''[[Unabomber (film)|Unabomber]]'' (2026), insyd wich he portray de [[Ted Kaczynski|titular domestic terrorist]]. ==Early life== Na dem born Tremblay, de middle of three kiddies, on October 5, 2006, insyd [[Vancouver]], British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devan |date=October 5, 2015 |title=Brie Larson serenades her Room costar Jacob Tremblay for his 9th birthday |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/05/brie-larson-happy-birthday-jacob-tremblay-room |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=November 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114145234/https://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/05/brie-larson-happy-birthday-jacob-tremblay-room |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=BarDown |date=June 22, 2017 |title=Vancouver actor Jacob Tremblay roasted his hometown Canucks at the NHL Awards - Article |url=https://www.bardown.com/vancouver-actor-jacob-tremblay-roasted-his-hometown-canucks-at-the-nhl-awards-1.786337 |access-date=May 3, 2021 |website=BARDOWN |language=en}}</ref> Ein poppie be a police detective. Tremblay ein sistos be actresses Erica den [[Emma Tremblay]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Brooks |date=December 12, 2015 |title=Hollywood's ''It'' Kid: A Blast of Fresh Air on the Oscar Trail |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/fashion/room-jacob-tremblay-oscars.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |access-date=March 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226232832/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/fashion/room-jacob-tremblay-oscars.html |url-status=live}}</ref> His maternal grandfather is Chilean.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7956956/luca-star-jacob-tremblay-covid-shot/#:~:text=Tremblay%20had%20to%20pronounce%20certain,mother%27s%20side%20is%20from%20Chile |title=''Luca'' star Jacob Tremblay on the 'relief' of getting first COVID 19 vaccine shot |work=Global News}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {{Pending films key}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes ! class="unsortable" | {{refh}} |- | 2013 | data-sort-value="Smurfs 2, The" | ''[[The Smurfs 2]]'' | Blue Winslow | | |- | 2015 | ''[[Room (2015 film)|Room]]'' | Jack Newsome | | |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | ''[[Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie]]'' | Kid 4 | | |- | ''[[Before I Wake (2016 film)|Before I Wake]]'' | Cody Morgan | | |- | ''[[Burn Your Maps]]'' | Wes Firth | | |- | ''[[Shut In (2016 film)|Shut In]]'' | Tom Patterson | | |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | data-sort-value="Book of Henry, The" | ''[[The Book of Henry]]'' | Peter Carpenter | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Kroll">{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=August 19, 2015 |title=Jacob Tremblay, Jaeden Lieberher to Co-Star in Colin Trevorrow's ''Book of Henry'' (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/jacob-tremblay-jaeden-lieberher-book-of-henry-colin-trevorrow-1201573908/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050106/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/jacob-tremblay-jaeden-lieberher-book-of-henry-colin-trevorrow-1201573908/ |archive-date=October 8, 2015 |access-date=September 3, 2015 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- | ''[[Wonder (film)|Wonder]]'' | August "Auggie" Pullman | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=April 14, 2016 |title=''Room'' Star Jacob Tremblay in Talks for Lionsgate's ''Wonder'' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/room-star-jacob-tremblay-in-talks-for-lionsgates-wonder-exclusive/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US |archive-date=June 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630052721/https://www.thewrap.com/room-star-jacob-tremblay-in-talks-for-lionsgates-wonder-exclusive/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | data-sort-value="Predator, The" | ''[[The Predator (film)|The Predator]]'' | Rory McKenna | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=January 25, 2017 |title=Jacob Tremblay to Star in Shane Black's ''Predator'' Movie (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jacob-tremblay-star-shane-blacks-predator-movie-967671/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Death & Life of John F. Donovan, The" | ''[[The Death & Life of John F. Donovan]]'' | Young Rupert Turner | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Jacob Tremblay to Star in Xavier Dolan's ''The Death and Life of John F. Donovan'' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/jacob-tremblay-star-xavier-dolans-death-life-john-f-donovan-973115/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''[[Good Boys (film)|Good Boys]]'' | Max Newman | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=March 20, 2018 |title=Jacob Tremblay to Star in Comedy ''Good Boys'' for Universal |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/jacob-tremblay-good-boys-universal-1202731449/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805021738/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/jacob-tremblay-good-boys-universal-1202731449/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Doctor Sleep (2019 film)|Doctor Sleep]]'' | Bradley Trevor | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2018 |title=Jacob Tremblay Scores $100k Movie Deal for Sequel to ''The Shining'' |url=https://www.tmz.com/2018/11/09/jacob-tremblay-minors-contract-doctor-sleep-the-shining-sequel/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=TMZ |language=en |archive-date=November 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102140155/https://www.tmz.com/2018/11/09/jacob-tremblay-minors-contract-doctor-sleep-the-shining-sequel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2020 | ''Here We Are: Notes for Living on Planet Earth'' | Finn (voice) | Short film | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Knight |first=Chris |date=April 16, 2020 |title=Here We Are is a cosmology primer for the very young, says Chris Knight |work=[[National Post]] |url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/movies/here-we-are-is-a-cosmology-primer-for-the-very-young-says-chris-knight |access-date=October 16, 2022}}</ref><ref name="BtVA">{{cite web |title=Jacob Tremblay (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Jacob-Tremblay/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116144116/https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Jacob-Tremblay/ |url-status=live}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2021 | ''[[Luca (2021 film)|Luca]]'' | Luca Paguro (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=February 25, 2021 |title=Pixar's ''Luca'' teaser trailer gives Jacob Tremblay a sun-soaked Italian summer with sea monsters |url=https://ew.com/movies/pixar-luca-trailer-jacob-tremblay/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226042804/https://ew.com/movies/pixar-luca-trailer-jacob-tremblay/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | ''[[Ciao Alberto]]'' |Luca Paguro (voice) | Short film; cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2022 | ''[[My Father's Dragon (2022 film)|My Father's Dragon]]'' | Elmer Elevator (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grater |first=Tom |date=April 20, 2022 |title=Jacob Tremblay, Gaten Matarazzo, Golshifteh Farahani & More To Voice Netflix Animation ''My Father's Dragon'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/jacob-tremblay-gaten-matarazzo-golshifteh-farahani-more-voice-netflix-animation-my-fathers-dragon-1235006378/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101120143/https://deadline.com/2022/04/jacob-tremblay-gaten-matarazzo-golshifteh-farahani-more-voice-netflix-animation-my-fathers-dragon-1235006378/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | rowspan="4" | 2023 | data-sort-value="Little Mermaid, The" | ''[[The Little Mermaid (2023 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' | [[List of The Little Mermaid characters#Flounder|Flounder]] (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Kit">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=July 1, 2019 |title=Jacob Tremblay, Awkwafina in Talks for Disney's Live-Action ''Little Mermaid'' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/disneys-live-action-little-mermaid-eyes-jacob-tremblay-awkwafina-1221947/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | ''[[Cold Copy]]'' | Igor Nowak | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=September 28, 2022 |title=Bel Powley, Tracee Ellis Ross & Jacob Tremblay Lead Thriller Pic ''Cold Copy'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/bel-powley-tracee-ellis-ross-jacob-tremblay-lead-thriller-pic-cold-copy-1235129757/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011004902/https://deadline.com/2022/09/bel-powley-tracee-ellis-ross-jacob-tremblay-lead-thriller-pic-cold-copy-1235129757/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Toxic Avenger, The" | ''[[The Toxic Avenger (2023 film)|The Toxic Avenger]]'' | Wade | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=April 14, 2021 |title=''Toxic Avenger'': Jacob Tremblay Joins Peter Dinklage In The Legendary Reboot |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/toxic-avenger-jacob-tremblay-peter-dinklage-legendarys-1234734298/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630004122/https://deadline.com/2021/04/toxic-avenger-jacob-tremblay-peter-dinklage-legendarys-1234734298/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Queen of Bones]]'' | Sam | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Julia Butters, Jacob Tremblay, Martin Freeman & Taylor Schilling Set For Horror ''Queen Of Bones''; Robert Budreau Directing For Appian Way, Lumanity Productions And Productivity Media |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/martin-freeman-taylor-schilling-more-set-for-horror-queen-of-bones-1235100333/ |access-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830160356/https://deadline.com/2022/08/martin-freeman-taylor-schilling-more-set-for-horror-queen-of-bones-1235100333/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2024 | ''[[Orion and the Dark]]'' | Orion Mendelson (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Croll">{{Cite web |last=Croll |first=Ben |date=June 13, 2023 |title=Charlie Kaufman and Netflix Release First Look at Animated Movie ''Orion and The Dark'' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/festivals/dreamworks-animation-netflix-charlie-kaufman-orion-1235642186/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613162406/https://variety.com/2023/film/festivals/dreamworks-animation-netflix-charlie-kaufman-orion-1235642186/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | data-sort-value="Life of Chuck, The" | ''[[The Life of Chuck]]'' | Young Chuck Krantz | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title=''The Life Of Chuck'': Chiwetel Ejiofor, Karen Gillan & Jacob Tremblay Join Stephen King Adaptation From Mike Flanagan |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/the-life-of-chuck-movie-chiwetel-ejiofor-karen-gillan-jacob-tremblay-1235580724/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=October 23, 2023 |date=October 23, 2023 |archive-date=October 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023180733/https://deadline.com/2023/10/the-life-of-chuck-movie-chiwetel-ejiofor-karen-gillan-jacob-tremblay-1235580724/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2025 | ''[[Sovereign (film)|Sovereign]]'' | Joe Kane | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Nick Offerman, Dennis Quaid, and Jacob Tremblay shooting movie in Fayetteville |date=February 28, 2024 |website=KFSM-TV |url=https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/local/nick-offerman-dennis-quaid-jacob-tremblay-movie-fayetteville/527-64405124-a273-4cc2-8ca5-777cc327d1e5 |access-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-date=March 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303012130/https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/local/nick-offerman-dennis-quaid-jacob-tremblay-movie-fayetteville/527-64405124-a273-4cc2-8ca5-777cc327d1e5 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=April 14, 2025 |title=Dennis Quaid, Nick Offerman & Jacob Tremblay Thriller ''Sovereign'' Stakes Out Summer Release |url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/dennis-quaid-sovereign-release-date-1236368233/ |access-date=April 14, 2025 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=December 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215095702/https://deadline.com/2025/04/dennis-quaid-sovereign-release-date-1236368233/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2026 | ''[[Unabomber (film)|Unabomber]]'' | [[Ted Kaczynski]] | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/russell-crowe-jacob-tremblay-shailene-woodley-to-star-unabom-1236422433/ |title=Russell Crowe, Jacob Tremblay, Shailene Woodley & Annabelle Wallis To Star In Ted Kaczynski Thriller ''Unabom''; Janus Metz Directing For Netflix |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=June 4, 2025}}</ref> |- | ''[[Wildwood (film)|Wildwood]]'' | Curtis Mehlberg (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Carey Mulligan, Mahershala Ali, Peyton Elizabeth Lee Among Voice Cast For Laika's ''Wildwood'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/wildwood-cast-laika-movie-carey-mulligan-mahershala-ali-peyton-elizabeth-lee-first-photo-1235099543/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825150159/https://deadline.com/2022/08/wildwood-cast-laika-movie-carey-mulligan-mahershala-ali-peyton-elizabeth-lee-first-photo-1235099543/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | {{TableTBA}} | data-sort-value="Skeleton Tree, The" {{Pending film|The Skeleton Tree}} | Frank | Post-production | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=May 11, 2022 |title=Cannes: Jacob Tremblay Teaming with ''C'mon, C'mon'' Breakout Woody Norman on Survival Drama ''Skeleton Tree'' |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jacob-tremblay-woody-norman-skeleton-tree-movie-1235144611/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jacob-tremblay-woody-norman-skeleton-tree-movie-1235144611/}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Night House, The" {{Pending film|[[The Night House (upcoming film)|The Night House]]}} | Young Richard | Post-production | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Elcorreo">{{cite web |url=https://www.elcorreo.com/alava/araba/the-night-house-rueda-vitoria-20250827195059-nt.html |website=Elcorreo.com |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=August 27, 2025 |title=The Night House is already filming in Vitoria}}</ref> |- | {{Pending film|4 X 4: The Event}} | | Post-production | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=August 19, 2026 |title=''4 X 4: The Event'': Alex Ullom Neon Horror Film Sets Cast (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://deadline.com/2026/08/4x4-the-event-alex-ullom-neon-horror-film-sets-cast-1237044935/ |access-date=August 19, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=August 19, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260819170804/https://deadline.com/2026/08/4x4-the-event-alex-ullom-neon-horror-film-sets-cast-1237044935/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="2"| 2013 | ''[[Motive (TV series)|Motive]]'' | Riley Stanwyck | Episode: "Undertow" | |- | ''[[Mr. Young]]'' | Young Tater | Episode: "Mr. Finale Part 1" | |- | 2014 | ''My Mother's Future Husband'' | Connor | Television film | |- | rowspan="2"| 2016 | data-sort-value="Last Man on Earth, The" | ''[[The Last Man on Earth (TV series)|The Last Man on Earth]]'' | Young Phil Miller | Episode: "Pitch Black" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Tthhe Last Man on Ear - Fart Face from "Pitch Black" - Fox Broadcasting |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5hXsFwmLB4 |access-date=March 3, 2016 |publisher=YouTube |archive-date=October 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014031732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5hXsFwmLB4 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Billy on the Street]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Billy's Holiday Wonderland With Jacob Tremblay" | |- | 2017 | ''[[American Dad!]]'' | Young [[Charles Lindbergh]] (voice) | Episode: "Fight and Flight" | |- | 2017–2022 | ''[[Pete the Cat#Television|Pete the Cat]]'' | Pete the Cat (voice) | Main role | <ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2018 | ''[[Animals (American TV series)|Animals]]'' | Nuke (voice) | Episode: "Roachella" | <ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2019 | data-sort-value="Twilight Zone, The" | ''[[The Twilight Zone (2019 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' | Oliver Foley | Episode: "The Wunderkind" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=December 3, 2018 |title=''The Twilight Zone'': John Cho, Allison Tolman & Jacob Tremblay To Star In Episode Of CBS All Access Reboot |url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/the-twilight-zone-john-cho-allison-tolman-jacob-tremblay-to-star-in-episode-of-cbs-all-access-reboot-1202512838/ |access-date=December 3, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=December 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204004224/https://deadline.com/2018/12/the-twilight-zone-john-cho-allison-tolman-jacob-tremblay-to-star-in-episode-of-cbs-all-access-reboot-1202512838/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2019–present | ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]'' | [[Damian Wayne|Damian Wayne / Robin]] (voice) | Recurring role | <ref name="HarleyQuinn">{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=July 23, 2019 |title=DC Universe's ''Harley Quinn'' Starring Kaley Cuoco Eyes New Perspectives On Familiar Caped Crusaders |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/harley-quinn-dc-universe-kaley-cuoco-tca-patrick-schumacker-1202651411/ |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language= |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724134159/https://deadline.com/2019/07/harley-quinn-dc-universe-kaley-cuoco-tca-patrick-schumacker-1202651411/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2023 | ''[[Invincible (TV series)|Invincible]]'' | Prince Lizard, Phase Two (voice) | Episode: "Atom Eve" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Invincible'' Drops Surprise Episode, Season 2 Premiere Date {{!}} Decider |date=July 22, 2023 |url=https://decider.com/2023/07/21/invincible-surprise-episode-season-2-premiere-date/ |access-date=July 22, 2023}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |} ===Music video=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Artist |- | 2020 | "[[Lonely (Justin Bieber and Benny Blanco song)|Lonely]]" | [[Justin Bieber]] and [[Benny Blanco]] |} == References == <references /> == External links == 4k7uduscoqxx2cm2nu1lzn77jp27s4l 116493 116491 2026-11-08T12:59:42Z DaSupremo 9 /* Awards den nominations */ Improve article 116493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jacob Tremblay''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|ɒ|m|b|l|eɪ}} {{Respell|TROM|blay}}; born October 5, 2006) be a Canadian actor. Beginning ein career as a [[child actor]] insyd de 2010s, he expand to [[voice acting]] insyd mainstream animated media den mature roles insyd [[independent film]]s. Tremblay first gain recognition for ein role as a kiddie dem born insyd captivity insyd ''[[Room (2015 film)|Room]]'' (2015), for wich he win de [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer]] wey he cam be de youngest nominee for de [[Actor Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role]]. Continued recognition cam from ein roles as a kiddie plus [[Treacher Collins syndrome|Treacher Collins Syndrome]] insyd de drama ''[[Wonder (film)|Wonder]]'' (2017) den a naive sixth grader insyd de comedy ''[[Good Boys (film)|Good Boys]]'' (2019). Tremblay take on voice roles as [[Damian Wayne|Damian Wayne / Robin]] insyd ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]'' (2019), de [[title character]]s insyd ''[[Luca (2021 film)|Luca]]'' (2021) den ''[[Orion and the Dark]]'' (2024), wich earned am an [[Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Voice Performer in an Animated or Preschool Animated Program|Emmy Award]], [[List of The Little Mermaid characters#Flounder|Flounder]] insyd ''[[The Little Mermaid (2023 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' (2023), den Curtis insyd ''[[Wildwood (film)|Wildwood]]'' (2026). He return to live-action projects plus more mature roles insyd de biographical crime films ''[[Sovereign (film)|Sovereign]]'' (2025), wich earn am an [[Independent Spirit Award]] nomination, den ''[[Unabomber (film)|Unabomber]]'' (2026), insyd wich he portray de [[Ted Kaczynski|titular domestic terrorist]]. ==Early life== Na dem born Tremblay, de middle of three kiddies, on October 5, 2006, insyd [[Vancouver]], British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devan |date=October 5, 2015 |title=Brie Larson serenades her Room costar Jacob Tremblay for his 9th birthday |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/05/brie-larson-happy-birthday-jacob-tremblay-room |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=November 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114145234/https://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/05/brie-larson-happy-birthday-jacob-tremblay-room |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=BarDown |date=June 22, 2017 |title=Vancouver actor Jacob Tremblay roasted his hometown Canucks at the NHL Awards - Article |url=https://www.bardown.com/vancouver-actor-jacob-tremblay-roasted-his-hometown-canucks-at-the-nhl-awards-1.786337 |access-date=May 3, 2021 |website=BARDOWN |language=en}}</ref> Ein poppie be a police detective. Tremblay ein sistos be actresses Erica den [[Emma Tremblay]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Brooks |date=December 12, 2015 |title=Hollywood's ''It'' Kid: A Blast of Fresh Air on the Oscar Trail |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/fashion/room-jacob-tremblay-oscars.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |access-date=March 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226232832/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/fashion/room-jacob-tremblay-oscars.html |url-status=live}}</ref> His maternal grandfather is Chilean.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7956956/luca-star-jacob-tremblay-covid-shot/#:~:text=Tremblay%20had%20to%20pronounce%20certain,mother%27s%20side%20is%20from%20Chile |title=''Luca'' star Jacob Tremblay on the 'relief' of getting first COVID 19 vaccine shot |work=Global News}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {{Pending films key}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes ! class="unsortable" | {{refh}} |- | 2013 | data-sort-value="Smurfs 2, The" | ''[[The Smurfs 2]]'' | Blue Winslow | | |- | 2015 | ''[[Room (2015 film)|Room]]'' | Jack Newsome | | |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | ''[[Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie]]'' | Kid 4 | | |- | ''[[Before I Wake (2016 film)|Before I Wake]]'' | Cody Morgan | | |- | ''[[Burn Your Maps]]'' | Wes Firth | | |- | ''[[Shut In (2016 film)|Shut In]]'' | Tom Patterson | | |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | data-sort-value="Book of Henry, The" | ''[[The Book of Henry]]'' | Peter Carpenter | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Kroll">{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=August 19, 2015 |title=Jacob Tremblay, Jaeden Lieberher to Co-Star in Colin Trevorrow's ''Book of Henry'' (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/jacob-tremblay-jaeden-lieberher-book-of-henry-colin-trevorrow-1201573908/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050106/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/jacob-tremblay-jaeden-lieberher-book-of-henry-colin-trevorrow-1201573908/ |archive-date=October 8, 2015 |access-date=September 3, 2015 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- | ''[[Wonder (film)|Wonder]]'' | August "Auggie" Pullman | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=April 14, 2016 |title=''Room'' Star Jacob Tremblay in Talks for Lionsgate's ''Wonder'' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/room-star-jacob-tremblay-in-talks-for-lionsgates-wonder-exclusive/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US |archive-date=June 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630052721/https://www.thewrap.com/room-star-jacob-tremblay-in-talks-for-lionsgates-wonder-exclusive/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | data-sort-value="Predator, The" | ''[[The Predator (film)|The Predator]]'' | Rory McKenna | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=January 25, 2017 |title=Jacob Tremblay to Star in Shane Black's ''Predator'' Movie (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jacob-tremblay-star-shane-blacks-predator-movie-967671/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Death & Life of John F. Donovan, The" | ''[[The Death & Life of John F. Donovan]]'' | Young Rupert Turner | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Jacob Tremblay to Star in Xavier Dolan's ''The Death and Life of John F. Donovan'' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/jacob-tremblay-star-xavier-dolans-death-life-john-f-donovan-973115/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''[[Good Boys (film)|Good Boys]]'' | Max Newman | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=March 20, 2018 |title=Jacob Tremblay to Star in Comedy ''Good Boys'' for Universal |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/jacob-tremblay-good-boys-universal-1202731449/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805021738/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/jacob-tremblay-good-boys-universal-1202731449/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Doctor Sleep (2019 film)|Doctor Sleep]]'' | Bradley Trevor | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2018 |title=Jacob Tremblay Scores $100k Movie Deal for Sequel to ''The Shining'' |url=https://www.tmz.com/2018/11/09/jacob-tremblay-minors-contract-doctor-sleep-the-shining-sequel/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=TMZ |language=en |archive-date=November 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102140155/https://www.tmz.com/2018/11/09/jacob-tremblay-minors-contract-doctor-sleep-the-shining-sequel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2020 | ''Here We Are: Notes for Living on Planet Earth'' | Finn (voice) | Short film | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Knight |first=Chris |date=April 16, 2020 |title=Here We Are is a cosmology primer for the very young, says Chris Knight |work=[[National Post]] |url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/movies/here-we-are-is-a-cosmology-primer-for-the-very-young-says-chris-knight |access-date=October 16, 2022}}</ref><ref name="BtVA">{{cite web |title=Jacob Tremblay (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Jacob-Tremblay/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116144116/https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Jacob-Tremblay/ |url-status=live}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2021 | ''[[Luca (2021 film)|Luca]]'' | Luca Paguro (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=February 25, 2021 |title=Pixar's ''Luca'' teaser trailer gives Jacob Tremblay a sun-soaked Italian summer with sea monsters |url=https://ew.com/movies/pixar-luca-trailer-jacob-tremblay/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226042804/https://ew.com/movies/pixar-luca-trailer-jacob-tremblay/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | ''[[Ciao Alberto]]'' |Luca Paguro (voice) | Short film; cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2022 | ''[[My Father's Dragon (2022 film)|My Father's Dragon]]'' | Elmer Elevator (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grater |first=Tom |date=April 20, 2022 |title=Jacob Tremblay, Gaten Matarazzo, Golshifteh Farahani & More To Voice Netflix Animation ''My Father's Dragon'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/jacob-tremblay-gaten-matarazzo-golshifteh-farahani-more-voice-netflix-animation-my-fathers-dragon-1235006378/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101120143/https://deadline.com/2022/04/jacob-tremblay-gaten-matarazzo-golshifteh-farahani-more-voice-netflix-animation-my-fathers-dragon-1235006378/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | rowspan="4" | 2023 | data-sort-value="Little Mermaid, The" | ''[[The Little Mermaid (2023 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' | [[List of The Little Mermaid characters#Flounder|Flounder]] (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Kit">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=July 1, 2019 |title=Jacob Tremblay, Awkwafina in Talks for Disney's Live-Action ''Little Mermaid'' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/disneys-live-action-little-mermaid-eyes-jacob-tremblay-awkwafina-1221947/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | ''[[Cold Copy]]'' | Igor Nowak | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=September 28, 2022 |title=Bel Powley, Tracee Ellis Ross & Jacob Tremblay Lead Thriller Pic ''Cold Copy'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/bel-powley-tracee-ellis-ross-jacob-tremblay-lead-thriller-pic-cold-copy-1235129757/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011004902/https://deadline.com/2022/09/bel-powley-tracee-ellis-ross-jacob-tremblay-lead-thriller-pic-cold-copy-1235129757/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Toxic Avenger, The" | ''[[The Toxic Avenger (2023 film)|The Toxic Avenger]]'' | Wade | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=April 14, 2021 |title=''Toxic Avenger'': Jacob Tremblay Joins Peter Dinklage In The Legendary Reboot |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/toxic-avenger-jacob-tremblay-peter-dinklage-legendarys-1234734298/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630004122/https://deadline.com/2021/04/toxic-avenger-jacob-tremblay-peter-dinklage-legendarys-1234734298/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Queen of Bones]]'' | Sam | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Julia Butters, Jacob Tremblay, Martin Freeman & Taylor Schilling Set For Horror ''Queen Of Bones''; Robert Budreau Directing For Appian Way, Lumanity Productions And Productivity Media |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/martin-freeman-taylor-schilling-more-set-for-horror-queen-of-bones-1235100333/ |access-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830160356/https://deadline.com/2022/08/martin-freeman-taylor-schilling-more-set-for-horror-queen-of-bones-1235100333/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2024 | ''[[Orion and the Dark]]'' | Orion Mendelson (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Croll">{{Cite web |last=Croll |first=Ben |date=June 13, 2023 |title=Charlie Kaufman and Netflix Release First Look at Animated Movie ''Orion and The Dark'' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/festivals/dreamworks-animation-netflix-charlie-kaufman-orion-1235642186/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613162406/https://variety.com/2023/film/festivals/dreamworks-animation-netflix-charlie-kaufman-orion-1235642186/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | data-sort-value="Life of Chuck, The" | ''[[The Life of Chuck]]'' | Young Chuck Krantz | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title=''The Life Of Chuck'': Chiwetel Ejiofor, Karen Gillan & Jacob Tremblay Join Stephen King Adaptation From Mike Flanagan |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/the-life-of-chuck-movie-chiwetel-ejiofor-karen-gillan-jacob-tremblay-1235580724/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=October 23, 2023 |date=October 23, 2023 |archive-date=October 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023180733/https://deadline.com/2023/10/the-life-of-chuck-movie-chiwetel-ejiofor-karen-gillan-jacob-tremblay-1235580724/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2025 | ''[[Sovereign (film)|Sovereign]]'' | Joe Kane | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Nick Offerman, Dennis Quaid, and Jacob Tremblay shooting movie in Fayetteville |date=February 28, 2024 |website=KFSM-TV |url=https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/local/nick-offerman-dennis-quaid-jacob-tremblay-movie-fayetteville/527-64405124-a273-4cc2-8ca5-777cc327d1e5 |access-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-date=March 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303012130/https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/local/nick-offerman-dennis-quaid-jacob-tremblay-movie-fayetteville/527-64405124-a273-4cc2-8ca5-777cc327d1e5 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=April 14, 2025 |title=Dennis Quaid, Nick Offerman & Jacob Tremblay Thriller ''Sovereign'' Stakes Out Summer Release |url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/dennis-quaid-sovereign-release-date-1236368233/ |access-date=April 14, 2025 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=December 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215095702/https://deadline.com/2025/04/dennis-quaid-sovereign-release-date-1236368233/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2026 | ''[[Unabomber (film)|Unabomber]]'' | [[Ted Kaczynski]] | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/russell-crowe-jacob-tremblay-shailene-woodley-to-star-unabom-1236422433/ |title=Russell Crowe, Jacob Tremblay, Shailene Woodley & Annabelle Wallis To Star In Ted Kaczynski Thriller ''Unabom''; Janus Metz Directing For Netflix |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=June 4, 2025}}</ref> |- | ''[[Wildwood (film)|Wildwood]]'' | Curtis Mehlberg (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Carey Mulligan, Mahershala Ali, Peyton Elizabeth Lee Among Voice Cast For Laika's ''Wildwood'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/wildwood-cast-laika-movie-carey-mulligan-mahershala-ali-peyton-elizabeth-lee-first-photo-1235099543/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825150159/https://deadline.com/2022/08/wildwood-cast-laika-movie-carey-mulligan-mahershala-ali-peyton-elizabeth-lee-first-photo-1235099543/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | {{TableTBA}} | data-sort-value="Skeleton Tree, The" {{Pending film|The Skeleton Tree}} | Frank | Post-production | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=May 11, 2022 |title=Cannes: Jacob Tremblay Teaming with ''C'mon, C'mon'' Breakout Woody Norman on Survival Drama ''Skeleton Tree'' |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jacob-tremblay-woody-norman-skeleton-tree-movie-1235144611/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jacob-tremblay-woody-norman-skeleton-tree-movie-1235144611/}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Night House, The" {{Pending film|[[The Night House (upcoming film)|The Night House]]}} | Young Richard | Post-production | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Elcorreo">{{cite web |url=https://www.elcorreo.com/alava/araba/the-night-house-rueda-vitoria-20250827195059-nt.html |website=Elcorreo.com |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=August 27, 2025 |title=The Night House is already filming in Vitoria}}</ref> |- | {{Pending film|4 X 4: The Event}} | | Post-production | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=August 19, 2026 |title=''4 X 4: The Event'': Alex Ullom Neon Horror Film Sets Cast (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://deadline.com/2026/08/4x4-the-event-alex-ullom-neon-horror-film-sets-cast-1237044935/ |access-date=August 19, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=August 19, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260819170804/https://deadline.com/2026/08/4x4-the-event-alex-ullom-neon-horror-film-sets-cast-1237044935/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="2"| 2013 | ''[[Motive (TV series)|Motive]]'' | Riley Stanwyck | Episode: "Undertow" | |- | ''[[Mr. Young]]'' | Young Tater | Episode: "Mr. Finale Part 1" | |- | 2014 | ''My Mother's Future Husband'' | Connor | Television film | |- | rowspan="2"| 2016 | data-sort-value="Last Man on Earth, The" | ''[[The Last Man on Earth (TV series)|The Last Man on Earth]]'' | Young Phil Miller | Episode: "Pitch Black" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Tthhe Last Man on Ear - Fart Face from "Pitch Black" - Fox Broadcasting |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5hXsFwmLB4 |access-date=March 3, 2016 |publisher=YouTube |archive-date=October 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014031732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5hXsFwmLB4 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Billy on the Street]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Billy's Holiday Wonderland With Jacob Tremblay" | |- | 2017 | ''[[American Dad!]]'' | Young [[Charles Lindbergh]] (voice) | Episode: "Fight and Flight" | |- | 2017–2022 | ''[[Pete the Cat#Television|Pete the Cat]]'' | Pete the Cat (voice) | Main role | <ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2018 | ''[[Animals (American TV series)|Animals]]'' | Nuke (voice) | Episode: "Roachella" | <ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2019 | data-sort-value="Twilight Zone, The" | ''[[The Twilight Zone (2019 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' | Oliver Foley | Episode: "The Wunderkind" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=December 3, 2018 |title=''The Twilight Zone'': John Cho, Allison Tolman & Jacob Tremblay To Star In Episode Of CBS All Access Reboot |url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/the-twilight-zone-john-cho-allison-tolman-jacob-tremblay-to-star-in-episode-of-cbs-all-access-reboot-1202512838/ |access-date=December 3, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=December 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204004224/https://deadline.com/2018/12/the-twilight-zone-john-cho-allison-tolman-jacob-tremblay-to-star-in-episode-of-cbs-all-access-reboot-1202512838/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2019–present | ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]'' | [[Damian Wayne|Damian Wayne / Robin]] (voice) | Recurring role | <ref name="HarleyQuinn">{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=July 23, 2019 |title=DC Universe's ''Harley Quinn'' Starring Kaley Cuoco Eyes New Perspectives On Familiar Caped Crusaders |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/harley-quinn-dc-universe-kaley-cuoco-tca-patrick-schumacker-1202651411/ |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language= |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724134159/https://deadline.com/2019/07/harley-quinn-dc-universe-kaley-cuoco-tca-patrick-schumacker-1202651411/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2023 | ''[[Invincible (TV series)|Invincible]]'' | Prince Lizard, Phase Two (voice) | Episode: "Atom Eve" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Invincible'' Drops Surprise Episode, Season 2 Premiere Date {{!}} Decider |date=July 22, 2023 |url=https://decider.com/2023/07/21/invincible-surprise-episode-season-2-premiere-date/ |access-date=July 22, 2023}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |} ===Music video=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Artist |- | 2020 | "[[Lonely (Justin Bieber and Benny Blanco song)|Lonely]]" | [[Justin Bieber]] den [[Benny Blanco]] |} ==Awards den nominations== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders col6center" |- ! scope="col" | Award ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Category ! scope="col" | Work ! scope="col" | Result ! scope="col" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row" | [[The Astra Awards|Astra TV Awards]] | {{center|[[4th Astra TV Awards|2024]]}} | Best Voice-Over Performance | ''[[Orion and the Dark]]'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Erik |date=July 9, 2024 |title=HCA Astra TV Awards Nominations: ''The Bear'', ''Hacks'', ''The Morning Show'', ''Baby Reindeer'' Lead Nominations |url=https://awardswatch.com/hca-astra-tv-awards-nominations-the-bear-hacks-the-morning-show-baby-reindeer-lead-nominations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711015642/https://awardswatch.com/hca-astra-tv-awards-nominations-the-bear-hacks-the-morning-show-baby-reindeer-lead-nominations/ |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=AwardsWatch}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Austin Film Critics Association|Austin Film Critics Association]] |rowspan="2"| {{center|[[Austin Film Critics Association Awards 2015|2015]]}} | Best Actor |''[[Room (2015 film)|Room]]'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |last=Whittaker |first=Richard |url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2015-12-16/austin-critics-announce-award-nominees/ |title=Austin Critics Announce Award Nominees |date=December 18, 2015 |work=[[The Austin Chronicle]] |access-date=December 25, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219104246/http://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2015-12-16/austin-critics-announce-award-nominees/ |archive-date=December 19, 2015}}</ref> |- | Breakthrough Artist Award |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Awards |url=https://austinfilmcritics.org/2015-awards-365ab411a45b |publisher=[[Austin Film Critics Association]] |access-date=July 3, 2023 |language=en |date=December 7, 2016 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225074701/https://austinfilmcritics.org/2015-awards-365ab411a45b |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[List of film awards|Awards Circuit Community]] | {{center|2015}} | Best Actor in a Leading Role |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Awards Circuit Community Awards - 2015 Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2015/1 |website=IMDB |access-date=April 14, 2022}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[List of film awards|Central Ohio Film Critics Association]] |rowspan="2"| {{center|2016}} | Best Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Ryan |url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2016/01/03/central-ohio-film-critics-nominations-4/ |title=Central Ohio Film Critics nominations |date=January 3, 2016 |work=Central Ohio Film Critics Association |access-date=February 12, 2022 |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029122913/https://www.awardsdaily.com/2016/01/03/central-ohio-film-critics-nominations-4/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Best Breakthrough Film Artist |''Room'' | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Chicago Film Critics Association|Chicago Film Critics Association]] | {{center|[[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2015|2015]]}} | Most Promising Performer |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/awards/140-mad-max-lead-2015-cfca-awards |title="Mad Max: Fury Road" Leads The Race For 2015 CFCA Awards |publisher=[[Chicago Film Critics Association]] |date=December 14, 2015 |access-date=December 14, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093417/http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/awards/140-mad-max-lead-2015-cfca-awards/ |archive-date=December 22, 2015 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Children's and Family Emmy Awards|Children's and Family Emmy Awards]] | {{center|[[3rd Children's and Family Emmy Awards|2025]]}} | [[Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Voice Performer in an Animated or Preschool Animated Program|Outstanding Younger Voice Performer in a Preschool, Children's or Young Teen Program]] | ''Orion and the Dark'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |title=Children's and Family Emmy Awards: ''Percy Jackson'', ''Sesame Street'' Universe, ''Orion and the Dark'' Among Top Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/2025-childrens-and-family-emmy-awards-winners-list-1236164512/ |date=March 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=February 23, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260223185848/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/2025-childrens-and-family-emmy-awards-winners-list-1236164512/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards|Critics' Choice Movie Awards]] | {{center|[[21st Critics' Choice Awards|2016]]}} | [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer|Best Young Actor/Actress]] | ''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rosen |first=Christopher |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/17/critics-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |title=Critics' Choice Awards 2016 winners: Spotlight, Mad Max, Leonardo DiCaprio, and more |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=January 17, 2016 |access-date=February 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118122332/http://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/17/critics-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |archive-date=January 18, 2016}}</ref> |- | {{center|[[23rd Critics' Choice Awards|2018]]}} |Best Young Actor/Actress |''[[Wonder (film)|Wonder]]'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Critics' Choice Awards Nominations: List in Full |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-critics-choice-awards-nominations-list-full-1062824 |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=December 6, 2017 |access-date=February 12, 2018 |archive-date=February 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206081807/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-critics-choice-awards-nominations-list-full-1062824 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Detroit Film Critics Society|Detroit Film Critics Society]] | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[Detroit Film Critics Society#2015|2015]]}} | [[Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Breakthrough Performance|Best Breakthrough Performance]] |''Room'' | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |access-date=May 5, 2016 |url=http://detroitfilmcritics.com/the-2015-detroit-film-critics-society-awards-nominations/ |title=The 2015 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Nominations |date=December 10, 2015 |publisher=[[Detroit Film Critics Society]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416101803/http://detroitfilmcritics.com/the-2015-detroit-film-critics-society-awards-nominations/ |archive-date=April 16, 2016}}</ref> |- | [[Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] |''Room'' | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row"| [[Dorian Awards|Dorian Awards]] | {{center|2016}} | Rising Star of the Year |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/carol-earns-multiple-mentions-as-855069 |title=''Carol'' Earns Multiple Mentions as Dorian Award Nominees Are Unveiled |date=January 16, 2016 |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=May 5, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507135940/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/carol-earns-multiple-mentions-as-855069 |archive-date=May 7, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Empire Awards|Empire Awards]] | {{center|[[21st Empire Awards|2016]]}} | [[Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer|Best Male Newcomer]] |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/star-wars-mad-max-empire-awards-2016-nominations-2/ |title=Jameson Empire Awards 2016: Star Wars and Mad Max lead the nominations |last=Nugent |first=John |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |date=February 18, 2016 |access-date=March 15, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014837/http://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/star-wars-mad-max-empire-awards-2016-nominations-2/ |archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Florida Film Critics Circle|Florida Film Critics Circle]] | {{center|[[Florida Film Critics Circle Awards 2015|2015]]}} | Pauline Kael Breakout Award |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.floridafilmcritics.com/2015/12/21/carol-leads-2015-florida-film-critics-awards-nominations/ |publisher=[[Florida Film Critics Circle]] |title=''Carol'' leads 2015 Florida Film Critics awards nominations |date=December 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115744/http://www.floridafilmcritics.com/2015/12/21/carol-leads-2015-florida-film-critics-awards-nominations/ |archive-date=December 22, 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Georgia Film Critics Association|Georgia Film Critics Association]] | rowspan="2" | {{center|2016}} | Breakthrough Award |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Awards |url=https://www.georgiafilmcritics.org/p/2015-awards.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=[[Georgia Film Critics Association]] |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515131840/https://www.georgiafilmcritics.org/p/2015-awards.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Best Supporting Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Gold Derby|Gold Derby Film Awards]] | rowspan="2" |{{center|2016}} | Best Breakthrough Performer |''Room'' | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.goldderby.com/2015-goldderby-film-awards/ |title=2015 GOLDDERBY FILM AWARDS |date=March 28, 2016 |work=Gold Derby |access-date=February 12, 2022 |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421030112/https://www.goldderby.com/2015-goldderby-film-awards/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Best Lead Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Hollywood Critics Association|Hollywood Critics Association]] | {{center|2021}} | Best Animated or VSX Performance | ''[[Luca (2021 film)|Luca]]'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=HCA Film Awards Latest Ceremony Pushed Due To Rising Covid Concerns |url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/hca-film-awards-latest-ceremony-pushed-due-to-rising-covid-concerns-1234900143/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091932/https://deadline.com/2021/12/hca-film-awards-latest-ceremony-pushed-due-to-rising-covid-concerns-1234900143/amp/ |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 21, 2021}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Independent Spirit Awards]] | {{center|[[41st Independent Spirit Awards|2026]]}} | [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Performance|Best Supporting Performance]] | ''[[Sovereign (film)|Sovereign]]'' | {{nom}} | |- ! scope="row" | [[List of film awards|Indiana Film Journalists Association]] | {{center|2015}} | Best Actor |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianafilmjournalists.com/2015-ifja-film-awards |title=2015 IFJA Film Awards |website=Indiana Film Journalists Association |access-date=June 16, 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112021522/http://indianafilmjournalists.com/2015-ifja-film-awards |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[International Cinephile Society|International Cinephile Society]] | {{center|2016}} | Best Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carol Takes the Driver's Seat at 2016 ICS Award Nominations |url=https://icsfilm.org/our-yearly-awards/2016-ics-award-nominees/ |access-date=February 12, 2023 |website=AwardsWatch |date=February 7, 2016 |language=en-US |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428205422/https://icsfilm.org/our-yearly-awards/2016-ics-award-nominees/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[IFTA Film & Drama Awards|Irish Film and Television Awards]] | {{center|[[13th Irish Film & Television Awards|2016]]}} | Best International Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Irish">{{cite web |url=http://ifta.ie/awards/nominees_2016/intlactor.html |title=International Actor |publisher=[[Irish Film & Television Academy]] |access-date=July 2, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519074742/http://ifta.ie/awards/nominees_2016/intlactor.html |archive-date=May 19, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[List of film awards|Las Vegas Film Critics Society]] | {{center|2015}} | Youth in Film |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/2015/12/17/spotlight-sweeps-las-vegas-film-critics-awards/ |title=Spotlight sweeps Las Vegas Film Critics Awards |date=December 17, 2015 |access-date=December 18, 2015 |archive-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204003408/https://www.awardsdaily.com/2015/12/17/spotlight-sweeps-las-vegas-film-critics-awards/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | {{center|2017}} | Youth in Film | ''Wonder'' | {{draw|Runner-up}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-las-vegas-film-critics-society-lvfcs-winners/ |title=The 2017 Las Vegas Film Critics Society (LVFCS) Winners |first=Matt |last=Neglia |website=Next Best Picture |date=December 18, 2017 |access-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002160503/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-las-vegas-film-critics-society-lvfcs-winners/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Hollywood Critics Association|Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society]] | {{center|2017}} | Best Actor or Actress 23 and Under | ''Wonder'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-los-angeles-online-film-critics-society-laofcs-nominations/ |title=The 2017 Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society (LAOFCS) Nominations |first=Matt |last=Neglia |website=Next Best Picture |date=December 7, 2018 |access-date=December 5, 2017 |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206150531/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-los-angeles-online-film-critics-society-laofcs-nominations/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[List of film awards|Music City Film Critics Association]] | {{center|2020}} | Best Young Actor | ''[[Good Boys (film)|Good Boys]]'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2019-music-city-film-critics-association-mcfca-winners/ |title=The 2019 Music City Film Critics Association (MCFCA) Winners |first=Matt |last=Neglia |website=Next Best Picture |date=January 10, 2020 |access-date=January 16, 2022 |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033612/https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2019-music-city-film-critics-association-mcfca-winners |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[National Board of Review|National Board of Review]] | {{center|[[National Board of Review Awards 2015|2015]]}} | [[National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance|Best Breakthrough Performance]] |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/2015/12/national-board-of-review-announces-2015-award-winners/ |title=National Board of Review Announces 2015 Award Winners |publisher=[[National Board of Review]] |access-date=July 17, 2016 |date=December 1, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418070538/http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/2015/12/national-board-of-review-announces-2015-award-winners/ |archive-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[List of film awards|Nevada Film Critics Society]] | {{center|2015}} | Best Youth Performance |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=December 20, 2015 |title=The Nevada Film Critics Society's 2015 Awards for Achievement in Film |url=http://www.nevadafilmcriticssociety.org/index.php/nevada-film-critics-society-awards/85-the-nevada-film-critics-society-s-2015-awards-for-achievement-in-film |access-date=December 20, 2015 |website=Nevada Film Critics Society |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509144458/https://www.nevadafilmcriticssociety.org/index.php/nevada-film-critics-society-awards/85-the-nevada-film-critics-society-s-2015-awards-for-achievement-in-film |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[List of film awards|Online Film and Television Association]] | rowspan="2" |{{center|2016}} | Best Breakthrough Performance: Male |''Room'' | {{won}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=20th Annual Film Awards (2015) |url=http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/20th-annual-film-awards-2015/ |website=Online Film & Television Association |access-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427020844/http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/20th-annual-film-awards-2015/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Best Youth Performance |''Room'' | {{won}} |- | {{center|2018}} | Best Youth Performance |''Wonder'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=22nd Annual Film Awards (2017) |url=http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/22nd-annual-film-awards-2017/ |website=Online Film & Television Association |access-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-date=January 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083912/http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/22nd-annual-film-awards-2017/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[List of film awards|Phoenix Critics Circle]] | {{center|2015}} | Best Supporting Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phxcritics.com/awards |title=2015 Awards |website=Phoenix Critics Circle |access-date=December 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226121809/http://www.phxcritics.com/awards/ |archive-date=December 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[List of film awards|Phoenix Film Critics Society]] | rowspan="2" |{{center|2015}} | Best Breakthrough Performance |''Room'' | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=PFCS Awards – 2015 |url=https://phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/pfcs-awards-%E2%80%93-2015 |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=Phoenix Film Critics Society |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111083120/https://phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/pfcs-awards-%E2%80%93-2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Best Performance by a Youth |''Room'' | {{won}} |- | {{center|2017}} | Best Performance by a Youth |''Wonder'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-phoenix-film-critics-society-pfcs-winners/ |title=The 2017 Phoenix Film Critics Society (PFCS) Winners |first=Matt |last=Neglia |website=Next Best Picture |date=December 19, 2017 |access-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226042427/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-phoenix-film-critics-society-pfcs-winners/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[San Diego Film Critics Society|San Diego Film Critics Society]] |rowspan="2"| {{center|[[San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2015|2015]]}} | [[San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2015#Best Male Actor|Best Actor]] |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sdfcs.org/2015-san-diego-film-critics-society-award-nominations/ |title=2015 San Diego Film Critics Society's Award Nominations |access-date=December 12, 2015 |date=December 11, 2015 |publisher=[[San Diego Film Critics Society]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411031753/http://www.sdfcs.org/2015-san-diego-film-critics-society-award-nominations/ |archive-date=April 11, 2016 }}</ref> |- | [[San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2015#Breakthrough Artist|Best Breakthrough Artist]] |''Room'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row"| [[Satellite Awards|Satellite Awards]] | {{center|[[20th Satellite Awards|2016]]}} | Breakthrough Performance Award |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2015/ |title=2015 |publisher=Satellite Awards |access-date=February 22, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320045213/http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2015/ |archive-date=March 20, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Saturn Awards|Saturn Awards]] | {{center|[[50th Anniversary Saturn Awards|2022]]}} | [[Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor|Best Performance by a Younger Actor]] | ''Luca'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last=Tinoco |first=Armando |date=August 12, 2022 |title=Saturn Awards Nominations: ''The Batman'', ''Nightmare Alley'', ''Spider-Man'', ''Better Call Saul'' Top List |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/saturn-awards-2022-nominations-list-movies-tv-1235089636/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812202430/https://deadline.com/2022/08/saturn-awards-2022-nominations-list-movies-tv-1235089636/ |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors Guild Awards]] | {{center|[[22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards|2016]]}} | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role|Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role]] | ''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/22nd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |title=The 22nd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |publisher=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] |access-date=February 9, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024171400/http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/22nd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |archive-date=October 24, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Seattle Film Critics Society|Seattle Film Critics Society]] | {{center|[[Seattle Film Critics Society#2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Awards|2017]]}} | [[Seattle Film Critics Society#Seattle Film Critics Society Award for Best Youth Performance|Best Youth Performance]] |''Wonder'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2017/12/11/blade-runner-2049-leads-the-2017-seattle-film-critics-society-nominations/ |title=''Blade Runner 2049'' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations |work=[[Seattle Film Critics Society]] |date=December 11, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2017 |archive-date=December 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212163705/http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2017/12/11/blade-runner-2049-leads-the-2017-seattle-film-critics-society-nominations/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Vancouver Film Critics Circle|Vancouver Film Critics Circle]] | {{center|[[Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2015|2015]]}} | Best Actor in Canadian Film |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://vancouverfilmcritics.com/2016/01/07/the-vfcc-names-room-best-canadian-film/ |title=The VFCC names Room Best Canadian Film |date=January 6, 2016 |access-date=July 15, 2016 |publisher=Vancouver Film Critics Circle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503123445/https://vancouverfilmcritics.com/2016/01/07/the-vfcc-names-room-best-canadian-film/ |archive-date=May 3, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Village Voice Film Poll|Village Voice Film Poll]] | {{center|2015}} | Best Supporting Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2015/12/15/mad-max-charlotte-rampling-and-kristen-stewart-dominate-village-voice-critics-poll/ |title=''Mad Max'', Charlotte Rampling, and Kristen Stewart Dominate Village Voice Critics Poll |date=December 15, 2015 |work=[[The Village Voice]] |access-date=April 8, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408122644/https://www.villagevoice.com/2015/12/15/mad-max-charlotte-rampling-and-kristen-stewart-dominate-village-voice-critics-poll/ |archive-date=April 8, 2021 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association|Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] | {{center|[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2015|2015]]}} | Best Youth Performance |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118200725/http://www.wafca.com/awards/index.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2016 |url=http://www.wafca.com/awards/index.htm |title=D.C. Film Critics Shine a ''Spotlight'' on Award Winners |publisher=[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] |access-date=February 12, 2016}}</ref> |- | {{center|[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2017|2017]]}} |Best Youth Performance |''Wonder'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Gordon |first1=Tim |title=The 2017 WAFCA Awards: ''Get Out'' Is in with D.C. Film Critics |url=http://www.dcfilmcritics.com/awards/2017.htm |publisher=[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association|Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] |access-date=October 21, 2021 |date=December 8, 2017 |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006000347/http://www.dcfilmcritics.com/awards/2017.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | {{center|[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2021|2021]]}} | Best Voice Performance | ''Luca'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last=Neglia |first=Matt |date=December 3, 2021 |title=The 2021 Washington DC Area Film Critics Association (WAFCA) Nominations |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2021-washington-dc-area-film-critics-association-wafca-nominations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205170201/https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2021-washington-dc-area-film-critics-association-wafca-nominations |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == References == <references /> == External links == jjd041r41yk6fxib1u2lke71nc0demt 116494 116493 2026-11-08T13:06:55Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jacob Tremblay''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|ɒ|m|b|l|eɪ}} {{Respell|TROM|blay}}; born October 5, 2006) be a Canadian actor. Beginning ein career as a [[child actor]] insyd de 2010s, he expand to [[voice acting]] insyd mainstream animated media den mature roles insyd [[independent film]]s. Tremblay first gain recognition for ein role as a kiddie dem born insyd captivity insyd ''[[Room (2015 film)|Room]]'' (2015), for wich he win de [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer]] wey he cam be de youngest nominee for de [[Actor Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role]]. Continued recognition cam from ein roles as a kiddie plus [[Treacher Collins syndrome|Treacher Collins Syndrome]] insyd de drama ''[[Wonder (film)|Wonder]]'' (2017) den a naive sixth grader insyd de comedy ''[[Good Boys (film)|Good Boys]]'' (2019). Tremblay take on voice roles as [[Damian Wayne|Damian Wayne / Robin]] insyd ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]'' (2019), de [[title character]]s insyd ''[[Luca (2021 film)|Luca]]'' (2021) den ''[[Orion and the Dark]]'' (2024), wich earned am an [[Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Voice Performer in an Animated or Preschool Animated Program|Emmy Award]], [[List of The Little Mermaid characters#Flounder|Flounder]] insyd ''[[The Little Mermaid (2023 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' (2023), den Curtis insyd ''[[Wildwood (film)|Wildwood]]'' (2026). He return to live-action projects plus more mature roles insyd de biographical crime films ''[[Sovereign (film)|Sovereign]]'' (2025), wich earn am an [[Independent Spirit Award]] nomination, den ''[[Unabomber (film)|Unabomber]]'' (2026), insyd wich he portray de [[Ted Kaczynski|titular domestic terrorist]]. ==Early life== Na dem born Tremblay, de middle of three kiddies, on October 5, 2006, insyd [[Vancouver]], British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devan |date=October 5, 2015 |title=Brie Larson serenades her Room costar Jacob Tremblay for his 9th birthday |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/05/brie-larson-happy-birthday-jacob-tremblay-room |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=November 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114145234/https://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/05/brie-larson-happy-birthday-jacob-tremblay-room |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=BarDown |date=June 22, 2017 |title=Vancouver actor Jacob Tremblay roasted his hometown Canucks at the NHL Awards - Article |url=https://www.bardown.com/vancouver-actor-jacob-tremblay-roasted-his-hometown-canucks-at-the-nhl-awards-1.786337 |access-date=May 3, 2021 |website=BARDOWN |language=en}}</ref> Ein poppie be a police detective. Tremblay ein sistos be actresses Erica den [[Emma Tremblay]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Brooks |date=December 12, 2015 |title=Hollywood's ''It'' Kid: A Blast of Fresh Air on the Oscar Trail |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/fashion/room-jacob-tremblay-oscars.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |access-date=March 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226232832/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/fashion/room-jacob-tremblay-oscars.html |url-status=live}}</ref> His maternal grandfather is Chilean.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7956956/luca-star-jacob-tremblay-covid-shot/#:~:text=Tremblay%20had%20to%20pronounce%20certain,mother%27s%20side%20is%20from%20Chile |title=''Luca'' star Jacob Tremblay on the 'relief' of getting first COVID 19 vaccine shot |work=Global News}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {{Pending films key}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes ! class="unsortable" | {{refh}} |- | 2013 | data-sort-value="Smurfs 2, The" | ''[[The Smurfs 2]]'' | Blue Winslow | | |- | 2015 | ''[[Room (2015 film)|Room]]'' | Jack Newsome | | |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | ''[[Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie]]'' | Kid 4 | | |- | ''[[Before I Wake (2016 film)|Before I Wake]]'' | Cody Morgan | | |- | ''[[Burn Your Maps]]'' | Wes Firth | | |- | ''[[Shut In (2016 film)|Shut In]]'' | Tom Patterson | | |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | data-sort-value="Book of Henry, The" | ''[[The Book of Henry]]'' | Peter Carpenter | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Kroll">{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=August 19, 2015 |title=Jacob Tremblay, Jaeden Lieberher to Co-Star in Colin Trevorrow's ''Book of Henry'' (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/jacob-tremblay-jaeden-lieberher-book-of-henry-colin-trevorrow-1201573908/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050106/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/jacob-tremblay-jaeden-lieberher-book-of-henry-colin-trevorrow-1201573908/ |archive-date=October 8, 2015 |access-date=September 3, 2015 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- | ''[[Wonder (film)|Wonder]]'' | August "Auggie" Pullman | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=April 14, 2016 |title=''Room'' Star Jacob Tremblay in Talks for Lionsgate's ''Wonder'' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/room-star-jacob-tremblay-in-talks-for-lionsgates-wonder-exclusive/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US |archive-date=June 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630052721/https://www.thewrap.com/room-star-jacob-tremblay-in-talks-for-lionsgates-wonder-exclusive/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | data-sort-value="Predator, The" | ''[[The Predator (film)|The Predator]]'' | Rory McKenna | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=January 25, 2017 |title=Jacob Tremblay to Star in Shane Black's ''Predator'' Movie (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jacob-tremblay-star-shane-blacks-predator-movie-967671/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Death & Life of John F. Donovan, The" | ''[[The Death & Life of John F. Donovan]]'' | Young Rupert Turner | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Jacob Tremblay to Star in Xavier Dolan's ''The Death and Life of John F. Donovan'' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/jacob-tremblay-star-xavier-dolans-death-life-john-f-donovan-973115/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''[[Good Boys (film)|Good Boys]]'' | Max Newman | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=March 20, 2018 |title=Jacob Tremblay to Star in Comedy ''Good Boys'' for Universal |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/jacob-tremblay-good-boys-universal-1202731449/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805021738/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/jacob-tremblay-good-boys-universal-1202731449/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Doctor Sleep (2019 film)|Doctor Sleep]]'' | Bradley Trevor | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2018 |title=Jacob Tremblay Scores $100k Movie Deal for Sequel to ''The Shining'' |url=https://www.tmz.com/2018/11/09/jacob-tremblay-minors-contract-doctor-sleep-the-shining-sequel/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=TMZ |language=en |archive-date=November 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102140155/https://www.tmz.com/2018/11/09/jacob-tremblay-minors-contract-doctor-sleep-the-shining-sequel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2020 | ''Here We Are: Notes for Living on Planet Earth'' | Finn (voice) | Short film | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Knight |first=Chris |date=April 16, 2020 |title=Here We Are is a cosmology primer for the very young, says Chris Knight |work=[[National Post]] |url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/movies/here-we-are-is-a-cosmology-primer-for-the-very-young-says-chris-knight |access-date=October 16, 2022}}</ref><ref name="BtVA">{{cite web |title=Jacob Tremblay (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Jacob-Tremblay/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116144116/https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Jacob-Tremblay/ |url-status=live}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2021 | ''[[Luca (2021 film)|Luca]]'' | Luca Paguro (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=February 25, 2021 |title=Pixar's ''Luca'' teaser trailer gives Jacob Tremblay a sun-soaked Italian summer with sea monsters |url=https://ew.com/movies/pixar-luca-trailer-jacob-tremblay/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226042804/https://ew.com/movies/pixar-luca-trailer-jacob-tremblay/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | ''[[Ciao Alberto]]'' |Luca Paguro (voice) | Short film; cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2022 | ''[[My Father's Dragon (2022 film)|My Father's Dragon]]'' | Elmer Elevator (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grater |first=Tom |date=April 20, 2022 |title=Jacob Tremblay, Gaten Matarazzo, Golshifteh Farahani & More To Voice Netflix Animation ''My Father's Dragon'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/jacob-tremblay-gaten-matarazzo-golshifteh-farahani-more-voice-netflix-animation-my-fathers-dragon-1235006378/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101120143/https://deadline.com/2022/04/jacob-tremblay-gaten-matarazzo-golshifteh-farahani-more-voice-netflix-animation-my-fathers-dragon-1235006378/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | rowspan="4" | 2023 | data-sort-value="Little Mermaid, The" | ''[[The Little Mermaid (2023 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' | [[List of The Little Mermaid characters#Flounder|Flounder]] (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Kit">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=July 1, 2019 |title=Jacob Tremblay, Awkwafina in Talks for Disney's Live-Action ''Little Mermaid'' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/disneys-live-action-little-mermaid-eyes-jacob-tremblay-awkwafina-1221947/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | ''[[Cold Copy]]'' | Igor Nowak | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=September 28, 2022 |title=Bel Powley, Tracee Ellis Ross & Jacob Tremblay Lead Thriller Pic ''Cold Copy'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/bel-powley-tracee-ellis-ross-jacob-tremblay-lead-thriller-pic-cold-copy-1235129757/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011004902/https://deadline.com/2022/09/bel-powley-tracee-ellis-ross-jacob-tremblay-lead-thriller-pic-cold-copy-1235129757/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Toxic Avenger, The" | ''[[The Toxic Avenger (2023 film)|The Toxic Avenger]]'' | Wade | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=April 14, 2021 |title=''Toxic Avenger'': Jacob Tremblay Joins Peter Dinklage In The Legendary Reboot |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/toxic-avenger-jacob-tremblay-peter-dinklage-legendarys-1234734298/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630004122/https://deadline.com/2021/04/toxic-avenger-jacob-tremblay-peter-dinklage-legendarys-1234734298/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Queen of Bones]]'' | Sam | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Julia Butters, Jacob Tremblay, Martin Freeman & Taylor Schilling Set For Horror ''Queen Of Bones''; Robert Budreau Directing For Appian Way, Lumanity Productions And Productivity Media |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/martin-freeman-taylor-schilling-more-set-for-horror-queen-of-bones-1235100333/ |access-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830160356/https://deadline.com/2022/08/martin-freeman-taylor-schilling-more-set-for-horror-queen-of-bones-1235100333/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2024 | ''[[Orion and the Dark]]'' | Orion Mendelson (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Croll">{{Cite web |last=Croll |first=Ben |date=June 13, 2023 |title=Charlie Kaufman and Netflix Release First Look at Animated Movie ''Orion and The Dark'' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/festivals/dreamworks-animation-netflix-charlie-kaufman-orion-1235642186/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613162406/https://variety.com/2023/film/festivals/dreamworks-animation-netflix-charlie-kaufman-orion-1235642186/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | data-sort-value="Life of Chuck, The" | ''[[The Life of Chuck]]'' | Young Chuck Krantz | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title=''The Life Of Chuck'': Chiwetel Ejiofor, Karen Gillan & Jacob Tremblay Join Stephen King Adaptation From Mike Flanagan |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/the-life-of-chuck-movie-chiwetel-ejiofor-karen-gillan-jacob-tremblay-1235580724/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=October 23, 2023 |date=October 23, 2023 |archive-date=October 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023180733/https://deadline.com/2023/10/the-life-of-chuck-movie-chiwetel-ejiofor-karen-gillan-jacob-tremblay-1235580724/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2025 | ''[[Sovereign (film)|Sovereign]]'' | Joe Kane | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Nick Offerman, Dennis Quaid, and Jacob Tremblay shooting movie in Fayetteville |date=February 28, 2024 |website=KFSM-TV |url=https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/local/nick-offerman-dennis-quaid-jacob-tremblay-movie-fayetteville/527-64405124-a273-4cc2-8ca5-777cc327d1e5 |access-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-date=March 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303012130/https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/local/nick-offerman-dennis-quaid-jacob-tremblay-movie-fayetteville/527-64405124-a273-4cc2-8ca5-777cc327d1e5 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=April 14, 2025 |title=Dennis Quaid, Nick Offerman & Jacob Tremblay Thriller ''Sovereign'' Stakes Out Summer Release |url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/dennis-quaid-sovereign-release-date-1236368233/ |access-date=April 14, 2025 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=December 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215095702/https://deadline.com/2025/04/dennis-quaid-sovereign-release-date-1236368233/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2026 | ''[[Unabomber (film)|Unabomber]]'' | [[Ted Kaczynski]] | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/russell-crowe-jacob-tremblay-shailene-woodley-to-star-unabom-1236422433/ |title=Russell Crowe, Jacob Tremblay, Shailene Woodley & Annabelle Wallis To Star In Ted Kaczynski Thriller ''Unabom''; Janus Metz Directing For Netflix |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=June 4, 2025}}</ref> |- | ''[[Wildwood (film)|Wildwood]]'' | Curtis Mehlberg (voice) | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Carey Mulligan, Mahershala Ali, Peyton Elizabeth Lee Among Voice Cast For Laika's ''Wildwood'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/wildwood-cast-laika-movie-carey-mulligan-mahershala-ali-peyton-elizabeth-lee-first-photo-1235099543/ |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825150159/https://deadline.com/2022/08/wildwood-cast-laika-movie-carey-mulligan-mahershala-ali-peyton-elizabeth-lee-first-photo-1235099543/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | {{TableTBA}} | data-sort-value="Skeleton Tree, The" {{Pending film|The Skeleton Tree}} | Frank | Post-production | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=May 11, 2022 |title=Cannes: Jacob Tremblay Teaming with ''C'mon, C'mon'' Breakout Woody Norman on Survival Drama ''Skeleton Tree'' |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jacob-tremblay-woody-norman-skeleton-tree-movie-1235144611/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jacob-tremblay-woody-norman-skeleton-tree-movie-1235144611/}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="Night House, The" {{Pending film|[[The Night House (upcoming film)|The Night House]]}} | Young Richard | Post-production | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Elcorreo">{{cite web |url=https://www.elcorreo.com/alava/araba/the-night-house-rueda-vitoria-20250827195059-nt.html |website=Elcorreo.com |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=August 27, 2025 |title=The Night House is already filming in Vitoria}}</ref> |- | {{Pending film|4 X 4: The Event}} | | Post-production | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=August 19, 2026 |title=''4 X 4: The Event'': Alex Ullom Neon Horror Film Sets Cast (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://deadline.com/2026/08/4x4-the-event-alex-ullom-neon-horror-film-sets-cast-1237044935/ |access-date=August 19, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=August 19, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260819170804/https://deadline.com/2026/08/4x4-the-event-alex-ullom-neon-horror-film-sets-cast-1237044935/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="2"| 2013 | ''[[Motive (TV series)|Motive]]'' | Riley Stanwyck | Episode: "Undertow" | |- | ''[[Mr. Young]]'' | Young Tater | Episode: "Mr. Finale Part 1" | |- | 2014 | ''My Mother's Future Husband'' | Connor | Television film | |- | rowspan="2"| 2016 | data-sort-value="Last Man on Earth, The" | ''[[The Last Man on Earth (TV series)|The Last Man on Earth]]'' | Young Phil Miller | Episode: "Pitch Black" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Tthhe Last Man on Ear - Fart Face from "Pitch Black" - Fox Broadcasting |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5hXsFwmLB4 |access-date=March 3, 2016 |publisher=YouTube |archive-date=October 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014031732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5hXsFwmLB4 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Billy on the Street]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Billy's Holiday Wonderland With Jacob Tremblay" | |- | 2017 | ''[[American Dad!]]'' | Young [[Charles Lindbergh]] (voice) | Episode: "Fight and Flight" | |- | 2017–2022 | ''[[Pete the Cat#Television|Pete the Cat]]'' | Pete the Cat (voice) | Main role | <ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2018 | ''[[Animals (American TV series)|Animals]]'' | Nuke (voice) | Episode: "Roachella" | <ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2019 | data-sort-value="Twilight Zone, The" | ''[[The Twilight Zone (2019 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' | Oliver Foley | Episode: "The Wunderkind" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=December 3, 2018 |title=''The Twilight Zone'': John Cho, Allison Tolman & Jacob Tremblay To Star In Episode Of CBS All Access Reboot |url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/the-twilight-zone-john-cho-allison-tolman-jacob-tremblay-to-star-in-episode-of-cbs-all-access-reboot-1202512838/ |access-date=December 3, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=December 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204004224/https://deadline.com/2018/12/the-twilight-zone-john-cho-allison-tolman-jacob-tremblay-to-star-in-episode-of-cbs-all-access-reboot-1202512838/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2019–present | ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]'' | [[Damian Wayne|Damian Wayne / Robin]] (voice) | Recurring role | <ref name="HarleyQuinn">{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=July 23, 2019 |title=DC Universe's ''Harley Quinn'' Starring Kaley Cuoco Eyes New Perspectives On Familiar Caped Crusaders |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/harley-quinn-dc-universe-kaley-cuoco-tca-patrick-schumacker-1202651411/ |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language= |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724134159/https://deadline.com/2019/07/harley-quinn-dc-universe-kaley-cuoco-tca-patrick-schumacker-1202651411/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |- | 2023 | ''[[Invincible (TV series)|Invincible]]'' | Prince Lizard, Phase Two (voice) | Episode: "Atom Eve" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Invincible'' Drops Surprise Episode, Season 2 Premiere Date {{!}} Decider |date=July 22, 2023 |url=https://decider.com/2023/07/21/invincible-surprise-episode-season-2-premiere-date/ |access-date=July 22, 2023}}</ref><ref name="BtVA" /> |} ===Music video=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Artist |- | 2020 | "[[Lonely (Justin Bieber and Benny Blanco song)|Lonely]]" | [[Justin Bieber]] den [[Benny Blanco]] |} ==Awards den nominations== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders col6center" |- ! scope="col" | Award ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Category ! scope="col" | Work ! scope="col" | Result ! scope="col" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row" | [[The Astra Awards|Astra TV Awards]] | {{center|[[4th Astra TV Awards|2024]]}} | Best Voice-Over Performance | ''[[Orion and the Dark]]'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Erik |date=July 9, 2024 |title=HCA Astra TV Awards Nominations: ''The Bear'', ''Hacks'', ''The Morning Show'', ''Baby Reindeer'' Lead Nominations |url=https://awardswatch.com/hca-astra-tv-awards-nominations-the-bear-hacks-the-morning-show-baby-reindeer-lead-nominations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711015642/https://awardswatch.com/hca-astra-tv-awards-nominations-the-bear-hacks-the-morning-show-baby-reindeer-lead-nominations/ |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=AwardsWatch}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Austin Film Critics Association|Austin Film Critics Association]] |rowspan="2"| {{center|[[Austin Film Critics Association Awards 2015|2015]]}} | Best Actor |''[[Room (2015 film)|Room]]'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |last=Whittaker |first=Richard |url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2015-12-16/austin-critics-announce-award-nominees/ |title=Austin Critics Announce Award Nominees |date=December 18, 2015 |work=[[The Austin Chronicle]] |access-date=December 25, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219104246/http://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2015-12-16/austin-critics-announce-award-nominees/ |archive-date=December 19, 2015}}</ref> |- | Breakthrough Artist Award |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Awards |url=https://austinfilmcritics.org/2015-awards-365ab411a45b |publisher=[[Austin Film Critics Association]] |access-date=July 3, 2023 |language=en |date=December 7, 2016 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225074701/https://austinfilmcritics.org/2015-awards-365ab411a45b |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[List of film awards|Awards Circuit Community]] | {{center|2015}} | Best Actor in a Leading Role |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Awards Circuit Community Awards - 2015 Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2015/1 |website=IMDB |access-date=April 14, 2022}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[List of film awards|Central Ohio Film Critics Association]] |rowspan="2"| {{center|2016}} | Best Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Ryan |url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2016/01/03/central-ohio-film-critics-nominations-4/ |title=Central Ohio Film Critics nominations |date=January 3, 2016 |work=Central Ohio Film Critics Association |access-date=February 12, 2022 |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029122913/https://www.awardsdaily.com/2016/01/03/central-ohio-film-critics-nominations-4/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Best Breakthrough Film Artist |''Room'' | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Chicago Film Critics Association|Chicago Film Critics Association]] | {{center|[[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2015|2015]]}} | Most Promising Performer |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/awards/140-mad-max-lead-2015-cfca-awards |title="Mad Max: Fury Road" Leads The Race For 2015 CFCA Awards |publisher=[[Chicago Film Critics Association]] |date=December 14, 2015 |access-date=December 14, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093417/http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/awards/140-mad-max-lead-2015-cfca-awards/ |archive-date=December 22, 2015 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Children's and Family Emmy Awards|Children's and Family Emmy Awards]] | {{center|[[3rd Children's and Family Emmy Awards|2025]]}} | [[Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Voice Performer in an Animated or Preschool Animated Program|Outstanding Younger Voice Performer in a Preschool, Children's or Young Teen Program]] | ''Orion and the Dark'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |title=Children's and Family Emmy Awards: ''Percy Jackson'', ''Sesame Street'' Universe, ''Orion and the Dark'' Among Top Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/2025-childrens-and-family-emmy-awards-winners-list-1236164512/ |date=March 15, 2025 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=February 23, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260223185848/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/2025-childrens-and-family-emmy-awards-winners-list-1236164512/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards|Critics' Choice Movie Awards]] | {{center|[[21st Critics' Choice Awards|2016]]}} | [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer|Best Young Actor/Actress]] | ''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rosen |first=Christopher |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/17/critics-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |title=Critics' Choice Awards 2016 winners: Spotlight, Mad Max, Leonardo DiCaprio, and more |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=January 17, 2016 |access-date=February 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118122332/http://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/17/critics-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |archive-date=January 18, 2016}}</ref> |- | {{center|[[23rd Critics' Choice Awards|2018]]}} |Best Young Actor/Actress |''[[Wonder (film)|Wonder]]'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Critics' Choice Awards Nominations: List in Full |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-critics-choice-awards-nominations-list-full-1062824 |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=December 6, 2017 |access-date=February 12, 2018 |archive-date=February 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206081807/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-critics-choice-awards-nominations-list-full-1062824 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Detroit Film Critics Society|Detroit Film Critics Society]] | rowspan="2" |{{center|[[Detroit Film Critics Society#2015|2015]]}} | [[Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Breakthrough Performance|Best Breakthrough Performance]] |''Room'' | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |access-date=May 5, 2016 |url=http://detroitfilmcritics.com/the-2015-detroit-film-critics-society-awards-nominations/ |title=The 2015 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Nominations |date=December 10, 2015 |publisher=[[Detroit Film Critics Society]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416101803/http://detroitfilmcritics.com/the-2015-detroit-film-critics-society-awards-nominations/ |archive-date=April 16, 2016}}</ref> |- | [[Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] |''Room'' | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row"| [[Dorian Awards|Dorian Awards]] | {{center|2016}} | Rising Star of the Year |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/carol-earns-multiple-mentions-as-855069 |title=''Carol'' Earns Multiple Mentions as Dorian Award Nominees Are Unveiled |date=January 16, 2016 |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=May 5, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507135940/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/carol-earns-multiple-mentions-as-855069 |archive-date=May 7, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Empire Awards|Empire Awards]] | {{center|[[21st Empire Awards|2016]]}} | [[Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer|Best Male Newcomer]] |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/star-wars-mad-max-empire-awards-2016-nominations-2/ |title=Jameson Empire Awards 2016: Star Wars and Mad Max lead the nominations |last=Nugent |first=John |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |date=February 18, 2016 |access-date=March 15, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014837/http://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/star-wars-mad-max-empire-awards-2016-nominations-2/ |archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Florida Film Critics Circle|Florida Film Critics Circle]] | {{center|[[Florida Film Critics Circle Awards 2015|2015]]}} | Pauline Kael Breakout Award |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.floridafilmcritics.com/2015/12/21/carol-leads-2015-florida-film-critics-awards-nominations/ |publisher=[[Florida Film Critics Circle]] |title=''Carol'' leads 2015 Florida Film Critics awards nominations |date=December 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115744/http://www.floridafilmcritics.com/2015/12/21/carol-leads-2015-florida-film-critics-awards-nominations/ |archive-date=December 22, 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Georgia Film Critics Association|Georgia Film Critics Association]] | rowspan="2" | {{center|2016}} | Breakthrough Award |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Awards |url=https://www.georgiafilmcritics.org/p/2015-awards.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=[[Georgia Film Critics Association]] |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515131840/https://www.georgiafilmcritics.org/p/2015-awards.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Best Supporting Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Gold Derby|Gold Derby Film Awards]] | rowspan="2" |{{center|2016}} | Best Breakthrough Performer |''Room'' | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.goldderby.com/2015-goldderby-film-awards/ |title=2015 GOLDDERBY FILM AWARDS |date=March 28, 2016 |work=Gold Derby |access-date=February 12, 2022 |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421030112/https://www.goldderby.com/2015-goldderby-film-awards/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Best Lead Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Hollywood Critics Association|Hollywood Critics Association]] | {{center|2021}} | Best Animated or VSX Performance | ''[[Luca (2021 film)|Luca]]'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=HCA Film Awards Latest Ceremony Pushed Due To Rising Covid Concerns |url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/hca-film-awards-latest-ceremony-pushed-due-to-rising-covid-concerns-1234900143/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091932/https://deadline.com/2021/12/hca-film-awards-latest-ceremony-pushed-due-to-rising-covid-concerns-1234900143/amp/ |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 21, 2021}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Independent Spirit Awards]] | {{center|[[41st Independent Spirit Awards|2026]]}} | [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Performance|Best Supporting Performance]] | ''[[Sovereign (film)|Sovereign]]'' | {{nom}} | |- ! scope="row" | [[List of film awards|Indiana Film Journalists Association]] | {{center|2015}} | Best Actor |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianafilmjournalists.com/2015-ifja-film-awards |title=2015 IFJA Film Awards |website=Indiana Film Journalists Association |access-date=June 16, 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112021522/http://indianafilmjournalists.com/2015-ifja-film-awards |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[International Cinephile Society|International Cinephile Society]] | {{center|2016}} | Best Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carol Takes the Driver's Seat at 2016 ICS Award Nominations |url=https://icsfilm.org/our-yearly-awards/2016-ics-award-nominees/ |access-date=February 12, 2023 |website=AwardsWatch |date=February 7, 2016 |language=en-US |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428205422/https://icsfilm.org/our-yearly-awards/2016-ics-award-nominees/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[IFTA Film & Drama Awards|Irish Film and Television Awards]] | {{center|[[13th Irish Film & Television Awards|2016]]}} | Best International Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Irish">{{cite web |url=http://ifta.ie/awards/nominees_2016/intlactor.html |title=International Actor |publisher=[[Irish Film & Television Academy]] |access-date=July 2, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519074742/http://ifta.ie/awards/nominees_2016/intlactor.html |archive-date=May 19, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[List of film awards|Las Vegas Film Critics Society]] | {{center|2015}} | Youth in Film |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/2015/12/17/spotlight-sweeps-las-vegas-film-critics-awards/ |title=Spotlight sweeps Las Vegas Film Critics Awards |date=December 17, 2015 |access-date=December 18, 2015 |archive-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204003408/https://www.awardsdaily.com/2015/12/17/spotlight-sweeps-las-vegas-film-critics-awards/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | {{center|2017}} | Youth in Film | ''Wonder'' | {{draw|Runner-up}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-las-vegas-film-critics-society-lvfcs-winners/ |title=The 2017 Las Vegas Film Critics Society (LVFCS) Winners |first=Matt |last=Neglia |website=Next Best Picture |date=December 18, 2017 |access-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002160503/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-las-vegas-film-critics-society-lvfcs-winners/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Hollywood Critics Association|Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society]] | {{center|2017}} | Best Actor or Actress 23 and Under | ''Wonder'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-los-angeles-online-film-critics-society-laofcs-nominations/ |title=The 2017 Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society (LAOFCS) Nominations |first=Matt |last=Neglia |website=Next Best Picture |date=December 7, 2018 |access-date=December 5, 2017 |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206150531/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-los-angeles-online-film-critics-society-laofcs-nominations/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[List of film awards|Music City Film Critics Association]] | {{center|2020}} | Best Young Actor | ''[[Good Boys (film)|Good Boys]]'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2019-music-city-film-critics-association-mcfca-winners/ |title=The 2019 Music City Film Critics Association (MCFCA) Winners |first=Matt |last=Neglia |website=Next Best Picture |date=January 10, 2020 |access-date=January 16, 2022 |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033612/https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2019-music-city-film-critics-association-mcfca-winners |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[National Board of Review|National Board of Review]] | {{center|[[National Board of Review Awards 2015|2015]]}} | [[National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance|Best Breakthrough Performance]] |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/2015/12/national-board-of-review-announces-2015-award-winners/ |title=National Board of Review Announces 2015 Award Winners |publisher=[[National Board of Review]] |access-date=July 17, 2016 |date=December 1, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418070538/http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/2015/12/national-board-of-review-announces-2015-award-winners/ |archive-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[List of film awards|Nevada Film Critics Society]] | {{center|2015}} | Best Youth Performance |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=December 20, 2015 |title=The Nevada Film Critics Society's 2015 Awards for Achievement in Film |url=http://www.nevadafilmcriticssociety.org/index.php/nevada-film-critics-society-awards/85-the-nevada-film-critics-society-s-2015-awards-for-achievement-in-film |access-date=December 20, 2015 |website=Nevada Film Critics Society |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509144458/https://www.nevadafilmcriticssociety.org/index.php/nevada-film-critics-society-awards/85-the-nevada-film-critics-society-s-2015-awards-for-achievement-in-film |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[List of film awards|Online Film and Television Association]] | rowspan="2" |{{center|2016}} | Best Breakthrough Performance: Male |''Room'' | {{won}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=20th Annual Film Awards (2015) |url=http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/20th-annual-film-awards-2015/ |website=Online Film & Television Association |access-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427020844/http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/20th-annual-film-awards-2015/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Best Youth Performance |''Room'' | {{won}} |- | {{center|2018}} | Best Youth Performance |''Wonder'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=22nd Annual Film Awards (2017) |url=http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/22nd-annual-film-awards-2017/ |website=Online Film & Television Association |access-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-date=January 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083912/http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/22nd-annual-film-awards-2017/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[List of film awards|Phoenix Critics Circle]] | {{center|2015}} | Best Supporting Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phxcritics.com/awards |title=2015 Awards |website=Phoenix Critics Circle |access-date=December 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226121809/http://www.phxcritics.com/awards/ |archive-date=December 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[List of film awards|Phoenix Film Critics Society]] | rowspan="2" |{{center|2015}} | Best Breakthrough Performance |''Room'' | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=PFCS Awards – 2015 |url=https://phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/pfcs-awards-%E2%80%93-2015 |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=Phoenix Film Critics Society |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111083120/https://phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/pfcs-awards-%E2%80%93-2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Best Performance by a Youth |''Room'' | {{won}} |- | {{center|2017}} | Best Performance by a Youth |''Wonder'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-phoenix-film-critics-society-pfcs-winners/ |title=The 2017 Phoenix Film Critics Society (PFCS) Winners |first=Matt |last=Neglia |website=Next Best Picture |date=December 19, 2017 |access-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226042427/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-phoenix-film-critics-society-pfcs-winners/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[San Diego Film Critics Society|San Diego Film Critics Society]] |rowspan="2"| {{center|[[San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2015|2015]]}} | [[San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2015#Best Male Actor|Best Actor]] |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sdfcs.org/2015-san-diego-film-critics-society-award-nominations/ |title=2015 San Diego Film Critics Society's Award Nominations |access-date=December 12, 2015 |date=December 11, 2015 |publisher=[[San Diego Film Critics Society]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411031753/http://www.sdfcs.org/2015-san-diego-film-critics-society-award-nominations/ |archive-date=April 11, 2016 }}</ref> |- | [[San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2015#Breakthrough Artist|Best Breakthrough Artist]] |''Room'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row"| [[Satellite Awards|Satellite Awards]] | {{center|[[20th Satellite Awards|2016]]}} | Breakthrough Performance Award |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2015/ |title=2015 |publisher=Satellite Awards |access-date=February 22, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320045213/http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2015/ |archive-date=March 20, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Saturn Awards|Saturn Awards]] | {{center|[[50th Anniversary Saturn Awards|2022]]}} | [[Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor|Best Performance by a Younger Actor]] | ''Luca'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last=Tinoco |first=Armando |date=August 12, 2022 |title=Saturn Awards Nominations: ''The Batman'', ''Nightmare Alley'', ''Spider-Man'', ''Better Call Saul'' Top List |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/saturn-awards-2022-nominations-list-movies-tv-1235089636/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812202430/https://deadline.com/2022/08/saturn-awards-2022-nominations-list-movies-tv-1235089636/ |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors Guild Awards]] | {{center|[[22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards|2016]]}} | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role|Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role]] | ''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/22nd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |title=The 22nd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |publisher=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] |access-date=February 9, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024171400/http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/22nd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |archive-date=October 24, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Seattle Film Critics Society|Seattle Film Critics Society]] | {{center|[[Seattle Film Critics Society#2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Awards|2017]]}} | [[Seattle Film Critics Society#Seattle Film Critics Society Award for Best Youth Performance|Best Youth Performance]] |''Wonder'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2017/12/11/blade-runner-2049-leads-the-2017-seattle-film-critics-society-nominations/ |title=''Blade Runner 2049'' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations |work=[[Seattle Film Critics Society]] |date=December 11, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2017 |archive-date=December 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212163705/http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2017/12/11/blade-runner-2049-leads-the-2017-seattle-film-critics-society-nominations/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Vancouver Film Critics Circle|Vancouver Film Critics Circle]] | {{center|[[Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2015|2015]]}} | Best Actor in Canadian Film |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://vancouverfilmcritics.com/2016/01/07/the-vfcc-names-room-best-canadian-film/ |title=The VFCC names Room Best Canadian Film |date=January 6, 2016 |access-date=July 15, 2016 |publisher=Vancouver Film Critics Circle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503123445/https://vancouverfilmcritics.com/2016/01/07/the-vfcc-names-room-best-canadian-film/ |archive-date=May 3, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Village Voice Film Poll|Village Voice Film Poll]] | {{center|2015}} | Best Supporting Actor |''Room'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2015/12/15/mad-max-charlotte-rampling-and-kristen-stewart-dominate-village-voice-critics-poll/ |title=''Mad Max'', Charlotte Rampling, and Kristen Stewart Dominate Village Voice Critics Poll |date=December 15, 2015 |work=[[The Village Voice]] |access-date=April 8, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408122644/https://www.villagevoice.com/2015/12/15/mad-max-charlotte-rampling-and-kristen-stewart-dominate-village-voice-critics-poll/ |archive-date=April 8, 2021 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association|Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] | {{center|[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2015|2015]]}} | Best Youth Performance |''Room'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118200725/http://www.wafca.com/awards/index.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2016 |url=http://www.wafca.com/awards/index.htm |title=D.C. Film Critics Shine a ''Spotlight'' on Award Winners |publisher=[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] |access-date=February 12, 2016}}</ref> |- | {{center|[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2017|2017]]}} |Best Youth Performance |''Wonder'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Gordon |first1=Tim |title=The 2017 WAFCA Awards: ''Get Out'' Is in with D.C. Film Critics |url=http://www.dcfilmcritics.com/awards/2017.htm |publisher=[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association|Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] |access-date=October 21, 2021 |date=December 8, 2017 |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006000347/http://www.dcfilmcritics.com/awards/2017.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | {{center|[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2021|2021]]}} | Best Voice Performance | ''Luca'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last=Neglia |first=Matt |date=December 3, 2021 |title=The 2021 Washington DC Area Film Critics Association (WAFCA) Nominations |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2021-washington-dc-area-film-critics-association-wafca-nominations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205170201/https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2021-washington-dc-area-film-critics-association-wafca-nominations |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{IMDb name}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tremblay, Jacob}} [[Category:2006 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:Best Actor Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners]] [[Category:Canadian male film actors]] [[Category:Canadian male television actors]] [[Category:Canadian male voice actors]] [[Category:Canadian male child actors]] [[Category:Canadian people of Chilean descent]] [[Category:Children's and Family Emmy Award winners]] [[Category:Male actors wey komot Vancouver]] [[Category:People wey komot Langley, British Columbia (city)]] [[Category:Canadian expatriate male actors insyd de United States]] o0uedx5r9drxf8cwnxj1jmhe7cisnm8 0 31394 116502 116280 2026-11-08T13:34:41Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kinda Mazen Alloush''' ({{langx|ar|كندة مازن علوش}}; dem born on 27 March 1982 insyd [[Damascus]]) be a Syrian actress dem know for ein roles insyd Syrian den Egyptian drama den cinema. == References == == External links == {{commons category}} * {{IMDb name|4371761}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alloush, Kinda}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:People wey komot Hama]] [[Category:Syrian film actresses]] [[Category:Syrian television actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Syrian actresses]] [[Category:Syrian film directors]] [[Category:Syrian women film directors]] [[Category:Syrian dissidents]] [[Category:Syrian Muslims]] [[Category:Syrian emigrants to Egypt]] [[Category:Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts (Damascus) alumni]] 16blc4inzbp6q89yprc3kua6plc2mr5 116503 116502 2026-11-08T13:37:45Z DaSupremo 9 /* Works */ Improve article 116503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kinda Mazen Alloush''' ({{langx|ar|كندة مازن علوش}}; dem born on 27 March 1982 insyd [[Damascus]]) be a Syrian actress dem know for ein roles insyd Syrian den Egyptian drama den cinema. == Works == === Series === * ''Sleep thorns'' (2005) * ''Nazar Qabani'' (2005) * ''Baibars'' (2005) * ''Woman Shadow'' (2005) * ''Hasiba'' (2006) * ''Sultana'' (2007) * ''Another Dawn'' (2007) * ''The Invasion'' (2007) * ''Like that we married'' (2008) * ''Another raining day'' (2008) * ''Light spot'' (2008) * ''Soft Silleness'' (2009) * ''The struggle of money'' (2009) * ''Wanted men'' (2010) * ''People of Cairo'' (2011) * ''[[Forbidden Love (2011 TV series)|Forbidden Love]]'' (2011) * ''Birth from side'' (2011) * ''In The palm of demon'' (2012) * ''The Naughty'' (2012) * ''Daughters of Family'' (2012) * ''The Bats'' (2013) * ''Friendly fires'' (2013) * ''[[Sanaoud Baad Kalil]]'' (2013) * ''The seven commandments'' (2014) * ''Countdown'' (2014) * ''Readness of Girls'' (2014) * ''Steva'' (2015) * [[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)|Teen Wolf]] (2015) * ''Joys of the Dome'' (2016) * ''Stone of Hell'' (2017) * ''Tom and Sherry'' (2017) * ''People of love 3'' (2017) * ''Ekhwati'' (2025) === Films === * ''Passion'' (2007) * ''[[Escaping Tel Aviv]]'' (2009) * ''A whole one'' (2011) * ''El-Fagommi'' (2011) * ''Bartita'' (2012) * ''[[The Benefit (film)|The Benefit]]'' (2012) * ''33 days'' (2012) * ''[[Excuse My French (film)|Excuse My French]]'' (2014) * ''At Cairo time'' (2015) * ''[[Hepta: The Last Lecture|Hepta]]'' (2016) * ''[[The Originals (film)|The Originals]]'' (2017) * ''[[The Swimmers (2022 film)|The Swimmers]]'' (2022) * ''[[Nezouh]]'' (2022) == References == == External links == {{commons category}} * {{IMDb name|4371761}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alloush, Kinda}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:People wey komot Hama]] [[Category:Syrian film actresses]] [[Category:Syrian television actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Syrian actresses]] [[Category:Syrian film directors]] [[Category:Syrian women film directors]] [[Category:Syrian dissidents]] [[Category:Syrian Muslims]] [[Category:Syrian emigrants to Egypt]] [[Category:Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts (Damascus) alumni]] 3e4i4iumhazjr3k4jqzch8pcqcfc2ar 116504 116503 2026-11-08T13:46:47Z DaSupremo 9 /* Early life den career */ Improve article 116504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kinda Mazen Alloush''' ({{langx|ar|كندة مازن علوش}}; dem born on 27 March 1982 insyd [[Damascus]]) be a Syrian actress dem know for ein roles insyd Syrian den Egyptian drama den cinema. == Early life den career == Dem born Alloush insyd [[Hama|Hama, Syria]] to a poppie wey be a physician den mommie wey be an engineer. She study French literature, then theater criticism at de [[Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts]] insyd [[Damascus]]. Alloush work as an author den assistant director. Ein first role be insyd ''Ashwak Naiema'' series plus [[Rasha Shurbatji]] insyd 2004. Alloush sanso act insyd chaw Egyptian drama series such as ''Dalaa Albanat'' insyd 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elcinema.com/ar/work/2029211|title = مسلسل - دلع بنات - 2014 طاقم العمل، فيديو، الإعلان، صور، النقد الفني، مواعيد العرض}}</ref> as well as insyd Egyptian films such as ''33 Days'' (2013), ''[[Excuse My French (film)|Excuse My French]]'' (2014),<ref>[https://variety.com/2013/film/global/amr-salama-shooting-excuse-my-french-1200765348/ Amr Salama Shooting ‘Excuse My French’]</ref> den ''Hepta'' (2016).<ref>[http://mad.film/press/Kinda-Alloush-is-the-Latest-Addition-to-the-Hepta-Cast.php Kinda Alloush is the Latest Addition to the Hepta Cast]</ref> == Works == === Series === * ''Sleep thorns'' (2005) * ''Nazar Qabani'' (2005) * ''Baibars'' (2005) * ''Woman Shadow'' (2005) * ''Hasiba'' (2006) * ''Sultana'' (2007) * ''Another Dawn'' (2007) * ''The Invasion'' (2007) * ''Like that we married'' (2008) * ''Another raining day'' (2008) * ''Light spot'' (2008) * ''Soft Silleness'' (2009) * ''The struggle of money'' (2009) * ''Wanted men'' (2010) * ''People of Cairo'' (2011) * ''[[Forbidden Love (2011 TV series)|Forbidden Love]]'' (2011) * ''Birth from side'' (2011) * ''In The palm of demon'' (2012) * ''The Naughty'' (2012) * ''Daughters of Family'' (2012) * ''The Bats'' (2013) * ''Friendly fires'' (2013) * ''[[Sanaoud Baad Kalil]]'' (2013) * ''The seven commandments'' (2014) * ''Countdown'' (2014) * ''Readness of Girls'' (2014) * ''Steva'' (2015) * [[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)|Teen Wolf]] (2015) * ''Joys of the Dome'' (2016) * ''Stone of Hell'' (2017) * ''Tom and Sherry'' (2017) * ''People of love 3'' (2017) * ''Ekhwati'' (2025) === Films === * ''Passion'' (2007) * ''[[Escaping Tel Aviv]]'' (2009) * ''A whole one'' (2011) * ''El-Fagommi'' (2011) * ''Bartita'' (2012) * ''[[The Benefit (film)|The Benefit]]'' (2012) * ''33 days'' (2012) * ''[[Excuse My French (film)|Excuse My French]]'' (2014) * ''At Cairo time'' (2015) * ''[[Hepta: The Last Lecture|Hepta]]'' (2016) * ''[[The Originals (film)|The Originals]]'' (2017) * ''[[The Swimmers (2022 film)|The Swimmers]]'' (2022) * ''[[Nezouh]]'' (2022) == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons category}} * {{IMDb name|4371761}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alloush, Kinda}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:People wey komot Hama]] [[Category:Syrian film actresses]] [[Category:Syrian television actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Syrian actresses]] [[Category:Syrian film directors]] [[Category:Syrian women film directors]] [[Category:Syrian dissidents]] [[Category:Syrian Muslims]] [[Category:Syrian emigrants to Egypt]] [[Category:Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts (Damascus) alumni]] oqy6c15ip97ekc5i1yseepcqyi2l9h0 0 31396 116514 116287 2026-11-08T14:12:43Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leon Angel''' (15 May 1900 – 12 July 1973),<ref name="Brill">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EJIO/SIM-000881.xml?language=en |title=Angel, Leon Victor |first=Racheline |last=Barda |date=26 October 2023 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Online |publisher=Brill |access-date=13 January 2026 |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_SIM_000881 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="death certificate">{{cite web |last=Angel |first=Leon |title=Death Certificate |url=https://my.rio.bdm.vic.gov.au/efamily-history/609abfc74feabe1bebad5ac2/record/5c654dcc4aba80ac311b5d58?q=efamily&givenName=Leon%20Victor&familyName=ANGEL |website=Births Deaths and Marriages, Victoria, Australia }}</ref> dem usually credit as simply '''Leon''', na he be an Egyptian actor best known for ein work insyd de 1930s. He appear insyd a series of Muslim–Jewish buddy films insyd wich he play a comic Jewish character. Among [[Jews of Egypt]] involve insyd de [[Egyptian cinema|Egyptian film industry]], na Leon be de only Jewish star to headline an Egyptian film while portraying a Jewish character. He later emigrate to [[Australia]], wer na he be involved insyd establishing de country ein first Sephardic synagogue. == References == <references /> == External links == evka450835fqhcq1jf6swtl58ah4osn 116515 116514 2026-11-08T14:14:50Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 116515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leon Angel''' (15 May 1900 – 12 July 1973),<ref name="Brill">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EJIO/SIM-000881.xml?language=en |title=Angel, Leon Victor |first=Racheline |last=Barda |date=26 October 2023 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Online |publisher=Brill |access-date=13 January 2026 |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_SIM_000881 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="death certificate">{{cite web |last=Angel |first=Leon |title=Death Certificate |url=https://my.rio.bdm.vic.gov.au/efamily-history/609abfc74feabe1bebad5ac2/record/5c654dcc4aba80ac311b5d58?q=efamily&givenName=Leon%20Victor&familyName=ANGEL |website=Births Deaths and Marriages, Victoria, Australia }}</ref> dem usually credit as simply '''Leon''', na he be an Egyptian actor best known for ein work insyd de 1930s. He appear insyd a series of Muslim–Jewish buddy films insyd wich he play a comic Jewish character. Among [[Jews of Egypt]] involve insyd de [[Egyptian cinema|Egyptian film industry]], na Leon be de only Jewish star to headline an Egyptian film while portraying a Jewish character. He later emigrate to [[Australia]], wer na he be involved insyd establishing de country ein first Sephardic synagogue. == References == <references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Angel, Leon}} [[Category:1900 births]] [[Category:1973 deaths]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Egyptian people]] [[Category:Egyptian Sephardi Jews]] [[Category:Egyptian male film actors]] [[Category:20th-century Egyptian male actors]] [[Category:Egyptian emigrants to Australia]] [[Category:Jewish male actors]] [[Category:People wey komot Alexandria]] 0fwr1fi8v0ogrxrf05y01lzlib6mu8h 0 31397 116519 116335 2026-11-08T14:23:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Senior High School''' (YAGSHS) be a public high school give girls insyd Tanoso insyd de Atwima Mponua District insyd [[Kumasi]] insyd de [[Ashanti Region]] of [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=Yaa Asantewaa Girls SHS 1960-2000 alumni supports alma mater to enhance ICT education - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/yaa-asantewaa-girls-shs-1960-2000-alumni-supports-alma-mater-to-enhance-ict-education/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |title=Yaa Asantewaa Girls SHS 1960-2000 alumni support alma mater {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/yaa-asantewaa-girls-shs-1960-2000-alumni-support-alma-mater/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=newsghana |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == ichhc0bmab8g4ojkep1aqigf84adyrz 116520 116519 2026-11-08T14:26:24Z DaSupremo 9 /* History */ Improve article 116520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Senior High School''' (YAGSHS) be a public high school give girls insyd Tanoso insyd de Atwima Mponua District insyd [[Kumasi]] insyd de [[Ashanti Region]] of [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=Yaa Asantewaa Girls SHS 1960-2000 alumni supports alma mater to enhance ICT education - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/yaa-asantewaa-girls-shs-1960-2000-alumni-supports-alma-mater-to-enhance-ict-education/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |title=Yaa Asantewaa Girls SHS 1960-2000 alumni support alma mater {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/yaa-asantewaa-girls-shs-1960-2000-alumni-support-alma-mater/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=newsghana |language=en-US}}</ref> ==History== Na dem establish Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Senior High insyd 1951 by [[Ghana]] ein first Presido Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]]. De school be founded insyd 1960 plus funds from de Ghana Education Trust. Dem name de school after de Queen mother of [[Ejisu]] [[Yaa Asantewaa]] wey lead a war against de [[United Kingdom|British]] Colonialists.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://yagshs.edu.gh/about-us/brief-history/ | title=Brief History | publisher=Yaghs | access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> == References == 0whvpycnkf8gs2x19uhxzjphpui1fsy 116521 116520 2026-11-08T14:27:48Z DaSupremo 9 /* Notable alumnae */ Improve article 116521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Senior High School''' (YAGSHS) be a public high school give girls insyd Tanoso insyd de Atwima Mponua District insyd [[Kumasi]] insyd de [[Ashanti Region]] of [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=Yaa Asantewaa Girls SHS 1960-2000 alumni supports alma mater to enhance ICT education - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/yaa-asantewaa-girls-shs-1960-2000-alumni-supports-alma-mater-to-enhance-ict-education/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |title=Yaa Asantewaa Girls SHS 1960-2000 alumni support alma mater {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/yaa-asantewaa-girls-shs-1960-2000-alumni-support-alma-mater/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=newsghana |language=en-US}}</ref> ==History== Na dem establish Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Senior High insyd 1951 by [[Ghana]] ein first Presido Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]]. De school be founded insyd 1960 plus funds from de Ghana Education Trust. Dem name de school after de Queen mother of [[Ejisu]] [[Yaa Asantewaa]] wey lead a war against de [[United Kingdom|British]] Colonialists.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://yagshs.edu.gh/about-us/brief-history/ | title=Brief History | publisher=Yaghs | access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> ==Notable alumnae== *[[Serwaa Amihere]], broadcast journalist den news presenter *[[Ellen Boakye]], cardiologist give kiddies<ref>{{Cite web |title=I nearly left Medical School at Level 400 - Dr Ellen Boakye {{!}} General News 2017-02-28 |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-nearly-left-Medical-School-at-Level-400-Dr-Ellen-Boakye-514480 |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> *[[Efya]], singer den songwriter<ref name="Modern Ghana">{{cite web |date=February 14, 2014 |title=One-On-One Interview With Efya |url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/25009/3/one-on-one-interview-with-efya.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071740/http://www.modernghana.com/music/25009/3/one-on-one-interview-with-efya.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=March 12, 2014 |work=Modern Ghana}}</ref> *[[Efe Grace]], singer den songwriter *[[Nana Akosua Konadu]], broadcaster, CEO den founder of Enak Consult *[[Nana Yaa Serwaa Sarpong]], media personality<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-14 |title=Nana Yaa Serwaa Sarpong To Speak @ Ignite Accra 2020 |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/nana-yaa-serwaa-sarpong-to-speak-ignite-accra-2020/ |access-date=2020-07-25 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == 00dt4nbmghf0k78jaeyoo5xcselqfnd 116522 116521 2026-11-08T14:30:39Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 116522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Senior High School''' (YAGSHS) be a public high school give girls insyd Tanoso insyd de Atwima Mponua District insyd [[Kumasi]] insyd de [[Ashanti Region]] of [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=Yaa Asantewaa Girls SHS 1960-2000 alumni supports alma mater to enhance ICT education - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/yaa-asantewaa-girls-shs-1960-2000-alumni-supports-alma-mater-to-enhance-ict-education/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |title=Yaa Asantewaa Girls SHS 1960-2000 alumni support alma mater {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/yaa-asantewaa-girls-shs-1960-2000-alumni-support-alma-mater/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=newsghana |language=en-US}}</ref> ==History== Na dem establish Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Senior High insyd 1951 by [[Ghana]] ein first Presido Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]]. De school be founded insyd 1960 plus funds from de Ghana Education Trust. Dem name de school after de Queen mother of [[Ejisu]] [[Yaa Asantewaa]] wey lead a war against de [[United Kingdom|British]] Colonialists.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://yagshs.edu.gh/about-us/brief-history/ | title=Brief History | publisher=Yaghs | access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> ==Notable alumnae== *[[Serwaa Amihere]], broadcast journalist den news presenter *[[Ellen Boakye]], cardiologist give kiddies<ref>{{Cite web |title=I nearly left Medical School at Level 400 - Dr Ellen Boakye {{!}} General News 2017-02-28 |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-nearly-left-Medical-School-at-Level-400-Dr-Ellen-Boakye-514480 |access-date=2019-10-13 |website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> *[[Efya]], singer den songwriter<ref name="Modern Ghana">{{cite web |date=February 14, 2014 |title=One-On-One Interview With Efya |url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/25009/3/one-on-one-interview-with-efya.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071740/http://www.modernghana.com/music/25009/3/one-on-one-interview-with-efya.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=March 12, 2014 |work=Modern Ghana}}</ref> *[[Efe Grace]], singer den songwriter *[[Nana Akosua Konadu]], broadcaster, CEO den founder of Enak Consult *[[Nana Yaa Serwaa Sarpong]], media personality<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-14 |title=Nana Yaa Serwaa Sarpong To Speak @ Ignite Accra 2020 |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/nana-yaa-serwaa-sarpong-to-speak-ignite-accra-2020/ |access-date=2020-07-25 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:High schools insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Education insyd Kumasi]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Girls' schools insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Methodist schools insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Presbyterian schools insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Public schools insyd Ghana]] kn5wbubtjnxk1oj03uz9m96310y2t2x 0 31398 116524 116295 2026-11-08T14:36:19Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Togo Mizrahi''' (June 2, 1901 – June 5, 1986) na he be an Egyptian actor den filmmaker. Mizrahi be a prolific filmmaker dem best know for making popular comedies den musicals. In addition to ein [[filmmaking]], Mizrahi sanso get ein [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] insyd [[economics]] wey na he be a speaker of chaw languages.<ref name=":1">Darwish, Mustafa (1998). ''Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema''. Cairo, Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 16.</ref> For de majority of ein career, Mizrahi produce, directe, den wrep chaw of ein films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781785333750/html |title=Post-Ottoman Coexistence: Sharing Space in the Shadow of Conflict |date=2016-03-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78533-375-0 |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781785333750/html}}</ref> Between 1930 den 1946, he direct 30 Arabic-speaking films den four Greek-speaking films, wey he produce chaw films wey oda filmmakers direct. == References == <references /> == External links == 5inv7bh5259ko2gfms2z6a8z02y3yt7 116525 116524 2026-11-08T14:38:02Z DaSupremo 9 /* Filmography */ Improve article 116525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Togo Mizrahi''' (June 2, 1901 – June 5, 1986) na he be an Egyptian actor den filmmaker. Mizrahi be a prolific filmmaker dem best know for making popular comedies den musicals. In addition to ein [[filmmaking]], Mizrahi sanso get ein [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] insyd [[economics]] wey na he be a speaker of chaw languages.<ref name=":1">Darwish, Mustafa (1998). ''Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema''. Cairo, Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 16.</ref> For de majority of ein career, Mizrahi produce, directe, den wrep chaw of ein films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781785333750/html |title=Post-Ottoman Coexistence: Sharing Space in the Shadow of Conflict |date=2016-03-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78533-375-0 |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781785333750/html}}</ref> Between 1930 den 1946, he direct 30 Arabic-speaking films den four Greek-speaking films, wey he produce chaw films wey oda filmmakers direct. ==Filmography== ===Egyptian films=== * 1930: Cocaine or The Abyss (el kokaïn) (el Hâwya) * 1932: 5001 (khamsat âlaf wa wâhid) * 1933: Sons of Egypt (Awlâd Misr) * 1934: The Two Delegates (el Mandoubân) * 1935: Doctor Farahat (el Doktor Farhât) * 1935: Shalom the Interpreter (Shalom el tourgmân) * 1935: The Sailor (el bahhâr) * 1936: A Hundred Thousand Pounds (Mit alf guinih) * 1936: The Guard of the Barracks (Khafir el darak) * 1937: Too Much Money is a Nuisance (el ‘Izz bahdalah) * 1937: Shalom the Athlete (Shalom el riyâdî) * 1937: Seven o'clock (el Sâ‘ah Sab‘ah) * 1938: The Telegram (el Telegraf) * 1938: This is my nature! (Anâ tab ī Kidah) * 1939: Osman and Ali (‘Othman wa ‘Ali) * 1939: Lend me Three Pounds (Sallifnî talâtah guinîh) * 1939: A Rainy Night (Laylah moumtirah) * 1940: The Chief Contractor (el Bâchmouqâwil) * 1940: The Heart of a Woman (Qalb imira’ah) * 1941: The Three Musketeers (el Foursân el thalâthah) * 1941: Laila from the Countryside (Layla bint el rif) * 1941: One Thousand and One Nights (Alf Lailah wa Lailah) * 1941: Laila the School Girl (Layla bint el madâris) * 1942: Laila (Layla) * 1942: Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (‘Ali Bâbâ wa-l-arba'in harâmi) * 1943: The Right Path (el Tariq el moustaqîm) * 1943: Long live Women! (Tahyâ el sittât) * 1944: Laila in the Dark (Layla fi-l-zalâm) * 1944: Lies, Lies! (Kidb fi kidb) * 1944: Nour Eddine and the Three Sailors (Nour Eddine wa-l-bahhârah el thalâthah) * 1945: [[Sallama (film)|Sallama]] (Sallâmah) * 1945: Long live Men! (Tahyâal-riggâlah) ===Greek films=== * 1937: Δόκτωρ Επαμεινώνδας Dr. Epaminondas (Doktor Epaminondas) * 1938: Προσφυγοπούλα The Refugee Girl (Prosfigopoula) * 1938: Όταν ο σύζυγος ταξιδεύει When the Husband is Absent (Otan o syzygos taxidevi) * 1943: Καπετάν Σκορπιός Captain Scorpion (Kapetan Skorpios) ===Producer=== * 1944: The Son of the Blacksmith (Ibn el haddâd) * 1944: Mohamed Ali Street (Shâri’ Mouhammad ‘Ali) * 1945: Appearances (el Mazâhir) * 1945: The Great Artist (el Fannân el 'azîm) * 1945: Love Story (Qissat gharâm) * 1946: Divine Providence (Yadu Allah) * 1946: Love Train (Express el houbb) * 1946: Beauty Queen (Malikat el gamâl)<ref name="Togo Mizrahi">{{cite web |title=Togo Mizrahi |url=https://www.bibalex.org/alexcinema/cinematographers/togo_mizrahi.html |website=Alex Cinema}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == 1fhg82arerymte0ncnc1dn3pvd8z4o8 116526 116525 2026-11-08T14:39:38Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Togo Mizrahi''' (June 2, 1901 – June 5, 1986) na he be an Egyptian actor den filmmaker. Mizrahi be a prolific filmmaker dem best know for making popular comedies den musicals. In addition to ein [[filmmaking]], Mizrahi sanso get ein [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] insyd [[economics]] wey na he be a speaker of chaw languages.<ref name=":1">Darwish, Mustafa (1998). ''Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema''. Cairo, Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 16.</ref> For de majority of ein career, Mizrahi produce, directe, den wrep chaw of ein films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781785333750/html |title=Post-Ottoman Coexistence: Sharing Space in the Shadow of Conflict |date=2016-03-01 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78533-375-0 |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781785333750/html}}</ref> Between 1930 den 1946, he direct 30 Arabic-speaking films den four Greek-speaking films, wey he produce chaw films wey oda filmmakers direct. ==Filmography== ===Egyptian films=== * 1930: Cocaine or The Abyss (el kokaïn) (el Hâwya) * 1932: 5001 (khamsat âlaf wa wâhid) * 1933: Sons of Egypt (Awlâd Misr) * 1934: The Two Delegates (el Mandoubân) * 1935: Doctor Farahat (el Doktor Farhât) * 1935: Shalom the Interpreter (Shalom el tourgmân) * 1935: The Sailor (el bahhâr) * 1936: A Hundred Thousand Pounds (Mit alf guinih) * 1936: The Guard of the Barracks (Khafir el darak) * 1937: Too Much Money is a Nuisance (el ‘Izz bahdalah) * 1937: Shalom the Athlete (Shalom el riyâdî) * 1937: Seven o'clock (el Sâ‘ah Sab‘ah) * 1938: The Telegram (el Telegraf) * 1938: This is my nature! (Anâ tab ī Kidah) * 1939: Osman and Ali (‘Othman wa ‘Ali) * 1939: Lend me Three Pounds (Sallifnî talâtah guinîh) * 1939: A Rainy Night (Laylah moumtirah) * 1940: The Chief Contractor (el Bâchmouqâwil) * 1940: The Heart of a Woman (Qalb imira’ah) * 1941: The Three Musketeers (el Foursân el thalâthah) * 1941: Laila from the Countryside (Layla bint el rif) * 1941: One Thousand and One Nights (Alf Lailah wa Lailah) * 1941: Laila the School Girl (Layla bint el madâris) * 1942: Laila (Layla) * 1942: Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (‘Ali Bâbâ wa-l-arba'in harâmi) * 1943: The Right Path (el Tariq el moustaqîm) * 1943: Long live Women! (Tahyâ el sittât) * 1944: Laila in the Dark (Layla fi-l-zalâm) * 1944: Lies, Lies! (Kidb fi kidb) * 1944: Nour Eddine and the Three Sailors (Nour Eddine wa-l-bahhârah el thalâthah) * 1945: [[Sallama (film)|Sallama]] (Sallâmah) * 1945: Long live Men! (Tahyâal-riggâlah) ===Greek films=== * 1937: Δόκτωρ Επαμεινώνδας Dr. Epaminondas (Doktor Epaminondas) * 1938: Προσφυγοπούλα The Refugee Girl (Prosfigopoula) * 1938: Όταν ο σύζυγος ταξιδεύει When the Husband is Absent (Otan o syzygos taxidevi) * 1943: Καπετάν Σκορπιός Captain Scorpion (Kapetan Skorpios) ===Producer=== * 1944: The Son of the Blacksmith (Ibn el haddâd) * 1944: Mohamed Ali Street (Shâri’ Mouhammad ‘Ali) * 1945: Appearances (el Mazâhir) * 1945: The Great Artist (el Fannân el 'azîm) * 1945: Love Story (Qissat gharâm) * 1946: Divine Providence (Yadu Allah) * 1946: Love Train (Express el houbb) * 1946: Beauty Queen (Malikat el gamâl)<ref name="Togo Mizrahi">{{cite web |title=Togo Mizrahi |url=https://www.bibalex.org/alexcinema/cinematographers/togo_mizrahi.html |website=Alex Cinema}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== *{{IMDb name|0594635}} *[http://www.bibalex.org/alexcinema/cinematographers/togo_mizrahi.html Togo Mizrahi] on Alex Cinema. *[http://www.medmem.eu/en/notice/BIB00044 Media related to Togo Mizrahi]. *[https://elcinema.com/person/1044565/ Elcinema.com] *[https://www.luminosoa.org/site/books/m/10.1525/luminos.91/ Starr, Deborah. Togo Mizrahi and the Making of Egyptian Cinema, University of California Press, open access, 2020.] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mizrahi, Togo}} [[Category:1901 births]] [[Category:1986 deaths]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Egyptian people]] [[Category:Egyptian Sephardi Jews]] [[Category:Egyptian male film actors]] [[Category:Egyptian people of Italian-Jewish descent]] [[Category:Egyptian film directors]] [[Category:Mass media people wey komot Alexandria]] [[Category:20th-century Egyptian male actors]] [[Category:20th-century Egyptian screenwriters]] gp3wp0knmrpkkczkfwxf0qx9b0tv8ou 0 31399 116532 116337 2026-11-08T16:05:01Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barekese Senior High School (BASEC)''' be public Category C mixed high school<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Education Service's Senior High and Technical Vocational Schools|url=https://ges.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/SHSTVET_SCHOOLS.pdf}}</ref> wey both boys den girls dey attend. E dey Barekese, for Atwima Nwabiagya North Municipal, insyd [[Ashanti Region]] of [[Ghana]]. Barekese dey about 25 kilometres (16 miles) from central part of [[Kumasi]], and you fit find am off de Offinso Road thru Abrepo Junction. De school get student population wey pass 3,000 students.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Barekese Senior High School - Contacts & Business Details |url=https://yellowpagesghana.com.gh/listing/barekese-senior-high-school/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == History == Na dem establish Barekese Senior High School on de 11th October 2004 as a Community School den insyd 2006, na e subsequently be absorbed by de Government as a co-educational institution plus facilities for Boarding den Day students.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Barekese Senior High {{!}} SchoolsInGh.com |url=https://schoolsingh.com/senior-high-schools/barekese-senior-high/about |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=schoolsInGh |language=en}}</ref> == School motto == De official motto of Barekese Senior High School be “Blazing the Trail”.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barekese Senior High School, P. O Box BP 369, Kumasi (2026) |url=https://www.findglocal.com/GH/Kumasi/159427964071229/Barekese-Senior-High-School |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.findglocal.com}}</ref> Wey ein slogan be “Abammofo”.<ref name=":1" /> == Academic programs == * General Science * General Arts * Visual Arts * Business * Home Economics * Agricultural Science<ref name=":0" /> == Facilities == Barekese SHS get de following facilities;<ref name=":0" /> * Science Labs * ICT Lab * Home Economics Practical rooms. == References == eu3eb88iy7086yr803iunad9o1p4fm1 116533 116532 2026-11-08T16:06:27Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 116533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barekese Senior High School (BASEC)''' be public Category C mixed high school<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Education Service's Senior High and Technical Vocational Schools|url=https://ges.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/SHSTVET_SCHOOLS.pdf}}</ref> wey both boys den girls dey attend. E dey Barekese, for Atwima Nwabiagya North Municipal, insyd [[Ashanti Region]] of [[Ghana]]. Barekese dey about 25 kilometres (16 miles) from central part of [[Kumasi]], and you fit find am off de Offinso Road thru Abrepo Junction. De school get student population wey pass 3,000 students.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Barekese Senior High School - Contacts & Business Details |url=https://yellowpagesghana.com.gh/listing/barekese-senior-high-school/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == History == Na dem establish Barekese Senior High School on de 11th October 2004 as a Community School den insyd 2006, na e subsequently be absorbed by de Government as a co-educational institution plus facilities for Boarding den Day students.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Barekese Senior High {{!}} SchoolsInGh.com |url=https://schoolsingh.com/senior-high-schools/barekese-senior-high/about |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=schoolsInGh |language=en}}</ref> == School motto == De official motto of Barekese Senior High School be “Blazing the Trail”.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barekese Senior High School, P. O Box BP 369, Kumasi (2026) |url=https://www.findglocal.com/GH/Kumasi/159427964071229/Barekese-Senior-High-School |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.findglocal.com}}</ref> Wey ein slogan be “Abammofo”.<ref name=":1" /> == Academic programs == * General Science * General Arts * Visual Arts * Business * Home Economics * Agricultural Science<ref name=":0" /> == Facilities == Barekese SHS get de following facilities;<ref name=":0" /> * Science Labs * ICT Lab * Home Economics Practical rooms. == References == <references /> [[Category:2004 establishments insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2004]] [[Category:High schools insyd de Ashanti Region]] [[Category:Public schools insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Boarding schools insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Mixed schools insyd Ghana]] pknfdgwr186c3dfveaj2eppxl23z02q 0 31407 116535 116368 2026-11-08T16:16:46Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lichen sclerosus''' ('''LS''') be a long-term, inflammatory [[skin disease]] wey dey affect mainly de [[genital area]].<ref name=Andrew2020>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=William D. |last2=Elston |first2=Dirk |last3=Treat |first3=James R. |last4=Rosenbach |first4=Misha A. |last5=Neuhaus |first5=Isaac |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-323-54753-6 |pages=227-229 |edition=13th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |language=en |chapter=11. Pityriasis rosea, pityriasis rubra pilares, and other papulosquamous and hyperkeratotic diseases |access-date=2023-07-07 |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709103725/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |url-status=live }}</ref> E dey tend to begin as irregular flat-topped [[papule|small bumps]] wich cam be shiny, slightly wrinkled, pale-white patches wey a purplish area surround.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E be extremely [[pruritus|itchy]] den scratching fi cause [[atrophy|thinning]] of de skin plus small cuts den scarring.<ref name=Andrew2020/> [[telangiectasia|Tiny blood vessels]] fi be seen on de [[vulva]] anaa [[penis]].<ref name=Kumar2020>{{cite book |last1=Wakelin |first1=Sarah H. |editor1-last=Feather |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Randall |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Waterhouse |editor3-first=Mona |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5 |pages=667-668 |edition=10th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA667 |language=en |chapter=22. Dermatology |access-date=2021-12-11 |archive-date=2021-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211115702/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA667 |url-status=live }}</ref> Loss of pigmentation be common on de penis.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E rarely dey occur elsewhere, though fi involve de upper back anaa breast.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Sometimes der be no symptoms.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E fi lead to pain plus urination, [[vaginal discharge]], reluctance to pass stool, [[sexual dysfunction|problems plus sex]], wey e be associated plus an increased risk of [[squamous cell carcinoma|skin cancer]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == i58ubd8q3dpfhz4cz0q1xapnpsde32l 116536 116535 2026-11-08T16:21:16Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lichen sclerosus''' ('''LS''') be a long-term, inflammatory [[skin disease]] wey dey affect mainly de [[genital area]].<ref name=Andrew2020>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=William D. |last2=Elston |first2=Dirk |last3=Treat |first3=James R. |last4=Rosenbach |first4=Misha A. |last5=Neuhaus |first5=Isaac |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-323-54753-6 |pages=227-229 |edition=13th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |language=en |chapter=11. Pityriasis rosea, pityriasis rubra pilares, and other papulosquamous and hyperkeratotic diseases |access-date=2023-07-07 |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709103725/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |url-status=live }}</ref> E dey tend to begin as irregular flat-topped [[papule|small bumps]] wich cam be shiny, slightly wrinkled, pale-white patches wey a purplish area surround.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E be extremely [[pruritus|itchy]] den scratching fi cause [[atrophy|thinning]] of de skin plus small cuts den scarring.<ref name=Andrew2020/> [[telangiectasia|Tiny blood vessels]] fi be seen on de [[vulva]] anaa [[penis]].<ref name=Kumar2020>{{cite book |last1=Wakelin |first1=Sarah H. |editor1-last=Feather |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Randall |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Waterhouse |editor3-first=Mona |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5 |pages=667-668 |edition=10th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA667 |language=en |chapter=22. Dermatology |access-date=2021-12-11 |archive-date=2021-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211115702/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA667 |url-status=live }}</ref> Loss of pigmentation be common on de penis.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E rarely dey occur elsewhere, though fi involve de upper back anaa breast.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Sometimes der be no symptoms.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E fi lead to pain plus urination, [[vaginal discharge]], reluctance to pass stool, [[sexual dysfunction|problems plus sex]], wey e be associated plus an increased risk of [[squamous cell carcinoma|skin cancer]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> De cause be unknown.<ref name=Kumar2020/> E possibly be triggered by infection, trauma, den de genital area ein tendency to being moist.<ref name=Kumar2020/> Bone marrow transplantation sanso fi be a trigger.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Insyd transgender people e fi occur at surgical sites.<ref name=Andrew2020/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] cfxjbt2knuout6z4oih7ejzjrnxxn1u 116537 116536 2026-11-08T16:42:27Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lichen sclerosus''' ('''LS''') be a long-term, inflammatory [[skin disease]] wey dey affect mainly de [[genital area]].<ref name=Andrew2020>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=William D. |last2=Elston |first2=Dirk |last3=Treat |first3=James R. |last4=Rosenbach |first4=Misha A. |last5=Neuhaus |first5=Isaac |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-323-54753-6 |pages=227-229 |edition=13th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |language=en |chapter=11. Pityriasis rosea, pityriasis rubra pilares, and other papulosquamous and hyperkeratotic diseases |access-date=2023-07-07 |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709103725/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |url-status=live }}</ref> E dey tend to begin as irregular flat-topped [[papule|small bumps]] wich cam be shiny, slightly wrinkled, pale-white patches wey a purplish area surround.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E be extremely [[pruritus|itchy]] den scratching fi cause [[atrophy|thinning]] of de skin plus small cuts den scarring.<ref name=Andrew2020/> [[telangiectasia|Tiny blood vessels]] fi be seen on de [[vulva]] anaa [[penis]].<ref name=Kumar2020>{{cite book |last1=Wakelin |first1=Sarah H. |editor1-last=Feather |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Randall |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Waterhouse |editor3-first=Mona |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5 |pages=667-668 |edition=10th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA667 |language=en |chapter=22. Dermatology |access-date=2021-12-11 |archive-date=2021-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211115702/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA667 |url-status=live }}</ref> Loss of pigmentation be common on de penis.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E rarely dey occur elsewhere, though fi involve de upper back anaa breast.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Sometimes der be no symptoms.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E fi lead to pain plus urination, [[vaginal discharge]], reluctance to pass stool, [[sexual dysfunction|problems plus sex]], wey e be associated plus an increased risk of [[squamous cell carcinoma|skin cancer]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> De cause be unknown.<ref name=Kumar2020/> E possibly be triggered by infection, trauma, den de genital area ein tendency to being moist.<ref name=Kumar2020/> Bone marrow transplantation sanso fi be a trigger.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Insyd transgender people e fi occur at surgical sites.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Diagnosis generally be by examination.<ref name=Kumar2020/> E fi be confirmed by [[skin biopsy]], wich dey show thick [[dermal]] collagen den thin [[epidermis]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> LS fi appear similar to [[guttate morphea]], [[lichen planus]], den [[lichen simplex chronicus]].<ref name=Andrew2020/> Treatment dey involve strong [[topical steroids]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> Sometimes, particularly insyd kiddies, e dey get better widout further treatment.<ref name=Kumar2020/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] kfze0mb2cbnogyly4evpmsu72zmg8d0 116538 116537 2026-11-08T16:48:17Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lichen sclerosus''' ('''LS''') be a long-term, inflammatory [[skin disease]] wey dey affect mainly de [[genital area]].<ref name=Andrew2020>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=William D. |last2=Elston |first2=Dirk |last3=Treat |first3=James R. |last4=Rosenbach |first4=Misha A. |last5=Neuhaus |first5=Isaac |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-323-54753-6 |pages=227-229 |edition=13th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |language=en |chapter=11. Pityriasis rosea, pityriasis rubra pilares, and other papulosquamous and hyperkeratotic diseases |access-date=2023-07-07 |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709103725/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |url-status=live }}</ref> E dey tend to begin as irregular flat-topped [[papule|small bumps]] wich cam be shiny, slightly wrinkled, pale-white patches wey a purplish area surround.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E be extremely [[pruritus|itchy]] den scratching fi cause [[atrophy|thinning]] of de skin plus small cuts den scarring.<ref name=Andrew2020/> [[telangiectasia|Tiny blood vessels]] fi be seen on de [[vulva]] anaa [[penis]].<ref name=Kumar2020>{{cite book |last1=Wakelin |first1=Sarah H. |editor1-last=Feather |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Randall |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Waterhouse |editor3-first=Mona |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5 |pages=667-668 |edition=10th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA667 |language=en |chapter=22. Dermatology |access-date=2021-12-11 |archive-date=2021-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211115702/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA667 |url-status=live }}</ref> Loss of pigmentation be common on de penis.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E rarely dey occur elsewhere, though fi involve de upper back anaa breast.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Sometimes der be no symptoms.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E fi lead to pain plus urination, [[vaginal discharge]], reluctance to pass stool, [[sexual dysfunction|problems plus sex]], wey e be associated plus an increased risk of [[squamous cell carcinoma|skin cancer]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> De cause be unknown.<ref name=Kumar2020/> E possibly be triggered by infection, trauma, den de genital area ein tendency to being moist.<ref name=Kumar2020/> Bone marrow transplantation sanso fi be a trigger.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Insyd transgender people e fi occur at surgical sites.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Diagnosis generally be by examination.<ref name=Kumar2020/> E fi be confirmed by [[skin biopsy]], wich dey show thick [[dermal]] collagen den thin [[epidermis]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> LS fi appear similar to [[guttate morphea]], [[lichen planus]], den [[lichen simplex chronicus]].<ref name=Andrew2020/> Treatment dey involve strong [[topical steroids]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> Sometimes, particularly insyd kiddies, e dey get better widout further treatment.<ref name=Kumar2020/> Lichen sclerosus dey affect around 1.7% of adult females.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E typically dey occur before [[puberty]] den after [[menopause]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> Insyd males, e fi occur at any age.<ref name=Kumar2020/> African Americans be less frequently affected.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Up to one third of females get anoda [[autoimmune disease]].<ref name=Andrew2020/> Up to 17% get [[psoriasis]].<ref name=Andrew2020/> Na lichen sclerosus et atrophicus first be described insyd 1887 by Dr. Hallopeau.<ref name="hallopeauh">{{cite journal | title=Du lichen plan et particulièrement de sa forme atrophique: lichen plan scléreux | last=Hallopeau | first=H | year=1887 | journal=Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) | issue=8 | pages=790–791 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] a2e26kvtad4sjc44pxekubskf1xtfch 116539 116538 2026-11-08T16:55:56Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lichen sclerosus''' ('''LS''') be a long-term, inflammatory [[skin disease]] wey dey affect mainly de [[genital area]].<ref name=Andrew2020>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=William D. |last2=Elston |first2=Dirk |last3=Treat |first3=James R. |last4=Rosenbach |first4=Misha A. |last5=Neuhaus |first5=Isaac |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-323-54753-6 |pages=227-229 |edition=13th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |language=en |chapter=11. Pityriasis rosea, pityriasis rubra pilares, and other papulosquamous and hyperkeratotic diseases |access-date=2023-07-07 |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709103725/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |url-status=live }}</ref> E dey tend to begin as irregular flat-topped [[papule|small bumps]] wich cam be shiny, slightly wrinkled, pale-white patches wey a purplish area surround.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E be extremely [[pruritus|itchy]] den scratching fi cause [[atrophy|thinning]] of de skin plus small cuts den scarring.<ref name=Andrew2020/> [[telangiectasia|Tiny blood vessels]] fi be seen on de [[vulva]] anaa [[penis]].<ref name=Kumar2020>{{cite book |last1=Wakelin |first1=Sarah H. |editor1-last=Feather |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Randall |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Waterhouse |editor3-first=Mona |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5 |pages=667-668 |edition=10th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA667 |language=en |chapter=22. Dermatology |access-date=2021-12-11 |archive-date=2021-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211115702/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA667 |url-status=live }}</ref> Loss of pigmentation be common on de penis.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E rarely dey occur elsewhere, though fi involve de upper back anaa breast.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Sometimes der be no symptoms.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E fi lead to pain plus urination, [[vaginal discharge]], reluctance to pass stool, [[sexual dysfunction|problems plus sex]], wey e be associated plus an increased risk of [[squamous cell carcinoma|skin cancer]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> De cause be unknown.<ref name=Kumar2020/> E possibly be triggered by infection, trauma, den de genital area ein tendency to being moist.<ref name=Kumar2020/> Bone marrow transplantation sanso fi be a trigger.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Insyd transgender people e fi occur at surgical sites.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Diagnosis generally be by examination.<ref name=Kumar2020/> E fi be confirmed by [[skin biopsy]], wich dey show thick [[dermal]] collagen den thin [[epidermis]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> LS fi appear similar to [[guttate morphea]], [[lichen planus]], den [[lichen simplex chronicus]].<ref name=Andrew2020/> Treatment dey involve strong [[topical steroids]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> Sometimes, particularly insyd kiddies, e dey get better widout further treatment.<ref name=Kumar2020/> Lichen sclerosus dey affect around 1.7% of adult females.<ref name=Andrew2020/> E typically dey occur before [[puberty]] den after [[menopause]].<ref name=Kumar2020/> Insyd males, e fi occur at any age.<ref name=Kumar2020/> African Americans be less frequently affected.<ref name=Andrew2020/> Up to one third of females get anoda [[autoimmune disease]].<ref name=Andrew2020/> Up to 17% get [[psoriasis]].<ref name=Andrew2020/> Na lichen sclerosus et atrophicus first be described insyd 1887 by Dr. Hallopeau.<ref name="hallopeauh">{{cite journal | title=Du lichen plan et particulièrement de sa forme atrophique: lichen plan scléreux | last=Hallopeau | first=H | year=1887 | journal=Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) | issue=8 | pages=790–791 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20011023095140/http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/lichen/lichen.htm NIAMS – Questions and Answers About Lichen Sclerosus] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060219113636/http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/lichen/fflichen.htm NIAMS – Fast Facts About Lichen Sclerosus] * [http://www.dermnetnz.org/immune/lichen-sclerosus.html dermnetnz.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110518141903/http://www.bettermedicine.com/article/lichen-sclerosus better medicine] * [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123316-overview Medscape Reference Author: Jeffrey Meffert, MD; Chief Editor: Dirk M Elston, MD] '''Medical pictures''' * http://www.dermlectures.com/LecturesWMV.cfm?lectureID=88 * https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210529/http://dermis.multimedica.de/dermisroot/de/34088/diagnose.htm * https://web.archive.org/web/20071008130921/http://dermnetnz.org/immune/ls-imgs.html {{DEFAULTSORT:Lichen Sclerosus}} [[Category:Ailments of unknown cause]] [[Category:Lichenoid eruptions]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] o4v2dmmpzkzc11zxk96jv8a5z7w2o4y 10 31414 116488 2026-11-08T12:00:27Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 116488 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{| class="wikitable" |- |</noinclude>style="background: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5); color: inherit; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}" class="partial table-partial"|{{{1|Pending}}}<noinclude> |} {{Documentation|Template:Table cell templates/doc}} <!-- interwikis & categories --> </noinclude> 9imod06khaqzfe38afj0olrzht3p3pd 10 31415 116489 2026-11-08T12:03:38Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 116489 wikitext text/x-wiki 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14 31422 116500 2026-11-08T13:20:35Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116500 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31423 116501 2026-11-08T13:21:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116501 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31424 116505 2026-11-08T13:47:55Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116505 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31425 116506 2026-11-08T13:51:38Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116506 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31426 116507 2026-11-08T13:52:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116507 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31427 116508 2026-11-08T13:52:15Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116508 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31428 116509 2026-11-08T13:54:15Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116509 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31429 116510 2026-11-08T13:55:17Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116510 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31430 116511 2026-11-08T13:55:30Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116511 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31431 116512 2026-11-08T13:55:42Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116512 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31432 116513 2026-11-08T13:57:27Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116513 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31433 116516 2026-11-08T14:15:13Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116516 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31434 116517 2026-11-08T14:15:26Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116517 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31435 116518 2026-11-08T14:15:38Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116518 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31436 116523 2026-11-08T14:31:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116523 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31437 116527 2026-11-08T15:51:30Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116527 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31438 116528 2026-11-08T15:51:42Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116528 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31439 116529 2026-11-08T15:51:54Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116529 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31440 116530 2026-11-08T15:53:05Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116530 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31441 116531 2026-11-08T15:53:16Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116531 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31442 116534 2026-11-08T16:06:46Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116534 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31443 116540 2026-11-08T17:00:52Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116540 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31444 116541 2026-11-08T17:06:40Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1515926|Alcohol withdrawal syndrome]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 116541 wikitext text/x-wiki == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lv7phf3xzu26ynuxyy396ffgo8ljw9w 116542 116541 2026-11-08T17:13:14Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alcohol withdrawal syndrome''' ('''AWS''') be a set of symptoms wey fi occur following a reduction insyd anaa cessation of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use after a period of excessive use.<ref name=NICE2010/> Symptoms typically dey include [[anxiety]], [[tremor|shakiness]], sweating, vomiting, [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], den a mild fever.<ref name=NICE2010/> More severe symptoms fi include [[seizure]]s, den [[delirium tremens]] (DTs); wich fi be fatal insyd untreated patients.<ref name=NICE2010>{{cite book|author1=National Clinical Guideline Centre|title=Alcohol Use Disorders: Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Alcohol-Related Physical Complications|date=2010|publisher=Royal College of Physicians (UK)|location=London|edition=No. 100|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65581/|access-date=21 October 2016|language=en|chapter=2 Acute Alcohol Withdrawal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131202232/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0047840/|archive-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> Symptoms dey start at around 6 hours after de last drink.<ref name="Sim2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simpson SA, Wilson MP, Nordstrom K |date=September 2016 |title=Psychiatric Emergencies for Clinicians: Emergency Department Management of Alcohol Withdrawal |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=269–73 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.03.027 |pmid=27319379}}</ref> Peak incidence of seizures dey occur at 24 to 36 hours<ref>{{Citation |last1=Liu |first1=Grant T. |chapter=12 - Visual Hallucinations and Illusions |date=2019-01-01 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323340441000122 |title=Liu, Volpe, and Galetta's Neuro-Ophthalmology (Third Edition) |pages=395–413 |editor-last=Liu |editor-first=Grant T. |access-date=2023-06-12 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |isbn=978-0-323-34044-1 |last2=Volpe |first2=Nicholas J. |last3=Galetta |first3=Steven L. |editor2-last=Volpe |editor2-first=Nicholas J. |editor3-last=Galetta |editor3-first=Steven L.}}</ref> den peak incidence of DT be at 48 to 72 hours.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Helmus |first1=Christian |last2=Spahn |first2=James G. |title=Delirium Tremens in Head and Neck Surgery |date=September 1974 |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1288/00005537-197409000-00004 |journal=The Laryngoscope |language=en |volume=84 |issue=9 |pages=1479–1488 |doi=10.1288/00005537-197409000-00004 |pmid=4412722 |s2cid=28374619 |issn=0023-852X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == fovrws6wtsb0dcaz7jqewu5fs0dl3w3 116543 116542 2026-11-08T17:18:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alcohol withdrawal syndrome''' ('''AWS''') be a set of symptoms wey fi occur following a reduction insyd anaa cessation of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use after a period of excessive use.<ref name=NICE2010/> Symptoms typically dey include [[anxiety]], [[tremor|shakiness]], sweating, vomiting, [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], den a mild fever.<ref name=NICE2010/> More severe symptoms fi include [[seizure]]s, den [[delirium tremens]] (DTs); wich fi be fatal insyd untreated patients.<ref name=NICE2010>{{cite book|author1=National Clinical Guideline Centre|title=Alcohol Use Disorders: Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Alcohol-Related Physical Complications|date=2010|publisher=Royal College of Physicians (UK)|location=London|edition=No. 100|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65581/|access-date=21 October 2016|language=en|chapter=2 Acute Alcohol Withdrawal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131202232/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0047840/|archive-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> Symptoms dey start at around 6 hours after de last drink.<ref name="Sim2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simpson SA, Wilson MP, Nordstrom K |date=September 2016 |title=Psychiatric Emergencies for Clinicians: Emergency Department Management of Alcohol Withdrawal |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=269–73 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.03.027 |pmid=27319379}}</ref> Peak incidence of seizures dey occur at 24 to 36 hours<ref>{{Citation |last1=Liu |first1=Grant T. |chapter=12 - Visual Hallucinations and Illusions |date=2019-01-01 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323340441000122 |title=Liu, Volpe, and Galetta's Neuro-Ophthalmology (Third Edition) |pages=395–413 |editor-last=Liu |editor-first=Grant T. |access-date=2023-06-12 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |isbn=978-0-323-34044-1 |last2=Volpe |first2=Nicholas J. |last3=Galetta |first3=Steven L. |editor2-last=Volpe |editor2-first=Nicholas J. |editor3-last=Galetta |editor3-first=Steven L.}}</ref> den peak incidence of DT be at 48 to 72 hours.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Helmus |first1=Christian |last2=Spahn |first2=James G. |title=Delirium Tremens in Head and Neck Surgery |date=September 1974 |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1288/00005537-197409000-00004 |journal=The Laryngoscope |language=en |volume=84 |issue=9 |pages=1479–1488 |doi=10.1288/00005537-197409000-00004 |pmid=4412722 |s2cid=28374619 |issn=0023-852X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Alcohol withdrawal fi occur insyd those wey be alcohol [[physical dependence|dependent]].<ref name=NICE2010/> Dis fi occur following a planned anaa unplanned decrease insyd alcohol intake.<ref name=NICE2010/> De underlying mechanism dey involve a decreased responsiveness of [[GABA receptors]] insyd de brain.<ref name=NEJM2014/> De withdrawal process be typically followed using de [[Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol]] scale (CIWA-Ar).<ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schuckit MA | title = Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens) | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 371 | issue = 22 | pages = 2109–13 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25427113 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1407298 | s2cid = 205116954 | url = http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th | doi-access = free }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] tmg3pu979mpykll7u4hgeht3v6k51e0 116544 116543 2026-11-08T17:23:33Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alcohol withdrawal syndrome''' ('''AWS''') be a set of symptoms wey fi occur following a reduction insyd anaa cessation of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use after a period of excessive use.<ref name=NICE2010/> Symptoms typically dey include [[anxiety]], [[tremor|shakiness]], sweating, vomiting, [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], den a mild fever.<ref name=NICE2010/> More severe symptoms fi include [[seizure]]s, den [[delirium tremens]] (DTs); wich fi be fatal insyd untreated patients.<ref name=NICE2010>{{cite book|author1=National Clinical Guideline Centre|title=Alcohol Use Disorders: Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Alcohol-Related Physical Complications|date=2010|publisher=Royal College of Physicians (UK)|location=London|edition=No. 100|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65581/|access-date=21 October 2016|language=en|chapter=2 Acute Alcohol Withdrawal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131202232/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0047840/|archive-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> Symptoms dey start at around 6 hours after de last drink.<ref name="Sim2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simpson SA, Wilson MP, Nordstrom K |date=September 2016 |title=Psychiatric Emergencies for Clinicians: Emergency Department Management of Alcohol Withdrawal |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=269–73 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.03.027 |pmid=27319379}}</ref> Peak incidence of seizures dey occur at 24 to 36 hours<ref>{{Citation |last1=Liu |first1=Grant T. |chapter=12 - Visual Hallucinations and Illusions |date=2019-01-01 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323340441000122 |title=Liu, Volpe, and Galetta's Neuro-Ophthalmology (Third Edition) |pages=395–413 |editor-last=Liu |editor-first=Grant T. |access-date=2023-06-12 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |isbn=978-0-323-34044-1 |last2=Volpe |first2=Nicholas J. |last3=Galetta |first3=Steven L. |editor2-last=Volpe |editor2-first=Nicholas J. |editor3-last=Galetta |editor3-first=Steven L.}}</ref> den peak incidence of DT be at 48 to 72 hours.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Helmus |first1=Christian |last2=Spahn |first2=James G. |title=Delirium Tremens in Head and Neck Surgery |date=September 1974 |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1288/00005537-197409000-00004 |journal=The Laryngoscope |language=en |volume=84 |issue=9 |pages=1479–1488 |doi=10.1288/00005537-197409000-00004 |pmid=4412722 |s2cid=28374619 |issn=0023-852X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Alcohol withdrawal fi occur insyd those wey be alcohol [[physical dependence|dependent]].<ref name=NICE2010/> Dis fi occur following a planned anaa unplanned decrease insyd alcohol intake.<ref name=NICE2010/> De underlying mechanism dey involve a decreased responsiveness of [[GABA receptors]] insyd de brain.<ref name=NEJM2014/> De withdrawal process be typically followed using de [[Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol]] scale (CIWA-Ar).<ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schuckit MA | title = Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens) | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 371 | issue = 22 | pages = 2109–13 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25427113 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1407298 | s2cid = 205116954 | url = http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th | doi-access = free }}</ref> De typical treatment of alcohol withdrawal be plus [[benzodiazepine]]s such as [[chlordiazepoxide]] anaa [[diazepam]].<ref name=Sim2016/> Often, de amounts given be based on a person ein symptoms.<ref name=Sim2016/> [[Thiamine]] be recommended routinely.<ref name=Sim2016/> [[Electrolyte problems]] den [[low blood sugar]] sanso for be treated.<ref name=Sim2016/> Early treatment dey improve outcomes.<ref name=Sim2016/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] tjhorybtfckeiquqkg4bsnp1jgsa45t 116545 116544 2026-11-08T17:28:00Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alcohol withdrawal syndrome''' ('''AWS''') be a set of symptoms wey fi occur following a reduction insyd anaa cessation of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use after a period of excessive use.<ref name=NICE2010/> Symptoms typically dey include [[anxiety]], [[tremor|shakiness]], sweating, vomiting, [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], den a mild fever.<ref name=NICE2010/> More severe symptoms fi include [[seizure]]s, den [[delirium tremens]] (DTs); wich fi be fatal insyd untreated patients.<ref name=NICE2010>{{cite book|author1=National Clinical Guideline Centre|title=Alcohol Use Disorders: Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Alcohol-Related Physical Complications|date=2010|publisher=Royal College of Physicians (UK)|location=London|edition=No. 100|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65581/|access-date=21 October 2016|language=en|chapter=2 Acute Alcohol Withdrawal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131202232/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0047840/|archive-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> Symptoms dey start at around 6 hours after de last drink.<ref name="Sim2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simpson SA, Wilson MP, Nordstrom K |date=September 2016 |title=Psychiatric Emergencies for Clinicians: Emergency Department Management of Alcohol Withdrawal |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=269–73 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.03.027 |pmid=27319379}}</ref> Peak incidence of seizures dey occur at 24 to 36 hours<ref>{{Citation |last1=Liu |first1=Grant T. |chapter=12 - Visual Hallucinations and Illusions |date=2019-01-01 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323340441000122 |title=Liu, Volpe, and Galetta's Neuro-Ophthalmology (Third Edition) |pages=395–413 |editor-last=Liu |editor-first=Grant T. |access-date=2023-06-12 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |isbn=978-0-323-34044-1 |last2=Volpe |first2=Nicholas J. |last3=Galetta |first3=Steven L. |editor2-last=Volpe |editor2-first=Nicholas J. |editor3-last=Galetta |editor3-first=Steven L.}}</ref> den peak incidence of DT be at 48 to 72 hours.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Helmus |first1=Christian |last2=Spahn |first2=James G. |title=Delirium Tremens in Head and Neck Surgery |date=September 1974 |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1288/00005537-197409000-00004 |journal=The Laryngoscope |language=en |volume=84 |issue=9 |pages=1479–1488 |doi=10.1288/00005537-197409000-00004 |pmid=4412722 |s2cid=28374619 |issn=0023-852X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Alcohol withdrawal fi occur insyd those wey be alcohol [[physical dependence|dependent]].<ref name=NICE2010/> Dis fi occur following a planned anaa unplanned decrease insyd alcohol intake.<ref name=NICE2010/> De underlying mechanism dey involve a decreased responsiveness of [[GABA receptors]] insyd de brain.<ref name=NEJM2014/> De withdrawal process be typically followed using de [[Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol]] scale (CIWA-Ar).<ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schuckit MA | title = Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens) | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 371 | issue = 22 | pages = 2109–13 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25427113 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1407298 | s2cid = 205116954 | url = http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th | doi-access = free }}</ref> De typical treatment of alcohol withdrawal be plus [[benzodiazepine]]s such as [[chlordiazepoxide]] anaa [[diazepam]].<ref name=Sim2016/> Often, de amounts given be based on a person ein symptoms.<ref name=Sim2016/> [[Thiamine]] be recommended routinely.<ref name=Sim2016/> [[Electrolyte problems]] den [[low blood sugar]] sanso for be treated.<ref name=Sim2016/> Early treatment dey improve outcomes.<ref name=Sim2016/> Insyd de Western world, about 15% of people get problems plus [[alcoholism]] at sam point in time.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Alcohol depress de [[central nervous system]], slowing cerebral messaging den altering de way signals be sent den received. Progressively larger amounts of alcohol be needed to achieve de same physical den emotional results. De drinker eventually for consume alcohol to avoid de physical cravings den withdrawal symptoms. About half of people plus alcoholism go develop withdrawal symptoms upon reducing dema use, plus four percent developing severe symptoms.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Among those plus severe symptoms up to 15% die.<ref name=Sim2016/> Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal be described at least as early as 400 BC by [[Hippocrates]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Martin SC |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives|date=2014|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-7438-3|page=Alcohol Withdrawal Scale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9i5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT156|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022023038/https://books.google.ca/books?id=R9i5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT156|archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Kis2013/> Dem no believed e cam be a widespread problem til de 1700s.<ref name=Kis2013>{{cite book| vauthors = Kissin B, Begleiter H |title=The Biology of Alcoholism: Volume 3: Clinical Pathology|date=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4684-2937-4|page=192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hp7TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022023100/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hp7TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192|archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jjjyoyv5db2v9yycri105gqi9y07nyc 116546 116545 2026-11-08T17:35:10Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alcohol withdrawal syndrome''' ('''AWS''') be a set of symptoms wey fi occur following a reduction insyd anaa cessation of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use after a period of excessive use.<ref name=NICE2010/> Symptoms typically dey include [[anxiety]], [[tremor|shakiness]], sweating, vomiting, [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], den a mild fever.<ref name=NICE2010/> More severe symptoms fi include [[seizure]]s, den [[delirium tremens]] (DTs); wich fi be fatal insyd untreated patients.<ref name=NICE2010>{{cite book|author1=National Clinical Guideline Centre|title=Alcohol Use Disorders: Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Alcohol-Related Physical Complications|date=2010|publisher=Royal College of Physicians (UK)|location=London|edition=No. 100|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65581/|access-date=21 October 2016|language=en|chapter=2 Acute Alcohol Withdrawal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131202232/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0047840/|archive-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> Symptoms dey start at around 6 hours after de last drink.<ref name="Sim2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simpson SA, Wilson MP, Nordstrom K |date=September 2016 |title=Psychiatric Emergencies for Clinicians: Emergency Department Management of Alcohol Withdrawal |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=269–73 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.03.027 |pmid=27319379}}</ref> Peak incidence of seizures dey occur at 24 to 36 hours<ref>{{Citation |last1=Liu |first1=Grant T. |chapter=12 - Visual Hallucinations and Illusions |date=2019-01-01 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323340441000122 |title=Liu, Volpe, and Galetta's Neuro-Ophthalmology (Third Edition) |pages=395–413 |editor-last=Liu |editor-first=Grant T. |access-date=2023-06-12 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |isbn=978-0-323-34044-1 |last2=Volpe |first2=Nicholas J. |last3=Galetta |first3=Steven L. |editor2-last=Volpe |editor2-first=Nicholas J. |editor3-last=Galetta |editor3-first=Steven L.}}</ref> den peak incidence of DT be at 48 to 72 hours.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Helmus |first1=Christian |last2=Spahn |first2=James G. |title=Delirium Tremens in Head and Neck Surgery |date=September 1974 |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1288/00005537-197409000-00004 |journal=The Laryngoscope |language=en |volume=84 |issue=9 |pages=1479–1488 |doi=10.1288/00005537-197409000-00004 |pmid=4412722 |s2cid=28374619 |issn=0023-852X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Alcohol withdrawal fi occur insyd those wey be alcohol [[physical dependence|dependent]].<ref name=NICE2010/> Dis fi occur following a planned anaa unplanned decrease insyd alcohol intake.<ref name=NICE2010/> De underlying mechanism dey involve a decreased responsiveness of [[GABA receptors]] insyd de brain.<ref name=NEJM2014/> De withdrawal process be typically followed using de [[Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol]] scale (CIWA-Ar).<ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schuckit MA | title = Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens) | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 371 | issue = 22 | pages = 2109–13 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25427113 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1407298 | s2cid = 205116954 | url = http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th | doi-access = free }}</ref> De typical treatment of alcohol withdrawal be plus [[benzodiazepine]]s such as [[chlordiazepoxide]] anaa [[diazepam]].<ref name=Sim2016/> Often, de amounts given be based on a person ein symptoms.<ref name=Sim2016/> [[Thiamine]] be recommended routinely.<ref name=Sim2016/> [[Electrolyte problems]] den [[low blood sugar]] sanso for be treated.<ref name=Sim2016/> Early treatment dey improve outcomes.<ref name=Sim2016/> Insyd de Western world, about 15% of people get problems plus [[alcoholism]] at sam point in time.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Alcohol depress de [[central nervous system]], slowing cerebral messaging den altering de way signals be sent den received. Progressively larger amounts of alcohol be needed to achieve de same physical den emotional results. De drinker eventually for consume alcohol to avoid de physical cravings den withdrawal symptoms. About half of people plus alcoholism go develop withdrawal symptoms upon reducing dema use, plus four percent developing severe symptoms.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Among those plus severe symptoms up to 15% die.<ref name=Sim2016/> Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal be described at least as early as 400 BC by [[Hippocrates]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Martin SC |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives|date=2014|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-7438-3|page=Alcohol Withdrawal Scale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9i5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT156|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022023038/https://books.google.ca/books?id=R9i5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT156|archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Kis2013/> Dem no believed e cam be a widespread problem til de 1700s.<ref name=Kis2013>{{cite book| vauthors = Kissin B, Begleiter H |title=The Biology of Alcoholism: Volume 3: Clinical Pathology|date=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4684-2937-4|page=192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hp7TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022023100/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hp7TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192|archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [http://www.mdcalc.com/ciwa-ar-for-alcohol-withdrawal/ CIWA-Ar for Alcohol Withdrawal] * [http://www.cbhallc.com/Documents/4a-DETOX%20Guidelines.pdf Alcohol Detox Guidelines Example] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819081906/http://www.cbhallc.com/Documents/4a-DETOX%20Guidelines.pdf |date=19 August 2019 }} [[Category:Alcohol abuse]] [[Category:Health effects of alcohol]] [[Category:Drug rehabilitation]] [[Category:Neurological disorders]] [[Category:Symptoms den signs of mental disorders]] [[Category:Withdrawal syndromes]] [[Category:Addiction psychiatry]] [[Category:Disorders wey dey cause seizures]] [[Category:Adverse effects of psychoactive drugs]] [[Category:Disorders secof use of alcohol]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] mjddj46nr0buzyoqjljg0qhttz9at71 0 31445 116547 2026-11-08T17:37:20Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502620|Hyperthyroidism]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 116547 wikitext text/x-wiki == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lv7phf3xzu26ynuxyy396ffgo8ljw9w 116548 116547 2026-11-08T17:43:27Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hyperthyroidism''' be a [[endocrine disease]] insyd wich de [[thyroid gland]] dey produce excessive amounts of [[thyroid hormone]]s.<ref name=ATA2011/> '''Thyrotoxicosis''' be a condition wey dey occur secof elevated levels of thyroid hormones of any cause den therefore dey include hyperthyroidism.<ref name=ATA2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bahn Chair RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, Klein I, Laurberg P, McDougall IR, Montori VM, Rivkees SA, Ross DS, Sosa JA, Stan MN | title = Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists | journal = Thyroid | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 593–646 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21510801 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2010.0417 }}</ref> Sam, however, use de terms interchangeably.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Schraga ED |title=Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Storm, and Graves Disease|website=Medscape|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767130-overview|access-date=20 April 2015|date=30 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405111836/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767130-overview|archive-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> Signs den symptoms dey vary between people den fi include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a [[tachycardia|fast heartbeat]], [[heat intolerance]], [[diarrhea]], [[goitre|enlargement of the thyroid]], hand [[tremor]], den [[weight loss]].<ref name=NIH2012/> Symptoms typically be less severe insyd de elderly den during [[pregnancy]].<ref name=NIH2012/> An uncommon buh life-threatening complication be [[thyroid storm]] insyd wich an event such as an [[infection]] dey result in worsening symptoms such as confusion den a [[hyperthermia|high temperature]]; dis often dey result in death.<ref name=Clin2014/> De opposite be [[hypothyroidism]], wen de thyroid gland no dey make enough thyroid hormone.<ref>{{cite web|author1=NIDDK|title=Hypothyroidism|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism?dkrd=hispt0299|access-date=20 April 2015|date=13 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010654/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hypothyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 19nusbygh838pmeeukqx7cpxj7pt1ai 116551 116548 2026-11-08T22:26:55Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hyperthyroidism''' be a [[endocrine disease]] insyd wich de [[thyroid gland]] dey produce excessive amounts of [[thyroid hormone]]s.<ref name=ATA2011/> '''Thyrotoxicosis''' be a condition wey dey occur secof elevated levels of thyroid hormones of any cause den therefore dey include hyperthyroidism.<ref name=ATA2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bahn Chair RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, Klein I, Laurberg P, McDougall IR, Montori VM, Rivkees SA, Ross DS, Sosa JA, Stan MN | title = Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists | journal = Thyroid | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 593–646 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21510801 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2010.0417 }}</ref> Sam, however, use de terms interchangeably.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Schraga ED |title=Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Storm, and Graves Disease|website=Medscape|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767130-overview|access-date=20 April 2015|date=30 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405111836/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767130-overview|archive-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> Signs den symptoms dey vary between people den fi include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a [[tachycardia|fast heartbeat]], [[heat intolerance]], [[diarrhea]], [[goitre|enlargement of the thyroid]], hand [[tremor]], den [[weight loss]].<ref name=NIH2012/> Symptoms typically be less severe insyd de elderly den during [[pregnancy]].<ref name=NIH2012/> An uncommon buh life-threatening complication be [[thyroid storm]] insyd wich an event such as an [[infection]] dey result in worsening symptoms such as confusion den a [[hyperthermia|high temperature]]; dis often dey result in death.<ref name=Clin2014/> De opposite be [[hypothyroidism]], wen de thyroid gland no dey make enough thyroid hormone.<ref>{{cite web|author1=NIDDK|title=Hypothyroidism|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism?dkrd=hispt0299|access-date=20 April 2015|date=13 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010654/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hypothyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> [[Graves' disease]] be de cause of about 50% to 80% of de cases of hyperthyroidism insyd de [[United States]].<ref name=NIH2012>{{Cite web|title = Hyperthyroidism|url = http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hyperthyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|website = www.niddk.nih.gov|access-date = 2015-04-02|date = July 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150404183926/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hyperthyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|archive-date = 4 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=NEJM2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brent GA | title = Clinical practice. Graves' disease | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 358 | issue = 24 | pages = 2594–2605 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18550875 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp0801880 }}</ref> Oda causes dey include [[multinodular goiter]], [[toxic adenoma]], [[thyroiditis|inflammation of de thyroid]], eating too much [[iodine]], den too much [[synthetic thyroid hormone]].<ref name=NIH2012/><ref name=Clin2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Devereaux D, Tewelde SZ | title = Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 277–292 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24766932 | doi = 10.1016/j.emc.2013.12.001 }}</ref> A less common cause be a [[pituitary adenoma]].<ref name=NIH2012/> De diagnosis fi be suspected based on signs den symptoms den then confirmed plus blood tests.<ref name=NIH2012/> Typically blood tests dey show a low [[thyroid stimulating hormone]] (TSH) den raised [[triiodothyronine|T₃]] anaa [[thyroxine|T₄]].<ref name=NIH2012/> [[Radioiodine]] uptake by de thyroid, [[thyroid scan]], den measurement of [[antithyroid autoantibodies]] (thyroidal thyrotropin receptor antibodies be positive insyd Graves' disease) fi help determine de cause.<ref name=NIH2012/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 1we5te2fksg1semtfu5ff6bzy9vhr0t 116552 116551 2026-11-08T22:37:08Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hyperthyroidism''' be a [[endocrine disease]] insyd wich de [[thyroid gland]] dey produce excessive amounts of [[thyroid hormone]]s.<ref name=ATA2011/> '''Thyrotoxicosis''' be a condition wey dey occur secof elevated levels of thyroid hormones of any cause den therefore dey include hyperthyroidism.<ref name=ATA2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bahn Chair RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, Klein I, Laurberg P, McDougall IR, Montori VM, Rivkees SA, Ross DS, Sosa JA, Stan MN | title = Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists | journal = Thyroid | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 593–646 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21510801 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2010.0417 }}</ref> Sam, however, use de terms interchangeably.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Schraga ED |title=Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Storm, and Graves Disease|website=Medscape|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767130-overview|access-date=20 April 2015|date=30 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405111836/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767130-overview|archive-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> Signs den symptoms dey vary between people den fi include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a [[tachycardia|fast heartbeat]], [[heat intolerance]], [[diarrhea]], [[goitre|enlargement of the thyroid]], hand [[tremor]], den [[weight loss]].<ref name=NIH2012/> Symptoms typically be less severe insyd de elderly den during [[pregnancy]].<ref name=NIH2012/> An uncommon buh life-threatening complication be [[thyroid storm]] insyd wich an event such as an [[infection]] dey result in worsening symptoms such as confusion den a [[hyperthermia|high temperature]]; dis often dey result in death.<ref name=Clin2014/> De opposite be [[hypothyroidism]], wen de thyroid gland no dey make enough thyroid hormone.<ref>{{cite web|author1=NIDDK|title=Hypothyroidism|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism?dkrd=hispt0299|access-date=20 April 2015|date=13 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010654/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hypothyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> [[Graves' disease]] be de cause of about 50% to 80% of de cases of hyperthyroidism insyd de [[United States]].<ref name=NIH2012>{{Cite web|title = Hyperthyroidism|url = http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hyperthyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|website = www.niddk.nih.gov|access-date = 2015-04-02|date = July 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150404183926/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hyperthyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|archive-date = 4 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=NEJM2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brent GA | title = Clinical practice. Graves' disease | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 358 | issue = 24 | pages = 2594–2605 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18550875 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp0801880 }}</ref> Oda causes dey include [[multinodular goiter]], [[toxic adenoma]], [[thyroiditis|inflammation of de thyroid]], eating too much [[iodine]], den too much [[synthetic thyroid hormone]].<ref name=NIH2012/><ref name=Clin2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Devereaux D, Tewelde SZ | title = Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 277–292 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24766932 | doi = 10.1016/j.emc.2013.12.001 }}</ref> A less common cause be a [[pituitary adenoma]].<ref name=NIH2012/> De diagnosis fi be suspected based on signs den symptoms den then confirmed plus blood tests.<ref name=NIH2012/> Typically blood tests dey show a low [[thyroid stimulating hormone]] (TSH) den raised [[triiodothyronine|T₃]] anaa [[thyroxine|T₄]].<ref name=NIH2012/> [[Radioiodine]] uptake by de thyroid, [[thyroid scan]], den measurement of [[antithyroid autoantibodies]] (thyroidal thyrotropin receptor antibodies be positive insyd Graves' disease) fi help determine de cause.<ref name=NIH2012/> Treatment dey depend partly on de cause den severity of de disease.<ref name=NIH2012/> Der be three main treatment options: [[radioiodine therapy]], medications, den thyroid surgery.<ref name=NIH2012/> Radioiodine therapy dey involve taking [[iodine-131]] by mouth, wich be then concentrated insyd den dey destroy de thyroid over weeks to months.<ref name=NIH2012/> De resulting hypothyroidism be treated plus synthetic thyroid hormone.<ref name=NIH2012/> Medications such as [[beta blockers]] fi control de symptoms, den [[anti-thyroid medication]]s such as [[methimazole]] fi temporarily help people while oda treatments dey get an effect.<ref name=NIH2012/> Surgery to remove de thyroid be anoda option.<ref name=NIH2012/> Dis fi be used insyd those plus very large thyroids anaa wen cancer be a concern.<ref name=NIH2012/> Insyd de United States, hyperthyroidism dey affect about 1.2% of de population.<ref name=ATA2011/> Worldwide, hyperthyroidism dey affect 2.5% of adults.<ref name="Lee 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Sun Y. |last2=Pearce |first2=Elizabeth N. |title=Hyperthyroidism: A Review |journal=JAMA |date=17 October 2023 |volume=330 |issue=15 |pages=1472–1483 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.19052|pmid=37847271 |pmc=10873132 |s2cid=265937262 }}</ref> E dey occur between two den ten times more often insyd women.<ref name=NIH2012/> Onset commonly be between 20 den 50 years of age.<ref name=Clin2014/> Overall, de disease be more common insyd those over de age of 60 years.<ref name=NIH2012/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] rc195kvr0lbh2zsrlmqfs9p6msy2p00 116553 116552 2026-11-08T22:42:32Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hyperthyroidism''' be a [[endocrine disease]] insyd wich de [[thyroid gland]] dey produce excessive amounts of [[thyroid hormone]]s.<ref name=ATA2011/> '''Thyrotoxicosis''' be a condition wey dey occur secof elevated levels of thyroid hormones of any cause den therefore dey include hyperthyroidism.<ref name=ATA2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bahn Chair RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, Klein I, Laurberg P, McDougall IR, Montori VM, Rivkees SA, Ross DS, Sosa JA, Stan MN | title = Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists | journal = Thyroid | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 593–646 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21510801 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2010.0417 }}</ref> Sam, however, use de terms interchangeably.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Schraga ED |title=Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Storm, and Graves Disease|website=Medscape|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767130-overview|access-date=20 April 2015|date=30 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405111836/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767130-overview|archive-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> Signs den symptoms dey vary between people den fi include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a [[tachycardia|fast heartbeat]], [[heat intolerance]], [[diarrhea]], [[goitre|enlargement of the thyroid]], hand [[tremor]], den [[weight loss]].<ref name=NIH2012/> Symptoms typically be less severe insyd de elderly den during [[pregnancy]].<ref name=NIH2012/> An uncommon buh life-threatening complication be [[thyroid storm]] insyd wich an event such as an [[infection]] dey result in worsening symptoms such as confusion den a [[hyperthermia|high temperature]]; dis often dey result in death.<ref name=Clin2014/> De opposite be [[hypothyroidism]], wen de thyroid gland no dey make enough thyroid hormone.<ref>{{cite web|author1=NIDDK|title=Hypothyroidism|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism?dkrd=hispt0299|access-date=20 April 2015|date=13 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010654/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hypothyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> [[Graves' disease]] be de cause of about 50% to 80% of de cases of hyperthyroidism insyd de [[United States]].<ref name=NIH2012>{{Cite web|title = Hyperthyroidism|url = http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hyperthyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|website = www.niddk.nih.gov|access-date = 2015-04-02|date = July 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150404183926/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hyperthyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|archive-date = 4 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=NEJM2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brent GA | title = Clinical practice. Graves' disease | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 358 | issue = 24 | pages = 2594–2605 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18550875 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp0801880 }}</ref> Oda causes dey include [[multinodular goiter]], [[toxic adenoma]], [[thyroiditis|inflammation of de thyroid]], eating too much [[iodine]], den too much [[synthetic thyroid hormone]].<ref name=NIH2012/><ref name=Clin2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Devereaux D, Tewelde SZ | title = Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 277–292 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24766932 | doi = 10.1016/j.emc.2013.12.001 }}</ref> A less common cause be a [[pituitary adenoma]].<ref name=NIH2012/> De diagnosis fi be suspected based on signs den symptoms den then confirmed plus blood tests.<ref name=NIH2012/> Typically blood tests dey show a low [[thyroid stimulating hormone]] (TSH) den raised [[triiodothyronine|T₃]] anaa [[thyroxine|T₄]].<ref name=NIH2012/> [[Radioiodine]] uptake by de thyroid, [[thyroid scan]], den measurement of [[antithyroid autoantibodies]] (thyroidal thyrotropin receptor antibodies be positive insyd Graves' disease) fi help determine de cause.<ref name=NIH2012/> Treatment dey depend partly on de cause den severity of de disease.<ref name=NIH2012/> Der be three main treatment options: [[radioiodine therapy]], medications, den thyroid surgery.<ref name=NIH2012/> Radioiodine therapy dey involve taking [[iodine-131]] by mouth, wich be then concentrated insyd den dey destroy de thyroid over weeks to months.<ref name=NIH2012/> De resulting hypothyroidism be treated plus synthetic thyroid hormone.<ref name=NIH2012/> Medications such as [[beta blockers]] fi control de symptoms, den [[anti-thyroid medication]]s such as [[methimazole]] fi temporarily help people while oda treatments dey get an effect.<ref name=NIH2012/> Surgery to remove de thyroid be anoda option.<ref name=NIH2012/> Dis fi be used insyd those plus very large thyroids anaa wen cancer be a concern.<ref name=NIH2012/> Insyd de United States, hyperthyroidism dey affect about 1.2% of de population.<ref name=ATA2011/> Worldwide, hyperthyroidism dey affect 2.5% of adults.<ref name="Lee 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Sun Y. |last2=Pearce |first2=Elizabeth N. |title=Hyperthyroidism: A Review |journal=JAMA |date=17 October 2023 |volume=330 |issue=15 |pages=1472–1483 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.19052|pmid=37847271 |pmc=10873132 |s2cid=265937262 }}</ref> E dey occur between two den ten times more often insyd women.<ref name=NIH2012/> Onset commonly be between 20 den 50 years of age.<ref name=Clin2014/> Overall, de disease be more common insyd those over de age of 60 years.<ref name=NIH2012/> Thyroid disorders dey affect kidney function markers wey sanso fi affect underlying kidney function. Studies suggest say creatinine fi decrease insyd hyperthyroidism den increase insyd hypothyroidism, whereas cystatin C dey show de opposite pattern.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fricker |first1=Manuel |last2=Wiesli |first2=Peter |last3=Brändle |first3=Michael |last4=Schwegler |first4=Beat |last5=Schmid |first5=Christoph |title=Impact of thyroid dysfunction on serum cystatin C |journal=Kidney International |year=2003 |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=1944–1947 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00925.x |pmid=12675875 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kimmel |first1=Martin |last2=Braun |first2=Niko |last3=Alscher |first3=Mark Dominik |title=Influence of thyroid function on different kidney function tests |journal=Kidney and Blood Pressure Research |year=2012 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=9–17 |doi=10.1159/000329354 |pmid=21849794 }}</ref> Therefore, the effect of thyroid disorders on underlying kidney function remains debated, and it is unclear whether these changes primarily reflect alterations in kidney markers or changes in underlying kidney function.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbaszadeh |first1=Sorena |last2=Lundqvist |first2=Martin H |last3=Ljunggren |first3=Östen |last4=Larsson |first4=Anders Olof |last5=Svensson |first5=Maria K |last6=Khamisi |first6=Selwan |title=Estimation of kidney function in Graves' disease using creatinine and cystatin C |journal=Endocrine Connections |year=2025 |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=e240698 |doi=10.1530/EC-24-0698 |pmid=40197406 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hebcoom16h2lzz3sxb8wlfr4225h7sn 116554 116553 2026-11-08T22:49:39Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hyperthyroidism''' be a [[endocrine disease]] insyd wich de [[thyroid gland]] dey produce excessive amounts of [[thyroid hormone]]s.<ref name=ATA2011/> '''Thyrotoxicosis''' be a condition wey dey occur secof elevated levels of thyroid hormones of any cause den therefore dey include hyperthyroidism.<ref name=ATA2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bahn Chair RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, Klein I, Laurberg P, McDougall IR, Montori VM, Rivkees SA, Ross DS, Sosa JA, Stan MN | title = Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists | journal = Thyroid | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 593–646 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21510801 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2010.0417 }}</ref> Sam, however, use de terms interchangeably.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Schraga ED |title=Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Storm, and Graves Disease|website=Medscape|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767130-overview|access-date=20 April 2015|date=30 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405111836/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767130-overview|archive-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> Signs den symptoms dey vary between people den fi include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a [[tachycardia|fast heartbeat]], [[heat intolerance]], [[diarrhea]], [[goitre|enlargement of the thyroid]], hand [[tremor]], den [[weight loss]].<ref name=NIH2012/> Symptoms typically be less severe insyd de elderly den during [[pregnancy]].<ref name=NIH2012/> An uncommon buh life-threatening complication be [[thyroid storm]] insyd wich an event such as an [[infection]] dey result in worsening symptoms such as confusion den a [[hyperthermia|high temperature]]; dis often dey result in death.<ref name=Clin2014/> De opposite be [[hypothyroidism]], wen de thyroid gland no dey make enough thyroid hormone.<ref>{{cite web|author1=NIDDK|title=Hypothyroidism|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism?dkrd=hispt0299|access-date=20 April 2015|date=13 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010654/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hypothyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> [[Graves' disease]] be de cause of about 50% to 80% of de cases of hyperthyroidism insyd de [[United States]].<ref name=NIH2012>{{Cite web|title = Hyperthyroidism|url = http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hyperthyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|website = www.niddk.nih.gov|access-date = 2015-04-02|date = July 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150404183926/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/hyperthyroidism/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|archive-date = 4 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=NEJM2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brent GA | title = Clinical practice. Graves' disease | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 358 | issue = 24 | pages = 2594–2605 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18550875 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp0801880 }}</ref> Oda causes dey include [[multinodular goiter]], [[toxic adenoma]], [[thyroiditis|inflammation of de thyroid]], eating too much [[iodine]], den too much [[synthetic thyroid hormone]].<ref name=NIH2012/><ref name=Clin2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Devereaux D, Tewelde SZ | title = Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 277–292 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24766932 | doi = 10.1016/j.emc.2013.12.001 }}</ref> A less common cause be a [[pituitary adenoma]].<ref name=NIH2012/> De diagnosis fi be suspected based on signs den symptoms den then confirmed plus blood tests.<ref name=NIH2012/> Typically blood tests dey show a low [[thyroid stimulating hormone]] (TSH) den raised [[triiodothyronine|T₃]] anaa [[thyroxine|T₄]].<ref name=NIH2012/> [[Radioiodine]] uptake by de thyroid, [[thyroid scan]], den measurement of [[antithyroid autoantibodies]] (thyroidal thyrotropin receptor antibodies be positive insyd Graves' disease) fi help determine de cause.<ref name=NIH2012/> Treatment dey depend partly on de cause den severity of de disease.<ref name=NIH2012/> Der be three main treatment options: [[radioiodine therapy]], medications, den thyroid surgery.<ref name=NIH2012/> Radioiodine therapy dey involve taking [[iodine-131]] by mouth, wich be then concentrated insyd den dey destroy de thyroid over weeks to months.<ref name=NIH2012/> De resulting hypothyroidism be treated plus synthetic thyroid hormone.<ref name=NIH2012/> Medications such as [[beta blockers]] fi control de symptoms, den [[anti-thyroid medication]]s such as [[methimazole]] fi temporarily help people while oda treatments dey get an effect.<ref name=NIH2012/> Surgery to remove de thyroid be anoda option.<ref name=NIH2012/> Dis fi be used insyd those plus very large thyroids anaa wen cancer be a concern.<ref name=NIH2012/> Insyd de United States, hyperthyroidism dey affect about 1.2% of de population.<ref name=ATA2011/> Worldwide, hyperthyroidism dey affect 2.5% of adults.<ref name="Lee 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Sun Y. |last2=Pearce |first2=Elizabeth N. |title=Hyperthyroidism: A Review |journal=JAMA |date=17 October 2023 |volume=330 |issue=15 |pages=1472–1483 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.19052|pmid=37847271 |pmc=10873132 |s2cid=265937262 }}</ref> E dey occur between two den ten times more often insyd women.<ref name=NIH2012/> Onset commonly be between 20 den 50 years of age.<ref name=Clin2014/> Overall, de disease be more common insyd those over de age of 60 years.<ref name=NIH2012/> Thyroid disorders dey affect kidney function markers wey sanso fi affect underlying kidney function. Studies suggest say creatinine fi decrease insyd hyperthyroidism den increase insyd hypothyroidism, whereas cystatin C dey show de opposite pattern.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fricker |first1=Manuel |last2=Wiesli |first2=Peter |last3=Brändle |first3=Michael |last4=Schwegler |first4=Beat |last5=Schmid |first5=Christoph |title=Impact of thyroid dysfunction on serum cystatin C |journal=Kidney International |year=2003 |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=1944–1947 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00925.x |pmid=12675875 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kimmel |first1=Martin |last2=Braun |first2=Niko |last3=Alscher |first3=Mark Dominik |title=Influence of thyroid function on different kidney function tests |journal=Kidney and Blood Pressure Research |year=2012 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=9–17 |doi=10.1159/000329354 |pmid=21849794 }}</ref> Therefore, the effect of thyroid disorders on underlying kidney function remains debated, and it is unclear whether these changes primarily reflect alterations in kidney markers or changes in underlying kidney function.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbaszadeh |first1=Sorena |last2=Lundqvist |first2=Martin H |last3=Ljunggren |first3=Östen |last4=Larsson |first4=Anders Olof |last5=Svensson |first5=Maria K |last6=Khamisi |first6=Selwan |title=Estimation of kidney function in Graves' disease using creatinine and cystatin C |journal=Endocrine Connections |year=2025 |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=e240698 |doi=10.1530/EC-24-0698 |pmid=40197406 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec12/ch152/ch152e.html#sec12-ch152-ch152e-239 Merck Manual article about hyperthyroidism] * [https://medlineplus.gov/hyperthyroidism.html Hyperthyroidism] at [[MedlinePlus]] {{Thyroid disease}} [[Category:Cat diseases]] [[Category:Dog diseases]] [[Category:Endocrine-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Thyroid disease]] [[Category:Thyroid]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] qwmqdfusbldn08di5ohqyfzvvl0tn5t 14 31446 116555 2026-11-08T22:52:32Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116555 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2 31447 116556 2026-11-09T06:39:05Z Chansty 8759 个人简介 116556 wikitext text/x-wiki Zhekai Zhang 7t8kj8tcdpsh5uyc7z5hgscrwamsczq 0 31448 116566 2026-11-09T09:06:40Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1516332|Ovarian cancer]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 116566 wikitext text/x-wiki == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lv7phf3xzu26ynuxyy396ffgo8ljw9w 116568 116566 2026-11-09T09:16:29Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ovarian cancer''' be a [[cancerous]] [[ovarian tumor|tumor]] of an [[ovary]].<ref name=WHOblue2020.1.1>{{cite book|title=Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|year=2020|editor=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer|location=Lyon (France)|edition=5th|volume=4|isbn=978-92-832-4504-9|chapter=1. Tumours of the ovary: introduction|pages=32–35}}</ref> E fi originate from de ovary einself anaa more commonly from nearby structures such as [[fallopian tube]]s anaa de [[peritoneum|inner lining of de abdomen]].<ref name=Zil2021>{{cite journal | vauthors = Žilovič D, Čiurlienė R, Sabaliauskaitė R, Jarmalaitė S | title = Future Screening Prospects for Ovarian Cancer | journal = Cancers | volume = 13 | issue = 15 | page = 3840 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34359740 | pmc = 8345180 | doi = 10.3390/cancers13153840 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |title=Basic Information About Ovarian Cancer |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|access-date=12 August 2024 |date=24 October 2023 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812092147/https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|archive-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> De ovary be made up of three different cell types wey dey include [[epithelial cells]], germ cells, den stromal cells.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=What is Ovarian Cancer {{!}} Ovarian Tumors and Cysts |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/about/what-is-ovarian-cancer.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> Wen dese cells cam be abnormal, dem fi divide den form tumors. Dese cells sanso fi invade anaa [[metastasis|metastasize]] (spread) to oda parts of de body.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=10 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|archive-date=25 June 2014|date=17 September 2007}}</ref> Wen dis process begin, der fi be no anaa only vague symptoms.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Symptoms cam be more noticeable as de cancer dey progress.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/><ref name=Ebell16>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebell MH, Culp MB, Radke TJ | title = A Systematic Review of Symptoms for the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 384–394 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26541098 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.023 }}</ref> Dese symptoms fi include [[bloating]], vaginal bleeding, [[pelvic pain]], [[ascites|abdominal swelling]], [[constipation]], den [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]], among odas.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Common areas to wich de cancer fi spread dey include de lining of de abdomen, [[lymph node]]s, [[lungs]], den [[liver]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ruddon RW |title=Cancer Biology |date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517543-1 |page=223 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == hnc9t4zm3modkogz15u3la4qkr5xu1t 116569 116568 2026-11-09T09:22:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ovarian cancer''' be a [[cancerous]] [[ovarian tumor|tumor]] of an [[ovary]].<ref name=WHOblue2020.1.1>{{cite book|title=Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|year=2020|editor=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer|location=Lyon (France)|edition=5th|volume=4|isbn=978-92-832-4504-9|chapter=1. Tumours of the ovary: introduction|pages=32–35}}</ref> E fi originate from de ovary einself anaa more commonly from nearby structures such as [[fallopian tube]]s anaa de [[peritoneum|inner lining of de abdomen]].<ref name=Zil2021>{{cite journal | vauthors = Žilovič D, Čiurlienė R, Sabaliauskaitė R, Jarmalaitė S | title = Future Screening Prospects for Ovarian Cancer | journal = Cancers | volume = 13 | issue = 15 | page = 3840 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34359740 | pmc = 8345180 | doi = 10.3390/cancers13153840 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |title=Basic Information About Ovarian Cancer |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|access-date=12 August 2024 |date=24 October 2023 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812092147/https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|archive-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> De ovary be made up of three different cell types wey dey include [[epithelial cells]], germ cells, den stromal cells.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=What is Ovarian Cancer {{!}} Ovarian Tumors and Cysts |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/about/what-is-ovarian-cancer.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> Wen dese cells cam be abnormal, dem fi divide den form tumors. Dese cells sanso fi invade anaa [[metastasis|metastasize]] (spread) to oda parts of de body.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=10 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|archive-date=25 June 2014|date=17 September 2007}}</ref> Wen dis process begin, der fi be no anaa only vague symptoms.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Symptoms cam be more noticeable as de cancer dey progress.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/><ref name=Ebell16>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebell MH, Culp MB, Radke TJ | title = A Systematic Review of Symptoms for the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 384–394 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26541098 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.023 }}</ref> Dese symptoms fi include [[bloating]], vaginal bleeding, [[pelvic pain]], [[ascites|abdominal swelling]], [[constipation]], den [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]], among odas.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Common areas to wich de cancer fi spread dey include de lining of de abdomen, [[lymph node]]s, [[lungs]], den [[liver]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ruddon RW |title=Cancer Biology |date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517543-1 |page=223 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> De risk of ovarian cancer dey increase plus age. Chaw cases of ovarian cancer dey develop after menopause.<ref name="Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors">{{cite web |title=Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> E sanso be more common insyd women wey get [[ovulate]]d more over dema lifetime.<ref name=Goldman2020>{{cite book | vauthors = Armstrong DK | veditors = Goldman L, Schafer AI |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-55087-1 |pages=1332–5 |edition=26th |volume=1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1332 |chapter=189. Gynaecologic cancers: ovarian cancer }}</ref> Dis dey include those wey never get kiddies, those wey begin ovulation at a younger age den those wey reach menopause at an older age.<ref name=WCR2014/> Oda risk factors dey include [[hormone therapy]] after [[menopause]], [[fertility medication]], den [[obesity]].<ref name=NCI2014PrePt>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=6 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002700/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=NCI2014PrePro>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=20 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002711/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Factors wey decrease risk dey include [[hormonal birth control]], [[tubal ligation]], pregnancy, den [[breast feeding]].<ref name=NCI2014PrePro/> About 10% of cases be related to inherited genetic risk; women plus mutations insyd de genes ''[[BRCA1]]'' anaa ''[[BRCA2]]'' get about a 50% chance of developing de disease.<ref name=WCR2014/> Sam family cancer syndromes, such as hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer den Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, sanso dey increase de risk of developing ovarian cancer.<ref name="Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors"/> Epithelial ovarian cancer be de most common type of ovarian cancer, wey dey comprise more dan 90% of cases.<ref name="Cancer research2026">{{cite web |title=Epithelial ovarian cancer |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/types/epithelial-ovarian-cancer |website=www.cancerresearchuk.org |access-date=21 September 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Der be five main subtypes of ovarian carcinoma, of wich [[high-grade serous carcinoma]] (HGSC) be de most common.<ref name=WCR2014/> Less common types of ovarian cancer dey include [[germ cell tumor]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maoz A, Matsuo K, Ciccone MA, Matsuzaki S, Klar M, Roman LD, Sood AK, Gershenson DM | title = Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review | journal = Cancers | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | page = 1398 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32485873 | pmc = 7353025 | doi = 10.3390/cancers12061398 | doi-access = free }}</ref> den [[sex cord stromal tumor]]s.<ref name=WCR2014/> A diagnosis of ovarian cancer be confirmed thru a [[biopsy]] of tissue, dem usually remove during surgery.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] j58tt7djano506xt0o04exulvu5rgvt 116570 116569 2026-11-09T09:34:01Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ovarian cancer''' be a [[cancerous]] [[ovarian tumor|tumor]] of an [[ovary]].<ref name=WHOblue2020.1.1>{{cite book|title=Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|year=2020|editor=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer|location=Lyon (France)|edition=5th|volume=4|isbn=978-92-832-4504-9|chapter=1. Tumours of the ovary: introduction|pages=32–35}}</ref> E fi originate from de ovary einself anaa more commonly from nearby structures such as [[fallopian tube]]s anaa de [[peritoneum|inner lining of de abdomen]].<ref name=Zil2021>{{cite journal | vauthors = Žilovič D, Čiurlienė R, Sabaliauskaitė R, Jarmalaitė S | title = Future Screening Prospects for Ovarian Cancer | journal = Cancers | volume = 13 | issue = 15 | page = 3840 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34359740 | pmc = 8345180 | doi = 10.3390/cancers13153840 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |title=Basic Information About Ovarian Cancer |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|access-date=12 August 2024 |date=24 October 2023 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812092147/https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|archive-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> De ovary be made up of three different cell types wey dey include [[epithelial cells]], germ cells, den stromal cells.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=What is Ovarian Cancer {{!}} Ovarian Tumors and Cysts |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/about/what-is-ovarian-cancer.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> Wen dese cells cam be abnormal, dem fi divide den form tumors. Dese cells sanso fi invade anaa [[metastasis|metastasize]] (spread) to oda parts of de body.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=10 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|archive-date=25 June 2014|date=17 September 2007}}</ref> Wen dis process begin, der fi be no anaa only vague symptoms.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Symptoms cam be more noticeable as de cancer dey progress.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/><ref name=Ebell16>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebell MH, Culp MB, Radke TJ | title = A Systematic Review of Symptoms for the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 384–394 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26541098 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.023 }}</ref> Dese symptoms fi include [[bloating]], vaginal bleeding, [[pelvic pain]], [[ascites|abdominal swelling]], [[constipation]], den [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]], among odas.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Common areas to wich de cancer fi spread dey include de lining of de abdomen, [[lymph node]]s, [[lungs]], den [[liver]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ruddon RW |title=Cancer Biology |date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517543-1 |page=223 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> De risk of ovarian cancer dey increase plus age. Chaw cases of ovarian cancer dey develop after menopause.<ref name="Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors">{{cite web |title=Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> E sanso be more common insyd women wey get [[ovulate]]d more over dema lifetime.<ref name=Goldman2020>{{cite book | vauthors = Armstrong DK | veditors = Goldman L, Schafer AI |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-55087-1 |pages=1332–5 |edition=26th |volume=1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1332 |chapter=189. Gynaecologic cancers: ovarian cancer }}</ref> Dis dey include those wey never get kiddies, those wey begin ovulation at a younger age den those wey reach menopause at an older age.<ref name=WCR2014/> Oda risk factors dey include [[hormone therapy]] after [[menopause]], [[fertility medication]], den [[obesity]].<ref name=NCI2014PrePt>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=6 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002700/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=NCI2014PrePro>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=20 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002711/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Factors wey decrease risk dey include [[hormonal birth control]], [[tubal ligation]], pregnancy, den [[breast feeding]].<ref name=NCI2014PrePro/> About 10% of cases be related to inherited genetic risk; women plus mutations insyd de genes ''[[BRCA1]]'' anaa ''[[BRCA2]]'' get about a 50% chance of developing de disease.<ref name=WCR2014/> Sam family cancer syndromes, such as hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer den Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, sanso dey increase de risk of developing ovarian cancer.<ref name="Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors"/> Epithelial ovarian cancer be de most common type of ovarian cancer, wey dey comprise more dan 90% of cases.<ref name="Cancer research2026">{{cite web |title=Epithelial ovarian cancer |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/types/epithelial-ovarian-cancer |website=www.cancerresearchuk.org |access-date=21 September 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Der be five main subtypes of ovarian carcinoma, of wich [[high-grade serous carcinoma]] (HGSC) be de most common.<ref name=WCR2014/> Less common types of ovarian cancer dey include [[germ cell tumor]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maoz A, Matsuo K, Ciccone MA, Matsuzaki S, Klar M, Roman LD, Sood AK, Gershenson DM | title = Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review | journal = Cancers | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | page = 1398 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32485873 | pmc = 7353025 | doi = 10.3390/cancers12061398 | doi-access = free }}</ref> den [[sex cord stromal tumor]]s.<ref name=WCR2014/> A diagnosis of ovarian cancer be confirmed thru a [[biopsy]] of tissue, dem usually remove during surgery.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> [[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] no be recommended insyd women wey be at average risk, as evidence no dey support a reduction insyd death den de high rate of [[false positives and false negatives|false positive tests]] fi lead to unneeded surgery, wich be accompanied by ein own risks.<ref name=Gros2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW | title = Screening for Ovarian Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 319 | issue = 6 | pages = 588–594 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29450531 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2017.21926 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Those at very high risk fi get dema ovaries removed as a preventive measure.<ref name=NCI2014PrePt/> If dem catch den treat insyd an early stage, ovarian cancer often be curable.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Treatment usually dey include sam combination of surgery, [[radiation therapy]], den [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=NCI2014TxPt>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Treatment |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarianepithelial/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=12 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705232951/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarianepithelial/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> Outcomes dey depend on de extent of de disease, de subtype of cancer present, den oda medical conditions.<ref name=WCR2014/><ref name=Gib2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gibson SJ, Fleming GF, Temkin SM, Chase DM | title = The Application and Outcome of Standard of Care Treatment in Elderly Women with Ovarian Cancer: A Literature Review over the Last 10 Years | journal = Frontiers in Oncology | volume = 6 | page = 63 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27047797 | pmc = 4805611 | doi = 10.3389/fonc.2016.00063 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De overall [[five-year survival rate]] insyd de [[United States]] be 52%.<ref name=SEER2026>{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Ovary Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/ovary.html|website=NCI|access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref> Outcomes be worse insyd de developing world.<ref name=WCR2014/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jdnl50jx9qifez3lvgqud9ajci1a41c 116571 116570 2026-11-09T09:38:06Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ovarian cancer''' be a [[cancerous]] [[ovarian tumor|tumor]] of an [[ovary]].<ref name=WHOblue2020.1.1>{{cite book|title=Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|year=2020|editor=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer|location=Lyon (France)|edition=5th|volume=4|isbn=978-92-832-4504-9|chapter=1. Tumours of the ovary: introduction|pages=32–35}}</ref> E fi originate from de ovary einself anaa more commonly from nearby structures such as [[fallopian tube]]s anaa de [[peritoneum|inner lining of de abdomen]].<ref name=Zil2021>{{cite journal | vauthors = Žilovič D, Čiurlienė R, Sabaliauskaitė R, Jarmalaitė S | title = Future Screening Prospects for Ovarian Cancer | journal = Cancers | volume = 13 | issue = 15 | page = 3840 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34359740 | pmc = 8345180 | doi = 10.3390/cancers13153840 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |title=Basic Information About Ovarian Cancer |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|access-date=12 August 2024 |date=24 October 2023 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812092147/https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|archive-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> De ovary be made up of three different cell types wey dey include [[epithelial cells]], germ cells, den stromal cells.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=What is Ovarian Cancer {{!}} Ovarian Tumors and Cysts |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/about/what-is-ovarian-cancer.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> Wen dese cells cam be abnormal, dem fi divide den form tumors. Dese cells sanso fi invade anaa [[metastasis|metastasize]] (spread) to oda parts of de body.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=10 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|archive-date=25 June 2014|date=17 September 2007}}</ref> Wen dis process begin, der fi be no anaa only vague symptoms.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Symptoms cam be more noticeable as de cancer dey progress.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/><ref name=Ebell16>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebell MH, Culp MB, Radke TJ | title = A Systematic Review of Symptoms for the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 384–394 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26541098 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.023 }}</ref> Dese symptoms fi include [[bloating]], vaginal bleeding, [[pelvic pain]], [[ascites|abdominal swelling]], [[constipation]], den [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]], among odas.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Common areas to wich de cancer fi spread dey include de lining of de abdomen, [[lymph node]]s, [[lungs]], den [[liver]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ruddon RW |title=Cancer Biology |date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517543-1 |page=223 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> De risk of ovarian cancer dey increase plus age. Chaw cases of ovarian cancer dey develop after menopause.<ref name="Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors">{{cite web |title=Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> E sanso be more common insyd women wey get [[ovulate]]d more over dema lifetime.<ref name=Goldman2020>{{cite book | vauthors = Armstrong DK | veditors = Goldman L, Schafer AI |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-55087-1 |pages=1332–5 |edition=26th |volume=1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1332 |chapter=189. Gynaecologic cancers: ovarian cancer }}</ref> Dis dey include those wey never get kiddies, those wey begin ovulation at a younger age den those wey reach menopause at an older age.<ref name=WCR2014/> Oda risk factors dey include [[hormone therapy]] after [[menopause]], [[fertility medication]], den [[obesity]].<ref name=NCI2014PrePt>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=6 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002700/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=NCI2014PrePro>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=20 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002711/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Factors wey decrease risk dey include [[hormonal birth control]], [[tubal ligation]], pregnancy, den [[breast feeding]].<ref name=NCI2014PrePro/> About 10% of cases be related to inherited genetic risk; women plus mutations insyd de genes ''[[BRCA1]]'' anaa ''[[BRCA2]]'' get about a 50% chance of developing de disease.<ref name=WCR2014/> Sam family cancer syndromes, such as hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer den Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, sanso dey increase de risk of developing ovarian cancer.<ref name="Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors"/> Epithelial ovarian cancer be de most common type of ovarian cancer, wey dey comprise more dan 90% of cases.<ref name="Cancer research2026">{{cite web |title=Epithelial ovarian cancer |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/types/epithelial-ovarian-cancer |website=www.cancerresearchuk.org |access-date=21 September 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Der be five main subtypes of ovarian carcinoma, of wich [[high-grade serous carcinoma]] (HGSC) be de most common.<ref name=WCR2014/> Less common types of ovarian cancer dey include [[germ cell tumor]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maoz A, Matsuo K, Ciccone MA, Matsuzaki S, Klar M, Roman LD, Sood AK, Gershenson DM | title = Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review | journal = Cancers | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | page = 1398 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32485873 | pmc = 7353025 | doi = 10.3390/cancers12061398 | doi-access = free }}</ref> den [[sex cord stromal tumor]]s.<ref name=WCR2014/> A diagnosis of ovarian cancer be confirmed thru a [[biopsy]] of tissue, dem usually remove during surgery.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> [[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] no be recommended insyd women wey be at average risk, as evidence no dey support a reduction insyd death den de high rate of [[false positives and false negatives|false positive tests]] fi lead to unneeded surgery, wich be accompanied by ein own risks.<ref name=Gros2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW | title = Screening for Ovarian Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 319 | issue = 6 | pages = 588–594 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29450531 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2017.21926 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Those at very high risk fi get dema ovaries removed as a preventive measure.<ref name=NCI2014PrePt/> If dem catch den treat insyd an early stage, ovarian cancer often be curable.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Treatment usually dey include sam combination of surgery, [[radiation therapy]], den [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=NCI2014TxPt>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Treatment |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarianepithelial/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=12 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705232951/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarianepithelial/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> Outcomes dey depend on de extent of de disease, de subtype of cancer present, den oda medical conditions.<ref name=WCR2014/><ref name=Gib2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gibson SJ, Fleming GF, Temkin SM, Chase DM | title = The Application and Outcome of Standard of Care Treatment in Elderly Women with Ovarian Cancer: A Literature Review over the Last 10 Years | journal = Frontiers in Oncology | volume = 6 | page = 63 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27047797 | pmc = 4805611 | doi = 10.3389/fonc.2016.00063 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De overall [[five-year survival rate]] insyd de [[United States]] be 52%.<ref name=SEER2026>{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Ovary Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/ovary.html|website=NCI|access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref> Outcomes be worse insyd de developing world.<ref name=WCR2014/> Insyd 2020, new cases occur insyd approximately 313,000 women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ovarian cancer statistics |publisher=World Cancer Research Fund International |url=https://www.wcrf.org/cancer-trends/ovarian-cancer-statistics/ |access-date=2 November 2022 }}</ref> Insyd 2019 e result in 13,445 deaths insyd de United States.<ref name="USCS Data Visualizations">{{cite web |title=USCS Data Visualizations |url=https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/USCS/DataViz.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=gis.cdc.gov |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125223636/https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/USCS/DataViz.html }}</ref> Death from ovarian cancer increase globally between 1990 den 2017 by 84.2%.<ref name="Zhou Z 2017. p 17">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhou Z, Wang X, Ren X, Zhou L, Wang N, Kang H |title=Disease Burden and Attributable Risk Factors of Ovarian Cancer From 1990 to 2017: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 |journal=Front Public Health |volume=9 |issue= |article-number=619581 |date=2021 |pmid=34604147 |pmc=8484795 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.619581 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ovarian cancer be de second-most common [[gynecologic cancer]] insyd de United States. E dey cause more deaths dan any oda cancer of de female reproductive system.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=Ovarian Cancer Statistics {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/ovarian/statistics/index.htm |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Among women, e dey rank fifth insyd cancer-related deaths.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ovarian Cancer Statistics {{!}} How Common is Ovarian Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/about/key-statistics.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> De typical age of diagnosis be 63.<ref name=NCI2016Onset>{{cite web|title=What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?|url=http://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovariancancer/detailedguide/ovarian-cancer-risk-factors|website=www.cancer.org|access-date=18 May 2016|date=4 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517173135/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovariancancer/detailedguide/ovarian-cancer-risk-factors|archive-date=17 May 2016}}</ref> Death from ovarian cancer be more common insyd [[North America]] den [[Europe]] dan insyd [[Africa]] den [[Asia]].<ref name=WCR2014>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|at=Chapter 5.12|url=http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073553/http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> Insyd de United States, e be more common insyd White den Hispanic women dan Black anaa American Indian women.<ref name="USCS Data Visualizations"/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] nchkxxg8la31wn8mwjv0h9bft4zwbaj 116572 116571 2026-11-09T09:45:20Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ovarian cancer''' be a [[cancerous]] [[ovarian tumor|tumor]] of an [[ovary]].<ref name=WHOblue2020.1.1>{{cite book|title=Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|year=2020|editor=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer|location=Lyon (France)|edition=5th|volume=4|isbn=978-92-832-4504-9|chapter=1. Tumours of the ovary: introduction|pages=32–35}}</ref> E fi originate from de ovary einself anaa more commonly from nearby structures such as [[fallopian tube]]s anaa de [[peritoneum|inner lining of de abdomen]].<ref name=Zil2021>{{cite journal | vauthors = Žilovič D, Čiurlienė R, Sabaliauskaitė R, Jarmalaitė S | title = Future Screening Prospects for Ovarian Cancer | journal = Cancers | volume = 13 | issue = 15 | page = 3840 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34359740 | pmc = 8345180 | doi = 10.3390/cancers13153840 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |title=Basic Information About Ovarian Cancer |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|access-date=12 August 2024 |date=24 October 2023 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812092147/https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|archive-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> De ovary be made up of three different cell types wey dey include [[epithelial cells]], germ cells, den stromal cells.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=What is Ovarian Cancer {{!}} Ovarian Tumors and Cysts |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/about/what-is-ovarian-cancer.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> Wen dese cells cam be abnormal, dem fi divide den form tumors. Dese cells sanso fi invade anaa [[metastasis|metastasize]] (spread) to oda parts of de body.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=10 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|archive-date=25 June 2014|date=17 September 2007}}</ref> Wen dis process begin, der fi be no anaa only vague symptoms.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Symptoms cam be more noticeable as de cancer dey progress.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/><ref name=Ebell16>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebell MH, Culp MB, Radke TJ | title = A Systematic Review of Symptoms for the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 384–394 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26541098 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.023 }}</ref> Dese symptoms fi include [[bloating]], vaginal bleeding, [[pelvic pain]], [[ascites|abdominal swelling]], [[constipation]], den [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]], among odas.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Common areas to wich de cancer fi spread dey include de lining of de abdomen, [[lymph node]]s, [[lungs]], den [[liver]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ruddon RW |title=Cancer Biology |date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517543-1 |page=223 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> De risk of ovarian cancer dey increase plus age. Chaw cases of ovarian cancer dey develop after menopause.<ref name="Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors">{{cite web |title=Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> E sanso be more common insyd women wey get [[ovulate]]d more over dema lifetime.<ref name=Goldman2020>{{cite book | vauthors = Armstrong DK | veditors = Goldman L, Schafer AI |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-55087-1 |pages=1332–5 |edition=26th |volume=1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1332 |chapter=189. Gynaecologic cancers: ovarian cancer }}</ref> Dis dey include those wey never get kiddies, those wey begin ovulation at a younger age den those wey reach menopause at an older age.<ref name=WCR2014/> Oda risk factors dey include [[hormone therapy]] after [[menopause]], [[fertility medication]], den [[obesity]].<ref name=NCI2014PrePt>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=6 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002700/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=NCI2014PrePro>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=20 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002711/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Factors wey decrease risk dey include [[hormonal birth control]], [[tubal ligation]], pregnancy, den [[breast feeding]].<ref name=NCI2014PrePro/> About 10% of cases be related to inherited genetic risk; women plus mutations insyd de genes ''[[BRCA1]]'' anaa ''[[BRCA2]]'' get about a 50% chance of developing de disease.<ref name=WCR2014/> Sam family cancer syndromes, such as hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer den Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, sanso dey increase de risk of developing ovarian cancer.<ref name="Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors"/> Epithelial ovarian cancer be de most common type of ovarian cancer, wey dey comprise more dan 90% of cases.<ref name="Cancer research2026">{{cite web |title=Epithelial ovarian cancer |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/types/epithelial-ovarian-cancer |website=www.cancerresearchuk.org |access-date=21 September 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Der be five main subtypes of ovarian carcinoma, of wich [[high-grade serous carcinoma]] (HGSC) be de most common.<ref name=WCR2014/> Less common types of ovarian cancer dey include [[germ cell tumor]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maoz A, Matsuo K, Ciccone MA, Matsuzaki S, Klar M, Roman LD, Sood AK, Gershenson DM | title = Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review | journal = Cancers | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | page = 1398 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32485873 | pmc = 7353025 | doi = 10.3390/cancers12061398 | doi-access = free }}</ref> den [[sex cord stromal tumor]]s.<ref name=WCR2014/> A diagnosis of ovarian cancer be confirmed thru a [[biopsy]] of tissue, dem usually remove during surgery.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> [[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] no be recommended insyd women wey be at average risk, as evidence no dey support a reduction insyd death den de high rate of [[false positives and false negatives|false positive tests]] fi lead to unneeded surgery, wich be accompanied by ein own risks.<ref name=Gros2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW | title = Screening for Ovarian Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 319 | issue = 6 | pages = 588–594 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29450531 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2017.21926 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Those at very high risk fi get dema ovaries removed as a preventive measure.<ref name=NCI2014PrePt/> If dem catch den treat insyd an early stage, ovarian cancer often be curable.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Treatment usually dey include sam combination of surgery, [[radiation therapy]], den [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=NCI2014TxPt>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Treatment |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarianepithelial/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=12 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705232951/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarianepithelial/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> Outcomes dey depend on de extent of de disease, de subtype of cancer present, den oda medical conditions.<ref name=WCR2014/><ref name=Gib2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gibson SJ, Fleming GF, Temkin SM, Chase DM | title = The Application and Outcome of Standard of Care Treatment in Elderly Women with Ovarian Cancer: A Literature Review over the Last 10 Years | journal = Frontiers in Oncology | volume = 6 | page = 63 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27047797 | pmc = 4805611 | doi = 10.3389/fonc.2016.00063 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De overall [[five-year survival rate]] insyd de [[United States]] be 52%.<ref name=SEER2026>{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Ovary Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/ovary.html|website=NCI|access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref> Outcomes be worse insyd de developing world.<ref name=WCR2014/> Insyd 2020, new cases occur insyd approximately 313,000 women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ovarian cancer statistics |publisher=World Cancer Research Fund International |url=https://www.wcrf.org/cancer-trends/ovarian-cancer-statistics/ |access-date=2 November 2022 }}</ref> Insyd 2019 e result in 13,445 deaths insyd de United States.<ref name="USCS Data Visualizations">{{cite web |title=USCS Data Visualizations |url=https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/USCS/DataViz.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=gis.cdc.gov |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125223636/https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/USCS/DataViz.html }}</ref> Death from ovarian cancer increase globally between 1990 den 2017 by 84.2%.<ref name="Zhou Z 2017. p 17">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhou Z, Wang X, Ren X, Zhou L, Wang N, Kang H |title=Disease Burden and Attributable Risk Factors of Ovarian Cancer From 1990 to 2017: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 |journal=Front Public Health |volume=9 |issue= |article-number=619581 |date=2021 |pmid=34604147 |pmc=8484795 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.619581 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ovarian cancer be de second-most common [[gynecologic cancer]] insyd de United States. E dey cause more deaths dan any oda cancer of de female reproductive system.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=Ovarian Cancer Statistics {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/ovarian/statistics/index.htm |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Among women, e dey rank fifth insyd cancer-related deaths.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ovarian Cancer Statistics {{!}} How Common is Ovarian Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/about/key-statistics.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> De typical age of diagnosis be 63.<ref name=NCI2016Onset>{{cite web|title=What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?|url=http://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovariancancer/detailedguide/ovarian-cancer-risk-factors|website=www.cancer.org|access-date=18 May 2016|date=4 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517173135/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovariancancer/detailedguide/ovarian-cancer-risk-factors|archive-date=17 May 2016}}</ref> Death from ovarian cancer be more common insyd [[North America]] den [[Europe]] dan insyd [[Africa]] den [[Asia]].<ref name=WCR2014>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|at=Chapter 5.12|url=http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073553/http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> Insyd de United States, e be more common insyd White den Hispanic women dan Black anaa American Indian women.<ref name="USCS Data Visualizations"/> [[File:En.Video-Ovarian cancer.webm|thumb|upright=1.36|Video overview ([[mdwiki:video:Ovarian cancer|script]])]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite web|title=Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer - Patient Version|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/ovarian/hp|publisher=National Cancer Institute|access-date=30 March 2017}} * [http://www.mountsinai.org/patient-care/service-areas/obgyn-and-reproductive-services/areas-of-care/gynecologic-oncology/ovarian-cancer/infographic/ovariancancerinfo What is Ovarian Cancer Infographic, information on ovarian cancer] - [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ovarian Cancer}} [[Category:Gynaecological cancer]] [[Category:Ovarian cancer| ]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9r7r8tnxyske95vwz255hwcxgytvefq 116574 116572 2026-11-09T09:47:24Z DaSupremo 9 added [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 116574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ovarian cancer''' be a [[cancerous]] [[ovarian tumor|tumor]] of an [[ovary]].<ref name=WHOblue2020.1.1>{{cite book|title=Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|year=2020|editor=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer|location=Lyon (France)|edition=5th|volume=4|isbn=978-92-832-4504-9|chapter=1. Tumours of the ovary: introduction|pages=32–35}}</ref> E fi originate from de ovary einself anaa more commonly from nearby structures such as [[fallopian tube]]s anaa de [[peritoneum|inner lining of de abdomen]].<ref name=Zil2021>{{cite journal | vauthors = Žilovič D, Čiurlienė R, Sabaliauskaitė R, Jarmalaitė S | title = Future Screening Prospects for Ovarian Cancer | journal = Cancers | volume = 13 | issue = 15 | page = 3840 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34359740 | pmc = 8345180 | doi = 10.3390/cancers13153840 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |title=Basic Information About Ovarian Cancer |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|access-date=12 August 2024 |date=24 October 2023 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812092147/https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|archive-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> De ovary be made up of three different cell types wey dey include [[epithelial cells]], germ cells, den stromal cells.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=What is Ovarian Cancer {{!}} Ovarian Tumors and Cysts |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/about/what-is-ovarian-cancer.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> Wen dese cells cam be abnormal, dem fi divide den form tumors. Dese cells sanso fi invade anaa [[metastasis|metastasize]] (spread) to oda parts of de body.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=10 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|archive-date=25 June 2014|date=17 September 2007}}</ref> Wen dis process begin, der fi be no anaa only vague symptoms.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Symptoms cam be more noticeable as de cancer dey progress.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/><ref name=Ebell16>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebell MH, Culp MB, Radke TJ | title = A Systematic Review of Symptoms for the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 384–394 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26541098 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.023 }}</ref> Dese symptoms fi include [[bloating]], vaginal bleeding, [[pelvic pain]], [[ascites|abdominal swelling]], [[constipation]], den [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]], among odas.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Common areas to wich de cancer fi spread dey include de lining of de abdomen, [[lymph node]]s, [[lungs]], den [[liver]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ruddon RW |title=Cancer Biology |date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517543-1 |page=223 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> De risk of ovarian cancer dey increase plus age. Chaw cases of ovarian cancer dey develop after menopause.<ref name="Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors">{{cite web |title=Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> E sanso be more common insyd women wey get [[ovulate]]d more over dema lifetime.<ref name=Goldman2020>{{cite book | vauthors = Armstrong DK | veditors = Goldman L, Schafer AI |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-55087-1 |pages=1332–5 |edition=26th |volume=1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1332 |chapter=189. Gynaecologic cancers: ovarian cancer }}</ref> Dis dey include those wey never get kiddies, those wey begin ovulation at a younger age den those wey reach menopause at an older age.<ref name=WCR2014/> Oda risk factors dey include [[hormone therapy]] after [[menopause]], [[fertility medication]], den [[obesity]].<ref name=NCI2014PrePt>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=6 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002700/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=NCI2014PrePro>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=20 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002711/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Factors wey decrease risk dey include [[hormonal birth control]], [[tubal ligation]], pregnancy, den [[breast feeding]].<ref name=NCI2014PrePro/> About 10% of cases be related to inherited genetic risk; women plus mutations insyd de genes ''[[BRCA1]]'' anaa ''[[BRCA2]]'' get about a 50% chance of developing de disease.<ref name=WCR2014/> Sam family cancer syndromes, such as hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer den Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, sanso dey increase de risk of developing ovarian cancer.<ref name="Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors"/> Epithelial ovarian cancer be de most common type of ovarian cancer, wey dey comprise more dan 90% of cases.<ref name="Cancer research2026">{{cite web |title=Epithelial ovarian cancer |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/types/epithelial-ovarian-cancer |website=www.cancerresearchuk.org |access-date=21 September 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Der be five main subtypes of ovarian carcinoma, of wich [[high-grade serous carcinoma]] (HGSC) be de most common.<ref name=WCR2014/> Less common types of ovarian cancer dey include [[germ cell tumor]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maoz A, Matsuo K, Ciccone MA, Matsuzaki S, Klar M, Roman LD, Sood AK, Gershenson DM | title = Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review | journal = Cancers | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | page = 1398 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32485873 | pmc = 7353025 | doi = 10.3390/cancers12061398 | doi-access = free }}</ref> den [[sex cord stromal tumor]]s.<ref name=WCR2014/> A diagnosis of ovarian cancer be confirmed thru a [[biopsy]] of tissue, dem usually remove during surgery.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> [[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] no be recommended insyd women wey be at average risk, as evidence no dey support a reduction insyd death den de high rate of [[false positives and false negatives|false positive tests]] fi lead to unneeded surgery, wich be accompanied by ein own risks.<ref name=Gros2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW | title = Screening for Ovarian Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 319 | issue = 6 | pages = 588–594 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29450531 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2017.21926 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Those at very high risk fi get dema ovaries removed as a preventive measure.<ref name=NCI2014PrePt/> If dem catch den treat insyd an early stage, ovarian cancer often be curable.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Treatment usually dey include sam combination of surgery, [[radiation therapy]], den [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=NCI2014TxPt>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Treatment |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarianepithelial/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=12 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705232951/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarianepithelial/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> Outcomes dey depend on de extent of de disease, de subtype of cancer present, den oda medical conditions.<ref name=WCR2014/><ref name=Gib2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gibson SJ, Fleming GF, Temkin SM, Chase DM | title = The Application and Outcome of Standard of Care Treatment in Elderly Women with Ovarian Cancer: A Literature Review over the Last 10 Years | journal = Frontiers in Oncology | volume = 6 | page = 63 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27047797 | pmc = 4805611 | doi = 10.3389/fonc.2016.00063 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De overall [[five-year survival rate]] insyd de [[United States]] be 52%.<ref name=SEER2026>{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Ovary Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/ovary.html|website=NCI|access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref> Outcomes be worse insyd de developing world.<ref name=WCR2014/> Insyd 2020, new cases occur insyd approximately 313,000 women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ovarian cancer statistics |publisher=World Cancer Research Fund International |url=https://www.wcrf.org/cancer-trends/ovarian-cancer-statistics/ |access-date=2 November 2022 }}</ref> Insyd 2019 e result in 13,445 deaths insyd de United States.<ref name="USCS Data Visualizations">{{cite web |title=USCS Data Visualizations |url=https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/USCS/DataViz.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=gis.cdc.gov |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125223636/https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/USCS/DataViz.html }}</ref> Death from ovarian cancer increase globally between 1990 den 2017 by 84.2%.<ref name="Zhou Z 2017. p 17">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhou Z, Wang X, Ren X, Zhou L, Wang N, Kang H |title=Disease Burden and Attributable Risk Factors of Ovarian Cancer From 1990 to 2017: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 |journal=Front Public Health |volume=9 |issue= |article-number=619581 |date=2021 |pmid=34604147 |pmc=8484795 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.619581 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ovarian cancer be de second-most common [[gynecologic cancer]] insyd de United States. E dey cause more deaths dan any oda cancer of de female reproductive system.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=Ovarian Cancer Statistics {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/ovarian/statistics/index.htm |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Among women, e dey rank fifth insyd cancer-related deaths.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ovarian Cancer Statistics {{!}} How Common is Ovarian Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/about/key-statistics.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> De typical age of diagnosis be 63.<ref name=NCI2016Onset>{{cite web|title=What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?|url=http://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovariancancer/detailedguide/ovarian-cancer-risk-factors|website=www.cancer.org|access-date=18 May 2016|date=4 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517173135/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovariancancer/detailedguide/ovarian-cancer-risk-factors|archive-date=17 May 2016}}</ref> Death from ovarian cancer be more common insyd [[North America]] den [[Europe]] dan insyd [[Africa]] den [[Asia]].<ref name=WCR2014>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|at=Chapter 5.12|url=http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073553/http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> Insyd de United States, e be more common insyd White den Hispanic women dan Black anaa American Indian women.<ref name="USCS Data Visualizations"/> [[File:En.Video-Ovarian cancer.webm|thumb|upright=1.36|Video overview ([[mdwiki:video:Ovarian cancer|script]])]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite web|title=Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer - Patient Version|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/ovarian/hp|publisher=National Cancer Institute|access-date=30 March 2017}} * [http://www.mountsinai.org/patient-care/service-areas/obgyn-and-reproductive-services/areas-of-care/gynecologic-oncology/ovarian-cancer/infographic/ovariancancerinfo What is Ovarian Cancer Infographic, information on ovarian cancer] - [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ovarian Cancer}} [[Category:Gynaecological cancer]] [[Category:Ovarian cancer| ]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] dx52tkergmhqw0l8xdq5q43pcnlxnuy 116575 116574 2026-11-09T09:55:57Z DaSupremo 9 added [[Category:Women's health]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 116575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ovarian cancer''' be a [[cancerous]] [[ovarian tumor|tumor]] of an [[ovary]].<ref name=WHOblue2020.1.1>{{cite book|title=Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|year=2020|editor=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer|location=Lyon (France)|edition=5th|volume=4|isbn=978-92-832-4504-9|chapter=1. Tumours of the ovary: introduction|pages=32–35}}</ref> E fi originate from de ovary einself anaa more commonly from nearby structures such as [[fallopian tube]]s anaa de [[peritoneum|inner lining of de abdomen]].<ref name=Zil2021>{{cite journal | vauthors = Žilovič D, Čiurlienė R, Sabaliauskaitė R, Jarmalaitė S | title = Future Screening Prospects for Ovarian Cancer | journal = Cancers | volume = 13 | issue = 15 | page = 3840 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34359740 | pmc = 8345180 | doi = 10.3390/cancers13153840 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |title=Basic Information About Ovarian Cancer |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|access-date=12 August 2024 |date=24 October 2023 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812092147/https://www.cdc.gov/ovarian-cancer/about/index.html|archive-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> De ovary be made up of three different cell types wey dey include [[epithelial cells]], germ cells, den stromal cells.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=What is Ovarian Cancer {{!}} Ovarian Tumors and Cysts |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/about/what-is-ovarian-cancer.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> Wen dese cells cam be abnormal, dem fi divide den form tumors. Dese cells sanso fi invade anaa [[metastasis|metastasize]] (spread) to oda parts of de body.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=10 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|archive-date=25 June 2014|date=17 September 2007}}</ref> Wen dis process begin, der fi be no anaa only vague symptoms.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Symptoms cam be more noticeable as de cancer dey progress.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/><ref name=Ebell16>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebell MH, Culp MB, Radke TJ | title = A Systematic Review of Symptoms for the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 384–394 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26541098 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.023 }}</ref> Dese symptoms fi include [[bloating]], vaginal bleeding, [[pelvic pain]], [[ascites|abdominal swelling]], [[constipation]], den [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]], among odas.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Common areas to wich de cancer fi spread dey include de lining of de abdomen, [[lymph node]]s, [[lungs]], den [[liver]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ruddon RW |title=Cancer Biology |date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517543-1 |page=223 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> De risk of ovarian cancer dey increase plus age. Chaw cases of ovarian cancer dey develop after menopause.<ref name="Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors">{{cite web |title=Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> E sanso be more common insyd women wey get [[ovulate]]d more over dema lifetime.<ref name=Goldman2020>{{cite book | vauthors = Armstrong DK | veditors = Goldman L, Schafer AI |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-55087-1 |pages=1332–5 |edition=26th |volume=1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1332 |chapter=189. Gynaecologic cancers: ovarian cancer }}</ref> Dis dey include those wey never get kiddies, those wey begin ovulation at a younger age den those wey reach menopause at an older age.<ref name=WCR2014/> Oda risk factors dey include [[hormone therapy]] after [[menopause]], [[fertility medication]], den [[obesity]].<ref name=NCI2014PrePt>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=6 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002700/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=NCI2014PrePro>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=20 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706002711/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> Factors wey decrease risk dey include [[hormonal birth control]], [[tubal ligation]], pregnancy, den [[breast feeding]].<ref name=NCI2014PrePro/> About 10% of cases be related to inherited genetic risk; women plus mutations insyd de genes ''[[BRCA1]]'' anaa ''[[BRCA2]]'' get about a 50% chance of developing de disease.<ref name=WCR2014/> Sam family cancer syndromes, such as hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer den Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, sanso dey increase de risk of developing ovarian cancer.<ref name="Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors"/> Epithelial ovarian cancer be de most common type of ovarian cancer, wey dey comprise more dan 90% of cases.<ref name="Cancer research2026">{{cite web |title=Epithelial ovarian cancer |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/types/epithelial-ovarian-cancer |website=www.cancerresearchuk.org |access-date=21 September 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Der be five main subtypes of ovarian carcinoma, of wich [[high-grade serous carcinoma]] (HGSC) be de most common.<ref name=WCR2014/> Less common types of ovarian cancer dey include [[germ cell tumor]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maoz A, Matsuo K, Ciccone MA, Matsuzaki S, Klar M, Roman LD, Sood AK, Gershenson DM | title = Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review | journal = Cancers | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | page = 1398 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32485873 | pmc = 7353025 | doi = 10.3390/cancers12061398 | doi-access = free }}</ref> den [[sex cord stromal tumor]]s.<ref name=WCR2014/> A diagnosis of ovarian cancer be confirmed thru a [[biopsy]] of tissue, dem usually remove during surgery.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> [[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] no be recommended insyd women wey be at average risk, as evidence no dey support a reduction insyd death den de high rate of [[false positives and false negatives|false positive tests]] fi lead to unneeded surgery, wich be accompanied by ein own risks.<ref name=Gros2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW | title = Screening for Ovarian Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 319 | issue = 6 | pages = 588–594 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29450531 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2017.21926 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Those at very high risk fi get dema ovaries removed as a preventive measure.<ref name=NCI2014PrePt/> If dem catch den treat insyd an early stage, ovarian cancer often be curable.<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> Treatment usually dey include sam combination of surgery, [[radiation therapy]], den [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=NCI2014TxPt>{{cite web|title=Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Treatment |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarianepithelial/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=12 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705232951/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarianepithelial/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> Outcomes dey depend on de extent of de disease, de subtype of cancer present, den oda medical conditions.<ref name=WCR2014/><ref name=Gib2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gibson SJ, Fleming GF, Temkin SM, Chase DM | title = The Application and Outcome of Standard of Care Treatment in Elderly Women with Ovarian Cancer: A Literature Review over the Last 10 Years | journal = Frontiers in Oncology | volume = 6 | page = 63 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27047797 | pmc = 4805611 | doi = 10.3389/fonc.2016.00063 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De overall [[five-year survival rate]] insyd de [[United States]] be 52%.<ref name=SEER2026>{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Ovary Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/ovary.html|website=NCI|access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref> Outcomes be worse insyd de developing world.<ref name=WCR2014/> Insyd 2020, new cases occur insyd approximately 313,000 women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ovarian cancer statistics |publisher=World Cancer Research Fund International |url=https://www.wcrf.org/cancer-trends/ovarian-cancer-statistics/ |access-date=2 November 2022 }}</ref> Insyd 2019 e result in 13,445 deaths insyd de United States.<ref name="USCS Data Visualizations">{{cite web |title=USCS Data Visualizations |url=https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/USCS/DataViz.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=gis.cdc.gov |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125223636/https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/USCS/DataViz.html }}</ref> Death from ovarian cancer increase globally between 1990 den 2017 by 84.2%.<ref name="Zhou Z 2017. p 17">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhou Z, Wang X, Ren X, Zhou L, Wang N, Kang H |title=Disease Burden and Attributable Risk Factors of Ovarian Cancer From 1990 to 2017: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 |journal=Front Public Health |volume=9 |issue= |article-number=619581 |date=2021 |pmid=34604147 |pmc=8484795 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.619581 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ovarian cancer be de second-most common [[gynecologic cancer]] insyd de United States. E dey cause more deaths dan any oda cancer of de female reproductive system.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=Ovarian Cancer Statistics {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/ovarian/statistics/index.htm |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Among women, e dey rank fifth insyd cancer-related deaths.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ovarian Cancer Statistics {{!}} How Common is Ovarian Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/about/key-statistics.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=www.cancer.org }}</ref> De typical age of diagnosis be 63.<ref name=NCI2016Onset>{{cite web|title=What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?|url=http://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovariancancer/detailedguide/ovarian-cancer-risk-factors|website=www.cancer.org|access-date=18 May 2016|date=4 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517173135/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovariancancer/detailedguide/ovarian-cancer-risk-factors|archive-date=17 May 2016}}</ref> Death from ovarian cancer be more common insyd [[North America]] den [[Europe]] dan insyd [[Africa]] den [[Asia]].<ref name=WCR2014>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|at=Chapter 5.12|url=http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073553/http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> Insyd de United States, e be more common insyd White den Hispanic women dan Black anaa American Indian women.<ref name="USCS Data Visualizations"/> [[File:En.Video-Ovarian cancer.webm|thumb|upright=1.36|Video overview ([[mdwiki:video:Ovarian cancer|script]])]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite web|title=Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer - Patient Version|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/ovarian/hp|publisher=National Cancer Institute|access-date=30 March 2017}} * [http://www.mountsinai.org/patient-care/service-areas/obgyn-and-reproductive-services/areas-of-care/gynecologic-oncology/ovarian-cancer/infographic/ovariancancerinfo What is Ovarian Cancer Infographic, information on ovarian cancer] - [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ovarian Cancer}} [[Category:Gynaecological cancer]] [[Category:Ovarian cancer| ]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] [[Category:Women's health]] s2n3o7vap8ah5cw5u017fsnaszxn970 14 31449 116573 2026-11-09T09:45:54Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116573 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31450 116576 2026-11-09T09:58:29Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504290|Pethidine]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 116576 wikitext text/x-wiki == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lv7phf3xzu26ynuxyy396ffgo8ljw9w 116577 116576 2026-11-09T10:04:45Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pethidine''', dem sanso know as '''meperidine''' wey dem sell under de brand name '''Demerol''' among odas, be a fully synthetic [[opioid]] [[analgesic|pain medication]] of de [[phenylpiperidine]] class.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demerol, Pethidine (meperidine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=9 April 2014|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/demerol-meperidine-343315#showall}}</ref><ref name="NZ">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shipton E | date = March 2006 | title = Should New Zealand continue signing up to the Pethidine Protocol? | journal = The New Zealand Medical Journal | volume = 119 | issue = 1230 | page = U1875 | pmid = 16532042 | url = http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/119-1230/1875/content.pdf | archive-date = 2014-04-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211938/http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/119-1230/1875/content.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="crit">{{cite journal | vauthors = Latta KS, Ginsberg B, Barkin RL | title = Meperidine: a critical review | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–68 | date = January–February 2002 | pmid = 11782820 | doi = 10.1097/00045391-200201000-00010 | s2cid = 23410891 }}</ref><ref name="SHPA">{{cite journal |title=Strategy to Eliminate Pethidine Use in Hospitals |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages=88–89 |vauthors=MacPherson RD, Duguid MD |doi=10.1002/j.2055-2335.2008.tb00807.x |s2cid=71812645 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mather LE, Meffin PJ | title = Clinical pharmacokinetics of pethidine | journal = Clinical Pharmacokinetics | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 352–368 | date = September–October 1978 | pmid = 359212 | doi = 10.2165/00003088-197803050-00002 | s2cid = 35402662 }}</ref><ref name = AMH/> Dem synthesize insyd 1938<ref>US 2167351 Piperidine compounds and a process of preparing them</ref> as a potential [[anticholinergic]] agent by de German chemist Otto Eisleb,na ein analgesic properties first be recognized by Otto Schaumann while working give [[IG Farben]], insyd [[Germany]].<ref name="Michaelis">{{cite journal | vauthors = Michaelis M, Schölkens B, Rudolphi K | title = An anthology from Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology | journal = Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology | volume = 375 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–84 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17310263 | doi = 10.1007/s00210-007-0136-z | s2cid = 27774155 }}</ref> Pethidine be de prototype of a large family of analgesics wey dey include de pethidine 4-phenylpiperidines (e.g., [[piminodine]], [[anileridine]]), de prodines (e.g., [[alphaprodine]], [[MPPP]]), bemidones (e.g., [[ketobemidone]]), den odas more distant, wey dey include [[diphenoxylate]] den analogues.<ref name="Allied Drugs 1957, pp 273-319">{{cite book | vauthors = Reynolds AK, Randall LO | date = 1957 | title = Morphine and Allied Drugs | publisher = University of Toronto Press/Oxford University Press | pages = 273–319 | location = Toronto/London }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == hurr7zb0pwyn1kqu755q37fwmjvma0z 116578 116577 2026-11-09T10:07:06Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pethidine''', dem sanso know as '''meperidine''' wey dem sell under de brand name '''Demerol''' among odas, be a fully synthetic [[opioid]] [[analgesic|pain medication]] of de [[phenylpiperidine]] class.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demerol, Pethidine (meperidine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=9 April 2014|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/demerol-meperidine-343315#showall}}</ref><ref name="NZ">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shipton E | date = March 2006 | title = Should New Zealand continue signing up to the Pethidine Protocol? | journal = The New Zealand Medical Journal | volume = 119 | issue = 1230 | page = U1875 | pmid = 16532042 | url = http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/119-1230/1875/content.pdf | archive-date = 2014-04-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211938/http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/119-1230/1875/content.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="crit">{{cite journal | vauthors = Latta KS, Ginsberg B, Barkin RL | title = Meperidine: a critical review | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–68 | date = January–February 2002 | pmid = 11782820 | doi = 10.1097/00045391-200201000-00010 | s2cid = 23410891 }}</ref><ref name="SHPA">{{cite journal |title=Strategy to Eliminate Pethidine Use in Hospitals |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages=88–89 |vauthors=MacPherson RD, Duguid MD |doi=10.1002/j.2055-2335.2008.tb00807.x |s2cid=71812645 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mather LE, Meffin PJ | title = Clinical pharmacokinetics of pethidine | journal = Clinical Pharmacokinetics | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 352–368 | date = September–October 1978 | pmid = 359212 | doi = 10.2165/00003088-197803050-00002 | s2cid = 35402662 }}</ref><ref name = AMH/> Dem synthesize insyd 1938<ref>US 2167351 Piperidine compounds and a process of preparing them</ref> as a potential [[anticholinergic]] agent by de German chemist Otto Eisleb,na ein analgesic properties first be recognized by Otto Schaumann while working give [[IG Farben]], insyd [[Germany]].<ref name="Michaelis">{{cite journal | vauthors = Michaelis M, Schölkens B, Rudolphi K | title = An anthology from Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology | journal = Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology | volume = 375 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–84 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17310263 | doi = 10.1007/s00210-007-0136-z | s2cid = 27774155 }}</ref> Pethidine be de prototype of a large family of analgesics wey dey include de pethidine 4-phenylpiperidines (e.g., [[piminodine]], [[anileridine]]), de prodines (e.g., [[alphaprodine]], [[MPPP]]), bemidones (e.g., [[ketobemidone]]), den odas more distant, wey dey include [[diphenoxylate]] den analogues.<ref name="Allied Drugs 1957, pp 273-319">{{cite book | vauthors = Reynolds AK, Randall LO | date = 1957 | title = Morphine and Allied Drugs | publisher = University of Toronto Press/Oxford University Press | pages = 273–319 | location = Toronto/London }}</ref> Pethidine be indicated for de treatment of moderate to severe pain, wey e be delivered as a [[hydrochloride]] salt insyd tablets, as a syrup, anaa by [[intramuscular]], [[Subcutaneous injection|subcutaneous]], anaa [[intravenous injection]]. For much of de 20th century, na pethidine be de opioid of choice give chaw physicians; insyd 1975, 60% of doctors prescribe am give acute pain den 22% give chronic severe pain.<ref name="Kaiko">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaiko RF, Foley KM, Grabinski PY, Heidrich G, Rogers AG, Inturrisi CE, Reidenberg MM | title = Central nervous system excitatory effects of meperidine in cancer patients | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 180–185 | date = February 1983 | pmid = 6187275 | doi = 10.1002/ana.410130213 | s2cid = 44353966 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 63qmshuzyhrh6mosjtxm32slwpznh5n 116579 116578 2026-11-09T10:11:24Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pethidine''', dem sanso know as '''meperidine''' wey dem sell under de brand name '''Demerol''' among odas, be a fully synthetic [[opioid]] [[analgesic|pain medication]] of de [[phenylpiperidine]] class.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demerol, Pethidine (meperidine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=9 April 2014|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/demerol-meperidine-343315#showall}}</ref><ref name="NZ">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shipton E | date = March 2006 | title = Should New Zealand continue signing up to the Pethidine Protocol? | journal = The New Zealand Medical Journal | volume = 119 | issue = 1230 | page = U1875 | pmid = 16532042 | url = http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/119-1230/1875/content.pdf | archive-date = 2014-04-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211938/http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/119-1230/1875/content.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="crit">{{cite journal | vauthors = Latta KS, Ginsberg B, Barkin RL | title = Meperidine: a critical review | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–68 | date = January–February 2002 | pmid = 11782820 | doi = 10.1097/00045391-200201000-00010 | s2cid = 23410891 }}</ref><ref name="SHPA">{{cite journal |title=Strategy to Eliminate Pethidine Use in Hospitals |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages=88–89 |vauthors=MacPherson RD, Duguid MD |doi=10.1002/j.2055-2335.2008.tb00807.x |s2cid=71812645 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mather LE, Meffin PJ | title = Clinical pharmacokinetics of pethidine | journal = Clinical Pharmacokinetics | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 352–368 | date = September–October 1978 | pmid = 359212 | doi = 10.2165/00003088-197803050-00002 | s2cid = 35402662 }}</ref><ref name="AMH2">{{cite book |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |publisher=The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-9805790-9-3 |veditors=Rossi S |edition=2013 |place=Adelaide}}</ref> Dem synthesize insyd 1938<ref>US 2167351 Piperidine compounds and a process of preparing them</ref> as a potential [[anticholinergic]] agent by de German chemist Otto Eisleb,na ein analgesic properties first be recognized by Otto Schaumann while working give [[IG Farben]], insyd [[Germany]].<ref name="Michaelis">{{cite journal | vauthors = Michaelis M, Schölkens B, Rudolphi K | title = An anthology from Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology | journal = Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology | volume = 375 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–84 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17310263 | doi = 10.1007/s00210-007-0136-z | s2cid = 27774155 }}</ref> Pethidine be de prototype of a large family of analgesics wey dey include de pethidine 4-phenylpiperidines (e.g., [[piminodine]], [[anileridine]]), de prodines (e.g., [[alphaprodine]], [[MPPP]]), bemidones (e.g., [[ketobemidone]]), den odas more distant, wey dey include [[diphenoxylate]] den analogues.<ref name="Allied Drugs 1957, pp 273-319">{{cite book | vauthors = Reynolds AK, Randall LO | date = 1957 | title = Morphine and Allied Drugs | publisher = University of Toronto Press/Oxford University Press | pages = 273–319 | location = Toronto/London }}</ref> Pethidine be indicated for de treatment of moderate to severe pain, wey e be delivered as a [[hydrochloride]] salt insyd tablets, as a syrup, anaa by [[intramuscular]], [[Subcutaneous injection|subcutaneous]], anaa [[intravenous injection]]. For much of de 20th century, na pethidine be de opioid of choice give chaw physicians; insyd 1975, 60% of doctors prescribe am give acute pain den 22% give chronic severe pain.<ref name="Kaiko">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaiko RF, Foley KM, Grabinski PY, Heidrich G, Rogers AG, Inturrisi CE, Reidenberg MM | title = Central nervous system excitatory effects of meperidine in cancer patients | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 180–185 | date = February 1983 | pmid = 6187275 | doi = 10.1002/ana.410130213 | s2cid = 44353966 }}</ref> Na e be patented insyd 1937 wey dem approve for medical use insyd 1943.<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR | date = 2006 | title = Analogue-based Drug Discovery | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | page = 52X | isbn = 978-3-527-60749-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA52X }}</ref> Compared plus [[morphine]], na pethidine be considered to be safer, carry a lower risk of addiction, den to be superior in treating de pain associated plus [[Gallstone|biliary spasm]] anaa [[renal colic]] secof ein assumed [[anticholinergic]] effects.<ref name = crit/> Na dese later be discovered to be inaccurate assumptions, as e dey carry an equal risk of addiction den dey possess no advantageous effects on biliary spasm anaa renal colic dem compare to oda opioids. Secof de [[neurotoxicity]] of ein metabolite, [[norpethidine]], e be more toxic dan oda opioids—especially during long-term use.<ref name = crit/> Na dem find de norpethidine metabolite e get [[Serotonin|serotonergic]] effects, so pethidine fi, unlike chaw opioids, increase de risk of triggering [[serotonin syndrome]].<ref name = crit/><ref name = SHPA/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] cy6p0e1eaury995vsekbi04bpro8xs8 116581 116579 2026-11-09T10:16:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 116581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pethidine''', dem sanso know as '''meperidine''' wey dem sell under de brand name '''Demerol''' among odas, be a fully synthetic [[opioid]] [[analgesic|pain medication]] of de [[phenylpiperidine]] class.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demerol, Pethidine (meperidine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=9 April 2014|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/demerol-meperidine-343315#showall}}</ref><ref name="NZ">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shipton E | date = March 2006 | title = Should New Zealand continue signing up to the Pethidine Protocol? | journal = The New Zealand Medical Journal | volume = 119 | issue = 1230 | page = U1875 | pmid = 16532042 | url = http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/119-1230/1875/content.pdf | archive-date = 2014-04-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211938/http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/119-1230/1875/content.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="crit">{{cite journal | vauthors = Latta KS, Ginsberg B, Barkin RL | title = Meperidine: a critical review | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–68 | date = January–February 2002 | pmid = 11782820 | doi = 10.1097/00045391-200201000-00010 | s2cid = 23410891 }}</ref><ref name="SHPA">{{cite journal |title=Strategy to Eliminate Pethidine Use in Hospitals |journal=Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages=88–89 |vauthors=MacPherson RD, Duguid MD |doi=10.1002/j.2055-2335.2008.tb00807.x |s2cid=71812645 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mather LE, Meffin PJ | title = Clinical pharmacokinetics of pethidine | journal = Clinical Pharmacokinetics | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 352–368 | date = September–October 1978 | pmid = 359212 | doi = 10.2165/00003088-197803050-00002 | s2cid = 35402662 }}</ref><ref name="AMH2">{{cite book |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |publisher=The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-9805790-9-3 |veditors=Rossi S |edition=2013 |place=Adelaide}}</ref> Dem synthesize insyd 1938<ref>US 2167351 Piperidine compounds and a process of preparing them</ref> as a potential [[anticholinergic]] agent by de German chemist Otto Eisleb,na ein analgesic properties first be recognized by Otto Schaumann while working give [[IG Farben]], insyd [[Germany]].<ref name="Michaelis">{{cite journal | vauthors = Michaelis M, Schölkens B, Rudolphi K | title = An anthology from Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology | journal = Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology | volume = 375 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–84 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17310263 | doi = 10.1007/s00210-007-0136-z | s2cid = 27774155 }}</ref> Pethidine be de prototype of a large family of analgesics wey dey include de pethidine 4-phenylpiperidines (e.g., [[piminodine]], [[anileridine]]), de prodines (e.g., [[alphaprodine]], [[MPPP]]), bemidones (e.g., [[ketobemidone]]), den odas more distant, wey dey include [[diphenoxylate]] den analogues.<ref name="Allied Drugs 1957, pp 273-319">{{cite book | vauthors = Reynolds AK, Randall LO | date = 1957 | title = Morphine and Allied Drugs | publisher = University of Toronto Press/Oxford University Press | pages = 273–319 | location = Toronto/London }}</ref> Pethidine be indicated for de treatment of moderate to severe pain, wey e be delivered as a [[hydrochloride]] salt insyd tablets, as a syrup, anaa by [[intramuscular]], [[Subcutaneous injection|subcutaneous]], anaa [[intravenous injection]]. For much of de 20th century, na pethidine be de opioid of choice give chaw physicians; insyd 1975, 60% of doctors prescribe am give acute pain den 22% give chronic severe pain.<ref name="Kaiko">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaiko RF, Foley KM, Grabinski PY, Heidrich G, Rogers AG, Inturrisi CE, Reidenberg MM | title = Central nervous system excitatory effects of meperidine in cancer patients | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 180–185 | date = February 1983 | pmid = 6187275 | doi = 10.1002/ana.410130213 | s2cid = 44353966 }}</ref> Na e be patented insyd 1937 wey dem approve for medical use insyd 1943.<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR | date = 2006 | title = Analogue-based Drug Discovery | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | page = 52X | isbn = 978-3-527-60749-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA52X }}</ref> Compared plus [[morphine]], na pethidine be considered to be safer, carry a lower risk of addiction, den to be superior in treating de pain associated plus [[Gallstone|biliary spasm]] anaa [[renal colic]] secof ein assumed [[anticholinergic]] effects.<ref name = crit/> Na dese later be discovered to be inaccurate assumptions, as e dey carry an equal risk of addiction den dey possess no advantageous effects on biliary spasm anaa renal colic dem compare to oda opioids. Secof de [[neurotoxicity]] of ein metabolite, [[norpethidine]], e be more toxic dan oda opioids—especially during long-term use.<ref name = crit/> Na dem find de norpethidine metabolite e get [[Serotonin|serotonergic]] effects, so pethidine fi, unlike chaw opioids, increase de risk of triggering [[serotonin syndrome]].<ref name = crit/><ref name = SHPA/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Analgesics}} [[Category:Analgesics]] [[Category:Convulsants]] [[Category:Ethyl esters]] [[Category:Euphoriants]] [[Category:Glycine receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Kappa-opioid receptor agonists]] [[Category:Local anesthetics]] [[Category:Mu-opioid receptor agonists]] [[Category:Muscarinic antagonists]] [[Category:NMDA receptor antagonists]] [[Category:4-Phenylpiperidines]] [[Category:Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors]] [[Category:Sodium channel blockers]] [[Category:Synthetic opioids]] [[Category:German inventions of de Nazi period]] [[Category:1938 insyd science]] [[Category:1938 insyd Germany]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4kxqcj1k23gcev5duegf8538o41i6hr 10 31451 116580 2026-11-09T10:15:27Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 116580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:navbox|navbox | name = Analgesics | title = [[Analgesic]]s ([[ATC code N02#N02A|N02A]], [[ATC code N02#N02B|N02B]]) | listclass = hlist | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | group1 = [[Opioid]]s | list1 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child | group1 = [[Opiate]]s/[[opium]] | list1 = * [[Codeine]]^# ** [[Codeine/aspirin|+aspirin]] ** [[Codeine/paracetamol|+paracetamol]] * [[Morphine]]^# ([[morphine/naltrexone|+naltrexone]]) * [[Opium]] * [[Laudanum]] * [[Paregoric]] | group2 = [[Opioid#Semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids|Semisynthetic]] | list2 = * [[Acetyldihydrocodeine]] * [[Benzylmorphine]] * [[Buprenorphine]]{{nbsp}}([[buprenorphine/naloxone|+naloxone]]) * [[Butorphanol]] * [[Desomorphine]] * [[Dihydrocodeine]]{{nbsp}}([[co-dydramol|+paracetamol]]) * [[Dihydromorphine]] * [[Etorphine]] * [[Ethylmorphine]] * [[Hydrocodone]]{{nbsp}}([[hydrocodone/paracetamol|+paracetamol]], [[hydrocodone/ibuprofen|+ibuprofen]], [[hydrocodone/aspirin|+aspirin]]) * [[Hydromorphinol]] * [[Hydromorphone]] * [[Levorphanol]] * [[Metopon]] * [[Nalbuphine]] * [[Nicocodeine]] * [[Nicodicodine]] * [[Nicomorphine]] * [[Oxycodone]]{{nbsp}}([[oxycodone/paracetamol|+paracetamol]], [[oxycodone/aspirin|+aspirin]], [[oxycodone/ibuprofen|+ibuprofen]], [[oxycodone/naloxone|+naloxone]], [[oxycodone/naltrexone|+naltrexone]]) * [[Oxymorphone]] * [[Papaveretum]] * [[Thebacon]] | group3 = [[Opioid#Semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids|Synthetic]] | list3 = * [[Alfentanil]] * [[Prodine|Alphaprodine]] * [[Anileridine]] * [[Bezitramide]] * [[Carfentanil]] * [[Dextromoramide]] * [[Dextropropoxyphene]] * [[Dezocine]] * [[Dimenoxadol]] * [[Dipipanone]] * [[Ethoheptazine]] * [[Fentanyl]]^# ([[fentanyl/fluanisone|+fluanisone]]) * [[Ketobemidone]] * [[Lofentanil]] * [[Meptazinol]] * [[Methadone]]^# * [[NFEPP]] * [[Norpipanone]] * [[Oliceridine]] * [[Pentazocine]] * [[Pethidine|Pethidine (meperidine)]] * [[Phenadoxone]] * [[Phenazocine]] * [[Phenoperidine]] * [[Piminodine]] * [[Piritramide]] * [[Proheptazine]] * [[Propiram]] * [[Remifentanil]] * [[Sufentanil]] * [[Tapentadol]] * [[Tegileridine]] * [[Tilidine]] * [[Tramadol]]{{nbsp}}([[Celecoxib/tramadol|+celecoxib]], [[Tramadol/paracetamol|+paracetamol]]) * [[Viminol]] }} | group2 = [[Paracetamol]]-type | list2 = * [[Acetanilide]]^‡ * [[Bucetin]]^‡ * [[Butacetin]]^‡ * [[Paracetamol|Paracetamol (acetaminophen)]]^# ** [[Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine|+aspirin/caffeine]] ** [[Butalbital/paracetamol|+butalbital]] ** [[Codeine/paracetamol|+codeine]] ** [[Hydrocodone/paracetamol|+hydrocodone]] ** [[Ibuprofen/paracetamol|+ibuprofen]] ** [[Paracetamol/metoclopramide|+metoclopramide]] ** [[Paracetamol/naproxen|+naproxen]] ** [[Oxycodone/paracetamol|+oxycodone]] ** [[Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine|+propyphenazone/caffeine]] ** [[Tramadol/paracetamol|+tramadol]] * [[Parapropamol]]^‡ * [[Phenacetin]]^‡ * [[Propacetamol]]^‡ | group3 = [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]] | list3 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child | group1 = [[Propionates]] | list1 = * [[Benoxaprofen]] ^‡ * [[Fenoprofen]] * [[Flurbiprofen]] * [[Ibuprofen]]^#{{nbsp}}([[Dexibuprofen]]){{nbsp}}([[Ibuprofen/paracetamol|+paracetamol]]) * [[Ketoprofen]]{{nbsp}}([[Dexketoprofen]]) * [[Loxoprofen]] * [[Naproxen]] ([[Paracetamol/naproxen|+paracetamol]]) * [[Oxaprozin]] * [[Suprofen]] * [[Tiaprofenic acid]] * [[Zaltoprofen]] | group2 = [[Oxicams]] | list2 = * [[Isoxicam]] * [[Lornoxicam]] * [[Meloxicam]] * [[Piroxicam]] * [[Tenoxicam]] | group3 = [[Acetates]] | list3 = * [[Acemetacin]] * [[Bromfenac]] * [[Diclofenac]] * [[Etodolac]] * [[Indometacin]]{{nbsp}}([[Indometacin farnesil]]) * [[Ketorolac]] * [[Sulindac]] * [[Tolmetin]] * [[Zomepirac]] ^‡ | group4 = [[COX-2 inhibitor]]s | list4 = * [[Celecoxib]]{{nbsp}}([[Celecoxib/tramadol|+tramadol]]) * [[Etoricoxib]] * [[Lumiracoxib]] ^‡ * [[Parecoxib]] * [[Rofecoxib]] ^‡ * [[Valdecoxib]] ^‡ | group5 = [[Fenamic acid|Fenamate]]s | list5 = * [[Flufenamic acid]] * [[Meclofenamic acid]] * [[Mefenamic acid]] * [[Tolfenamic acid]] | group6 = [[Salicylic acid|Salicylates]] | list6 = * [[Aspirin|Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)]]^# ([[aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine|+paracetamol/caffeine]]) * [[Aloxiprin]] * [[Benorilate|Benorylate]] * [[Carbasalate calcium]] * [[Choline salicylate]] * [[Diflunisal]] * [[Dipyrocetyl]] * [[Ethenzamide]] * [[Guacetisal]] * [[Imidazole salicylate]] * [[Magnesium salicylate]] * [[Morpholine salicylate]] * [[Potassium salicylate]] * [[Salicin]] * [[Salicylamide]] * [[Salsalate]] * [[Sodium salicylate]] * [[Wintergreen]]{{nbsp}}([[methyl salicylate]]) | group7 = [[Pyrazolone]]s | list7 = * [[Aminophenazone]]^‡ * [[Ampyrone]] * [[Metamizole|Metamizole (dipyrone)]] * [[Nifenazone]] * [[Phenazone]] * [[Propyphenazone]]{{nbsp}}([[Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine|+paracetamol/caffeine]]) | group8 = Others | list8 = * [[Benzydamine]] * [[Floctafenine]] * [[Glafenine]] * [[Nabumetone]] * [[Nimesulide]] * [[Proquazone]] }} | group4 = [[Cannabinoid]]s | list4 = * [[Cannabidiol]] * [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] * [[Nabilone]] * [[Nabiximols]] * [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)]] | group5 = [[Channel modulator|Ion channel<br />modulator]]s | list5 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child | group1 = [[Calcium channel blocker|Calcium blockers]] | list1 = * [[Alcohol (drug)|Alcohol (ethanol)]] * [[Gabapentin]] * [[Gabapentin enacarbil]] * [[Leconotide]] * [[Mirogabalin]] * [[Pregabalin]] * [[Ziconotide]] | group2 = [[Sodium channel blocker|Sodium blockers]] | list2 = * [[Carbamazepine]] * [[Lacosamide]] * [[Local anesthetic]]s (e.g., [[cocaine]], [[lidocaine]]) * [[Mexiletine]] * [[Nefopam]] * [[Tricyclic antidepressant]]s (e.g., [[amitriptyline]]^#) * ''Na_v1.7/1.8-selective:'' [[DSP-2230]]^§ * [[Funapide]]^§ * [[PF-05089771]]^§ * [[Suzetrigine]] | group3 = [[Potassium channel opener|Potassium openers]] | list3 = * [[Flupirtine]]^‡ }} | group6 = [[Muscle relaxant|Myorelaxant]]s | list6 = * [[Carisoprodol]] * [[Chlorzoxazone]] * [[Cyclobenzaprine]] * [[Mephenoxalone]] * [[Methocarbamol]] * [[Orphenadrine]] | group7 = Others | list7 = * [[Analgecine]] * [[Analgesic adjuvant]] * [[Bedinvetmab]] * [[Camphor]] * [[Capsaicin]] * [[Clonidine]] * [[Frunevetmab]] * [[Hydrocotarnine]] * [[Izenivetmab]] * [[Ketamine]] * [[Menthol]] * [[Methoxyflurane]] * [[Phenazopyridine]] * [[Proglumide]] * [[Relfovetmab]] * [[Rimazolium]] * [[Tanezumab]] | list8 = {{PharmNavFootnote}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> eoelh9cop5ffb8exc9mjduslxv50uef 14 31452 116582 2026-11-09T10:16:40Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116582 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31453 116583 2026-11-09T10:16:51Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 116583 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1