વિકિપીડિયા guwiki https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A0 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter દ્રશ્ય-શ્રાવ્ય (મિડિયા) વિશેષ ચર્ચા સભ્ય સભ્યની ચર્ચા વિકિપીડિયા વિકિપીડિયા ચર્ચા ચિત્ર ચિત્રની ચર્ચા મીડિયાવિકિ મીડિયાવિકિ ચર્ચા ઢાંચો ઢાંચાની ચર્ચા મદદ મદદની ચર્ચા શ્રેણી શ્રેણીની ચર્ચા TimedText TimedText talk વિભાગ વિભાગ ચર્ચા Event Event talk 0 2192 902254 894187 2026-07-10T07:59:38Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox museum | name = સાબરમતી આશ્રમ | former_name = ગાંધી મેમોરિયલ મ્યુઝિયમ, ગાંધી સ્મારક સંગ્રહાલય | image = Gandhi_Ashram_04.jpg | caption = સાબરમતી આશ્રમ, અમદાવાદ | pushpin_map = India Gujarat | map_caption = સાબરમતી આશ્રમનું ગુજરાતમાં સ્થાન | coordinates = {{coord|23|03|36|N|72|34|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline}} | mapframe = yes | type = સ્મારક સંગ્રહાલય | founder = [[મહાત્મા ગાંધી]] | location = [[સાબરમતી]], [[અમદાવાદ]], [[ગુજરાત]], [[ભારત]] | established = ૨૫ મે ૧૯૧૫ ‍(આશ્રમ‌), ૧૦ મે ૧૯૬૩ (સ્મારક સંગ્રહાલય) | architect = ચાર્લ્સ કોરિયા | website = {{URL|http://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org}} }} [[ચિત્ર:Sabarmati Ashram.jpg|thumb|right|300px| સાબરમતી આશ્રમ, અમદાવાદ]] '''સાબરમતી આશ્રમ''' (કે જે હરિજન આશ્રમ, ગાંધી આશ્રમ કે સત્યાગ્રહ આશ્રમ તરીકે પણ ઓળખાય છે) [[ભારત]] દેશના પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં આવેલા [[ગુજરાત|ગુજરાત રાજ્ય]]ના [[અમદાવાદ જિલ્લો|અમદાવાદ જિલ્લા]]ના વહીવટી મથક અમદાવાદ શહેરમાં [[સાબરમતી નદી]]ના કિનારે આવેલ છે. અંગ્રેજો સામેના [[સત્યાગ્રહ]] ની છાવણી તરીકે જાણીતા આ આશ્રમની સ્થાપના ઇ.સ. ૧૯૧૫ના વર્ષમાં અમદાવાદ શહેરના પાલડી વિસ્તારમાં આવેલા કોચરબ આશ્રમ ખાતે [[મહાત્મા ગાંધીજી]]એ કરી હતી. ગાંધી આશ્રમ એ ગાંધીજીનું આઝાદી પહેલાનું રહેઠાણ હતું. અહીંથી તેમણે આઝાદીની ચળવળની શરૂઆત કરી હતી. ગાંધીજી સાંજના સમયે સાબરમતીને કિનારે બેસીને પ્રાર્થના કરતાં હતાં. મીઠાના સત્યાગ્રહ માટે ગાંધીજીએ ગાંધી આશ્રમથી [[દાંડી સત્યાગ્રહ|દાંડી કૂચ]]ની શરૂઆત કરી હતી. આ આશ્રમ હરીજન આશ્રમ તરીકે પણ જાણીતો છે. આજે પણ ગાંધી આશ્રમની ગરીમા જળવાયેલી રહી છે અને અનેક વિદેશીઓ આશ્રમની મુલકાત લે છે. અહી ગાંધીજીની જૂની વસ્તુઓ પણ મુકવામાં આવેલી છે. == સંગ્રહાલયની વિશેષતા == * ‘મારું જીવન એ જ મારો સંદેશ’ ગેલેરી, જેમાં ગાંધીજીના જીવનમાં ઘટેલી ઐતિહાસિક ઘટનાઓને તાદૃશ કરતી 8 ભવ્ય કદની પેઈન્ટિંગ્સ અને ૨૫૦ કરતાં પણ વધારે તસવીરો સામેલ છે.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/en/the-museum-falang/my-life-is-my-message-gallery.html|title=My Life is My Message Gallery|last=|first=|date=|website=www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org|publisher=|language=en-gb|access-date=૧૬ ઓગસ્ટ ૨૦૧૭}}</ref> * ‘અમદાવાદમાં ગાંધી’ ગેલેરીમાં ગાંધીજીનું ઈ.સ. ૧૯૧૫-૧૯૩૦ સુધીનું અમદાવાદમાં જીવન દર્શાવાયું છે. * ભવ્યકદની ઓઈલ પેઈન્ટિંગ ગેલેરી * પ્રદર્શનમાં ગાંધીજીના અવતરણો, પત્રો અને અન્ય અવશેષો બતાવવામાં આવે છે. * વાંચનખંડ સાથે હિન્દી, ગુજરાતી અને અંગ્રેજી ભાષામાં ગાંધીજીના જીવન, કામ, ઉપદેશો, ભારતીય સ્વતંત્ર્તા ચળવળ અને તેને સંબંધિત વિષયો પર આશરે ૩૫ હજાર જેટલા પુસ્તકો અને ૮૦ જેટલા સામાયિકો ધરાવતું પુસ્તકાલય. * આર્કાઈવ્સ(સંગ્રહ)માં ગાંધીજીએ લખેલા અને તેમને મળેલા આશરે ૩૪,૧૧૭ પત્રો મૂળ અને ફોટોકોપી, હરિજન, હરિજનસેવક અને હરિજનબંધુમાં પ્રકાશિત થયેલા આશરે ૮૭૮૧ જેટલા ગાધીજીએ લખેલા લેખોની હસ્તપ્રતો, અને આશરે 6 હજાર જેચલા ગાંધીજી અને તેમના સાથીઓના ફોટાઓ સામેલ છે. * આશ્રમનું મહત્ત્વનું સીમાચિહ્ન ગાંધીજીની કુટિર ‘હૃદયકુંજ’ જેમાં ગાંધીજીના અંગત અવશેષો દર્શાવવામાં આવ્યા છે. * આશ્રમ પુસ્તક ભંડાર, બિન નફાકારકતાના દરે ગાંધીજી અને તેમના જીવનકાર્યને લગતું સાહિત્ય અને સંસ્મરણીય વેચે છે જે સ્થાનિક કારીગરોને મદદરૂપ બને છે. == આશ્રમની પ્રવૃત્તિઓ == [[ચિત્ર:Charkha kept at Gandhi Ashram.jpg|thumb|ચરખો]] * સાબરમતી આશ્રમમાં દર વર્ષે ૭ લાખ જેટલા મુલાકાતીઓ આવે છે. જેમની જરૂરતોનું ધ્યાન રાખવામાં આવે છે. આશ્રમ આખું વર્ષ મુલાકાતીઓ માટે સવારના ૮ વાગ્યાથી સાંજના ૭ વાગ્યા સુધી ખુલ્લું રાખવામાં આવે છે. * આર્કાઈવ્ઝ સામગ્રી જેવી કે લખાણો, ફોટાઓ, પેઈન્ટિંગ્સ, વોઈસ-રેકોર્ડઝ, ફિલ્મસ અને વ્યક્તિગત અસરોને ભેગી કરવી, પ્રક્રિયા કરવી, સાચવવી અને તેને પ્રદર્શિત કરવી. * ગાંધીજી દ્વારા ખાદી બનાવવામાં માટે વાપરવામાં આવેલો [[ચરખો]] અને તેમનું ટેબલ જેના પર તેઓ પત્રો લખતા હતા, તે અમૂલ્ય વસ્તુઓનું ધ્યાન રાખવામાં આવે છે. * માઈક્રોફિલ્મિંગ, લેમિનેશન અને ફોટાના નેગેટિવ્સની સાચવણી. * ગાંધીજી<nowiki/>ના જીવન, સાહિત્ય અને પ્રવૃત્તિઓના જુદા જુદા ભાગોના પ્રદર્શનની ગોઠવણી. * ‘મહાદેવભાની ડાયરી’નું પ્રકાશન જે ભારતીય સ્વાતંત્ર્ય સંઘર્ષના ઈતિહાસનું વર્ણન કરે છે. * આશ્રમ ટ્રસ્ટ મુલાકાતીઓ અને સમુદાયો માટે શિક્ષણ અને સંગ્રહાલય અને તેની આસપાસના મેદાનો તેમજ ઈમારતોની નિયમિતપણે જાળવણી જેવી પ્રવૃત્તિ માટે ભંડોળ પૂરુ પાડે છે. * ગાંધીજીના વિચારો પર અભ્યાસ કરવો અને તેના પર થતા સંશોધનમાં મદદરૂપ થવું. જેમને મદદ કરવામાં આવી છે તેમના સંપર્કમાં રહેવું. સાહિત્ય સાથે અભ્યાસ અને સંશોધનના પરિણામને લોકોના ફાયદા માટે પ્રકાશિત કરવું. * ગાંધીજીના જીવન સાથે સંકળાયેલા પ્રસંગોનું પાલન કરવું. * યુવાનો અને વિદ્યાર્થીગણ સાથે સંપર્ક સાધી રાખવો અને તેમને ગાંધીજીના વિચારો પર અભ્યાસ કરવા માટેની સુવિધા પૂરી પાડવી. == છબીઓ == <gallery> ચિત્ર:Sabarmati Ashram Ahmedabad.jpg|સાબરમતી આશ્રમ, ૧૯૪૮ ચિત્ર:Statue of Gandhi at Sabarmati Ashram.jpg|આશ્રમમાં મહાત્મા ગાંધીનું પૂતળું ચિત્ર:Sabarmati-Ashram-11.jpg|મહાત્મા ગાંધીના ઘરની પાછળની બાજુ ચિત્ર:Sabarmati-Ashram-1.jpg|ગાંધી સંગ્રહાલય ચિત્ર:Sabarmati-Ashram-3.jpg|ગાંધી સંગ્રહાલય - બહારનું દૃશ્ય ચિત્ર:Mg-ashram99.jpeg|મહાત્મા ગાંધીના ઘરનું આગળનું દૃશ્ય ચિત્ર:Warli-art-1.jpg|સાબરમતી આશ્રમમાં [[વારલી ચિત્રકળા|વારલી કલા]] ચિત્ર:Warli-art-2.jpg|સાબરમતી આશ્રમમાં વારલી કલા ચિત્ર:God is Truth.jpg|ઇશ્વર સત્ય છે, આશરે ૧૯૨૭ ચિત્ર:Beautiful View from the door at Gandhi Ashram.jpg|ગાંધીજીના ઘરના દરવાજાથી સુંદર દૃશ્ય ચિત્ર:Sabarmati Ashram on the shore of Sabamati river.jpg|સાબરમતી નદીના કાંઠે વિનોબા કુટીર ચિત્ર:Gandhiji's Charkha and table.jpg|ગાંધીજીનો ચરખો અને ટેબલ ચિત્ર:Gandhiji's Chappal and Spectacles.jpg|ગાંધીજીના ચપ્પલ અને ચશ્મા ચિત્ર:Enlarged replika of Mahatma Gandhi's signature in different languages.jpg|વિવિધ ભાષાઓમાં મહાત્મા ગાંધીજીની સહી ચિત્ર:The stone writings in front of Maganlaal Gandhi's kutira at sabaramati ashram , Ahamadaabad.jpg|અમદાવાદના સાબરમતી આશ્રમમાં મગનલાલ ગાંધીની કુટીર હ્રદય કુંજ સામે પથ્થરનાં લખાણો ચિત્ર:Artifacts used by Mahatma Gandhi and Kasturabaa Gandhi at Sabarmati Ashram , Ahamadaabad.jpg|સાબરમતી આશ્રમમાં મહાત્મા ગાંધી અને કસ્તુરબા ગાંધી દ્વારા ઉપયોગમાં લેવાતી વસ્તુઓ </gallery> == સંદર્ભ == {{Reflist}} == બાહ્ય કડીઓ == * [https://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/en/ ગાંધી આશ્રમની સત્તાવાર વેબસાઇટ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602093811/https://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/en/ |date=2024-06-02 }} * [https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/bookdetail/Nw==#page/1/mode/2up મહાત્મા ગાંધી દ્વારા સત્યાગ્રહ આશ્રમનો ઇતિહાસ] {{મહાત્મા ગાંધી}} {{અમદાવાદ શહેર}} {{અમદાવાદ સ્ટબ}} [[શ્રેણી:ગુજરાત]] [[શ્રેણી:અમદાવાદ]] [[શ્રેણી:અમદાવાદનાં જોવાલાયક સ્થળો]] gqgx18uhuytj3qh07ka7yxw1fopi8k9 0 4208 902253 881110 2026-07-10T07:57:32Z ~2026-39016-60 88120 /* જોવાલાયક સ્થળો */ 902253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction | native_name = બોટાદ | type = નગર | latd = 22.175448 | longd = 71.663307| locator_position = right | state_name = ગુજરાત | state_name2 = | district = બોટાદ | leader_title = | leader_name = | altitude = | population_as_of = ૨૦૧૧ | population_total = ૧,૩૦,૩૦૨ | sex_ratio = ૯૨૨ | literacy = ૮૩.૨૧ | population_density = | area_magnitude = sq. km | area_total = | area_telephone = ૦૨૮૪૯ | postal_code = ૩૬૪૭૧૦| vehicle_code_range = જીજે-33 | unlocode = | website = | footnotes = | સ્થિતિ = યોગ્ય }} '''બોટાદ''' [[ભારત]] દેશના પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં આવેલા [[ગુજરાત|ગુજરાત રાજ્ય]]ના [[સૌરાષ્ટ્ર]] વિસ્તારમાં આવેલા જિલ્લાઓ પૈકીનો એક મહત્વના [[બોટાદ જિલ્લો|બોટાદ જિલ્લા]]માં આવેલું નગર છે, જે આ જિલ્લાનું વહીવટી મુખ્ય મથક અને [[બોટાદ તાલુકો|બોટાદ તાલુકા]]નું વડું મથક પણ છે. == ઇતિહાસ == બોટાદની સ્થાપના કોંઢના [[ઝાલા]] ક્ષત્રિયોએ કરી હતી, જેઓ [[હળવદ]]-[[ધ્રાંગધ્રા રજવાડું|ધ્રાગંધ્રા]]ના ભાયાત હતા.<ref name="bg" /> == વસ્તી == ઇ.સ. ૧૮૭૨માં બોટાદની વસ્તી ૭,૪૫૦ અને ઇ.સ. ૧૮૮૧માં વધીને ૭,૭૫૫ થઇ હતી.<ref name="bg">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar (Public Domain text)|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|year=૧૮૮૪|volume=VIII|pages=૪૦૨}}</ref> ૨૦૧૧ની વસ્તી ગણતરી પ્રમાણે બોટાદ શહેરની વસ્તી ૧,૩૦,૩૦૨ હતી. જેમાં ૬૭,૭૭૮ પુરુષો અને ૬૨,૫૨૪ સ્ત્રીઓનો સમાવેશ થતો હતો. બોટાદનો સાક્ષરતા દર ૮૩.૨૧% હતો. લિંગ પ્રમાણ ૧૦૦૦ પુરુષોએ ૯૨૨ સ્ત્રીઓનું હતું.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nikunj|first=Rojesara|title=Botad According To Census-2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/334-botad.html|publisher=Census2011|access-date=૨૮ નવેમ્બર ૨૦૧૨}}</ref> == જોવાલાયક સ્થળો ==<!-- માત્ર બોટાદમાં હોય તેવા જ સ્થળો ઉમેરવા. --> # [[કૃષ્ણસાગર તળાવ]] # અંબાજી મંદિર, બોટાદ (ગામ દેવી) # saree kuldevkruupa sadi # shihorisodashop # મોક્ષ મંદિર # સ્વામિનારાયણ મંદિર, બોટાદ == વાહન વ્યવહાર == બોટાદ શહેર અમદાવાદ, મુંબઈ, સુરત, વડોદરા, ભાવનગર, રાજકોટ અને સુરેન્દ્રનગર સાથે રેલ્વે અને માર્ગ વડે જોડાયેલું છે. બોટાદ જંકશન રેલ્વે સ્ટેશનથી પુણે, હૈદરાબાદ, કાકીનાડા, આસનસોલ, દિલ્હી સરાઇ રોહિલ્લા અને કોચુવેલી જવા માટે સીધી ટ્રેન મળે છે.<ref name="Reeten mandaliya">{{cite web|last=Mandaliya|first=Reeten|title=Railway Junction Timing|url=http://www.cleartrip.com/trains/stations/BTD|publisher=Reeten Mandaliya}}</ref> == જાણીતા વ્યક્તિઓ ==<!-- વિકિપીડિયામાં લેખ હોય તેવા જ વ્યક્તિઓની યાદી અહીં ઉમેરી શકાશે. --> * [[ઝવેરચંદ મેઘાણી]] - ગુજરાતી લેખક અને સ્વતંત્રતાસેનાની, રાષ્ટ્રીય શાયર. * [[મોહમ્મદ માંકડ]] - કવિ, લેખક, સમાજ સુધારક અને સ્વતંત્રતા સેનાની. * [[દામોદર બોટાદકર]] - કવિ. == સંદર્ભ == {{reflist}} {{સ્ટબ}} [[શ્રેણી:ગુજરાતનાં શહેરો અને નગરો]] [[શ્રેણી:ગુજરાતનાં તાલુકા મથકો]] [[શ્રેણી:બોટાદ તાલુકો]] lbidkecr6n3m5autksvgq9tn2x16xhs 902255 902253 2026-07-10T08:11:09Z ~2026-39016-60 88120 /* જોવાલાયક સ્થળો */ 902255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction | native_name = બોટાદ | type = નગર | latd = 22.175448 | longd = 71.663307| locator_position = right | state_name = ગુજરાત | state_name2 = | district = બોટાદ | leader_title = | leader_name = | altitude = | population_as_of = ૨૦૧૧ | population_total = ૧,૩૦,૩૦૨ | sex_ratio = ૯૨૨ | literacy = ૮૩.૨૧ | population_density = | area_magnitude = sq. km | area_total = | area_telephone = ૦૨૮૪૯ | postal_code = ૩૬૪૭૧૦| vehicle_code_range = જીજે-33 | unlocode = | website = | footnotes = | સ્થિતિ = યોગ્ય }} '''બોટાદ''' [[ભારત]] દેશના પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં આવેલા [[ગુજરાત|ગુજરાત રાજ્ય]]ના [[સૌરાષ્ટ્ર]] વિસ્તારમાં આવેલા જિલ્લાઓ પૈકીનો એક મહત્વના [[બોટાદ જિલ્લો|બોટાદ જિલ્લા]]માં આવેલું નગર છે, જે આ જિલ્લાનું વહીવટી મુખ્ય મથક અને [[બોટાદ તાલુકો|બોટાદ તાલુકા]]નું વડું મથક પણ છે. == ઇતિહાસ == બોટાદની સ્થાપના કોંઢના [[ઝાલા]] ક્ષત્રિયોએ કરી હતી, જેઓ [[હળવદ]]-[[ધ્રાંગધ્રા રજવાડું|ધ્રાગંધ્રા]]ના ભાયાત હતા.<ref name="bg" /> == વસ્તી == ઇ.સ. ૧૮૭૨માં બોટાદની વસ્તી ૭,૪૫૦ અને ઇ.સ. ૧૮૮૧માં વધીને ૭,૭૫૫ થઇ હતી.<ref name="bg">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar (Public Domain text)|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|year=૧૮૮૪|volume=VIII|pages=૪૦૨}}</ref> ૨૦૧૧ની વસ્તી ગણતરી પ્રમાણે બોટાદ શહેરની વસ્તી ૧,૩૦,૩૦૨ હતી. જેમાં ૬૭,૭૭૮ પુરુષો અને ૬૨,૫૨૪ સ્ત્રીઓનો સમાવેશ થતો હતો. બોટાદનો સાક્ષરતા દર ૮૩.૨૧% હતો. લિંગ પ્રમાણ ૧૦૦૦ પુરુષોએ ૯૨૨ સ્ત્રીઓનું હતું.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nikunj|first=Rojesara|title=Botad According To Census-2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/334-botad.html|publisher=Census2011|access-date=૨૮ નવેમ્બર ૨૦૧૨}}</ref> == જોવાલાયક સ્થળો ==<!-- માત્ર બોટાદમાં હોય તેવા જ સ્થળો ઉમેરવા. --> # [[કૃષ્ણસાગર તળાવ]] # અંબાજી મંદિર, બોટાદ (ગામ દેવી) # SHREE KULDEVKRUPA SADI,LO: TULSINAGAR # SHIHORI SODA SHOP # LAVKE BEVERAGES # મોક્ષ મંદિર # સ્વામિનારાયણ મંદિર, બોટાદ == વાહન વ્યવહાર == બોટાદ શહેર અમદાવાદ, મુંબઈ, સુરત, વડોદરા, ભાવનગર, રાજકોટ અને સુરેન્દ્રનગર સાથે રેલ્વે અને માર્ગ વડે જોડાયેલું છે. બોટાદ જંકશન રેલ્વે સ્ટેશનથી પુણે, હૈદરાબાદ, કાકીનાડા, આસનસોલ, દિલ્હી સરાઇ રોહિલ્લા અને કોચુવેલી જવા માટે સીધી ટ્રેન મળે છે.<ref name="Reeten mandaliya">{{cite web|last=Mandaliya|first=Reeten|title=Railway Junction Timing|url=http://www.cleartrip.com/trains/stations/BTD|publisher=Reeten Mandaliya}}</ref> == જાણીતા વ્યક્તિઓ ==<!-- વિકિપીડિયામાં લેખ હોય તેવા જ વ્યક્તિઓની યાદી અહીં ઉમેરી શકાશે. --> * [[ઝવેરચંદ મેઘાણી]] - ગુજરાતી લેખક અને સ્વતંત્રતાસેનાની, રાષ્ટ્રીય શાયર. * [[મોહમ્મદ માંકડ]] - કવિ, લેખક, સમાજ સુધારક અને સ્વતંત્રતા સેનાની. * [[દામોદર બોટાદકર]] - કવિ. == સંદર્ભ == {{reflist}} {{સ્ટબ}} [[શ્રેણી:ગુજરાતનાં શહેરો અને નગરો]] [[શ્રેણી:ગુજરાતનાં તાલુકા મથકો]] [[શ્રેણી:બોટાદ તાલુકો]] j85mtk7unvd8etxzqebuduzpo61hxtn 0 4603 902246 894005 2026-07-09T22:24:35Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = અમરેલી |native_name = |native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> |settlement_type = શહેર |image_skyline = File:Amreli tower.jpg |imagesize = |image_alt = |image_caption = અમરેલી ટાવર |image_flag = |flag_alt = |image_seal = |seal_alt = |image_shield = |shield_alt = |etymology = |nickname = |motto = |image_map = |map_alt = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = India Gujarat |pushpin_map_alt = |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_label_position = |coordinates = {{coord|21.603177|71.222083|type:city|display=inline}} |coor_pinpoint = |coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = દેશ |subdivision_name = ભારત |subdivision_type1 = રાજ્ય |subdivision_name1 = [[ગુજરાત]] |subdivision_type2 = જિલ્લો |subdivision_name2 = [[અમરેલી જિલ્લો]] |subdivision_type3 = તાલુકો |subdivision_name3 = [[અમરેલી તાલુકો]] |established_title = |established_date = |founder = |seat_type = |seat = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |governing_body = |leader_party = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |unit_pref = Metric |area_footnotes = |area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |area_note = |area_water_percent = |area_rank = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_urban_km2 = |area_rural_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank2_km2 = |length_km = |width_km = |dimensions_footnotes = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 128 |population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Amreli City Census 2011 data|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802542-amreli-gujarat.html}}</ref> |population_as_of = ૨૦૧૧ |population_total = 117967 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_note = |population_demonym = |timezone1 = IST |utc_offset1 = +૫:૩૦ |timezone1_DST = |utc_offset1_DST = |postal_code_type = પિનકોડ |postal_code = ૩૬૫૬૦૧ |area_code_type = ટેલિફોન કોડ |area_code = ૦૨૭૯૨ |area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> |iso_code = |website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> |module = |footnotes = }} '''અમરેલી''' શહેર તથા નગરપાલિકા, [[ગુજરાત]] રાજ્યનાં [[સૌરાષ્ટ્ર]] ભાગમાં આવેલા [[અમરેલી જિલ્લો|અમરેલી જિલ્લા]]માં સ્થિત છે. આ શહેર ખાતે અમરેલી જિલ્લાનું મુખ્ય મથક તેમ જ [[અમરેલી તાલુકો|અમરેલી તાલુકા]]નું મથક છે. == ઇતિહાસ == એમ માનવામાં આવે છે કે સન ૫૩૪માં અનુમાનજીના નામે આ જગ્યા ઓળખાતી હતી. ત્યાર બાદ અમલીક અને પછી અમરાવતીનાં નામો પણ આ જગ્યા માટે વપરાતાં હતાં. અમરેલીનું પૌરાણીક સંસ્કૃત નામ અમરાવલી હતું.<ref name="amreli.gujarat.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://collectoramreli.gujarat.gov.in/about-amreli|title=About Amreli {{!}} About Us {{!}} અમરેલી જિલ્લા કલેક્ટર - કચેરી|website=collectoramreli.gujarat.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-08|archive-date=2021-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128134539/https://collectoramreli.gujarat.gov.in/about-amreli|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nri.gujarat.gov">{{cite web|title=NRI Division|url=http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/his-amreli.htm|access-date=૯ માર્ચ ૨૦૧૬|archive-date=2016-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911075739/https://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/his-amreli.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> પછીથી ગાયકવાડી શાસન સમયમાં ગાયકવાડી સુબા વિઠ્ઠલરાવે આ ગામની આબાદી રામજી વિરડિયાને સોંપતા તેમણે આ ગામનું તોરણ બાંધી ગામ વસાવ્યું હોવાની નોંધ મળે છે.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/lokjivanna-moti8863 |title=લોકજીવનના મોતી, ગુ.સ.નો લેખ, ઈસ.૧૯૨૫માં પ્રકાશિત "પ્રભુની ફૂલવાડી" પુસ્તકના આધારે |access-date=2015-01-11 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004255/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/lokjivanna-moti8863 |url-status=dead }}</ref> વડોદરાના ગાયકવાડની રીયાસતનાં ભાગ રુપે અમરેલીમાં સન ૧૮૮૬માં ફરજીયાત છતાં મફત ભણતરની નીતિનું અમલીકરણ કરવામાં આવેલું.<ref name="amreli.gujarat.gov"/><ref name="nri.gujarat.gov"/> અમરેલી શહેરના ઇતિહાસના કેટલાક અવશેષો ગિરધરભાઈ સંગ્રહાલયમાં સચવાયેલા છે. અઢારમી સદીમાં વર્તમાન અમરેલીના માત્ર પશ્ચિમ અને દક્ષિણ વિસ્તારમાં જ લોકો વસવાટ કરતા હતા. આ વિસ્તાર આજે જુની અમરેલી તરીકે ઓળખાય છે. જુના કોટ નામના કિલ્લાનો ઉપયોગ જેલ તરીકે થતો હતો. આધુનિક અમરેલીએ 1793 થી વિકાસ કરવાનું શરૂ કર્યું, જ્યારે ભાવનગરના વખાતસિંહે ચિતલના પડોશી કાઠીનો કબજો તોડી પાડ્યો, જેના કારણે તેના ઘણા લોકો અમરેલી અને જેતપુરમાં રહેવા ગયા.<ref>{{cite web | title=BK 349 -Gazetteer By Bombay Presidency Vol 8 Kathiawar : John W Watson : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=2016-10-23 | url=http://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D | access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref> == જાણીતાં વ્યક્તિઓ == <!-- વિકિપીડિયામાં લેખ ન હોય તેવા નામ ઉમેરવા નહી. --> * [[ડો. જીવરાજ નારાયણ મહેતા]] - ગુજરાતનાં પ્રથમ મુખ્યમંત્રી. * [[રમેશ પારેખ]] - કવિ. * [[મૂળદાસ]] - જાણીતા સંત કવિ. * [[દીના પાઠક]] - અભિનેત્રી. ==સંદર્ભો== {{reflist}} == બાહ્ય કડીઓ == * [https://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/gu/taluka/Amreli/History અમરેલી તાલુકા વિશે માહિતી]{{Dead link|date=ઑગસ્ટ 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/gu/taluka/Amreli/Home અમરેલી જિલ્લાધિકારીની અધિકૃત વેબસાઈટ]{{Dead link|date=ઑગસ્ટ 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://collectoramreli.gujarat.gov.in// અમરેલી વિષે ગુજરાત સરકારનાં પોર્ટલ પર] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012020115/https://collectoramreli.gujarat.gov.in/ |date=2019-10-12 }} * [https://www.spamreli.gujarat.gov.in/spamreli/default.aspx અમરેલી પોલીસનું મુખપૃષ્ઠ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120144244/http://spamreli.gujarat.gov.in/spamreli/default.aspx |date=2018-11-20 }} [[શ્રેણી:ગુજરાતનાં શહેરો અને નગરો]] [[શ્રેણી:ગુજરાતનાં તાલુકા મથકો]] [[શ્રેણી:અમરેલી તાલુકો]] aormlsrpjwkh4gour8fpx93hjewfeh8 0 5883 902245 781667 2026-07-09T21:46:47Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu leader | title = બ્રહ્મર્ષિ | image = Rama visits Atri.jpg | caption = વનવાસ દરમિયાન ભગવાન રામ અત્રિ ઋષિના આશ્રમ ખાતે. અનસુયા દેવી સીતાજી સાથે અને અત્રિઋષિ બન્ને ભાઇઓ સાથે વાર્તાલાપ કરતા નજરે પડે છે. | father = [[બ્રહ્મા]] | spouse = અનસુયા | children = [[દુર્વાસા]], [[ચંદ્ર]], [[દત્તાત્રય]] | honors = ઋગવેદમાં સૌથી વધુ ઉલ્લેખ પામેલ ઋષિ }} '''મહર્ષિ અત્રિ''' ({{lang-sa|अत्रि}}) પ્રસ્તુત સાતમા મન્વંતરનાં [[સપ્તર્ષિ]]માં ના એક<ref name=Tantra>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/maha/maha00.htm Inhabitants of the Worlds]</ref>છે. તથા [[બ્રહ્મા]]ના પુત્ર છે. વળી તેઓ નવ પ્રજાપતીઓ પૈકિના એક માનવામાં આવે છે. અત્રિ ગોત્ર [[બ્રાહ્મણ]], [[ક્ષત્રિય]] અને [[વૈશ્ય|વૈશ્યો]]માં જોવા મળે છે. ઋગ્વેદના પાંચમા મંડલના રચયેતા એવા અત્રિ ઋષિના પત્નિ [[અનસુયા]] દેવી કે જેઓ પ્રજાપતી [[કર્દમ]]ના પુત્રી હતા, તેમને ભગવાન [[દત્તાત્રય]], [[દુર્વાસા]] અને [[સોમ]] જેવા સમર્થ પુત્રો થયા. તેમણે અનસુયા દેવીને અનેક વરદાન આપ્યા હતા કારણકે અનસુયા દેવીએ [[સૂર્ય]]ભગવાનને પૂર્વમાં ઉદય થવા મદદ કરેલી. સોમ ચંદ્રાત્રિ, દુર્વાસા કૃષ્ણાત્રિ તરીકે ઓળખાય છે. સોમે [[સોમનાથ]] જ્યોતીર્લિંગની સ્થાપના કરી. ===સપ્તર્ષિ=== તેઓ સપ્તર્ષિઓ પૈકિના એક અને ખગોળશાસ્ત્ર પ્રમાણે આકાશમાં દેખાતા સપ્તર્ષિઓમાં ચોથા તારાને કે જે લાંબી દાઢી વાળો કલ્પવામાં આવે છે તે છે. આ તારાને લેટિન ભાષામાં મેગ્રેઝ તરીકે ઓળખવામાં આવે છે. વળી તે ડૅલ્ટા δ (Delta) તરીકે પણ ઓળખાય છે. ==મહાભારતમાં== અત્રિ ઋષિનું મહત્વ મહાભારતમાં પણ અનેક સ્થળોએ જોવા મળે છે. જ્યારે [[દ્રોણ]] કૌરવસેનાના પ્રધાન સેનાપતી બન્યા પછી તેમણે ભીષણ યુદ્ધ કર્યું. તેમણે સહસ્ત્રો યોદ્ધાઓનો સંહાર કર્યો. હજારો શબોના ઢગ થઈ ગયા અને રક્તની નદીઓ વહેવા માંડી. ઘાયલ સૈનિકોનું આક્રંદ આકાશને વિદિર્ણ કરવા લાગ્યું. આવા રણસંગ્રામમાં તેઓ નિર્દયી અને ક્રુર નાયક થઈ ઊભા હતા. આવા સમયે અત્રિ ઋષિને ચિંતા થઈ કે આવી રીતે જ જો ચાલતુ રહ્યું તો માનવ જાતીનું સંતુલન બગડી જશે. અત્રિ, [[ગૌતમ ઋષિ]] અને અન્ય પાંચ સપ્તર્ષિઓ યુદ્ધભૂમિ પર પ્રગટ થયા. આવા સમયે યુધીષ્ઠિરે અશ્વસ્થામા હણાયાની જાહેરાત કરી. આથી દ્રોણ પોતાનું સંતુલન ગુમાવી બેઠા અને જીજીવિષા ત્યાગી દીધી. તેઓ અત્યંત ક્રોધિત થયા. અત્રિ ઋષિને દ્રોણ પર દયા આવી અને તેમણે આ પ્રમાણે હિતોપદેશ આપ્યો: "હે દ્રોણ, તમે મૂળથી જ અધર્મનો સાથ આપ્યો છે. આ યુદ્ધભૂમીમાં હોવુ એ જ તેનું શ્રેષ્ઠ પ્રમાણ છે. બસ બહુ થઈ ગયુ હવે બંધ કરો. બંધ કરો આ સંહાર. તમે એક સજ્જન છો. આવો વિનાશ તમને ન શોભે. તમે વેદાંતના આચાર્ય છો. તમે બ્રાહ્મણ છો અને તમારે બ્રાહ્મણધર્મનું પાલન કરવું જોઇયે. આ અધર્મયુક્ત યુદ્ધકર્મ તમને ન શોભે. શસ્ત્રો ત્યાગી દ્યો, મનને ધર્મમાં પરોવો. મને ખેદ થાય છે કે તમે બ્રહ્માસ્ત્ર જેવાં વિનાશક અસ્ત્રનો પ્રયોગ આવ નિર્દોષ સૈનિકો પર કર્યો. આવા નિરર્થક સંહારને બંધ કરો." અત્રિ ઋષિએ આ પ્રમાણે જ્યારે હિતોપદેશ આપ્યો ત્યારે દ્રોણે હથીયાર ત્યાગી દીધા. વળી ક્રોધ, ઈર્ષા અને પ્રતિશોધની ભાવના ત્યાગી દીધી અને તેમનું હ્રદય શુદ્ધ થઈ ગયું. તેઓ ધ્યાનસ્થ થઈ ગયા અને આવી ભીષણ યુદ્ધભૂમિમાં પણ તેઓ ભગવાન વિષ્ણુનું ધ્યાન ધરવા મંડ્યા. આમ અત્રિઋષિના પ્રભાવથી તેમનું કલ્યાણ થયું. ==ત્રિદેવ દ્રારા અનસુયાની પરિક્ષા== એક વાર ત્રિદેવોએ અનસુયાના સતીત્વની પરિક્ષા લેવા વિચાર્યું. તે ઓ બ્રાહ્મણ વેશે ત્યાં આવ્યા અને ભિક્ષા માંગી. પણ ભિક્ષા આપવાની શરત એ મુકી કે અનસુયાજીએ નગ્ન જ ભિક્ષા પીરસવી. અનસુયાજી એ આ શરત સ્વિકારી અને તપોબળથી ત્રિદેવોને શિશુ બનાવી દિધા અને ત્યાર બાદ શરત મુજબ ભિક્ષા આપી. ત્યાર બાદ ત્રિદેવોએ વિનંતી કરતા તેમણે મૂળ રુપ આપ્યું. ત્રિદેવોએ પસન્ન થઈ ત્રણ પુત્રોનું વરદાન આપ્યું; દત્તાત્રય (વિષ્ણુનો અવતાર), ચંન્દ્રાત્રિ (સોમ, બ્રહ્માનો અવતાર) અને કૃષ્ણાત્રિ (દુર્વાસા શિવનો અવતાર). ==ભગવાન રામનું અત્રિ ઋષિના આશ્રમમાં જવું== ભગવાન [[રામ]] તેમના વનવાસના ચૌદમાં વર્ષમાં અત્રિ ઋષિના આશ્રમમાં ગયા હતા. ત્યારે અત્રિ ઋષિએ તેમનું યથોચિત સ્વાગત કર્યા પછી તેમને દંડકારણ્યનો માર્ગ બતાવ્યો હતો. ==વધુ== અત્રિ ઋષિ અનેકો ગુહ્ય મંન્ત્રોના દ્રષ્ટા ગણવામાં આવે છે. તેમણે અનેકો મંન્ત્રો ભારતીય હિંન્દુ શાસ્ત્રને આપ્યા છે. તેમના વંશમાં અનેક ઋષિ મુનિઓ થયા જેઓ પણ છ મંત્રોના દ્રષ્ટા થયા જેમકે: અત્રિ, અર્દ્ધસ્વન, શ્યાવાશ્વ, ગવિષ્ઠિર, કર્ણક અને પૂર્વાતિથિ. વળી એમના વંશની વૃદ્ધિ નવ ઋષિ વડે થઈ હતી: અત્રિ, ગવષ્ઠિર, બાહુતક, મુદ્દગલ, અતિથિ, વામરથ્ય, સુમંગલ, બીજવાપ અને ધનંજય. તેમને ઋગ્વેદના પાંચમા મંડલના ૭૨ મા સક્તના કર્તા ઋષિ ગણવામાં આવે છે. અત્રિ ઋષિની '''અત્રિ સંહિતા''': એ વર્ણાશ્રમનો આચાર સમજાવનારૂં અત્રિ મુનિએ રચેલું એ નામનું એક ધર્મશાસ્ત્ર છે અને "અત્રિ સ્મૃતિ" પણ તેમની કૃતિ છે. હાલના સમયે પણ અનેકો બ્રાહ્મણ કુટુંમ્બો તેમના વંશજો ગણવામાં આવે છે. ==અત્રિ ઋષિના પુત્રો== ===દુર્વાસા=== '''દુર્વાસા''' હિન્દુ ધર્મનાં પ્રાચિન રૂષિ ગણાય છે. તેઓ રૂષિ [[અત્રિ]] અને અનસુયાનાં પુત્ર છે.તેઓ [[શિવ]]નો અવતાર મનાય છે અને પોતાના અતિ ભયંકર ક્રોધ માટે જાણીતા છે. ક્રોધાવેશમાં આવી તે તુરંત શાપ આપી દેતા, જેને કારણે મનુષ્યો અને દેવતાઓ પણ તેનાથી ડરતા. મહાકવિ [[કાલિદાસ]]ના શકુંન્તલા અભિગ્યાનમાં તેઓ શકુંન્તલાને શ્રાપ આપે છે કે તેનો પ્રેમી તેને ભુલી જશે. જો કે તે જેના પર રીઝતા તેને વરદાન પણ તુરંત આપી દેતા, [[મહાભારત]]માં [[પાંડુ]]રાજાની પત્નિ [[કુંતી]]ને તેમણે આપેલ વરદાનને કારણે [[પાંડવો]]નો જન્મ થયાની કથા છે. તેમણે કુંતીને વરદાનમાં મંત્ર આપેલ કે જેનાથી તે જે પણ દેવને ઇચ્છશે તે દેવ પાસેથી પુત્ર પ્રાપ્ત કરી શકશે. ===દત્તાત્રય=== બ્રમ્હા, વિષ્ણુ અને મહેશ એમ ત્રણેય દેવોના સંયુક્ત અવતાર સ્વરુપ ''દત્તાત્રય'' ({{lang-sa|दत्तात्रेय}}) અત્રિ ઋષિને ત્યાં અવતર્યા. દત્તનો શબ્દ આપવું અને ત્રણ દેવોના વરદાન રૂપે અવતર્યા તેથી 'ત્રય' એમ આ બન્ને શબ્દોની સંધી જોડી દત્તાત્રય નામ આપવામાં આવ્યું. વળી અત્રિ ઋષિને ત્યાં અવતર્યા તેથી '''આત્રેય''' એવા નામે પણ ઓળખાય છે. [[નાથ સંપ્રદાય]]માં દત્તાત્રયને શિવજીનો અવતાર ગણવામાં આવે છે. અને [[આદિનાથ સંપ્રદાય]]માં ગુરુ દત્તાત્રયને આદિગુરુ માનવામાં આવે છે. તંત્રદર્શનમાં તેમને યોગેશ્વર તરીકે પૂજવામાં આવતા હોવા છતાં તેઓને આદિગુરુ તરીકે હિંન્દુ ધર્મનો બહોળો વર્ગ અને અધિકાંશ ભાગ પૂજે છે. ===પતંજલિ=== યોગસૂત્રના રચનાકાર, સોમદત્ત અથવા ચંદ્રાત્રય તરીકે ઓળખાતા પતંજલિ (ઇ.સ. પૂર્વે ૧૫૦<ref>Jonardon Ganeri, ''Artha: Meaning'', Oxford University Press 2006, 1.2, p. 12</ref> અથવા ઇ.સ. પૂર્વે બીજી સદી<ref>S. Radhakrishnan, and C.A. Moore, (1957). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University, ch. XIII, Yoga, p.453</ref><ref name="gavin">Gavin A. Flood, 1996</ref>) અત્રિ ઋષિના ત્રીજા પુત્ર છે. [[Image:patanjali.jpg|શેષનારાયણ ના અવતાર તરીકે પતંજલિ|thumb|right]]આધુનિક યુગમાં ફક્ત ભારત જ નહી પણ આખા વિશ્વમાં યોગ, ધ્યાન નો પ્રચાર અને પ્રસાર ખુબ જોવા મળે છે જેમના સૂત્રકાર પતંજલિ ઋષિ છે. ==નોંધો== {{Reflist}} ==સંદર્ભ== * Mahendranath, Shri Gurudev. ''[http://www.mahendranath.org/paganindia.mhtml Notes on Pagan India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202120028/http://www.mahendranath.org/paganindia.mhtml |date=2009-02-02 }}''. Retrieved October 14, 2004.{{Verify credibility|date=July 2009}} * Mahendranath, Shri Gurudev. ''[http://www.mahendranath.org/pathlesspath.mhtml The Pathless Path to Immortality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130140419/http://www.mahendranath.org/pathlesspath.mhtml |date=2009-01-30 }}''. Retrieved October 14, 2004.{{Verify credibility|date=July 2009}} * Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998). ''Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara''. New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-3696-9. * {{cite book | last = Kambhampati | first = Parvathi Kumar | year = ૨૦૦૦ | title = Sri Dattatreya | url = http://www.worldteachertrust.org/bk/dattatreya/index.html | publisher = Dhanishta | location = Visakhapatnam | edition = ૧ | access-date = 2012-05-17 | archive-date = 2008-05-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527031630/http://www.worldteachertrust.org/bk/dattatreya/index.html | url-status = dead }}. ==બાહ્ય કડીઓ== *[http://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/knowledge/category/lord-datta Practical and scientific articles about Lord Dattatreya] *[http://www.shreeswami.org/about-shri-dattatreya-datta-guru-dattavtar.htm Information on Shri Dattatreya - Datta Guru] *[http://www.divyajanani.org/saibharadwaja/books/SreeGuruCharitra/Introduction.html Sree Guru Charitra in English by Acharya Ekkirala Bharadwaja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227095707/http://www.divyajanani.org/saibharadwaja/books/SreeGuruCharitra/Introduction.html |date=2009-02-27 }} [[શ્રેણી:પૌરાણિક પાત્રો]] [[શ્રેણી:ઋષિઓ]] mnyq4vvshsihvfceohtnwrki1paxrg2 0 18060 902250 847819 2026-07-10T05:14:29Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian jurisdiction | type = ગામ | native_name = મોટી કુંકાવાવ | state_name = ગુજરાત | district = અમરેલી | taluk_names = કુંકાવાવ | latd = 21.632365 | longd= 70.980946 | area_total = | altitude = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_density = | leader_title_1 = | leader_name_1 = | leader_title_2 = | leader_name_2 = | footnotes = | blank_title_1 = સગવડો | blank_value_1 = [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા]], [[માધ્યમિક શાળા]], [[આંગણવાડી]], દૂધની ડેરી | blank_title_2 = મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય | blank_value_2 = [[ખેતી]], [[ખેતમજૂરી]], [[પશુપાલન]] | blank_title_3 = મુખ્ય ખેતપેદાશો | blank_value_3 = [[ઘઉં]], [[જીરુ]], [[મગફળી]], [[તલ]], [[બાજરી]], [[ચણા]], [[કપાસ]], [[દિવેલી| દિવેલા]], [[રજકો]] તેમજ [[શાકભાજી]] | blank_title_4 = | blank_value_4 = | સ્થિતિ = યોગ્ય }} '''કુંકાવાવ''' કે '''મોટી કુંકાવાવ''', [[ભારત]] દેશના પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં આવેલા [[ગુજરાત| ગુજરાત રાજ્ય]]ના [[સૌરાષ્ટ્ર]] વિસ્તારમાં આવેલા [[અમરેલી જિલ્લો| અમરેલી જિલ્લા]]માં આવેલા [[ કુંકાવાવ તાલુકો| કુંકાવાવ તાલુકા]]માં આવેલું એક ગામ છે. આ ગામ પરથી તાલુકાનું નામ કુંકાવાવ પડ્યું છે, જેનું મુખ્યમક [[વડીયા (તા. કુંકાવાવ)|વડીયા]] છે. ==ઇતિહાસ== આ ગામ લીંબા દેવાણીએ વસાવ્યું હોવાની નોંધ મળે છે.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/lokjivanna-moti8863|title=પ્રભુની ફૂલવાડી|year=૧૯૨૫|quote=લોકજીવનના મોતી શ્રેણી, [[ગુજરાત સમાચાર]]|access-date=2015-01-11|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004255/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/lokjivanna-moti8863|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==સાહિત્યમાં ઉલ્લેખ== [[ઝવેરચંદ મેઘાણી]] રચિત લોકકથા સંગ્રહ [[s:સૌરાષ્ટ્રની રસધાર|સૌરાષ્ટ્રની રસધાર]] ભાગ પ ની એક વાર્તા ''રખાવટ'' માં આ ગામનો ઉલ્લેખ આવે છે.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gu.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A0:Rasdhar5.pdf/%E0%AB%AE%E0%AB%A7|title=પૃષ્ઠ:Rasdhar5.pdf/૮૧ - વિકિસ્રોત|website=gu.wikisource.org|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref> તે વાર્તા અનુસાર આ ગામના એક ખેડૂતે, [[દેરડી (તા. જેતપુર)|દેરડી]] તરફ પ્રવાસ કરી રહેલા, ભૂખથી પીડાતા ગોંડલના ઠાકોર સંગ્રામજીના કુંવર પથુભાને ભોજન કરાવ્યું હતું. તેના બદલામાં કુંવરે આ ગામની ચાર વાડી પટેલને ઈનામમાં આપી. પરંતુ કુંવર ભૂલી ગયા કે આ ગામ તેમના તાબામાં ન હતું. તે તેમના કાકા જગા વાળાના તાબાનું ગામ હતું. પરંતુ તેમના કાકાએ તેમના વેણની રખાવટ કરી અને કુંવરે ઈનામમાં આપેલી જમીન ખેડૂતને આપી દીધી. પોતાના ભાઈની આવી દિલેરી જોઈ ગોંડલના ઠાકોર સંગ્રામજીએ તેમની અને જગા વાળાની વચ્ચે ચાલતો [[પેઢલા (તા. જેતપુર)|પેડલા]] ગામની જમીનનો વિવાદ મટાડાતા તે જમીન જગા વાળાને આપી.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gu.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AB%AB/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%9F|title=રસધાર ૫/રખાવટ - વિકિસ્રોત|website=gu.wikisource.org|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref> ==સંદર્ભ== {{reflist}} == બાહ્ય કડીઓ == * [http://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/amreli/taluka/kukavav/kukavav-index.htm કુંકાવાવ તાલુકા પંચાયતની વેબસાઇટ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325171718/http://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/amreli/taluka/kukavav/kukavav-index.htm |date=2016-03-25 }} [[શ્રેણી:કુંકાવાવ તાલુકો]] 7i7hqyrovkmme2254ln3hdtfe86m4o1 0 31006 902247 902121 2026-07-10T02:03:53Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cleanup}} {{Infobox scientist | name = ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ | image =Alan Turing az 1930-as években.jpg| image_width = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|6|23|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Maida Vale]], London, England, United Kingdom | death_date = {{Death date and age|1954|6|7|1912|6|23|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Wilmslow]], [[Cheshire]], England, United Kingdom | nationality = British | field = [[Mathematician]], [[logician]], [[cryptanalyst]], [[computer scientist]] | work_institutions = [[University of Cambridge]]<br />[[Government Code and Cypher School]]<br />[[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]]<br />[[University of Manchester]] | alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]<br />[[Princeton University]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Alonzo Church]] | doctoral_students = [[Robin Gandy]] | known_for = [[Halting problem]]<br />[[Turing machine]]<br />[[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma]]<br />[[Automatic Computing Engine]]<br />[[Turing Award]]<br />[[Turing Test]]<br />[[Turing pattern]]s | prizes = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />[[Fellow of the Royal Society]] }} '''ઍલન મેથીસન ટ્યુરિંગ''', ઓબીઈ, એફઆરએસ; 23 જૂન 1912 – 7 જૂન 1954), અંગ્રેજી ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી, તર્કશાસ્ત્રી,સંકેતલિપિના વિશ્લેષક અને કમ્પ્યૂટર વૈજ્ઞાનિક હતા. તેમણે ટ્યુરિંગ મશિન સાથે ગાણિતિક નિયમો અને ગણતરીની વિભાવનાનું નિર્દિષ્ટીકરણ પૂરું પાડીને કમ્પ્યૂટર વિજ્ઞાનના વિકાસમાં અત્યંત પ્રભાવશાળી યોગદાન આપ્યું હતું, જેણે આધુનિક [[કમ્પ્યૂટર]]ના સર્જનમાં મહત્તવપૂર્ણ ભૂમિકા ભજવી હતી.<ref name="AFP"/> [[બીજું વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ|બીજા વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ]] દરમિયાન, ટ્યુરિંગે ગવર્મેન્ટ કોડ અને સાયફર સ્કૂલ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક, બ્રિટનના કોડબ્રેકીંગ સેન્ટર માટે કામ કર્યું. થોડા સમય માટે તેઓ હટ 8 વિભાગના મુખ્યાધિકારી હતા, આ વિભાગ જર્મન નૌકા સૈન્યને સંબંધિત સંકેતલિપિના વિશ્લેષણમાટે જવાબદાર હતું. તેમણે જર્મનસંકેતલિપિને તોડતી પદ્ધતિઓમાંની એક યોજના નક્કી કરી રાખી હતી, જેમાં બોમ્બે પદ્ધતિ, ઈલેક્ટ્રોમીકેનીકલમશીન ઈનીગ્મા મશીન માટે ગોઠવણી શોધી શકે છે, તેનો સમાવેશ થાય છે. યુદ્ધ પછી તેમણે નેશનલ ફિઝીકલ લેબોરેટરી ખાતે કામ કર્યું, જ્યાં એસીઈ(ACE), એક સંગ્રહ કરી શકાય એવા કમ્પ્યૂટર પ્રોગ્રામની સૌ પ્રથમ ડિઝાઈન તૈયાર કરી. તેમના જીવનના અંત ભાગમાં ટ્યુરિંગને ગાણિતિક જીવવિજ્ઞાનમાં રસ પડ્યો. તેમણે આકાર વિકાસ(મૉર્ફોજિનેસિસ)નું રસાયણશાસ્ત્ર આધારિત પેપર લખ્યું,<ref>{{Cite journal| last= Turing | first= A. M. | title = The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis | journal = Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society of London, series B | volume = 237 | pages = 37–72 | year = 1952 }}</ref> અને તેમણે ઓસીલેટીંગકેમિકલ રીએક્શન જેમ કે બીલોઅસોય- ઝાબોટીન્સ્કાય રીએક્શનનું અનુમાન કર્યું, જેનું 1960ના દાયકાઓમાં સૌ પ્રથમ વખત અવલોકિત બન્યું. ટ્યુરિંગની સજાતીયતા 1952માં ફોજદારી ફરિયાદમાં પરિણમી- તે સમયે યુનાઈટેડ કિંગડ્મમાં સજાતીય વર્તણૂક ગેરકાયદેસર હતી- અને તેમણે જેલના વિકલ્પ તરીકે સ્ત્રી હોર્મોન(રાસાયણિક ખસીકરણ)ની સાથે સારવાર સ્વીકારી હતી. તેઓ 1954માં તેમના 42મા જન્મદિવસનાં કેટલાંક અઠવાડિયા પહેલાં, સાઈનાઈડ ઝેરથી મૃત્યુ પામ્યા. કાયદેસરની તપાસમાં તે આત્મહત્યા હોવાનું શોધાયું હતું, તેમની માતા અને કેટલાક અન્ય લોકો તેમના મોતને એક અકસ્માત હોવાનું માની રહ્યાં હતાં. 10 સપ્ટેમ્બર 2009ના રોજ, ઈન્ટરનેટ ઝુંબેશને અનુસરતાં, યુદ્ધ પછી ટ્યુરિંગની સાથે જે રીતનો વ્યવહાર થયો હતો, તે માટે બ્રિટિશ સરકાર વતી બ્રિટિશ વડાપ્રધાન ગોર્ડોન બ્રાઉને સત્તાવાર જાહેર માફી માંગી હતી. .<ref name="PM-apology">{{Cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8249792.stm | title = PM apology after Turing petition | date = 11 September 2009 | work = BBC News}}</ref> == બાળપણ અને યુવાની == ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનું ગર્ભધાન [[છત્રપુર]],[[ઓરિસ્સા]], ભારતમાં થયું હતું.<ref name="Hodges1983P5">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=5}}</ref> તેમના પિતા, જુલિયસ મેથીસન ટ્યુરિંગભારતીય નાગરિક સેવાના સભ્ય હતા. જુલિયસ અને તેની પત્ની સારા (પૂર્વાશ્રમમાં સ્ટોનેય; 1881–1976, એડવર્ડ વોલ્લર સ્ટોનેય, મદ્રાસ રેલ્વેના મુખ્ય એન્જિનીયરની પુત્રી હતાં) ઇચ્છતાં હતાં કે ઍલનનો ઉછેર ઈંગ્લેન્ડમાં થાય, તેથી તેઓ મૈડા વેલે<ref name="englishheritaget">{{Cite web | url = http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.001002006005/chooseLetter/T | title = London Blue Plaques | access-date = 10 February 2007 | work = English Heritage}}</ref>, લંડનમાં પાછાં આવ્યાં, જ્યાં ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનો જન્મ 23 જૂન 1912ના રોજ થયો, જે પાછળથી કોલોન્નાડે હોટલપર બિલ્ડીંગની બહારની બાજુ<ref>{{openplaque|381}}</ref>એ એક વાદળી તકતી દ્વારા નોંધાયેલું હતું.<ref name="Hodges1983P5"/><ref name="turingorguk">{{Cite web| url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html | title=The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook | access-date=26 September 2006}}</ref> તેમને જ્હોન નામનો મોટો ભાઈ હતો. તેમના પિતાનું નાગરિક સેવા કમિશન હજી પણ સક્રિય હતું અને ટ્યુરિંગના બાળપણનાં વર્ષો દરમિયાન તેમનાં માતા-પિતા તેમના બે પુત્રોને નિવૃત્ત આર્મી દંપતી પાસે મૂકી, હેસ્ટીંગ્સ, ઈંગ્લેન્ડ<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=6}}</ref> અને ભારત વચ્ચે આવ-જા કરતાં હતાં. જીવનમાં ખૂબ જ જલદી, ટ્યુરિંગે પાછળથી વધુ પ્રમુખતાઓ દર્શાવી હતી જે પ્રતિભાસંપન્ન હોવાની નિશાની દર્શાવતી હતી.<ref name="toolbox">{{Cite web |title=Alan Turing&nbsp;– Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1 |first=G. James |last=Jones |date=11 December 2001 |url=http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |access-date=27 July 2007 |work=System Toolbox |archive-date=3 ઑગસ્ટ 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> છ વર્ષની ઉંમરે તેમના વાલીએ સેન્ટ મિશેલ, દિવસની સ્કૂલમાં તેમનું નામ નોંધાવ્યું હતું. તેમની પ્રતિભા શરૂઆતમાં જ મુખ્ય શિક્ષિકાએ ઓળખી કાઢી, એવી રીતે તેમના ક્રમશઃ ઘણા શિક્ષકોએ તેમની પ્રતિભા ઓળખી હતી. 1924માં, 14 વર્ષની ઉંમરે, તેઓ ડૂરસેટમાં બજાર ભરાય એવા શહેર શેરબોર્નમાં જાણીતી સ્વતંત્ર્ય શાળાશેરબોર્ન શાળામાં ગયા. સત્રના પ્રથમ દિવસે બ્રિટનમાં સામાન્ય હડતાળ હતી, પણ તેને પ્રથમ દિવસે હાજર રહેવું હતું તે નિર્ધારિત હતું, તેથી તેણે તેની સાઈકલ સાઉથએમ્પટોનથી શાળા સુધી {{convert|60|mi|km}}થી વધુ દોરીને લઈ ગયો, આખી રાત પ્રવાસી માટેની વીશીમાં રોકાયો.<ref name="metamagical">{{Cite book|title=Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern |first=Douglas R. |last=Hofstadter |year=1985 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=0-465-04566-9 |oclc=230812136}}</ref> [[ચિત્ર:KingsCollegeChapel.jpg|thumb|કિંગ્સ કોલેજ, કેમ્બ્રીજ ખાતે કમ્પ્યૂટર ખંડનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગના નામથી રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું, જ્યાં તેઓ 1931માં વિદ્યાર્થી અને 1935માં ફેલો બન્યા હતા.]] ટ્યુરિંગની કુદરતી રુચિ ગણિત અને વિજ્ઞાન હોવાથી શેરબોર્નમાં કેટલાક શિક્ષકો, જેમની શિક્ષણની વ્યાખ્યામાં સાહિત્યપર વધુ ભાર આપતા હતા, પરિણામે તેઓ પ્રત્યેથી તેમને આદર ન મળ્યો. તેમના મુખ્ય શિક્ષકે તેમના વાલીને લખ્યું હતું- "હું આશા રાખું છું કે તે બે સ્ટૂલની વચ્ચે ન પડે. જો તેને જાહેર શાળામાં રહેવું હશે, તો તેણે ચોક્કસપણે ''શિક્ષિત'' થવાનું ધ્યેય રાખવું જ પડશે. જો તેણે માત્ર''વિજ્ઞાનના વિશેષજ્ઞ'' બનવું હશે, તો તે જાહેર શાળામાં તેનો સમય બરબાદ કરી રહ્યો છે. "<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=26}}</ref> આ બધું થવા છતાં, ટ્યુરિંગે અભ્યાસમાં નોંધનીય ક્ષમતા દર્શાવવાની ચાલુ રાખી. 1927માં પ્રાથમિક કલનશાસ્ત્રનો અભ્યાસ કર્યાં વિના જ તેને જટિલ સમસ્યાઓ ઉકેલવામાં મજા આવતી હતી. 1928માં, 16 વર્ષની ઉંમરે, ટ્યુરિંગને [[આલ્બર્ટ આઇન્સ્ટાઇન|આર્બલ્ટ આઈન્સ્ટાઈન]]ના કાર્યનો ભેટો થયો, તેણે માત્ર તેને સમજી લીધું એટલું જ નહીં, પણ તેણે એક લખાણમાંથી, કે જેમાં ક્યારેય એવું સ્પષ્ટપણે દર્શાવાયું નહોતું, તેમાંથી ન્યુટનના ગતિના નિયમોઅંગે આઈન્ટાઈનના પ્રશ્નો અંગે અનુમાન લગાવ્યું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=34}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગની આશાઓ અને આકાંક્ષાઓ તેણે શાળામાં પોતાનાથી સહેજ મોટા વિદ્યાર્થી, ક્રિસ્ટોફર મોર્કોમ સાથે વિકસાવેલી નજીકની મિત્રતા દ્વારા વધુ ઊભરી. મોર્કોમ ટ્યુરિંગની પ્રથમ પ્રેમ જિજ્ઞાસા હતી. મોર્કોમ તેઓની શેરબોર્ન ખાતેની છેલ્લા સત્રના માત્ર થોડાં અઠવાડિયાં પહેલાં, ગાયનું ચેપી [[દૂધ]] પીધા પછી સંકોચાઈને, ગાયનાં ફેફસાંના ક્ષય રોગની જટિલતાથી મૃત્યુ પામ્યો.<ref name="teuscher">** {{Cite book|last=Teuscher |first=Christof (ed.) |authorlink=Christof Teuscher |title=Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker |year=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=3-540-20020-7 |oclc=53434737 62339998}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગનો ધાર્મિક વિશ્વાસ કકડભૂસ થઈ ગયો અને તે નાસ્તિક બની ગયો. તેણે તમામ વસ્તુઓ જડવાદજ છે, એવી હકીકત ખાતરીપૂર્વક સ્વીકારી લીધી, જેમાં જીવિત માનવીય મગજનો પણ સમાવેશ થાય છે,<ref>પાઉલ ગ્રે, [http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822093918/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html |date=2008-08-22 }} સદીના સૌથી મહત્વના ટાઈમ સામાયિકના લોકો, પાન નં ૨</ref> પણ તે હજી પણ એવું માનતા હતાં કે મૃત્યુ પછી આત્માનું અસ્તિત્વ હોય છે.<ref>[http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/spirit.html ધી ઈન્સ્પીરેશન ઓફ લાઈફ એન્ડ ડેથ, 1928–1932] ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ સ્કેપબુક </ref> == યુનિવર્સિટી અને ગણનક્ષમતા (કમ્પ્યૂટેબિલિટી) અંગેનું કાર્ય == [[ચિત્ર:Alan Turing Memorial Closer.jpg|thumb|સેકવિલે પાર્ક, માન્ચેસ્ટરમાં ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનું યાદગાર પૂતળું]] શેરબોર્ન પછી, ટ્યુરિંગ કેમ્બ્રિજ, કિંગસ્ કોલેજમાં અભ્યાસ કરવા ગયો. ત્યાં તેણે તેના ગ્રેજ્યુએશન પહેલાંના ત્રણ વર્ષો 1931થી 1934 પસાર કર્યાં, [[ગણિત]]માં પ્રથમ વર્ગ ઓનર્સ સાથે ગ્રેજ્યુએટ થયો અને 1935માં સેન્ટ્રલ લિમિટ થિયરમ પરના મહાનિબંધની ક્ષમતા પર કિંગ કોલેજ ખાતે ફેલોતરીકે ચૂંટાઈ આવ્યો.<ref>જોહ્ન ઓલ્ડરીચનો ત્રીજો વિભાગ જુઓ, "ઈંગ્લેન્ડ અને કોન્ટીનેન્ટલ પ્રોબેબલીટી ઈન ઈન્ટ વોર યર્સ", જર્નલ ઈલેક્ટોનીક d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, ભાગ 5/2 [http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html ડિસેમ્બર 2009] જર્નલ ઈલેક્ટ્રોનિક d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique</ref> તેમના અતિમહત્ત્વના પેપર "ઓન કમ્યૂટેબલ નંબરસ્, વીથ એન એપ્લીકેશન ટુ ધી ''એન્ટ્સેઈડંગસપ્રોબ્લેમ (Entscheidungsproblem)'' ",<ref>{{Cite journal | last= Turing | first= A. M. |year=1936 | publication-date = 1936–37 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 42 | pages = 230–65 | doi= 10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 | url = http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/activities/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}} (અને {{Cite news| last = Turing | first = A.M. | publication-date = 1937 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem: A correction | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 43 | pages = 544–6 | doi = 10.1112/plms/s2-43.6.544 | year = 1938 }})</ref> ટ્યુરિંગે ગણતરી અને પ્રૂફની મર્યાદાઓ પરના 1931ના કુર્ટ ગોડેલનાં પરિણામો પર પુનઃસૂત્રો તારવી, ગોડેલના વૈશ્વિક ગાણિતિક આધારિત યાંત્રિક ભાષા સાથે ફેરબદલી કરીને યાંત્રિક અને સરળ ડિવાઈસો મૂક્યા, જે ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનો તરીકે જાણીતાં બન્યાં. તેમણે સાબિત કર્યું કે કેટલાંક આવા મશીનો કોઈપણ કલ્પના જો અલ્ગોરિધમ પ્રમાણે રજૂ કરવામાં આવે તો તેની ગાણિતિક ગણતરી કરવા માટે તે સક્ષમ બનશે. તેઓ સાબિત કરતાં ગયા કે ટ્યુરિંગના મશીન માટે અચકાવવાની સમસ્યા અનિશ્ચિત છે જે સૌ પ્રથમ વખતે દર્શાવતાં ''એન્ટ્સેઈડંગસપ્રોબ્લેમ (Entscheidungsproblem)'' નો કોઈ ઉકેલ નથી કે એવું સાબિત કરતા ગયા હતા. તે નક્કી કરવું શક્ય નથી, વાસ્તવમાં, જ્યારે પણ ગાણિકીત ક્રિયા ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનને આપવામાં આવશે ત્યારે તે હંમેશા અચકાશે કે કેમ. જો કે તેમના લેમ્બડા કલનને આદર આપવામાં એલોન્ઝો ચર્ચને સમકક્ષ પ્રુફ પથી તેમનું પ્રુફ પ્રકાશિત થયું હતું, તે વખતે ટ્યુરિંગ ચર્ચના કામથી અજાણ હતા. ટ્યુરિંગે તેમની યાદશક્તિમાં લખ્યું હતું કે તેઓ આ 1936 પેપર સ્વીકારવા અંગે નિરાશ થયા હતા અને તે અંગે માત્ર બે વ્યક્તિઓએ પ્રતિક્રિયા આપી- તેઓ હતા [[Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Heinrich Scholz|હૈન્રીચ સ્કૂલઝ]]અને રિચાર્ડ બેવેન બ્રેઈથવેઈટ. ટ્યુરિંગનો અભિગમ નોંધનીય પણે ઘણો ખુલ્લો અને સ્વયંસ્ફૂર્ત છે. અન્ય કોઈ પણ મશીનની જે એક આવું મશીન પણ કાર્ય કરી શકે એવા વિચારને પણ એક યુનિવર્સલ (ટ્યુરિંગ) મશીનની તેની ધારણામાં નવીનતાથી ઉતાર્યો હતો. અથવા બીજા શબ્દોમાં, કોઈની પણ ગણતરી કરવાની ક્ષમતા સાબિત થાય છે તે ગણતરી કરે છે, તેનો અડસટ્ટો લગાવાય છે. ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનો આ દિવસોમાં ગણતરી કરવાના સિદ્ધાંતમાં અભ્યાસ માટે કેન્દ્રિય ભાગ છે, સ્ટીફન વોલ્ફ્રામ દ્વારા 2 રાજ્ય 3 ચિહ્નો ટ્યુરિંગ મશીન શોધ એક સૌથી સરળ ઉદાહરણબને છે.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/10/college-kid-pro/ કોલેજ કીડ પ્રૂવ ધેટ વોલ્ફ્રામસ ટ્યુરિંગ મશિન યુનિવર્સલ કમ્પ્યૂટરોમાંનું સૌથી સરળ છે] વાયર્ડ 24 ઓક્ટોબર 2007</ref> પેપરવ્યાખ્યાયિત સંખ્યાઓની કલ્પના પણ રજૂ કરે છે. સપ્ટેમ્બર 1936થી જુલાઈ 1938 સુધી તેમણે ઍલોન્ઝો ચર્ચ હેઠળ અભ્યાસ કરવા માટે ઇન્સ્ટિટયૂટ ફોર એડવાન્સડ સ્ટડી, પ્રીન્સેટન, ન્યુ જર્સી ખાતે તેમનો મોટા ભાગનો સમય પસાર કર્યો. સાથો સાથ પોતાના માત્ર ગાણિતને લગતા કામમાં તેમણે સાંકેતિક લિપિનો અભ્યાસ કર્યો અને એક વિદ્યુત યાંત્રિક દ્વિગુણ ગુણકના ચોથા તબક્કામાંથી ત્રણનું નિર્માણ પણ કર્યું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=138}}</ref> જૂન 1938માં તેમણે પ્રીન્સેટનમાંથી તેમની Ph.D.ની ડીગ્રી મેળવીઃ તેમનો મહાનિબંધ સાપેક્ષ ગણતરીની કલ્પનાને રજૂ કરતો હતો, જ્યાં ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનો કહેવાતી ભાવિ આગાહી સાથે દલીલ કરે છે, સમસ્યાઓના અભ્યાસને મંજૂરી આપતાં, તે એક ટ્યુરિંગ મશીન દ્વારા ઉકેલી શકાતું નથી. કેમ્બ્રીજ ખાતે પાછા આવતાં, તેમણે લુડ્વીગ વિટ્ટુજેનસ્ટીન દ્વારા ગણિતની સ્થાપનાઅંગેના વ્યાખ્યામાં હાજરી આપી હતી.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=152}}</ref> શિષ્ટાચારના કડક પાલનથી ટ્યુરિંગના પ્રતિકાર સાથે બે વ્યક્તિઓએ દલીલ કરી અને અસહમતિ દાખવી અને વિટ્ટજેનસ્ટીનની દલીલ એ હતી કે ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી કશા પણ તદ્દન સત્યો શોધી કાઢતા નથી પણ તેના બદલે તેઓ તેનું નવનિર્માણ કરે છે.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=153–154}}</ref> તેમણે અંશકાલીન સમય માટે ગવર્મેન્ટ કોડ અને સિફર સ્કૂલ (GCCS) સાથે કામ પણ કર્યું. == સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષણ == [[ચિત્ર:Turing flat.jpg|thumb|બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે તબેલામાં બે કોટેજો.જ્યારે તેઓ હટ 8માં ગયા ત્યારે તેમણે અહીં 1939થી ૧૯૪૦ સુધી કામ કર્યું. ]] બીજા વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ દરમિયાન, ટ્યુરિંગ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે જર્મન સંકેતોને તોડવામાંના પ્રયત્નોમાં એક મુખ્ય સહભાગી હતા. યુદ્ધ પહેલાં સીફર બ્યુરોમાંથી પોલેન્ડમાં મેરિન રેજેવ્સ્કી,જેર્ઝી રોઝીસ્કીઅને હેન્રીક ઝીગાલ્સ્કી દ્વારા સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષણના કામની શરૂઆત પર, તેમણેઈનીગ્મા મશીન અને લોરેન્ઝ એસઝેડ 40/42 (એક ટેલીપ્રિન્ટર(ટેલીટાઈપ) બ્રિટિશ દ્વારા ''ટ્યુની'' કોડવાળું નામ ધરાવનાર સાંકેતિક જોડાણ) એ બંનેને તોડવા માટે ઊંડા જ્ઞાન દ્વારા ફાળો આપ્યો હતો, અને થોડા સમય માટે, જર્મન નૌકાદળના સિગ્નલો વાંચવા માટે જવાબદાર વિભાગ હટ 8ના મુખ્ય વ્યક્તિ હતા. સપ્ટેમ્બર 1938થી ટ્યુરિંગ કોડ તોડતી બ્રિટિશ સંસ્થા ગવર્મેન્ટ કોડ અને સાઈફર સ્કૂલ(GCCS), સાથે ખંડ-સમય માટે (અનુમાન અનુસાર બ્રિટિશ ફોરેન ઓફિસમાટે) કામ કર્યું હતું. તેમણે જર્મન ઈનીગ્મા મશીનની સમસ્યા પર કામ કર્યું અને GCCSના સિનિયર કોડબ્રેકર ડીલ્લી ક્નોક્ષસાથે મળીને કામ કર્યું.<ref>જેક કોપલેન્ડ, "કોલોસ્સસ અને કમ્પ્યૂટરની ઉંમરનું ચિત્ર, પાના નં 352 ''એક્શન ધી ડે'' , 2001</ref> 4 સપ્ટેમ્બર 1939એ જર્મની પર યુકે(UK)એ યુદ્ધનું એલાન કર્યું, ત્યારે ટ્યુરિંગ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક, જીસીસીએસના યુદ્ધ સમયના સ્ટેશન પર હાજર થયા હતા.<ref name="Copeland2006p378">કોપલેન્ડ, 2006 પાન નં. 378</ref> 1945માં, ટ્યુરિંગને તેમની યુદ્ધ સમયની સેવાઓ બદલ ઓબીઈ દ્વારા સન્માન આપવામાં આવ્યું, પણ તેમનું કાર્ય ઘણાં વર્ષો સુધી ખાનગી રહ્યું. ટ્યુરિંગ પાસે બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે કંઈક પ્રતિષ્ઠિત વિચિત્રતા હતી. જેક ગુડ, સંકેતલિપિના વિશ્લેષક, જેમણે તેમની સાથે કામ કર્યું હતું, તેમણે ટ્યુરિંગ વિશે રોનાલ્ડ લેવિને ટાંકીને કહ્યું: <blockquote> દરેક વર્ષે જૂનના પ્રથમ અઠવાડિયામાં તેને હે ફિવર (પરાગને લીધે થતી ઉધરસ અને ક્યારેક દમનો વિકાર)નો ખરાબ હુમલો લાગુ પડતો હતો, અને તેઓ પરાગરજને દૂર રાખવા માટે ઓફિસમાં પહેરવાનો સર્વિસ ગેસ માસ્ક સાયકલ ચલાવતી વખતે પહેરી લેતા. તેમની સાયકલમાં ખરાબી હતીઃ ચેન નિયમિત અંતરાલે ઉતરી જતી. તેને સમી કરાવવાને બદલે તેઓ ગોળ ફરતાં પેડલની ગણતરી કરતાં અને ચેન સરખી કરવાના સમયે સાયકલ પરથી ઉતરી હાથ દ્વારા ચેનને સરખી કરતા. તેમની અન્ય વિચિત્રતા એ હતી કે તેઓ તેમના મગ (પ્યાલા)ને ચોરી થતો અટકાવવા માટે રેડિયેટરની પાઈપ સાથે બાંધી દેતા.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewin|1978|p=57}}</ref></blockquote> બ્લેત્ચલેય ખાતે કામ કરતી વખતે, ટ્યુરિંગ, એક પ્રતિભાસંપન્ન લાંબુ અંતર દોડનારા હતા, પ્રસંગોપાત્ત જ્યારે તેમની જરૂરિયાતત ઉચ્ચ-સ્તરી બેઠકો માટે પડતી ત્યારે તેઓ {{convert|40|mi}} થી [[લંડન]] સુધી દોડતા.<ref>''બોડીગાર્ડ ઓફ લીઝ'' , એન્થોની કેવ બ્રાઉન દ્વારા, 1975.</ref> === ટ્યુરિંગ- વેલ્ચમેન બોમ્બી === બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્કમાં આવ્યાં પછી થોડા અઠવાડિયામાં,<ref name="Copeland2006p378"/> ટ્યુરિંગ ચોક્કસ પ્રકારના ઈલેક્ટ્રોમીકેનીકલ મશીન વિશે જણાવ્યું, જે ઈનીગ્માને તોડવા માટે બોમ્બા કરતાં વધુ ઝડપી મદદ કરી શકે છે, 1938 પછી મૂળ પોલીશ-ડિઝાઈન બોમ્બામાં સુધારાવધારા થયા બાદ તેનું નામ બોમ્બી થયું. ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી ગોર્ડોન વેલ્ચમેન દ્વારા વધુ તીવ્ર બનાવવાના સૂચન સાથે બોમ્બી એક પ્રાથમિક સાધનોમાંનું એક બન્યું અને ઈનીગ્મા પર પ્રહાર કરવા-સંદેશાઓના વિનિમયમાં રક્ષણ મેળવવાના ઉપયોગમાં યંત્ર પાસે કામ લેવામાં મુખ્ય બન્યું. [[ચિત્ર:Bombe-rebuild.jpg|thumbnail|બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે બોમ્બીની એક સંપૂર્ણ અને કાર્યશીલ પ્રતિકૃતિ]] જેક ગુડનો મત: <blockquote>મારા ''મતે'' ટ્યુરિંગનો અત્યંત મહત્તવનો ફાળો બોમ્બી, સંકેતલિપિનું વિશ્લેષણ કરતાં મશીનની ડિઝાઈન કરવામાં હતો. તેમની પાસે એવો વિચાર હતો કે જેનો તમે ઉપયોગ કરી શકો, પરિણામ રૂપે, તર્ક શાસ્ત્રનો એક પ્રમેયમાં વાહિયાતની બદલે બિનતાલીમી કાન લાગે છે, તેનાથી વિરોધાભાસી તમે ''દરેક વસ્તુનું'' અનુમાન લગાવી શકો છો.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1155383/episodes "ધી મેન હુ ક્રેક્ડ ઈનીગ્મા"], UKTV ઔતિહાસિક ચેનલની દસ્તાવેજી શ્રેણીઓનો ચોથો ભાગ [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1157073/ "હિરોઝ ઓફ વર્લ્ડ વોર 2"]</ref></blockquote> બોમ્બી ઈનીગ્મા સંદેશા (એટલે કે રોટરનો ક્રમ, રોટરની ગોઠવણી, વગેરે)માટે શક્ય એટલી સાચી ગોઠવણોના ઉપયોગ માટે શોધ કરતું હતું, અને યોગ્ય'' ભાષાંતરઃ'' સંભાવ્ય વાક્યનો એક ટુકડાનો ઉપયોગ કરતું. રોટરો(જેને 10¹⁹ દરજ્જાનો ઓર્ડર અથવા યુ બોટ ચાર-રોટર માટે 10²²થી ભિન્ન હોય છે)<ref>"ધી મેન હુ ક્રેક્ડ ઈનીગ્મા"માં પ્રોફેસર જેક ગુડ, 2003: "જો મારી યાદદાસ્ત સાચી છે", તેમની ચેતવણી સાથે </ref>ના દરેક શક્ય ગોઠવણીઓ માટે બોમ્બી ભાષાંતરના આધાર પર તાર્કીક અનુમાનોની સાંકળની ભજવણી કરી, ઈલેક્ટ્રીક રીતે તેનું અમલીકરણ કરતું. જ્યારે વિરોધાભાસ ઉદ્ભવે ત્યારે બોમ્બીને શોધી કાઢવામાં આવે છે, અને તે ગોઠવણીને કાઢી નાખવામાં આવે છે અને પછી બીજા પર આગળ વધવામાં આવે છે. મોટાભાગની શક્ય ગોઠવણીઓ વિરોધાભાસો સર્જે છે અને તેને નાશ કરવામાં આવે છે, માત્ર ખૂબ ઓછા ઊંડાણપૂર્વક સંશોધન કરવા માટે બાકી રહે છે. ટ્યુરિંગનું બોમ્બી 18 માર્ચ 1940માં પ્રથમ વખત ઈન્સ્ટોલ થયું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=191}}</ref> યુદ્ધ પૂર્ણ થતાં પહેલાં 200 થી પણ વધારે બોમ્બીઓ કાર્યાન્વિત કરવામાં આવ્યાં હતાં.<ref name="codebreaker">{{Cite web|title=Alan Turing, Codebreaker and Computer Pioneer |last=Copeland |first=Jack |coauthors=Diane Proudfoot |month=May | year=2004 |url=http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/codebreaker.html |access-date=27 July 2007}}</ref> === હટ 8 and નોકાદળનું ઈનીગ્મા === [[ચિત્ર:AlanTuring-Bletchley.jpg|thumbnail|સ્ટેફન કેટ્ટલ દ્વારા બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે ટ્યુરિંગનું પૂતળું, અમેરિકાના પરોપકારી સીડની ઈ ફ્રેન્ક દ્વારા સોંપાયેલું કાર્ય.<ref>[58]</ref>]] ટ્યુરિંગે જર્મન નોકા દળના ઈનીગ્માની ખાસ મુશ્કેલ સમસ્યાને ઉકેલવાનું નક્કી કર્યું "કારણ કે તેના માટે કોઈ અન્ય કંઈ પણ કરી રહ્યા નથી અને હું મારી જાતે તે કરી શકું છું".<ref name="MahonP14">{{Harvnb|Mahon|1945|p=14}}</ref> ડિસેમ્બર 1939માં, ટ્યુરિંગે નોકાદળની સૂચના આપતાં તંત્રના જરૂરી ભાગનો ઉકેલી આપ્યો, જે અન્ય સેવાઓ દ્વારા ઉપયોગમાં લેવામાં આવતાં સૂચકોના તંત્ર કરતાં વધુ જટિલ હતો.<ref name="MahonP14"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=184–186}}</ref> જે રાત્રિએ તેમણે નોકાદળના સૂચક તંત્રનો ઉકેલ લાવ્યા તે જ રાત્રિએ તેમને ''બન્બુરીસ્મુસ'' નો વિચાર આવ્યો, આ એક પરિણામરૂપ આંકડાકીય પદ્ધતિ, જે નૌકાદળના ઈનીગ્માને તોડવામાં મદદરૂપ બનવા માટે હતી. (જેને અબ્રાહમ વાલ્ડેપાછળથી સિક્વેન્શ્યલ એનાલિસીસ) "જોકે હું ચોક્કસ ન હતો કે વાસ્તવમાં તે કામ કરી જશે, અને જ્યાં સુધી વાસ્તવમાં કેટલાંક દિવસો સુધી ઈનીગ્માને તોડ્યા ત્યાં સુધી હું ચોક્કસ ન હતો."<ref name="MahonP14"/> આ માટે તેમણે પુરાવાઓનું વજન માપવાની શોધ કરી, જેને તેઓ''બન'' કહેતા હતા. બાનબુરીસ્મઅસ ઈનીગ્મા રોટોરસના કેટલાક આદેશોને ધ્યાન બહાર મૂકી શકતાં, પરિણામરૂપે બોમ્બી પરનો પરીક્ષણ ગોઠવણીનો જરૂરી સમય ઓછો થઈ ગયો. 1941માં, ટ્યુરિંગે હટ 8ના સહકાર્યકર જોઅન ક્લાર્કે, એક સાથી ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી સમક્ષ લગ્નનો પ્રસ્તાવ મૂક્યો, પણ તેઓના વિવાહ ખૂબ જ ઓછા સમય માટે રહ્યો. પોતાની સમલૈગિકતા અંગે તેમની વાગ્દત્તાને જણાવ્યાં બાદ, નવાઈ પમાડે તેવી વાત બહાર આવવાથી તેણી અસ્વસ્થ હતી, તેથી ટ્યુરિંગે નક્કી કર્યું કે લગ્ન સાથે આગળ નહીં વધી શકે.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=176–178}}</ref> જૂલાઈ 1942માં, જર્મનીના નવા જેહૈમસ્ચ્રૈબર મશિન (''ખાનગી લેખક'' ) દ્વારા લોરેન્ઝ સીફર વિરૂદ્ધ તૈયાર કરવામાં આવેલાં સંદેશાઓના<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=380}}</ref> ઉપયોગ માટે ટ્યુરિંગે ''ટ્યુરિંગ્રેરી'' (અથવા મજાકમાં ''ટ્યુરિંગીસમસ'' )નામની પદ્ધતિની યોજના બનાવી. જેનું બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે કોડનું નામ ''ટ્યુની'' હતું. તેમણે મેક્સ ન્યુમેનના માર્ગદર્શન હેઠળ ટોમ્મી ફ્લાવરસ સાથે ટ્યુની ટીમની પણ શરૂઆત કરી, જે કોલોસ્સઅસ કમ્પ્યૂટર, દુનિયાનું સૌ પ્રથમ ડિઝીટલ ઈલેક્ટ્રોનિક કમ્પ્યૂટરના નિર્માણમાં પડ્યાં હતાં, જે સરળ એવું પહેલાનું મશીન(હીથ રોબિન્સન)ના બદલે મૂકવાનું હતું અને તેની અત્યંત ઝડપી કામ કરવાની ગતિ દરરોજ બદલાતી સાઈફરની ઉપયોગીતાને લાગુ કરવા માટેની ડિક્રિપ્શન તકનીકના ભૌતિક-બળને મંજૂરી આપતું હતું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=72}}</ref> એક સતત ખોટી ધારણા એ છે કે ટ્યુરિંગ કોલોસ્સઅસના ડિઝાઈનમાં એક મુખ્ય વ્યક્તિ હતી, પણ તે કિસ્સો એવો ન હતો.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|pp=382,383}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગએ નવેમ્બર 1942માં સંયુક્ત રાજ્ય અમેરિકાનો પ્રવાસ કર્યો અને નોકાદળના ઈનીગ્મા પર સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષક તરીકે અને વોશીંગ્ટનમાં બોમ્બીના નિર્માણમાં યુએસ નૌકાદળ સાથે કામ કર્યું, અને સલામત ભાષા ઉપકરણના વિકાસ સાથે બેલ લેબ્સખાતે સહાયક ભૂમિકા ભજવી. તેઓ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે માર્ચ 1943માં પાછા આવ્યા. તેમની ગેરહાજરી દરમિયાન, હ્યુગ એલેક્ઝેન્ડરેઅધિકૃત રીતે હટ 8ના પ્રમુખ તરીકેનું સ્થાન ગ્રહણ કર્યું હતું, જોકે એલેક્ઝાન્ડર થોડા સમય માટે ''ડે ફાક્ટો'' ના પ્રમુખ તરીકે હતા- ટ્યુરિંગને રોજ-બ-રોજની ભાગાદોડી વાળા વિભાગમાં થોડો રસ હતો. ટ્યુરિંગ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષણના એક સામાન્ય સલાહકાર બન્યા. એલેક્ઝાન્ડરે તેમના યોગદાન અંગે આ પ્રમાણે લખ્યું: <blockquote>હટ 8ની સફળતામાં ટ્યુરિંગનું કામ સોથી મોટું પરિબળ હતું તે બાબતે કોઈના મનમાં પ્રશ્ન ન થવો જોઈએ. શરૂઆતના દિવસોમાં તે માત્ર સંકેતલિપિનો વિશ્લેષક હતો, જે ઉકેલવા લાયક સમસ્યાને વિચારતો અને તે માત્ર હટની અંદરના મુખ્ય સૈદ્ધાંતિક કામ માટે પ્રાથમિક પણ જવાબદાર ન હતો પણ તે વેલ્ચમેન સાથે દરેક મુદ્દાની રજૂઆત કરતો અને બોન્બીની શોધ માટે મુખ્ય શ્રેય માટે ઉત્સુક હતો. તે હંમેશા કહેવું મુશ્કેલ છે કે દરેક વ્યક્તિ તદ્-ન અનિવાર્ય છે પણ જો હટ 8 માટે કોઈ અનિવાર્ય હતું તો તે ટ્યુરિંગ હતો. જ્યારે અનુભવ અને રોજિંદું કાર્ય પાછળથી સહેલું લાગે છે ત્યારે શરૂઆતનું કામ હંમેશા ભૂલી જવાય છે અને હટ 8માંના ઘણાં એવું અનુભવે છે કે બહારની દુનિયાને ટ્યુરિંગના યોગદાનનું મહત્તવ ક્યારેય સંપૂર્ણ પણે સમજાઈ શકશે નહીં.<ref>{{ Harvnb | Alexander | circa 1945 }}</ref></blockquote> યુદ્ધના પછીના ભાગમાં તેઓ હાન્સ્લોપ પાર્ક ખાતે કામ કરવા ગયા, જ્યાં તેઓ એન્જિનીયર ડોનાલ્ડ બેયલેયની મદદથી ઈલેક્ટ્રોનિકસના જ્ઞાનમાં વધુ વિકાસ કર્યો. તેઓએ સાથે એક પોર્ટેબલ સુરક્ષિત આવાજ સંચાર જેનું કોડનું નામ ''ડેલીલાહ'' હતું, તેનું ડિઝાઈન તૈયાર કરી અને નિર્માણ કર્યું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=270}}</ref> તેનો હેતુ લાંબા અંતરાલ માટે રેડિયો ટ્રાન્સમીશન સાથેના ઉપયોગ માટેની ક્ષમતાની ઉણપ અને કોઈ પણ કિસ્સામાં તેની વિવિધ ઉપયોગીતા માટેનો હતો, ડેલીલાહનું નિર્માણ યુદ્ધ દરમિયાન ઉપયોગમાં લેવા માટે મોડુ પૂર્ણ થયું હતું. જોકે ટ્યુરિંગે અધિકારીઓને વિંસ્ટન ચર્ચિલનું ભાષણનું રેકોર્ડીંગ એનક્રિપ્ટીંગ/ડિક્રિપ્ટીંગ દ્વારા નિર્દેશિત કર્યું હોવા છતાં, ડેલીલાહનો ઉપયોગ કરવા માટે સ્વીકારવામાં ન આવ્યું. ટ્યુરિંગે SIGSALY, એક સલામત અવાજ તંત્રના વિકાસ માટે બેલ લેબ્સ સાથે સલાહ પણ લીધી, જેનો ઉપયોગ યુદ્ધના પાછળના વર્ષોમાં થયો હતો. == શરૂઆતના કમ્પ્યૂટરો અને ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણ == તેઓ 1945થી 1947 સુધી ચર્ચ સ્ટ્રીટ, હેમ્પટન<ref>{{openplaque|1619}}</ref> ખાતે રહેતા હતા અને નેશનલ ફિઝીક્સ લેબોરેટરીમાં હતા, જ્યાં તેઓ એસીઈ (ઓટોમેટીક કમ્પ્યૂટીંગ એન્જિન)ની ડિઝાઈન પર કામ કરતા હતા. તેમણે 19 ફેબ્રુઆરી 1946ના રોજ એક પેપરની રજૂઆત કરી, જે એક પ્રોગ્રામનો સંગ્રહ કરી શકાય તેવા કમ્પ્યૂટરની સૌ પ્રથમ વિગત આપતી ડિઝાઈન હતી.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=108}}</ref> જોકે એસીઈ એ શક્ય કરી શકાય એવી ડિઝાઈન હતી, તેમ છતાં યુદ્ધના સમયે બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે ગોપનીય વાતાવરણ હોવાથી પ્રોજેક્ટ શરૂ કરવામાં વિલંબ થયો અને તેમનો ભ્રમ દૂર થયો. 1947ના વર્ષમાં પાછળથી એક સેબિટીકલ વર્ષ (અભ્યાસ અને પ્રયાસ માટે અપાતી રજાઓ) માટે કેમ્બ્રીજ પાછા આવ્યા. જ્યારે તેઓ કેમ્બ્રીજ પાછા આવ્યાં ત્યારે પાયલોટ એસીઈ તેમની ગેરહાજરીમાં તૈયાર થઈ ગયો હતો. તેનો પ્રથમ પ્રોગ્રામ 10 મે 1950ના રોજ અમલમાં મૂકવામાં આવ્યો. 1948માં તેમને માન્ચેસ્ટર ખાતે ગણિત વિભાગમાં રીડર તરીકે નિયુક્ત કરવામાં આવ્યા. 1949માં, તેઓ યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ માન્ચેસ્ટર ખાતે કમ્પ્યૂટીંગ લેબોરેટરીના ઉપ નિયામક બન્યા, અને સોથી પહેલાં પ્રોગ્રામનો સંગ્રહ કરી શકાય એવા કમ્પ્યૂટરોના એક માન્ચેસ્ટર માર્ક 1ના સોફ્ટવેર અંગે કામ કર્યું. આ સમય દરમિયાન તેમણે વધુ એબસ્ટ્રેક કામ ચાલુ રાખ્યું અને "કમ્પ્યુટીંગ મશીનરી અને ઈન્ટલીજન્સ"માં (માઈન્ડ, ઓક્ટોબર 1950), ટ્યુરિંગ કૃત્રિમ બુદ્ધિમત્તાની સમસ્યાને સંબોધતાં હતા, અને એક સૂચિત પ્રયોગ જે ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણ તરીકે જાણીતું બન્યું, મશીન માટે સ્ટાન્ડર્ડ નિર્ધારિત કરવાનો પ્રયત્ન "બુદ્ધિમત્તા" કહેવાઈ. વિચાર એ હતો કે જો કમ્પ્યૂટરમાં વિચારવામાં ઝીણવટથી તપાસ કરનારની કરામત મૂકી શકાય જે એક વ્યક્તિ સાથે વાર્તાલાપ કરતો હતો તો કમ્પ્યૂટરને "વિચારવાનું" કહી શકાય. પેપરમાં ટ્યુરિંગે સૂચવ્યું હતું કે વયસ્કના મનનું અનુકરણ કરે એવા પ્રોગ્રામને બનાવવા કરતાં એક સરળ પ્રોગ્રામ બનાવવો બાળકોના મનનું અનુકરણ કરે અને પછી શિક્ષણના એક કોર્ષ તરીકેનો ઉદ્દેશ્ય બનાવવો. ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણથી વિરોધાભાસી સ્વરૂપ ઈન્ટરનેટ પર વ્યાપકપણ ઉપયોગમાં લેવાય છે- વપરાશકાર વ્યક્તિ છે કે કમ્પ્યૂટર એ નક્કી કરવા માટેનો હેતુપૂર્વકનું CAPTCHA (કેપ્ચા) પરીક્ષણ છે. 1948માં, ટ્યુરિંગ તેમના પૂર્વ ઉપસ્નાતક સાથીકાર્યકર ડી.જી.ચેમ્પરનોવ્ની સાથે કામ કરતાં, કમ્પ્યૂટર માટે [[ચેસ]]નો પ્રોગ્રામ લખવાની શરૂઆત કરી, જે હાલમાં ઉપલબ્ધ નથી. 1952માં, પ્રોગ્રામને અમલી બનાવવા માટે પૂરતા પ્રમાણમાં શક્તિશાળી એવા કમ્પ્યૂટરની ઉણપને કારણે, ટ્યુરિંગે રમત રમી જેમાં તેમણે કમ્પ્યૂટરનું અનુકરણ કર્યું, એક ચાલ રમવા માટે લગભગ અડધો કલાક લીધો. રમતની નોંધ લેવાઈ હતી.<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1356927 ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ વિરુદ્ધ એલીક ગ્લેન્ની(1952) "ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણ"] Chessgames.com</ref> પ્રોગ્રામ ટ્યુરિંગના સહકાર્યકર એલીક ગ્લેન્નીના માટે ખોઈ દીધો છે, જો કે એવું કહેવામાં આવે છે કે પ્રોગ્રામે ચેમ્પરનોવ્નીની પત્ની વિરુદ્ધ રમત જીતી લીધી હતી. તેમનું ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણએક મહત્ત્વપૂર્ણ અને ઉત્તેજક વિશેષતા ધરાવતું હતું અને કૃત્રિમ બુદ્ધિમત્તા સંદર્ભેની ચર્ચમાં છેલ્લું યોગદાન હતું, જે અડધી સદી કરતાં વધુ ચાલુ રહ્યું.<ref>સેજીન, એ.પી.., સીકેક્લી, આઈ., અને એકમેન, વી. (2000) ટ્યુરિંગનું પરીક્ષણ: 50 વર્ષો પછી. માઈન્ડસ એન્ડ મશીનસ, Vol. 10, પાનું&nbsp;463–518.</ref> તેમણે લુ વિઘટનની પદ્ધતિ પણ 1948માં શોધી હતી, જેનો વર્તમાન સમયમાં મેટ્રીક્સ સમીકરણના ઉકેલમાં ઉપયોગ થાય છે.<ref>[http://www.intusoft.com/nlhtm/nl71.htm સ્પાઈસ 1 2 3 અને બીયોન્ડ][http://www.intusoft.com/nlhtm/nl71.htm ઈન્ટુસોફ્ટ ન્યુઝલેટર, ઓગસ્ટ 2003]</ref> == પેટર્નનું બંધારણ અને ગાણિતીય જીવવિજ્ઞાન == ટ્યુરિંગે 1952થી તેમના 1954માં થયેલા મૃત્યુ સુધી ગાણિતીય [[જીવવિજ્ઞાન]] ખાસ કરીને મોર્ફોજીનેસીસ પર કામ કર્યું હતું. તેમણે 1952માં પેટર્ન બંધારણની ટ્યરિંગની પૂર્વધારણા રજૂ કરતું હતું, ધી ''કેમિકલ બેઝીઝ ઓફ મોર્ફોજીનેસીસ'' વિષય પર એક પેપર પ્રકાશિત કર્યું હતું.<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061128093244.htm "કંટ્રોલ મિકેનીઝમ ફોર બાયોલોડીકલ પેટર્ન ફોર્મેશન ડેકોડેડ"] ''સાયન્સ ડેઈલી'' , 30 નવેમ્બર 2006</ref> તેમના રસનો કેન્દ્ર વિસ્તાર ફિબોનાકી ફિલ્લોટેક્સીઝ, ગ્રહ માળખામાં ફિબોનાકી આંકડાઓનું અસ્તિત્વ સમજવાનું હતું. તેઓ રીએક્શન-ડીફ્યુઝન સમીકરણોનો ઉપયોગ કરતાં જે પેટર્ન બંધારણના ક્ષેત્રના મધ્યસ્થાને છે. જ્યારે 1992માં ''કલેક્ટેડ વર્ક ઓફ એ.એમ.ટ્યુરિંગ'' પ્રકાશિત થયું ત્યાં સુધી પછીના પેપરો અપ્રકાશિત રહ્યાં. આ ક્ષેત્રમાં તેમનું યોગદાન આધારભૂત ભાગ ગણવામાં આવે છે.<ref>[http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html ટ્યુરિંગઝ લાસ્ટ, લોસ્ટ વર્ક ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823032620/http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html |date=2003-08-23 }} સ્વીનટનસ</ref> == અનુચિતતા માટે ગુનેગાર ઠરવું == જાન્યુઆરી 1952માં, ટ્યુરિંગ માન્ચેસ્ટરમાં સિનેમાની બહાર આર્નોલ્ડ મૂર્રેને મળ્યાં હતાં. એક બપોરના ભોજના પછી ટ્યુરિંગે મૂર્રેને તેમના ઘરે સપ્તાહાંત પસાર કરવા માટે આમંત્રણ આપ્યું, મૂર્રેએ આમંત્રણ સ્વીકાર્યુ હોવા છતાં ટ્યુરિંગના ઘરે દેખાયા નહીં. આ જોડી માન્ચેસ્ટરમાં પછીના સોમવારે ફરીવખત મળી, ત્યારે મૂર્રેએ ટ્યુરિંગને તેમના ઘરે આવવાનું નિમંત્રણ સ્વીકાર્યું. થોડા અઠવાડિયા પછી મૂર્રેએ ટ્યુરિંગના ઘરની ફરી વખત મુલાકાત લીધી અને તે દેખીતું હતું કે રાત પણ ત્યાંજ વીતાવી.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=266}}</ref>તેમના ઘરમાં મળતિયાઓને તોડફોડમાં મૂર્રેએ મદદ કર્યાં બાદ, ટ્યુરિંગે પોલીસમાં ગુનો નોંધાવ્યો. તપાસ દરમિયાન, ટ્યુરિંગે મૂર્રે સાથેના જાતીય સંબંધ સ્વીકાર્યો. તે સમયે યુનાઈટેડ કિંગડ્મમાં સમલૈગિંક કૃત્યો ગેરકાનૂની હતાં<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=458}}</ref> અને તેથી ક્રિમીનલ લો અમેન્ડન્ટ એક્ટ 1885ના સેકશન 11 હેઠળ અનુચિતતા બદલ તે બંને પર આરોપ લગાવવામાં આવ્યો, 15 વર્ષથી વધુ વર્ષ પહેલાં ઓસ્કાર વાઈલ્ડ માટે આ જ ગુના હેઠળ આરોપ લગાવવામાં આવ્યો હતો.<ref name="LeavittP268">{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=268}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગને કેદમાં પૂરાવું અથવા પોતાની કામવાસનાને ઓછી કરવા માટે હોર્મોનની સારવાર સ્વીકારવી એ બે વિકલ્પ આપવામાં આવ્યા હતા. તેમણે ઈસ્ટ્રોજન હોર્મોન ઈન્જેક્શન દ્વારા રાસાયણિક કૅસ્ટ્રેશન(ખસીકરણ)નો સ્વીકાર કર્યો.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/turing_a,2.html |title=ટ્યુરિંગ, ઍલન(1912–1954) |access-date=2011-03-21 |archive-date=2009-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901020647/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/turing_a%2C2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગ ગુનેગાર ઠરતાં તેમની સુરક્ષા મંજૂરીને દૂર કરવામાં આવી અને GCHQ માટે તેમની સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષક સલાહકાર તરીકેનું કામ ચાલુ રાખવા પર પ્રતિબંધ મૂકવામાં આવ્યો. તેમના બ્રિટિશ પાસપોર્ટ રદ કરી નાખવામાં આવ્યો, જો કે તેમનુ ગુનેગાર ઠરવા પછી યુનાઈટેડ સ્ટેટમાં તેનો પ્રવેશ નિષેધ કરવામાં આવ્યો.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} તે સમયે, સોવિએટ એજન્ટો દ્વારા સમલૈગિંકો અને જાસૂસોને ઝાંસામાં લેવાની ઉત્કૃત જીજ્ઞાસા લોકોમાં હતી,<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=269}}</ref> કારણ કે તાજેતરમાં કેમ્બ્રીજ પાંચના પ્રથમ બે સભ્યો ગાય બુર્ગીસ્સ અને ડોનાલ્ડ મેક્લીન KGBના બે તરફ એજન્ટ તરીકે બહાર આવ્યા હતા. ટ્યુરિંગ પર જાસૂસ તરીકેનો ક્યારેય આરોપ લાગ્યો ન હતો, પણ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે જેટલા પણ લોકોએ કામ કર્યું હતું, તેમને તેમની યુદ્ધ સમયની કામગીરી અંગે ચર્ચા કરતાં અટકાવવામાં આવ્યા હતા.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=143}}</ref> == મૃત્યુ == 8 જૂન 1954એ ટ્યુરિંગના સફાઈ કરનારને જણાયું કે તેમનું મૃત્યુ થયું છે. તેમનું મૃત્યુ આગળના દિવસે થયું હતું. પોસ્ટમોર્ટમ રિપોર્ટમાં જણાયું હતું કે તેમના મૃત્યુનું કારણ સાઈનાઈડનું ઝેર હતું. જ્યારે એવું જાણવા મળ્યું કે અડધું ખવાયેલું સફરજન તેમની પથારીની બાજુમાં પડ્યું હતું,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=488}}</ref> અને તેમ છતાં તે સફરજનનો સાઈનાઈડ પરીક્ષણ કરવામાં ન આવ્યું, સફરજનનો ઉપયોગ કરીને તેમને ઘાતક માત્રા સાઈનાઈડ આપવામાં આવ્યું હોઈ શકે એવું અનુમાન કરવામાં આવે છે. એક કાયદાકીય તપાસે એ નક્કી કર્યું હતું કે તેમણે આત્મહત્યા કરી હતી અને તેમને 12 જૂન 1954ના રોજ સ્મશાનમાં અગ્નિદાહ આપવામાં આવ્યો.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=529}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગની માતાએ ઘણી તર્ક પૂર્ણ દલીલો કરી કે લેબોરેટરીનાં રસાયણોની લાપરવાહી ભર્યા સંગ્રહના કારણે સાઈનાઈડ ગળી જવું તે આકસ્મિક હતું. પોતાની માતાને કંઈક સત્યાભાસી અસ્વીકાર લાગે, તે માટે ટ્યુરિંગે જાણી જોઈને પોતાની જાતને સંદિગ્ધ રીતે નાખી હોય તેમ બની શકે એવું તેમના ચરિત્ર લેખક એન્ડ્રુવ હોજેસએ સૂચવ્યું હતું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=488, 489}}</ref> કેટલાક અન્યોએ એવું સૂચવ્યું હતું કે ટ્યુરિંગ ફરીથી 1937ની ફિલ્મ ''સ્નો વ્હાઈટ'' માંથી પોતાની પસંદગીના પરીકથાના એક દ્રશ્યનું પુનઃઅભિનય કરી રહ્યો હોય તેમ બની શકે, "જેમાં તેને ખાસ કરીને એક ચૂડેલ ઝેરી દારૂમાં પોતાનું સફરજન ડૂબાડે છે એ દૃશ્યમાં ખૂબ મજા આવતી હતી."<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=140}}</ref> === સમાધિલેખ === {{quote| Hyperboloids of wondrous Light<br /> Rolling for aye through Space and Time<br /> Harbour those Waves which somehow Might<br /> Play out God's holy pantomime <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turing |first=A. M. |title=Postcard to [[Robin Gandy]] |year=1954 |publisher=Turing Digital Archive, AMT/D/4 image 16, [http://www.turingarchive.org/ The Turing Digital Archive]}}</ref>}} == માન્યતા અને શ્રદ્ધાંજલિઓ == [[ચિત્ર:Turing Plaque.jpg|thumbnail|વિલ્મસ્લોવ, ચેશીર ખાતે ટ્યુરિંગના ઘર પર તકતીથી કરવામાં આવેલું ચિહ્ન ]] ટ્યુરિંગના મૃત્યુ (અને તેમનું યુદ્ધ સમયનું કાર્ય હજી પણ ઓફિશ્યલ સીક્રેટસ એક્ટનો વિષય હતો) પછી થોડા સમયમાં રોયલ સોસાયટી દ્વારા એક જીવનચરિત્ર પ્રકાશિત થયું.{{quote|Three remarkable papers written just before the war, on three diverse mathematical subjects, show the quality of the work that might have been produced if he had settled down to work on some big problem at that critical time. For his work at the Foreign Office he was awarded the OBE.|{{Cite book|last=Newman |first=M. H. A. |title=Alan Mathison Turing |year=1955 |publisher=The Royal Society |isbn =|series=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1955, Volume 1}}}1966થી એસોશિયેશન ફોર કમ્પ્યૂટીંગ મશીનરીદ્વારા એવી વ્યક્તિને ટ્યુરિંગ એવોર્ડ આપવામાં આવે છે, જેણે કમ્પ્યુટીંગ સમુદાયમાં ટેક્નીકલ યોગદાન આપ્યું હોય. તે કમ્પ્યૂટરની દુનિયામાં તેને [[નોબૅલ પારિતોષિક|નોબલ પ્રાઈઝ]]ને સમકક્ષ સર્વોચ્ચતમ સન્માન ગણવામાં આવે છે.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases-2007/turingaward/|title=ACM'S Turing Award Prize Raised To $250,000|publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] press release|date=27 July 2007|access-date=16 October 2008|author=Steven Geringer|archive-date=30 ડિસેમ્બર 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230233653/http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases-2007/turingaward/|url-status=dead}}</ref>એલન ટ્યુરિંગ અંગેનો હુગ વ્હાઈટમોર દ્વારા ''બ્રેકીંગ ધી કોડ'' 1986નું નાટક છે. આ નાટકના શો લંડનના વેસ્ટ એન્ડમાં નવેમ્બર 1986થી અને બ્રોડવેમાં 15 નવેમ્બર 1987થી શરૂ થયા અને 10 એપ્રિલ 1988માં પૂર્ણ થયા. 1996માં બીબીસી ટેલીવિઝનનું પણ નિર્માણ થયું હતું. દરેક કિસ્સાઓમાં ડેરેક જોકાબી ટ્યુરિંગનું પાત્ર ભજવતા. ટોની એવોર્ડ માટે બ્રોડવે નિર્માણનું ત્રણ વખત નામ નિયુક્ત કરવામાં આવ્યો જેમાં નાટકમાં શ્રેષ્ઠ અભિનેતા, નાટકમાં શ્રેષ્ઠ અભિનિત અભિનેતા અને નાટક માટે શ્રેષ્ઠ માર્ગદર્શનનો સમાવેશ થાય છે. અને ડ્રામા ડેસ્ક એવોર્ડ માટે શ્રેષ્ઠ અભિનેતા અને શ્રેષ્ઠ અભિનિત અભિનેતાનો સમાવેશ થાય છે. 2008માં "ડેન્જરસ નોલેજ" નામની બીબીસી દસ્તાવેજીફિલ્મમાં તપાસ કરવામાં આવેલાં ચાર ગણીતશાસ્ત્રીઓમાંના એક ટ્યુરિંગ હતું.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/dangerous-knowledge.shtml|title=Dangerous Knowledge|publisher=BBC Four|date=11 June 2008|access-date=25 September 2009}}</ref> 23 જૂન 1998ના રોજ, ટ્યુરિંગના 86ના જન્મદિવસે, એન્ડ્રુ હોજેસ, તેમના જીવનચરિત્રકે, તેમના જન્મસ્થાન અને તેમના બાળપણનું ઘર વોર્રીંગટ્ન ક્રીસેન્ટ, લંડન અને પછીથી કોલોન્નેડ હોટલ ખાતે અધિકૃતપણે ઈંગ્લીશ હેરિટેજવાદળી તકતીનું અનાવરણ કર્યું હતું.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/oration.html | title=Unveiling the official Blue Plaque on Alan Turing's Birthplace | access-date=26 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.blueplaque.com/detail.php?plaque_id=348 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013143212/http://www.blueplaque.com/detail.php?plaque_id=348 | archive-date=13 ઑક્ટોબર 2007 | title=About this Plaque&nbsp;– Alan Turing | access-date=25 September 2006 | url-status=dead }}</ref> તેમના મૃત્યુની 50મી વર્ષગાંઠે, એક યાદગાર તકતીનું અનાવરણ તેમના પહેલાંના રહેઠાંણ હોલીમેડ,વિલ્મસ્લો, ચેરશીર ખાતે 7 જૂન 2004માં કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું.<ref>{{openplaque|3276}}</ref> 13 માર્ચ 2000ના રોજ, સેઈન્ટ વિન્સેટ અને ગ્રીનાડીન્સે દ્વારા 20મી સદીની શ્રેષ્ઠ સિદ્ધઓની ઉજવણી માટે ટિકિટો બહાર પાડવામાં આવી, જેમાંની એક શૂન્ય અને એક સંખ્યાના પુનરાવર્તિત પૂર્વભૂમિકા સાથે ટ્યુરિંગનું પોર્ટેટ મૂકવામાં આવ્યું છે અને તેની નીચે આ પ્રમાણેનું લખાણ લખવામાં આવ્યું છેઃ"1937: ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગસ થીયરી ઓફ ડીજિટલ કમ્પ્યુટીંગ".28 ઓક્ટોબર 2004ના રોજ,જોહ્ન ડબલ્યુ મીલ્સ દ્વારા સર્જિક ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનું કાંસ્ય આધારિત શિલ્પ ગીલ્ડફોર્ડમાં યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ સૂર્રેય ખાતે અનાવૃત કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું. જે ટ્યુરિંગના મૃત્યુના 50 વર્ષ સૂચવતું હતું- કેમ્પસમાં તેઓ તેમના પુસ્તકો લઈ જતાં રજૂ કરવામાં આવ્યાં છે.<ref name="univsurrey">{{Cite web |url=http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/press/oct2004/281004a/ |title=The Earl of Wessex unveils statue of Alan Turing |access-date=10 February 2007 |archive-date=23 ઑક્ટોબર 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023193441/http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/portal/page?_pageid=799%2C277813&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |url-status=dead }}</ref>2006માં, બોસ્ટન પ્રાઈડે તેમના માનદ્ ગ્રાન્ડ માર્શલનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગ આપ્યું હતું.<ref name="bostonpride">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bostonpride.org/honorarymarshal.php |title=Honorary Grand Marshal |access-date=10 February 2007 |archive-date=1 જાન્યુઆરી 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101213356/http://www.bostonpride.org/honorarymarshal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> પ્રિન્સટન એલ્યુમની વિકલીનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગ રાખવામાં આવ્યું, જે પ્રિન્સટન યુનિવર્સિટીના ઇતિહાસમાં અત્યંત મહત્તવપૂર્ણ વિદ્યાર્થીઓમાં બીજા હતા, બીજા અન્ય રાષ્ટ્રપતિ જેમ્સ મેડિસન હતાં. બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે ટ્યુરિંગના જીવન આકાર 1.5 ટનની પ્રતિમાનું અનાવરણ 19 જૂન 2007ના રોજ કરવામાં આવ્યું. વેલ્શ સ્લેટના લગભગ અડધા મિલિયન ટુકડાઓથી તેનું નિર્માણ કરવામાં આવ્યું, સ્ટેપ્હન કેટ્ટલ દ્વારા શિલ્પનું સર્જન કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું, આ કામ સ્વર્ગસ્થ અમેરિકાના અબજોપતિ સિડની ફ્રેન્ક દ્વારા સોંપવામાં આવ્યું હતું.<ref>[http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075/article.html બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક અનવેઈલ્સ સ્ટેટ્યુ કમેમરેટીંગ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227171427/http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075/article.html |date=2012-02-27 }} , બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક પ્રેસ રીલીઝ, 20 જૂન 2007</ref>ટ્યુરિંગને માન્ચેસ્ટર શહેર, જેમાં તેઓ તેમની જીવનના અંત સુધી કામ કર્યાં રહ્યાં, ત્યાં તેમને વિવિધ રીતે માનસન્માન મળ્યું હતું. 1994માં A6010 રોડ (માન્ચેસ્ટર શહેરનો આંતરિક રિંગ રોડ) બનાવવામાં આવ્યો, જેનું નામ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ વે રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું. આ રસ્તો આગળ જતાં વધારે પહોળા પુલમાં લઈ જતો હતો અને તેનું નામ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ બ્રીજ રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. 23 જૂન 2001માં માન્ચેસ્ટરશહેરમાં ટ્યુરિંગનું પુતળું અનાવૃત કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું. તે સેકવિલે પાર્કમાં, વિટવર્થ સ્ટીટની ઉપર યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ માન્ચેસ્ટરઅને કેનલ સ્ટ્રીટ ગે વિલેજની વચ્ચે આવેલું છે. યાદગાર પૂતળું, "ફાધર ઓફ કમ્પ્યૂટર સાયન્સ"ને વર્ણવતું ટ્યુરિંગનું પૂતળું બગીચામાં કેન્દ્ર સ્થાને એક બાંકડાની ઉપર બેઠું છે. આ પૂતળાનું અનાવરણ ટ્યુરિંગના જન્મદિવસે થયું હતું. [[ચિત્ર:Sackville Park Turing plaque.jpg|left|thumbnail|200px|ટ્યુરિંગનું યાદગાર પૂતળાની તકતી ]] ટ્યુરિંગને એક સફરજન પકડીને દર્શાવવામાં આવ્યાં છે. – એક શિષ્ટ પ્રતીક વર્જિત પ્રેમની રજૂઆત કરવામાં વપરાય છે, સફરજન [[આઇઝેક ન્યુટન|આઈઝેક ન્યુટન]]ના ગુરુત્વાકર્ષણ બળના સિદ્ધાંતના વિચારને રજૂ કરે છે અને ટ્યુરિંગના પોતાના મૃત્યુનો અર્થ પણ સૂચવે છે. બાંકડા પર રાહતમાં બેઠેલાં કાંસામાં પૂતળા હેઠળ આ વાક્ય મૂકવામાં આવ્યું છે 'ઍલન મેથીસન ટ્યુરિંગ 1912–1954', અને જો ઈનીગ્મા મશીન: 'IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ'નું વિશ્લેષણ કરવામાં આવે તો તેમનું જીવનસૂત્ર 'કમ્પ્યૂટર વિજ્ઞાનના સ્થાપક' એવું બનશે. પૂતળાના પગ પાસેનું એક તકતી કહે છે 'કમ્પ્યૂટર વિજ્ઞાનના પિતા, ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી, તર્કશાસ્ત્રી, યુદ્ધ સમયના કોડ તોડનારા, પૂર્વાગ્રહના શિકાર બનેલા'. બેર્ટ્રાન્ડ રસેલનું વાક્ય પણ આ પ્રમાણે કહે છે 'ગણિત, સાચી રીતે જોવાયેલું, સત્યના માત્ર સ્વામિ નહીં, પણ સર્વોચ્ચ સુંદરતાના સ્વામી- શિલ્પની જેમ ઠંડી અને તપસ્યાની સુંદરતા.' શિલ્પકારે તેના જૂના એમસ્ટ્રાડ કમ્પ્યૂટરને દફનાવી દીધું, જે એક પહેલાંનું જાણીતું કમ્પ્યૂટર હતું, એક શ્રદ્ધાંજલિ તરીકે તકતીની નીચે લખ્યું હતું, " ધી ગોડ ફાધર ઓફ ઓલ મોર્ડન કમ્પ્યૂટર્સ".<ref name="computerburied">^ જુઓ{{Cite news | title = Computer buried in tribute to genius | publisher = Manchester Evening News| date = 15 June 2001 | url = http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/27/27595_computer_buried_in_tribute_to_genius.html | access-date = 23 June 2009 }}</ref> આધુનિક કમ્પ્યૂટરના સર્જનમાં ટ્યુરિંગની ભૂમિકા માટે 1999માં ''ટાઈમ સામાયિકે'' [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|20 સદીના 100 અત્યંત મહત્ત્વના લોકો]]માંના એક તરીકે ટ્યુરિંગનું નામ મૂક્યું હતું, અને કહ્યું હતું: "હકીકત એ છે કે દરેક વ્યક્તિ જે કીબોર્ડ થપાટ લગાવે છે, સ્પ્રેડશીટ અથવા વર્ડ પ્રોસેસીંગ પ્રોગ્રામ ચાલું કરે છે, તે ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનના મૂર્ત સ્વરૂપ પર કામ કરે છે."<ref name="AFP">{{Cite web |title=Alan Turing&nbsp;– Time 100 People of the Century |url=http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html |publisher=''[[Time Magazine]]'' |quote=The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine. |access-date=2011-03-21 |archive-date=2011-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226144919/http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2002માં,''બીબીસી'' એ વૈશ્વિક સ્તરે કરવામાં આવેલાં 100 શ્રેષ્ઠ બ્રિટીશરોના મતદાનમાં ટ્યુરિંગને 21મો ક્રમાંક મળ્યો હતો.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm | title = 100 great British heroes | date = 21 August 2002 | work = BBC News }}</ref> એપલ કમ્પ્યૂટરનો લોગો મોટા ભાગે ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગને શ્રદ્ધાંજલિ આપવા માટે આત્મહત્યાની તેમની પદ્ધતિને એક કટકાના સાથેના સંદર્ભમાં ખોટી રીતે લેવામાં આવે છે.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/logos-that-became-legends-icons-from-the-world-of-advertising-768077.html |title=Logos that became legends: Icons from the world of advertising|work= The Independent |publisher=www.independent.co.uk |access-date=14 September 2009 | location=London | date=4 January 2008}}</ref> લોગોના રચયિતા<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://creativebits.org/interview/interview_rob_janoff_designer_apple_logo | title = Interview with Rob Janoff, designer of the Apple logo | publisher = creativebits| access-date = 14 September 2009 }}</ref> અને કંપનીએ લોગોની ડિઝાઈનમાં ટ્યુરિંગને કોઈ પણ અંજલિ આપ્યાનો ઈન્કાર કર્યો છે.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=280}}</ref> 2010માં, અભિનેતા/નાટ્યલેખક જેડ ઈસ્ટેબેનએ ટ્યુરિંગને સોલો સંગીત "આઈકોન્સઃ ધી લેસ્બીયન ઍન્ડ ગે હિસ્ટરી ઓફ ધી વર્લ્ડ, ભાગ 4" માં વર્ણવ્યાં છે. === સરકારનું માફીનામું === ઓગસ્ટ 2009માં, જોહ્ન ગ્રેહામ-ક્યુમીનએ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંહની સામે સમલૈગિંક તરીકે કાયદેસરના પગલાં ભરવા બદલે બ્રિટિશ ગવર્મેન્ટને મરણોત્તર થયેલાં ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગની માફી માંગવાની એક અરજી દાખલ કરવાની શરૂઆત કરી હતી.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Thousands call for Turing apology |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8226509.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=31&nbsp;August 2009 |access-date=31 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | title = Petition seeks apology for Enigma code-breaker Turing | url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/09/01/alan.turing.petition/index.html | publisher = CNN | date = 01&nbsp;September 2009 | access-date = 1 September 2009}}</ref> આ અરજીને ટેકો કરતી હજારો લોકોની સહી મળી.<ref name="PMapology"/><ref>યુકેના નાગરિકો માટે જ અરજી ખુલી હતી. </ref> વડાપ્રધાન ગોર્ડન બ્રાઉને આ અરજીને સ્વીકારી, 10 સપ્ટેમ્બર 2009ના રોજ માફી માંગતું વિધાન રજૂ કર્યું અને ટ્યુરિંગ સાથેના વર્તાવ અંગે આઘાતની લાગણી વ્યક્ત કરી.<ref name="PM-apology"/><ref name="PMapology">{{Cite web | title = Treatment of Alan Turing was "appalling" | url = http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page20571 | publisher = Prime Minister's Office | date = 10 September 2009 | access-date = 21 માર્ચ 2011 | archive-date = 12 સપ્ટેમ્બર 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090912142412/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page20571 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <blockquote> ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ માટે ન્યાયની માંગણી માટે હજારો લોકો એકઠા થયા અને તેમની સાથે જે રીતે વર્તન કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું તે માટે આઘાતની લાગણી વ્યક્ત કરી. જ્યારે ટ્યુરિંગને તે સમયે કાયદા હેઠળ લાવવામાં આવ્યા હતા અને આપણે ઘડિયાળને પાછી ફેરવી શકતા નથી, તેમની સાથે કરવામાં આવેલો વ્યવહાર એકદમ અયોગ્ય હતો અને હું અને આપણે તેમની સાથે જે કંઈ થયું તે બદલ હૃદયના ઊંડાણ પૂર્વક માફી માંગવાની મળેલી તક બદલ હું ખુશ છું.... તેથી બ્રિટિશ સરકારના બદલે, અને ઍલનના કામને કારણે એ તમામ જેઓ મુક્તપણે રહે છે, તેમના વતી મને એ કહેતાં અત્યંત ગર્વ થાય છેઃ અમે માફી માંગીએ છીએ, તમે આના કરતાં ઘણી સારી લાયકાત ધરાવો છો.<ref name="PMapology"/> </blockquote> === યુનિવર્સિટીઓ દ્વારા મળેલો આદર === [[ચિત્ર:Alan Turing Building 1.jpg|thumbnail|યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ માન્ચેસ્ટર ખાતે ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનું બિલ્ડીંગ]] બ્રિટીશ સોસાયટી ફોર ધી હિસ્ટ્રી ઓફ મેથેમેટીક્સઅને બ્રિટિશ લોજીક કોલોક્વીયમ દ્વારા ટ્યુરિંગના જીવન અને સિદ્ધિઓની ગોઠવણી કરી પ્રસંગની ઉજવણી 5 જૂન 2005ના રોજ કરવામાં આવી હતી. *સુર્રેય યુનિવર્સિટીએ તેના મુખ્ય ચોકમાં ટ્યુરિંગનું પૂતળું મૂક્યું છે. *"ટ્યુરિંગ ડેઈઝ" તરીકે કહેવાતી ગણતરીની થીયરી પર ઈસ્તાનબુલ બીલ્જી યુનિવર્સિટીએ વાર્ષિક કોન્ફરન્સનું આયોજન થયું.<ref name="bilgiuniv">{{Cite web | url = http://cs.bilgi.edu.tr/pages/turing_days/ | title = Turing Days @ İstanbul Bilgi University | access-date = 10 February 2007 | archive-date = 1 ઑગસ્ટ 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130801193650/http://cs.bilgi.edu.tr/pages/turing_days/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> *ઓસ્ટ્રીન ખાતે ટેક્સાસ યુનિવર્સિટીએ કમ્પ્યૂટર સાયન્સ પ્રોગ્રામનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગ સ્કોલરસ રાખી આદર આપ્યો છે.<ref name="texturingschol">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/academics/undergraduate/honors/turing/ |title=Turing Scholars Program at the University of Texas at Austin |access-date=16 August 2009 |archive-date=17 ફેબ્રુઆરી 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217072341/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/academics/undergraduate/honors/turing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *ઉતર ફ્રાન્સમાં આવેલી લીલી યુનિવર્સિટી ખાતે આવેલા કમ્પ્યૂટર સાયન્સ વિભાગ (LIFL<ref name="lifl">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lifl.fr/ |title=Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille |access-date=3 December 2010 |archive-date=22 જુલાઈ 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722014047/http://www.lifl.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>) ના એક પ્રયોગશાળાનું નામ ઍલન એમ. ટ્યુરિંગના સન્માનમાં ટ્યુરિંગ રાખવામાં આવ્યું (કુર્ટ ગોડેલ પછી અન્ય પ્રયોગશાળાનું નામ રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું). *ચિલિની પોન્ટીફીકલ કેથોલિક યુનિવર્સિટી, પ્યુરટો રીકોની પોલીટેક્નીક યુનિવર્સિટી, [[કોલમ્બીયા|કોલંબિયા]] બોગોટામાં લોસ એન્ડેસ યુનિવર્સિટી, કિંગસ કોલેજ, વેલ્સમાં કેમ્બ્રીજઅને બેનગોર યુનીવર્સીટીના કમ્પ્યૂટર સાયન્સના વિભાગનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગ પાછળ રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું. *યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ માન્ચેસ્ટર, ધી ઓપન યુનિવર્સિટી, ઓક્સફર્ડ બ્રુકસ યુનિવર્સિટી અને આર્હુસ યુનિવર્સિટી (ડેનમાર્ક, અર્હુસમાં) તમામના મકાનનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગના નામથી રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. *સર્રેય રીસર્ચ પાર્કમાં ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ રોડનું નામ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગના નામ પરથી રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. *હોર્નબોસ્ટેલ મોલમાં આવેલી કાર્નેગી મેલોન યુનિવર્સિટીમાં ગ્રેનાઈટનો બાંકડો છે, જેની પર એ.એમ.ટ્યુરિંગ નામ કોતરાયેલું છે. *તાજેતરમાં ઈકોલ ઈન્ટરનેશનલ ડેસ સાયન્સ ડુ ટ્રાઈટેમેન્ટ ડે ઈન્ફોર્મેશનના બનેલાં ત્રીજા બીલ્ડીંગનું નામ "ટ્યુરિંગ" રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. == આ પણ જુઓ == {{Portal box|Biography|Logic|LGBT}} *ટ્યુરિંગ ડીગ્રી *ટ્યુરિંગ સ્વીચ *વણ ગોઠવેલું મશીન *ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ વર્ષ *ગુડ-ટ્યુરિંગ પુનરાવર્તનની સંભાવનાઓ *ટુરિંહ મશીનના ઉદાહરણો *ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણ == નોંધ == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == સંદર્ભો == {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{ Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | title = The government machine: a revolutionary history of the computer | publisher = MIT Press | year = 2003 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-262-01202-7 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Alexander | first = C. Hugh O'D. | author-link = Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander | date = ''circa'' 1945 | title = Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/gne/gne-000.htm | publisher=The National Archives, Kew, Reference HW 25/1}} * {{ Cite book | last = Beniger | first = James | title = The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society | publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 1986 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-674-16986-7 }} * {{Citation | last = Babbage | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Babbage | origyear = 1864 | publication-date = 2008 | editor-last = Campbell-Kelly | editor-first = Martin | editor-link = Martin Campbell-Kelly | title = Passages from the life of a philosopher | publisher = Rough Draft Printing | isbn = 978-1-60386-092-5 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Bodanis | first = David | author-link = David Bodanis | title = Electric Universe: How Electricity Switched on the Modern World | year = 2005 |publisher = Three Rivers Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-307-33598-4 | oclc = 61684223 }} * {{Cite book | last = Campbell-Kelly | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Campbell-Kelly | last2 = Aspray | first2 = William | title = Computer: A History of the Information Machine | publisher = Basic Books | year = 1996 | location = New York | isbn = 0-465-02989-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Ceruzzi | first = Paul | authorlink = Paul Ceruzzi | title = A History of Modern Computing | publisher = MIT Press | year = 1998 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London | isbn = 0-262-53169-0}} * {{ Cite book | last = Chandler | first = Alfred | authorlink = Alfred Chandler | title = The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business | publisher = Belknap Press | year = 1977 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-674-94052-0 }} * {{ Cite journal | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: Its Origins and Originators | journal = [[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 38–45 | year = 2004 |doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2004.26 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack (ed.) | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = The Essential Turing | year = 2004 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-825079-7 | oclc = 156728127 224173329 48931664 57434580 57530137 59399569 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Copeland (ed.) | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-856593-3 | oclc = 224640979 56539230 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-284055-4 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Edwards | first = Paul N | title = The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold War America | publisher = MIT Press | year = 1996 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-55028-8 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Hodges | first = Andrew | authorlink = Hodges, Andrew | year = 1983 | title = Alan Turing: the enigma |location = London | publisher = Burnett Books | isbn = 0-04-510060-8 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Hochhuth | first = Rolf | authorlink = Rolf Hochhuth | title = Alan Turing: en berättelse | publisher = Symposion | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-91-7868-109-9 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Leavitt | first = David | authorlink = David Leavitt | year = 2007 | title = The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer | publisher = Phoenix | isbn = 978-0-7538-2200-5 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Levin | first = Janna | authorlink = Janna Levin | title = A Madman Dreams Of Turing Machines | publisher = Knopf | year = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4000-3240-2 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Lewin | first = Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Lewin | title = Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story | edition = Classic Penguin | series = Classic Military History | year = 1978 | publication-date = 2001 | publisher = Hutchinson & Co | location = London, England | isbn = 978-1-56649-231-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book| last = Lubar | first = Steven | year = 1993 | title = Infoculture | location = Boston, Massachusetts and New York | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | isbn = 0-395-57042-5}} * {{ Cite document | last = Mahon | first = A.P. | title = The History of Hut Eight 1939–1945 | publisher = UK National Archives Reference HW 25/2 | year = 1945 | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/hut8/hut8-000.htm | access-date = 10 December 2009 | ref = harv }} *{{MacTutor Biography|id=Turing|title=Alan Mathison Turing}} *પેટઝોલ્ડ, ચાર્લેસ (2008). "ધી એનોટાટેડ ટ્યુરિંગ: અ ગાઈડેડ ટુર થ્રુ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગસ હિસ્ટોરીક પેપર ઓન કમ્યુટેબીલીટી એન્ડ ધી ટ્યુરિંગ મશીન". ઈન્ડિયાનાપોલીસ: વિલેય પબ્લીશીંગ. આઈએસબીએન 978-0-470-22905-7 *સ્મીથ, રોજર (1997). ''ફોન્ટાના હિસ્ટ્રી ઓફ ધી હ્યુમન સાયન્સીસ'' . લંડન: ફોન્ટાના. *વૈઝેનબૌમ, જોસેફ (1976). ''કમ્પ્યૂટર પાવર એન્ડ હ્યુમન રીઝન'' . લંડન: ડબ્લ્યુ.એચ. ફ્રીમેન. આઈએસબીએન 0-7167-167-0463-3 * {{Cite book | last = Turing | first = Sara Stoney | title = Alan M Turing | publisher = W Heffer | year = 1959 }} ટ્યુરિંગની માતા, જેણે ગ્લોરિફાઈંગ હીઝ લાઈફ નામની ૧૫૭ પાનાનું જીવનચરિત્ર લખી, ઘણાં વર્ષો સુધી તેને જીવિત રાખ્યો. તે 1959માં પ્રકાશિત થઈ હતી, અને તેથી તેનું યુદ્ધનું કાર્ય આવરી ન લઈ શકાયું. ભાગ્યેજ ૩૦૦ પ્રતો વેચાઈ હતી (સારા ટ્યુરિંગ થી લીન ન્યમેન, 1967, સેન્ટ જ્હોન કોલેજ, કેમ્બ્રીજની લાઈબ્રેરી). પ્રસ્તાવનાના ૬ પૃષ્ઠો લીન ઈરવીન દ્વારા લખવામાં આવ્યા હતા, સંભારણાંઓ અને તેના વારંવાર બોલાયેલાં વાક્યોનો સમાવેશ થયો છે. * {{Cite book | last = Whitemore | first = Hugh | authorlink = Hugh Whitemore | last2 = Hodges | first2 = Andrew | authorlink2 = Andrew Hodges | title = Breaking the code | publisher = S. French | year = 1988 }} આ 1986 હ્યુગ વ્હાઈટમોર પ્લે ટ્યુરિંગના જીવન અને મૃત્યુની વાર્તા કહે છે. મૂળ વેસ્ટ એન્ડ અને બ્રોડવેમાં ડેરેક જાકોબીએ ટ્યુરિંગનો અભિનય કર્યો હતો અને તેણે 1997માં નાટક આધારિત ટેલિવિઝન ફિલ્મમાં અભિનયનું પુનસર્જન કર્યું હતું, જે સંયુક્તપણે બીબીસી અને ડબલ્યુજીબીએચ, બોસ્ટન દ્વારા બનાવાઈ હતી. નાટકનું પ્રકાશન અંબર લેન પ્રેસ, ઓક્સફર્ડ દ્વારા કરવામાં આવ્યું છે. - એએસઆઈએન: B000B7TM0Q *વિલિયમસ, મિશેલ આર. (1985) ''એ હિસ્ટ્રી ઓફ ક્મ્યુટીંગ ટેક્નોલોજી'' , ઈન્ગલેવુડ ક્લીફ્ફસ, ન્યુ જર્સી: પ્રેન્ટીસ-હોલ, આઈએસબીએન 0-8186-7739-2 *{{Cite book|last=Yates |first=David M. |title=Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Science Museum, London|London Science Museum]] |location=London |isbn=0-901805-94-7 |oclc=123794619 40624091 }} {{Refend}} == બાહ્ય લિંક્સ == {{External links|date=August 2010}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Alan Turing}} *[http://www.turing.org.uk/ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ] એક [http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/part1.html ટૂંકી જીવનકથા] સાથે એન્ડ્રુ હોજેસ દ્વારા ચલાવવામાં આવતી સાઈટ *[http://www.alanturing.net/ AlanTuring.net&nbsp;– જેક કોપલેન્ડ દ્વારા ][http://www.alanturing.net/ ટ્યુરિંગ એચીવ ફોર ધી હિસ્ટ્રી ઓફ કમ્પ્યુટીંગ] *[http://www.turingarchive.org/ ધી ટ્યુરિંગ એચીવ]{{Dead link|date=ડિસેમ્બર 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&nbsp;– કિંગ્સ કોલેજ, કેમ્બીજ આર્ચીવ દ્વારા કેટલાંક અપ્રકાશિત દસ્તાવેજોની સ્કેન કરેલી પ્રતો *{{MathGenealogy|id=8014}} *[http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ- ટુવર્ડઝ એ ડીઝીટલ માઈન્ડઃ ભાગ 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |date=2007-08-03 }} સીસ્ટમ ટુલબોક્સ, 11 ડિસેમ્બર 2001 *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ] ફિલોસોફીનું સ્ટેનફઓર્ટ એનસાઈક્રોપીડિયા. 3 જૂન ૨૦૦૨. *[http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822093918/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html |date=2008-08-22 }} ''સમય'' 100 * [http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} Alan Turing] 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} RKBExplorer * [http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html ''ધી માઈન્ડ એન્ડ ધી કમ્પ્યુટીંગ મશીન'' ] ''ધી રુથફોર્ડ જર્નલ'' - એક 1949 ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ અને અન્યો પર ચર્ચા * [http://www.turingcentenary.eu/ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ વર્ષ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} * [http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ CiE 2012: ટ્યુરિંગ સેન્ટીનરિ કોન્ફેરન્સ ] 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} * [http://www.visualturing.org/ વિઝ્યુઅલ ટ્યુરિંગ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }}{{Dead link|date=જુલાઈ 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.wolframalpha.com/examples/TuringMachines.html ટ્યુરિંગ મશીન કેલક્યુલેટરસ] વોલ્ફ્રામઆલ્ફા === પેપર્સ === * [http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper ટ્યુરિંગના પેપરો, અહેવાલો અને વ્યાખ્યાનો ઉપરાંત અનુવાદિત આવૃત્તિઓ અને સંગ્રહોની વિસ્તૃત યાદી] 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[http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/display.phtml?id=116 ડોનાલ્ડ ડબલ્યુ. ડેવિસ સાથે મૌખિક ઇતિહાસ મુલાકાત], ચાર્લેસ બાબ્બેજ ઈન્સ્ટીટ્યુટ, યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ મિન્નેસોટા; યુ.કે. ખાતે ક્મપ્યુટર પ્રોજેક્ટોને વર્ણવતાં ડેવિઝ નેશનલ ફિઝિક્સ લેબોરેટરી, 1947થી ટ્યુરિંગના ડિઝાઈનીંગ કામની સાથે બે એસીઈ કમ્પ્યૂટરોના વિકાસ સુધી * [http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/display.phtml?id=81 નિકોલસ સી. મેટ્રોપોલીસ સાથે મૌખિક ઇતિહાસ મુલાકાત], ચાર્લેસ બાબ્બેજ ઈન્સ્ટીટ્યુટ, યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ મીન્નેસોટી. લોસ ઍલામોસ નેશનલ લેબોરેટરી ખાતે, કમ્પ્યૂટર સેવાઓ માટેના પ્રથમ નિયામક મેટ્રોપોલીસ હતાં- ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ અને જ્હોન વોન ન્યુમનવચ્ચેના સંબંધો સહિતના મુદ્દાઓનો સમાવેશ [[શ્રેણી:વિસંગત પ્રશિસ્ત સ્વરૂપની સાથે લેખો]] [[શ્રેણી:ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ]] [[શ્રેણી:કમ્પ્યૂટર ડિઝાઈનરો]] [[શ્રેણી:કમ્પ્યૂટરનો પાયો નાખનારા]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ નાસ્તિકતાવાદીઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ કમ્પ્યૂટર વિજ્ઞાનિઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ સંશોધકો]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ તર્કશાસ્ત્રી]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ ગણિતશાસ્ત્રીઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ ફિલસૂફીઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:દૂરના અંતર સુધી દોડનારાઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૯૧૨માં જન્મ]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૯૫૪માં મૃત્યુ]] 1uz692rii4ehq7087wwg4u0elpo73nh 0 33845 902244 823919 2026-07-09T17:52:44Z ~2026-38972-38 88113 શ્રી પૂજાલાલના સંસ્કૃત, અંગ્રેજી પુસ્તકોનો પરિચય 902244 wikitext text/x-wiki '''દલવાડી પૂજાલાલ રણછોડદાસ (૧૭-૬-૧૯૦૧, ૨૭-૧૨-૧૯૮૫) : કવિ.''' જન્મ: [[ગોધરા]], [[પંચમહાલ જિલ્લો]]. વતન: [[નાપા વાંટો|નાપા]], [[ખેડા જિલ્લો]]. પ્રાથમિક અને માધ્યમિક શિક્ષણ ગોધરા અને [[નડીઆદ|નડિયાદ]] ખાતે. ૧૯૧૮માં મૅટ્રિક. ઈન્ટર સુધી જઈ અભ્યાસ છોડી દીધો. શાળાના અભ્યાસ દરમિયાન નડિયાદમાં [[અંબુભાઈ પુરાણી|અંબાલાલ પુરાણી]]ના સંપર્કથી [[રામકૃષ્ણ પરમહંસ]], [[સ્વામી વિવેકાનંદ|વિવેકાનંદ]] અને શ્રી અરવિંદના આધ્યાત્મિક જીવન પ્રત્યે આકર્ષણ અને દેશભક્તિ તથા ચારિત્ર્યશુદ્ધિના સંસ્કાર. ૧૯૨૩માં એકાદ વર્ષ [[કોસિન્દ્રા (તા. બોડેલી)|કોસિન્દ્રા]]ની ગ્રામશાળામાં વ્યાયામ શિક્ષક. ૧૯૨૬ થી પોંડિચેરીમાં સ્થાયી વસવાટ. આધ્યાત્મિક પ્રકૃતિને લીધે સ્વદેશપ્રેમ અને કવચિત્ કુટુંબપ્રેમને બાદ કરતાં વિષય પરત્વે ગાંધીયુગના અન્ય કવિઓની કવિતાને અનુસરવાનું વલણ પહેલેથી એમની કવિતામાં નથી, પરંતુ અભિવ્યક્તિ પરત્વે તે બ. ક. ઠાકોરની કવિતાનો પ્રભાવ ઝીલે છે; એટલે એમના પ્રથમ કાવ્યસંગ્રહ ‘પારિજાત’ (૧૯૩૮)માં અધ્યાત્મભાવ સૉનેટના સ્વરૂપમાં સંસ્કૃતાઢય શૈલીમાં ઝિલાયો છે. પોંડિચેરીનિવાસ દરમિયાન એમની કવિતા ગીતો અને દુહા-સોરઠા તરફ વિશેષ વળે છે તથા અક્ષરમેળ છંદોને છોડી માત્રામેળ છંદો અને સરળ ભાષાનો વધુ આશ્રય લે છે તોપણ પ્રારંભકાળની કવિતાની દીપ્તિ ફરી એમની કવિતા બતાવી શકી નહીં. ‘પ્રભાતગીત’ (૧૯૪૭), ‘શ્રી અરવિંદ વંદના’ (૧૯૫૧), ‘શ્રી અરવિંદ મહાપ્રભુ’ (૧૯૭૨) અને ‘સાવિત્રી પ્રશસ્તિ’ (૧૯૭૬)માં અરવિંદપ્રશસ્તિનાં કાવ્યો છે. ‘જપમાળા’ (૧૯૪૫), ‘ઊર્મિમાળા’ (૧૯૪૫), ‘ગીતિકા’ (૧૯૪૫), ‘શુભાક્ષરી’ (૧૯૪૬), ‘આરાધિકા’ (૧૯૪૮) અને ‘મા ભગવતી’ (૧૯૭૪) નાં કાવ્યોને એકત્ર કરી પ્રગટ થયેલા ‘મહાભગવતી’ (૧૯૭૭) સંગ્રહમાં શ્રી માતાજીની પ્રશસ્તિનાં મુક્તકો અને ગીતો છે. ‘બાલગુંજાર’ (૧૯૪૫), ‘કાવ્યકિશોરી’ (૧૯૪૬), ‘ગીતગુંજરી’ (૧૯૫૨), ‘બાલબંસરી’ (૧૯૬૦) અને એ ચારેને એકત્ર કરી પ્રગટ કરેલ ‘બાલગુર્જરી’ (૧૯૮૦)માં તેમ જ ‘કિશોરકાવ્યો’ (૧૯૭૯), ‘કિશોરકુંજ’ (૧૯૭૯), ‘કિશોરકાનન’ (૧૯૭૯) અને ‘કિશોરકેસરી’ (૧૯૭૯)માં બાળકો અને કિશોરો માટેનાં ગીતો છે. ‘પાંચજન્ય’ (૧૯૫૭)માં વીરસનાં ગીતો છે. ‘મુક્તાવલી’ (૧૯૭૮), ‘શુક્તિકા’ (૧૯૭૯) અને ‘દુહરાવલી’ (૧૯૮૦)માં અધ્યાત્મ અને વીરભાવનાં મુક્તકો છે. ‘ગુર્જરી’ (૧૯૫૯), મરજીવિયાં એ સૉનેટસંગ્રહ છે. ‘વૈજ્યન્તિ’ (૧૯૬૨), ‘અપરાજિતા’ (૧૯૭૯), ‘કાવ્યકેતુ’ (૧૯૭૯), ‘સોપાનિકા’ (૧૯૮૦), ‘શતાવરી’ (૧૯૮૦), ‘દુઃખગાથા’ (૧૯૮૩) વગેરેમાં અધ્યાત્મભાવ, પ્રાંતપ્રેમ અને રાષ્ટ્રપ્રેમનાં છંદોબદ્ધ કાવ્યો અને ગીતો છે. ‘ધ્રુવપદી’ (૧૯૭૮) અને ‘શબરી’ (૧૯૭૮) એ તે તે ભક્તના મહાત્મ્યને આલેખતાં કથાલક્ષી કાવ્યો છે. ‘મીરાંબાઈ’ (૧૯૮૦) એ બાળકો માટે રચાયેલી ગીતનાટિકા છે. ‘છંદપ્રવેશ’ (૧૯૭૯), ‘શ્રી અરવિંદ : જીવનદર્શન અને કાર્ય’ (૧૯૭૯), ‘સાવિત્રી સારસંહિતા’ (૧૯૭૬) વગેરે એમના ગદ્યગ્રંથો છે. એ સિવાય એમણે સંસ્કૃત અને અંગ્રેજીમાં પણ કેટલાક ગ્રંથો લખ્યા છે. ‘સાવિત્રી’-ભા.૧-૬, ‘મેઘદૂત’ (૧૯૮૦) વગેરે એમના પદ્યાનુવાદના તથા ‘પરમ શોધ’ (૧૯૪૫), ‘શ્રી અરવિંદનાં નાટકો’ (૧૯૭૦), ‘માતાજીની શબ્દસુધા’ (૧૯૭૨) વગેરે એમના ગદ્યાનુવાદના ગ્રંથો છે. '''પારિજાત (૧૯૩૮) :''' પૂજાલાલ રણછોડદાસ દલવાડીનો કાવ્યસંગ્રહ. સૉનેટ, મુક્તક, ગીત, લાંબાં વૃત્તાંતાત્મક અને ઉદબોધન કાવ્યો મળીને કુલ ૧૨૧ રચનાઓનો અહીં સમાવેશ થયો છે. પ્રારંભમાં બ. ક. ઠાકોરે પ્રવેશક લખ્યો છે. સંગ્રહમાંનાં સંખ્યાબંધ સુઘડ સૉનેટો ધ્યાન ખેંચે છે. ગાંધીયુગીન પરંપરામાં રહીને અરવિંદના સાધક હોવા છતાં સાંપ્રદાયિકતાથી મુક્ત એવો ભક્તિભાવ અને શ્રદ્ધાનો અવાજ એમની રચનાઓમાં પ્રગટ્યો છે. અલબત્ત, ગીતો કવિને હસ્તગત થયાં લાગતાં નથી. ‘પ્રિયા કવિતાને’ અને ‘સદગત પિતાજીને શ્રદ્ધાંજલિ’ એમની નોંધપાત્ર રચનાઓ છે. શ્રી પૂજાલાલે ગુજરાતી ઉપરાંત સંસ્કૃતમાં પણ કેટલાંક પુસ્તકો આપ્યાં છે. જેમાં 'સ્તોત્રસંહિતા', 'સ્તોત્રગીતિકા' અને ' સુભાષિતમાલા'નો સમાવેશ થાય છે. શ્રી પૂજાલાલે અંગ્રેજી ભાષામાં Lotus Petals, Rosary અને Lotus Grove નામે જાણીતા પુસ્તકોની રચના કરી છે. તેઓ ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યરૂપી નભોમંડળમાં કોઈ તેજસ્વી નક્ષત્રની જેમ સદાય પ્રકાશી રહ્યા છે.<ref>પૂજાલાલ : જીવન અને શબ્દ લેખિકા - જયના પરમ પાઠક </ref> [https://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Pujalal-Dalvadi.html ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય પરિષદ પર પરિચય] [[શ્રેણી: ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યકાર]] [[શ્રેણી:સાહિત્યકાર]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૯૦૧માં જન્મ]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૯૮૫માં મૃત્યુ]] p4rx4cp9fug1m3zpo65cnxhm85vh2hh 0 35210 902262 736703 2026-07-10T10:36:26Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian jurisdiction | type = ગામ | native_name = ચિત્તલ | state_name = ગુજરાત | district = અમરેલી | taluk_names = [[અમરેલી તાલુકો|અમરેલી]] | latd = 21.602871 | longd= 71.21817 | area_total = | altitude = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_density = | leader_title_1 = | leader_name_1 = | leader_title_2 = | leader_name_2 = | footnotes = | blank_title_1 = સગવડો | blank_value_1 = [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા]], [[પંચાયતઘર]], [[આંગણવાડી]], દૂધની ડેરી | blank_title_2 = મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય | blank_value_2 = [[ખેતી]], [[ખેતમજૂરી]], [[પશુપાલન]] | blank_title_3 = મુખ્ય ખેતપેદાશો | blank_value_3 = [[ઘઉં]], [[જીરુ]], [[મગફળી]], [[તલ]], [[બાજરી]], [[ચણા]], [[કપાસ]], [[દિવેલી|દિવેલા]], [[રજકો]] તેમજ [[શાકભાજી]] | blank_title_4 = | blank_value_4 = }} '''ચિત્તલ (તા. અમરેલી)''' [[ભારત]] દેશના પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં આવેલા [[ગુજરાત| ગુજરાત રાજ્ય]]ના [[સૌરાષ્ટ્ર]] વિસ્તારમાં આવેલા [[અમરેલી જિલ્લો|અમરેલી જિલ્લા]]માં આવેલા [[અમરેલી તાલુકો|અમરેલી તાલુકા]]નું એક ગામ છે. ચિત્તલ ગામના લોકોનો મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય [[ખેતી]], [[ખેતમજૂરી]] તેમ જ [[પશુપાલન]] છે. આ ગામમાં મુખ્યત્વે [[ઘઉં]], [[જીરુ]], [[મગફળી]], [[તલ]], [[બાજરી]], [[ચણા]], [[કપાસ]], [[દિવેલી|દિવેલા]], [[રજકો]] તેમ જ અન્ય [[શાકભાજી]]ના પાકની [[ખેતી]] કરવામાં આવે છે. આ ગામમાં [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા]], [[પંચાયતઘર]], [[આંગણવાડી]] તેમ જ દૂધની ડેરી જેવી સવલતો પ્રાપ્ય થયેલી છે. == ઇતિહાસ == આ ગામ નથુ દેસાઇએ વસાવ્યું હોવાની નોંધ મળે છે.<ref>ઈસ.૧૯૨૫માં પ્રકાશિત "પ્રભુની ફૂલવાડી" પુસ્તકના આધારે. સંદર્ભ:[http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/lokjivanna-moti8863 લોકજીવનના મોતી, ગુ.સ.નો લેખ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004255/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/lokjivanna-moti8863 |date=2016-03-05 }}</ref> == જાણીતા વ્યક્તિઓ == * [[ગિજુભાઈ બધેકા]] - જાણીતા શિક્ષણવિદ્. ==સંદર્ભ== {{reflist}} {{અમરેલી તાલુકાનાં ગામો}} {{ગુજરાત ગામ સ્ટબ}} [[શ્રેણી:અમરેલી તાલુકો]] [[શ્રેણી:સૌરાષ્ટ્ર]] bq31ga093mmemw8atjbxbij30q0fkan 0 35244 902252 779699 2026-07-10T06:06:53Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian jurisdiction | type = ગામ | native_name = કેરાળા | state_name = ગુજરાત | district = અમરેલી | taluk_names = [[અમરેલી તાલુકો|અમરેલી]] | latd = 21.602871 | longd= 71.21817 | area_total = | altitude = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_density = | leader_title_1 = | leader_name_1 = | leader_title_2 = | leader_name_2 = | footnotes = | blank_title_1 = સગવડો | blank_value_1 = [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા]], [[પંચાયતઘર]], [[આંગણવાડી]], દૂધની ડેરી | blank_title_2 = મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય | blank_value_2 = [[ખેતી]], [[ખેતમજૂરી]], [[પશુપાલન]] | blank_title_3 = મુખ્ય ખેતપેદાશો | blank_value_3 = [[ઘઉં]], [[જીરુ]], [[મગફળી]], [[તલ]], [[બાજરી]], [[ચણા]], [[કપાસ]], [[દિવેલી|દિવેલા]], [[રજકો]] તેમજ [[શાકભાજી]] | blank_title_4 = | blank_value_4 = }}'''કેરાળા (તા. અમરેલી)''' [[ભારત]] દેશના પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં આવેલા [[ગુજરાત|ગુજરાત રાજ્યના]] [[સૌરાષ્ટ્ર]] વિસ્તારમાં આવેલા [[અમરેલી જિલ્લો|અમરેલી જિલ્લામાં]] આવેલા [[અમરેલી તાલુકો|અમરેલી તાલુકાનું]] એક ગામ છે. કેરાળા ગામના લોકોનો મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય [[ખેતી]], [[ખેતમજૂરી]] તેમ જ [[પશુપાલન]] છે. આ ગામમાં મુખ્યત્વે [[ઘઉં]], [[જીરુ]], [[મગફળી]], [[તલ]], [[બાજરી]], [[ચણા]], [[કપાસ]], [[દિવેલી|દિવેલા]], [[રજકો]] તેમ જ અન્ય [[શાકભાજી]]ના પાકની [[ખેતી]] કરવામાં આવે છે. આ ગામમાં [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા]], [[પંચાયતઘર]], [[આંગણવાડી]] તેમ જ દૂધની ડેરી જેવી સવલતો પ્રાપ્ય થયેલી છે. == ઇતિહાસ == આ ગામ જેરામ જોગાણીએ વસાવ્યું હોવાની નોંધ મળે છે.<ref>ઈસ.૧૯૨૫માં પ્રકાશિત "પ્રભુની ફૂલવાડી" પુસ્તકના આધારે. સંદર્ભ:[http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/lokjivanna-moti8863 લોકજીવનના મોતી, ગુ.સ.નો લેખ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004255/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/lokjivanna-moti8863 |date=2016-03-05 }}</ref> == સંદર્ભો == {{reflist}} {{ગુજરાત ગામ સ્ટબ}} [[શ્રેણી:અમરેલી તાલુકો]] [[શ્રેણી:સૌરાષ્ટ્ર]] tsy9c9gp5a9zrg5vt2h2vgz7uavtpi8 0 36335 902251 779500 2026-07-10T05:15:53Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902251 wikitext text/x-wiki '''કુંતાણા (તા. લીલીયા)''' [[ભારત]] દેશના પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં આવેલા [[ગુજરાત|ગુજરાત રાજ્યના]] [[સૌરાષ્ટ્ર]] વિસ્તારમાં આવેલા [[અમરેલી જિલ્લો|અમરેલી જિલ્લામાં]] આવેલા કુલ ૧૧ (અગિયાર) તાલુકાઓ પૈકીના એક એવા [[લીલીયા તાલુકો|લીલીયા તાલુકામાં]] આવેલું એક ગામ છે. કુંતાણા ગામના લોકોનો મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય [[ખેતી]], [[ખેતમજૂરી]], તેમ જ [[પશુપાલન]] છે. આ ગામમાં મુખ્યત્વે [[ઘઉં]], [[જીરુ]], [[મગફળી]], [[તલ]], [[બાજરી]], [[ચણા]], [[કપાસ]], [[દિવેલી|દિવેલા]], [[રજકો]] તેમ જ અન્ય [[શાકભાજી]]ના પાકની [[ખેતી]] કરવામાં આવે છે. આ ગામમાં [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા]], [[પંચાયતઘર]], [[આંગણવાડી]] તેમ જ દૂધની ડેરી જેવી સવલતો પ્રાપ્ય થયેલી છે. આ ગામમાં ખેતી લાયક જમીન ઉપજાવ નથી. જમીનમાં સિચાઈ માટે પાણી ખરાબ છે ચોમાસાના વરસાદ પર જ ખેડૂતોએ આધાર રાખવો પડે છે. શિવલાલભાઈ કરશનભાઈ હીરપરા નામના સ્વાતંત્ર્ય સેવક આ ગામના વતની હતા. == ઇતિહાસ == આ ગામ નારણ હીરપરાએ વસાવ્યું હોવાની નોંધ મળે છે.<ref>ઈસ.૧૯૨૫માં પ્રકાશિત "પ્રભુની ફૂલવાડી" પુસ્તકના આધારે. સંદર્ભ:[http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/lokjivanna-moti8863 લોકજીવનના મોતી, ગુ.સ.નો લેખ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004255/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/lokjivanna-moti8863 |date=2016-03-05 }}</ref> {{ઢાંચો:લીલીયા તાલુકાના ગામ}} == સંદર્ભો == {{reflist}} {{ગુજરાત ગામ સ્ટબ}} [[શ્રેણી:સૌરાષ્ટ્ર]] or9qro67bkdqkafcvpnz283zf5ezv8t 0 36341 902263 878910 2026-07-10T11:56:46Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian jurisdiction | type = ગામ | native_name = જાત્રુડા | state_name = ગુજરાત | district = અમરેલી | taluk_names = લીલીયા | latd =21.30353 | longd= 70.56886 | area_total = | altitude = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_density = | leader_title_1 = | leader_name_1 = | leader_title_2 = | leader_name_2 = | footnotes = | blank_title_1 = સગવડો | blank_value_1 = [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા]], [[પંચાયતઘર]], [[આંગણવાડી]], દૂધની ડેરી | blank_title_2 = મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય | blank_value_2 = [[ખેતી]], [[ખેતમજૂરી]], [[પશુપાલન]] | blank_title_3 = મુખ્ય ખેતપેદાશો | blank_value_3 = [[ઘઉં]], [[જીરુ]], [[મગફળી]], [[તલ]], [[બાજરી]], [[ચણા]], [[કપાસ]], [[દિવેલી]], [[રજકો]] તેમજ [[શાકભાજી]] | blank_title_4 = | blank_value_4 = }} '''જાત્રુડા (તા. લીલીયા)''' [[ભારત]] દેશના પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં આવેલા [[ગુજરાત| ગુજરાત રાજ્ય]]ના [[સૌરાષ્ટ્ર]] વિસ્તારમાં આવેલા [[અમરેલી જિલ્લો| અમરેલી જિલ્લા]]માં આવેલા કુલ ૧૧ (અગિયાર) તાલુકાઓ પૈકીના એક એવા [[લીલીયા તાલુકો|લીલીયા તાલુકા]]માં આવેલું એક ગામ છે. જાત્રુડા ગામના લોકોનો મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય [[ખેતી]], [[ખેતમજૂરી]], તેમ જ [[પશુપાલન]] છે. આ ગામમાં મુખ્યત્વે [[ઘઉં]], [[જીરુ]], [[મગફળી]], [[તલ]], [[બાજરી]], [[ચણા]], [[કપાસ]], [[દિવેલી]], [[રજકો]] તેમ જ અન્ય [[શાકભાજી]]ના પાકની [[ખેતી]] કરવામાં આવે છે. આ ગામમાં [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા]], [[પંચાયતઘર]], [[આંગણવાડી]] તેમ જ દૂધની ડેરી જેવી સવલતો પ્રાપ્ય થયેલી છે. ==ઇતિહાસ== આ ગામ મૂળજી દોમડીયાએ વસાવ્યું હોવાની નોંધ મળે છે.<ref>ઈસ.૧૯૨૫માં પ્રકાશિત "પ્રભુની ફૂલવાડી" પુસ્તકના આધારે. સંદર્ભ:[http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/lokjivanna-moti8863 લોકજીવનના મોતી, ગુ.સ.નો લેખ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004255/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/lokjivanna-moti8863 |date=2016-03-05 }}</ref> {{ઢાંચો:લીલીયા તાલુકાના ગામ}} ==સંદર્ભો== {{reflist}} {{ગુજરાત ગામ સ્ટબ}} [[શ્રેણી:લીલીયા તાલુકો]] [[શ્રેણી:સૌરાષ્ટ્ર]] 1u190v5roz646un5aa0osj4o4d9ki3k 0 154668 902243 902238 2026-07-09T16:15:24Z Snehrashmi 41463 પાનું દૂર કરવા પ્રસ્તાવ 902243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{હટાવો|કારણ=ક્રોસ વિકિ સ્પામ,[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:GlobalContributions/KnowledgeBuilder26], અંગ્રેજી વિકિપીડિયા પ્રદાન મુજબ સંપાદકનો સંપાદન વિષય સાથે હિતોનો ટકરાવ[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:KnowledgeBuilder26]}} {{Short description|ભારતીય કિકબોક્સર}} {{Infobox sportsperson | name = હર્ષ ભારતી | image = Harsh bharti kickboxer.jpg | caption = હર્ષ ભારતી | nationality = ભારતીય | birth_place = હિમાચલ પ્રદેશ, ભારત | sport = કિકબોક્સિંગ | event = ફુલ કોન્ટેક્ટ | weight_class = −51 કિલોગ્રામ | team = હિમાચલ પ્રદેશ }} '''હર્ષ ભારતી''' હિમાચલ પ્રદેશના ભારતીય કિકબોક્સર છે, જે પુરુષોની −51 કિલોગ્રામ ફુલ કોન્ટેક્ટ સ્પર્ધામાં ભાગ લે છે. તેમણે વાકો ઇન્ડિયા કિકબોક્સિંગ ફેડરેશન દ્વારા આયોજિત જુનિયર રાષ્ટ્રીય, રાષ્ટ્રીય અને સિનિયર રાષ્ટ્રીય કિકબોક્સિંગ ચેમ્પિયનશિપમાં પદકો જીત્યા છે. == કારકિર્દી == ભારતીએ જુનિયર સ્તરે રાષ્ટ્રીય સ્પર્ધાઓમાં ભાગ લેવાનું શરૂ કર્યું. વર્ષ 2022માં કોલકાતામાં યોજાયેલી જુનિયર નેશનલ કિકબોક્સિંગ ચેમ્પિયનશિપમાં તેમણે યંગર જુનિયર −45 કિલોગ્રામ ફુલ કોન્ટેક્ટ વર્ગમાં સુવર્ણ ચંદ્રક જીત્યો હતો.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportdata.org/kickboxing/set-online/popup_main.php?popup_action=results&vernr=1333 |title=Junior National Kickboxing Championship 2022 Results |website=Sportdata |access-date=29 June 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstverdict.com/harsh-bharti-won-gold-medal-in-junior-kick-boxing-competition |title=Harsh Bharti won gold medal in junior kickboxing competition |work=First Verdict |access-date=29 June 2026 }}</ref> વર્ષ 2023માં રાંચી, ઝારખંડ ખાતે યોજાયેલી નેશનલ કિકબોક્સિંગ ચેમ્પિયનશિપમાં તેમણે ઓલ્ડર જુનિયર −51 કિલોગ્રામ ફુલ કોન્ટેક્ટ વર્ગમાં રજત ચંદ્રક જીત્યો હતો.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportdata.org/kickboxing/set-online/popup_main.php?popup_action=results&vernr=1925 |title=National Kickboxing Championship 2023 Results |website=Sportdata |access-date=29 June 2026 }}</ref> વર્ષ 2024માં સિલિગુડી, પશ્ચિમ બંગાળ ખાતે યોજાયેલી નેશનલ કિકબોક્સિંગ ચેમ્પિયનશિપમાં તેમણે ઓલ્ડર જુનિયર −51 કિલોગ્રામ ફુલ કોન્ટેક્ટ વર્ગમાં કાંસ્ય ચંદ્રક જીત્યો હતો.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportdata.org/kickboxing/set-online/popup_main.php?popup_action=results&vernr=1925 |title=Juniors National Kickboxing Championship 2024 Results |website=Sportdata |access-date=29 June 2026 }}</ref> વર્ષ 2025માં રાયપુર, છત્તીસગઢ ખાતે યોજાયેલી સિનિયર નેશનલ કિકબોક્સિંગ ચેમ્પિયનશિપમાં તેમણે પુરુષોની −51 કિલોગ્રામ ફુલ કોન્ટેક્ટ વર્ગમાં રજત ચંદ્રક જીત્યો હતો.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportdata.org/kickboxing/set-online/popup_main.php?popup_action=results&vernr=2409 |title=Senior National Kickboxing Championship 2025 Results |website=Sportdata |access-date=29 June 2026 }}</ref> == મુખ્ય ઉપલબ્ધિઓ == {| class="wikitable" ! વર્ષ ! સ્પર્ધા ! વર્ગ ! પદક |- | 2022 | જુનિયર નેશનલ કિકબોક્સિંગ ચેમ્પિયનશિપ | યંગર જુનિયર −45 કિલોગ્રામ ફુલ કોન્ટેક્ટ | સુવર્ણ |- | 2023 | નેશનલ કિકબોક્સિંગ ચેમ્પિયનશિપ | ઓલ્ડર જુનિયર −51 કિલોગ્રામ ફુલ કોન્ટેક્ટ | રજત |- | 2024 | નેશનલ કિકબોક્સિંગ ચેમ્પિયનશિપ | ઓલ્ડર જુનિયર −51 કિલોગ્રામ ફુલ કોન્ટેક્ટ | કાંસ્ય |- | 2025 | સિનિયર નેશનલ કિકબોક્સિંગ ચેમ્પિયનશિપ | સિનિયર −51 કિલોગ્રામ ફુલ કોન્ટેક્ટ | રજત |} == બાહ્ય કડીઓ == * [https://kickboxer-harsh.online અધિકૃત વેબસાઇટ] * [https://liquipedia.net/lab/Harsh_bharti Liquipedia પર હર્ષ ભારતી] == સંદર્ભ == {{Reflist}} ncqx6shpir2qhsndztppcvp3noeuqeq 3 154670 902248 2026-07-10T04:08:56Z New user message 14116 નવા સભ્યનાં ચર્ચાનાં પાના પર [[ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|સ્વાગત સંદેશ]]નો ઉમેરો 902248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|realName=|name=Tejas thumar}} -- [[સભ્ય:Aniket|Aniket]] ([[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:Aniket|ચર્ચા]]) ૦૯:૩૮, ૧૦ જુલાઇ ૨૦૨૬ (IST) o1kkixypmy18g4qoetuly4mb0iycc84 3 154671 902249 2026-07-10T04:44:09Z New user message 14116 નવા સભ્યનાં ચર્ચાનાં પાના પર [[ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|સ્વાગત સંદેશ]]નો ઉમેરો 902249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|realName=|name=Urmilaben Rajubhai Nayaka}} -- [[સભ્ય:Aniket|Aniket]] ([[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:Aniket|ચર્ચા]]) ૧૦:૧૪, ૧૦ જુલાઇ ૨૦૨૬ (IST) 9f3ry01ansl127ynt7vl40zjiqb0nnu 3 154672 902256 2026-07-10T08:32:08Z New user message 14116 નવા સભ્યનાં ચર્ચાનાં પાના પર [[ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|સ્વાગત સંદેશ]]નો ઉમેરો 902256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|realName=|name=12spedtutors1}} -- [[સભ્ય:Aniket|Aniket]] ([[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:Aniket|ચર્ચા]]) ૧૪:૦૨, ૧૦ જુલાઇ ૨૦૨૬ (IST) t4i4gs0ocv9oxbpt6mstbjfv32q3nd8 0 154673 902257 2026-07-10T08:41:22Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 88099 "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359467233|Republican Party of Texas]]" પાનાનું ભાષાંતર કરીને બનાવેલ 902257 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''રિપબ્લિકન પાર્ટી ઓફ ટેક્સાસ''' ('''Republican Party of Texas'''.)હાલમાં તેના અધ્યક્ષ ડી'રિન્ડા રેન્ડલ છે. અબ્રાહમ જ્યોર્જ ટેક્સાસના ભારતીય મૂળના અમેરિકન ઉદ્યોગપતિ અને રાજકારણી છે, જેમણે મે 2024 થી જૂન 2026 સુધી રિપબ્લિકન પાર્ટી ઓફ ટેક્સાસના અધ્યક્ષ તરીકે સેવા આપી હતી. જૂન 2026 માં, જ્યોર્જને તેમની પુનઃચૂંટણીમાં હારનો સામનો કરવો પડ્યો હતો. ભારતના કેરળમાં જન્મેલા, જ્યોર્જ 1996 માં 16 વર્ષની ઉંમરે તેમના પરિવાર સાથે યુનાઇટેડ સ્ટેટ્સ ગયા. જ્યોર્જે ઉત્તર ટેક્સાસ યુનિવર્સિટીમાંથી એમબીએ કર્યું. જ્યોર્જે 2012 માં એક સોફ્ટવેર ફર્મ શરૂ કરી જે હેલ્થકેર મેનેજમેન્ટમાં વિશેષતા ધરાવે છે. આ પાર્ટીનું મુખ્ય મથક ઓસ્ટિન, ટેક્સાસમાં છે અને ટેક્સાસ કાયદા હેઠળ તેને કાયદેસર રીતે રાજકીય કાર્યવાહી સમિતિ માનવામાં આવે છે. 2025 સુધીમાં, તે રાજ્યનો શાસક પક્ષ છે, જે રાજ્યવ્યાપી તમામ ચૂંટાયેલા કાર્યાલયો, વિધાનસભાના બંને ગૃહો અને કોંગ્રેસની મોટાભાગની બેઠકોને નિયંત્રિત કરે છે.[2]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kofman|first=Ava|date=October 2, 2024|title=How Two Billionaire Preachers Remade Texas Politics|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/02/magazine/texas-politics-billionaire-preachers.html|access-date=March 6, 2025|website=The New York Times}}</ref> [[શ્રેણી:Harv and Sfn no-target errors]] kexgjy2lxfirkoh6i03job2uzl9ciah 902258 902257 2026-07-10T08:44:16Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 88099 902258 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''રિપબ્લિકન પાર્ટી ઓફ ટેક્સાસ''' ('''Republican Party of Texas'''.)હાલમાં તેના અધ્યક્ષ ડી'રિન્ડા રેન્ડલ છે. અબ્રાહમ જ્યોર્જ ટેક્સાસના ભારતીય મૂળના અમેરિકન ઉદ્યોગપતિ અને રાજકારણી છે, જેમણે મે 2024 થી જૂન 2026 સુધી રિપબ્લિકન પાર્ટી ઓફ ટેક્સાસના અધ્યક્ષ તરીકે સેવા આપી હતી. જૂન 2026 માં, જ્યોર્જને તેમની પુનઃચૂંટણીમાં હારનો સામનો કરવો પડ્યો હતો. ભારતના કેરળમાં જન્મેલા, જ્યોર્જ 1996 માં 16 વર્ષની ઉંમરે તેમના પરિવાર સાથે યુનાઇટેડ સ્ટેટ્સ ગયા. જ્યોર્જે ઉત્તર ટેક્સાસ યુનિવર્સિટીમાંથી એમબીએ કર્યું. જ્યોર્જે 2012 માં એક સોફ્ટવેર ફર્મ શરૂ કરી જે હેલ્થકેર મેનેજમેન્ટમાં વિશેષતા ધરાવે છે. આ પાર્ટીનું મુખ્ય મથક ઓસ્ટિન, ટેક્સાસમાં છે અને ટેક્સાસ કાયદા હેઠળ તેને કાયદેસર રીતે રાજકીય કાર્યવાહી સમિતિ માનવામાં આવે છે. 2025 સુધીમાં, તે રાજ્યનો શાસક પક્ષ છે, જે રાજ્યવ્યાપી તમામ ચૂંટાયેલા કાર્યાલયો, વિધાનસભાના બંને ગૃહો અને કોંગ્રેસની મોટાભાગની બેઠકોને નિયંત્રિત કરે છે.[2]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kofman|first=Ava|date=October 2, 2024|title=How Two Billionaire Preachers Remade Texas Politics|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/02/magazine/texas-politics-billionaire-preachers.html|access-date=March 6, 2025|website=The New York Times}}</ref> દ્વિવાર્ષિક રાજ્ય સંમેલન એ પક્ષ માટે અંતિમ સત્તા છે. તે પ્લેટફોર્મ અને બાયલો અપનાવે છે, રાજ્યવ્યાપી પક્ષના અધિકારીઓની ચૂંટણી કરે છે અને રાજ્ય રિપબ્લિકન એક્ઝિક્યુટિવ કમિટીના સભ્યોની પસંદગી કરે છે. રાષ્ટ્રપતિ પદના વર્ષોમાં, તે રિપબ્લિકન રાષ્ટ્રીય સંમેલનમાં પ્રતિનિધિઓની પણ પસંદગી કરે છે. ટેક્સાસમાં કોઈ પણ પક્ષ સ્તરે ઉમેદવારો માટે નામાંકન સંમેલનો યોજાતા નથી. જાહેર કાર્યાલય માટે તમામ પક્ષના નામાંકનો ટેક્સાસ કાયદા અનુસાર પ્રાથમિક ચૂંટણીઓ દ્વારા કરવામાં આવે છે. [[શ્રેણી:Harv and Sfn no-target errors]] efgvhm2yue4cyb5n2py96x5e0ux97rc 902259 902258 2026-07-10T08:45:27Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 88099 902259 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[ચિત્ર:Picture--AbrahamGeorge--Jan2025.jpg|thumb|'''અબ્રાહમ જ્યોર્જ''']] '''રિપબ્લિકન પાર્ટી ઓફ ટેક્સાસ''' ('''Republican Party of Texas'''.)હાલમાં તેના અધ્યક્ષ ડી'રિન્ડા રેન્ડલ છે. અબ્રાહમ જ્યોર્જ ટેક્સાસના ભારતીય મૂળના અમેરિકન ઉદ્યોગપતિ અને રાજકારણી છે, જેમણે મે 2024 થી જૂન 2026 સુધી રિપબ્લિકન પાર્ટી ઓફ ટેક્સાસના અધ્યક્ષ તરીકે સેવા આપી હતી. જૂન 2026 માં, જ્યોર્જને તેમની પુનઃચૂંટણીમાં હારનો સામનો કરવો પડ્યો હતો. ભારતના કેરળમાં જન્મેલા, જ્યોર્જ 1996 માં 16 વર્ષની ઉંમરે તેમના પરિવાર સાથે યુનાઇટેડ સ્ટેટ્સ ગયા. જ્યોર્જે ઉત્તર ટેક્સાસ યુનિવર્સિટીમાંથી એમબીએ કર્યું. જ્યોર્જે 2012 માં એક સોફ્ટવેર ફર્મ શરૂ કરી જે હેલ્થકેર મેનેજમેન્ટમાં વિશેષતા ધરાવે છે. આ પાર્ટીનું મુખ્ય મથક ઓસ્ટિન, ટેક્સાસમાં છે અને ટેક્સાસ કાયદા હેઠળ તેને કાયદેસર રીતે રાજકીય કાર્યવાહી સમિતિ માનવામાં આવે છે. 2025 સુધીમાં, તે રાજ્યનો શાસક પક્ષ છે, જે રાજ્યવ્યાપી તમામ ચૂંટાયેલા કાર્યાલયો, વિધાનસભાના બંને ગૃહો અને કોંગ્રેસની મોટાભાગની બેઠકોને નિયંત્રિત કરે છે.[2]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kofman|first=Ava|date=October 2, 2024|title=How Two Billionaire Preachers Remade Texas Politics|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/02/magazine/texas-politics-billionaire-preachers.html|access-date=March 6, 2025|website=The New York Times}}</ref> દ્વિવાર્ષિક રાજ્ય સંમેલન એ પક્ષ માટે અંતિમ સત્તા છે. તે પ્લેટફોર્મ અને બાયલો અપનાવે છે, રાજ્યવ્યાપી પક્ષના અધિકારીઓની ચૂંટણી કરે છે અને રાજ્ય રિપબ્લિકન એક્ઝિક્યુટિવ કમિટીના સભ્યોની પસંદગી કરે છે. રાષ્ટ્રપતિ પદના વર્ષોમાં, તે રિપબ્લિકન રાષ્ટ્રીય સંમેલનમાં પ્રતિનિધિઓની પણ પસંદગી કરે છે. ટેક્સાસમાં કોઈ પણ પક્ષ સ્તરે ઉમેદવારો માટે નામાંકન સંમેલનો યોજાતા નથી. જાહેર કાર્યાલય માટે તમામ પક્ષના નામાંકનો ટેક્સાસ કાયદા અનુસાર પ્રાથમિક ચૂંટણીઓ દ્વારા કરવામાં આવે છે. [[શ્રેણી:Harv and Sfn no-target errors]] e01c9ndriguhv61z6aedcym95ixymh1 902260 902259 2026-07-10T08:49:05Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 88099 902260 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[ચિત્ર:Picture--AbrahamGeorge--Jan2025.jpg|thumb|'''અબ્રાહમ જ્યોર્જ''']] '''રિપબ્લિકન પાર્ટી ઓફ ટેક્સાસ''' ('''Republican Party of Texas'''.)હાલમાં તેના અધ્યક્ષ ડી'રિન્ડા રેન્ડલ છે. અબ્રાહમ જ્યોર્જ ટેક્સાસના ભારતીય મૂળના અમેરિકન ઉદ્યોગપતિ અને રાજકારણી છે, જેમણે મે 2024 થી જૂન 2026 સુધી રિપબ્લિકન પાર્ટી ઓફ ટેક્સાસના અધ્યક્ષ તરીકે સેવા આપી હતી. જૂન 2026 માં, જ્યોર્જને તેમની પુનઃચૂંટણીમાં હારનો સામનો કરવો પડ્યો હતો. ભારતના કેરળમાં જન્મેલા, જ્યોર્જ 1996 માં 16 વર્ષની ઉંમરે તેમના પરિવાર સાથે યુનાઇટેડ સ્ટેટ્સ ગયા. જ્યોર્જે ઉત્તર ટેક્સાસ યુનિવર્સિટીમાંથી એમબીએ કર્યું. જ્યોર્જે 2012 માં એક સોફ્ટવેર ફર્મ શરૂ કરી જે હેલ્થકેર મેનેજમેન્ટમાં વિશેષતા ધરાવે છે. આ પાર્ટીનું મુખ્ય મથક ઓસ્ટિન, ટેક્સાસમાં છે અને ટેક્સાસ કાયદા હેઠળ તેને કાયદેસર રીતે રાજકીય કાર્યવાહી સમિતિ માનવામાં આવે છે. 2025 સુધીમાં, તે રાજ્યનો શાસક પક્ષ છે, જે રાજ્યવ્યાપી તમામ ચૂંટાયેલા કાર્યાલયો, વિધાનસભાના બંને ગૃહો અને કોંગ્રેસની મોટાભાગની બેઠકોને નિયંત્રિત કરે છે.[2]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kofman|first=Ava|date=October 2, 2024|title=How Two Billionaire Preachers Remade Texas Politics|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/02/magazine/texas-politics-billionaire-preachers.html|access-date=March 6, 2025|website=The New York Times}}</ref> દ્વિવાર્ષિક રાજ્ય સંમેલન એ પક્ષ માટે અંતિમ સત્તા છે. તે પ્લેટફોર્મ અને બાયલો અપનાવે છે, રાજ્યવ્યાપી પક્ષના અધિકારીઓની ચૂંટણી કરે છે અને રાજ્ય રિપબ્લિકન એક્ઝિક્યુટિવ કમિટીના સભ્યોની પસંદગી કરે છે. રાષ્ટ્રપતિ પદના વર્ષોમાં, તે રિપબ્લિકન રાષ્ટ્રીય સંમેલનમાં પ્રતિનિધિઓની પણ પસંદગી કરે છે. ટેક્સાસમાં કોઈ પણ પક્ષ સ્તરે ઉમેદવારો માટે નામાંકન સંમેલનો યોજાતા નથી. જાહેર કાર્યાલય માટે તમામ પક્ષના નામાંકનો ટેક્સાસ કાયદા અનુસાર પ્રાથમિક ચૂંટણીઓ દ્વારા કરવામાં આવે છે. [./Https://texasgop.org texasgop.org] [[શ્રેણી:Harv and Sfn no-target errors]] 7q82p2s693be5n1fpj9cp457c2qgnsi 902261 902260 2026-07-10T08:49:53Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 88099 902261 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[ચિત્ર:Picture--AbrahamGeorge--Jan2025.jpg|thumb|'''અબ્રાહમ જ્યોર્જ''']] '''રિપબ્લિકન પાર્ટી ઓફ ટેક્સાસ''' ('''Republican Party of Texas'''.)હાલમાં તેના અધ્યક્ષ ડી'રિન્ડા રેન્ડલ છે. અબ્રાહમ જ્યોર્જ ટેક્સાસના ભારતીય મૂળના અમેરિકન ઉદ્યોગપતિ અને રાજકારણી છે, જેમણે મે 2024 થી જૂન 2026 સુધી રિપબ્લિકન પાર્ટી ઓફ ટેક્સાસના અધ્યક્ષ તરીકે સેવા આપી હતી. જૂન 2026 માં, જ્યોર્જને તેમની પુનઃચૂંટણીમાં હારનો સામનો કરવો પડ્યો હતો. ભારતના કેરળમાં જન્મેલા, જ્યોર્જ 1996 માં 16 વર્ષની ઉંમરે તેમના પરિવાર સાથે યુનાઇટેડ સ્ટેટ્સ ગયા. જ્યોર્જે ઉત્તર ટેક્સાસ યુનિવર્સિટીમાંથી એમબીએ કર્યું. જ્યોર્જે 2012 માં એક સોફ્ટવેર ફર્મ શરૂ કરી જે હેલ્થકેર મેનેજમેન્ટમાં વિશેષતા ધરાવે છે. આ પાર્ટીનું મુખ્ય મથક ઓસ્ટિન, ટેક્સાસમાં છે અને ટેક્સાસ કાયદા હેઠળ તેને કાયદેસર રીતે રાજકીય કાર્યવાહી સમિતિ માનવામાં આવે છે. 2025 સુધીમાં, તે રાજ્યનો શાસક પક્ષ છે, જે રાજ્યવ્યાપી તમામ ચૂંટાયેલા કાર્યાલયો, વિધાનસભાના બંને ગૃહો અને કોંગ્રેસની મોટાભાગની બેઠકોને નિયંત્રિત કરે છે.[2]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kofman|first=Ava|date=October 2, 2024|title=How Two Billionaire Preachers Remade Texas Politics|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/02/magazine/texas-politics-billionaire-preachers.html|access-date=March 6, 2025|website=The New York Times}}</ref> દ્વિવાર્ષિક રાજ્ય સંમેલન એ પક્ષ માટે અંતિમ સત્તા છે. તે પ્લેટફોર્મ અને બાયલો અપનાવે છે, રાજ્યવ્યાપી પક્ષના અધિકારીઓની ચૂંટણી કરે છે અને રાજ્ય રિપબ્લિકન એક્ઝિક્યુટિવ કમિટીના સભ્યોની પસંદગી કરે છે. રાષ્ટ્રપતિ પદના વર્ષોમાં, તે રિપબ્લિકન રાષ્ટ્રીય સંમેલનમાં પ્રતિનિધિઓની પણ પસંદગી કરે છે. ટેક્સાસમાં કોઈ પણ પક્ષ સ્તરે ઉમેદવારો માટે નામાંકન સંમેલનો યોજાતા નથી. જાહેર કાર્યાલય માટે તમામ પક્ષના નામાંકનો ટેક્સાસ કાયદા અનુસાર પ્રાથમિક ચૂંટણીઓ દ્વારા કરવામાં આવે છે. [Https://texasgop.org texasgop.org] [[શ્રેણી:Harv and Sfn no-target errors]] 18peu22wv2zoc4ucln91go6xoo3sdnw