Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2398 827364 790300 2026-04-28T02:35:07Z Saad Nuhu 43323 827364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Historical Map of Australia (1909).jpg|thumb|Historical map of Australia (1909)]] [[Fayil:Tour Down Under 2015 (16526366051).jpg|thumb|tseran keke a Asturaliya]] '''Ostiraliya''' (da Turanci: ''Australia'') ƙasa ce da ke nahiyar [[Oceania]] wadda ta ƙunshi babban yankin ƙasa na nahiyar, tsibirin [[Tasmania]], da kuma wasu ƙananan tsibirai.<ref>Smith, J. (2020). Geography of Australia. Oxford Press.</ref> Ita ce ƙasa mafi girma a Oceania kuma ta shida a duniya gaba ɗaya.<ref>World Atlas (2022). Largest Countries by Area.</ref> == Tarihi == Mutanen farko da suka zauna a Ostiraliya su ne [[Aboriginal Australians]] da kuma [[Torres Strait Islanders]], waɗanda suka rayu a yankin sama da shekaru 60,000.<ref>Australian Museum (2021). Indigenous History.</ref> Turawan Turai sun fara isa yankin a ƙarni na 17, amma [[Birtaniya]] ce ta fara mallakar ƙasar a shekarar 1788.<ref>National Archives of Australia (2019).</ref> A ranar 1 Janairu 1901 ne aka haɗa yankuna daban-daban suka zama ƙasa ɗaya mai cin gashin kanta.<ref>Federation of Australia Records (1901).</ref> == Yanayi da ƙasa == Ostiraliya na da yanayi iri-iri, daga hamada mai zafi zuwa yankunan da ke da ruwan sama mai yawa a gabas da kudu.<ref>Bureau of Meteorology (2022).</ref> Manyan siffofin ƙasa sun haɗa da [[Great Barrier Reef]], wanda shi ne mafi girman reef a duniya, da kuma hamadar [[Outback]].<ref>UNESCO (2021). Great Barrier Reef.</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin Ostiraliya yana daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a duniya, yana dogara da albarkatun ƙasa kamar zinariya, ƙarafa, da kuma noma.<ref>World Bank (2023). Australia Economy.</ref> Haka kuma ƙasar na da ci gaba a fannoni kamar ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da fasaha.<ref>IMF Report (2022).</ref> == Siyasa == Ostiraliya ƙasa ce mai tsarin dimokuraɗiyya inda ake zaɓar shugabanni ta hanyar zaɓe.<ref>Australian Government (2021).</ref> Tana ƙarƙashin tsarin masarautar [[Commonwealth realm]], inda sarkin Birtaniya ke zama shugaban ƙasa na alama.<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (2020).</ref> == Al'adu == Al'adun Ostiraliya sun haɗa da na asali na Aboriginal da kuma tasirin Turai.<ref>Cultural Studies Journal (2021).</ref> Wasanni kamar ƙwallon cricket da rugby suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a ƙasar.<ref>Sports Australia (2022).</ref> == Ilimi == Ostiraliya na da ingantaccen tsarin ilimi, tare da manyan jami'o'i da dama kamar [[University of Sydney]] da [[Australian National University]].<ref>Education Australia (2023).</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> <Gallery> File:HMAS_Canberra_and_Hobart_in_2020.jpg|Royal Australian Navy File:Windsor_Hotel_at_Dusk,_Melbourne_Australia.jpg|Otal din Windsor File:Sydney_Opera_House_Night.jpg|Sydney Opera House, Asturaliya File:Sydney_harbour_bridge_new_south_wales.jpg|Sydney Harbour Bridge File:The_Grace_Building,_Sydney,_1930_-_Max_Dupain_(4226030071).jpg|The Grace Building, 1930 File:Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg|Royal Exhibition Building, Asturaliya File:MelbourneAnzacDay2009March.JPG|Marching band at the 2009 Anzac Day march in Melbourne, Asturaliya File:Uluru,_helicopter_view,_cropped.jpg|Uluru, Asturaliya </Gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Australia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Asturaliya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Oseaniya]] [[Category:Asturaliya| ]] shcytwbfrmmcp9oiq2xpy3zy16m62k2 0 3019 827266 654551 2026-04-27T18:23:03Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 827266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine a cikin nau'in ganye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin magani, miya kwado da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na duniya" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa danyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] gb7w0p7dfdre7pnq9cx4pl0xsne3udq 827278 827266 2026-04-27T20:05:23Z Bauchi 1 40103 827278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine da cikin nau'in ganye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin magani, miya kwado da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na duniya" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa danyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] onvm4neuz1dzz1kjb9q50oae5c3i05n 827280 827278 2026-04-27T20:05:43Z Bauchi 1 40103 827280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine daga cikin nau'in ganye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin magani, miya kwado da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na duniya" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa danyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] npgs3cohldhm6wnuv7b4j09e0wj8syo 827322 827280 2026-04-27T21:37:48Z Bauchi 1 40103 827322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine daga cikin nau'in ganye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin magani, miya kwaɗo da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na duniya" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa danyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] 582hp2f7cw6db8zz9q03x8ze4lrqklc 827323 827322 2026-04-27T21:38:13Z Bauchi 1 40103 827323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine daga cikin nau'in ganye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin magani, miya kwaɗo, da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na duniya" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa danyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] 68ed2xjcr6wi2edki4l193v4zzbys5p 827324 827323 2026-04-27T21:39:59Z Bauchi 1 40103 Kari 827324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine daga cikin nau'in ganye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin magani, miya kwaɗo, da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na duniya" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah SWA Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa danyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] 4m1efde2cugyk4xfbeg5e84z15hhvl3 827325 827324 2026-04-27T21:40:34Z Bauchi 1 40103 Kari 827325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine daga cikin nau'in ganye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin magani, miya kwaɗo, da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na duniya" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah (SWA) Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa danyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] p9ei0a3y923z3nest8txz3dqqypvyaw 827374 827325 2026-04-28T04:32:21Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 827374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine daga cikin nau'in ganye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin magani, miya kwaɗo, da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na duniya" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah (SWA) Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa ɗanyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] falw95op8fyv5tqyg8vam6b0f6ak4l8 827375 827374 2026-04-28T04:36:15Z Bauchi 1 40103 827375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine daga cikin nau'in ganyaye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin magani, miya kwaɗo, da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na duniya" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah (SWA) Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa ɗanyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] 7yfx4dvv8c2hrr1243mb1px9n0iyr91 827376 827375 2026-04-28T04:37:20Z Bauchi 1 40103 827376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine daga cikin nau'in ganyaye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin (Magani), miya kwaɗo, da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na duniya" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah (SWA) Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa ɗanyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] kb9hy9jryuc3i8opndjbghqx0c1e8og 827377 827376 2026-04-28T04:38:02Z Bauchi 1 40103 827377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine daga cikin nau'in ganyaye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin (Magani), (miya) kwaɗo, da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na duniya" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah (SWA) Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa ɗanyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] 672ckjvicncv8kp9ehynujqfhaqoqbo 827378 827377 2026-04-28T04:38:23Z Bauchi 1 40103 827378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine daga cikin nau'in ganyaye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin (Magani), (miya) (kwaɗo), da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na duniya" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah (SWA) Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa ɗanyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] l1um8ze28qbtpv0t8itjivvd9m5t25z 827379 827378 2026-04-28T04:40:06Z Bauchi 1 40103 827379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Zogale</span>]] [[File:Moringa Oleifera flower cooked 02.jpg|thumb|Dafaffen zogale]] [[File:Drumsticks or Moringa.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan zogale kore shar]] [[File:Moringa stenopetala flowers and leaves.jpg|thumb|ganyen zogale da furenta]] [[File:Moringa en polvo.jpg|thumb|garin zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa oleifera flower.jpg|thumb|kanzogale]] [[Fayil:Graines de moringa oleifera my mira.jpg|thumb|'ya'yan zogale]] '''Zogale''' ko '''Zogala''' (''Moringa oleifera'') nau'ine daga cikin nau'in ganyaye wanda kuma akan sarrafa shi wajan yin (Magani), (miya) (kwaɗo), da sauransu. ''Zogale'' na iya girma ya kai tsayin [[bishiya]], amma a ainihin tsarin "daga tsirrai na [[duniya]]" (ICBN), yawancin zogale ba bishiya ba ce. [[Fayil:Brèdes morôngo-ananambo.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] [[Fayil:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Zogale]] Shi tushen zogale yana ɗaya daga cikin tsirran da Allah (SWA) Ya yi wa albarka kasancewar bincike-binciken [[kimiyya]] ya tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani a fannoni da dama na inganta lafiyar Ɗan'adam. Zogale yana kuma ƙumshe da sinadaran dake warkar da cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, da kuma yawancin cututtukan da wasu irin kwayoyin halittu waɗanda idon mutum baya iya ganinsu (in ba tare da na'urar kambama ƙananan halittu ba) suke sabbabawa. A saboda haka, kamar yadda yawancin jama'a suka sani, cin zogale da yin miyar sa da shan shayin shi, hadi da shan ruwan shi, cikin yardar Allah, zai yi sanadiyyar samun waraka daga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, dama wasu waɗanda ba a ambata ba. Zogale yana Kara lafiyan jiki sosai, yana kuma daga cikin nau'in [[abinci]]n da masu shekaru 40 zuwa sama ya kuma kamata su riƙa amfani da shi. == Amfanin Zogale == * Ana dafa ganyen zogale da zuma a sha kamar shayi domin maganin Olsa (ulcer). * Ana kuma shafa danyen ganyen zogale a kan goshi domin maganin ciwon kai. * Ga wanda ya yanke ko ya sare ko wani karfe ya ji masa ciwo, zai shafa ɗanyen ganyen zogale insha Allah jinin zai tsaya. * Ga mai fama da kuraje a jiki, ya hada garin zogale da man zaitun ya shafa. * Ana sanya garin zogale a kan wani rauni ko gembo domin sauri warkewa. * Sanya garin zogale a cikin abinci yana maganin hawan-jini da kuma kara wa mutum kuzari. * Ana dafa ganyen zogale tare da sa kanwa ‘yar kadan domin maganin ciwon shawara. * Ga mai fama da ciwon ido zai diga ruwan danyen zogale, haka ma mai fama da ciwon kunne. * Macen da ke shayarwa ta dafa furen zogale da zuma dan karin nono. * Wanda ke fama da yawan fitsari wato cutar diyabetis ya rinka shan furen zogale da [[citta]] kamar shayi. * Idan aka tafasa furen zogale da albasa aka sha kamar shayi yana maganin sanyi. * Haka ma cin danyen zogale yana maganin tsutsar ciki ga yara. * Ana daka ganyen zogale da ‘ya’yan baure a sha da nono ko kunu yana maganin ciwon hanta. * Ga mai fama da sanyin kashi ko wani kumburi zai soya ‘ya’yan zogale a daka su sannan a hada da man kwakwa (man-ja) sai a shafa. * A daka zangarniyar zogale da ‘ya’yan da ke ciki tare da karanfani, citta, masoro da kuma [[kimba]] domin karin karfin da namiji da sa masa kuzari, haka kuma yana Kara wa mata nishadi. * A daka saiwar zogale da ‘ya’yan kankana a sha da nono yana maganin tsakuwar ciki (Apendis). * Haka kuma idan mutum yana fama da ciwon [[AIDS]] zogale na rage radadinshi ta hanyar shan ruwan dafaffen zogale. * Haka kuma mai fama da Typhoid da malaria da kuma ciwon basir ko shawara, zai iya yawaita shan ruwan dafaffen zogalen domin samun sauki. * Yana da Kuma sauran amfani * Ana dafa danyen zogale a kwadanta da kuli-kuli aci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-58769500?at_medium=custom7&at_custom4=3E9F5920-245A-11EC-8789-CC0B3A982C1E&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom3=BBC+Hausa&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64|date=3 October 2021|accessdate= 3 October 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|last=Idris|first=Aisha|title=Abinci da ya kamata ku ci idan kun haura shekara 40 a duniya}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zogale}} [[Category:Bishiya]] fqbbp6mm3pw1r0uuswphk5cf6ct4js7 0 7158 827257 825485 2026-04-27T17:20:44Z Pretty Fulani 44366 Gyara 827257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Fulani woman West Africa.jpg|thumb|tsohuwar (Nayejo) fulani ɗauke da ƙwaryar nono]] [[File:Washing 01.jpg|thumb|wata matar Fulani tare da Yaran ta sun kewaye ta, tana wanke-wanke]] [[Fayil:Fulani display.jpg|thumb|Fulani]] [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|Rugar fulani]] [[Fayil:A Fulani girl in 1911.png|thumb|kalan shigar fulani]] [[Fayil:Fulani dancers.jpg|thumb|Rawan fulani]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een kudde runderen van de Fulani TMnr 20010695.jpg|thumb|sun dugara dakiwun shano]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groepsportret van een Fulani familie voor hun huis in de regio Ouargaye TMnr 20010032.jpg|thumb|rugan fulani]] '''Fulani''' ko '''Fulata''' (tilo: '''Bafulatani''' ko '''Bafillace''') <ref>Fula: Fulɓe, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Hausa: Fulani or Hilani; Kanuri: Fillata; Portuguese: Fula; Wolof: Pël; Bambara: Fulaw; Tyap: A̱fa̱taa</ref>[[Mutane]] ne da ke a Yamma Maso Arewacin [[Afrika]] tun a tsawon lokaci. Mafi shaharar sana'ar Fulani ita ce [[kiwo]]n [[dabbobi]] da kuma sayar da nono<ref>[https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0 sanar kiwohttps://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0]</ref>, kuma suna tatsan [[Fura|nonon]] dabbobinsu domin <ref>Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref>sayarwa, [[Fulani]] wasu [[mutane]] ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta, da zamantakewar su sukan zauna da kowace ƙabilu lafiya kuma har su ƙulla aure a tsakaninsu.<ref>Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (in German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.</ref> Kiɗiddiga ta nuna cewa akwai Fulani aƙalla miliyan talatin da biyar a [[Najeriya]].<ref>Clark, Andrew F. (1996). "The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/221416. JSTOR 221416.</ref> [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Fulani mannen en vrouwen met hun vee bij een centrale drinkplaats TMnr 20017341.jpg|thumb|Fulani da shanun su.]] [[File:Fulani Nomads.jpg|thumb|Fulani suna tashi sun ɗora yaransu a kan jaki.]] ==Harshe== [[Harshen Hausa|Harshe]] ko yaren da kuma [[Fulani]] suke [[magana]] da shi sunansa [[Fulfulde]]. <ref>The homonym Fulani is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word Fula in their language (with suffix -ni), essentially meaning 'little Fula'.</ref>Haka ake kiran sa a ƙasashen [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da [[Sudan]] da [[Kamaru]], amma a tushen inda suka fito, watau kamar ƙasashen [[Senegal]] da [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Gini]] da sauransu. <ref>The letter ɓ is an implosive b sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by b. In the orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985), this sound was represented by bh, so one would have written Fulbhe instead of Fulɓe.</ref>Ana kiran harshen da '''Pulaar''' ko '''Fula''.<ref>https://afrigo.org/articles/people-group-fulani/</ref> [[File:Fullani hause village area.jpg|thumb]] === ASALIN KALMAR FULANI === Da farko dai, masanin ya faɗa cewar tabbataccen tarihi shi ne wanda ya zo a Alƙur'ani da Hadisai, amma duk wani abu wanda ba shi ba kan iya zamowa gurɓatacce, don haka bai doru a kan cewa wajibin duk abinda ya faɗa shi ne na gaskiya ba.<ref>Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people". Pulse Nigeria. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-09-18.</ref> [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|gidan fulani]] A cewar sa asalin sunan Fulani shi ne Tuta (Futa Toro), kuma suna cikin tsofaffin ƙabilun duniya ne. Shi sunan Futa ɗin sun samo shi ne daga kakansu/uban su da ake kira Futa, kuma shi jika ne ga Annabi Nuhu. Ta wajensa aka samar da Samudawa da Adawa, don haka faɗin Allah Ta Ala a Alkurani (IRAMA ZA TUL IMAAD) da ƙabilar su yake, domin an samu cewa an taɓa kiran su da suna Iramawa.<ref>Saeed, Asma’u G. (2017). "The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd". Journal for Islamic Studies. 36 (1): 61. ISSN 2957-9163.</ref><ref>"Hello Bello: How 'Bello' became Nigeria's most ecumenical name - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2024-11-02.</ref> Daga bisanin saboda yawaitar su ga yaƙe-yaƙe, sai aka dinga kiransu da suna Fatah, ma'ana Jarumai. Sannu a hankali kuma aka koma ambaton su da suna Futa. Yanayin zaman su a wurare kuwa shi ne silar sauyawar sunayen su, ta yadda ake kiran wasu Futa Toro, ma'ana Futawa mazaunan Toro, da Futa Masina da Futa Jallo da Futa Falgo da sauran su A cewar masanin, shi wannan sunan na FULANI, ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka, sanda suka haɗu da ƙabilar MANDINKA wajen zama, waɗanda su ma kusan Fulani ne a halaye da dabi'u. Malam Ahmad ya tafi a kan cewa Fulani ƙabilar farko ce da suka soma zaman Afirka, kuma su ne suka zo da addini Yammacin Afirka. Don haka idan Fulanin sun tara 'ya'yansu, su kan sanar musu da cewa 'Ana Hulbe (Fulbe) Allah'. Ma'ana mu masu tsoron Allah ne, kada kuyi abinda Mandinkawa abokan zamanmu suke aikatawa. Daga nan sai mandinkawa masu zuwa ganin su suka rinka kiransu da suna Fulah, kafin daga bisani sunan ya rinka sauyawa zuwa Fullata, da Fulbe. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA ƊAYA Malam Ahmad ya sanar mana da cewa Bafillatani ya samu ne daga Annabi Nuhu A S. Asalin zuriyarsa kuma a yankin Ɗurisinin dake da zama. A nan ne har Annabi Musa A.S ya riske su a zamaninsa lokacin da aka saukar masa da Attaurah. A lokacin suna masu bautar shanu, don haka sai ya kira iya ƙabilar sa Bani Israila zuwa bautar Allah makaɗaici. Shi ya sa sai Bani Isra'ila suka yi kwaɗayin a sanya musu abin bauta kamar yadda Futawa suke yi, har kuma Musa Samiri ya shagaltar da su tare da sanya musu ɗan maraƙi a matsayin abin bautar Annabi Musa A .S. Sai daga baya Annabin Allah Musa ya gane lamarin, sannan ya kira shugabansu mai suna Tori ya ƙarbi addini, shi ne har aka yi bikin karɓarsa ranar Asabar a jikin dutsen durisina. Fulani na kiran bikin 'Larki'. Har kuma sukan ce "RaduTori Sinin", watau ga Inda Tori ya musulunta wajen nuni da Ɗurisinin. A wannan zamanin, sai ƙabilar Futah ta kasu. Wasu suka karɓi addinin Annabi Musa bisa biyayya da shugaban su Tori, wasu kuma suka bijere, inda suka yi Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, daga jikinsu ƙabilun Chusi da ake kira Totsi yanzu suka fita, da sauran ƙabilun da suka mamaye yankunan. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA BIYU Aka ce asalin Fulani tare da Yahudawa suke da zama. Don haka kusancin su ke sanyawa ake kiransu da sunan Yahudawa. Kuma su mayaƙa ne marasa tsoro, waɗanda ba sa rabo da makami, sannan suna matuƙar ɗaukaka ranar Asabar sama da sauran ranaku saboda tarayyar su da Yahudawa. Sannu a hankali suka famtsama yankin Afirka ta Yamma. ASALIN FULANI MAHANGA TA UKU Wannan mahangar kuma ta nuna cewa Fulani tsatso ne daga zuriyar Annabi Ayyuba A.S.. Aka ce a lokacin da ya zama dattijo yana wa'azi a gefen tekun Indiya, sai aka ba shi wata mace aure wadda ba ta son sa. Don hakan idan dare ya yi sai ta guje masa zuwa bayan daki, a can kuma sai sheɗan ya rinƙa zuwar mata yana tarawa da ita. A haka har ta samu rabon yaro namiji wanda baya magana da kowa. Aka yi magana a kan yadda ta samu wannan yaro dube da rashin tarayyar ta da maigidanta, amma Annabi Nuhu ya ce a kyale ta a matsayin matarsa, daga bisani hakan ya cigaba da faruwa har ta sake haifar yarinya mace. Don haka waɗannan mace da namijin da suka girma su ne suka fara amfani da yarensu sabo na Fulatanci. ==Tarihi== == Arziki == == Wasanni == == Fannin tsarotsaro == == Kimiya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa === == Al'adu == === Mutane === === Abinci === Daga cikin muhimman abincin Fulani akwai [[Fura]]. === Tufafi === == Ilimi == == Addinai == === Musulunci === == Hotuna == === Maza === <gallery> File:Fulani Dress.jpg|Bafullatani da Bafillatana. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. File:FULANI LOVE.jpg|Ma'aurata biyu, Miji da Mata a Fulani. File:Fulani man.jpg|Bafullatani da zane a fuskarsa. File:The Fulani traditional marriage requirements which is flogging of the Groom.jpg|Mazan Fulani suna yin shaɗi. File:The fulani rural settlement. Mostly called Rugan Fulani is a common type of settlement the fulani people within wesr african countries have. Houses are built with muds and roofing dome with straws or grasses.jpg|Ƙauyen Fulani, ko kuma Rigar Fulani. </gallery> === Mata === <gallery> File:Wiki fulani girl.jpg|Bahillatana da zane a fuskarta. File:Fulani Woman.jpg|Kayan Fulani File:Fulani Woman from Niger.jpg|Matan Fulani suna da gashi sosai a kan su. File:Nathaniel Ajibola Fulani Woman Nigeria.JPG|Bafullatana mai tallan nono. File:Fulani dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|Fulani na rawar al'ada. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]] bno68qpcmqe7cfmv3ske6mya0oha974 0 9161 827394 703634 2026-04-28T06:44:37Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Danejawa */ 827394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:FCE Bichi.jpg 01.jpg|thumb|Kwalejin ilimi ta tarayya Bichi]] [[File:JSCE.jpg|thumb|sakandare bichi]] '''Bichi''' karamar hukuma ce kuma hedikwatar [[masarautar Bichi]] a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano a]] [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|Najeriya]] [[Najeriya|.]] Hed kwatarta tana a cikin garin Bichi a kan babbar hanyar A9. Bichi ta kafa ne danejawa farar makiyaya karkashin jagorancin Ardo buba kakan Malam dan zabuwa. [[File:Bichi Emirates 1.jpg|thumb|250px||Bichi_Emirates_1]] [[File:Kofar Wambai Bichi.jpg|thumb|250px|Kofar_Wambai_Bichi]] == Danejawa == [[File:Bichi Central Market.jpg|thumb]][[File:Kofar Daniya Aminu Bichi.jpg|thumb]] Danejawa na daga cikin muhimman dangin kabilar fulani. Kakan su Muhammadu Danejo. Sun yi kiwon fararen shanu zalla masu yawa. Sun yi hijira daga kasar Chadi zuwa kasar Hausa suka sauka a garin Shanono dake cikin masarautar Kano. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan uwa sun tashi daga Shanono zuwa (Bichi) da ke arewa maso yammacin Kano inda suka dauki sarautar sarkin Bichi. Wasu sun koma cikin birnin Kano suka kafa rukunin daneji kusa da fadar sarkin Kano, wasu kuma suka koma kasar Katsina karkashin jagorancin gudundi tare da taimakon kanensa guda biyu, dudi da gandi. Harkar danejawa zuwa Katsina ta kasance a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha takwas (18). Suka koma Karaduwa-Bunsuru basin suka sauka a Papu da sunan sarkin fulani daneji. Sun kuma kafa garin dangani. Danejawa su ne suka fi kowa arziki a cikin dukkan fulani da ke Katsina kuma a cikin su gudundi shi ne ya fi kowa arziki da dubunnan shanu. Sarkin Maska Birgiji ya kama Gudundi tare da wulakanta shi bayan ya zarge shi da kiwo a gonarsa; lokacin da aka fara jihadin fulani a Katsina, Gudundi ya jagoranci danginsa suka kai wa Maska hari suka kashe sarki Birgiji. Gudundi ya zama sarki na farkon fulani Maska.Banaga Ɗan Bature ɗaya daga cikin jagororin 'yan tawayen Zamfara da ke yaƙi da khalifancin Sokoto ya kai hari Maska tare da ƙwace dubban Shanu na Gudundi ciki har da 'yarsa. Wasu daga cikin shanun sa Muhammadu Yero ɗaya ne daga cikin ’yan ta’adda masu alaƙa da Jihadi, Gudundi ya sake kai wa shanunsa hari fiye da masarauta, ya bar Maska zuwa Kano. Ya zauna da shanunsa tsawon shekaru biyar 5, yana kiwon su a kewayen Godiya. Gudundi ya zama sarkin Maska ne a hannun babban ɗansa Jaji. Jaji kamar mahaifinsa bai kasance mai sha'awar sarauta ba don ya kasance mafi yawan lokutansa tare da shanunsa don haka aka sauke shi. Ya koma da shanunsa da iyalansa suka zauna a zazzau. An maye Gurbinsa da sarkin Maska da kaninsa Muhammadu Sani dan gudundi. Danejawa dai sun ci gaba da zama sarkin Maska har zuwa kakan Injiniya Zailani Tijjani. Sarkin Katsina dikko ne ya kwace sarautar Maska daga danejawa. [[File:Bichi Emirates (2).jpg|thumb|Bichi_Emirates_2]]. Danejawa su ne masu riƙe da sarautar galadiman Katsina kuma ɗaya daga cikin sarakuna. Galadima yana zaune a Malumfashi a matsayin Hakimin gundumar. Suna da ɗan rukunin gidaje a Birnin Katsina wanda akekira galadanci tare da Gidan Galadima a matsayin mazauni na musamman . Za a rubuta na gaba a kan dudi da ɗansa Abdu wanda ya zama Fulani galadima na farko a Katsina. Yana da yanki na 612&nbsp;km2 da yawan jama'a {{Sup|2}} a ƙidayar shekarar 2006. Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce (703).<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=7 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sanannun mutane a Bichi== == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Kananan Hukumomin Jihar Kano}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin Jihar Kano]] 1bux53xawu39sjlvbjsz19blv0c9j01 827395 827394 2026-04-28T06:52:31Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Danejawa */ 827395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:FCE Bichi.jpg 01.jpg|thumb|Kwalejin ilimi ta tarayya Bichi]] [[File:JSCE.jpg|thumb|sakandare bichi]] '''Bichi''' karamar hukuma ce kuma hedikwatar [[masarautar Bichi]] a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano a]] [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|Najeriya]] [[Najeriya|.]] Hed kwatarta tana a cikin garin Bichi a kan babbar hanyar A9. Bichi ta kafa ne danejawa farar makiyaya karkashin jagorancin Ardo buba kakan Malam dan zabuwa. [[File:Bichi Emirates 1.jpg|thumb|250px||Bichi_Emirates_1]] [[File:Kofar Wambai Bichi.jpg|thumb|250px|Kofar_Wambai_Bichi]] == Danejawa == [[File:Bichi Central Market.jpg|thumb]][[File:Kofar Daniya Aminu Bichi.jpg|thumb]] Danejawa na daga cikin muhimman dangin kabilar fulani. Kakan su Muhammadu Danejo. Sun yi kiwon fararen shanu zalla masu yawa. Sun yi hijira daga kasar Chadi zuwa kasar Hausa suka sauka a garin Shanono dake cikin masarautar Kano. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan uwa sun tashi daga Shanono zuwa (Bichi) da ke arewa maso yammacin Kano inda suka dauki sarautar sarkin Bichi. Wasu sun koma cikin birnin Kano suka kafa rukunin daneji kusa da fadar sarkin Kano, wasu kuma suka koma kasar Katsina karkashin jagorancin gudundi tare da taimakon kanensa guda biyu, dudi da gandi. Harkar danejawa zuwa Katsina ta kasance a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha takwas (18). Suka koma Karaduwa-Bunsuru basin suka sauka a Papu da sunan sarkin fulani daneji. Sun kuma kafa garin dangani. Danejawa su ne suka fi kowa arziki a cikin dukkan fulani da ke Katsina kuma a cikin su gudundi shi ne ya fi kowa arziki da dubunnan shanu. Sarkin Maska Birgiji ya kama Gudundi tare da wulakanta shi bayan ya zarge shi da kiwo a gonarsa; lokacin da aka fara jihadin fulani a Katsina, Gudundi ya jagoranci danginsa suka kai wa Maska hari suka kashe sarki Birgiji. Gudundi ya zama sarki na farkon fulani Maska.Banaga Ɗan Bature ɗaya daga cikin jagororin 'yan tawayen Zamfara da ke yaƙi da khalifancin Sokoto ya kai hari Maska tare da ƙwace dubban Shanu na Gudundi ciki har da 'yarsa. Wasu daga cikin shanun su Muhammadu Yero ɗaya ne daga cikin ’yan ta’adda masu alaƙa da Jihadi, Gudundi ya sake kai wa shanunsa hari fiye da masarauta, ya bar Maska zuwa Kano. Ya zauna da shanunsa tsawon shekaru biyar 5, yana kiwon su a kewayen Godiya. Gudundi ya zama sarkin Maska ne a hannun babban ɗansa Jaji. Jaji kamar mahaifinsa bai kasance mai sha'awar sarauta ba don ya kasance mafi yawan lokutansa tare da shanunsa don haka aka sauke shi. Ya koma da shanunsa da iyalansa suka zauna a zazzau. An maye Gurbinsa da sarkin Maska da kaninsa Muhammadu Sani dan gudundi. Danejawa dai sun ci gaba da zama sarkin Maska har zuwa kakan Injiniya Zailani Tijjani. Sarkin Katsina dikko ne ya kwace sarautar Maska daga danejawa. [[File:Bichi Emirates (2).jpg|thumb|Bichi_Emirates_2]]. Danejawa su ne masu riƙe da sarautar galadiman Katsina kuma ɗaya daga cikin sarakuna. Galadima yana zaune a Malumfashi a matsayin Hakimin gundumar. Suna da ɗan rukunin gidaje a Birnin Katsina wanda akekira galadanci tare da Gidan Galadima a matsayin mazauni na musamman . Za a rubuta na gaba a kan dudi da ɗansa Abdu wanda ya zama Fulani galadima na farko a Katsina. Yana da yanki na 612&nbsp;km2 da yawan jama'a {{Sup|2}} a ƙidayar shekarar 2006. Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce (703).<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=7 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sanannun mutane a Bichi== == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Kananan Hukumomin Jihar Kano}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin Jihar Kano]] kzwnhlzqilnkbm48y3d71fanpzwc05p 0 9770 827392 722956 2026-04-28T06:26:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827392 wikitext text/x-wiki Kurama == Zaɓaɓɓun Harsuna == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Harshe !Adadin Masu Magana da Harshen (Miliyoyi) |- |[[Turanci]] |140 |- |[[Hausa]] |52 |- |[[Yarbanci]] |42 |- |[[Igbo]] |26 |- |[[Fulfulde]] |23 |- |[[Tiv]] |6 |- |[[Kanuri]] |6 |- |[[Ijo]] |3 |- |[[Edo]] |2 |- |[[Annang]] |1 |- |[[Arabic]] |1 |- |[[Igala]] |1 |- |[[Faransanci]] |1 |- |[[Idoma]] |0.8 |- |[[Nupe]] |0.2 |- |[[Okpe]] |0.5 |- |[[Harshen Itsekiri]] |0.4 |} === Harsunan Afroasiatic === [[File:Afro_asiatic_peoples_nigeria.png|left|thumb|450x450px| Taswirar da ke nuna mutanen da ke magana da harsunan Afroasiatic a Najeriya]] == Harsunan Afroasiatic == Harsunan ''Afroasaitiatic'' sun rarrabu zuwa Chadic da Semitic da kuma Berber. Acikin waɗannan rabe-raben, harsunan Chadic sunfi yawa wanda ke da yaruka aƙalla 700 a ƙarkashinsa. Semitic ya kunshi harsunan Larabawa da ake amfani dasu a sassa daban-daban na yankin Arewacin Afurka. Sannan kuma Berber ya kunshi al'ummomi dake amfani da harsunan Tuareg dake can arewa-maso-yammacin Afurka. Harshen Hausa shine mafi sanannen harshe daga cikin harsunan Chadic duk da har yanzu babu takamaiman adadin masu amfani da harshen a Najeriya, akalla mutum miliyan 24 ke amfani da harshen a yankunan Afurka ta yamma, musamman a yankunan Sahel. Ainihin masu amfani da harshen suna zaune a yankin arewacin Najeriya kuma mafi akasarin masu yaren a Najeriya da sauran sassa Afurka musulmai ne. An sanya Hausa a kashin harsunan yammacin Chadi na rabe-raben harsunan Chadi wanda jigo ne daga cikin harsunan Afroasiatic. Al'adun Hausawa yayi kamaiceceniya kwarai da na Fulani tun bayan jihadin [[Shehu Usman Dan Fodio| Shehu DanFodio]] a karni na 19. Hausa ya kasance harshen asali na jihohi daban daban na arewacin Najeriya sannan daga ciki akwai muhimmi wanda shine Hausa garuruwan Hausa Bakwai. Har wayau akwai bambamce-bambamce harshe a tsakanin waɗannan garuruwa na Hausa. Akwai Kananci wanda ake amfani da ita a Kano, akwai harsunan gabacin kasar Hausa wanda ake magana da ita a Zaria ''"Zazzaganci"'' da Bauchi; sannan akwai na yammacin yankin wanda ake amfani da ita a Sokoto ''"Sakkwatanci'' da kuma ''Katsinanci'' a Katsina. Sai kuma Arewanci wanda ake magana da ita a yankin Gobir ''"Gobiranci"'', Azara, Kebbi da kuma Zamfara ''"Zamfaranci"''. Sannan daga karshe akwai sabon samfuri da ya samo asali daga barikin soji watau ''"Barikanchi"''. Yawancin kalmomi da sautukan hausa sun samo asali ne daga kalmomin aro na Larabci. Wasu daga cikin sanannun harsunan Chadi sun haɗa da Mupun, Ngas, Goemai, Mwaghavul, Bole, Ngizim, Bade da kuma Bachama. Yankunan gabacin Najeriya da kuma cikin Cameroon sune aihin harsunan Chadi kamarsu Bura, Kamwe and Margi. Wadannan yarukann na da yawa matuka kuma akwai karancin bayanai akansu. Mafi akasarin Yarukan sun bace; bincike da Bernard Caron yayi a kudancin Bauchi ya nuna cewa mafi yawancin harsuna har da wadanda aka shigar da bayanansu a shekara ta 1970's sun bace. Duk da haka akwai sabbin yaruka Chadic da ake bayani akansu; kamar bayanin harshen Dyarim. Tarihi ya nuna cewa harshe Hausa dangane da sauran harsuna Afroasiatic kamarsu Kanuri, Margi da Bade an fara rubutasu ne yaren Larabci da Hausa da ake kira [[ajami]. Amma daga baya an canza zuwa sabon tsari na turawa wato [[boko]] wanda turawan mulkin mallaka suka kawo a shekara ta 1930s. === Rassa da kuma Wurare === A kasa akwai jerin rassan yarukan Chadi dangane da wuraren da suke kamar yadda Blench (2019) ya zayyano.<ref name=":1">"Blench, Roger (2019). ''An Atlas of Nigerian Languages'' (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> Kamar dai yankin Adamawa da Bantu, ana amfani da bakaken sirri a maimakonsu. {| class="wikitable" ! Reshe !! Lambobin sirri !! Wurin Asali |+ Rabe-raben Harsunan [[West Chadic languages#Names and locations|Yankunan yammacin Chadi]] |- | [[Hausa–Gwandara languages#Names and locations|Hausa–Gwandara]] || A1 || [[Arewacin Nigeria]] |- | [[Bole–Tangale languages#Names and locations|Bole–Tangale]] || A2 || [[Darazo]] LGA, [[Jihar Bauchi]]; jihar Yobe, Taraba, Gombe, Borno |- | [[Angas languages#Names and locations|Angas]] || A3 || [[Shendam]] and [[Mangu, Nigeria|Mangu]] LGAs, [[Jihar Plateau]] |- | [[Ron languages#Names and locations|Ron]] || A4 || [[Mangu, Nigeria|Mangu]] LGA, [[Jihar Plateau]] |- | [[Bade languages#Names and locations|Bade]] || B1 || [[Bade, Nigeria|Bade]] LGA, [[Jihar Borno]] |- | [[Warji languages#Names and locations|Warji]] (North Bauchi) || B2 || [[Darazo]] and [[Ningi, Nigeria|Ningi]] LGAs, [[Jihar Bauchi]] |- | [[Barawa languages#Names and locations|Barawa]] (South Bauchi) || B3 || [[Jihar Bauchi]] ([[Toro, Nigeria|Toro]], [[Dass, Nigeria|Dass]], [[Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi|Tafawa Balewa]], [[Bauchi]] LGAs) |} {| class="wikitable" ! Branch !! Code !! Primary locations |+ Rabe-raben harsunan [[Biu–Mandara languages#Names and locations|Biu–Mandara]] a Najeriya |- | Tera || A1 || [[Gombi]] LGA, [[Jihar Adamawa]] and [[Biu, Nigeria|Biu]] LGA, [[Jihar Borno]] |- | Bata || A8 || [[Mubi (town)|Mubi]] LGA, [[Jihar Adamawa]] |- | Kamwe (Higi) || A3 || [[Michika]] LGA, Mubi North LGA, Hong LGA, Madagali LGA [[Jihar Adamawa]]; Askira/Uba LGA, [[Borno State]] |- | Mandara || A4 || [[Gwoza]] LGA, [[Jihar Borno]] and [[Michika]] LGA, [[Jihar Adamawa]] |} == Harsunan Nijar-Congo == Nijar-Congo ta fi rinjaye a yankunan tsakiya, gabas da kudancin Nijeriya; manyan rassan da aka wakilta a Nijeriya sune Mande, Atlantic, Gur, Kwa, Benue-Congo da Adamawa-Ubangi.<ref>"Niger-Congo languages « Sorosoro". Retrieved 2020-05-30.</ref> Mande yana wakiltar busa da Kyenga a arewa maso yamma. Fulatanci ne guda Atlantic harshe, na Senegambian asalin amma yanzu magana da dabbõbin ni'ima da makiyaya a fadin yankin Sahel da kuma sun fi mayar a cikin jihohin Najeriya, musamman [[Adamawa]]. Ana magana da harsunan Ijoid a fadin Niger Delta kuma sun hada da Iuniw, Kalabari, da kuma sauran 'yan kungiyoyi masu ban mamaki na Defaka. Ana magana da harshen Efik a fadin kudu maso gabashin sashin Najeriya kuma ya hada da harsunan Ibibio, Annang, da kuma Efik daidai. Maganin Gur guda guda ne ake magana da ita ita ce Baatunun, a cikin matsanancin Arewa maso yamma. Ana magana da harshen Adamawa-Ubangi tsakanin tsakiyar Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya. Ma'aikatan su na yammaci a Nijeriya su ne harshen Tula-Waja. Kwararren Kwaran suna wakiltar su ne a yankin kudu maso yammaci, wanda ke da alaqa da harshen Turanci a [[Benin]] da [[Togo]]. Kayyadewa sauran sauran harsuna yana da rikici; [[Joseph Greenberg]] ya rubuta wadanda ba tare da sunaye ba, irin su Yoruba, Igbo, da Ibibio (Efik, Ibibio, da Annang), 'Eastern Kwa ' da wadanda ke da nau'o'in ' Benue-Congo '. Wannan ya sake komawa cikin littafi mai tasiri na shekara ta 1989 kuma ya nuna a kan taswirar harsuna a shekara ta 1992, inda dukkanin wadannan aka dauke Benue-Congo. Kwanan nan ra'ayi, duk da haka, ya sake komawa ga bambancin Greenberg. Ya kamata a karanta wallafe-wallafen tare da kulawa da kuma kulawa da kwanan wata. Akwai kananan gungiyoyin harshe a yankin Neja Confluence, musamman Ukaan, Akpes, Ayere-Ahan da kuma Magoya, wanda ba a taba jayayya da shiga cikin wadannan rukuni ba. Tsohon Eastern Kwa, watau Daga yammacin Benue-Congo za su hada da Igboid, watau [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Turanci]] daidai, Ukwuani, Ikwerre, Ekpeye da sauransu, Yoruboid, watau [[Yarbanci|Yar'Adua]], Itsekiri da Igala, Akokoid (kananan harsuna takwas a [[Ondo]], [[Edo]] da [[Kogi]]), Edoid ciki har da Edo (wani lokaci ana kiran su) Bini a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], Ibibio-Efik, Idomoid ( Idoma ) da Nupeid ( Nupe ) kuma watakila sun hada da da sauran harsuna da aka ambata a sama. An rarraba harshen Idoma a cikin rukunin Akweya na harsunan Idomoid na gidan Volta-Nijar, wanda ya hada da alago da Alago, Agatu, Etulo da Yala na [[Benue]], [[Nasarawa]] da jihohin arewacin Cross Cross. Kudancin Benue-Congo sun hada da Kainji, Filato (harsuna 46, kamar harshen Gamai ), Jukunoid, Dakoid da Cross River. Baya ga wadannan, akwai harsunan Bantoid da yawa, wanda shine harsunan nan da nan kakanninmu zuwa Bantu. Wadannan sun hada da harsunan Mambiloid, Ekoid, Bendi, Beboid, Grassfields da Tivoid. Kasuwanci na rarraba harsunan Niger-Congo a Najeriya ba ta iyakance ne a tsakiyar gabas da tsakiyar kudancin Nigeriya ba, yayin da gudun hijirar ya ba da damar yadawa zuwa ƙasashen Afro-Asia a arewacin Najeriya, da kuma a ko'ina cikin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] da kasashen waje. Harshen kalmomi kamar "ku" don<nowiki>'ku' ',' sooso 'don' kawai ',' obia 'don' 'likita' '' '</nowiki>, da dai sauransu. harshe a cikin ƙungiyoyi irin su Santeria a cikin Caribbean da Kudancin Tsakiya ta Tsakiya, da harshen Berbice Dutch a Surinam ya dogara da harshen Ijoid. Har ma da bambancin harshe da aka ambata a cikin Nijar-Congo a cikin Najeriya yana da iyakancewa, saboda waɗannan harsuna na iya ƙara ƙunshi harsunan yanki wanda bazai zama daidai da juna ba. Kamar yadda irin wa] annan harsuna, musamman wa] anda ke da yawancin masu magana, an daidaita su kuma sun karbi rubutun asalin. Kusan dukkanin harsuna suna bayyana a cikin haɗin Latin lokacin da aka rubuta. === Rassa da Wurarensu === A kasa akwai jerin harsunan Niger–Congo dangane da ainihin wurarensu kamar yadda Blench a shekara ta (2019) ya zayyano.<ref name=":1" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Rabe-raben harsunan [[Volta–Niger languages#Branches and locations|Volta–Niger]] da rassansu''' ! Reshe !! Ainihin Wuri |- | [[Akpes language#Names and locations|Akpes]] || Akoko North LGA, [[Jihar Ondo]] |- | [[Ayere–Ahan languages#Names and locations|Ayere–Ahan]] || Akoko North LGA, [[Jihar Ondo]] |- | [[Gbe languages|Gbe]] || [[Badagry]] LGA, [[Jihar Lagos]] and adjacent areas |- | [[Yoruboid languages#Names and locations|Yoruboid]] || Southwestern Nigeria |- | [[Edoid languages#Names and locations|Edoid]] || Rivers, Edo, Ondo, Delta States |- | [[Akoko language|Akoko]] || Akoko North LGA, [[Jihar Ondo]] |- | [[Igboid languages#Names and locations|Igboid]] || Anambra, Rivers, Delta States (excluding Igbo proper) |- | [[Nupoid languages#Names and locations|Nupoid]] || Niger, Kwara, Nasarawa States, Kogi, FCT |- | [[Oko language|Oko]] || [[Ogori-Magongo]] LGA, [[Jihar Kogi]] |- | [[Idomoid languages#Names and locations|Idomoid]] || Benue, Cross River, Nasarawa States |- | [[Ukaan language|Ukaan]] || Akoko North LGA, [[Jihar Ondo]] |} {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Rabe-raben Harsunan [[Benue–Congo languages#Branches and locations (Nigeria)|Benue–Congo]] a Nigeria''' ! Reshe !! Ainihin wuri |- | [[Cross River languages#Branches and locations|Cross River]] || Jihohin [[Cross River State|Cross River]], [[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]], and [[Rivers State|Rivers]] |- | [[Bendi languages#Names and locations|Bendi]] || [[Obudu]] and [[Ogoja]] LGAs, [[Jihar Cross River]] |- | [[Mambiloid languages#Names and locations (Nigeria)|Mambiloid]] || [[Sardauna]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]]; [[Cameroon]] |- | [[Dakoid languages#Names and locations|Dakoid]] || [[Mayo Belwa]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]] and adjacent areas |- | [[Jukunoid languages#Names and locations|Jukunoid]] || [[Jihar Taraba]] |- | [[Yukubenic languages#Names and locations|Yukubenic]] || [[Takum]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]] |- | [[Kainji languages#Names and locations|Kainji]] || [[Kauru]] LGA, [[Jihar Kaduna]] and [[Bassa, Plateau State|Bassa]] LGA, [[Jihar Plateau]]; [[Kainji Lake]] area |- | [[Plateau languages#Branches and locations|Plateau]] || [[Plateau State|Plateau]], [[Kaduna State|Kaduna]], and [[Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]] States |- | [[Tivoid languages#Names and locations (Nigeria)|Tivoid]] || [[Obudu]] LGA, [[Jihar Cross River]] and [[Sardauna]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba ]]; [[Cameroon]] |- | [[Beboid languages#Names and locations (Nigeria)|Beboid]] || [[Takum]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba ]]; [[Cameroon]] |- | [[Ekoid languages#Names and locations (Nigeria)|Ekoid]] || [[Ikom]] and [[Ogoja]] LGAs, [[Jihar Cross River]]; [[Cameroon]] |- | [[Grassfields languages#Names and locations (Nigeria)|Grassfields]] || [[Sardauna]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]]; [[Cameroon]] |- | [[Jarawan languages#Names and locations|Jarawan]] || [[Bauchi State|Bauchi]], [[Plateau State|Plateau]], [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]], and [[Jihar Taraba|Taraba]] States |} {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Rabe-raben harsunan [[Savannas languages#Branches and locations (Nigeria)|Adamawa]] a Nigeria''' ! Reshe !! Ainihin wuri |- | [[Duru languages#Names and locations|Duru]] (Vere) || [[Fufore]] LGA, [[Jihar Adamawa]] |- | [[Leko languages#Names and locations (Nigeria)|Leko]] || Jihohin [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]] and [[Taraba State|Taraba]]; [[Cameroon]] |- | [[Mumuye languages#Names and locations|Mumuye]] || [[Jihar Taraba]] |- | [[Yendang languages#Names and locations|Yendang]] || [[Mayo Belwa]] and [[Numan, Nigeria|Numan]] LGAs, [[Jihar Adamawa]] |- | [[Tula–Waja languages#Names and locations|Waja]] || [[Kaltungo]] and [[Balanga, Nigeria|Balanga]] LGAs, [[Jihar Gombe]] |- | ''[[Kam language (Nigeria)|Kam]]'' || [[Bali, Nigeria|Bali]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]] |- | ''[[Kwah language|Baa]]'' || [[Numan, Nigeria|Numan]] LGA, [[Jihar Adamawa]] |- | ''[[Laka language (Nigeria)|Laka]]'' || [[Karim Lamido]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]] and [[Yola, Adamawa|Yola]] LGA, [[Adamawa State]] |- | [[Bikwin–Jen languages#Names and locations|Jen]] || [[Karim Lamido]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]] |- | [[Bikwin–Jen languages#Names and locations|Bikwin]] || [[Karim Lamido]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]] |- | [[Bena–Mboi languages#Names da locations|Yungur]] || [[Song, Nigeria|Song]] da [[Guyuk, Nigeria|Guyuk]] LGAs, [[Jihar Adamawa]] |} == Harshen Nilo-Saharan == A Najeriya harsunan dangin Nilo Saharan na wakilai kamar haka: * Harsunan Sahara **[[Kanuri]] da [[Kanembu] a Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a jihar Borno, Yobe da kuma wasu jihohi kamar Jigawa da Bauchi. ** Harshen Teda a arewacin Najeriya. * Harsunan Songhai: Zarma ko Zabarma da Dendi a jihar Kebbi dake kusa da iyakar Ƙasar Nijar. * Harshen Lau Laka: harshen da aka gano kwanannan a yankin jihar Taraba. == Sunayen harsuna == Sunayen harsunan Nijeriya (Blench 2019; Ethnologue 22):<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NG Rahoton Ethnologue na Harsunan Nijeriya]</ref><ref> Blench, Roger (2019). [https://www.academia.edu/40463130/AN_ATLAS_OF_NIGERIAN_LANGUAGES Atlas na Harsunan Nijeriya, ed. IV] (sabuntawa da gyara edition of Crozier & Blench 1992).</ref><ref>"Crozier, David Henry; Blench, Roger (1992). ''An Index of Nigerian languages''. Dallas: Summer Inst of Linguistics. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780883126110|<bdi>9780883126110</bdi>]].</ref><ref>"Ethnologue 15 report for Nigeria". ''archive.ethnologue.com''. Retrieved 2017-04-30.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" | style="font-size: 85%;" | ! Harshe (suna daga Ethnologue) !! Harshe<br>(sunan Hausa) !! Al'umma<br>(sunan Hausa) !! Sunan kansu<br>(autonym) !! Sunaye !! Code (ISO) !! Rukuni |- | [[Harshen Larabci, Shuwa|Arabic, Shuwa]] || Shuwa-arab || Shuwa || || Arabe Choa, Chadian Arabic, Shua Arabic, Shuwa, Western Sudanic Arabic || [[:en:ISO 639:shu|shu]] || Semitic, Central, South, Arabic |- | [[Harshen Tamajaq, Tawallammat|Tamajaq, Tawallammat]] || || || || Azbinawa, Buzu, Tahoua Tamajeq, Tamajaq, Tamasheq, Tomacheck, Tuareg || [[:en:ISO 639:ttq|ttq]] || Berber, Tamasheq, Southern |- | [[Harshen Boga|Boga]] || || || || Boka || [[:en:ISO 639:bvw|bvw]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Ga'anda|Ga'anda]] || || || Kaandata || Ga'ana, Ga'andu, Ganda, Kaandecha, Makwar, Mokar || [[:en:ISO 639:gqa|gqa]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Hwana|Hwana]] || || || Tuftera || Fiterya, Hona, Hwona || [[:en:ISO 639:hwo|hwo]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Jara|Jara]] || Jara || Jarawa || || Jera || [[:en:ISO 639:jaf|jaf]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Western |- | [[Harshen Tera|Tera]] || Tera || Terawa || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ttr|ttr]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Western |- | [[Harshen Bura-Pabir|Bura-Pabir]] || Babur || Baburawa || || Babir, Babur, Barburr, Bourrah, Bura, Burra, Huve, Huviya, Kwojeffa, Mya Bura, Pabir || [[:en:ISO 639:bwr|bwr]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1 |- | [[Harshen Kibaku|Kibaku]] || || || || Chibbak, Chibbuk, [[Chibok]], Chibuk, Cibak, Cibuk, Kibbaku, Kikuk, Kyibaku || [[:en:ISO 639:ckl|ckl]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1 |- | [[Harshen Kofa|Kofa]] || || || || Kota || [[:en:ISO 639:kso|kso]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1 |- | [[Harshen Putai|Marghi (Yamma)]] || Putai || || || Marghi West || [[:en:ISO 639:mfl|mfl]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1 |- | [[Harshen Marghi (Kudu)|Marghi South]] || Marghi || || Margi || margi || [[:en:ISO 639:mfm|mfm]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 2 |- | [[Harshen Marghi (Tsakiya)|Marghi Central]] || || || Marghi, Margi || || [[:en:ISO 639:mrt|mrt]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 2 |- | [[Harshen Nya Huba|Nya Huba]] || || || || Chobba, Huba, Kilba || [[:en:ISO 639:hbb|hbb]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 2 |- | [[Harshen Nggwahyi|Nggwahyi]] || || || || Ngwaxi, Ngwohi || [[:en:ISO 639:ngx|ngx]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2 |- | [[Harshen Kamwe|Kamwe]] || || || Kamwǝ || Hiji, Vacamwe, “Higgi” (pej.), “Higi” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:hig|hig]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 |- | [[Harshen Kirya-Konzel|Kirya-Konzel]] || || || myá Kákíryà, myá Kónzə̀l || Fali of Kiria, Fali of Kiriya, Fali of Kirya, Fali of Mijilu, Karya, Kirya, Konzal || [[:en:ISO 639:fkk|fkk]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 |- | [[Harshen Hya|Hya]] || || || || Ghye, Hwate, Manta, Mukta, Munta, Za || [[:en:ISO 639:hya|hya]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 |- | [[Harshen Psikye|Psikye]] || || || || Kamsiki, Kapsiki, Ptsake || [[:en:ISO 639:kvj|kvj]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 |- | [[Harshen Hide|Hide]] || || || || Ftour, Hdi, Hedi, Tourou, Tur, Turu, Turu-Hide, Xedi || [[:en:ISO 639:xed|xed]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang |- | [[Harshen Lamang|Lamang]] || || || || Gbuhwe, Laamang, Waha || [[:en:ISO 639:hia|hia]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang |- | [[Harshen Vemgo-Mabas|Vemgo-Mabas]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:vem|vem]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang |- | [[Harshen Gvoko|Gvoko]] || || || || Gavoko, Gevoko, Ghboko, Kuvoko, Nggweshe, Ngoshe Sama, Ngoshe-Ndhang, Ngoshi, Ngossi, Ngweshe-Ndaghan || [[:en:ISO 639:ngs|ngs]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda |- | [[Harshen Glavda|Glavda]] || || || || Galavda, Galvaxdaxa, Gelebda, Glanda, Guelebda || [[:en:ISO 639:glw|glw]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda |- | [[Harshen Guduf-Gava|Guduf-Gava]] || || || || Afkabiye, Gudupe || [[:en:ISO 639:gdf|gdf]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda |- | [[Harshen Cineni|Cineni]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:cie|cie]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda |- | [[Harshen Dghwede|Dghwede]] || || || || Azaghvana, Dehoxde, Hude, Johode, Tghuade, Toghwede, Traude, Wa'a, Zaghvana || [[:en:ISO 639:dgh|dgh]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda |- | [[Harshen Wandala|Wandala]] || || || || Mandara, Ndara || [[:en:ISO 639:mfi|mfi]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Mandara |- | [[Harshen Mafa|Mafa]] || || || || Bula, Bulahai, Natakan, “Matakam” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:maf|maf]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5 |- | [[Harshen Sukur|Sukur]] || || || || Adikimmu Sukur, Gemasakun, Sakul, Sugur || [[:en:ISO 639:syk|syk]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.6 |- | [[Harshen Daba|Daba]] || || || || Dabba || [[:en:ISO 639:dbq|dbq]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.7 |- | [[Harshen Bata|Bata]] || || || || Batta, Bete, Birsa, Bwaatye, Bwatiye, Demsa Bata, Dunu, Eastern Bwatiye, Gboati, Gbwata, Gbwate || [[:en:ISO 639:bta|bta]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Bacama|Bacama]] || || || || Abacama, Bachama, Bashama, Bashamma, Besema, Bwaatye, Bwareba, Bwatiye, Gboare || [[:en:ISO 639:bcy|bcy]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Fali|Fali]] || || || || Fali of Mubi, Fali of Muchella, Vimtim, Yimtim || [[:en:ISO 639:fli|fli]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Gude|Gude]] || || || Guɗe || Cheke, Goude, Mapodi, Mapuda, Mocigin, Motchekin, Mudaye, Shede, Tchade || [[:en:ISO 639:gde|gde]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Gudu|Gudu]] || || || || Gudo, Gutu || [[:en:ISO 639:gdu|gdu]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Holma|Holma]] || || || || Bali Holma, Da Holmaci || [[:en:ISO 639:hod|hod]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Ngwaba|Ngwaba]] || || || || Goba, Gombi || [[:en:ISO 639:ngw|ngw]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Nzanyi|Nzanyi]] || || || || Jeng, Jenge, Kobotshi, Njai, Njanyi, Njei, Njeing, Njeny, Nzangi, Zani, Zany || [[:en:ISO 639:nja|nja]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Zizilivakan|Zizilivakan]] || || || || Fali of Jilbu, Jilvu, Zhilvu, Ziliva, Ziziliveken, Àmzírív || [[:en:ISO 639:ziz|ziz]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Yedina|Yedina]] || || || || Boudouma, Buduma, Yedana, Yedima, Yidana || [[:en:ISO 639:bdm|bdm]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Buduma |- | [[Harshen Afade|Afade]] || || || || Afada, Afadeh, Affade, Kotoko, Mogari || [[:en:ISO 639:aal|aal]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North |- | [[Harshen Jilbe|Jilbe]] || || || || Zoulbou || [[:en:ISO 639:jie|jie]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1 |- | [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] || [[Harshen Hausa]] || [[Hausawa]] || Hausa || Abakwariga, Habe, Haoussa, Hausawa, Kado, Mgbakpa || [[:en:ISO 639:hau|hau]] || Chadic, West, A, A.1 |- | [[Harshen Gwandara|Gwandara]] || || || || Kwandara || [[:en:ISO 639:gwn|gwn]] || Chadic, West, A, A.1 |- | [[Harshen Kubi|Kubi]] || [[Kubanci]] || [[Kubawa]] || || Be, Denawa, Deno, Denwa, Kuba, Kubawa || [[:en:ISO 639:kof|kof]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Beele|Beele]] || [[Belanci]] || [[Belawa]] / [[Bellawa]] || || Bele, Bellawa, Àbéélé || [[:en:ISO 639:bxq|bxq]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Bole|Bole]] || [[Bolanci]] || [[Bolawa]] / [[Bolewa]] || || Ampika, Bolanchi, Bolanci, Bolawa, Bolewa, Borpika || [[:en:ISO 639:bol|bol]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Bure|Bure]] || || || || Bubure || [[:en:ISO 639:bvh|bvh]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Deno|Deno]] || [[Denanci]] || [[Denawa]] || || Be, Denawa, Denwa || [[:en:ISO 639:dbb|dbb]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Galambu|Galambu]] || || || || Galambe, Galambi, Galembi || [[:en:ISO 639:glo|glo]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Gera|Gera]] || [[Geranci]] || [[Gerawa]] || || Gerawa, Rawam || [[:en:ISO 639:gew|gew]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Geruma|Geruma]] || || || || Gerema, Germa || [[:en:ISO 639:gea|gea]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Giiwo|Giiwo]] || [[Kirifanci]] || [[Kirifawa]] || || Bu Giiwo, Kirfi, Kirifawa, Kirifi || [[:en:ISO 639:kks|kks]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Kholok|Kholok]] || || || || Kode, Koode, Kwoode, Pia, Pitiko, Widala, Wurkum || [[:en:ISO 639:ktc|ktc]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Maaka|Maaka]] || || || || Maga, Magha, Maha, Maka || [[:en:ISO 639:mew|mew]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Ngamo|Ngamo]] || [[Gamanci]] || [[Gamawa]] || || Gamawa, Gamo, Ngamawa || [[:en:ISO 639:nbh|nbh]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Nyam|Nyam]] || || || || Nyambolo || [[:en:ISO 639:nmi|nmi]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Karekare|Karekare]] || || || || Karai Karai, Karai-karai, Karaikarai, Kerekere, Kerrikerri || [[:en:ISO 639:kai|kai]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Karekare |- | [[Harshen Dera|Dera]] || || || || Kanakuru || [[:en:ISO 639:kna|kna]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Dera |- | [[Harshen Kushi|Kushi]] || || || || Chong'e, Goji, Kushe || [[:en:ISO 639:kuh|kuh]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper |- | [[Harshen Kutto|Kutto]] || || || || Kupto, Kúttò || [[:en:ISO 639:kpa|kpa]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper |- | [[Harshen Kwaami|Kwaami]] || [[Kwamanci]] || [[Komawa]] || || Komawa, Kwam, Kwamanchi, Kwami, Kwom || [[:en:ISO 639:ksq|ksq]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper |- | [[Harshen Pero|Pero]] || || || || Filiya, Pipero || [[:en:ISO 639:pip|pip]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper |- | [[Harshen Piya-Kwonci|Piya-Kwonci]] || || || Ambandi || Pia, Pitiko, Piya, Wurkum || [[:en:ISO 639:piy|piy]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper |- | [[Harshen Tangale|Tangale]] || || || || Tangle || [[:en:ISO 639:tan|tan]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper |- | [[Harshen Mwaghavul|Mwaghavul]] || || || Mwaghavul || Maghavul, Sura || [[:en:ISO 639:sur|sur]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 |- | [[Harshen Cakfem-Mushere|Cakfem-Mushere]] || || || || Chakfem, Chokfem || [[:en:ISO 639:cky|cky]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 |- | [[Harshen Jorto|Jorto]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:jrt|jrt]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 |- | [[Harshen Kofyar|Kofyar]] || || || || Koffiar || [[:en:ISO 639:kwl|kwl]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 |- | [[Harshen Miship|Miship]] || || || || Chip, Cip, Ship || [[:en:ISO 639:mjs|mjs]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 |- | [[Harshen Ngas|Ngas]] || || || || Angas, Karang, Kerang || [[:en:ISO 639:anc|anc]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 |- | [[Harshen Pyapun|Pyapun]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:pcw|pcw]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 |- | [[Harshen Goemai|Goemai]] || || || || Ankwai, Ankwe, Ankwei, Gamai, Kemai || [[:en:ISO 639:ank|ank]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 |- | [[Harshen Koenoem|Koenoem]] || || || || Kanam || [[:en:ISO 639:kcs|kcs]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 |- | [[Harshen Montol|Montol]] || || || || Baltap, Montal, Teel, Tehl || [[:en:ISO 639:mtl|mtl]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 |- | [[Harshen Tal|Tal]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:tal|tal]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 |- | [[Harshen Ywom|Ywom]] || [[Gerkanci]] || [[Gerkawa]], [[Garkawa]] || || Garkawa, Gerka, Gerkanchi, Gerkawa, Gurka, Yioum, Yiwom || [[:en:ISO 639:gek|gek]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Yiwom |- | [[Harshen Fyer|Fyer]] || || || || Fier || [[:en:ISO 639:fie|fie]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Fyer |- | [[Harshen Tambas|Tambas]] || || || || Tambes, Tembis || [[:en:ISO 639:tdk|tdk]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Fyer |- | [[Harshen Mundat|Mundat]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:mmf|mmf]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper |- | [[Harshen Duhwa|Duhwa]] || || || || Karfa, Kerifa, Nzuhwi || [[:en:ISO 639:kbz|kbz]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper |- | [[Harshen Kulere|Kulere]] || || || || Akande, Akandi, Kande, Korom Boye, Tof || [[:en:ISO 639:kul|kul]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper |- | [[Harshen Ron|Ron]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:cla|cla]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper |- | [[Harshen Sha|Sha]] || [[Calanci]] / [[Callanci]] || [[Calawa]] / [[Callawa]] || || || [[:en:ISO 639:scw|scw]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper |- | [[Harshen Bade|Bade]] || [[Badanci]] || || Gabaden || Badanci, Bedde, Bede, Gidgid || [[:en:ISO 639:bde|bde]] || Chadic, West, B, B.1, Bade Proper |- | [[Harshen Ngizim|Ngizim]] || [[Ngizimanci]] || [[Ngizimawa]] || || Ngezzim, Ngizmawa || [[:en:ISO 639:ngi|ngi]] || Chadic, West, B, B.1, Bade Proper |- | [[Harshen Duwai|Duwai]] || || || || Eastern Bade, Evji || [[:en:ISO 639:dbp|dbp]] || Chadic, West, B, B.1, Duwai |- | [[Harshen Ajawa|Ajawa]] || [[Ajanci]] || [[Ajawa]] || || Aja, Ajanci || [[:en:ISO 639:ajw|ajw]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Warji|Warji]] || [[Warjanci]], [[Saranci]] || [[Warjawa]], [[Sarawa]] || || Sar, Sarawa, Warja, Warjawa || [[:en:ISO 639:wji|wji]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Ciwogai|Ciwogai]] || || || || Sago, Tsagu || [[:en:ISO 639:tgd|tgd]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Diri|Diri]] || [[Diryanci]] || [[Diryawa]] || || Diriya, Dirya, Diryawa || [[:en:ISO 639:dwa|dwa]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Kariya|Kariya]] || [[Kauyanci]], [[Lipkanci]] || [[Kauyawa]], [[Lipkawa]] || || Kariyu, Kauyawa, Lipkawa, Vinahe, Wihe || [[:en:ISO 639:kil|kil]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Mburku|Mburku]] || [[Burkanci]] || [[Burkanawa]] || || Barke, Barko, Burkanawa, Kariya, Lipkawa, Mburkanci, Wudufu, Wuufu || [[:en:ISO 639:bbt|bbt]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Miya|Miya]] || [[Miyanci]] || [[Miyawa]] || || Miyanci, Miyawa, Muya, vә́na mίy || [[:en:ISO 639:mkf|mkf]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Pa'a|Pa'a]] || [[Afanci]], [[Pa'anci]] || [[Afawa]], [[Pa'awa]] || || Afa, Afanci, Afawa, Fa'awa, Foni, Fucaka, Fuucəka, Pa'anci, Pa'awa, Pala || [[:en:ISO 639:pqa|pqa]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Siri|Siri]] || [[Siranci]] || [[Sirawa]] || || Sirawa || [[:en:ISO 639:sir|sir]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Zumbun|Zumbun]] || [[Jimbinanci]] || [[Jimbinawa]] || || Jimbin, Jimbinawa || [[:en:ISO 639:jmb|jmb]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Boghom|Boghom]] || || || || Bogghom, Boghorom, Bohom, Bokiyim, Borrom, Burma, Burom, Burrum, Burum || [[:en:ISO 639:bux|bux]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Boghom |- | [[Harshen Kir-Balar|Kir-Balar]] || [[Larbanci]] || [[Larbawa]] (Balar) || || Kir, Kirr || [[:en:ISO 639:kkr|kkr]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Boghom |- | [[Harshen Mangas|Mangas]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:zns|zns]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Boghom |- | [[Harshen Jimi|Jimi]] || || || || Bi-Gimu || [[:en:ISO 639:jmi|jmi]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Guruntum-Mbaaru|Guruntum-Mbaaru]] || || || || Gurdung, Guruntum || [[:en:ISO 639:grd|grd]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Guruntum |- | [[Harshen Ju|Ju]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:juu|juu]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Guruntum |- | [[Harshen Tala|Tala]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:tak|tak]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Guruntum |- | [[Harshen Zangwal|Zangwal]] || || || || Twar, Zwangal || [[:en:ISO 639:zah|zah]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Guruntum |- | [[Harshen Geji|Geji]] || [[Gejanci]] / [[Gezanci]], [[Kaiyoranci]] || [[Gejawa]] / [[Gezawa]], [[Kaiyorawa]] || || Gejawa, Gezawa, Kayauri || [[:en:ISO 639:gji|gji]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper |- | [[Harshen Luri|Luri]] || || || || Lúr || [[:en:ISO 639:ldd|ldd]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper |- | [[Harshen Polci|Polci]] || [[Polci]], [[Palci]] || [[Palsawa]], [[Zulawa]] || || Palchi, Palci, Polchi || [[:en:ISO 639:plj|plj]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper |- | [[Harshen Saya|Saya]] || [[Sayanci]] || || || Sayanci, Sayara, Sayawa, Seiyara, Seya, Seyawa, Vigzar, Vikzar, Zaar || [[:en:ISO 639:say|say]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper |- | [[Harshen Zari|Zari]] || || || || Zariwa || [[:en:ISO 639:zaz|zaz]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper |- | [[Harshen Zeem|Zeem]] || || || || Chaari || [[:en:ISO 639:zua|zua]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper |- | [[Harshen Dass|Dass]] || [[Ɓaranci]], [[Zumbulanci]] / [[Dumbulanci]] || [[Ɓarawa]], [[Zumbulawa]] / [[Dumbulawa]] || || Barawa || [[:en:ISO 639:dot|dot]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3 |- | [[Harshen Fulfulde, Nigerian|Fulfulde, Nigerian]] || || || Fulfulde || || [[:en:ISO 639:fuv|fuv]] || Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, East Central |- | [[Harshen Fulfulde, Adamawa|Fulfulde, Adamawa]] || [[Fillanci]], [[Fulatanci]] || || || Eastern Fulfulde, Fillanci, Fula, Fulani, Fulatanchi, Fulɓe, Fulfulde || [[:en:ISO 639:fub|fub]] || Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Fulfulde, Benin-Togo|Fulfulde, Benin-Togo]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:fue|fue]] || Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central |- | [[Harshen Defaka|Defaka]] || || || || Afakani, Defaka-Nkooro || [[:en:ISO 639:afn|afn]] || Ijoid, Defaka |- | [[Harshen Ijo, Southeast|Ijo, Southeast]] || || || || Brass Ijo, Brass-Nembe, Ijaw, Nembe-Akassa || [[:en:ISO 639:ijs|ijs]] || Ijoid, Ijo, East |- | [[Harshen Kalabari|Kalabari]] || || || Kalaḇari Bibi || Ịjọ || [[:en:ISO 639:ijn|ijn]] || Ijoid, Ijo, Eastern, Northeastern, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Ibani|Ibani]] || || || || Bonny, Ubani || [[:en:ISO 639:iby|iby]] || Ijoid, Ijo, Eastern, Northeastern, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Kirike|Kirike]] || || || Kịrịkẹ || Okrika || [[:en:ISO 639:okr|okr]] || Ijoid, Ijo, Eastern, Northeastern, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Nkoroo|Nkoroo]] || || || || Nkoro || [[:en:ISO 639:nkx|nkx]] || Ijoid, Ijo, Eastern, Northeastern |- | [[Harshen Izon|Izon]] || || || || Central-Western Ijo, Ijaw, Ijo, Izo, Uzo || [[:en:ISO 639:ijc|ijc]] || Ijoid, Ijo, West Ijo |- | [[Harshen Okodia|Okodia]] || || || || Akita, Okordia || [[:en:ISO 639:okd|okd]] || Ijoid, Ijo, West, Inland Ijo |- | [[Harshen Biseni|Biseni]] || || || || Amegi, Buseni, Northeast Central Ijo || [[:en:ISO 639:ije|ije]] || Ijoid, Ijo, West, Inland Ijo |- | [[Harshen Oruma|Oruma]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:orr|orr]] || Ijoid, Ijo, West, Inland Ijo |- | [[Harshen Dirim|Dirim]] || || || || Daka, Dakka, Dirin, Dirrim || [[:en:ISO 639:dir|dir]] || Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid |- | [[Harshen Dong|Dong]] || || || || Donga || [[:en:ISO 639:doh|doh]] || Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid |- | [[Harshen Gaa|Gaa]] || || || || Tiba || [[:en:ISO 639:ttb|ttb]] || Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid |- | [[Harshen Lamja-Dengsa-Tola|Lamja-Dengsa-Tola]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ldh|ldh]] || Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid |- | [[Harshen Samba Daka|Samba Daka]] || || || || Chamba, Chamba Daka, Daka, Dakka, Dekka, Deng, Jama, Sama, Samba, Tchamba, Tikk, Tsamba || [[:en:ISO 639:ccg|ccg]] || Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid |- | [[Harshen Fam|Fam]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:fam|fam]] || Bantoid, Northern, Fam |- | [[Harshen Mbongno|Mbongno]] || || || || Bungnu, Bungun, Bunu, Gbunhu, Kakaba, Kamkam || [[:en:ISO 639:bgu|bgu]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila |- | [[Harshen Mvanip|Mvanip]] || || || || Magu, Mvanlip, Mvano, Mvanon, Mvanöp || [[:en:ISO 639:mcj|mcj]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila |- | [[Harshen Ndunda|Ndunda]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:nuh|nuh]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila |- | [[Harshen Somyev|Somyev]] || || || || Kila, Somyewe || [[:en:ISO 639:kgt|kgt]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila |- | [[Harshen Mambila, Nigeria|Mambila, Nigeria]] || || || || Bang, Lagubi, Mabila, Mambere, Mambilla, Nor, Nor Tagbo, Tongbo || [[:en:ISO 639:mzk|mzk]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Mambila |- | [[Harshen Njerep|Njerep]] || || || || Njerup || [[:en:ISO 639:njr|njr]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Njerup |- | [[Harshen Ndoola|Ndoola]] || || || || Ndola, Ndoro, Njoyame, Nundoro || [[:en:ISO 639:ndr|ndr]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Ndoro |- | [[Harshen Vute|Vute]] || || || || Babute, Bute, Buti, Fute, Mbute, Mbutere, Mfuti, Vutere, Wetere, Wute || [[:en:ISO 639:vut|vut]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute |- | [[Harshen Bukwen|Bukwen]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:buz|buz]] || Bantoid, Southern, Beboid |- | [[Harshen Mashi|Mashi]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:jms|jms]] || Bantoid, Southern, Beboid |- | [[Harshen Ekajuk|Ekajuk]] || || || || Akajo, Akajuk || [[:en:ISO 639:eka|eka]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor |- | [[Harshen Abanyom|Abanyom]] || || || || Abanyum, Befun, Bofon, Mbofon || [[:en:ISO 639:abm|abm]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor |- | [[Harshen Efutop|Efutop]] || || || || Agbaragba, Ofutop || [[:en:ISO 639:ofu|ofu]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor |- | [[Harshen Nde-Nsele-Nta|Nde-Nsele-Nta]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ndd|ndd]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor |- | [[Harshen Nkem-Nkum|Nkem-Nkum]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:isi|isi]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor |- | [[Harshen Nnam|Nnam]] || || || || Ndem || [[:en:ISO 639:nbp|nbp]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor |- | [[Harshen Ejagham|Ejagham]] || || || || Ekoi || [[:en:ISO 639:etu|etu]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid |- | [[Harshen Ndoe|Ndoe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:nbb|nbb]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid |- | [[Harshen Mbat|Mbat]] || [[Ɓadanci]] || [[Ɓadawa]] || || Bada', Badanchi, Badawa, Bat, Garaka, Jar, Jarawan Kogi, Kanna, Mbada, Mbadawa, Plains Jarawa, River Jarawa || [[:en:ISO 639:bau|bau]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Mbula-Bwazza|Mbula-Bwazza]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:mbu|mbu]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Ɓille|Bille]] || [[Ɓillanci]] || || || Bile, Bili, Billanchi, Kunbille || [[:en:ISO 639:bil|bil]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Kulung|Kulung]] || || || || Bakuli, Bakulu, Bakulung, Bambur, Kukulung, Kulu, Kuluno, Wo, Wurkum || [[:en:ISO 639:bbu|bbu]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Labir|Labir]] || [[Jakanci]] || || || Jakanci, Jaku, Jakun, Labur || [[:en:ISO 639:jku|jku]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Bankal|Bankal]] || [[Bankalanci]], [[Baranci]], [[Jaranci]] || [[Jarawa]] || || Bankala, Bankalanci, Baranci, Jaranchi, Jaranci, Jarancin Kasa, Jarawa, Jarawan Kasa, Zhar || [[:en:ISO 639:jjr|jjr]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Duguri|Duguri]] || [[Duguranci]] || [[Dugurawa]] || || Doori, Dugarwa, Duguranchi, Dugurawa, Dukuri || [[:en:ISO 639:dbm|dbm]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Dulbu|Dulbu]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:dbo|dbo]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Gwa|Gwa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:gwb|gwb]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Gwak|Gwak]] || [[Jaranci]], [[Bankalanci]] || [[Jarawa]], [[Bankalawa]] || Gwak || Bankalawa, Gingwak, Jar, Jaracin Kasa, Jaranchi, Jaranci, Jarancin Kasa, Jarawa, Jarawan Bununu, Jarawan Kasa, Lasjar || [[:en:ISO 639:jgk|jgk]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Lame|Lame]] || [[Rufanci]], [[Bomberanci]] || [[Rufawa]], [[Bomberawa]] || || || [[:en:ISO 639:bma|bma]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Mama|Mama]] || || || || Kantana, Kwarra || [[:en:ISO 639:mma|mma]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Shiki|Shiki]] || [[Gubanci]] || [[Gubawa]] || || Guba, Gubawa, Gubi, Mashiki || [[:en:ISO 639:gua|gua]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Damlanci|Damlanci]] || [[Damlanci]] || [[Damlawa]] || || || || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Mbe|Mbe]] || || || Mbe || Ketuen, Western Mbube || [[:en:ISO 639:mfo|mfo]] || Bantoid, Southern, Mbe |- | [[Harshen Otank|Otank]] || || || || Itang, Itank, Otang, Otanga, Utanga, Utange, Utank || [[:en:ISO 639:uta|uta]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Abon|Abon]] || || || || Abong, Abõ, Ba'ban || [[:en:ISO 639:abo|abo]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Ambo|Ambo]] || || || || Timap || [[:en:ISO 639:amb|amb]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Batu|Batu]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:btu|btu]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Bitare|Bitare]] || || || || Njwande, Yukutare || [[:en:ISO 639:brt|brt]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Esimbi|Esimbi]] || || || || Aage, Age, Bogue, Eshimbi, Essimbi, Isimbi, Mburugam, Simpi || [[:en:ISO 639:ags|ags]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Evant|Evant]] || || || || Avand, Avande, Balegete, Belegete, Evand, Ovand, Ovande, Ovando || [[:en:ISO 639:bzz|bzz]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Iceve-Maci|Iceve-Maci]] || || || || Icheve, Oceve, Ochebe, Ocheve, Utse, Utser, Utseu || [[:en:ISO 639:bec|bec]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Iyive|Iyive]] || || || || Asumbo, Ndir, Uive, Yiive || [[:en:ISO 639:uiv|uiv]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] || || || Tiv || || [[:en:ISO 639:tiv|tiv]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Kpati|Kpati]] || || || || Bati, Dong, Kam || [[:en:ISO 639:koc|koc]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba |- | [[Harshen Lidzonka|Lidzonka]] || || || || Adere, Adiri, Dzodinka || [[:en:ISO 639:add|add]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe |- | [[Harshen Limbum|Limbum]] || || || || Kambu, Wimbum || [[:en:ISO 639:lmp|lmp]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe |- | [[Harshen Yamba|Yamba]] || || || || Mbem, “Kaka” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:yam|yam]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe |- | [[Harshen Lamnso'|Lamnso']] || || || || Bansaw, Banso, Banso', Lamnsok, Lamso, Nsaw, Nsho', Nso, Nso', Panso || [[:en:ISO 639:lns|lns]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, East |- | [[Harshen Nde-Gbite|Nde-Gbite]] || || || || Biti, Bötö || [[:en:ISO 639:ned|ned]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Viti|Viti]] || || || || Vötö || [[:en:ISO 639:vit|vit]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Fum|Fum]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:fum|fum]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields |- | [[Harshen Áncá|Áncá]] || || || || Bunta || [[:en:ISO 639:acb|acb]] || Bantoid, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Buru|Buru]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:bqw|bqw]] || Bantoid, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Nshi|Nshi]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:nsc|nsc]] || Bantoid, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Bete-Bendi|Bete-Bendi]] || || || || Bette-Bendi, Dama || [[:en:ISO 639:btt|btt]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Elege|Elege]] || || || || Alege, Alegi, Ugbe, Uge || [[:en:ISO 639:alf|alf]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Bekwarra|Bekwarra]] || || || || Bekworra, Ebekwara, Yakoro || [[:en:ISO 639:bkv|bkv]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Bokyi|Bokyi]] || || || || Boki, Nfua, Nki, Okii, Osikom, Osukam, Uki, Vaaneroki || [[:en:ISO 639:bky|bky]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Bukpe|Bukpe]] || || || || Ukpe, Ukpe-Bayobiri || [[:en:ISO 639:ukp|ukp]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Bumaji|Bumaji]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:byp|byp]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Obanliku|Obanliku]] || || || || Abanglekuo, Abanliku || [[:en:ISO 639:bzy|bzy]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Ubang|Ubang]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:uba|uba]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike|Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike]] || || || || Ebe Cluster, Putukwam || [[:en:ISO 639:afe|afe]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Odual|Odual]] || || || Ọḍual || Onu Oḍual, Saka || [[:en:ISO 639:odu|odu]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta, Abua-Odual |- | [[Harshen Abua|Abua]] || || || Abuan || || [[:en:ISO 639:abn|abn]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta, Abua-Odual |- | [[Harshen Kugbo|Kugbo]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:kes|kes]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta, Kugbo |- | [[Harshen Abureni|Abureni]] || || || || Mini || [[:en:ISO 639:mgj|mgj]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta |- | [[Harshen O'chi'chi'|O'chi'chi']] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:xoc|xoc]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta |- | [[Harshen Obulom|Obulom]] || || || || Abuloma || [[:en:ISO 639:obu|obu]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta |- | [[Harshen Ogbia|Ogbia]] || || || || Ogbinya || [[:en:ISO 639:ogb|ogb]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta |- | [[Harshen Ogbogolo|Ogbogolo]] || || || || Obogolo || [[:en:ISO 639:ogg|ogg]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta |- | [[Harshen Ogbronuagum|Ogbronuagum]] || || || || Bukuma, Obronuagum || [[:en:ISO 639:ogu|ogu]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta |- | [[Harshen Ebughu|Ebughu]] || || || || Oron || [[:en:ISO 639:ebg|ebg]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ebughu |- | [[Harshen Efai|Efai]] || || || || Effiat || [[:en:ISO 639:efa|efa]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efai |- | [[Harshen Anaang|Anaang]] || || || Anaañ || Anang, Annang || [[:en:ISO 639:anw|anw]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik |- | [[Harshen Efik|Efik]] || || || Efik || Calabar || [[:en:ISO 639:efi|efi]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik |- | [[Harshen Ibibio|Ibibio]] || || || Ibibio || || [[:en:ISO 639:ibb|ibb]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik |- | [[Harshen Ukwa|Ukwa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ukq|ukq]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik |- | [[Harshen Ekit|Ekit]] || || || || Eket || [[:en:ISO 639:eke|eke]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ekit |- | [[Harshen Etebi|Etebi]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:etb|etb]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ekit |- | [[Harshen Enwan|Enwan]] || || || || Oron || [[:en:ISO 639:enw|enw]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Enwang-Uda |- | [[Harshen Uda|Uda]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:uda|uda]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Enwang-Uda |- | [[Harshen Ibino|Ibino]] || || || || Ibeno, Ibuno || [[:en:ISO 639:ibn|ibn]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibino |- | [[Harshen Ibuoro|Ibuoro]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ibr|ibr]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibuoro |- | [[Harshen Ito|Ito]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:itw|itw]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibuoro |- | [[Harshen Itu Mbon Uzo|Itu Mbon Uzo]] || || || || Itu Mbon Uso, Itu Mbuzo || [[:en:ISO 639:itm|itm]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibuoro |- | [[Harshen Nkari|Nkari]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:nkz|nkz]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibuoro |- | [[Harshen Iko|Iko]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:iki|iki]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Iko |- | [[Harshen Ilue|Ilue]] || || || || Idua || [[:en:ISO 639:ilv|ilv]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ilue |- | [[Harshen Okobo|Okobo]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:okb|okb]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Okobo |- | [[Harshen Oro|Oro]] || || || || Oron || [[:en:ISO 639:orx|orx]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Oro |- | [[Harshen Usaghade|Usaghade]] || || || || Isangele, Usakade, Usakedet || [[:en:ISO 639:usk|usk]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Usaghade |- | [[Harshen Eki|Eki]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:eki|eki]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo |- | [[Harshen Idere|Idere]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ide|ide]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo |- | [[Harshen Obolo|Obolo]] || || || Obolo || Andone, Andoni, Andonni || [[:en:ISO 639:ann|ann]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo |- | [[Harshen Khana|Khana]] || || || || Kana, Ogoni || [[:en:ISO 639:ogo|ogo]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, East |- | [[Harshen Gokana|Gokana]] || || || Gokana || || [[:en:ISO 639:gkn|gkn]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, East |- | [[Harshen Tee|Tee]] || || || || Tai || [[:en:ISO 639:tkq|tkq]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, East |- | [[Harshen Baan|Baan]] || || || || Baan-Ogoi, Goi, Ogoi || [[:en:ISO 639:bvj|bvj]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, West |- | [[Harshen Eleme|Eleme]] || || || Eleme || || [[:en:ISO 639:elm|elm]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, West |- | [[Harshen Agoi|Agoi]] || || || || Ibami, Ro Bambami, Wa Bambani, Wagoi || [[:en:ISO 639:ibm|ibm]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Agoi-Doko-Iyoniyong |- | [[Harshen Bakpinka|Bakpinka]] || || || || Begbungba, Iyongiyong, Iyoniyong, Uwet || [[:en:ISO 639:bbs|bbs]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Agoi-Doko-Iyoniyong |- | [[Harshen Doko-Uyanga|Doko-Uyanga]] || || || || Basanga, Dosanga, Iko, Uyanga || [[:en:ISO 639:uya|uya]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Agoi-Doko-Iyoniyong |- | [[Harshen Ukpet-Ehom|Ukpet-Ehom]] || || || || Akpet-Ehom || [[:en:ISO 639:akd|akd]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Akpet |- | [[Harshen Olulumo-Ikom|Olulumo-Ikom]] || || || || Lulumo || [[:en:ISO 639:iko|iko]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Ikom |- | [[Harshen Lokaa|Lokaa]] || || || Lokạạ || Loka, Loke, Loko, Lokǝ, Lokö, Luko, Yakurr, Yakö || [[:en:ISO 639:yaz|yaz]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Loko |- | [[Harshen Lubila|Lubila]] || || || || Kabila, Kabire, Lubilo, Ofor, Ojor || [[:en:ISO 639:kcc|kcc]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Loko |- | [[Harshen Nkukoli|Nkukoli]] || || || || Ekuri, Lokoli, Lokukoli, Nkokolle || [[:en:ISO 639:nbo|nbo]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Loko |- | [[Harshen Legbo|Legbo]] || || || || Agbo, Gbo, Igbo, Imaban, Itigidi, Leggbo || [[:en:ISO 639:agb|agb]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Mbembe-Legbo, Legbo |- | [[Harshen Lenyima|Lenyima]] || || || || Anyima, Inyima || [[:en:ISO 639:ldg|ldg]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Mbembe-Legbo, Legbo |- | [[Harshen Leyigha|Leyigha]] || || || || Asiga, Assiga, Ayiga, Ayigha, Yigha || [[:en:ISO 639:ayi|ayi]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Mbembe-Legbo, Legbo |- | [[Harshen Mbembe, Cross River|Mbembe, Cross River]] || || || || Ekokoma, Ifunubwa, Oderiga, Ofunobwam, Okam, Wakande || [[:en:ISO 639:mfn|mfn]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Mbembe-Legbo, Mbembe |- | [[Harshen Oring|Oring]] || || || || Koring, Orri, Orrin, Orringorrin || [[:en:ISO 639:org|org]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Koring-Kukele, Koring |- | [[Harshen Kukele|Kukele]] || || || || Bakele, Ukele || [[:en:ISO 639:kez|kez]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Koring-Kukele, Kukele |- | [[Harshen Uzekwe|Uzekwe]] || || || || Ezekwe || [[:en:ISO 639:eze|eze]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Koring-Kukele, Kukele |- | [[Harshen Agwagwune|Agwagwune]] || || || || Agwaguna, Akurakura, Gwune, Okurikan, “Akunakuna” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:yay|yay]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Ubaghara-Kohumono, Kohumono |- | [[Harshen Hohumono|Hohumono]] || || || || Bahumono, Bhahumono, Ediba, Ekumuru, Humono, Kohumono, Ohumono || [[:en:ISO 639:bcs|bcs]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Ubaghara-Kohumono, Kohumono |- | [[Harshen Umon|Umon]] || || || || Amon || [[:en:ISO 639:umm|umm]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Ubaghara-Kohumono, Kohumono |- | [[Harshen Ubaghara|Ubaghara]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:byc|byc]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Ubaghara-Kohumono, Ubaghara |- | [[Harshen Kiong|Kiong]] || || || || Akayon, Akoiyang, Iyoniyong, Okonyong, Okoyong, Äkäyön~ || [[:en:ISO 639:kkm|kkm]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Kiong-Korop |- | [[Harshen Korop|Korop]] || || || || Durop, Kurop, Ododop || [[:en:ISO 639:krp|krp]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Kiong-Korop |- | [[Harshen Odut|Odut]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:oda|oda]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Kiong-Korop |- | [[Harshen Akpes|Akpes]] || || || || Ibaram-Efifa || [[:en:ISO 639:ibe|ibe]] || Akpes |- | [[Harshen Arigidi|Arigidi]] || || || || North Akoko || [[:en:ISO 639:aqg|aqg]] || Defoid, Akokoid |- | [[Harshen Àhàn|Àhàn]] || || || || Ahaan || [[:en:ISO 639:ahn|ahn]] || Defoid, Ayere-Ahan |- | [[Harshen Ayere|Ayere]] || || || || Iluwu, Mayin nuwu, Oyuwu, Uwu || [[:en:ISO 639:aye|aye]] || Defoid, Ayere-Ahan |- | [[Harshen Isekiri|Isekiri]] || || || Iṣekiri || Chekiri, Irhobo, Iselema-Otu, Ishekiri, Itsekiri, Iwere, Jekri, Selemo, Shekiri, Warri || [[:en:ISO 639:its|its]] || Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri |- | [[Harshen Ulukwumi|Ulukwumi]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ulb|ulb]] || Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri |- | [[Harshen Yoruba|Yoruba]] || [[Yarbanci]] || || Èdè Yorùbá || Yariba, Yooba, Yorùbá || [[:en:ISO 639:yor|yor]] || Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri |- | [[Harshen Igala|Igala]] || || || Igala || Igara || [[:en:ISO 639:igl|igl]] || Defoid, Yoruboid, Igala |- | [[Harshen Degema|Degema]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:deg|deg]] || Edoid, Delta |- | [[Harshen Engenni|Engenni]] || || || || Egene, Ngene || [[:en:ISO 639:enn|enn]] || Edoid, Delta |- | [[Harshen Epie|Epie]] || || || || Epie-Atissa || [[:en:ISO 639:epi|epi]] || Edoid, Delta |- | [[Harshen Edo|Edo]] || || || Edo || Addo, Benin, Bini, Oviedo, Ovioba || [[:en:ISO 639:bin|bin]] || Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora |- | [[Harshen Emai-Iuleha-Ora|Emai-Iuleha-Ora]] || || || || Ivbiosakon, Kunibum || [[:en:ISO 639:ema|ema]] || Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora |- | [[Harshen Esan|Esan]] || || || || Anwain, Esa, Isa, Ishan || [[:en:ISO 639:ish|ish]] || Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora |- | [[Harshen Enwan|Enwan]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:env|env]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Etsako|Etsako]] || || || || Afenmai, Etsakor, Iyekhee, Yekhee, “Kukuruku” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:ets|ets]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Ghotuo|Ghotuo]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:aaa|aaa]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Igwe|Igwe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:igw|igw]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Ikpeshi|Ikpeshi]] || || || || Ekpeshe, Ikpeshe || [[:en:ISO 639:ikp|ikp]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe|Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:atg|atg]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Ososo|Ososo]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:oso|oso]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Sasaru|Sasaru]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:sxs|sxs]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Uneme|Uneme]] || || || || Ileme, Ineme, Uleme || [[:en:ISO 639:une|une]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Ihievbe|Ihievbe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ihi|ihi]] || Edoid, North-Central |- | [[Harshen Ehueun|Ehueun]] || || || || Ekpenmen, Ekpimi, Epimi || [[:en:ISO 639:ehu|ehu]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Osse |- | [[Harshen Iyayu|Iyayu]] || || || || Idoani || [[:en:ISO 639:iya|iya]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Osse |- | [[Harshen Uhami|Uhami]] || || || || Ishua || [[:en:ISO 639:uha|uha]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Osse |- | [[Harshen Ukue|Ukue]] || || || || Ekpenmen, Ekpenmi, Epinmi, Ukpe || [[:en:ISO 639:uku|uku]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Osse |- | [[Harshen Akuku|Akuku]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ayk|ayk]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Southern |- | [[Harshen Idesa|Idesa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ids|ids]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Southern |- | [[Harshen Okpamheri|Okpamheri]] || || || || Opameri || [[:en:ISO 639:opa|opa]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Southern |- | [[Harshen Okpe|Okpe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:okx|okx]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Southern |- | [[Harshen Oloma|Oloma]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:olm|olm]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Southern |- | [[Harshen Aduge|Aduge]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:adu|adu]] || Edoid, Northwestern |- | [[Harshen Eruwa|Eruwa]] || || || || Arokwa, Erakwa, Erohwa || [[:en:ISO 639:erh|erh]] || Edoid, Southwestern |- | [[Harshen Isoko|Isoko]] || || || Isoko || || [[:en:ISO 639:iso|iso]] || Edoid, Southwestern |- | [[Harshen Okpe|Okpe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:oke|oke]] || Edoid, Southwestern |- | [[Harshen Urhobo|Urhobo]] || || || Urhobo || Biotu, “Sobo” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:urh|urh]] || Edoid, Southwestern |- | [[Harshen Uvbie|Uvbie]] || || || || Effurun, Evrie, Uvhria, Uvwie, “Evhro” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:evh|evh]] || Edoid, Southwestern |- | [[Harshen Eloyi|Eloyi]] || || || Eloyi || Afao, Afo, Afu, Aho, Epe, Keffi || [[:en:ISO 639:afo|afo]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Eloyi |- | [[Harshen Etulo|Etulo]] || || || || Eturo, Turumawa, Utur || [[:en:ISO 639:utr|utr]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Etulo |- | [[Harshen Agatu|Agatu]] || || || || North Idoma, Ochekwu || [[:en:ISO 639:agc|agc]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma |- | [[Harshen Alago|Alago]] || || || Alago || Arago, Aragu, Argo, Idoma Nokwu || [[:en:ISO 639:ala|ala]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma |- | [[Harshen Idoma|Idoma]] || || || Idoma || || [[:en:ISO 639:idu|idu]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma |- | [[Harshen Igede|Igede]] || || || || Egede, Igedde || [[:en:ISO 639:ige|ige]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma |- | [[Harshen Yala|Yala]] || || || Yala || Iyala || [[:en:ISO 639:yba|yba]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma |- | [[Harshen Akpa|Akpa]] || || || || Akweya || [[:en:ISO 639:akf|akf]] || Idomoid, Yatye-Akpa |- | [[Harshen Yace|Yace]] || || || || Ekpari, Iyace, Yache, Yatye || [[:en:ISO 639:ekr|ekr]] || Idomoid, Yatye-Akpa |- | [[Harshen Ebira|Ebira]] || || || Ebira || Egbira, Egbura, Ibara, Igbarra, Igbira, Igbirra, Katawa, Kotokori, Kwotto || [[:en:ISO 639:igb|igb]] || Nupoid, Ebira-Gade |- | [[Harshen Gade|Gade]] || || || || Gede || [[:en:ISO 639:ged|ged]] || Nupoid, Ebira-Gade |- | [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] || || || || East Gwari, Gbagye, Gwari, Gwari Matai, Ibagyi || [[:en:ISO 639:gbr|gbr]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Gbagyi-Gbari |- | [[Harshen Gbari|Gbari]] || || || || Gbari Yamma, Gwari Yamma, Nkwa, West Gwari || [[:en:ISO 639:gby|gby]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Gbagyi-Gbari |- | [[Harshen Asu|Asu]] || || || || Abewa, Ebe || [[:en:ISO 639:aum|aum]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe |- | [[Harshen Gupa-Abawa|Gupa-Abawa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:gpa|gpa]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe |- | [[Harshen Kakanda|Kakanda]] || || || || Adyaktye, Akanda, Hyabe || [[:en:ISO 639:kka|kka]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe |- | [[Harshen Kami|Kami]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:kmi|kmi]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe |- | [[Harshen Kupa|Kupa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:kug|kug]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe |- | [[Harshen Nupe-Nupe-Tako|Nupe-Nupe-Tako]] || [[Nupenci]] || [[Nufawa]] || Nupe || Nufawa, Nupeci, Nupenchi || [[:en:ISO 639:nup|nup]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe |- | [[Harshen Dibo|Dibo]] || [[Ganaganci]] || [[Ganagawa]] || || Ganagana, Ganagawa, Shitako, Zhitako, Zitako || [[:en:ISO 639:dio|dio]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi |- | [[Harshen Oko-Eni-Osayen|Oko-Eni-Osayen]] || || || || Ogori-Magongo, Oko || [[:en:ISO 639:oks|oks]] || Oko |- | [[Harshen Ukaan|Ukaan]] || || || || AIKA (Ayanran-Ishe-Kakumo-Auga), Anyaran, Auga, Ikan, Kakumo || [[:en:ISO 639:kcf|kcf]] || Ukaan |- | [[Harshen Ekpeye|Ekpeye]] || || || || Ekkpahia, Ekpabya, Ekpaffia || [[:en:ISO 639:ekp|ekp]] || Igboid, Ekpeye |- | [[Harshen Ika|Ika]] || || || Ika || || [[:en:ISO 639:ikk|ikk]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Ezaa|Ezaa]] || || || Ezaa || Eza, Ezza || [[:en:ISO 639:eza|eza]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Igbo|Igbo]] || || || Igbo || Ibo || [[:en:ISO 639:ibo|ibo]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Ikwere|Ikwere]] || || || Ikwerre || Ikwerri || [[:en:ISO 639:ikw|ikw]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Ikwo|Ikwo]] || || || Ikwo || || [[:en:ISO 639:iqw|iqw]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Izii|Izii]] || || || Izii || Izhi, Izi, Izzi || [[:en:ISO 639:izz|izz]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Mgbolizhia|Mgbolizhia]] || || || Mgbolizhia || Mgbo, Ngbo || [[:en:ISO 639:gmz|gmz]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Ogbah|Ogbah]] || || || Ọgba || Ogba, Olu Ọgba || [[:en:ISO 639:ogc|ogc]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni|Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ukw|ukw]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Hõne|Hõne]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:juh|juh]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun |- | [[Harshen Jibu|Jibu]] || [[Jibanci]] || [[Jibawa]] || Jibu || Jibanci, Jibawa || [[:en:ISO 639:jib|jib]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun |- | [[Harshen Jukun Takum|Jukun Takum]] || || || || Diyi, Jukun, Njikum || [[:en:ISO 639:jbu|jbu]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun |- | [[Harshen Wãpha|Wãpha]] || || || || Wase, Wase Tofa || [[:en:ISO 639:juw|juw]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun |- | [[Harshen Jiba|Jiba]] || || || || Bajibaro, Jibe, Jibi, Jukun Kona, Kona || [[:en:ISO 639:juo|juo]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Kororofa |- | [[Harshen Wannu|Wannu]] || || || || Abinsi, Awannu, Jukun Abinsi, River Jukun || [[:en:ISO 639:jub|jub]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Kororofa |- | [[Harshen Wapan|Wapan]] || || || || Jinkum, Jukon, Juku, Juku Junkun, Jukum, Jukun Wapan, Jukun Wukari, Wakari, Wapã, Wukari || [[:en:ISO 639:juk|juk]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Kororofa |- | [[Harshen Mbembe, Tigon|Mbembe, Tigon]] || || || || Akonto, Akwanto, Noale, Tigim, Tigon, Tigong, Tukun || [[:en:ISO 639:nza|nza]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Mbembe |- | [[Harshen Shoo-Minda-Nye|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] || [[Bandanci]] || [[Bandawa]] (Shoo) || || Bakula || [[:en:ISO 639:bcv|bcv]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Como Karim|Como Karim]] || || || || Asom, Bakula, Chomo, Kinzimba, Kirim, Kiyu, Nuadhu, Shomo Karim, Shomoh, Shomong || [[:en:ISO 639:cfg|cfg]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Wurbo |- | [[Harshen Jiru|Jiru]] || || || || Atak, Bakula, Kir, Wiyap, Zhiru || [[:en:ISO 639:jrr|jrr]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Wurbo |- | [[Harshen Tita|Tita]] || || || || Hoai Petel || [[:en:ISO 639:tdq|tdq]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Wurbo |- | [[Harshen Etkywan|Etkywan]] || || || || Etekwe, Icen, Ichen, Itchen, Kentu, Kyanton, Kyato, Nyidu || [[:en:ISO 639:ich|ich]] || Jukunoid, Central, Kpan-Icen |- | [[Harshen Kpan|Kpan]] || || || || Abakan, Hwaso, Hwaye, Ibukwo, Ikpan, Kpanten, Kpwate, Nyatso, Nyonyo, Yorda || [[:en:ISO 639:kpk|kpk]] || Jukunoid, Central, Kpan-Icen |- | [[Harshen Akum|Akum]] || || || || Aakuem, Anyar, Oakuem || [[:en:ISO 639:aku|aku]] || Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb |- | [[Harshen Kapya|Kapya]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:klo|klo]] || Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb |- | [[Harshen Kutep|Kutep]] || || || Kuteb || Ati, Kutev, Mbarike, Zumper, “Jompre” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:kub|kub]] || Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb |- | [[Harshen Yukuben|Yukuben]] || || || || Ayikiben, Balaabe, Balaaben, Boritsu, Nyikobe, Nyikuben, Oohum, Uhumkhegi, Uhumkiji, Uuhum, Uuhum-Gigi || [[:en:ISO 639:ybl|ybl]] || Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb |- | [[Harshen Bete|Bete]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:byf|byf]] || Jukunoid |- | [[Harshen Amo|Amo]] || || || Timap || Amap, Amon, Among, Ba || [[:en:ISO 639:amo|amo]] || Kainji, Eastern, Amo |- | [[Harshen Gamo-Ningi|Gamo-Ningi]] || [[Butanci]] (Gamo) || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:bte|bte]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Gyem|Gyem]] || [[Gyemanci]] / [[Gemanci]] || [[Gyemawa]] / [[Gemawa]] || || Gema, Gemawa, Gyam, Gyemawa || [[:en:ISO 639:gye|gye]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Iguta|Iguta]] || || || || Anaguta, Naraguta || [[:en:ISO 639:nar|nar]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Izora|Izora]] || [[Cokobanci]] || [[Cokobawa]] || || Chokobo, Cokobanci, Cokobawa, Ndazora, Zora || [[:en:ISO 639:cbo|cbo]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Janji|Janji]] || || || || Ajanji, Anafejanzi, Jenji, Tijanji || [[:en:ISO 639:jni|jni]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Jere|Jere]] || [[Gusanci]] (Gusu), [[Jeriyanci]] (Azelle), [[Ipananci]] / [[Unupananci]] / [[Pananci]] || [[Gusawa]] (Gusu), [[Jeriyawa]] (Azelle), [[Ipanawa]] / [[Unupanawa]] || || Jeere, Jera || [[:en:ISO 639:jer|jer]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Kudu-Camo|Kudu-Camo]] || [[Kudanci]] || [[Kudawa]] || || Kuda-Chamo, Kudawa || [[:en:ISO 639:kov|kov]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Lemoro|Lemoro]] || || || || Anemoro, Anowuru, Emoro, Limorro || [[:en:ISO 639:ldj|ldj]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Lere|Lere]] || [[Gananci]] || [[Rishuwa]] (Si), [[Ganawa]] (Gana) || || || [[:en:ISO 639:gnh|gnh]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Sanga|Sanga]] || || || || Asanga, Isanga || [[:en:ISO 639:xsn|xsn]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Shau|Shau]] || || || || Lìsháù, Sho || [[:en:ISO 639:sqh|sqh]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Sheni|Sheni]] || [[Shenanci]] || || || Shaini, Shani, Shenanci || [[:en:ISO 639:scv|scv]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Tunzuii|Tunzuii]] || || || || Dugusa, Duguza, Itunzu || [[:en:ISO 639:dza|dza]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Ziriya|Ziriya]] || || || || Jiriya || [[:en:ISO 639:zir|zir]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Bina|Bina]] || [[Binanci]] || [[Binawa]] || || Abin, Binawa, Bogana, Ibin, Tibin || [[:en:ISO 639:byj|byj]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Dungu|Dungu]] || [[Dunjanci]] || [[Dunjawa]] || || Dingi, Dungi, Dunjawa, Dwingi || [[:en:ISO 639:dbv|dbv]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Kaivi|Kaivi]] || || || || Kaibi || [[:en:ISO 639:kce|kce]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Kinuku|Kinuku]] || || || || Kinugu, Kinuka || [[:en:ISO 639:kkd|kkd]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Kono|Kono]] || || || || Konu, Kwono || [[:en:ISO 639:klk|klk]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Kurama|Kurama]] || || || || Akurmi, Akurumi, Azumu, Bagwama, Tikurami || [[:en:ISO 639:krh|krh]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Mala|Mala]] || || || || Amala, Rumaiya, Rumaya, Tumala || [[:en:ISO 639:ruy|ruy]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Ruma|Ruma]] || || || || Bagwama, Rurama, Ruruma, Turama || [[:en:ISO 639:ruz|ruz]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Shuwa-Zamani|Shuwa-Zamani]] || || || || Kauru, Kuzamani, Rishuwa || [[:en:ISO 639:ksa|ksa]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Tugbiri-Niragu|Tugbiri-Niragu]] || || || || Gbiri-Niragu, Gure-Kahugu, Tugbiri || [[:en:ISO 639:grh|grh]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Tumi|Tumi]] || || || || Kitimi, Tutumi || [[:en:ISO 639:kku|kku]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Vono|Vono]] || || || || Kiballo, Kiwollo || [[:en:ISO 639:kch|kch]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Vori|Vori]] || || || || Fiti, Skrubu, Srubu, Surubu, Tivori, Zurubu || [[:en:ISO 639:sde|sde]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Panawa|Panawa]] || [[Pananci]] || [[Panawa]] || || Bugel, Bujiye || [[:en:ISO 639:pwb|pwb]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos |- | [[Harshen Abishi|Abishi]] || || || || Abisi, Bisi, Piti, Pitti || [[:en:ISO 639:pcn|pcn]] || Kainji, Eastern, Piti-Atsam |- | [[Harshen Atsam|Atsam]] || || || || Cawai, Cawe, Cawi, Chawai, Chawe, Chawi || [[:en:ISO 639:cch|cch]] || Kainji, Eastern, Piti-Atsam |- | [[Harshen Basa-Gumna|Basa-Gumna]] || || || || Basa, Basa Kuta, Basa-Kaduna, Bassa-Kaduna, Bassa-Kuta, Gwadara Basa || [[:en:ISO 639:bsl|bsl]] || Kainji, Western, Basa |- | [[Harshen Basa|Basa]] || || || || Abacha, Abatsa, Basa-Benue, Bassa, Rubasa, Rubassa, “Bassa-Komo” (pej.), “Bassa-Kwomu” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:bzw|bzw]] || Kainji, Western, Basa |- | [[Harshen Basa-Gurmana|Basa-Gurmana]] || || || || Koromba || [[:en:ISO 639:buj|buj]] || Kainji, Western, Basa |- | [[Harshen Bassa-Kontagora|Bassa-Kontagora]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:bsr|bsr]] || Kainji, Western, Basa |- | [[Harshen Bauchi|Bauchi]] || || || || Bauci, Baushi, Kushi || [[:en:ISO 639:bsf|bsf]] || Kainji, Western, Baushi-Gurmana |- | [[Harshen Gurmana|Gurmana]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:gvm|gvm]] || Kainji, Western, Baushi-Gurmana |- | [[Harshen C'Lela|C'Lela]] || [[Cilala]], [[Dakarci]] || [[Lalawa]] || Lela || Cala-Cala, Chilala, Chilela, Dakakari, Dakarkari, Dakkarkari, Kolela, Lalawa || [[:en:ISO 639:dri|dri]] || Kainji, Western, Duka |- | [[Harshen Damakawa|Damakawa]] || [[Harshen Damakawa|Damakawa]] || [[Damakawa]] || || Tidama'un || [[:en:ISO 639:dam|dam]] || Kainji, Western, Duka |- | [[Harshen Gwamhi-Wuri|Gwamhi-Wuri]] || [[Banganci]] || [[Bangawa]], [[Wurawa]], [[Gwamfawa]], [[Konkanawa]] || || Banganci, Bangawa, Lyase, Lyase-Ne || [[:en:ISO 639:bga|bga]] || Kainji, Western, Duka |- | [[Harshen us-Saare|us-Saare]] || [[Dukanci]] || [[Dukawa]] || || Western Duka, Western Dukawa, es-Saare, əs-Saare || [[:en:ISO 639:uss|uss]] || Kainji, Western, Duka |- | [[Harshen ut-Hun|ut-Hun]] || [[Dukanci]] || [[Dukawa]] || it-Hun || Eastern Duka, Eastern Dukawa, Hun-ne, Hune, et-Hun, ət-Hun || [[:en:ISO 639:uth|uth]] || Kainji, Western, Duka |- | [[Harshen ut-Ma'in|ut-Ma'in]] || [[Fakanci]] || [[Fakawa]], [[Gelawa]], [[Zuksun]], [[Kukumawa]], [[Kelawa]], [[Tuduwa]], [[Kuluwa]] || ut-Ma'in || Fakai, Fakanchi, Fakanci, Fakkanci, Gelanchi || [[:en:ISO 639:gel|gel]] || Kainji, Western, Duka |- | [[Harshen Lopa|Lopa]] || [[Lopanci]] || [[Lopawa]] || || Djiri, Kirikjir, Lopawa, Lupa, Ollaran || [[:en:ISO 639:lop|lop]] || Kainji, Western, Kainji Lake |- | [[Harshen Laru|Laru]] || [[Laranci]] || [[Larawa]] || || Laranchi, Larawa, Laro, Sengwe || [[:en:ISO 639:lan|lan]] || Kainji, Western, Kainji Lake |- | [[Harshen Tsucuba|Tsucuba]] || || || || Cuba, Urcibar || [[:en:ISO 639:cbq|cbq]] || Kainji, Western, Kainji Lake |- | [[Harshen Cishingini|Cishingini]] || [[Kamberci]] || || Cishingini || Agwara Kambari, Aschingini, Ashaganna, Ashingini, Chisingini, Kambari, Kamberchi, Kamberri, Tsishingini, [[Yauri]], “Maunchi” (pej.), “Mawanchi” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:asg|asg]] || Kainji, Western, Kambari |- | [[Harshen Baangi|Baangi]] || || || || Cibaangi || [[:en:ISO 639:bqx|bqx]] || Kainji, Western, Kambari |- | [[Harshen Tsikimba|Tsikimba]] || [[Kamberci]] || || Tsikimba || Akimba, Auna, Kambari, Kamberchi, Kamberri, Kimba || [[:en:ISO 639:kdl|kdl]] || Kainji, Western, Kambari |- | [[Harshen Tsishingini|Tsishingini]] || [[Kamberci]] || || Tsishingini || Ashingini, Cishingini, Kambari, Kamberchi, Kamberri, Salka || [[:en:ISO 639:tsw|tsw]] || Kainji, Western, Kambari |- | [[Harshen Tsuvadi|Tsuvadi]] || || || || Abadi, Avadi, Evadi, Ibeto, Kamberi || [[:en:ISO 639:tvd|tvd]] || Kainji, Western, Kambari |- | [[Harshen Rogo|Rogo]] || || || || Burogo, Shiyabe, Toshiyabe, Ucanja Kamuku, Urogo, toRogo || [[:en:ISO 639:rod|rod]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Harshen Cahungwarya|Cahungwarya]] || || || || Hungworo, Ingwe, Ingwo, Ngwe, Ngwoi, Nkwoi, Ungwe || [[:en:ISO 639:nat|nat]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Harshen Shama-Sambuga|Shama-Sambuga]] || || || || Tushama, Ushama || [[:en:ISO 639:sqa|sqa]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Acipanci (Zubazuba)|Acipa, Eastern]] || [[Acipanci (Zubazuba)|Acipanci]] || || || Achipa, Acipanci, Zubazuba || [[:en:ISO 639:acp|acp]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Acipanci (Cicipu)|Cicipu]] || [[Acipanci (Cicipu)|Acipanci]] || || || Achipa, Acipanci, Western Acipa || [[:en:ISO 639:awc|awc]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Harshen Fungwa|Fungwa]] || || || || Afungwa, Tufungwa, Ula, Ura || [[:en:ISO 639:ula|ula]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Harshen Kamuku|Kamuku]] || || || || 'Yara, Cinda-Regi-Tiyal, Tiyal, Tiyar, Tu'yara, Tucipu || [[:en:ISO 639:cdr|cdr]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Harshen Pangu|Pangu]] || || || Tarin || Akwa, Arringeu, Pongo, Pongu || [[:en:ISO 639:png|png]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Harshen Reshe|Reshe]] || [[Gunganci]] || [[Gungawa]], [[Yaurawa]] || Tsureshe || Bareshe, Gunga, Gunganchi, Gunganci, Gungawa, Tsureja, Yaurawa || [[:en:ISO 639:res|res]] || Kainji, Western, Reshe |- | [[Harshen Alumu-Tesu|Alumu-Tesu]] || || || || Alumu, Arum-Cesu, Arum-Chessu, Arum-Tesu || [[:en:ISO 639:aab|aab]] || Plateau, Alumic |- | [[Harshen Ayu|Ayu]] || || || || Aya || [[:en:ISO 639:ayu|ayu]] || Plateau, Ayu |- | [[Harshen Berom|Berom]] || || || || Afango, Berum, Birom, Gbang, Kibbo, Kibbun, Kibo, Kibyen, Lêm Berom, “Shosho” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:bom|bom]] || Plateau, Beromic |- | [[Harshen Iten|Iten]] || || || Iten || Aten, Eten, Etien, Ganawuri, Niten, Ten, “Jal” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:etx|etx]] || Plateau, Beromic |- | [[Harshen Shall-Zwall|Shall-Zwall]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:sha|sha]] || Plateau, Beromic |- | [[Harshen Cara|Cara]] || || || || Chara, Fachara, Fakara, Nfachara, Pakara, Tariya, Tera, Teriya, Terri || [[:en:ISO 639:cfd|cfd]] || Plateau, Central, North-Central |- | [[Harshen Ibaas|Ibaas]] || || || Ibaas || Aficen, Biken, Cen, Chen, Forom, Icen, Icen FiForon, Icen Ibaas, Ichen || [[:en:ISO 639:cen|cen]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Izere|Izere]] || || || Izere || Afizare, Afizarek, Afizere, Afudelek, Afusare, Feserek, Fezere, Fizere, Hill Jarawa, Izarek, Izer, Jarawa, Jarawan Dutse, Jari, Jos-Zarazon || [[:en:ISO 639:izr|izr]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Firan|Firan]] || || || || Faran, Foron, Kwakwi, Yes Firan || [[:en:ISO 639:fir|fir]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Ganang|Ganang]] || || || || Gashish || [[:en:ISO 639:gne|gne]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Jju|Jju]] || || || Jju || Kache, Kaje, Kajji || [[:en:ISO 639:kaj|kaj]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Rigwe|Rigwe]] || || || Rigwe || Aregwe, Idafan, Iregwe, Irigwe, Kwal, Kwan, Kwoll, Miango, Miyango, Nkarigwe, Nnerigwe, Nyango, Yirigwe || [[:en:ISO 639:iri|iri]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Tyap|Tyap]] || || || || Katab, Kataf || [[:en:ISO 639:kcg|kcg]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Ahwai|Ahwai]] || [[Nandu]] || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:nfd|nfd]] || Plateau, Central, West-Central |- | [[Harshen Adara|Adara]] || || || || Kadara || [[:en:ISO 639:kad|kad]] || Plateau, Northern |- | [[Harshen Ajiya|Ajiya]] || || || || Ajuli, Idon, Idong, Misiwa || [[:en:ISO 639:idc|idc]] || Plateau, Northern |- | [[Harshen Doka|Doka]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:dbi|dbi]] || Plateau, Northern |- | [[Harshen Iku-Gora-Ankwa|Iku-Gora-Ankwa]] || || || || Ekhwa, Iku || [[:en:ISO 639:ikv|ikv]] || Plateau, Northern |- | [[Harshen Ikulu|Ikulu]] || || || || Ankulu, Ikolu, Kulu || [[:en:ISO 639:ikl|ikl]] || Plateau, Northern |- | [[Harshen Kuturmi|Kuturmi]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:khj|khj]] || Plateau, Northern |- | [[Harshen Bo-Rukul|Bo-Rukul]] || || || || Mabo-Barkul, Mabo-Barukul, “Kaleri” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:mae|mae]] || Plateau, Southeastern |- | [[Harshen Horom|Horom]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:hoe|hoe]] || Plateau, Southeastern |- | [[Harshen Pyam|Pyam]] || [[Genanci]] || [[Genawa]] || Pyam || Fem, Fyam, Fyem, Genawa, Gyem, Gyema, Paiem, Pem, Pyem || [[:en:ISO 639:pym|pym]] || Plateau, Southeastern |- | [[Harshen Lijili|Lijili]] || || || Lijili || Jili, Koro Lafia, Koro of Lafia, Ligili, Megili, Migili, Mijili || [[:en:ISO 639:mgi|mgi]] || Plateau, Southern |- | [[Harshen Tanjijili|Tanjijili]] || || || || Jijili, Koro, Koro Funtu of Kafin Koro, Koro Funtu of Minna, Koro Funtu of Shakoyi, Ujijili || [[:en:ISO 639:uji|uji]] || Plateau, Southern |- | [[Harshen Pe|Pe]] || || || || Dalong, Pai || [[:en:ISO 639:pai|pai]] || Plateau, Tarokoid |- | [[Harshen Sur|Sur]] || [[Tapshinanci]] || [[Tapshinawa]] || || Dishili, Myet, Nsur, Suru, Tapshin, Tapshinawa || [[:en:ISO 639:tdl|tdl]] || Plateau, Tarokoid |- | [[Harshen Tarok|Tarok]] || || || iTárók || Appa, Taroh, Yergam, Yergem, Yergum || [[:en:ISO 639:yer|yer]] || Plateau, Tarokoid |- | [[Harshen Yangkam|Yangkam]] || [[Basharanci]] || [[Basharawa]] || || Bashar, Basharawa, Bashiri, Yankam || [[:en:ISO 639:bsx|bsx]] || Plateau, Tarokoid |- | [[Harshen Cori|Cori]] || || || || Chori || [[:en:ISO 639:cry|cry]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic |- | [[Harshen Gyong|Gyong]] || || || || Agoma, Gong, Gwong, Kagoma, Kwong || [[:en:ISO 639:kdm|kdm]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic |- | [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam]] || || || || Ham, Hyamhum, Jabba, Jeba || [[:en:ISO 639:jab|jab]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic |- | [[Harshen Shamang|Shamang]] || || || || Samang, Samban || [[:en:ISO 639:xsh|xsh]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic |- | [[Harshen Zhire|Zhire]] || || || || Kenyi || [[:en:ISO 639:zhi|zhi]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic |- | [[Harshen Ashe|Ashe]] || || || Ishe || Ala, Koro Makama, Koron Ache, Koron Ala || [[:en:ISO 639:ahs|ahs]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Koro |- | [[Harshen Duya|Duya]] || || || || Adong, Idun, Jaba Duya, Jaba Lunga, Lungu, Ungu || [[:en:ISO 639:ldb|ldb]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Koro |- | [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Wachi]] || || || || Agere, Begbere-Ejar, Koro Agwe, Koro Makama, Koro Myamya, Miamia, Miamiya || [[:en:ISO 639:bqv|bqv]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Koro |- | [[Harshen Nyankpa|Nyankpa]] || || || || Nyenkpa, Yasgua, Yeskwa || [[:en:ISO 639:yes|yes]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Koro |- | [[Harshen Bu|Bu]] || || || || Ibut, Jida, Jida-Abu, Jidda-Abu, Nakare || [[:en:ISO 639:jid|jid]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Kamantan|Kamantan]] || || || || Angan, Kamanton || [[:en:ISO 639:kci|kci]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Kanufi|Kanufi]] || || || || Karshi || [[:en:ISO 639:kni|kni]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Kuce|Kuce]] || || || Kuche || Bace, Bache, Che, Inchazi, Rukuba, Sale || [[:en:ISO 639:ruk|ruk]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Mada|Mada]] || || || Mada || Madda, Yidda || [[:en:ISO 639:mda|mda]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Nikyob-Nindem|Nikyob-Nindem]] || || || || Kaningdom-Nindem, Kaningdon-Nindem, Kaningkom-Nindem, Kaningkon-Nindem, Kaninkom-Nindem, Kaninkon-Nindem, Ninkyob-Nindem || [[:en:ISO 639:kdp|kdp]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Ninzo|Ninzo]] || || || || Akiza, Amar Tita, Ancha, Fadan Wate, Gbhu, Gbhu D Amar Randfa, Hate, Incha, Kwasu, Ninzam, Nunzo || [[:en:ISO 639:nin|nin]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Numana|Numana]] || || || || Arak, Inmwen, Nimana, Numana-Nunku-Gbantu-Numbu || [[:en:ISO 639:nbr|nbr]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Nungu|Nungu]] || || || || Lindiri, Rendre, Rindiri, Rindre || [[:en:ISO 639:rin|rin]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri|Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri]] || || || || Vwhat || [[:en:ISO 639:bij|bij]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Ake|Ake]] || || || || Aike, Akye, Kapon || [[:en:ISO 639:aik|aik]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, B |- | [[Harshen Eggon|Eggon]] || || || || Egon, Hill Mada, Mada Dutse, Mada Eggon, Mo Egon || [[:en:ISO 639:ego|ego]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, B |- | [[Harshen Hasha|Hasha]] || || || || Yashi || [[:en:ISO 639:ybj|ybj]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, B |- | [[Harshen Sambe|Sambe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:xab|xab]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, B |- | [[Harshen Toro|Toro]] || || || || Turkwam || [[:en:ISO 639:tdv|tdv]] || Plateau |- | [[Harshen Fali Baissa|Fali of Baissa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:fah|fah]] || Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Ija-Zuba|Ija-Zuba]] || || || || Koro Afiki, Koro Ija, Koro Zuba || [[:en:ISO 639:vki|vki]] || Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Gun|Gun]] || || || || Egun, Gugbe, Gun-Alada, Gun-Gbe, Seto-Gbe || [[:en:ISO 639:guw|guw]] || Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Aja |- | [[Harshen Kam|Kam]] || || || || Nyingwom, Nyiwom, Yimwom || [[:en:ISO 639:kdx|kdx]] || Adamawa, Kam |- | [[Harshen Kwa|Kwa]] || || || || Baa, Kwah || [[:en:ISO 639:kwb|kwb]] || Adamawa, Kwa |- | [[Harshen Peere|Peere]] || || || || Kotofo, Kotopo, Kotpojo, Koutin, Kutin, Kutine, Kutinn, Pare, Patapori, Peer, Pere, Potopo, Potopore || [[:en:ISO 639:pfe|pfe]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Kutin |- | [[Harshen Koma|Koma]] || || || || Kuma || [[:en:ISO 639:kmy|kmy]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo, Vere-Gimme, Vere |- | [[Harshen Verre|Verre]] || || || || Kobo, Mom Jango, Vere, Were || [[:en:ISO 639:ver|ver]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo, Vere-Gimme, Vere |- | [[Harshen Nyong|Nyong]] || || || || Chukkol, Daganyonga, Mubako, Mumbake, Nyoking, Nyongnepa, Peti, Teteka, Yapeli || [[:en:ISO 639:muo|muo]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Leko |- | [[Harshen Samba Leko|Samba Leko]] || || || || Chamba Leko, Lego, Leko, Lekon, Ndi, Samba, Samba Leeko, Suntai || [[:en:ISO 639:ndi|ndi]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Leko |- | [[Harshen Wom|Wom]] || || || || Pere, Pereba, Perema || [[:en:ISO 639:wom|wom]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Leko |- | [[Harshen Gengle|Gengle]] || || || || Momu, Wegele, Yagele || [[:en:ISO 639:geg|geg]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Kumba|Kumba]] || || || || Isaro, Sate, Yofo || [[:en:ISO 639:ksm|ksm]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] || || || || Yoro || [[:en:ISO 639:mzm|mzm]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Pangseng|Pangseng]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:pgs|pgs]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Rang|Rang]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:rax|rax]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Teme|Teme]] || || || || Tema || [[:en:ISO 639:tdo|tdo]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Waka|Waka]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:wav|wav]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Yendang|Yendang]] || || || || Kuseki, Nya Korok, Nya Yendang, Nyandang, Yadang, Yandang, Yendam, Yundum || [[:en:ISO 639:ynq|ynq]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang |- | [[Harshen Bali|Bali]] || || || Abaali, Maya || Bibaali, Ekpali, Ibaali || [[:en:ISO 639:bcn|bcn]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang |- | [[Harshen Kpasham|Kpasham]] || || || || 'Balo, Kpasam, Maya, Nyisam, Passam || [[:en:ISO 639:pbn|pbn]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang |- | [[Harshen Kugama|Kugama]] || || || || Kugamma, Wegam, Yamale, Yamalo || [[:en:ISO 639:kow|kow]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang |- | [[Harshen Yotti|Yotti]] || || || || Wonkorok, Yoti || [[:en:ISO 639:yot|yot]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang |- | [[Harshen Laka|Laka]] || || || || Godogodo, Lakka, Lao Habe, Lau || [[:en:ISO 639:lak|lak]] || Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Burak|Burak]] || || || || Buurak || [[:en:ISO 639:bys|bys]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Dza|Dza]] || || || Ngwa Idza || E Idza, Janjo, Jen, Jenjo || [[:en:ISO 639:jen|jen]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Kyak|Kyak]] || || || || Bambuka, Nyakyak || [[:en:ISO 639:bka|bka]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Leelau|Leelau]] || || || || Bakula, Lelau, Lelo, Munga, Munga Lelau || [[:en:ISO 639:ldk|ldk]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Loo|Loo]] || || || || Lo, Loh, Shungo, Shunhu || [[:en:ISO 639:ldo|ldo]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Mághdì|Mághdì]] || || || || Tala, Widala || [[:en:ISO 639:gmd|gmd]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Mak|Mak]] || || || || Leemak, Lemak, Panya, Panyam, Zo || [[:en:ISO 639:pbl|pbl]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Mingang Doso|Mingang Doso]] || || || || Doso, Munga Doso, Ngwai Mungàn || [[:en:ISO 639:mko|mko]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Moo|Moo]] || || || || Gomu, Gwom, Gwomo, Gwomu, Ngwaa Móò, Yáá Mòò || [[:en:ISO 639:gwg|gwg]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Tha|Tha]] || [[Kapanci]] || [[Kapawa]] || || Joole Manga, Kapawa || [[:en:ISO 639:thy|thy]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Longuda|Longuda]] || || || || Languda, Longura, Nunguda, Nungura, Nunguraba || [[:en:ISO 639:lnu|lnu]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Longuda |- | [[Harshen Kamo|Kamo]] || || || || Kamu, Ma, Nubama, Nyima || [[:en:ISO 639:kcq|kcq]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Awak |- | [[Harshen Awak|Awak]] || || || || Awok, Yebu || [[:en:ISO 639:awo|awo]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Awak |- | [[Harshen Dikaka|Dikaka]] || [[Harshen Mwona|Mwona]] || [[Mwona]] (Bwilim) || || || [[:en:ISO 639:cfa|cfa]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Cham-Mona |- | [[Harshen Tso|Tso]] || || || || Cibbo, Cuyi Tsó, Kitta, Lotsu-Piri, Pire, Piri, Tsóbó || [[:en:ISO 639:ldp|ldp]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Cham-Mona |- | [[Harshen Dadiya|Dadiya]] || || || || Daadiya, Dadia, Loodiya || [[:en:ISO 639:dbd|dbd]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Dadiya |- | [[Harshen Bangwinji|Bangwinji]] || || || Bangjinge || Bangunji || [[:en:ISO 639:bsj|bsj]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula |- | [[Harshen Tula|Tula]] || || || || Kotule, Kutule || [[:en:ISO 639:tul|tul]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula |- | [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] || || || || Nyan Wiyau, Wiyaa, Wuya || [[:en:ISO 639:wja|wja]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula |- | [[Harshen Kaan|Kaan]] || || || || Kan, Libbo, Libo || [[:en:ISO 639:ldl|ldl]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Libo |- | [[Harshen Mboi|Mboi]] || || || || Gena, Mboire, Mboyi || [[:en:ISO 639:moi|moi]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Mboi |- | [[Harshen Ɓena|Bena]] || || || Ɓə́ná-Yungur || Binna, Buna, Ebina, Ebuna, Gbinna, Purra, Yangeru, Yongor, Yungur, “Lala” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:yun|yun]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Yungur-Roba |- | [[Harshen Lala-Roba|Lala-Roba]] || || || || Gworam || [[:en:ISO 639:lla|lla]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Yungur-Roba |- | [[Harshen Voro|Voro]] || || || || Bena, Buna, Ebina, Ebuna, Woro, Yungur || [[:en:ISO 639:vor|vor]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Yungur-Roba |- | [[Harshen Gbaya, Northwest|Gbaya, Northwest]] || || || || Baya || [[:en:ISO 639:gya|gya]] || Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Northwest |- | [[Harshen Baatonum|Baatonum]] || [[Borganci]] || [[Borgawa]] || || Baatonun, Baatonun-Kwara, Barba, Bargu, Bariba, Batonnum, Batonu, Berba, Bogung, Borgawa, Borgu, Burgu, Zana || [[:en:ISO 639:bba|bba]] || Gur, Bariba |- | [[Harshen Bisã|Bisã]] || [[Busanci]] || [[Busawa]] || Bisã || Bariba, Bisayã, Busa, Busa-Bisã, Busano, Bussanchi, Bussawa || [[:en:ISO 639:bqp|bqp]] || Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Busa |- | [[Harshen Bokobaru|Bokobaru]] || [[Busanci]] || [[Busawa]] || Zogben || Bariba, Busa-Bokobaru, Bussanchi, Bussawa || [[:en:ISO 639:bus|bus]] || Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Busa |- | [[Harshen Boko|Boko]] || || || || Bo'o, Bokonya || [[:en:ISO 639:bqc|bqc]] || Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Busa |- | [[Harshen Shanga|Shanga]] || [[Shanganci]] / [[Shonganci]] || [[Shangawa]] / [[Shongawa]] || || Shangawa, Shonga, Shongawa || [[:en:ISO 639:sho|sho]] || Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Kyanga |- | [[Harshen Kyanga|Kyanga]] || [[Kyanganci]] || [[Kyangawa]] || Kyanga || Canga, Changa, Kenga, Kyangawa, Kyenga, Kã, Tienga, Tyanga, Tyenga || [[:en:ISO 639:tye|tye]] || Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Kyanga |- | [[Harshen Sorko|Sorko]] || [[Sarkanci]] || [[Sarkawa]] || || Corogama, Jenaama Bozo, Jenama, Nononke, Sarkanci, Sarkawa, Sorogama, “Boso” (pej.), “Bozo” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:bze|bze]] || Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Jenaama |- | [[Harshen Kanuri|Kanuri]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:kau|kau]] || Saharan, Western, Kanuri |- | [[Harshen Kanuri, Yerwa|Kanuri, Yerwa]] || || || Kanuri, Yerwa Kanuri || Bornu, Central Kanuri, Kanouri, Kanoury, “Beriberi” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:knc|knc]] || Saharan, Western, Kanuri |- | [[Harshen Tarjumo|Tarjumo]] || || || || Old Kanembu || [[:en:ISO 639:txj|txj]] || Saharan, Western, Kanuri |- | [[Harshen Kanuri, Manga|Kanuri, Manga]] || || || || Kanouri, Kanoury, Manga || [[:en:ISO 639:kby|kby]] || Saharan, Western, Kanuri |- | [[Harshen Tedaga|Tedaga]] || || || || Teda || [[:en:ISO 639:tuq|tuq]] || Saharan, Western, Tebu |- | [[Harshen Dendi|Dendi]] || [[Dandanci]] || [[Dandawa]] || || Dandawa, Songhay || [[:en:ISO 639:ddn|ddn]] || Songhai, Southern |- | [[Harshen Zarma|Zarma]] || || || || Adzerma, Djerma, Dyabarma, Dyarma, Dyerma, Zabarma, Zarbarma, Zarma sanni, Zarmaciine, Zerma || [[:en:ISO 639:dje|dje]] || Songhai, Southern |- | [[Harshen Turanci|English]] || [[Turanci]] || [[Turawa]] || || || [[:en:ISO 639:eng|eng]] || Indo-European, Germanic, West, English |- | [[Harshen Pidgin Nijeriya|Pidgin, Nigerian]] || || || Naijá || Anglo-Nigerian Pidgin, Broken English, Brokin, Brokun, Nigerian Creole English, Nigerian Pidgin English, Pidgin || [[:en:ISO 639:pcm|pcm]] || Creole, English based, Atlantic, Krio |- | [[Harshen Centúúm|Centúúm]] || || || || Cen Tuum, Jalaa || [[:en:ISO 639:cet|cet]] || Language isolate |- | [[Harshen Lufu|Lufu]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ldq|ldq]] || Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Mawa|Mawa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:wma|wma]] || Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Barikanci|Barikanchi]] || [[Barikanci]] || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:bxo|bxo]] || Pidgin, Hausa based |- | [[Harshen Gibanawa|Gibanawa]] || [[Gembananci]] / [[Gimbananci]] || [[Gembanawa]] / [[Gimbanawa]] || || Gembanawa, Gimbanawa, Jega || [[:en:ISO 639:gib|gib]] || Pidgin, Hausa based |- | [[Harshen bebaye na ƙasar Nijeriya|Nigerian Sign Language]] || [[Harshen bebaye na ƙasar Nijeriya]] || || || NSL || [[:en:ISO 639:nsi|nsi]] || Sign language |- | [[Harshen bebaye na ƙasar Hausa|Hausa Sign Language]] || [[Harshen bebaye na ƙasar Hausa]] || || || Maganar Hannu || [[:en:ISO 639:hsl|hsl]] || Sign language |} == Duba kuma == * [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo]] * [[Nijeriya|Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci na Nijeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Karin bayani == * Blench, Roger (2002) [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Minority%20Languages-%20Nigeria%202001.pdf Bincike a kan Maganar Magana a Nijeriya a shekara ta 2001]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Ogmios''. * Chigudu, Theophilus Tanko (2017); 'Yan asalin Arewa na Arewacin gundumar Najeriya: Yan gudun hijira. * Blench, Roger (1998) 'Matsayin Harsunan Tsakiyar Nijeriya', a Brenzinger, M. (ed. ) ''Harshen hasara a Afirka''. Köln: Köppe Verlag, 187-206. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Language%20Death%20in%20Nigeria.pdf shafin intanet]{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Crozier, David & Blench, Roger (1992) ''Harshen Turanci na Harsunan Harsuna (na biyu)''. Dallas: SIL. == Hanyoyin waje == * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NG Rahoton Ethnologue na Harsunan Nijeriya] * Blench, Roger (2012). [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Atlas%20of%20Nigerian%20Languages-%20ed%20III.pdf Atlas na Harsunan Nijeriya, ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806024945/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Atlas%20of%20Nigerian%20Languages-%20ed%20III.pdf |date=2016-08-06 }} [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Atlas%20of%20Nigerian%20Languages-%20ed%20III.pdf III] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806024945/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Atlas%20of%20Nigerian%20Languages-%20ed%20III.pdf |date=2016-08-06 }} (sabuntawa da gyara edition of Crozier & Blench 1992) * Lamle, Elias Nankap, Coprreality da mazaunin wurare a Tarokland. NBTT Latsa. Jos Nijeriya a cikin "Labarin" Ngappak "na Tarok Nation 2005 [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya|*]] fahksszrz1ewp3yrqyqca8tb5ik4kn2 0 10213 827357 560850 2026-04-28T02:12:29Z Saad Nuhu 43323 827357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = José Mourinho | hoto = José Mourinho 2017.jpg | cikakken_suna = José Mário dos Santos Mourinho Félix | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1963|1|26}} | wurin_haihuwa = Setúbal, Portugal | kasa = Portugal | tsawo = 1.74 m | matsayi = Mai horarwa (Coach) | kungiyar_yanzu = AS Roma }} '''José Mário dos Santos Mourinho Félix''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1963) ƙwararren mai horar da ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Portugal. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi shahara kuma nasara a tarihin masu horarwa a duniya saboda irin nasarorin da ya samu a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na Turai.<ref>FIFA Coaching Profiles</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Mourinho a birnin Setúbal na ƙasar Portugal. Mahaifinsa, Félix Mourinho, shi ma ya kasance tsohon ɗan wasa kuma mai horarwa, wanda ya taimaka masa wajen samun sha’awa a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami.<ref>Portugal Football History Archives</ref> == Fara Aiki == Mourinho bai taka rawar gani sosai a matsayin ɗan wasa ba, amma ya fara aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga mai horarwa Sir Bobby Robson a Sporting CP da Porto. Wannan ya ba shi damar koyon dabarun horarwa daga manyan masu horarwa.<ref>UEFA Coaching Records</ref> == Nasarori a Porto == Ya zama sananne sosai lokacin da ya jagoranci FC Porto zuwa lashe gasar UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2004. Wannan nasara ta sanya shi cikin manyan masu horarwa a duniya.<ref>UEFA Champions League Archives</ref> == Lokacinsa a Chelsea == A shekarar 2004, Mourinho ya koma Chelsea inda ya lashe Premier League sau biyu a jere (2004–05 da 2005–06). Ya kira kansa "The Special One" lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, wanda ya kara masa suna a duniya.<ref>English Premier League Records</ref> == Inter Milan da Treble == A Inter Milan, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa lashe kofuna uku (Serie A, Coppa Italia, da Champions League) a kakar 2009–10, wanda aka sani da "treble". Wannan ya kasance babban tarihi a kulob din.<ref>Italian Football Federation</ref> == Real Madrid == Mourinho ya horar da Real Madrid daga 2010 zuwa 2013, inda ya lashe La Liga a 2011–12 tare da maki mafi yawa a tarihin gasar a lokacin.<ref>La Liga Official Records</ref> == Komawa Chelsea da Manchester United == Ya koma Chelsea a karo na biyu inda ya sake lashe Premier League a 2014–15. Daga baya ya koma Manchester United inda ya lashe UEFA Europa League da EFL Cup.<ref>Manchester United Archives</ref> == AS Roma == A 2021, Mourinho ya zama mai horar da AS Roma, inda ya lashe UEFA Europa Conference League a 2022, wanda shi ne karo na farko da aka gudanar da gasar.<ref>UEFA Conference League Report</ref> == Salon Horarwa == Mourinho ya shahara da tsarin tsaro mai ƙarfi da dabarun sarrafa wasa. Ana kuma saninsa da ƙwarewa wajen karanta wasan abokan hamayya da kuma ƙarfafa 'yan wasa.<ref>Football Tactical Analysis Journal</ref> == Rayuwar Kansa == Mourinho yana da aure da Matilde Faria, kuma suna da yara biyu. Duk da tsananin halinsa a filin wasa, ana saninsa da kulawa da iyalinsa da kuma sadaukarwa ga aikin sa.<ref>Biography of José Mourinho</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> avbuj1p0oie9546moaceosn4sfvt2uu 827359 827357 2026-04-28T02:13:06Z Saad Nuhu 43323 827359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''José Mário dos Santos Mourinho Félix''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1963) ƙwararren mai horar da ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Portugal. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi shahara kuma nasara a tarihin masu horarwa a duniya saboda irin nasarorin da ya samu a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na Turai.<ref>FIFA Coaching Profiles</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Mourinho a birnin Setúbal na ƙasar Portugal. Mahaifinsa, Félix Mourinho, shi ma ya kasance tsohon ɗan wasa kuma mai horarwa, wanda ya taimaka masa wajen samun sha’awa a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami.<ref>Portugal Football History Archives</ref> == Fara Aiki == Mourinho bai taka rawar gani sosai a matsayin ɗan wasa ba, amma ya fara aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga mai horarwa Sir Bobby Robson a Sporting CP da Porto. Wannan ya ba shi damar koyon dabarun horarwa daga manyan masu horarwa.<ref>UEFA Coaching Records</ref> == Nasarori a Porto == Ya zama sananne sosai lokacin da ya jagoranci FC Porto zuwa lashe gasar UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2004. Wannan nasara ta sanya shi cikin manyan masu horarwa a duniya.<ref>UEFA Champions League Archives</ref> == Lokacinsa a Chelsea == A shekarar 2004, Mourinho ya koma Chelsea inda ya lashe Premier League sau biyu a jere (2004–05 da 2005–06). Ya kira kansa "The Special One" lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, wanda ya kara masa suna a duniya.<ref>English Premier League Records</ref> == Inter Milan da Treble == A Inter Milan, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa lashe kofuna uku (Serie A, Coppa Italia, da Champions League) a kakar 2009–10, wanda aka sani da "treble". Wannan ya kasance babban tarihi a kulob din.<ref>Italian Football Federation</ref> == Real Madrid == Mourinho ya horar da Real Madrid daga 2010 zuwa 2013, inda ya lashe La Liga a 2011–12 tare da maki mafi yawa a tarihin gasar a lokacin.<ref>La Liga Official Records</ref> == Komawa Chelsea da Manchester United == Ya koma Chelsea a karo na biyu inda ya sake lashe Premier League a 2014–15. Daga baya ya koma Manchester United inda ya lashe UEFA Europa League da EFL Cup.<ref>Manchester United Archives</ref> == AS Roma == A 2021, Mourinho ya zama mai horar da AS Roma, inda ya lashe UEFA Europa Conference League a 2022, wanda shi ne karo na farko da aka gudanar da gasar.<ref>UEFA Conference League Report</ref> == Salon Horarwa == Mourinho ya shahara da tsarin tsaro mai ƙarfi da dabarun sarrafa wasa. Ana kuma saninsa da ƙwarewa wajen karanta wasan abokan hamayya da kuma ƙarfafa 'yan wasa.<ref>Football Tactical Analysis Journal</ref> == Rayuwar Kansa == Mourinho yana da aure da Matilde Faria, kuma suna da yara biyu. Duk da tsananin halinsa a filin wasa, ana saninsa da kulawa da iyalinsa da kuma sadaukarwa ga aikin sa.<ref>Biography of José Mourinho</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> kwhm5x13fcyndxld0og6sbt6103kd5t 0 12396 827321 442309 2026-04-27T21:32:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gwaigywaya''' (''Cyperus dives'') [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] gd0wurbg005hn3kdb1r9u6eirybr4tk 0 12462 827326 734560 2026-04-27T21:44:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Carica papaya (Papayer) - 105.jpg|thumb|bishiyar gwanda]] [[File:Pawpaw - male flowers in profusion (6651149717).jpg|thumb|Furen gwanda]] [[File:Pawpaw herb.jpg|thumb|matatstsen ruwan gwanda]] [[File:Growth of Pawpaw on Arborloo pit (5567538152).jpg|thumb|kwallon gwanda]] [[Fayil:Carica papaya leaf 14072012.JPG|thumb|ganyen gwanda]] [[Fayil:Papaya - longitudinal section close-up view.jpg|thumb|cikin gwanda kenam]] [[Fayil:Papaya (Carica papaya).jpg|thumb|Bishiyan gwanda]] [[Fayil:Papaya - longitudinal section close-up view.jpg|thumb|kyan cikin gwanda]] '''Gwanda''' (''gwándà'') (''Carica papaya'') [[bishiya]] ce.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> Gwanda wata bishiya ce mai Amfani sosai a rayuwa [[Dan Adam]] tana kuma magunguna sosai. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1351427-amfani-da-magunguna-5-na-gwanda-ga-lafiyar-jikin-dan-adam.html|date= 28 July 2020|accessdate= 30 June 2021|last= Usman|first= Jamil|publisher=legit hausa|title=Amfani da magunguna 5 na gwanda ga lafiyar jikin dan Adam}}</ref> Ana amfani da ganyen ta wajen magani da kuma kwallon yaya baki dake cikin ta duk magani ne. Musamman nan arewa suna amfani da ganyen, sassaken ta gurin yin magungunan hausa.<ref>#wiki4agile</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bishiya]] gqxicm4wecqirjoabpbo72hxivgn5do 0 12667 827249 289794 2026-04-27T16:17:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Frog fruit (Phyla nodiflora) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 8032.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Gadon kada]] '''Godon kada''' (''gòòdón kádàà'') (''Phyla nodiflora'') [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Frogfruit (Phyla nodiflora) (5762136031).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Gadon kada]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] ei0o26fljnji4eezr5nkgrn49f17rqn 0 12673 827295 348781 2026-04-27T21:05:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:DiĢoscorea Bild1162.jpg|thumb|gursami]] [[File:Dioscorea Bild1162.jpg|thumb]] '''Gursami''' ko '''[[rogo]]n [[biri]]''' ko '''kosan rogo''' (''Dioscorea dumetorum'') [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 6387jrdpvhf7xwtys5def352pzqephz 0 15202 827268 257038 2026-04-27T19:11:50Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345966743|Basirat Nahibi]]" 827268 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Basirat Nahibi''' ko Basirat Nahi Bi-Niasse Listeniis 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce, 'yar kasuwa kuma mace ta farko da ta nemi gwamna a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Female – firstnigerian |url=https://sites.google.com/site/firstnigerian/home/first-female |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alqali |first=Adam |date=25 February 2019 |title=INTERVIEW: "WAELE AFRICA raising the voices of African women, through economic empowerment" – Basirat Nahibi-Niasse |url=https://www.africannewspage.net/2019/02/interview-waele-africa-raising-the-voices-of-african-women-through-economic-empowerment-basirat-nahibi-niasse/ |access-date=12 May 2019 |website=African Newspage}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa Ci gaban Mata don Tattalin Arziki da Jagora a Afirka (WAELE); wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan karfafa mata na Afirka, a tattalin arziki da siyasa da kuma tabbatar da shiga cikin zaman lafiya da rikice-rikice a duk ƙasashe 52 a nahiyar. Har ila yau, ita ce mamba mai kafa jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] asylluqcbbhm9swo8mo3b6dx533sh2p 0 17298 827172 825419 2026-04-27T15:14:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 827172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Emir of Bichi 02.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Bichi Nasir Ado Bayero a yayin buɗe masallacin juma'a na garin [[Gwanki]].]] '''Nasiru Ado Bayero'''{{Audio|Ha-Nasiru Ado Bayero.ogg|Nasiru Ado Bayero}} (An haife shi a 2, Fabrairu (1964) Miladiyya (A.c). kuma shi ne sarki na biyu (2) na [[Masarautar Bichi|Bichi]]. Ya hau gadon sarautar ne daga hannun dan uwansa [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] wanda aka ambaci sunan sa a matsayin Sarkin Kano<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kehinde |first1=Opeyemi |title=Kano govt names Nasiru Ado Bayero as new Emir of Bichi |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-govt-names-nasiru-ado-bayero-as-new-emir-of-bichi.html |website=Daily Trust |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803211724/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-govt-names-nasiru-ado-bayero-as-new-emir-of-bichi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero to replace brother as new Emir of Bichi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-to-replace-brother-as-new-emir-of-bichi/ |website=Vanguard News |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yusuf |first1=Kabir |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero new Emir of Bichi – Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/381025-ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-new-emir-of-bichi.html |website=Premiumtimesnews |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> na shabiyar ([[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15]] ), bayan sauke dan uwansa kuma mai auren kanwarsa [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II]] da [[Gwamna]] [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Abdullahi Umar Ganduje yayi]] . Kafin hawansa kan kujerar sarauta, Nasiru Ado Bayero Chiroma ne na [[masarautar Kano]] kuma [[Masarautar Kano|hakimin]] gundumar [[Nasarawa|Nassarawa]] a lokacin mulkin [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II]] . == Rayuwar farko == === Iyali === An haifi Nasiru Ado Bayero a ranar biyu (2) ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara sittin da huɗu (1964) a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], daga marigayi [[Ado Bayero]] wanda shi ne [[Masarautar Kano|Sarkin Kano]] mafi dadewa a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|tarihin Kano]] . Shi ne da na uku ga marigayi [[Ado Bayero]] kuma shi ne dan fari, da aka haifa a gidan [[Masarautar Kano|masarautar Kano da]] aka fi sani da gidan dabo. Ya m Siblings hada Sanusi Ado Bayero da tsohon Chiroma daga shekarar alif da dari tara da casa'in (1990 )zuwa shekarar (2015) wanda daga baya ya yi nasara, da kuma [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] da [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15th]] Sarkin Kano.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero to replace brother as new Emir of Bichi. |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-to-replace-brother-as-new-emir-of-bichi/ |website=Vanguard News |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> === Illimi === [[Fayil:Bichi Emirates 1.jpg|thumb|masarautar bichi]] Nasiru Ado Bayero ya yi karatun firamare da sakandire a Kano, daga nan ne ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Jami'ar Maiduguri da]] ke [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] don karatun fannin sadarwa wato "Mass Communication" a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da tamanin da bakwai (1987 ). Ya kammala karatun Harvard Business School sannan kuma yana da satifiket a harshen Jamusanci a shekara ta alif da dari tara da casa'in da uku (1993).<ref name="The nation">{{cite web |title=All hail new Bichi Emir – The Nation Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/all-hail-new-bichi-emir/ |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=15 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Levene Energy Group {{!}} HRH Nasir Ado Bayero Group Vice Chairman. |url=https://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |website=Levene Energy Group |accessdate=1 June 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317104048/http://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nasiru Ado Bayero ya samu gogewa wajen aiki tare da Bankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika, daga baya ya koma Kamfanin Coastal Corporation a [[Houston]], [[Texas]] sai kuma Hamlet Investment Ltd [[Landan|London]] . Shine shugaban kamfanin Enclo Limited da kamfanin 9 Mobile Nigeria. == Titles da alkawari == A ranar shidda (6) ga watan mayu shekara ta (1994), an nada Nasiru Ado Bayero a matsayin tafidan Kano kuma hakimin Waje daga mahaifinsa marigayi Ado bayaro Sarkin Kano na [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|13]] sannan kuma daga baya ya sauya shi zuwa [[Nasarawa (Kano)|hakimin]] ƙaramar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nassarawa]], sannan aka mayar da shi [[Tarauni]] a kan wannan matsayin. Ya samu daukaka zuwa Turakin Kano, da kuma Sarkin Dawakin Tsakar gida a shekara ta (2000). A shekara ta (2015), Sarkin Kano na [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|14]] [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II ya]] naɗa shi a matsayin Chiroman Kano. == Sarkin Bichi == === Shiga === A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta (2019), Nasiru Ado Bayero ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan an naɗa ɗan uwansa [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] a matsayin Sarkin Kano na( [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15]] ). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ Nasir Ado Bayero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317104048/http://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |date=2018-03-17 }} * [https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ Sadu da Nasiru Ado Bayero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416002502/https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |date=2021-04-16 }} {{S-start}} {{S-hou|Gidan Dabo||1964|Living}} {{S-reg|}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Sarakuna na Afrika]] [[Category:Sarakunan Kano]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] == Career == Shine shugaban Enclo Limited, 9 Mobile Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2020 |title=Nasir Ado Bayero Resumes Royal Duty |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/04/05/nasir-ado-bayero-resumes-royal-duty/ |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=THISDAYLIVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Meet Alhaji Nasiru Ado Bayero, the New Chairman of 9Mobile |url=https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=Technext |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810224442/https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 8i367vs4upe9vdy236xk5zb5uvrikwr 827174 827172 2026-04-27T15:15:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 827174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Emir of Bichi 02.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Bichi Nasir Ado Bayero a yayin buɗe masallacin juma'a na garin [[Gwanki]].]] '''Nasiru Ado Bayero'''{{Audio|Ha-Nasiru Ado Bayero.ogg|Nasiru Ado Bayero}} (An haife shi a 2, Fabrairu (1964) Miladiyya (A.c). kuma shi ne sarki na biyu (2) na [[Masarautar Bichi|Bichi]]. Ya hau gadon sarautar ne daga hannun dan uwansa [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] wanda aka ambaci sunan sa a matsayin Sarkin Kano<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kehinde |first1=Opeyemi |title=Kano govt names Nasiru Ado Bayero as new Emir of Bichi |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-govt-names-nasiru-ado-bayero-as-new-emir-of-bichi.html |website=Daily Trust |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803211724/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-govt-names-nasiru-ado-bayero-as-new-emir-of-bichi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero to replace brother as new Emir of Bichi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-to-replace-brother-as-new-emir-of-bichi/ |website=Vanguard News |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yusuf |first1=Kabir |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero new Emir of Bichi – Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/381025-ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-new-emir-of-bichi.html |website=Premiumtimesnews |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> na shabiyar ([[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15]] ), bayan sauke dan uwansa kuma mai auren kanwarsa [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II]] da [[Gwamna]] [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Abdullahi Umar Ganduje yayi]] . Kafin hawansa kan kujerar sarauta, Nasiru Ado Bayero Chiroma ne na [[masarautar Kano]] kuma [[Masarautar Kano|hakimin]] gundumar [[Nasarawa|Nassarawa]] a lokacin mulkin [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II]] . == Rayuwar farko == === Iyali === An haifi Nasiru Ado Bayero a ranar biyu (2) ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara sittin da huɗu (1964) a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], daga marigayi [[Ado Bayero]] wanda shi ne [[Masarautar Kano|Sarkin Kano]] mafi dadewa a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|tarihin Kano]] . Shi ne da na uku ga marigayi [[Ado Bayero]] kuma shi ne dan fari, da aka haifa a gidan [[Masarautar Kano|masarautar Kano da]] aka fi sani da gidan dabo. Ya m Siblings hada Sanusi Ado Bayero da tsohon Chiroma daga shekarar alif da dari tara da casa'in (1990 )zuwa shekarar (2015) wanda daga baya ya yi nasara, da kuma [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] da [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15th]] Sarkin Kano.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero to replace brother as new Emir of Bichi. |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-to-replace-brother-as-new-emir-of-bichi/ |website=Vanguard News |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> === Illimi === [[Fayil:Bichi Emirates 1.jpg|thumb|masarautar bichi]] Nasiru Ado Bayero ya yi karatun firamare da sakandire a Kano, daga nan ne ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Jami'ar Maiduguri da]] ke [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] don karatun fannin sadarwa wato "Mass Communication" a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da tamanin da bakwai (1987). Ya kammala karatun Harvard Business School sannan kuma yana da satifiket a harshen Jamusanci a shekara ta alif da dari tara da casa'in da uku (1993).<ref name="The nation">{{cite web |title=All hail new Bichi Emir – The Nation Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/all-hail-new-bichi-emir/ |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=15 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Levene Energy Group {{!}} HRH Nasir Ado Bayero Group Vice Chairman. |url=https://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |website=Levene Energy Group |accessdate=1 June 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317104048/http://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nasiru Ado Bayero ya samu gogewa wajen aiki tare da Bankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika, daga baya ya koma Kamfanin Coastal Corporation a [[Houston]], [[Texas]] sai kuma Hamlet Investment Ltd [[Landan|London]] . Shine shugaban kamfanin Enclo Limited da kamfanin 9 Mobile Nigeria. == Titles da alkawari == A ranar shidda (6) ga watan mayu shekara ta (1994), an nada Nasiru Ado Bayero a matsayin tafidan Kano kuma hakimin Waje daga mahaifinsa marigayi Ado bayaro Sarkin Kano na [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|13]] sannan kuma daga baya ya sauya shi zuwa [[Nasarawa (Kano)|hakimin]] ƙaramar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nassarawa]], sannan aka mayar da shi [[Tarauni]] a kan wannan matsayin. Ya samu daukaka zuwa Turakin Kano, da kuma Sarkin Dawakin Tsakar gida a shekara ta (2000). A shekara ta (2015), Sarkin Kano na [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|14]] [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II ya]] naɗa shi a matsayin Chiroman Kano. == Sarkin Bichi == === Shiga === A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta (2019), Nasiru Ado Bayero ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan an naɗa ɗan uwansa [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] a matsayin Sarkin Kano na( [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15]] ). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ Nasir Ado Bayero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317104048/http://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |date=2018-03-17 }} * [https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ Sadu da Nasiru Ado Bayero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416002502/https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |date=2021-04-16 }} {{S-start}} {{S-hou|Gidan Dabo||1964|Living}} {{S-reg|}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Sarakuna na Afrika]] [[Category:Sarakunan Kano]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] == Career == Shine shugaban Enclo Limited, 9 Mobile Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2020 |title=Nasir Ado Bayero Resumes Royal Duty |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/04/05/nasir-ado-bayero-resumes-royal-duty/ |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=THISDAYLIVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Meet Alhaji Nasiru Ado Bayero, the New Chairman of 9Mobile |url=https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=Technext |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810224442/https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 6v2ml9ir15tdexgrrsx0hdg1uajwdiy 827175 827174 2026-04-27T15:15:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 827175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Emir of Bichi 02.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Bichi Nasir Ado Bayero a yayin buɗe masallacin juma'a na garin [[Gwanki]].]] '''Nasiru Ado Bayero'''{{Audio|Ha-Nasiru Ado Bayero.ogg|Nasiru Ado Bayero}} (An haife shi a 2, Fabrairu (1964) Miladiyya (A.c). kuma shi ne sarki na biyu (2) na [[Masarautar Bichi|Bichi]]. Ya hau gadon sarautar ne daga hannun dan uwansa [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] wanda aka ambaci sunan sa a matsayin Sarkin Kano<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kehinde |first1=Opeyemi |title=Kano govt names Nasiru Ado Bayero as new Emir of Bichi |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-govt-names-nasiru-ado-bayero-as-new-emir-of-bichi.html |website=Daily Trust |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803211724/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-govt-names-nasiru-ado-bayero-as-new-emir-of-bichi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero to replace brother as new Emir of Bichi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-to-replace-brother-as-new-emir-of-bichi/ |website=Vanguard News |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yusuf |first1=Kabir |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero new Emir of Bichi – Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/381025-ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-new-emir-of-bichi.html |website=Premiumtimesnews |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> na shabiyar ([[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15]] ), bayan sauke dan uwansa kuma mai auren kanwarsa [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II]] da [[Gwamna]] [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Abdullahi Umar Ganduje yayi]] . Kafin hawansa kan kujerar sarauta, Nasiru Ado Bayero Chiroma ne na [[masarautar Kano]] kuma [[Masarautar Kano|hakimin]] gundumar [[Nasarawa|Nassarawa]] a lokacin mulkin [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II]]. == Rayuwar farko == === Iyali === An haifi Nasiru Ado Bayero a ranar biyu (2) ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara sittin da huɗu (1964) a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], daga marigayi [[Ado Bayero]] wanda shi ne [[Masarautar Kano|Sarkin Kano]] mafi dadewa a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|tarihin Kano]] . Shi ne da na uku ga marigayi [[Ado Bayero]] kuma shi ne dan fari, da aka haifa a gidan [[Masarautar Kano|masarautar Kano da]] aka fi sani da gidan dabo. Ya m Siblings hada Sanusi Ado Bayero da tsohon Chiroma daga shekarar alif da dari tara da casa'in (1990 )zuwa shekarar (2015) wanda daga baya ya yi nasara, da kuma [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] da [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15th]] Sarkin Kano.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero to replace brother as new Emir of Bichi. |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-to-replace-brother-as-new-emir-of-bichi/ |website=Vanguard News |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> === Illimi === [[Fayil:Bichi Emirates 1.jpg|thumb|masarautar bichi]] Nasiru Ado Bayero ya yi karatun firamare da sakandire a Kano, daga nan ne ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Jami'ar Maiduguri da]] ke [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] don karatun fannin sadarwa wato "Mass Communication" a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da tamanin da bakwai (1987). Ya kammala karatun Harvard Business School sannan kuma yana da satifiket a harshen Jamusanci a shekara ta alif da dari tara da casa'in da uku (1993).<ref name="The nation">{{cite web |title=All hail new Bichi Emir – The Nation Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/all-hail-new-bichi-emir/ |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=15 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Levene Energy Group {{!}} HRH Nasir Ado Bayero Group Vice Chairman. |url=https://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |website=Levene Energy Group |accessdate=1 June 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317104048/http://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nasiru Ado Bayero ya samu gogewa wajen aiki tare da Bankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika, daga baya ya koma Kamfanin Coastal Corporation a [[Houston]], [[Texas]] sai kuma Hamlet Investment Ltd [[Landan|London]] . Shine shugaban kamfanin Enclo Limited da kamfanin 9 Mobile Nigeria. == Titles da alkawari == A ranar shidda (6) ga watan mayu shekara ta (1994), an nada Nasiru Ado Bayero a matsayin tafidan Kano kuma hakimin Waje daga mahaifinsa marigayi Ado bayaro Sarkin Kano na [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|13]] sannan kuma daga baya ya sauya shi zuwa [[Nasarawa (Kano)|hakimin]] ƙaramar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nassarawa]], sannan aka mayar da shi [[Tarauni]] a kan wannan matsayin. Ya samu daukaka zuwa Turakin Kano, da kuma Sarkin Dawakin Tsakar gida a shekara ta (2000). A shekara ta (2015), Sarkin Kano na [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|14]] [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II ya]] naɗa shi a matsayin Chiroman Kano. == Sarkin Bichi == === Shiga === A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta (2019), Nasiru Ado Bayero ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan an naɗa ɗan uwansa [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] a matsayin Sarkin Kano na( [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15]] ). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ Nasir Ado Bayero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317104048/http://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |date=2018-03-17 }} * [https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ Sadu da Nasiru Ado Bayero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416002502/https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |date=2021-04-16 }} {{S-start}} {{S-hou|Gidan Dabo||1964|Living}} {{S-reg|}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Sarakuna na Afrika]] [[Category:Sarakunan Kano]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] == Career == Shine shugaban Enclo Limited, 9 Mobile Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2020 |title=Nasir Ado Bayero Resumes Royal Duty |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/04/05/nasir-ado-bayero-resumes-royal-duty/ |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=THISDAYLIVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Meet Alhaji Nasiru Ado Bayero, the New Chairman of 9Mobile |url=https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=Technext |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810224442/https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 0ua8cd1cds37occo66dtkx62c4b7ocp 827176 827175 2026-04-27T15:15:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 827176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Emir of Bichi 02.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Bichi Nasir Ado Bayero a yayin buɗe masallacin juma'a na garin [[Gwanki]].]] '''Nasiru Ado Bayero'''{{Audio|Ha-Nasiru Ado Bayero.ogg|Nasiru Ado Bayero}} (An haife shi a 2, Fabrairu (1964) Miladiyya (A.c). kuma shi ne sarki na biyu (2) na [[Masarautar Bichi|Bichi]]. Ya hau gadon sarautar ne daga hannun dan uwansa [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] wanda aka ambaci sunan sa a matsayin Sarkin Kano<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kehinde |first1=Opeyemi |title=Kano govt names Nasiru Ado Bayero as new Emir of Bichi |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-govt-names-nasiru-ado-bayero-as-new-emir-of-bichi.html |website=Daily Trust |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803211724/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-govt-names-nasiru-ado-bayero-as-new-emir-of-bichi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero to replace brother as new Emir of Bichi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-to-replace-brother-as-new-emir-of-bichi/ |website=Vanguard News |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yusuf |first1=Kabir |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero new Emir of Bichi – Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/381025-ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-new-emir-of-bichi.html |website=Premiumtimesnews |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> na shabiyar ([[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15]] ), bayan sauke dan uwansa kuma mai auren kanwarsa [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II]] da [[Gwamna]] [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Abdullahi Umar Ganduje yayi]] . Kafin hawansa kan kujerar sarauta, Nasiru Ado Bayero Chiroma ne na [[masarautar Kano]] kuma [[Masarautar Kano|hakimin]] gundumar [[Nasarawa|Nassarawa]] a lokacin mulkin [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II]]. == Rayuwar farko == === Iyali === An haifi Nasiru Ado Bayero a ranar biyu (2) ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara sittin da huɗu (1964) a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], daga marigayi [[Ado Bayero]] wanda shi ne [[Masarautar Kano|Sarkin Kano]] mafi dadewa a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|tarihin Kano]] . Shi ne da na uku ga marigayi [[Ado Bayero]] kuma shi ne dan fari, da aka haifa a gidan [[Masarautar Kano|masarautar Kano da]] aka fi sani da gidan dabo. Ya m Siblings hada Sanusi Ado Bayero da tsohon Chiroma daga shekarar alif da dari tara da casa'in (1990 )zuwa shekarar (2015) wanda daga baya ya yi nasara, da kuma [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] da [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15th]] Sarkin Kano.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero to replace brother as new Emir of Bichi. |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-to-replace-brother-as-new-emir-of-bichi/ |website=Vanguard News |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> === Illimi === [[Fayil:Bichi Emirates 1.jpg|thumb|masarautar bichi]] Nasiru Ado Bayero ya yi karatun firamare da sakandire a Kano, daga nan ne ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Jami'ar Maiduguri da]] ke [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] don karatun fannin sadarwa wato "Mass Communication" a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da tamanin da bakwai (1987). Ya kammala karatun Harvard Business School sannan kuma yana da satifiket a harshen Jamusanci a shekara ta alif da dari tara da casa'in da uku (1993).<ref name="The nation">{{cite web |title=All hail new Bichi Emir – The Nation Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/all-hail-new-bichi-emir/ |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=15 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Levene Energy Group {{!}} HRH Nasir Ado Bayero Group Vice Chairman. |url=https://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |website=Levene Energy Group |accessdate=1 June 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317104048/http://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nasiru Ado Bayero ya samu gogewa wajen aiki tare da Bankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika, daga baya ya koma Kamfanin Coastal Corporation a [[Houston]], [[Texas]] sai kuma Hamlet Investment Ltd [[Landan|London]] . Shine shugaban kamfanin Enclo Limited da kamfanin 9 Mobile Nigeria. == Titles da alkawari == A ranar shidda (6) ga watan mayu shekara ta (1994), an nada Nasiru Ado Bayero a matsayin tafidan Kano kuma hakimin Waje daga mahaifinsa marigayi Ado bayaro Sarkin Kano na [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|13]] sannan kuma daga baya ya sauya shi zuwa [[Nasarawa (Kano)|hakimin]] ƙaramar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nassarawa]], sannan aka mayar da shi [[Tarauni]] a kan wannan matsayin. Ya samu daukaka zuwa Turakin Kano, da kuma Sarkin Dawakin Tsakar gida a shekara ta (2000). A shekara ta (2015), Sarkin Kano na [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|14]] [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II ya]] naɗa shi a matsayin Chiroman Kano. == Sarkin Bichi == === Shiga === A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta (2019), Nasiru Ado Bayero ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan an naɗa ɗan uwansa [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] a matsayin Sarkin Kano na([[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15]]). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ Nasir Ado Bayero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317104048/http://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |date=2018-03-17 }} * [https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ Sadu da Nasiru Ado Bayero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416002502/https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |date=2021-04-16 }} {{S-start}} {{S-hou|Gidan Dabo||1964|Living}} {{S-reg|}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Sarakuna na Afrika]] [[Category:Sarakunan Kano]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] == Career == Shine shugaban Enclo Limited, 9 Mobile Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2020 |title=Nasir Ado Bayero Resumes Royal Duty |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/04/05/nasir-ado-bayero-resumes-royal-duty/ |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=THISDAYLIVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Meet Alhaji Nasiru Ado Bayero, the New Chairman of 9Mobile |url=https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=Technext |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810224442/https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> n6nm7t7cw3xqfkevbk1wqre26zztrv0 827177 827176 2026-04-27T15:15:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 827177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Emir of Bichi 02.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Bichi Nasir Ado Bayero a yayin buɗe masallacin juma'a na garin [[Gwanki]].]] '''Nasiru Ado Bayero'''{{Audio|Ha-Nasiru Ado Bayero.ogg|Nasiru Ado Bayero}} (An haife shi a 2, Fabrairu (1964) Miladiyya (A.c). kuma shi ne sarki na biyu (2) na [[Masarautar Bichi|Bichi]]. Ya hau gadon sarautar ne daga hannun dan uwansa [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] wanda aka ambaci sunan sa a matsayin Sarkin Kano<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kehinde |first1=Opeyemi |title=Kano govt names Nasiru Ado Bayero as new Emir of Bichi |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-govt-names-nasiru-ado-bayero-as-new-emir-of-bichi.html |website=Daily Trust |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803211724/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-govt-names-nasiru-ado-bayero-as-new-emir-of-bichi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero to replace brother as new Emir of Bichi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-to-replace-brother-as-new-emir-of-bichi/ |website=Vanguard News |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yusuf |first1=Kabir |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero new Emir of Bichi – Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/381025-ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-new-emir-of-bichi.html |website=Premiumtimesnews |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> na shabiyar ([[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15]] ), bayan sauke dan uwansa kuma mai auren kanwarsa [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II]] da [[Gwamna]] [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Abdullahi Umar Ganduje yayi]] . Kafin hawansa kan kujerar sarauta, Nasiru Ado Bayero Chiroma ne na [[masarautar Kano]] kuma [[Masarautar Kano|hakimin]] gundumar [[Nasarawa|Nassarawa]] a lokacin mulkin [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II]]. == Rayuwar farko == === Iyali === An haifi Nasiru Ado Bayero a ranar biyu (2) ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara sittin da huɗu (1964) a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], daga marigayi [[Ado Bayero]] wanda shi ne [[Masarautar Kano|Sarkin Kano]] mafi dadewa a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|tarihin Kano]]. Shi ne da na uku ga marigayi [[Ado Bayero]] kuma shi ne dan fari, da aka haifa a gidan [[Masarautar Kano|masarautar Kano da]] aka fi sani da gidan dabo. Ya m Siblings hada Sanusi Ado Bayero da tsohon Chiroma daga shekarar alif da dari tara da casa'in (1990 )zuwa shekarar (2015) wanda daga baya ya yi nasara, da kuma [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] da [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15th]] Sarkin Kano.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganduje appoints Nasiru Ado Bayero to replace brother as new Emir of Bichi. |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/ganduje-appoints-nasiru-ado-bayero-to-replace-brother-as-new-emir-of-bichi/ |website=Vanguard News |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> === Illimi === [[Fayil:Bichi Emirates 1.jpg|thumb|masarautar bichi]] Nasiru Ado Bayero ya yi karatun firamare da sakandire a Kano, daga nan ne ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Jami'ar Maiduguri da]] ke [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] don karatun fannin sadarwa wato "Mass Communication" a shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da tamanin da bakwai (1987). Ya kammala karatun Harvard Business School sannan kuma yana da satifiket a harshen Jamusanci a shekara ta alif da dari tara da casa'in da uku (1993).<ref name="The nation">{{cite web |title=All hail new Bichi Emir – The Nation Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/all-hail-new-bichi-emir/ |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |accessdate=1 June 2020 |date=15 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Levene Energy Group {{!}} HRH Nasir Ado Bayero Group Vice Chairman. |url=https://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |website=Levene Energy Group |accessdate=1 June 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317104048/http://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nasiru Ado Bayero ya samu gogewa wajen aiki tare da Bankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika, daga baya ya koma Kamfanin Coastal Corporation a [[Houston]], [[Texas]] sai kuma Hamlet Investment Ltd [[Landan|London]] . Shine shugaban kamfanin Enclo Limited da kamfanin 9 Mobile Nigeria. == Titles da alkawari == A ranar shidda (6) ga watan mayu shekara ta (1994), an nada Nasiru Ado Bayero a matsayin tafidan Kano kuma hakimin Waje daga mahaifinsa marigayi Ado bayaro Sarkin Kano na [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|13]] sannan kuma daga baya ya sauya shi zuwa [[Nasarawa (Kano)|hakimin]] ƙaramar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nassarawa]], sannan aka mayar da shi [[Tarauni]] a kan wannan matsayin. Ya samu daukaka zuwa Turakin Kano, da kuma Sarkin Dawakin Tsakar gida a shekara ta (2000). A shekara ta (2015), Sarkin Kano na [[Jerin sarakunan Kano|14]] [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammad Sanusi II ya]] naɗa shi a matsayin Chiroman Kano. == Sarkin Bichi == === Shiga === A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta (2019), Nasiru Ado Bayero ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan an naɗa ɗan uwansa [[Aminu Ado Bayero]] a matsayin Sarkin Kano na([[Jerin sarakunan Kano|15]]). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ Nasir Ado Bayero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317104048/http://www.leveneenergy.com/our-key-people/hrh-nasir-ado-bayero-group-vice-chairman/ |date=2018-03-17 }} * [https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ Sadu da Nasiru Ado Bayero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416002502/https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |date=2021-04-16 }} {{S-start}} {{S-hou|Gidan Dabo||1964|Living}} {{S-reg|}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Sarakuna na Afrika]] [[Category:Sarakunan Kano]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] == Career == Shine shugaban Enclo Limited, 9 Mobile Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2020 |title=Nasir Ado Bayero Resumes Royal Duty |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/04/05/nasir-ado-bayero-resumes-royal-duty/ |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=THISDAYLIVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Meet Alhaji Nasiru Ado Bayero, the New Chairman of 9Mobile |url=https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=Technext |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810224442/https://technext.ng/2018/11/13/meet-nasiru-ado-bayero-the-new-chairman-of-9mobile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> rs1vfo5a3otj4deuubjsu3z9ugykz94 0 21045 827341 777456 2026-04-27T22:38:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habiba Zéhi Ben Romdhane 1.jpg|thumb|habiba]] '''Habiba Zehi Ben Romdhane''' itace ministar lafiya ta ƙasar Tunisia. Ta fara aiki ne acikin gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta ƙasar Tunusiya wacce ta fara a ranar ashirin da takwas 28 ga watan Janairun shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha ɗaya (2011), bayan zanga-zanga ta rusa tsohuwar gwamnatin kama-karya.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/108474690/AFP| title = Photo of Habiba Zehi Ben Romdhane plus caption| last1 = Belaid| first1 = Fethi| last2 = AFP staff| date = 30 January 2011| publisher = [[Agence France-Presse]], [[Getty Images]]| access-date = 28 January 2011}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Karatu == Habiba Zehi Ben Romdhane ta sami digiri na kiwon lafiyar jama'a daga Faculty of Medicine a Jami'ar Tunis a shekara ta aluf ɗari tarada sabain da takwas (1978) kuma ta sami horo kan kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Jami'ar Laval a shekara ta aluf ɗari tara da sabain da tara (1979), Jami'ar Chicago a shekara ta aluf ɗari tara da tamanin da ɗaya (1981) da Jami'ar Tokyo a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da ta takwas(1988) . Ita farfesa ce ta maganin rigakafi tare da Kwalejin Magunguna a Jami'ar Tunis kuma shugabar Laboratory for Research a kan annoba da rigakafin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini kuma ta yi aiki tare da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] . A cikin shekara ta 2001, ta sami lambar yabo ta al'umman Maghreb na Kimiyyar Likita. Ita ce mamba a cikin theungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Tunusiya, da sauran ƙungiyoyin likitancin ƙasa da na duniya.<ref name="Leaders.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/mme-habiba-ezzahi-ben-romdhane-ministre-de-la-sante-publique?id=3852 |title=Mme Habiba Ezzahi Ben Romdhane, ministre de la Santé publique |format= |work= Leaders.com|access-date=30 January 2011}} (fr)</ref> Habiba Zehi Ben Romdhane ta yi haɗin gwiwa da Ƙungiyar Matan Dimokuradiyya ta kasar Tunisia da kuma Ƙungiyar Raya Raya Raunin Tunusiya, da kuma Ƙungiyar Amnesty International reshen Tunusiya. [[File:Habiba Zéhi Ben Romdhane.jpg|thumb|Habiba Zehi Ben Romdhane]] An haifi Habiba Zehi Ben Romdhane a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin 1950 a El Ksar a cikin Gafsa Governorate ta Tunisia. Mijinta, Mahmoud Ben Romdhane, masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma memba na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Ettajdid Movement. == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Category:Mutanan Tunusiya]] [[Category:Minista]] [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Mata yan siyasa]] [[Category:Ministocin Tunusiya]] 4d5zcxr7bdz9uirb0eqn5zsq12em8ic 4 21908 827319 826819 2026-04-27T21:26:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 827319 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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|[[User:BrazilianInBattleofVerdun|BrazilianInBattleofVerdun]] |[[Special:Contributions/BrazilianInBattleofVerdun|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 26 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |98 |[[User:Wikihellyahoo|Wikihellyahoo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wikihellyahoo|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |99 |[[User:Bosancica by MK|Bosancica by MK]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bosancica by MK|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |100 |[[User:CBMPET2001|CBMPET2001]] |[[Special:Contributions/CBMPET2001|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |101 |[[User:Javersi|Javersi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Javersi|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |102 |[[User:Misicmoot|Misicmoot]] |[[Special:Contributions/Misicmoot|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |103 |[[User:Mister Rabbit 64|Mister Rabbit 64]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mister Rabbit 64|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |104 |[[User:Eowrjfjdjdjr|Eowrjfjdjdjr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Eowrjfjdjdjr|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |105 |[[User:Thanhng120|Thanhng120]] |[[Special:Contributions/Thanhng120|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |106 |[[User:A loose necktie|A loose necktie]] |[[Special:Contributions/A loose necktie|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |107 |[[User:Walanpase|Walanpase]] |[[Special:Contributions/Walanpase|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |108 |[[User:Marcinekk2|Marcinekk2]] |[[Special:Contributions/Marcinekk2|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |109 |[[User:Mpns|Mpns]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mpns|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |110 |[[User:Pretty Fulani|Pretty Fulani]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pretty Fulani|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |111 |[[User:ARoseThorn|ARoseThorn]] |[[Special:Contributions/ARoseThorn|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |112 |[[User:Faithchumds001|Faithchumds001]] |[[Special:Contributions/Faithchumds001|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |113 |[[User:S k y r|S k y r]] |[[Special:Contributions/S k y r|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 27 ga Afrilu 2026 |- |} n8tjrwpodrxn3oi6v8m2qxadc4z17sv 0 22612 827370 499524 2026-04-28T04:13:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Chadic-West.png|thumb|bangaren chadic]] [[Fayil:Chadic languages map.svg|thumb|bangaren masu yaren chadic]] '''Ce''' harshen Chadic ne a [[Najeriya]]. ==Kalmomi== Kalmomin Harshen Ce da Hausa da [[Turanci]]:<ref>Blench, Roger. 2014. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf Ce Medical terminology and diseases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717175738/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Ce !! Hausa !! English |- | àhîhêng || [[sakuwa]] || hiccups |- | àkáyhì || [[kashi jini]] || dysentery |- | àsànkàru || [[sankaru]] || meningitis |- | ayhéng || [[ramiwa]] || weight loss, leanness, emaciation |- | bàdirí isún || [[hauka]] || insanity |- | bàdòng || [[agana]] || smallpox |- | bàkóndùro || [[bakondoro]] || measles |- | bàtàràshìk || [[farfadya]] || epilepsy |- | ìcàn || [[kululuwa]] || enlarged nodes on groin |- | ìdèmbù || [[gyambo]] || external ulcer |- | ìhéhèk || [[sifa]] || enlarged spleen |- | ihuk || [[kullutu]] || cyst |- | ìhùùl || [[kumburi]] || swelling |- | ìhúúl kukpa || [[zazabi]] || fever |- | ijiga || [[jiga]] || jigger |- | ìkan bàyhì || [[rashin jini]] || anaemia |- | ìkól || [[kazuwa]] || scabies |- | ìkòóng || [[fuka]] || tuberculosis/asthma |- | ìkós || [[amai]] || vomiting |- | ìkron || [[miki]] || scratch, abrasion |- | imaho || [[kuturta]] || leprosy |- | inkpra || [[kululuwa]] || whitlow |- | ìnyishí || [[tsutsan ciki]] || pinworms |- | ìnjá kìnè || [[macijin ciki]] || intestinal worms |- | ìtisí àká || [[zawo]] || diarrhoea |- | ìtràt || [[kanjamau]] || AIDS |- | ìyo ìwúsù || [[kuturta]] || leprosy |- | iyo kukpisek || [[ciwon sanyi]] || gonorrhea |- | kinku || [[kaban cibi]] || umbilical hernia |- | kishik || [[maruru]] || boil |- | kuho || [[makanta]] || blindness |- | kunut || [[miki]] || wound |- | ucisi || [[atishawu]] || sneezing |- | udyà || [[rashin karfi]] || fatigue |- | uhùrò || [[mura]] || cold |- | ukanggà ìsúgà || [[ciwon suga]] || diabetes |- | ukpáy || [[tari]] || cough |- | ukpáy áyhì || [[tari jini]] || coughing with blood, haemoptysis |} ==Duba kuma== *[[Harsunan Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Plateau]] [[Category:Harsunan Chadic]] fm8yev7c8szbykomr2yjxnlingyynj4 0 22621 827329 513134 2026-04-27T21:54:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Wound from tinea.jpg|thumb|hoton gyambo]] [[File:Clinical_photo_of_necrotic_ulceration.png |thumb|Gyambo ]] [[File:A_forearm_with_three_open_wounds._Coloured_stipple_etching_b_Wellcome_V0009658.jpg |thumb|Gyambo a Hannu ]] [[Fayil:Device for skin wound closure.jpg|thumb|Raunihh]] '''Gyambo''' ([[Turanci]]: ''external ulcer'')<ref>Blench, Roger. 2014. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf Ce Medical terminology and diseases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717175738/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kiwon lafiya]] {{stub}} kcboyckrvs83cjfde4kutrajzn6519s 0 22803 827300 289805 2026-04-27T21:20:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. & Broome) R. Heim 564259.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Guwande]] '''Guwande''' "[[:en:Fungi|fungus]]" ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. & Broome) R. Heim 702472.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Guwande]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 3qkg9t3hffibc4f65ijj61giiwj2khu 0 22805 827247 444936 2026-04-27T16:14:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Cardiospermum grandifl Gomera flower.jpg|thumb|godar zomo]] [[File:Cardiospermum grandiflorum.jpg|thumb|Godar zomo]] [[File:Balloon vine ( Cardiospermum grandiflorum) (6634739087).jpg|thumb|Godar kaji tayi shar]] [[File:Cardiospermum grandiflorum, Sapindaceae, Balloonvine w Maderia (33278402176).jpg|thumb|dan godar zomo]] [[File:Cardiospermum grandiflorum plant NC4.jpg|thumb|hoton godar zomo]] '''Godar zomo'''[[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref>. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] giryzrgoxmw26qyj6f2a339pcuw3wy9 0 22832 827253 562230 2026-04-27T16:57:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Thespesia garckeana 1DS-II 1010.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Gidan tula]] '''Goron tula,''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Thespesia garckeana 1DS-II 4366.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Goron tula]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] on28nr38nlhtqaexrfztau365z08y9u 0 22846 827230 444116 2026-04-27T15:41:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gizgiri''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] b6qxkmph8ca2ckgpos0zasbcg0kc43t 0 22878 827294 444128 2026-04-27T21:03:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gurku''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] jyg4fbysr1x9quap1s5zo34ixqm7zd5 0 22882 827328 289809 2026-04-27T21:51:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Grewia villosa 1DS-II 3-2108.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Gwaiwar rakumi]] '''Gwiwar rakumi''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Grewia villosa kz05.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Gwaiwar rakumi]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 5jg88ng6pz8aawczcpwfkd3mobjm8ej 0 22892 827248 513718 2026-04-27T16:14:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Loeseneriella africana MS 2430.jpg|thumb|shuka gidayi]] '''Godayi: wata''' [[shuka]] ne mai kyau .<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> Kuma tana da wuyan sha ani ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] bob5innoo7l5fcjt5jwpfeman3mihhx 0 22903 827287 502449 2026-04-27T20:15:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Echinops humilis1.jpg|thumb|shukar gululun zomo]] '''Gululun zomo''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] jljk9ek0r2bnh4js2ilir0c993xkp6f 0 22907 827251 289796 2026-04-27T16:47:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Goradi''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Oxytenanthera abyssinica 2zz.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Garadi]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 7xfw5a2aej7gmg38q4uhmpbrq1yjz7w 0 22909 827397 310250 2026-04-28T07:34:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Galanthus nivalis close-up aka.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Amarilidáceas Diversidad General para la flor.png|thumb]] '''Hatsin manoma''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 3j9tx29ho1bsvdqjfawfnhhlsiegxuy 0 22942 827281 791725 2026-04-27T20:08:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Monodora myristica-Jardin botanique Meise (4).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Gujiyar dan Miya]] [[Fayil:Monodora myristica-Jardin botanique Meise (1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Monodora myristica Tropical Dome Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt Coot-tha L1020706.jpg|thumb|ganyen gujjiya]] '''Gujiyar dan miya''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Monodora myristica plant, April 2023.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Gujiyar dan miya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 3vtvo32mry32o5ssxqzhyzno59jj507 0 22951 827250 444152 2026-04-27T16:23:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gogan u ƙuduji''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 7vg0p5c7jb96q68c5h4lmwsnnezkd9x 0 22966 827386 499395 2026-04-28T05:58:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Protea madiensis MHNT.BOT.2009.13.23.jpg|thumb|Harshen tukunya]] '''Harshen tunkiya''' [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> [[File:Protea_madiensis_MHNT.BOT.2009.13.23.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Harshen tunkiya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] 6wlk3zo9l9qpxqyqogwgyvyig12nlgj 0 26079 827343 723359 2026-04-27T23:00:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Annabin musulunci, ([[MUHAMMAD,S A W]]) ya bayyana sahabbansa guda goma 10 waɗanda aka yi musu alkawarin aljanna. Ana kiran sahabban da aka ambata a cikin wannan hadisin a matsayin '''Goma tare da Bisharar Aljanna''' (Larabci: العشرة المبشرون بالجنة, romanized: ''al-`Asharaa al-Mubasharûn bi-l-Janna'') An tattara hadisin a cikin littattafai biyu daga cikin shida na the Kutub al-Sittah: the Jamiʿ at-Tirmidhi<ref name="Tirmidhi4112">''[[Jamiʿ at-Tirmidhi]]'', book 49 (The Chapters on Virtues), [http://sunnah.com/urn/636260 hadith 4112].</ref> and the Sunan Abu Dawood.<ref name="Dawud42-54">''[[Sunan Abu Dawood|Sunan Abi Dawud]]'', book 42 (Kitab al-Sunnah), [https://sunnah.com/abudawud/42/54 hadith 54]. {{quote|Narrated [[Sa'id ibn Zayd]]: :Abdur-Rahman ibn al-Akhnas said that when he was in the mosque, a man mentioned Ali (may Allah be pleased with him). So Sa'id ibn Zayd got up and said: ::I bear witness to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) that I heard him say: :::Ten persons will go to Paradise: [[Muhammad|The Prophet]] (ﷺ) will go to Paradise, [[Abu Bakr]] will go to Paradise, [[Umar]] will go to Paradise, [[Uthman]] will go to Paradise, [[Ali]] will go to Paradise, [[Talhah]] will go to Paradise, [[Zubayr ibn al-Awam|az-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]] will go to paradise, [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas|Sa'd ibn Malik]] will go to Paradise, and [[Abdur Rahman bin Awf|Abdur-Rahman ibn Awf]] will go to Paradise. If I wish, I can mention the tenth. The people asked: Who is he? So he kept silence. They again asked: Who is he? He replied: He is Sa'id ibn Zayd.}}</ref> Siffar hadisin da aka tattara a cikin Jamiʿ at-Tirmidhi ya tafi kamar haka:<ref name="Tirmidhi4112" /> {{quote|An karbo daga Abdurrahman ibn Awf cewa: Manzon Allah yace: ::Abubakar yana Aljanna, Umar yana Aljanna, Usman yana Aljanna, Ali yana Aljanna, Talhah yana cikin Aljanna, Zubairu bn al-Awam yana Aljanna, Abdur Rahman bin Awf yana Aljanna, Sa`ad bn Abi Waqqas a Aljanna, Sa'id bn Zayd yana Aljanna, Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah yana Aljanna.<ref name="Tirmidhi4112"/>}} == Dubi na yan Sunna == Mafi yawan Ahlus -Sunnah suna kallonsa da kyau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.islamquest.net/fa/archive/question/az21786|title=آیا روایت "عشره مبشره" (مژده بهشت به ده نفر از اصحاب پیامبر اسلام(ص)) صحیح است؟ - گنجینه پاسخ‌ها - اسلام کوئست - مرجعی برای پاسخگویی به سوالات دینی، اعتقادی و شرعی|website=www.islamquest.net|access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-islam.org/inquiries-about-shia-islam-sayyid-moustafa-al-qazwini/companions-prophet|title=Companions of the Prophet|date=2013-01-09|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en|access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ar.wikishia.net/view/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9|title=العشرة المبشرة|website=ويكي شيعة|language=ar|access-date=2019-05-15|archive-date=2019-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627172358/http://ar.wikishia.net/view/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tirmizi, Abu Dawood, da Ibn Majah ne suka ruwaito wannan hadisi cikin tarin abubuwa uku. Tarin Hadisi na Sunni, wanda ake kira Kutub al-Sittah (tarin hadisai guda shida), ya haɗa da: Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abu Dawood, Al-Sunan al-Sughra, Jami` at-Tirmidhi da Sunan ibn Majah. Sahih al-Bukhari da Sahih Muslim ana ɗaukarsu mafi amintattun waɗannan tarin.<ref>Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah, pg. 160 Dar al-Ma’aarif edition; al-Tirmithi, under #3748; al-Tirmithi, Volume 5, Page 605, Hadith 3748; Abu Daoud, #4649 and #4650</ref> Ahlussunna sun ce an rarrabe sahabban Annabi MUHAMMAD zuwa ƙungiyoyi goma sha biyu 12<ref name="caliphtv">{{cite web|url=http://www.caliphtv.com/files/khalid.bin.waleed/khalid/companions.html|title=Twelve Ranks of the Companions|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423065308/http://www.caliphtv.com/files/khalid.bin.waleed/khalid/companions.html#12ranks|archive-date=2011-04-23}}</ref> kuma daga cikin wadannan aljanna goma da aka yi alkawari sun kasance na farko.<ref name="caliphtv" /><ref name="Haddad">{{cite web|url=http://www.livingislam.org/n/shb_e.html|title=Sahaba|author=Sh. G. F. Haddad|date=2002-10-27|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=2014-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008181651/http://www.livingislam.org/n/shb_e.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Dubi na yan Shia == 'Yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da wannan hadisin gaba daya saboda ba su da wadannan hadisai a cikin litattafansu na hadisansu. Sun kuma yi imanin cewa an ƙirƙiro waɗannan hadisai ne a cikin ƙungiyoyin Ahlussunna a zamanin daular Umayyawa kamar yadda hadisai suka bambanta a tsakanin su akan su wanene waɗannan mutane 10.<ref>{{Cite web|title=»الإجابة على الأسئلة العقائدية »مركز الأبحاث العقائدية|url=http://www.aqaed.com/faq/460/|website=www.aqaed.com|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} kpgt536j19v495re9bvcx48lf17kvh8 0 26865 827164 635992 2026-04-27T15:00:56Z Sunusi Kiru 41649 Gyara 827164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kabiru Usman Hassan (DG GOGIS) and DG NESREA Prof Aliyu Jauro 07.jpg|thumb|Kabiru_Usman_Hassan_(DG_GOGIS)_and_DG_NESREA_Prof_Aliyu_Jauro_07]] Hon. '''Kabiru Hassan Dashi''' (An haifeshi ranar 2 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1976) a garin Dashi da ke a ƙaramar hukumar kiru Kabiru Hassan Kabiru Hassan ==Karatu== Honorabul Kabiru Hassan Dashi ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Dashi daga shekarar 1989- shekarar 1988 da JSS, Galadimawa a shekarar 1989 a karamar makarantar sa. Ya wuce babbar Sakandare a GSS Kafin Maiyaki a shekarar 1992..Yayi karatu na matakin Higher National Diploma (HND) akan Accounting and Finance da Post Graduate Diploma a fannin Accounting and Finance.a BUK. <ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/12/16/kano-house-of-assembly-elect-new-speaker-others</ref> ==Siyasa== An zabi Dashi a matsayin mai ba da shawara a unguwar Dashi kuma ya kuma zama shugaban kansila. Daga nan kuma aka nada shi a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Kananan Hukumomi, (Monitor State CRC ) da Shugaban Matasan Karamar Hukumar PDP. Yana aiki da ma'aikatar kananan hukumomi ta jiha a matsayin akawu daga shekarar 2008-2014. Da radin kansa ya ajiye mukaminsa na tsayawa takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Kano a shekarar 2015 inda ya samu nasara a karkashin jam’iyyar APC. Sannan kuma ya kara lashe zabensa karo na biyu a shekarar 2019 kuma yasamu mukamin Majority leader 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://kanostate.gov.ng/min-for-youth-and-sports |access-date=2021-11-07 |archive-date=2021-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107201522/https://kanostate.gov.ng/min-for-youth-and-sports/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Murabus=== A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, 2020 ya sauka daga muƙaminsa na shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar kuma aka maye gurbinsa da Hon. [[Labaran Abdul Madari]]. <ref>https://dailynigerian.com/tag/kabiru-dashi</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1sw0l6w28t837xs01b6olemsc6tbeql 827165 827164 2026-04-27T15:01:56Z Sunusi Kiru 41649 /* Karatu */ 827165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kabiru Usman Hassan (DG GOGIS) and DG NESREA Prof Aliyu Jauro 07.jpg|thumb|Kabiru_Usman_Hassan_(DG_GOGIS)_and_DG_NESREA_Prof_Aliyu_Jauro_07]] Hon. '''Kabiru Hassan Dashi''' (An haifeshi ranar 2 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1976) a garin Dashi da ke a ƙaramar hukumar kiru Kabiru Hassan Kabiru Hassan ==Karatu== Honorabul Kabiru Hassan Dashi ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Dashi daga shekarar 1989- shekarar 1988 da JSS, Galadimawa a shekarar 1989 a karamar makarantar kiru. Ya wuce babbar Sakandare a GSS Kafin Maiyaki kiru a shekarar 1992..Yayi karatu na matakin Higher National Diploma (HND) akan Accounting and Finance da Post Graduate Diploma a fannin Accounting and Finance.a BUK. <ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/12/16/kano-house-of-assembly-elect-new-speaker-others</ref> ==Siyasa== An zabi Dashi a matsayin mai ba da shawara a unguwar Dashi kuma ya kuma zama shugaban kansila. Daga nan kuma aka nada shi a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Kananan Hukumomi, (Monitor State CRC ) da Shugaban Matasan Karamar Hukumar PDP. Yana aiki da ma'aikatar kananan hukumomi ta jiha a matsayin akawu daga shekarar 2008-2014. Da radin kansa ya ajiye mukaminsa na tsayawa takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Kano a shekarar 2015 inda ya samu nasara a karkashin jam’iyyar APC. Sannan kuma ya kara lashe zabensa karo na biyu a shekarar 2019 kuma yasamu mukamin Majority leader 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://kanostate.gov.ng/min-for-youth-and-sports |access-date=2021-11-07 |archive-date=2021-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107201522/https://kanostate.gov.ng/min-for-youth-and-sports/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Murabus=== A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, 2020 ya sauka daga muƙaminsa na shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar kuma aka maye gurbinsa da Hon. [[Labaran Abdul Madari]]. <ref>https://dailynigerian.com/tag/kabiru-dashi</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 6hyt4ky82r045vkwhd3ntyjzo6bqgbo 0 27262 827211 457614 2026-04-27T15:29:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 827211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Amina,''''' [[Fim Ɗin Afrika|fim]] [[Neja|ne]] [[Najeriya|na]] 2012 na [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan]] [[adam]] [[Nasarawa|na]] [[Najeriya]] da [[Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic|aka]] [[Rubutaccen adabi|rubuta]], [[wanda]] [[Christian Atsu|Christian]] Ashaiku ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni, tare da [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde]], Van Vicker da Alison Carroll. ''An haska Amina'' a wani wuri a Landan.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.360nobs.com/2012/10/amina-the-movie-omotola-jalade-ekeindes-hot-hot-red-carpet-look-uk-premiere/ | title=UK Premiere of Amina movie | publisher=360nobs | date=October 18, 2012 | accessdate=9 February 2014 | archive-date=8 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808152024/https://www.360nobs.com/2012/10/amina-the-movie-omotola-jalade-ekeindes-hot-hot-red-carpet-look-uk-premiere/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gistus.com/6738/movie-amina-movie-trailer | title=Amina film | publisher=Gistus | date=13 April 2012 | accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> == Yan wasa == * [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde]] a matsayin Amina * Wil Johnson a matsayin Dr Johnson * Van Vicker | kamar Michael * Vincent Regan * Alison Carroll a matsayin Lucy * Susan Mclean a matsayin Nurse == liyafa == ''Amina ta'' samu gaba ɗaya gauraye zuwa ra'ayoyi mara kyau; masu suka da yawa sun soki yadda aka shirya fim ɗin. A wani fin da harshen turanci wato Nollywood Forever) ya ba shi rating 45%, kuma ya yi sharhi mara kyau game da wasan kwaikwayo. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|tt2371478|Amina}} [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] 1mnlmur60vy0jus5mmt2a0nzpag2xjg 0 29785 827399 791414 2026-04-28T08:04:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haƙƙin Dokokin Ayyukan Jama'a''' a ƙasar [[Indiya]] sun ƙunshi dokoki na doka waɗanda ke ba da garantin isar da sabis na sabis na jama'a daban-daban da gwamnati ke bayarwa ga ɗan ƙasa tare da samar da hanyar hukunta ma'aikacin gwamnati da ya gaza wajen ba da sabis ɗin da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin doka. Dokar ‘yancin yin hidima na nufin rage cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami’an gwamnati da kuma kara nuna gaskiya da rikon amana a tsakanin jama’a. Madhya Pradesh ta zama [[Jihohi a Tarayyar Indiya|jiha]] ta farko a [[Indiya]] da ta kafa dokar Haƙƙin Hidima a ranar 18 ga Agustan shekara ta 2010 kuma Bihar ita ce ta biyu da ta zartar da wannan doka a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011. Yawancin wasu jihohi kamar [[Bihar]], Delhi, [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Kerala]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]] [[Maharashtra]] da [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] sun gabatar da irin wannan doka don aiwatar da haƙƙin yin hidima ga ɗan ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Punjab clears Right to all services Act|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/08/stories/2011060868130500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613013708/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/08/stories/2011060868130500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2011|accessdate=4 December 2011|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Corruption watchdog hails Bihar, BIHAR govts as best service-providers|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-21/india/29458398_1_passport-office-transparency-international-guidelines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107031642/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-21/india/29458398_1_passport-office-transparency-international-guidelines|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|accessdate=4 December 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web|title=Right to Service Act to come into force from tomorrow|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Patna/Right-to-Service-Act-to-come-into-force-from-tomorrow/Article1-733298.aspx|work=14 August 2011|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=4 December 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215072425/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Patna/Right-to-Service-Act-to-come-into-force-from-tomorrow/Article1-733298.aspx|archivedate=15 December 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Behera|first=Chitta Ranjan|title=RIGHT TO PUBLIC SERVICES BILL-STATES TO ACT TANDEM WITH JAN LOKPAL BILL|url=http://www.orissabarta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8603:right-to-public-services-bill-states-to-act-tandem-with-jan-lokpal-bill&catid=41:articles&Itemid=27|accessdate=4 December 2011|archive-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426020120/http://www.orissabarta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8603:right-to-public-services-bill-states-to-act-tandem-with-jan-lokpal-bill&catid=41:articles&Itemid=27|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tsarin tsari == Tsarin gama gari na dokokin a jihohi daban-daban sun haɗa da, ba da “haƙƙin ayyukan jama’a”, wanda jami’in da aka naɗa zai ba jama’a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Ayyukan jama'a waɗanda za a ba su a matsayin haƙƙi a ƙarƙashin dokoki ana sanar da su gabaɗaya ta hanyar sanarwar Gazette . Wasu daga cikin ayyukan jama'a na gama gari waɗanda za a yi a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokaci a matsayin haƙƙi a ƙarƙashin Ayyukan Manzanni, sun haɗa da ba da takardar shaidar kabilanci, haihuwa, aure da na gida, haɗin lantarki, katin jefa ƙuri'a, katunan rabo, kwafin bayanan ƙasa, da sauransu.<ref name="MP">{{cite web|title=RIGHT TO SERVICE IN MADHYA PRADESH|url=http://indiagovernance.gov.in/download.php?filename=files/righttoservice.pdf|publisher=Governance Knowledge Center, Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances, Ministry of Personnel, Pensions & Public Grievances, Government of India|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508105522/http://indiagovernance.gov.in/download.php?filename=files%2Frighttoservice.pdf|archivedate=2012-05-08}}</ref><ref name="Bihar RTPS">{{cite web|title=CITIZENS’ RIGHT TO PUBLIC SERVICE|url=http://indiagovernance.gov.in/download.php?filename=files/RTPS_documentation.pdf|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances, Ministry of Personnel, Pensions & Public Grievances, Government of India|accessdate=4 December 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114131204/http://indiagovernance.gov.in/download.php?filename=files%2FRTPS_documentation.pdf|archivedate=14 November 2011}}</ref> Idan an gaza ba da sabis ta wurin jami'in da aka zaɓa a cikin lokacin da aka ba shi ko kuma an ƙi ba da sabis ɗin, wanda ya yi fushi zai iya tuntuɓar Hukumar ɗaukaka ƙara ta farko. Hukumar daukaka kara ta farko, bayan ta saurari karar, za ta iya karba ko ƙin yarda da ƙarar ta hanyar yin odar a rubuce da ke bayyana dalilan yin odar da kuma kusanci ga mai nema, kuma za ta iya umurci ma’aikacin gwamnati ya ba da sabis ga mai nema. <ref name="MP" /> Za a iya daukaka kara daga odar hukumar daukaka kara ta farko zuwa ga hukumar daukaka kara ta biyu, wacce za ta iya karba ko kin amincewa da bukatar, ta hanyar yin odar a rubuce da ke bayyana dalilan umarnin da kuma kusanci ga mai bukata, kuma zai iya ba da umarni. ma'aikacin gwamnati don ba da sabis ga mai nema ko zai iya zartar da hukunci ga jami'in da aka zaɓa saboda ƙarancin sabis ba tare da wani dalili mai ma'ana ba, wanda zai iya kama daga Rs. 500 zuwa Rs. 5000 ko yana iya ba da shawarar shari'ar ladabtarwa . Ana iya biyan mai nema daga hukuncin da aka yanke wa jami'in. An baiwa hukumomin daukaka karar wasu iko na Kotun Farar Hula yayin da suke kokarin kara karkashin Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, kamar samar da takardu da bayar da sammaci ga jami'an da aka zaba da masu daukaka kara. <ref name="Bihar RTPS" /> == Ana aiwatar da jihohi == {| class="wikitable" !Jiha ! Taken aiki ! Matsayi |- | Punjab | Haƙƙin Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a, 2011 | Sanarwa |- | Uttarakhand | Dokar Haƙƙin Sabis ta Uttarakhand, 2011 | Sanarwa |- | Madhya Pradesh | Madhya Pradesh Lok Sewaon Ke Pradan Ki Guarantee Adhiniyam, 2010 | An kafa |- | Bihar | Bihar Lok sewaon ka adhikar Adhiniyam, 2011 | An kafa |- | Delhi | Delhi (Haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa zuwa Bayar da Sabis na Lokaci) Dokar 2011 | Sanarwa |- | Jharkhand | Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Sabis, 2011 | Sanarwa |- | Himachal Pradesh | Himachal Pradesh Dokar Garanti na Ayyukan Jama'a, 2011 | Sanarwa |- | Rajasthan | Rajasthan Public Service Guarantee Act, 2011 | Sanarwa |- | Uttar Pradesh | Dokar Garanti ta Janhit, 2011 | An kafa |- | Kerala | Dokar Haƙƙin Hidima ta Jihar Kerala, 2012 | An kafa |- | Karnataka | Dokar Karnataka (Haƙƙin Jama'a zuwa Bayar da Sabis na Lokaci), 2011 | Sanarwa |- | Chhattisgarh | Bill Guarantee Chhattisgarh Lok Seva, 2011 | Sanarwa |- | Jammu na Kashmir | Dokar Garanti na Ayyukan Jama'a na Jammu da Kashmir, 2011 | Sanarwa |- | Odisha | Odisha Right to Public Services Act, 2012 | Sanarwa |- | [[Assam]] | Assam Right to Public Services Act, 2012 | Sanarwa |- | Gwamnatin tsakiya | Yarjejeniya Ta Jama'a da Kudirin Magance Korafe-korafe 2011 | An gabatar da shi |- | [[Gujarat]] | Dokar Gujarat (Haƙƙin Jama'a zuwa Ayyukan Jama'a), 2013 | An kafa |- | [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] | Yammacin Bengal Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Jama'a, 2013 | Sanarwa |- | [[Goa]] | Dokar Goa (Haƙƙin Bayar da Sabis na Jama'a) Lokaci, 2013 | Sanarwa |- | [[Haryana]] | Dokar Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Haryana, 2014 | Sanarwa |- | [[Maharashtra]] | Haƙƙin Maharashtra zuwa Dokar Sabis na Jama'a, 2015.<ref>[https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Acts%20Rules/English/Notification.....pdf Maharashtra Right to Public Services Ordinance, 2015]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab govt notifies Right to Service Act|url=http://punjabnewsline.com/content/punjab-govt-notifies-right-service-act/32426|accessdate=4 December 2011|archive-date=15 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015003436/http://punjabnewsline.com/content/punjab-govt-notifies-right-service-act/32426|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand implements Right to Service Act|url=http://post.jagran.com/uttarakhand-implements-right-to-service-act-1319861700|work=29 October 2011|publisher=Jagran Post|accessdate=4 December 2011|archive-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201145126/http://post.jagran.com/uttarakhand-implements-right-to-service-act-1319861700|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh Public Service Guarantee Act|url=http://www.mightylaws.in/275/madhya-pradesh-public-service-guarantee-act2010|publisher=MightyLaws|accessdate=4 December 2011|archive-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211231731/http://www.mightylaws.in/275/madhya-pradesh-public-service-guarantee-act2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi notifies Right to Service Act|url=http://www.igovernment.in/site/delhi-notifies-right-service-act|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421182012/http://www.igovernment.in/site/delhi-notifies-right-service-act|archivedate=2012-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jharkhand Notifies Right to Service Act|url=http://www.igovernment.in/site/jharkhand-notifies-right-service-act|accessdate=4 December 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421181948/http://www.igovernment.in/site/jharkhand-notifies-right-service-act|archivedate=21 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Himachal Pradesh to implement Right to Service Act from November 16|url=http://post.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh-to-implement-right-to-service-act-from-november16-1320567712-1|publisher=Jagran Post|accessdate=4 December 2011|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221192000/http://post.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh-to-implement-right-to-service-act-from-november16-1320567712-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan Guaranteed Delivery of Public Services (official page)|url=http://rgdps.rajasthan.gov.in/|publisher=Rajasthan Government|accessdate=13 December 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140113144513/http://rgdps.rajasthan.gov.in/|archivedate=13 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan Guaranteed Delivery of Public Services Act implemented|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Rajasthan-Guaranteed-Delivery-of-Public-Services-Act-implemented/articleshow/10732951.cms|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=4 December 2011|date=15 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Right to Service enforced in Uttar Pradesh from today|url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-124661.html|accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Public service guarantee law enacted|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/international/2012/July/international_July553.xml&section=international&col=}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Service, guaranteed: Sakala comes into effect on Apr 2|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_service-guaranteed-sakala-comes-into-effect-on-apr-2_1670380}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Notification of the Chhattisgarh Lok Seva Guarantee Rules, 2011|url=http://cg.nic.in/gadonline/statecirculars/Criculars/Scan-file-2000-2002/year2012/201200001_001_01.pdf|publisher=Government of Chhattisgarh|accessdate=29 January 2012|format=PDF|year=2011|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221183038/http://cg.nic.in/gadonline/statecirculars/Criculars/Scan-file-2000-2002/year2012/201200001_001_01.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Implementation of the Jammu and Kashmir Public Services Guarantee Act, 2011.|url=http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/J&K-Public-Services-Guarantee/Circulars.pdf|publisher=Government of Jammu and Kashmir|accessdate=5 February 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008155254/http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/J%26K-Public-Services-Guarantee/Circulars.pdf|archivedate=8 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=House passes three Bills|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/House-passes-three-Bills/articleshow/16292457.cms|accessdate=7 September 2012|newspaper=Times of India|date=7 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Assam passes better services act|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120330/jsp/northeast/story_15311344.jsp#.ULw-S4NwqjQ|accessdate=3 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=30 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India unveils Bill for time-bound public services|url=http://www.igovernment.in/site/india-unveils-bill-time-bound-public-services|accessdate=4 December 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103071032/http://igovernment.in/site/india-unveils-bill-time-bound-public-services|archivedate=3 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Governor okays 14 of 18 bills|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Governor-okays-14-of-18-bills/articleshow/19607742.cms|accessdate=18 April 2013|newspaper=Times of India|date=18 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bill passed for prompt delivery of public services in Bengal|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/bill-passed-for-prompt-delivery-of-public-services-in-bengal_871850.html|accessdate=26 August 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=26 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Public service guarantee act effective today|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Public-service-guarantee-act-effective-today/articleshow/31196199.cms|accessdate=3 August 2014|agency=TNN|publisher=Times of India|date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Finally, Haryana notifies Right to Service Act, 2014|url=http://www.dailypost.in/regions/haryana/23295-finally-haryana-notifies-right-to-service-act-2014|website=DailyPost|accessdate=3 August 2014|date=9 May 2014|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212405/http://www.dailypost.in/regions/haryana/23295-finally-haryana-notifies-right-to-service-act-2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Acts%20Rules/English/Notification.....pdf Maharashtra Right to Public Services Ordinance, 2015]</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Activists slam Maharashtra government's ordinance route for right to services|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-activists-slam-maharashtra-government-s-ordinance-route-for-right-to-services-2081631|website=DNA|accessdate=11 May 2015|date=29 April 2015}}</ref> | Sanarwa |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://rtspunjab.gov.in/ReadWriteData/Pdfs/THE_PUNJAB_RIGHT_TO_SERVICE_BILL.pdf Dokar Haƙƙin Sabis na Punjab 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906084850/http://www.rtspunjab.gov.in/ReadWriteData/Pdfs/THE_PUNJAB_RIGHT_TO_SERVICE_BILL.pdf |date=2015-09-06 }} * [http://gad.bih.nic.in/Acts/BRTPSAct-2011.pdf Dokar Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Jama'a na Bihar, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109051709/http://www.gad.bih.nic.in/Acts/BRTPSAct-2011.pdf |date=2020-01-09 }} * [http://www.cm.uk.gov.in/files/English_1.pdf Dokar Haƙƙin Sabis ta Uttarakhand, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035103/http://www.cm.uk.gov.in/files/English_1.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://himachal.nic.in/ar/pdf/PubSerAct2011.pdf Himachal Pradesh Dokar Garanti na Ayyukan Jama'a, 2011] * [http://www.mppkvvcl.org/html/loksewaguaranteeadhiniyam2010.pdf Madhya Pradesh Lok Sewaon Ke Pradan Ki Guarantee Adhiniyam, 2010] * [http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/8e0b1a8046929ac58a8fde0956274163/ESLA-ACT.pdf?MOD=AJPERES Delhi (Haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa zuwa Bayar da Sabis na Lokaci) Dokar 2011] * [http://sakala.kar.nic.in/kgsc1/download/act_08032012_eng.pdf Garanti na Karnataka na Sabis ga Dokar Jama'a, 2011] * [http://www.publicservicesright.in/pdf/wb_rtps_bill_2013.pdf Dokar Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Jama'a na Yammacin Bengal, 2013]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.jandkplanning.com/images/Economic_Survey/10-pub.ser.pdf Takaitaccen Dokar Garanti na Ayyukan Jama'a na J&K, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804160641/http://www.jandkplanning.com/images/Economic_Survey/10-pub.ser.pdf |date=2016-08-04 }} * Odisha Right to Public Services Act, http://ortpsa.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303054752/http://ortpsa.in/ |date=2022-03-03 }} [[Category:Ƴan cin ɗan adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] nx2dzl8o1jrr6cjluqg07vwkj9oco4p 0 31975 827406 690495 2026-04-28T09:10:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Helen Idahosa''' an haife ta ranar 22 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1972). Ƴa Najeriya ce mai wasan ɗaukar nauyi, wacce ta fafata a cikin nau'in + 75 kg, mai wakiltar Najeriya a gasa ta duniya.<ref>"2001 Weightlifting World Championships - Helen Idahosa". iwf.net. Retrieved </ref> ==Aikin club== Ta halarci gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2000 a cikin taron +75 kg. Ta fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya, ta kuma fafata a gasar daukar nauyi ta duniya ta 2001. == Manyan sakamako == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" width="40" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" width="250" | Wuri ! rowspan="2" width="60" | Nauyi ! colspan="4" | Karke (kg) ! colspan="4" | Tsaftace & Jerk (kg) ! rowspan="2" width="40" | Jimlar ! rowspan="2" width="40" | Daraja |- ! width="40" | 1 ! width="40" | 2 ! width="40" | 3 ! width="40" | Daraja ! width="40" | 1 ! width="40" | 2 ! width="40" | 3 ! width="40" | Daraja |- ! colspan="13" | Wasannin Olympics na bazara |- | 2000 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|AUS}}</img> [[Sydney]], [[Asturaliya|Australia]] | + 75 kg | | |||{{N/a}} | | |||{{N/a}} | | 5 |- ! colspan="13" | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya |- | 2001 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|TUR}}</img> [[Antalya]], [[Turkiyya]] | + 75 kg | 110 | 115 | '''117.5''' |</img> | <s>140</s> | '''140''' | <s>145</s> | 7 | '''257.5''' | 5 |- | 1999 | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Greece}}</img> [[Piraeus]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] | + 75 kg | 95 | 100 | '''105''' | 8 | 120 | <s>130</s> | '''130''' | 8 | '''235''' | 8 |} == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Helen Idahosa * http://www.gettyimages.com/photos/helen-idahosa?excludenudity=true&sort=mostpopular&mediatype=photography&phrase=helen%20idahosa{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * http://www.iwrp.net/component/cwyniki/?view=contestant&id_zawodnik=12895 [[Category:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] lzz6r5pfoswf0ytqm3untj92o8kutvv 0 32595 827130 513402 2026-04-27T12:49:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 827130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Powerful_landlord_in_chariot._Eastern_Han_25-220_CE._Anping,_Hebei.jpg|thumb|280x280px| Mai iko mai karfi a cikin karusar, Gabashin Han 25–220 CE. Hebei, China]] '''Maigida''' shi ne wanda ya mallaki [[gida]], gidajen haya, sashen wani gida, filaye, ko dukiya wanda aka yi hayar ko hayar ga wani mutum ko kasuwanci, wanda ake kira dan haya (kuma mai ''haya'' ko mai ''haya''). Lokacin da mai shari'a yana cikin wannan matsayi, ana amfani da kalmar mai gida. Sauran sharuddan sun hada da '''mai''' gida da '''mai shi'''. Ana iya amfani da kalmar '''uwar gida''' ga masu mata. Manajan gidan mashaya a cikin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], tsananin magana mai lasisi victualler, ana kiransa mai gida/matar gida. A cikin tattalin arzikin siyasa ana nufin mai mallakar albarkatun kasa shi kadai (misali, kasa, ba gine-gine ba) wanda hayar tattalin arziki ke samun kudin shiga. == Tarihi == Tunanin mai gida na iya komawa ne zuwa ga tsarin feudal na [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|manoralism]] ( [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|seignorialism]] ), inda wani fili mallakar Ubangijin Manor ( mesne lords ), yawanci 'yan ƙananan ƙwararru waɗanda suka zo don samar da matsayi na Knights . a cikin babban na da zamani, riƙe da fief via subinfeudation, amma a wasu lokuta ƙasar na iya zama kai tsaye batun memba na mafi girma nobility, kamar yadda a cikin sarauta yankin kai tsaye mallakar wani sarki, ko a cikin Mai Tsarki Roman Empire ƙauyuka kai tsaye. ƙarƙashin sarki. Tsarin tsaka-tsaki a ƙarshe yana ci gaba da tsarin ƙauyuka da Latifundia (faɗaɗɗen gonaki na manoma) na Daular Roma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm |access-date=2022-06-04 |archive-date=2017-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405034238/http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm |url-status=dead |archivedate=2017-04-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405034238/http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm }}</ref> A wannan zamani, “mai gida” yana bayyana kowane mutum, ko wata hukuma kamar hukuma ko wata hukuma, tana ba da gidaje ga mutanen da ba su mallaki gidajensu ba. == Ɗawainiyar mai gida da mai haya == Yarjejeniyar haya, ita ce kwangilar da ke bayyana irin waɗannan sharuɗɗan kamar farashin da aka biya, hukunce-hukuncen jinkirin biyan kuɗi, tsawon haya da adadin sanarwar da ake buƙata kafin mai gida ko mai haya ya soke yarjejeniyar. Gaba ɗaya, ana ba da ayyuka kamar haka: mai gida ne ke da alhakin yin gyare-gyare da kuma kula da ƙadarorin, kuma mai haya yana da alhakin kiyaye ƙadarar mai tsabta da aminci. Yawancin masu mallaka suna hayar kamfanin sarrafa ƙadarori don kula da duk cikakkun bayanai na hayar kayansu ga mai haya. Wannan yawanci ya haɗa da tallan ƙadarorin da nunawa ga masu haya mai zuwa, yin shawarwari da shirya rubutacciyar hayar ko yarjejeniyar lasisi,<ref>Friedman on Leases (Sixth Edition) by Andrew R. Berman, Chapter 37: Leases, Licenses, and Easements Compared—Parking Rights, Department Store Concessions, Lodgers, Etc.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lawjournalnewsletters.com/sites/lawjournalnewsletters/2008/01/31/using-a-license-agreement-instead-of-a-lease/?slreturn=20220504110049 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-06-04 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325160747/https://www.lawjournalnewsletters.com/sites/lawjournalnewsletters/2008/01/31/using-a-license-agreement-instead-of-a-lease/?slreturn=20220504110049 |url-status=dead }}</ref> sannan, da zarar an yi hayar, karɓar haya daga mai haya da yin gyare-gyare kamar yadda ake buƙata. [[File:E9438-David-Berry-monument.jpg|thumb| David Berry ya mallaki mafi yawan abin da a yanzu aka fi sani da sunan garin Berry, kuma mazaunansa suna tunawa da shi sosai.]] === Amurka === A [[Tarayyar Amurka|ƙasar Amurka]], rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar dokar jiha (ba dokar tarayya ba ) game da dukiya da kwangila . Dokokin jaha da, a wasu wurare, dokar birni ko dokar Gundumomi, tana tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida ko uwar gida za su iya korar ɗan hayar nasa kafin karewar gidan haya, kodayake a ƙarshen wa'adin hayar za a iya ƙarewa gaba ɗaya ba tare da bayar da wani dalili ba. Wasu birane, gundumomi, da Jihohi suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko tsarin haya, da kuma fitar da su. Hakanan akwai garanti mai ma'ana na zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, nagartaccen kuma matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci kamar masu gano hayaƙi da ƙofar kullewa. Rikicin da aka fi sani da shi ya samo asali ne daga ko dai maigidan ya kasa samar da ayyuka ko kuma rashin biyan hayar mai haya—wanda kuma na iya haifar da na baya. Riƙe hayar dalili ne da ya dace na korar, kamar yadda sau da yawa bayani a cikin haya.<ref>Bolander, Donald O. (1990). The New Webster's Library of Practical Information: Family Legal Guide. Lexicon Publications. pp. 44–45. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7172-4500-4</nowiki></ref> === Kanada === A [[Kanada]], rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana yin su ne ta hanyar dokar lardi (ba dokar tarayya ba ) game da dukiya da kwangila . Dokar lardi ta tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida zai iya korar ɗan haya. Wasu larduna suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko ƙa'idojin haya, da kuma fitarwa masu alaƙa. Hakanan akwai garantin madaidaicin wurin zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, kyawawan gidaje da matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci. === Ƙasar Ingila === ; Kasuwar haya na zama (annances) Hayar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu galibi suna gudanar da su ne da yawa daga cikin Ayyukan Mai Gida da na Masu haya, musamman Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1985 wacce ta tsara ƙaramin ƙa'idodi a haƙƙin masu haya a kan masu gidansu. Wata mahimmin ƙa'ida ita ce Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 . Ana iya ƙara hayar kuɗi kyauta a ƙarshen tsawon watanni shida na yau da kullun, bisa sanarwar da ta dace da aka ba mai haya. Umurnin Mallaka a ƙarƙashin mafi yawan nau'in, ana samun tabbacin ba da hayar gajeru (AST) yawanci bayan makonni takwas/watanni biyu na hayar da ba a biya ba, kuma bisa ga hukuncin kotu bayan yiwa mai haya hidima tare da sanarwar sashe na 8 (a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gidaje 1988 kamar yadda gyara) na wani ɗan ƙaramin lokaci don duk tabbacin hayar &#x2014; da kuma a kan wasu filaye waɗanda ke jinkirta ikon mallakar mai gida. Idan gidan haya na AST ne to duk wani odar mallaka ba zai fara aiki ba har sai an wuce watanni shida a cikin hayar ta farko. Bayar da wani wanda ya kasance yana aiki tun kafin 15 ga Janairu 1989 yawanci, idan ba ɗan gajeren lokaci ba daga farko bayan kafuwar su daga 1980 zuwa gaba, na iya zama " tsararriyar haya " tare da ƙarin haƙƙoƙi, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hayar 1977 da Kariya . daga Dokar Korar 1977, wanda ma'aikatar Wilson ta Uku ta gabatar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180413130952/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/11445/138295.pdf</ref> Kowane gida a cikin sana'a da yawa, rukunin da doka ba ta ɗauke shi a matsayin gida ɗaya da ke da masu haya sama da uku ba, yana ƙarƙashin ingantattun ƙa'idodi ciki har da Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 . Ana buƙatar lasisin da majalisa ta bayar don zama mai mallakar irin wannan rukunin koyaushe a wasu ƙananan hukumomi (a wasu, iyakance ga manyan misalan doka). ==== Gidan haya na zama ==== Gidajen haya sama da shekaru biyu galibi ana kiran su leases kuma suna da tsayi; idan fiye da shekaru bakwai dole ne a yi rajistar sabon gidan haya. <ref>[[LRA 2002]], Sch.3</ref> Waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin ƙa'idodin da ke sama ke tafiyar da su kuma suna cikin misalan da suka daɗe da gangan sun fi kamanceceniya da cikakken mallaka fiye da gidajen haya, gaba ɗaya. Ba safai suke buƙatar hayar ƙasa mai girman gaske . Doka ba ta tsara tuhume-tuhume masu yawa na karya/sayarwa ba kuma ba ta hana sayar da gidajen haya ba; a cikin 2010s wasu daga cikin waɗannan shawarwari an yi shawara sosai kuma ana tsara su. Gaba ɗaya, doka ta ba wa irin waɗannan masu haya (masu haya) damar yin ƙulla tare don samun [[Haƙƙin Gudanarwa]], da haƙƙin siyan sha'awar mai gida (don ba da hannun jari tare). Yana ba su damar ɗaiɗaiku su tsawaita kwangilar su don sabon ƙaramin kuɗi ("Premium"), wanda idan masu haya sun sami ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ba koyaushe ba za a buƙaci su / ba da shawarar kowane shekaru 15-35. Bukatun sanarwa da fom suna da ƙarfi. A cikin ƙananan misalan mai haya, dangane da sassauƙan rarrabuwar lissafi na ginin, na iya samun damar ba da izini daban-daban. Ƙididdiga ta 1925 tana nufin kusan dukkanin lamuni (masu haya a ƙananan haya da kuma a farashi mai ƙima (lafiya, babban jimlar farko)) na ƙadarorin da za a iya siyar da su (da mai haya, sanyawa); rage duk wani hani ga wanda mai gida zai iya amfani da ma'auni wanda yake "ma'ana" tantancewa, ba tare da haifar da babban jinkiri ba. Ana kiran wannan sau da yawa a matsayin "ƙwararren alƙawari akan aiki/keɓancewa". A cikin babban yanki na raguwar gidaje na zamantakewa, na musamman, masu karɓar haya ko'ina suna samun haƙƙin [[Haƙƙin Siyayya|Siyayya]] don ƙayyadaddun ragi akan farashin kasuwa na gida. ==== Kasuwanci (kasuwanci) haya da haya ==== A cikin ƙadarorin kasuwanci yawancin doka, musamman game da husuma da hukunce-hukuncen asali, sun dogara ne akan 'yancin yin kwangila na dokar gama gari gami da maƙasudan sharuɗɗan shawarwarin da suka gabata na shari'a mai fa'ida kamar ma'anar "gyara mai kyau kuma mai mahimmanci" . Ƙa'idodin da aka bayyana sun haɗa da "rashin ragewa daga kyauta" da "jin daɗin shiru". Duk kasuwancin da ke haya (masu haya) dole ne su yanke shawarar ko za su yi kwangila a ciki ko wajen Sashe na II na Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1954 wanda ya ba su "amincin kasuwancin". In ba haka ba, gaba ɗaya yana aiki ta tsohuwa. Wannan "tsaro na wa'adin mulki" yana dogara ne akan dalilai gama gari da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don mai gida don dawo da harabar. Idan mai gida yana siyar da bulo kuma wanda ya cancanta ya mallaki fiye da kashi 50%, ya kamata a bai wa mai haya haƙƙin ƙi na farko akan farashin siyan katangar. Kamar yadda a cikin mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen doka kan tsauraran bin sharuɗɗan hayar a kan ƙararraki da aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba za a iya aiwatar da su sosai, wanda ke haifar da asarar kuɗi da fage idan aka karye. Rashin biyan kuɗin hayar, ba kamar na zama ba, na iya haifar da koma bayan mai gida kai tsaye ("sake shigar da zaman lafiya") ta hanyar haƙƙin mai mallakar kasuwanci na amfani da korar "taimakon kai".<ref>https://www.historytalk.org/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last3=HM Land Registry}}</ref> Ɗaukar kayan ɗan haya ba tare da izinin kotu ba (wanda ke gudana daga umarnin kotu ko buƙatun haraji mai ban sha'awa) ( damuwa ) an hana shi. == Slum mai gida == Masu haya (masu haya ko wasu masu lasisi) a ƙarshen mafi ƙasƙanci na ma'aunin biyan kuɗi na iya kasancewa cikin matsala ta zamantakewa ko tattalin arziƙi kuma suna fama da ƙalubale na zamantakewa a sakamakon. Saboda rashin zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓi, irin waɗannan masu haya galibi suna fama da marasa mutunci na marasa aminci da ƙaddarorin da suka yi watsi da alhakin kula da ƙadarorin. Ana amfani da kalmomin “mai-gidanci”, “mai-gidan marasa galihu”, ko kuma “mai gidan ghetto” don bayyana masu mallakar gidaje masu yawa na irin waɗannan ƙadarorin, galibi suna riƙe da ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na gida. Haɓaka jama'a ko manyan saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu na iya inganta irin waɗannan yankuna. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, ikon siyan tilas na gwamnati a cikin ƙasashe da yawa yana ba da damar ɓarke don maye gurbin ko sabunta mafi munin unguwannin. Misalai: * Peter Rachman ya kasance mai gida wanda yayi aiki a Notting Hill, [[Landan|London]], a cikin 1950s kuma har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1962. Ya yi kaurin suna wajen cin zarafin ma'aikatansa, tare da kalmar " '''Rachmanism''' " yana shiga ''Oxford English Dictionary'' . Ma'aikatansa sun hada da Michael de Freitas (aka Michael X / Abdul Malik), wanda ya haifar da suna a matsayin jagoran baƙar fata, da kuma Johnny Edgecombe, wanda ya zama mai tallata jazz da blues, wanda ya taimaka wajen kiyaye shi a cikin haske. == Jarin haya da tushe == ; Ƙarfafawa da rashin jin daɗi Ƙaddamarwa, tabbas idan ba gidaje na zamantakewa ba, shine don samun yawan amfanin haya mai kyau (komawa na shekara-shekara akan zuba jari) da kuma tsammanin hauhawar farashin ƙadarorin. Abubuwan da ba a yarda da su ba su ne bambance-bambancen ayyukan masu gida a cikin gyare-gyare / kulawa da gudanarwa &#x2014; da kuma manyan kasada (rikitattun masu haya, lalacewa, sakaci, asarar haya, rashin inshorar / jayayya, durƙushewar tattalin arziki, karuwar yawan riba akan kowane jinginar gida, da rashin daidaituwa). ko asarar zuba jari). Net samun kudin shiga (sakamakon rabo) da babban birnin kasar girma daga barin (hayar fita) musamman a leveraged buy to bari, shi ne batun idiosyncratic hadarin, wanda aka dauke da haƙiƙa intensified ga wani sosai leveraged zuba jari iyakance ga wani karamin adadin irin wannan profile gidajen, na kunkuntar haya roko na kasuwa a yankunan da ba su da karfin tattalin arziki. ; Tushen Mai haya na iya biyan ƙadarori na haya akan duk abin da aka yarda tsakanin mai gida da mai haya &#x2014; fiye da mako-mako ko kasa da shekara kusan ba a ji ba &#x2014; kuma wanda koyaushe yana cikin yarjejeniyar haya (zai fi dacewa ga bangarorin biyu a rubuce) . Ya kamata ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mai haya yayi la'akari kafin ya shiga ciki. ; Tsaro don haya da ƙarin kudade Mai gida ko wakilinsa na iya yanke shawara don karɓar ajiya na tsaro (da/ko a wasu hukunce-hukuncen kamar sassan Amurka, kuɗin shiga ko gudanarwa). Mai hanawa idan babba kuma dangi mai kyan gani idan ƙasa ce a kasuwanni da yawa don ɗan haya, ba kasafai ake yin muhawara ba a cikin shawarwarin lokacin haya. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen ko dai ko duka biyun an haramta su ta asali. A maimakon haka ana iya haɗa asarar haya/cikakkiyar inshorar lalacewar mai gida zuwa cikin hayar da aka amince da ita da/ko wani nau'in ajiya na musamman, ƙayyadaddun adadin kuɗi a matsayin jingina (ajiya mai tsaro) daga ɗan hayar da wani mai rijista ke riƙe (irin wannan. kamar yadda wasu wakilai na ainihi) na iya halatta. Adadin da aka saba bisa doka shine a biya shi daga bashi (rashin haya) da lalacewa ta ko gazawar mai haya ya gyara/gyara. == victualler mai lasisi == A cikin United Kingdom mai shi da/ko manajan gidan mashaya (gidan jama'a) yawanci ana kiransa "mai gida/matar gida" ko "mai karbar haraji ", na karshen daidai da karar dan kwangilar jama'a na Rome ko manomi mai haraji . A cikin ƙarin yanayi na yau da kullun, kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita tana da '''lasisin victualler''' ko kuma kawai “mai lasisi”. Ana iya kiran mai gida mace ko dai mai ''gida'' ko kuma kawai mai gida. Ƙimar Ciniki Mai Lasisi, wacce aka kafa a cikin 2004 daga haɗin gwiwar Society of Victuallers masu lasisi da Gidajen Victualler na ƙasa, ta wanzu don biyan buƙatun ritaya na masu gidajen mashaya na Biritaniya. Ƙungiyar ta kuma gudanar da makarantu masu zaman kansu guda uku a Ascot da Karatu a Berkshire da Sayers Common a Sussex . Kazalika samun cikakken kuɗin biyan ɗalibai na yau da kullun, Makarantar Victuallers' School da ke Ascot tana ba da rangwamen farashin ilimi ga yaran masu gidaje da sauran su a cikin masana'antar abinci. == Ƙungiyoyin masu gida == Akwai ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci na masu gidaje a ƙasashe daban-daban. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi / al'ummomi suna ba da tallafi ga membobin su don fuskantar batutuwa da yawa ta hanyar ba da hanyar tallafawa juna, da kuma yin amfani da hukumomin da abin ya shafa game da cikakkun bayanai da aiwatar da dokar zama da wasu dokokin hayar kasuwanci. ; Ostiraliya Ƙungiyoyin masu gidaje da yawa sun wanzu a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] . Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar bambanta daga rukunin ƙungiyoyi masu mallakar ƙadarori waɗanda ke wakiltar 'babban ƙarshen gari' - masu manyan gine-gine da manyan rukunin gidajen zama, kamar Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya . * Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Ostiraliya (POAA) * Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Victoria (POAVIC) * POAQ - Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Queensland * Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta NSW * Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta Yammacin Ostiraliya * Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta Kudancin Ostiraliya ; Ƙasar Ingila Ƙungiyar Masu Gidajen Mazauna ta Ƙasa (NRLA) yanzu ta samo asali daga haɗewar ƙungiyoyi biyu masu zuwa kamar na 31/3/2020: * Ƙungiyar Masu Gidaje (RLA) * Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta ƙasa (NLA) == Duba kuma == * Mai kula da gini, sana'ar da ke da alaƙa * Mai gida * Doka (doka) == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5mbjq470vzc3xgucrhdft6xkpolrsaq 827131 827130 2026-04-27T12:49:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 827131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Powerful_landlord_in_chariot._Eastern_Han_25-220_CE._Anping,_Hebei.jpg|thumb|280x280px| Mai iko mai karfi a cikin karusar, Gabashin Han 25–220 CE. Hebei, China]] '''Maigida''' shi ne wanda ya mallaki [[gida]], gidajen haya, sashen wani gida, filaye, ko dukiya wanda aka yi hayar ko hayar ga wani mutum ko kasuwanci, wanda ake kira dan haya (kuma mai ''haya'' ko mai ''haya''). Lokacin da mai shari'a yana cikin wannan matsayi, ana amfani da kalmar mai gida. Sauran sharuddan sun hada da '''mai''' gida da '''mai shi'''. Ana iya amfani da kalmar '''uwar gida''' ga masu mata. Manajan gidan mashaya a cikin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], tsananin magana mai lasisi victualler, ana kiransa mai gida/matar gida. A cikin tattalin arzikin siyasa ana nufin mai mallakar albarkatun kasa shi kadai (misali, kasa, ba gine-gine ba) wanda hayar tattalin arziki ke samun kudin shiga. == Tarihi == Tunanin mai gida na iya komawa ne zuwa ga tsarin feudal na [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|manoralism]] ( [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|seignorialism]] ), inda wani fili mallakar Ubangijin Manor ( mesne lords ), yawanci 'yan ƙananan ƙwararru waɗanda suka zo don samar da matsayi na Knights . a cikin babban na da zamani, riƙe da fief via subinfeudation, amma a wasu lokuta ƙasar na iya zama kai tsaye batun memba na mafi girma nobility, kamar yadda a cikin sarauta yankin kai tsaye mallakar wani sarki, ko a cikin Mai Tsarki Roman Empire ƙauyuka kai tsaye. ƙarƙashin sarki. Tsarin tsaka-tsaki a ƙarshe yana ci gaba da tsarin ƙauyuka da Latifundia (faɗaɗɗen gonaki na manoma) na Daular Roma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm |access-date=2022-06-04 |archive-date=2017-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405034238/http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm |url-status=dead |archivedate=2017-04-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405034238/http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm }}</ref> A wannan zamani, “mai gida” yana bayyana kowane mutum, ko wata hukuma kamar hukuma ko wata hukuma, tana ba da gidaje ga mutanen da ba su mallaki gidajensu ba. == Ɗawainiyar mai gida da mai haya == Yarjejeniyar haya, ita ce kwangilar da ke bayyana irin waɗannan sharuɗɗan kamar farashin da aka biya, hukunce-hukuncen jinkirin biyan kuɗi, tsawon haya da adadin sanarwar da ake buƙata kafin mai gida ko mai haya ya soke yarjejeniyar. Gaba ɗaya, ana ba da ayyuka kamar haka: mai gida ne ke da alhakin yin gyare-gyare da kuma kula da ƙadarorin, kuma mai haya yana da alhakin kiyaye ƙadarar mai tsabta da aminci. Yawancin masu mallaka suna hayar kamfanin sarrafa ƙadarori don kula da duk cikakkun bayanai na hayar kayansu ga mai haya. Wannan yawanci ya haɗa da tallan ƙadarorin da nunawa ga masu haya mai zuwa, yin shawarwari da shirya rubutacciyar hayar ko yarjejeniyar lasisi,<ref>Friedman on Leases (Sixth Edition) by Andrew R. Berman, Chapter 37: Leases, Licenses, and Easements Compared—Parking Rights, Department Store Concessions, Lodgers, Etc.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lawjournalnewsletters.com/sites/lawjournalnewsletters/2008/01/31/using-a-license-agreement-instead-of-a-lease/?slreturn=20220504110049 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-06-04 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325160747/https://www.lawjournalnewsletters.com/sites/lawjournalnewsletters/2008/01/31/using-a-license-agreement-instead-of-a-lease/?slreturn=20220504110049 |url-status=dead }}</ref> sannan, da zarar an yi hayar, karɓar haya daga mai haya da yin gyare-gyare kamar yadda ake buƙata. [[File:E9438-David-Berry-monument.jpg|thumb| David Berry ya mallaki mafi yawan abin da a yanzu aka fi sani da sunan garin Berry, kuma mazaunansa suna tunawa da shi sosai.]] === Amurka === A [[Tarayyar Amurka|ƙasar Amurka]], rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar dokar jiha (ba dokar tarayya ba ) game da dukiya da kwangila . Dokokin jaha da, a wasu wurare, dokar birni ko dokar Gundumomi, tana tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida ko uwar gida za su iya korar ɗan hayar nasa kafin karewar gidan haya, kodayake a ƙarshen wa'adin hayar za a iya ƙarewa gaba ɗaya ba tare da bayar da wani dalili ba. Wasu birane, gundumomi, da Jihohi suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko tsarin haya, da kuma fitar da su. Hakanan akwai garanti mai ma'ana na zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, nagartaccen kuma matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci kamar masu gano hayaƙi da ƙofar kullewa. Rikicin da aka fi sani da shi ya samo asali ne daga ko dai maigidan ya kasa samar da ayyuka ko kuma rashin biyan hayar mai haya—wanda kuma na iya haifar da na baya. Riƙe hayar dalili ne da ya dace na korar, kamar yadda sau da yawa bayani a cikin haya.<ref>Bolander, Donald O. (1990). The New Webster's Library of Practical Information: Family Legal Guide. Lexicon Publications. pp. 44–45. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7172-4500-4</nowiki></ref> === Kanada === A [[Kanada]], rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana yin su ne ta hanyar dokar lardi (ba dokar tarayya ba ) game da dukiya da kwangila . Dokar lardi ta tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida zai iya korar ɗan haya. Wasu larduna suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko ƙa'idojin haya, da kuma fitarwa masu alaƙa. Hakanan akwai garantin madaidaicin wurin zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, kyawawan gidaje da matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci. === Ƙasar Ingila === ; Kasuwar haya na zama (annances) Hayar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu galibi suna gudanar da su ne da yawa daga cikin Ayyukan Mai Gida da na Masu haya, musamman Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1985 wacce ta tsara ƙaramin ƙa'idodi a haƙƙin masu haya a kan masu gidansu. Wata mahimmin ƙa'ida ita ce Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 . Ana iya ƙara hayar kuɗi kyauta a ƙarshen tsawon watanni shida na yau da kullun, bisa sanarwar da ta dace da aka ba mai haya. Umurnin Mallaka a ƙarƙashin mafi yawan nau'in, ana samun tabbacin ba da hayar gajeru (AST) yawanci bayan makonni takwas/watanni biyu na hayar da ba a biya ba, kuma bisa ga hukuncin kotu bayan yiwa mai haya hidima tare da sanarwar sashe na 8 (a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gidaje 1988 kamar yadda gyara) na wani ɗan ƙaramin lokaci don duk tabbacin hayar &#x2014; da kuma a kan wasu filaye waɗanda ke jinkirta ikon mallakar mai gida. Idan gidan haya na AST ne to duk wani odar mallaka ba zai fara aiki ba har sai an wuce watanni shida a cikin hayar ta farko. Bayar da wani wanda ya kasance yana aiki tun kafin 15 ga Janairu 1989 yawanci, idan ba ɗan gajeren lokaci ba daga farko bayan kafuwar su daga 1980 zuwa gaba, na iya zama " tsararriyar haya " tare da ƙarin haƙƙoƙi, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hayar 1977 da Kariya . daga Dokar Korar 1977, wanda ma'aikatar Wilson ta Uku ta gabatar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180413130952/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/11445/138295.pdf</ref> Kowane gida a cikin sana'a da yawa, rukunin da doka ba ta ɗauke shi a matsayin gida ɗaya da ke da masu haya sama da uku ba, yana ƙarƙashin ingantattun ƙa'idodi ciki har da Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 . Ana buƙatar lasisin da majalisa ta bayar don zama mai mallakar irin wannan rukunin koyaushe a wasu ƙananan hukumomi (a wasu, iyakance ga manyan misalan doka). ==== Gidan haya na zama ==== Gidajen haya sama da shekaru biyu galibi ana kiran su leases kuma suna da tsayi; idan fiye da shekaru bakwai dole ne a yi rajistar sabon gidan haya. <ref>[[LRA 2002]], Sch.3</ref> Waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin ƙa'idodin da ke sama ke tafiyar da su kuma suna cikin misalan da suka daɗe da gangan sun fi kamanceceniya da cikakken mallaka fiye da gidajen haya, gaba ɗaya. Ba safai suke buƙatar hayar ƙasa mai girman gaske . Doka ba ta tsara tuhume-tuhume masu yawa na karya/sayarwa ba kuma ba ta hana sayar da gidajen haya ba; a cikin 2010s wasu daga cikin waɗannan shawarwari an yi shawara sosai kuma ana tsara su. Gaba ɗaya, doka ta ba wa irin waɗannan masu haya (masu haya) damar yin ƙulla tare don samun [[Haƙƙin Gudanarwa]], da haƙƙin siyan sha'awar mai gida (don ba da hannun jari tare). Yana ba su damar ɗaiɗaiku su tsawaita kwangilar su don sabon ƙaramin kuɗi ("Premium"), wanda idan masu haya sun sami ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ba koyaushe ba za a buƙaci su / ba da shawarar kowane shekaru 15-35. Bukatun sanarwa da fom suna da ƙarfi. A cikin ƙananan misalan mai haya, dangane da sassauƙan rarrabuwar lissafi na ginin, na iya samun damar ba da izini daban-daban. Ƙididdiga ta 1925 tana nufin kusan dukkanin lamuni (masu haya a ƙananan haya da kuma a farashi mai ƙima (lafiya, babban jimlar farko)) na ƙadarorin da za a iya siyar da su (da mai haya, sanyawa); rage duk wani hani ga wanda mai gida zai iya amfani da ma'auni wanda yake "ma'ana" tantancewa, ba tare da haifar da babban jinkiri ba. Ana kiran wannan sau da yawa a matsayin "ƙwararren alƙawari akan aiki/keɓancewa". A cikin babban yanki na raguwar gidaje na zamantakewa, na musamman, masu karɓar haya ko'ina suna samun haƙƙin [[Haƙƙin Siyayya|Siyayya]] don ƙayyadaddun ragi akan farashin kasuwa na gida. ==== Kasuwanci (kasuwanci) haya da haya ==== A cikin ƙadarorin kasuwanci yawancin doka, musamman game da husuma da hukunce-hukuncen asali, sun dogara ne akan 'yancin yin kwangila na dokar gama gari gami da maƙasudan sharuɗɗan shawarwarin da suka gabata na shari'a mai fa'ida kamar ma'anar "gyara mai kyau kuma mai mahimmanci" . Ƙa'idodin da aka bayyana sun haɗa da "rashin ragewa daga kyauta" da "jin daɗin shiru". Duk kasuwancin da ke haya (masu haya) dole ne su yanke shawarar ko za su yi kwangila a ciki ko wajen Sashe na II na Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1954 wanda ya ba su "amincin kasuwancin". In ba haka ba, gaba ɗaya yana aiki ta tsohuwa. Wannan "tsaro na wa'adin mulki" yana dogara ne akan dalilai gama gari da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don mai gida don dawo da harabar. Idan mai gida yana siyar da bulo kuma wanda ya cancanta ya mallaki fiye da kashi 50%, ya kamata a bai wa mai haya haƙƙin ƙi na farko akan farashin siyan katangar. Kamar yadda a cikin mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen doka kan tsauraran bin sharuɗɗan hayar a kan ƙararraki da aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba za a iya aiwatar da su sosai, wanda ke haifar da asarar kuɗi da fage idan aka karye. Rashin biyan kuɗin hayar, ba kamar na zama ba, na iya haifar da koma bayan mai gida kai tsaye ("sake shigar da zaman lafiya") ta hanyar haƙƙin mai mallakar kasuwanci na amfani da korar "taimakon kai".<ref>https://www.historytalk.org/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last3=HM Land Registry}}</ref> Ɗaukar kayan ɗan haya ba tare da izinin kotu ba (wanda ke gudana daga umarnin kotu ko buƙatun haraji mai ban sha'awa) ( damuwa ) an hana shi. == Slum mai gida == Masu haya (masu haya ko wasu masu lasisi) a ƙarshen mafi ƙasƙanci na ma'aunin biyan kuɗi na iya kasancewa cikin matsala ta zamantakewa ko tattalin arziƙi kuma suna fama da ƙalubale na zamantakewa a sakamakon. Saboda rashin zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓi, irin waɗannan masu haya galibi suna fama da marasa mutunci na marasa aminci da ƙaddarorin da suka yi watsi da alhakin kula da ƙadarorin. Ana amfani da kalmomin “mai-gidanci”, “mai-gidan marasa galihu”, ko kuma “mai gidan ghetto” don bayyana masu mallakar gidaje masu yawa na irin waɗannan ƙadarorin, galibi suna riƙe da ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na gida. Haɓaka jama'a ko manyan saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu na iya inganta irin waɗannan yankuna. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, ikon siyan tilas na gwamnati a cikin ƙasashe da yawa yana ba da damar ɓarke don maye gurbin ko sabunta mafi munin unguwannin. Misalai: * Peter Rachman ya kasance mai gida wanda yayi aiki a Notting Hill, [[Landan|London]], a cikin 1950s kuma har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1962. Ya yi kaurin suna wajen cin zarafin ma'aikatansa, tare da kalmar " '''Rachmanism''' " yana shiga ''Oxford English Dictionary'' . Ma'aikatansa sun hada da Michael de Freitas (aka Michael X / Abdul Malik), wanda ya haifar da suna a matsayin jagoran baƙar fata, da kuma Johnny Edgecombe, wanda ya zama mai tallata jazz da blues, wanda ya taimaka wajen kiyaye shi a cikin haske. == Jarin haya da tushe == ; Ƙarfafawa da rashin jin daɗi Ƙaddamarwa, tabbas idan ba gidaje na zamantakewa ba, shine don samun yawan amfanin haya mai kyau (komawa na shekara-shekara akan zuba jari) da kuma tsammanin hauhawar farashin ƙadarorin. Abubuwan da ba a yarda da su ba su ne bambance-bambancen ayyukan masu gida a cikin gyare-gyare / kulawa da gudanarwa &#x2014; da kuma manyan kasada (rikitattun masu haya, lalacewa, sakaci, asarar haya, rashin inshorar / jayayya, durƙushewar tattalin arziki, karuwar yawan riba akan kowane jinginar gida, da rashin daidaituwa). ko asarar zuba jari). Net samun kudin shiga (sakamakon rabo) da babban birnin kasar girma daga barin (hayar fita) musamman a leveraged buy to bari, shi ne batun idiosyncratic hadarin, wanda aka dauke da haƙiƙa intensified ga wani sosai leveraged zuba jari iyakance ga wani karamin adadin irin wannan profile gidajen, na kunkuntar haya roko na kasuwa a yankunan da ba su da karfin tattalin arziki. ; Tushen Mai haya na iya biyan ƙadarori na haya akan duk abin da aka yarda tsakanin mai gida da mai haya &#x2014; fiye da mako-mako ko kasa da shekara kusan ba a ji ba &#x2014; kuma wanda koyaushe yana cikin yarjejeniyar haya (zai fi dacewa ga bangarorin biyu a rubuce) . Ya kamata ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mai haya yayi la'akari kafin ya shiga ciki. ; Tsaro don haya da ƙarin kudade Mai gida ko wakilinsa na iya yanke shawara don karɓar ajiya na tsaro (da/ko a wasu hukunce-hukuncen kamar sassan Amurka, kuɗin shiga ko gudanarwa). Mai hanawa idan babba kuma dangi mai kyan gani idan ƙasa ce a kasuwanni da yawa don ɗan haya, ba kasafai ake yin muhawara ba a cikin shawarwarin lokacin haya. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen ko dai ko duka biyun an haramta su ta asali. A maimakon haka ana iya haɗa asarar haya/cikakkiyar inshorar lalacewar mai gida zuwa cikin hayar da aka amince da ita da/ko wani nau'in ajiya na musamman, ƙayyadaddun adadin kuɗi a matsayin jingina (ajiya mai tsaro) daga ɗan hayar da wani mai rijista ke riƙe (irin wannan. kamar yadda wasu wakilai na ainihi) na iya halatta. Adadin da aka saba bisa doka shine a biya shi daga bashi (rashin haya) da lalacewa ta ko gazawar mai haya ya gyara/gyara. == victualler mai lasisi == A cikin United Kingdom mai shi da/ko manajan gidan mashaya (gidan jama'a) yawanci ana kiransa "mai gida/matar gida" ko "mai karbar haraji ", na karshen daidai da karar dan kwangilar jama'a na Rome ko manomi mai haraji . A cikin ƙarin yanayi na yau da kullun, kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita tana da '''lasisin victualler''' ko kuma kawai “mai lasisi”. Ana iya kiran mai gida mace ko dai mai ''gida'' ko kuma kawai mai gida. Ƙimar Ciniki Mai Lasisi, wacce aka kafa a cikin 2004 daga haɗin gwiwar Society of Victuallers masu lasisi da Gidajen Victualler na ƙasa, ta wanzu don biyan buƙatun ritaya na masu gidajen mashaya na Biritaniya. Ƙungiyar ta kuma gudanar da makarantu masu zaman kansu guda uku a Ascot da Karatu a Berkshire da Sayers Common a Sussex . Kazalika samun cikakken kuɗin biyan ɗalibai na yau da kullun, Makarantar Victuallers' School da ke Ascot tana ba da rangwamen farashin ilimi ga yaran masu gidaje da sauran su a cikin masana'antar abinci. == Ƙungiyoyin masu gida == Akwai ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci na masu gidaje a ƙasashe daban-daban. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi / al'ummomi suna ba da tallafi ga membobin su don fuskantar batutuwa da yawa ta hanyar ba da hanyar tallafawa juna, da kuma yin amfani da hukumomin da abin ya shafa game da cikakkun bayanai da aiwatar da dokar zama da wasu dokokin hayar kasuwanci. ; Ostiraliya Ƙungiyoyin masu gidaje da yawa sun wanzu a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar bambanta daga rukunin ƙungiyoyi masu mallakar ƙadarori waɗanda ke wakiltar 'babban ƙarshen gari' - masu manyan gine-gine da manyan rukunin gidajen zama, kamar Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya . * Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Ostiraliya (POAA) * Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Victoria (POAVIC) * POAQ - Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Queensland * Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta NSW * Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta Yammacin Ostiraliya * Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta Kudancin Ostiraliya ; Ƙasar Ingila Ƙungiyar Masu Gidajen Mazauna ta Ƙasa (NRLA) yanzu ta samo asali daga haɗewar ƙungiyoyi biyu masu zuwa kamar na 31/3/2020: * Ƙungiyar Masu Gidaje (RLA) * Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta ƙasa (NLA) == Duba kuma == * Mai kula da gini, sana'ar da ke da alaƙa * Mai gida * Doka (doka) == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m1cenhvxfqurll5p29pmccyt5z4e9ra 827132 827131 2026-04-27T12:50:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 827132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Powerful_landlord_in_chariot._Eastern_Han_25-220_CE._Anping,_Hebei.jpg|thumb|280x280px| Mai iko mai karfi a cikin karusar, Gabashin Han 25–220 CE. Hebei, China]] '''Maigida''' shi ne wanda ya mallaki [[gida]], gidajen haya, sashen wani gida, filaye, ko dukiya wanda aka yi hayar ko hayar ga wani mutum ko kasuwanci, wanda ake kira dan haya (kuma mai ''haya'' ko mai ''haya''). Lokacin da mai shari'a yana cikin wannan matsayi, ana amfani da kalmar mai gida. Sauran sharuddan sun hada da '''mai''' gida da '''mai shi'''. Ana iya amfani da kalmar '''uwar gida''' ga masu mata. Manajan gidan mashaya a cikin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], tsananin magana mai lasisi victualler, ana kiransa mai gida/matar gida. A cikin tattalin arzikin siyasa ana nufin mai mallakar albarkatun kasa shi kadai (misali, kasa, ba gine-gine ba) wanda hayar tattalin arziki ke samun kudin shiga. == Tarihi == Tunanin mai gida na iya komawa ne zuwa ga tsarin feudal na [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|manoralism]] ( [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|seignorialism]] ), inda wani fili mallakar Ubangijin Manor ( mesne lords ), yawanci 'yan ƙananan ƙwararru waɗanda suka zo don samar da matsayi na Knights . a cikin babban na da zamani, riƙe da fief via subinfeudation, amma a wasu lokuta ƙasar na iya zama kai tsaye batun memba na mafi girma nobility, kamar yadda a cikin sarauta yankin kai tsaye mallakar wani sarki, ko a cikin Mai Tsarki Roman Empire ƙauyuka kai tsaye. ƙarƙashin sarki. Tsarin tsaka-tsaki a ƙarshe yana ci gaba da tsarin ƙauyuka da Latifundia (faɗaɗɗen gonaki na manoma) na Daular Roma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm |access-date=2022-06-04 |archive-date=2017-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405034238/http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm |url-status=dead |archivedate=2017-04-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405034238/http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm }}</ref> A wannan zamani, “mai gida” yana bayyana kowane mutum, ko wata hukuma kamar hukuma ko wata hukuma, tana ba da gidaje ga mutanen da ba su mallaki gidajensu ba. == Ɗawainiyar mai gida da mai haya == Yarjejeniyar haya, ita ce kwangilar da ke bayyana irin waɗannan sharuɗɗan kamar farashin da aka biya, hukunce-hukuncen jinkirin biyan kuɗi, tsawon haya da adadin sanarwar da ake buƙata kafin mai gida ko mai haya ya soke yarjejeniyar. Gaba ɗaya, ana ba da ayyuka kamar haka: mai gida ne ke da alhakin yin gyare-gyare da kuma kula da ƙadarorin, kuma mai haya yana da alhakin kiyaye ƙadarar mai tsabta da aminci. Yawancin masu mallaka suna hayar kamfanin sarrafa ƙadarori don kula da duk cikakkun bayanai na hayar kayansu ga mai haya. Wannan yawanci ya haɗa da tallan ƙadarorin da nunawa ga masu haya mai zuwa, yin shawarwari da shirya rubutacciyar hayar ko yarjejeniyar lasisi,<ref>Friedman on Leases (Sixth Edition) by Andrew R. Berman, Chapter 37: Leases, Licenses, and Easements Compared—Parking Rights, Department Store Concessions, Lodgers, Etc.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lawjournalnewsletters.com/sites/lawjournalnewsletters/2008/01/31/using-a-license-agreement-instead-of-a-lease/?slreturn=20220504110049 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-06-04 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325160747/https://www.lawjournalnewsletters.com/sites/lawjournalnewsletters/2008/01/31/using-a-license-agreement-instead-of-a-lease/?slreturn=20220504110049 |url-status=dead }}</ref> sannan, da zarar an yi hayar, karɓar haya daga mai haya da yin gyare-gyare kamar yadda ake buƙata. [[File:E9438-David-Berry-monument.jpg|thumb| David Berry ya mallaki mafi yawan abin da a yanzu aka fi sani da sunan garin Berry, kuma mazaunansa suna tunawa da shi sosai.]] === Amurka === A [[Tarayyar Amurka|ƙasar Amurka]], rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar dokar jiha (ba dokar tarayya ba ) game da dukiya da kwangila . Dokokin jaha da, a wasu wurare, dokar birni ko dokar Gundumomi, tana tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida ko uwar gida za su iya korar ɗan hayar nasa kafin karewar gidan haya, kodayake a ƙarshen wa'adin hayar za a iya ƙarewa gaba ɗaya ba tare da bayar da wani dalili ba. Wasu birane, gundumomi, da Jihohi suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko tsarin haya, da kuma fitar da su. Hakanan akwai garanti mai ma'ana na zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, nagartaccen kuma matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci kamar masu gano hayaƙi da ƙofar kullewa. Rikicin da aka fi sani da shi ya samo asali ne daga ko dai maigidan ya kasa samar da ayyuka ko kuma rashin biyan hayar mai haya—wanda kuma na iya haifar da na baya. Riƙe hayar dalili ne da ya dace na korar, kamar yadda sau da yawa bayani a cikin haya.<ref>Bolander, Donald O. (1990). The New Webster's Library of Practical Information: Family Legal Guide. Lexicon Publications. pp. 44–45. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7172-4500-4</nowiki></ref> === Kanada === A [[Kanada]], rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana yin su ne ta hanyar dokar lardi (ba dokar tarayya ba ) game da dukiya da kwangila . Dokar lardi ta tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida zai iya korar ɗan haya. Wasu larduna suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko ƙa'idojin haya, da kuma fitarwa masu alaƙa. Hakanan akwai garantin madaidaicin wurin zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, kyawawan gidaje da matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci. === Ƙasar Ingila === ; Kasuwar haya na zama (annances) Hayar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu galibi suna gudanar da su ne da yawa daga cikin Ayyukan Mai Gida da na Masu haya, musamman Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1985 wacce ta tsara ƙaramin ƙa'idodi a haƙƙin masu haya a kan masu gidansu. Wata mahimmin ƙa'ida ita ce Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 . Ana iya ƙara hayar kuɗi kyauta a ƙarshen tsawon watanni shida na yau da kullun, bisa sanarwar da ta dace da aka ba mai haya. Umurnin Mallaka a ƙarƙashin mafi yawan nau'in, ana samun tabbacin ba da hayar gajeru (AST) yawanci bayan makonni takwas/watanni biyu na hayar da ba a biya ba, kuma bisa ga hukuncin kotu bayan yiwa mai haya hidima tare da sanarwar sashe na 8 (a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gidaje 1988 kamar yadda gyara) na wani ɗan ƙaramin lokaci don duk tabbacin hayar &#x2014; da kuma a kan wasu filaye waɗanda ke jinkirta ikon mallakar mai gida. Idan gidan haya na AST ne to duk wani odar mallaka ba zai fara aiki ba har sai an wuce watanni shida a cikin hayar ta farko. Bayar da wani wanda ya kasance yana aiki tun kafin 15 ga Janairu 1989 yawanci, idan ba ɗan gajeren lokaci ba daga farko bayan kafuwar su daga 1980 zuwa gaba, na iya zama " tsararriyar haya " tare da ƙarin haƙƙoƙi, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hayar 1977 da Kariya . daga Dokar Korar 1977, wanda ma'aikatar Wilson ta Uku ta gabatar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180413130952/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/11445/138295.pdf</ref> Kowane gida a cikin sana'a da yawa, rukunin da doka ba ta ɗauke shi a matsayin gida ɗaya da ke da masu haya sama da uku ba, yana ƙarƙashin ingantattun ƙa'idodi ciki har da Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 . Ana buƙatar lasisin da majalisa ta bayar don zama mai mallakar irin wannan rukunin koyaushe a wasu ƙananan hukumomi (a wasu, iyakance ga manyan misalan doka). ==== Gidan haya na zama ==== Gidajen haya sama da shekaru biyu galibi ana kiran su leases kuma suna da tsayi; idan fiye da shekaru bakwai dole ne a yi rajistar sabon gidan haya. <ref>[[LRA 2002]], Sch.3</ref> Waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin ƙa'idodin da ke sama ke tafiyar da su kuma suna cikin misalan da suka daɗe da gangan sun fi kamanceceniya da cikakken mallaka fiye da gidajen haya, gaba ɗaya. Ba safai suke buƙatar hayar ƙasa mai girman gaske . Doka ba ta tsara tuhume-tuhume masu yawa na karya/sayarwa ba kuma ba ta hana sayar da gidajen haya ba; a cikin 2010s wasu daga cikin waɗannan shawarwari an yi shawara sosai kuma ana tsara su. Gaba ɗaya, doka ta ba wa irin waɗannan masu haya (masu haya) damar yin ƙulla tare don samun [[Haƙƙin Gudanarwa]], da haƙƙin siyan sha'awar mai gida (don ba da hannun jari tare). Yana ba su damar ɗaiɗaiku su tsawaita kwangilar su don sabon ƙaramin kuɗi ("Premium"), wanda idan masu haya sun sami ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ba koyaushe ba za a buƙaci su / ba da shawarar kowane shekaru 15-35. Bukatun sanarwa da fom suna da ƙarfi. A cikin ƙananan misalan mai haya, dangane da sassauƙan rarrabuwar lissafi na ginin, na iya samun damar ba da izini daban-daban. Ƙididdiga ta 1925 tana nufin kusan dukkanin lamuni (masu haya a ƙananan haya da kuma a farashi mai ƙima (lafiya, babban jimlar farko)) na ƙadarorin da za a iya siyar da su (da mai haya, sanyawa); rage duk wani hani ga wanda mai gida zai iya amfani da ma'auni wanda yake "ma'ana" tantancewa, ba tare da haifar da babban jinkiri ba. Ana kiran wannan sau da yawa a matsayin "ƙwararren alƙawari akan aiki/keɓancewa". A cikin babban yanki na raguwar gidaje na zamantakewa, na musamman, masu karɓar haya ko'ina suna samun haƙƙin [[Haƙƙin Siyayya|Siyayya]] don ƙayyadaddun ragi akan farashin kasuwa na gida. ==== Kasuwanci (kasuwanci) haya da haya ==== A cikin ƙadarorin kasuwanci yawancin doka, musamman game da husuma da hukunce-hukuncen asali, sun dogara ne akan 'yancin yin kwangila na dokar gama gari gami da maƙasudan sharuɗɗan shawarwarin da suka gabata na shari'a mai fa'ida kamar ma'anar "gyara mai kyau kuma mai mahimmanci" . Ƙa'idodin da aka bayyana sun haɗa da "rashin ragewa daga kyauta" da "jin daɗin shiru". Duk kasuwancin da ke haya (masu haya) dole ne su yanke shawarar ko za su yi kwangila a ciki ko wajen Sashe na II na Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1954 wanda ya ba su "amincin kasuwancin". In ba haka ba, gaba ɗaya yana aiki ta tsohuwa. Wannan "tsaro na wa'adin mulki" yana dogara ne akan dalilai gama gari da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don mai gida don dawo da harabar. Idan mai gida yana siyar da bulo kuma wanda ya cancanta ya mallaki fiye da kashi 50%, ya kamata a bai wa mai haya haƙƙin ƙi na farko akan farashin siyan katangar. Kamar yadda a cikin mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen doka kan tsauraran bin sharuɗɗan hayar a kan ƙararraki da aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba za a iya aiwatar da su sosai, wanda ke haifar da asarar kuɗi da fage idan aka karye. Rashin biyan kuɗin hayar, ba kamar na zama ba, na iya haifar da koma bayan mai gida kai tsaye ("sake shigar da zaman lafiya") ta hanyar haƙƙin mai mallakar kasuwanci na amfani da korar "taimakon kai".<ref>https://www.historytalk.org/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last3=HM Land Registry}}</ref> Ɗaukar kayan ɗan haya ba tare da izinin kotu ba (wanda ke gudana daga umarnin kotu ko buƙatun haraji mai ban sha'awa) ( damuwa ) an hana shi. == Slum mai gida == Masu haya (masu haya ko wasu masu lasisi) a ƙarshen mafi ƙasƙanci na ma'aunin biyan kuɗi na iya kasancewa cikin matsala ta zamantakewa ko tattalin arziƙi kuma suna fama da ƙalubale na zamantakewa a sakamakon. Saboda rashin zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓi, irin waɗannan masu haya galibi suna fama da marasa mutunci na marasa aminci da ƙaddarorin da suka yi watsi da alhakin kula da ƙadarorin. Ana amfani da kalmomin “mai-gidanci”, “mai-gidan marasa galihu”, ko kuma “mai gidan ghetto” don bayyana masu mallakar gidaje masu yawa na irin waɗannan ƙadarorin, galibi suna riƙe da ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na gida. Haɓaka jama'a ko manyan saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu na iya inganta irin waɗannan yankuna. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, ikon siyan tilas na gwamnati a cikin ƙasashe da yawa yana ba da damar ɓarke don maye gurbin ko sabunta mafi munin unguwannin. Misalai: * Peter Rachman ya kasance mai gida wanda yayi aiki a Notting Hill, [[Landan|London]], a cikin 1950s kuma har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1962. Ya yi kaurin suna wajen cin zarafin ma'aikatansa, tare da kalmar " '''Rachmanism''' " yana shiga ''Oxford English Dictionary'' . Ma'aikatansa sun hada da Michael de Freitas (aka Michael X / Abdul Malik), wanda ya haifar da suna a matsayin jagoran baƙar fata, da kuma Johnny Edgecombe, wanda ya zama mai tallata jazz da blues, wanda ya taimaka wajen kiyaye shi a cikin haske. == Jarin haya da tushe == ; Ƙarfafawa da rashin jin daɗi Ƙaddamarwa, tabbas idan ba gidaje na zamantakewa ba, shine don samun yawan amfanin haya mai kyau (komawa na shekara-shekara akan zuba jari) da kuma tsammanin hauhawar farashin ƙadarorin. Abubuwan da ba a yarda da su ba su ne bambance-bambancen ayyukan masu gida a cikin gyare-gyare / kulawa da gudanarwa &#x2014; da kuma manyan kasada (rikitattun masu haya, lalacewa, sakaci, asarar haya, rashin inshorar / jayayya, durƙushewar tattalin arziki, karuwar yawan riba akan kowane jinginar gida, da rashin daidaituwa). ko asarar zuba jari). Net samun kudin shiga (sakamakon rabo) da babban birnin kasar girma daga barin (hayar fita) musamman a leveraged buy to bari, shi ne batun idiosyncratic hadarin, wanda aka dauke da haƙiƙa intensified ga wani sosai leveraged zuba jari iyakance ga wani karamin adadin irin wannan profile gidajen, na kunkuntar haya roko na kasuwa a yankunan da ba su da karfin tattalin arziki. ; Tushen Mai haya na iya biyan ƙadarori na haya akan duk abin da aka yarda tsakanin mai gida da mai haya &#x2014; fiye da mako-mako ko kasa da shekara kusan ba a ji ba &#x2014; kuma wanda koyaushe yana cikin yarjejeniyar haya (zai fi dacewa ga bangarorin biyu a rubuce) . Ya kamata ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mai haya yayi la'akari kafin ya shiga ciki. ; Tsaro don haya da ƙarin kudade Mai gida ko wakilinsa na iya yanke shawara don karɓar ajiya na tsaro (da/ko a wasu hukunce-hukuncen kamar sassan Amurka, kuɗin shiga ko gudanarwa). Mai hanawa idan babba kuma dangi mai kyan gani idan ƙasa ce a kasuwanni da yawa don ɗan haya, ba kasafai ake yin muhawara ba a cikin shawarwarin lokacin haya. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen ko dai ko duka biyun an haramta su ta asali. A maimakon haka ana iya haɗa asarar haya/cikakkiyar inshorar lalacewar mai gida zuwa cikin hayar da aka amince da ita da/ko wani nau'in ajiya na musamman, ƙayyadaddun adadin kuɗi a matsayin jingina (ajiya mai tsaro) daga ɗan hayar da wani mai rijista ke riƙe (irin wannan. kamar yadda wasu wakilai na ainihi) na iya halatta. Adadin da aka saba bisa doka shine a biya shi daga bashi (rashin haya) da lalacewa ta ko gazawar mai haya ya gyara/gyara. == victualler mai lasisi == A cikin United Kingdom mai shi da/ko manajan gidan mashaya (gidan jama'a) yawanci ana kiransa "mai gida/matar gida" ko "mai karbar haraji ", na karshen daidai da karar dan kwangilar jama'a na Rome ko manomi mai haraji . A cikin ƙarin yanayi na yau da kullun, kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita tana da '''lasisin victualler''' ko kuma kawai “mai lasisi”. Ana iya kiran mai gida mace ko dai mai ''gida'' ko kuma kawai mai gida. Ƙimar Ciniki Mai Lasisi, wacce aka kafa a cikin 2004 daga haɗin gwiwar Society of Victuallers masu lasisi da Gidajen Victualler na ƙasa, ta wanzu don biyan buƙatun ritaya na masu gidajen mashaya na Biritaniya. Ƙungiyar ta kuma gudanar da makarantu masu zaman kansu guda uku a Ascot da Karatu a Berkshire da Sayers Common a Sussex . Kazalika samun cikakken kuɗin biyan ɗalibai na yau da kullun, Makarantar Victuallers' School da ke Ascot tana ba da rangwamen farashin ilimi ga yaran masu gidaje da sauran su a cikin masana'antar abinci. == Ƙungiyoyin masu gida == Akwai ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci na masu gidaje a ƙasashe daban-daban. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi / al'ummomi suna ba da tallafi ga membobin su don fuskantar batutuwa da yawa ta hanyar ba da hanyar tallafawa juna, da kuma yin amfani da hukumomin da abin ya shafa game da cikakkun bayanai da aiwatar da dokar zama da wasu dokokin hayar kasuwanci. ; Ostiraliya Ƙungiyoyin masu gidaje da yawa sun wanzu a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar bambanta daga rukunin ƙungiyoyi masu mallakar ƙadarori waɗanda ke wakiltar 'babban ƙarshen gari' - masu manyan gine-gine da manyan rukunin gidajen zama, kamar Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya . * Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Ostiraliya (POAA) * Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Victoria (POAVIC) * POAQ - Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Queensland * Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta NSW * Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta Yammacin Ostiraliya * Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta Kudancin Ostiraliya ; Ƙasar Ingila Ƙungiyar Masu Gidajen Mazauna ta Ƙasa (NRLA) yanzu ta samo asali daga haɗewar ƙungiyoyi biyu masu zuwa kamar na 31/3/2020: * Ƙungiyar Masu Gidaje (RLA) * Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta ƙasa (NLA) == Duba kuma == * Mai kula da gini, sana'ar da ke da alaƙa * Mai gida * Doka (doka) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ypfp3au05ydxjadeglarnmxupr3tu2 827133 827132 2026-04-27T12:50:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 827133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Powerful_landlord_in_chariot._Eastern_Han_25-220_CE._Anping,_Hebei.jpg|thumb|280x280px| Mai iko mai karfi a cikin karusar, Gabashin Han 25–220 CE. Hebei, China]] '''Maigida''' shi ne wanda ya mallaki [[gida]], gidajen haya, sashen wani gida, filaye, ko dukiya wanda aka yi hayar ko hayar ga wani mutum ko kasuwanci, wanda ake kira dan haya (kuma mai ''haya'' ko mai ''haya''). Lokacin da mai shari'a yana cikin wannan matsayi, ana amfani da kalmar mai gida. Sauran sharuddan sun hada da '''mai''' gida da '''mai shi'''. Ana iya amfani da kalmar '''uwar gida''' ga masu mata. Manajan gidan mashaya a cikin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], tsananin magana mai lasisi victualler, ana kiransa mai gida/matar gida. A cikin tattalin arzikin siyasa ana nufin mai mallakar albarkatun kasa shi kadai (misali, kasa, ba gine-gine ba) wanda hayar tattalin arziki ke samun kudin shiga. == Tarihi == Tunanin mai gida na iya komawa ne zuwa ga tsarin feudal na [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|manoralism]] ( [[Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye|seignorialism]] ), inda wani fili mallakar Ubangijin Manor ( mesne lords ), yawanci 'yan ƙananan ƙwararru waɗanda suka zo don samar da matsayi na Knights . a cikin babban na da zamani, riƙe da fief via subinfeudation, amma a wasu lokuta ƙasar na iya zama kai tsaye batun memba na mafi girma nobility, kamar yadda a cikin sarauta yankin kai tsaye mallakar wani sarki, ko a cikin Mai Tsarki Roman Empire ƙauyuka kai tsaye. ƙarƙashin sarki. Tsarin tsaka-tsaki a ƙarshe yana ci gaba da tsarin ƙauyuka da Latifundia (faɗaɗɗen gonaki na manoma) na Daular Roma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm |access-date=2022-06-04 |archive-date=2017-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405034238/http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm |url-status=dead |archivedate=2017-04-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405034238/http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm }}</ref> A wannan zamani, “mai gida” yana bayyana kowane mutum, ko wata hukuma kamar hukuma ko wata hukuma, tana ba da gidaje ga mutanen da ba su mallaki gidajensu ba. == Ɗawainiyar mai gida da mai haya == Yarjejeniyar haya, ita ce kwangilar da ke bayyana irin waɗannan sharuɗɗan kamar farashin da aka biya, hukunce-hukuncen jinkirin biyan kuɗi, tsawon haya da adadin sanarwar da ake buƙata kafin mai gida ko mai haya ya soke yarjejeniyar. Gaba ɗaya, ana ba da ayyuka kamar haka: mai gida ne ke da alhakin yin gyare-gyare da kuma kula da ƙadarorin, kuma mai haya yana da alhakin kiyaye ƙadarar mai tsabta da aminci. Yawancin masu mallaka suna hayar kamfanin sarrafa ƙadarori don kula da duk cikakkun bayanai na hayar kayansu ga mai haya. Wannan yawanci ya haɗa da tallan ƙadarorin da nunawa ga masu haya mai zuwa, yin shawarwari da shirya rubutacciyar hayar ko yarjejeniyar lasisi,<ref>Friedman on Leases (Sixth Edition) by Andrew R. Berman, Chapter 37: Leases, Licenses, and Easements Compared—Parking Rights, Department Store Concessions, Lodgers, Etc.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lawjournalnewsletters.com/sites/lawjournalnewsletters/2008/01/31/using-a-license-agreement-instead-of-a-lease/?slreturn=20220504110049 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-06-04 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325160747/https://www.lawjournalnewsletters.com/sites/lawjournalnewsletters/2008/01/31/using-a-license-agreement-instead-of-a-lease/?slreturn=20220504110049 |url-status=dead }}</ref> sannan, da zarar an yi hayar, karɓar haya daga mai haya da yin gyare-gyare kamar yadda ake buƙata. [[File:E9438-David-Berry-monument.jpg|thumb| David Berry ya mallaki mafi yawan abin da a yanzu aka fi sani da sunan garin Berry, kuma mazaunansa suna tunawa da shi sosai.]] === Amurka === A [[Tarayyar Amurka|ƙasar Amurka]], rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar dokar jiha (ba dokar tarayya ba ) game da dukiya da kwangila . Dokokin jaha da, a wasu wurare, dokar birni ko dokar Gundumomi, tana tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida ko uwar gida za su iya korar ɗan hayar nasa kafin karewar gidan haya, kodayake a ƙarshen wa'adin hayar za a iya ƙarewa gaba ɗaya ba tare da bayar da wani dalili ba. Wasu birane, gundumomi, da Jihohi suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko tsarin haya, da kuma fitar da su. Hakanan akwai garanti mai ma'ana na zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, nagartaccen kuma matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci kamar masu gano hayaƙi da ƙofar kullewa. Rikicin da aka fi sani da shi ya samo asali ne daga ko dai maigidan ya kasa samar da ayyuka ko kuma rashin biyan hayar mai haya—wanda kuma na iya haifar da na baya. Riƙe hayar dalili ne da ya dace na korar, kamar yadda sau da yawa bayani a cikin haya.<ref>Bolander, Donald O. (1990). The New Webster's Library of Practical Information: Family Legal Guide. Lexicon Publications. pp. 44–45. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7172-4500-4</nowiki></ref> === Kanada === A [[Kanada]], rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana yin su ne ta hanyar dokar lardi (ba dokar tarayya ba ) game da dukiya da kwangila . Dokar lardi ta tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida zai iya korar ɗan haya. Wasu larduna suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko ƙa'idojin haya, da kuma fitarwa masu alaƙa. Hakanan akwai garantin madaidaicin wurin zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, kyawawan gidaje da matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci. === Ƙasar Ingila === ; Kasuwar haya na zama (annances) Hayar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu galibi suna gudanar da su ne da yawa daga cikin Ayyukan Mai Gida da na Masu haya, musamman Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1985 wacce ta tsara ƙaramin ƙa'idodi a haƙƙin masu haya a kan masu gidansu. Wata mahimmin ƙa'ida ita ce Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 . Ana iya ƙara hayar kuɗi kyauta a ƙarshen tsawon watanni shida na yau da kullun, bisa sanarwar da ta dace da aka ba mai haya. Umurnin Mallaka a ƙarƙashin mafi yawan nau'in, ana samun tabbacin ba da hayar gajeru (AST) yawanci bayan makonni takwas/watanni biyu na hayar da ba a biya ba, kuma bisa ga hukuncin kotu bayan yiwa mai haya hidima tare da sanarwar sashe na 8 (a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gidaje 1988 kamar yadda gyara) na wani ɗan ƙaramin lokaci don duk tabbacin hayar &#x2014; da kuma a kan wasu filaye waɗanda ke jinkirta ikon mallakar mai gida. Idan gidan haya na AST ne to duk wani odar mallaka ba zai fara aiki ba har sai an wuce watanni shida a cikin hayar ta farko. Bayar da wani wanda ya kasance yana aiki tun kafin 15 ga Janairu 1989 yawanci, idan ba ɗan gajeren lokaci ba daga farko bayan kafuwar su daga 1980 zuwa gaba, na iya zama " tsararriyar haya " tare da ƙarin haƙƙoƙi, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hayar 1977 da Kariya . daga Dokar Korar 1977, wanda ma'aikatar Wilson ta Uku ta gabatar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180413130952/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/11445/138295.pdf</ref> Kowane gida a cikin sana'a da yawa, rukunin da doka ba ta ɗauke shi a matsayin gida ɗaya da ke da masu haya sama da uku ba, yana ƙarƙashin ingantattun ƙa'idodi ciki har da Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 . Ana buƙatar lasisin da majalisa ta bayar don zama mai mallakar irin wannan rukunin koyaushe a wasu ƙananan hukumomi (a wasu, iyakance ga manyan misalan doka). ==== Gidan haya na zama ==== Gidajen haya sama da shekaru biyu galibi ana kiran su leases kuma suna da tsayi; idan fiye da shekaru bakwai dole ne a yi rajistar sabon gidan haya. <ref>[[LRA 2002]], Sch.3</ref> Waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin ƙa'idodin da ke sama ke tafiyar da su kuma suna cikin misalan da suka daɗe da gangan sun fi kamanceceniya da cikakken mallaka fiye da gidajen haya, gaba ɗaya. Ba safai suke buƙatar hayar ƙasa mai girman gaske . Doka ba ta tsara tuhume-tuhume masu yawa na karya/sayarwa ba kuma ba ta hana sayar da gidajen haya ba; a cikin 2010s wasu daga cikin waɗannan shawarwari an yi shawara sosai kuma ana tsara su. Gaba ɗaya, doka ta ba wa irin waɗannan masu haya (masu haya) damar yin ƙulla tare don samun [[Haƙƙin Gudanarwa]], da haƙƙin siyan sha'awar mai gida (don ba da hannun jari tare). Yana ba su damar ɗaiɗaiku su tsawaita kwangilar su don sabon ƙaramin kuɗi ("Premium"), wanda idan masu haya sun sami ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ba koyaushe ba za a buƙaci su / ba da shawarar kowane shekaru 15-35. Bukatun sanarwa da fom suna da ƙarfi. A cikin ƙananan misalan mai haya, dangane da sassauƙan rarrabuwar lissafi na ginin, na iya samun damar ba da izini daban-daban. Ƙididdiga ta 1925 tana nufin kusan dukkanin lamuni (masu haya a ƙananan haya da kuma a farashi mai ƙima (lafiya, babban jimlar farko)) na ƙadarorin da za a iya siyar da su (da mai haya, sanyawa); rage duk wani hani ga wanda mai gida zai iya amfani da ma'auni wanda yake "ma'ana" tantancewa, ba tare da haifar da babban jinkiri ba. Ana kiran wannan sau da yawa a matsayin "ƙwararren alƙawari akan aiki/keɓancewa". A cikin babban yanki na raguwar gidaje na zamantakewa, na musamman, masu karɓar haya ko'ina suna samun haƙƙin [[Haƙƙin Siyayya|Siyayya]] don ƙayyadaddun ragi akan farashin kasuwa na gida. ==== Kasuwanci (kasuwanci) haya da haya ==== A cikin ƙadarorin kasuwanci yawancin doka, musamman game da husuma da hukunce-hukuncen asali, sun dogara ne akan 'yancin yin kwangila na dokar gama gari gami da maƙasudan sharuɗɗan shawarwarin da suka gabata na shari'a mai fa'ida kamar ma'anar "gyara mai kyau kuma mai mahimmanci" . Ƙa'idodin da aka bayyana sun haɗa da "rashin ragewa daga kyauta" da "jin daɗin shiru". Duk kasuwancin da ke haya (masu haya) dole ne su yanke shawarar ko za su yi kwangila a ciki ko wajen Sashe na II na Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1954 wanda ya ba su "amincin kasuwancin". In ba haka ba, gaba ɗaya yana aiki ta tsohuwa. Wannan "tsaro na wa'adin mulki" yana dogara ne akan dalilai gama gari da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don mai gida don dawo da harabar. Idan mai gida yana siyar da bulo kuma wanda ya cancanta ya mallaki fiye da kashi 50%, ya kamata a bai wa mai haya haƙƙin ƙi na farko akan farashin siyan katangar. Kamar yadda a cikin mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen doka kan tsauraran bin sharuɗɗan hayar a kan ƙararraki da aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba za a iya aiwatar da su sosai, wanda ke haifar da asarar kuɗi da fage idan aka karye. Rashin biyan kuɗin hayar, ba kamar na zama ba, na iya haifar da koma bayan mai gida kai tsaye ("sake shigar da zaman lafiya") ta hanyar haƙƙin mai mallakar kasuwanci na amfani da korar "taimakon kai".<ref>https://www.historytalk.org/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last3=HM Land Registry}}</ref> Ɗaukar kayan ɗan haya ba tare da izinin kotu ba (wanda ke gudana daga umarnin kotu ko buƙatun haraji mai ban sha'awa) ( damuwa ) an hana shi. == Slum mai gida == Masu haya (masu haya ko wasu masu lasisi) a ƙarshen mafi ƙasƙanci na ma'aunin biyan kuɗi na iya kasancewa cikin matsala ta zamantakewa ko tattalin arziƙi kuma suna fama da ƙalubale na zamantakewa a sakamakon. Saboda rashin zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓi, irin waɗannan masu haya galibi suna fama da marasa mutunci na marasa aminci da ƙaddarorin da suka yi watsi da alhakin kula da ƙadarorin. Ana amfani da kalmomin “mai-gidanci”, “mai-gidan marasa galihu”, ko kuma “mai gidan ghetto” don bayyana masu mallakar gidaje masu yawa na irin waɗannan ƙadarorin, galibi suna riƙe da ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na gida. Haɓaka jama'a ko manyan saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu na iya inganta irin waɗannan yankuna. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, ikon siyan tilas na gwamnati a cikin ƙasashe da yawa yana ba da damar ɓarke don maye gurbin ko sabunta mafi munin unguwannin. Misalai: * Peter Rachman ya kasance mai gida wanda yayi aiki a Notting Hill, [[Landan|London]], a cikin 1950s kuma har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1962. Ya yi kaurin suna wajen cin zarafin ma'aikatansa, tare da kalmar " '''Rachmanism''' " yana shiga ''Oxford English Dictionary'' . Ma'aikatansa sun hada da Michael de Freitas (aka Michael X / Abdul Malik), wanda ya haifar da suna a matsayin jagoran baƙar fata, da kuma Johnny Edgecombe, wanda ya zama mai tallata jazz da blues, wanda ya taimaka wajen kiyaye shi a cikin haske. == Jarin haya da tushe == ; Ƙarfafawa da rashin jin daɗi Ƙaddamarwa, tabbas idan ba gidaje na zamantakewa ba, shine don samun yawan amfanin haya mai kyau (komawa na shekara-shekara akan zuba jari) da kuma tsammanin hauhawar farashin ƙadarorin. Abubuwan da ba a yarda da su ba su ne bambance-bambancen ayyukan masu gida a cikin gyare-gyare / kulawa da gudanarwa &#x2014; da kuma manyan kasada (rikitattun masu haya, lalacewa, sakaci, asarar haya, rashin inshorar / jayayya, durƙushewar tattalin arziki, karuwar yawan riba akan kowane jinginar gida, da rashin daidaituwa). ko asarar zuba jari). Net samun kudin shiga (sakamakon rabo) da babban birnin kasar girma daga barin (hayar fita) musamman a leveraged buy to bari, shi ne batun idiosyncratic hadarin, wanda aka dauke da haƙiƙa intensified ga wani sosai leveraged zuba jari iyakance ga wani karamin adadin irin wannan profile gidajen, na kunkuntar haya roko na kasuwa a yankunan da ba su da karfin tattalin arziki. ; Tushen Mai haya na iya biyan ƙadarori na haya akan duk abin da aka yarda tsakanin mai gida da mai haya &#x2014; fiye da mako-mako ko kasa da shekara kusan ba a ji ba &#x2014; kuma wanda koyaushe yana cikin yarjejeniyar haya (zai fi dacewa ga bangarorin biyu a rubuce) . Ya kamata ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mai haya yayi la'akari kafin ya shiga ciki. ; Tsaro don haya da ƙarin kudade Mai gida ko wakilinsa na iya yanke shawara don karɓar ajiya na tsaro (da/ko a wasu hukunce-hukuncen kamar sassan Amurka, kuɗin shiga ko gudanarwa). Mai hanawa idan babba kuma dangi mai kyan gani idan ƙasa ce a kasuwanni da yawa don ɗan haya, ba kasafai ake yin muhawara ba a cikin shawarwarin lokacin haya. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen ko dai ko duka biyun an haramta su ta asali. A maimakon haka ana iya haɗa asarar haya/cikakkiyar inshorar lalacewar mai gida zuwa cikin hayar da aka amince da ita da/ko wani nau'in ajiya na musamman, ƙayyadaddun adadin kuɗi a matsayin jingina (ajiya mai tsaro) daga ɗan hayar da wani mai rijista ke riƙe (irin wannan. kamar yadda wasu wakilai na ainihi) na iya halatta. Adadin da aka saba bisa doka shine a biya shi daga bashi (rashin haya) da lalacewa ta ko gazawar mai haya ya gyara/gyara. == victualler mai lasisi == A cikin United Kingdom mai shi da/ko manajan gidan mashaya (gidan jama'a) yawanci ana kiransa "mai gida/matar gida" ko "mai karbar haraji ", na karshen daidai da karar dan kwangilar jama'a na Rome ko manomi mai haraji . A cikin ƙarin yanayi na yau da kullun, kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita tana da '''lasisin victualler''' ko kuma kawai “mai lasisi”. Ana iya kiran mai gida mace ko dai mai ''gida'' ko kuma kawai mai gida. Ƙimar Ciniki Mai Lasisi, wacce aka kafa a cikin 2004 daga haɗin gwiwar Society of Victuallers masu lasisi da Gidajen Victualler na ƙasa, ta wanzu don biyan buƙatun ritaya na masu gidajen mashaya na Biritaniya. Ƙungiyar ta kuma gudanar da makarantu masu zaman kansu guda uku a Ascot da Karatu a Berkshire da Sayers Common a Sussex . Kazalika samun cikakken kuɗin biyan ɗalibai na yau da kullun, Makarantar Victuallers' School da ke Ascot tana ba da rangwamen farashin ilimi ga yaran masu gidaje da sauran su a cikin masana'antar abinci. == Ƙungiyoyin masu gida == Akwai ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci na masu gidaje a ƙasashe daban-daban. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi / al'ummomi suna ba da tallafi ga membobin su don fuskantar batutuwa da yawa ta hanyar ba da hanyar tallafawa juna, da kuma yin amfani da hukumomin da abin ya shafa game da cikakkun bayanai da aiwatar da dokar zama da wasu dokokin hayar kasuwanci. ; Ostiraliya Ƙungiyoyin masu gidaje da yawa sun wanzu a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar bambanta daga rukunin ƙungiyoyi masu mallakar ƙadarori waɗanda ke wakiltar 'babban ƙarshen gari' - masu manyan gine-gine da manyan rukunin gidajen zama, kamar Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya . * Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Ostiraliya (POAA) * Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Victoria (POAVIC) * POAQ - Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Queensland * Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta NSW * Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta Yammacin Ostiraliya * Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta Kudancin Ostiraliya ; Ƙasar Ingila Ƙungiyar Masu Gidajen Mazauna ta Ƙasa (NRLA) yanzu ta samo asali daga haɗewar ƙungiyoyi biyu masu zuwa kamar na 31/3/2020: * Ƙungiyar Masu Gidaje (RLA) * Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta ƙasa (NLA) == Duba kuma == * Mai kula da gini, sana'ar da ke da alaƙa * Mai gida * Doka (doka) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5kwd85mxq6rxyidhyowyx22e45qiepp 0 45736 827097 239357 2026-04-27T12:34:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 827097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} '''Nardos Sisay Chifra''' (an haife ta ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 1998) ta kasance ƙwararriyar ƴar wasan taekwondo ce ta Habasha. A cikin shekara ta 2015, ta wakilci Habasha a gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2015 da aka gudanar a Brazzaville, Jamhuriyar Congo, kuma ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar tseren kilogiram 46 na mata.<ref>https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1032772/ethiopian-olympic-committee-seeking-title-sponsors</ref> A gasar share fagen shiga gasar Taekwondo ta Afirka ta shekarar 2016 da aka yi a Agadir na ƙasar Maroko, ta samu lambar tagulla a gasar mata -49.&nbsp;kg taron.<ref>https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1034070/ivorian-qualifies-for-second-consecutive-olympics-with-victory-at-rio-2016-african-taekwondo-qualifier</ref> A cikin shekarar 2019, ta wakilci Habasha a gasar Afirka ta shekarar 2019 a gasar mata ta kilogiram −49 ba tare da samun lambar yabo ba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Nardos Chifra at TaekwondoData.com [[Category:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 8usxzznhe6uxft2mjvao3bo3b2cfa5c 827098 827097 2026-04-27T12:34:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 827098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} '''Nardos Sisay Chifra''' (an haife ta ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 1998) ta kasance ƙwararriyar ƴar wasan taekwondo ce ta Habasha. A cikin shekara ta 2015, ta wakilci Habasha a gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2015 da aka gudanar a Brazzaville, Jamhuriyar Congo, kuma ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar tseren kilogiram 46 na mata.<ref>https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1032772/ethiopian-olympic-committee-seeking-title-sponsors</ref> A gasar share fagen shiga gasar Taekwondo ta Afirka ta shekarar 2016 da aka yi a Agadir na ƙasar Maroko, ta samu lambar tagulla a gasar mata -49.kg taron.<ref>https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1034070/ivorian-qualifies-for-second-consecutive-olympics-with-victory-at-rio-2016-african-taekwondo-qualifier</ref> A cikin shekarar 2019, ta wakilci Habasha a gasar Afirka ta shekarar 2019 a gasar mata ta kilogiram −49 ba tare da samun lambar yabo ba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Nardos Chifra at TaekwondoData.com [[Category:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] tbv4akqkj3skwgoab5d4vlo78a6vpsv 3 47600 827262 812457 2026-04-27T17:57:26Z MediaWiki message delivery 3927 /* Tech News: 2026-18 */ sabon sashe 827262 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}][[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani Don tabbatar da cewa komai yana aiki, sashen Fasahar Wikimedia yana buƙatar yin gwajin da aka shirya. Wannan gwajin zai nuna idan zasu iya dogara da amincewa da chanji daga wannan cibiyar zuwa wancan. Ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyi da su zauna cikin shiri kuma su kasance a kusa don magance duk wata matsala da ke iya tasowa yayin gyaran. Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''.Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. '''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.'''*Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|ha}}.*Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali.''Wasu sakamakon'':*Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutun masu dadewa* Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya.* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90.Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. Za a sami karin sanarwar dangane da wannan. Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. '''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.''' == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani Don tabbatar da cewa komai yana aiki, sashen Fasahar Wikimedia yana buƙatar yin gwajin da aka shirya. Wannan gwajin zai nuna idan zasu iya dogara da amincewa da chanji daga wannan cibiyar zuwa wancan. Ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyi da su zauna cikin shiri kuma su kasance a kusa don magance duk wata matsala da ke iya tasowa yayin gyaran. Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''. Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. '''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.''' *Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|ha}}. *Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali. ''Wasu sakamakon'': *Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutun masu dadewa * Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90. Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. Za a sami karin sanarwar dangane da wannan. Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. '''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:45, 20 ga Afirilu, 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Tech_News_test_list&oldid=24911453 --> == Tech/Server switch == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:56, 20 ga Afirilu, 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Tech_News_test_list&oldid=24911453 --> == Your wiki will be in read-only soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani Don tabbatar da cewa komai yana aiki, sashen Fasahar Wikimedia yana buƙatar yin gwajin da aka shirya. Wannan gwajin zai nuna idan zasu iya dogara da amincewa da chanji daga wannan cibiyar zuwa wancan. Ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyi da su zauna cikin shiri kuma su kasance a kusa don magance duk wata matsala da ke iya tasowa yayin gyaran. Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''. Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. '''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.''' *Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|ha}}. *Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali. ''Wasu sakamakon'': *Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutun masu dadewa * Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90. Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. Za a sami karin sanarwar dangane da wannan. Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. '''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:31, 21 ga Afirilu, 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Tech_News_test_list&oldid=24911453 --> == Приглашение к участию в исследовании == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Здравствуйте! Фонд Викимедиа проводит опрос википедистов, чтобы лучше понять, что привлекает администраторов к участию в работе над Википедией и что влияет на удержание администраторов. Мы будем использовать это исследование для улучшения возможностей википедистов, решения распространенных проблем и удовлетворения потребностей. Мы определили Вас как подходящего кандидата для этого исследования и будем очень признательны за участие в этом '''[https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/728994?lang=ru анонимном опросе]'''. Для участия Вам не нужно быть администратором. Прохождение опроса должно занять около 10–15 минут. Вы можете прочитать больше об исследовании на его [[Special:MyLanguage/Research:Wikipedia Administrator Recruitment, Retention, and Attrition|странице Мета-вики]] и просмотреть его [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Administrator Experiences 2024 Survey Privacy Statement|заявление о конфиденциальности]]. Если у Вас есть вопросы или сомнения, обращайтесь к нам с использованием контактов на странице Мета-вики проекта. С уважением, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Research|Исследовательская группа Фонда Викимедиа]] </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:BGerdemann (WMF)|BGerdemann (WMF)]] ([[User talk:BGerdemann (WMF)|hira]]) 16:44, 8 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 11 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:44, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not written in your native language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 22:02, 21 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [[testwiki:Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation dashboard]] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:33, 13 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:47, 13 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization team|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. Below is a breakdown of important information about the improvement. '''What are the improvements?'''<br> The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users can now access the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic). Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] '''Does this improvement change the current accessibility of this tool in this Wikipedia?'''<br> The Content translation tool will still be in beta; therefore, only logged-in users who activated the tool from the [[en:wikipedia:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] will continue to have access to the content translation tool. Also, if the tool is only available to a specific [[en:Wikipedia:User access levels|user group]], it will remain that way. '''When do we plan to implement this improvement?'''<br> We will implement it on your Wikipedia and others by 24th, March 2025. '''What happens to the former dashboard after we implement the improvement?'''<br> You can still access it in the tool for some time. We will remove it from all Wikipedias by May 2025, as maintaining it will no longer be productive. '''Where can I test this improvement and report any issues before it is implemented in this Wiki?''' <br> You can try the improved capabilities in the test wiki using this link: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ . If you notice an issue related to the improved dashboard in the test wiki, please let us know in this thread and ping me, or report it in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator], adding these tags: <code>BUG REPORT</code> and <code>ContentTranslation</code>. Please ask us any questions regarding this improvement in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 03:55, 14 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. Below is a breakdown of important information about the improvement. '''What are the improvements?'''<br> The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users can now access the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic). Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] '''Does this improvement change the current accessibility of this tool in this Wikipedia?'''<br> The Content translation tool will still be in beta; therefore, only logged-in users who activated the tool from the [[en:wikipedia:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] will continue to have access to the content translation tool. Also, if the tool is only available to a specific [[en:Wikipedia:User access levels|user group]], it will remain that way. '''When do we plan to implement this improvement?'''<br> We will implement it on your Wikipedia and others by 24th, March 2025. '''What happens to the former dashboard after we implement the improvement?'''<br> You can still access it in the tool for some time. We will remove it from all Wikipedias by May 2025, as maintaining it will no longer be productive. '''Where can I test this improvement and report any issues before it is implemented in this Wiki?''' <br> You can try the improved capabilities in the test wiki using this link: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ . If you notice an issue related to the improved dashboard in the test wiki, please let us know in this thread and ping me, or report it in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator], adding these tags: <code>BUG REPORT</code> and <code>ContentTranslation</code>. Please ask us any questions regarding this improvement in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 04:15, 14 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies, as this message is not written in your native language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia by 15th May 2025 now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 23:49, 6 Mayu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:59, 14 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == Get started with the Lua interface to simplify preparation of modules for translation of modules in MetaWiki == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! The [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has developed a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message_Bundles/Lua_reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation in the MetaWiki platform. This means that module developers can now use the new Lua interface to load translatable strings, and the translators can translate them in the same translation interface that is used for templates and wiki pages. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. We invite you to [[commons:File:Translatable_modules_video_demo_July_2025.webm|'''watch our demo video''']] '''and read more about''' [[mw:Translatable_modules|'''translatable modules''']] to understand how it works. '''Please give us your feedback on''' [[mw:Talk:Translatable_modules|'''this talk page''']] on how well the Lua interface addresses the challenges in your workflow and how useful it is in module localization tasks. You can also look at [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]]. which was recently converted to utilize these messages, for example usage. Your feedback is important as it will help us evaluate and decide how to continue developing and improving this interface, extend it to other wikis, or change our approach. Thank you, and we anticipate your honest feedback. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 06:13, 28 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 1 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:38, 1 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:39, 22 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:35, 29 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == Upcoming Dark Mode user interface rollout for anonymous Wikimedia sites users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikimedians, Apologies if this message is not in your language. {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will launch the Dark mode feature for anonymous users on all Wikimedia sites, including yours, on October 29, 2025. [[:en:Special:MyLanguage/Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark mode]] is an option that allows users to view pages in light-coloured text, and icons on a dark background. Once it is available for anonymous users, they can enable it when using various devices. More information on ways to enable it can be found on [[:en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Dark mode#Options for anyone|this page]]. Given many pages are still not compatible with dark mode this will be an opt-in feature and not automatically apply to pages. Dark mode requires modifications to content pages and templates, and since our initial launch [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/dark-modes-bright-future-how-dark-mode-will-transform-wikipedias-accessibility/|in July 2024], we have been working with communities and helping them prepare for dark mode. Before the rollout, it is essential that template authors and technical contributors test dark mode and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|this page]] to learn how to make pages Dark mode-ready and address any compatibility issues found in templates. We will fix most color compatibility issues only on the most-viewed pages on projects with over 5 million monthly page views. Technical contributors with an account should opt into dark mode currently using preferences or settings and test pages and seek help before the release to ensure everything complies before the enablement. If you have any questions or need help, please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|contact the Reader Experience team]] for support. Thank you! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 01:24, 30 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Apps newsletter – Third quarter of 2025</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content"/> In this edition, we’ll walk you through the major updates, experiments, and improvements that took place in the Wikipedia mobile apps during July, August, and September. === iOS === ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing]] ==== * In July, we released the first iteration of Tabbed Browsing to all users. * Our 30-day A/B test showed mixed but promising results: while logged-out user retention gains were modest compared to Android, survey feedback was overwhelmingly positive (93% rated the feature “Neutral to Very Satisfactory”). * We continued improvements throughout August and September, including a design review for “More Dynamic Tabs,” a new tab controller, and bug fixes such as inconsistent tab sizing on iPad mini and tooltip issues. ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review |Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review]] ==== * Work continued on Year in Review upgrades, with spikes exploring features such as sharing entire reviews, custom app icons, and showing which geographies users read about the most. * We also began preparing overall app data to share richer collective insights. ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh/Updates|Navigation Refresh]] ==== *We improved code behind the History tab and recent searches to prepare for future navigational changes. ==== Other iOS Updates ==== *Released several app versions (7.8.1 through 7.8.3), with smoke tests completed. *Resolved numerous bugs including crashes (tooltips, gestures, search), iPad layout issues, and visual problems with captions, Quick Facts, and images in Dark Mode. *Added a new REST endpoint for remote configuration and upgraded fundraising configurations to support A/B testing. *Verified continued compatibility with multi-factor authentication (MFA). === Android === ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Customizable Donation Reminder Experiment|Customizable Donation Reminder Experiment]] ==== *In August, we launched the Customizable Donation Reminder experiment in Italy. The reminder will allow users to decide if they want to be reminded to donate, and how often. ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity Tab Experiment]] ==== * By September, we finalized core modules, onboarding, instrumentation, and validation tasks needed for the A/B test of the new Activity Tab against the Edit Tab. * This marks a major step toward testing whether an Activity space can improve multi-day engagement and retention. ==== Bug Fixes & Improvements ==== *Fixed crashes with image gallery long-press, saved article syncing for Chinese, edit previews, and special links. *Addressed rendering and Dark Mode issues affecting math tags, GIFs, and citation numbers. ==== Other Android Updates ==== *We released a new beta and conducted multiple regression tests to ensure stability. *We added a general-purpose remote configuration REST endpoint, aligned with iOS. *Continued technical debt cleanup, including removing allowMainThreadQueries and adding suspend to DAO functions. *Upgraded fundraising configuration to support A/B testing. ==== Cross-Platform ==== *Both apps upgraded fundraising A/B test support and created a shared remote configuration REST endpoint. *We began tracking Account Vanish events on iOS and Android for privacy features. ==== Looking Ahead ==== This quarter marked a big step forward on Tabbed Browsing, Activity Tab, and Year in Review — three projects aimed at making Wikipedia more personal, navigable, and engaging. We also advanced donation experiments and backend improvements to support future flexibility. Make sure you’re [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Apps updates|subscribed to this newsletter]] to stay in the loop — and thank you for being part of the journey! <section end="content"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:ARamadan-WMF|ARamadan-WMF]]</bdi> 02:07, 14 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:24, 10 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:04, 26 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:40, 23 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:57, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> 6zp98voo6468b6qg2zyhiepveofeorx 0 48284 827366 810132 2026-04-28T02:55:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Are you reusable bag ready - Target plastic bag ban in Portland Oregon (8286710498).jpg|thumb|hatamta jakar leda]] [[Fayil:Map of plastic bag bans in Australia.svg|thumb|Taswirar India aka hana anfani da jikar leda]] Haramta kamar Leda doka ce da ke ƙuntata amfani da jakar ledoji na filastik mai sauƙi a wuraren sayarwa. A farkon ƙarni na ashirin da daya 21, an sami yanayin duniya game da fitowar jaka na filastik masu sauƙi.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.001 |pmid=30503422 |title=Reducing marine pollution from single-use plastics (SUPs): A review |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=137 |pages=157–171 |year=2018 |last1=Schnurr |first1=Riley E.J. |last2=Alboiu |first2=Vanessa |last3=Chaudhary |first3=Meenakshi |last4=Corbett |first4=Roan A. |last5=Quanz |first5=Meaghan E. |last6=Sankar |first6=Karthikeshwar |last7=Srain |first7=Harveer S. |last8=Thavarajah |first8=Venukasan |last9=Xanthos |first9=Dirk |last10=Walker |first10=Tony R. |bibcode=2018MarPB.137..157S |s2cid=54522420 }}</ref><ref name="Xanthos">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048 |pmid=28238328 |title=International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=118 |issue=1–2 |pages=17–26 |year=2017 |last1=Xanthos |first1=Dirk |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |bibcode=2017MarPB.118...17X }}</ref> Takalma na sayen filastik guda ɗaya,<ref name="plastic bags AU">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/waste/plastic-bags/index.html|title=Plastic bags|date=5 November 2009|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> wanda aka saba yi daga filastik mai ƙarancin polyethylene (LDPE), an ba da su kyauta ga abokan ciniki ta hanyar shagunan yayin sayen kayayyaki: an daɗe ana ɗaukar jaka a matsayin hanyar da ta dace, mai arha, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] don jigilar abubuwa. Matsalolin da ke tattare da jakunkunan filastik sun haɗa da amfani da albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba (kamar mai, gas da kwal), matsaloli yayin zubar, da tasirin muhalli. A lokaci guda tare da raguwa a cikin jaka na filastik mai sauƙi, shagunan sun gabatar da jaka na cin kasuwa masu amfani. Gwamnatoci daban-daban sun haramta sayar da jaka masu sauƙi, cajin kwastomomi don jaka masu sauƙi.<ref name="Xanthos"/> Gwamnatin [[Bangladesh]] ita ce ta farko da ta yi hakan a shekara ta 2002, inda ta sanya haramtacciyar haramiya akan jakunkunan filastik masu sauƙi. Tsakanin 2010 da 2019, yawan manufofin jama'a da aka nufa don fitar da jakunkunan filastik sun ninka sau uku.<ref name="pmid31109543">{{Cite journal|url-status=428–440}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2022, an kuma gabatar da irin wannan haramcin a cikin kasashe 99, tare da matakai daban-daban na tilasta, kuma kasashe 32 a maimakon haka suna sanya caji ga jaka. Har ila yau, wasu hukunce-hukunce a matakin kasa sun kafa haramtacciya da cajin.. == Tambayoyi == [[File:Payatas-Dumpsite_Manila_Philippines02.jpg|thumb|[[Gurbacewar Robobi|Sharar filastik]] a kan tuddai na sharar gida a cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]]]] Takalma na filastik suna haifar da ƙananan batutuwan muhalli da muhalli. Matsalar da ta fi dacewa tare da jakunkunan filastik shine adadin sharar da aka samar. Yawancin jakunkunan filastik sun ƙare a kan tituna kuma daga baya sun gurɓata manyan hanyoyin ruwa, koguna, da rafi. [[File:Photodegraded_Plastic_Bag.jpg|left|thumb|Takardar filastik da aka lalata ta kusa da hanyar tafiya. Kimanin 2,000 guda 1 zuwa 25 mm (1/32" zuwa 1"), watanni uku na bayyanar waje.]] Ko da lokacin da aka zubar da su yadda ya kamata, suna ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don lalacewa da rushewa, suna samar da adadi mai yawa na [[Tarkace|shara]] a tsawon lokaci. Takalma da ba a zubar da su yadda ya kamata sun gurɓata [[Hanyar ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa]], an toshe magudanar ruwa kuma an samo su a cikin teku, suna shafar yanayin halittu na halittu na ruwa. Babban adadin sharar filastik ya ƙare a cikin teku a kowace shekara, yana haifar da barazana ga nau'in ruwa da rushewa ga jerin abinci na ruwa. Yawancin nau'o'in microbial suna mamayewa a kan barbashi na filastik wanda ke inganta cutar su, kuma barbashi na roba da iska ke fitarwa suna samar da wuraren shara a sassa daban-daban na teku.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=56928–56947}}</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa za a sami filastik fiye da kifi a cikin teku nan da shekara ta 2050 sai dai idan kasashe sun zo da matakan gaggawa don inganta ingantaccen samarwa, amfani da kuma kula da sharar filastik a duk rayuwarsu. An gano jakunkunan filastik don taimakawa ga dumamar duniya. Bayan an zubar da shi, idan an fallasa shi ga hasken rana mai daidaituwa, farfajiyar irin wannan filastik tana samar da iskar gas guda biyu na methane da ethylene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghaffar |first1=Imania |last2=Rashid |first2=Muhammad |last3=Akmal |first3=Muhammad |last4=Hussain |first4=Ali |date=August 2022 |title=Plastics in the environment as potential threat to life: an overview |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-21542-x |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=29 |issue=38 |pages=56928–56947 |doi=10.1007/s11356-022-21542-x |pmid=35713833 |s2cid=249713887 |issn=0944-1344}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, saboda ƙananan ƙwayoyin reshe / manyan rassan rassa, yana rushewa cikin sauƙi a tsawon lokaci idan aka kwatanta da sauran filastik da ke haifar da wuraren da aka fallasa da kuma hanzarta sakin iskar gas. Samar da wadannan iskar gas daga filastik budurwa yana ƙaruwa sosai tare da yanki / lokaci, don haka LDPE yana fitar da iskar gas a cikin mafi ƙarancin ƙima idan aka kwatanta da sauran filastik. A ƙarshen kwana 212, an yi rikodin hayaki a 5.8 nmol g-1 d-1 na methane, 14.5 nmol g 1 d-1 na ethylene, 3.9 nmol g1 d-1 na etane da 9.7 nmol g - d-1 na propylene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our planet is drowning in plastic pollution. This World Environment Day, it's time for a change|url=https://www.unenvironment.org/interactive/beat-plastic-pollution/|access-date=2020-08-24|website=www.unenvironment.org}}</ref> Nau'o'i biyu na asali na lalacewar kai tsaye ga namun daji shine rikicewa da cin abinci. Dabbobi na iya zama masu rikitarwa da nutsar da su. Sau da yawa dabbobi ne ke cinye jakunkunan filastik waɗanda ba za su iya rarrabe su daga abinci ba. A sakamakon haka, suna rufe hanji wanda ke haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar yunwa. Takalma na filastik na iya toshe magudanar ruwa, kama tsuntsaye da kashe dabbobi. Asusun Duniya na Yanayi ya kiyasta cewa fiye da 100,000 whales, hatimi, da turtles suna mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cin abinci ko kuma an kama su da jakar filastik. A Indiya, kimanin shanu 20 suna mutuwa a kowace rana sakamakon cinye jaka na filastik da kuma samun tsarin narkewar su da jaka. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare a duk faɗin Afirka don samun magudanar ruwa da tsarin magudanar da aka rufe da jaka wanda ke haifar da mummunar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro saboda karuwar yawan sauro da ke zaune a kan magudanar ruwan da ta ambaliya. An kirkiro kalmar "farar gurɓataccen" a kasar Sin don bayyana tasirin gida da na duniya na jakunkunan filastik da aka watsar a kan muhalli.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karl|first1=David M.|last2=Wilson|first2=Samuel T.|last3=Ferrón|first3=Sara|last4=Royer|first4=Sarah-Jeanne|date=1 August 2018|title=Production of methane and ethylene from plastic in the environment|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=8|pages=e0200574|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0200574|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6070199|pmid=30067755|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1300574R|doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref> Ana kuma hura jakar filastik masu sauƙi a cikin bishiyoyi da sauran tsire-tsire kuma ana iya kuskuren su don abinci. Takalma na filastik sun lalace ta hanyar lalacewar polymer amma ba ta hanyar lalacewa ba. A sakamakon haka, duk wani sinadarin guba da suka hada da masu hana wuta, antimicrobials, da filastik za a saki cikin muhalli.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/trash_that_kills.pdf|title=Marine litter – trash that kills|access-date=15 November 2016|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402044415/http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/trash_that_kills.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan gubobi kai tsaye suna shafar tsarin endocrine na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke sarrafa kusan kowane tantanin halitta a cikin jiki.<ref name="Plastic Waste and Wildlife">{{cite web|url=http://plasticwastesolutions.com/plastic-litter/#Plastic%20Waste%20and%20Wildlife|title=Plastic Waste and Wildlife|website=Plastic Waste Solutions|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna matsakaicin aiki na "rayuwa" na jakar filastik ya zama kusan shekaru 20. Takalma na kayan robori da aka zubar a cikin Tekun Pacific na iya ƙare a cikin Babban Gidan shara na Pacific. 80% na sharar filastik ya fito ne daga ƙasa; sauran sun fito ne daga dandamali na mai da jiragen ruwa. Dabbobi na ruwa na iya cin wannan, kuma su toshe hanyoyin numfashin su da tsarin narkewa. Bakunan filastik ba wai kawai suna ƙarawa ga Babban Gidan shara na Pacific ba, ana iya wanke su a bakin teku a duniya. == Hanyoyi == Hanyoyi biyu da suka fi shahara na fitar da jaka na filastik masu sauƙi sune caji da haramtacciyar doka.<ref name="pmid31109543"/> An ce dabarun cajin [who?] don samun duk sakamako iri ɗaya a rage jakar filastik a matsayin haramta jakar fila filastik, tare da ƙarin fa'idar ƙirƙirar sabon tushen kudaden shiga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=16–19}}</ref> Hanyar cajin jakar filastik kuma tana kare zaɓin mabukaci, wanda haramcin bai yi ba.<ref name=":1" /> Sake amfani da jaka na filastik na iya zama wata hanyar fitarwa. Koyaya, kashi 5% ne kawai na jakunkunan filastik ke zuwa wuraren sake amfani.<ref name=":1"/> Ko da lokacin da aka kawo jaka zuwa wuraren sake amfani, sau da yawa suna tashi daga waɗannan ɗakunan ko motocin sake amfani kuma sun ƙare a matsayin datti a kan tituna.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|url-status=5–6}}</ref> Wani batu tare da sake amfani da shi shine cewa ana yin jaka daban-daban daga nau'ikan filastik daban-daban amma suna da kama da juna.<ref name=":1" /> Za'a iya yin jaka daga bioplastics ko filastik mai narkewa, kuma idan ba zato ba tsammani an haɗa su a cikin takin mai, bioplastics na iya gurɓata gurɓataccen biodegradable.<ref name=":1" /> Wadannan jaka na iya toshe kayan aikin sake amfani lokacin da aka gauraya da wasu nau'ikan filastik, wanda zai iya zama mai tsada don gyarawa.<ref name=":2" /> Misali, farashin gyare-gyare ya kai kusan dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara a San Jose, California.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Grocery_bag_comparisons_of_environmental_impact,_OWID.svg|thumb|350x350px|Kwatanta jakar kayan abinci game da tasirin muhalli]] [[File:Grocery_bag_comparisons_for_greenhouse_gas_emissions,_OWID.svg|thumb|350x350px|Kwatanta jakar kayan abinci don fitar da iskar gas mai guba]] Dangane da binciken 2018 a cikin Jaridar Tattalin Arziki ta Amurka: Manufofin Tattalin arziki, haraji na cents biyar a kan jaka masu zubar da su ya rage amfani da jaka mai zubar da maki 40.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=177–210}}</ref> Dangane da bita na 2019 na binciken da ke akwai, haraji da haraji sun haifar da raguwar kashi 66% a cikin amfani a Denmark, fiye da 90% a Ireland, tsakanin 74 da 90% a Afirka ta Kudu, Belgium, Hong Kong, Washington DC, Santa Barbara, Burtaniya da Portugal, da kuma kusan 50% a Botswana da China.<ref name="pmid31109543"/> Wani binciken 2019 a cikin ''Jaridar Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa'' na Muhalli ya gano cewa aiwatar da haramtacciyar takunkumin filastik a California ya haifar da raguwar fam miliyan 40 na filastik ta hanyar kawar da jakunkunan filastik amma Californians sun sayi fam miliyan 12 na filastic ta hanyar sayen jakar shara.<ref name="Taylor2019">{{Cite journal|url-status=254–271}}</ref> Binciken ya nuna cewa kafin gabatar da haramcin tsakanin 12% da 22% na jakunkunan filastik an sake amfani da su azaman jakunkunan shara.<ref name="Taylor2019" /> == Rashin amincewa == Hana jakar filastik na iya haifar da manyan kasuwannin baƙar fata a cikin jakar fila filastik.<ref name="pmid31109543"/> Bincike ya nuna cewa haramtacciyar jakar filastik na iya kawar da mutane daga amfani da jakar fila filastik mai laushi, amma kuma yana iya kara amfani da jakunkunan takarda guda ɗaya da ba a tsara su ba ko jakunkunan filastik masu kauri a wuraren da ake samar da waɗannan kyauta.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|url-status=w28499}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, haramcin na iya haifar da karuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin tallace-tallace na jakunkunan shara sabo mutane ba za su iya sake amfani da tsoffin jakunkunan kayan abinci ba don abubuwa kamar yin ƙananan gwangwani. Samar da wasu jaka wadanda ba na filastik ba {misali takarda, auduga, ta amfani da filastik budurwa kamar filastik da ke da kauri na micron 50} na iya samar da karin hayakin gas fiye da jakunkunan filastik, wanda ke nufin cewa hayakin gas na iya ƙaruwa a kan net bayan haramtacciyar jakar filastik. Za a buƙaci sake amfani da wasu hanyoyin da za su iya amfani da su fiye da sau ɗari don sanya su da muhalli fiye da jakunkunan filastik. Ana kuma kallon su a matsayin marasa tsabta fiye da filastik saboda suna iya kawo kwayoyin cuta daga waje da shagon zuwa manyan wuraren tuntuɓar kamar kekuna da bincika wuraren da aka ajiye. == Shari'a a duniya == === Takaitaccen bayani === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%" ! class="sortable" scope="col" | Doka ! class="sortable" scope="col" | Ƙasa ! scope="col" | Ƙungiyoyin yankuna na majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Bayanai ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Manazarta |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Afghanistan}} | Asiya-Facifik | | |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Albania}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2018. | <ref>https://emerging-europe.com/news/albania-bans-lightweight-plastic-bags</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |Ban | {{flag|Andorra}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Since 2017. | <ref>https://www.mediambient.ad/bosses-de-plastic</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta |{{Flag|Anguilla}} |N/A |Tun 2018. |<ref>https://theanguillian.com/2018/11/anguilla-joins-regions-governments-banning-plastic</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} | Latin Amerika | | <ref>https://appliedecology.cals.ncsu.edu/absci/2016/07/antigua-and-barbuda-bans-plastic-bags/</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Regional ban | {{flag|Argentina}} | Latin Amerika | An hana a yankunan birane daban-daban | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.clarin.com/ciudades/adios-bolsas-super-opciones-precios-hora-hacer-compras_0_ryMN8RUBl.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421043805/http://www.clarin.com/ciudades/adios-bolsas-super-opciones-precios-hora-hacer-compras_0_ryMN8RUBl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Armenia}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2022. |<ref>https://www.panorama.am/en/news/2019/02/23/Armenia/2076608</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Australia}} | Gabashin Turai da sauran | An dakatar da buhunan filastik masu nauyi a duk jihohi da yankuna. An maye gurbin jakunkunan filastik masu nauyi da jakunkuna masu kauri 15 ¢ da za a sake amfani da su a cikin manyan sarkokin manyan kantuna biyu a duk jihohi da yankuna. [[Norfolk Island]] yana da yarjejeniya ta son rai tare da dillalai. |<ref>http://www.news.com.au/finance/money/costs/new-laws-and-changes-that-will-affect-australia-from-january-1-2018-and-beyond/news-story/85825f4092834190a292a828aacb7c3d</ref><ref>http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-06/plastic-bags-banned-in-queensland-cash-for-cans-and-bottles/8876620</ref><ref>https://www.sbs.com.au/news/victoria-set-to-ban-plastic-bags-next-year</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/ni-regional-council/council-adopts-a-plastic-bag-policy-for-norfolk-island |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2021-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620072219/http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/ni-regional-council/council-adopts-a-plastic-bag-policy-for-norfolk-island |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.sbs.com.au/news/victoria-moves-to-ban-plastic-bags</ref><ref>https://7news.com.au/news/nsw/nsw-set-to-ban-single-use-plastic-bags-c-735021</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200613083826/https://7news.com.au/news/nsw/nsw-set-to-ban-single-use-plastic-bags-c-735021</ref><ref>https://www.nsw.gov.au/news/single-use-plastics-banned-under-new-law</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Austria}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2020. |<ref>https://www.seattletimes.com/business/austria-to-ban-most-plastic-bags-starting-in-2020</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2021. |<ref>https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-bans-more-plastic</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |Ban | {{flag|Bahamas}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 1 Juli 2020. |<ref>http://www.tribune242.com/news/2020/jan/03/customer-complaints-single-use-plastic-ban-comes-e</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Bahrain}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 21 Juli 2019. |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/bahrain-to-ban-plastic-bags-in-july-12 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507193005/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/bahrain-to-ban-plastic-bags-in-july-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Bangladesh}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 2002. |<ref>http://www.globaltvedmonton.com/top+5/6442656206/story.html{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Barbados}} | Latin Amerika | Tun Afrilu 2019. |<ref>http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/another-caricom-country-places-ban-on-single-use-plastic-products_155333?profile=1373|title=Jamaica{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Observer Limited|website=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> |- | | {{flag|Belarus}} | Gabashin Turai | Ana la'akari da cajin. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvr.by/eng/news/obshchestvo/belarus_v_trende_borby_s_musorom/</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Belgium}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2016 a Wallonia, 2017 a Brussels, 2019 a Flanders. |<ref>https://www.ff-packaging.com/plastic-bags-law-belgium</ref><ref>https://bakkersvlaanderen.be/nieuws/verbod-plastic-zakjes-definitief-van-kracht</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Belize}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 22 Afrilu 2019. |<ref>https://mic.com/articles/188565/belize-pledges-to-ban-plastic-forks-bags-and-other-single-use-items-by-2019#.dilSphOr1</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Benin}} | Afrika | Tun Nuwamba 2017. |<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-11-08/stop-banning-plastic-bags-please</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Bhutan}} | Asiya-Facifik | | <ref>http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=22302</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Bolivia}} | Kudancin Amerika | An haramta a [[La Paz]]. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.boliviabella.com/la-paz-bolivia-bans-plastic-bags.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035129/http://www.boliviabella.com/la-paz-bolivia-bans-plastic-bags.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} | Gabashin Turai | |<ref>https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27113/plastics_limits.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Botswana}} | Afrika | Tun Nuwamba 2018. |<ref>https://www.jenmansafaris.com/travel-info/travel-news-3/namibia-botswana-plastic-bag-pollution</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Brazil}} | Latin Amerika | An haramta a [[Sao Paulo]] da [[Rio de Janeiro]]. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://theglobalgrid.org/city-of-sao-paulo-brazil-launches-ban-on-traditional-plastic-bags |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215054003/https://theglobalgrid.org/city-of-sao-paulo-brazil-launches-ban-on-traditional-plastic-bags/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/brazil-state-of-rio-de-janeiro-bans-plastic-bags</ref> |- | |{{Flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} | |Matsar daga filastik zuwa jakunkuna na takarda da aka tsara, hanyar da ba a sanar da ita ba. |<ref>https://biot.gov.io/news/tackling-plastic-pollution</ref> |- | style="background:#FF6600;" |Cajin son rai | {{flag|Brunei}} | Asiya-Facifik | |<ref>https://thescoop.co/2018/04/16/brunei-aims-phase-out-plastic-bags-2019</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Bulgaria}} | Gabashin Turai | |<ref>http://www.novinite.com/articles/168268/Bulgaria%E2%80%99s+Environment+Ministry+Reports+Substantial+Reduction+in+Plastic+Bag+Use</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} | Afrika | Tun 2015. |<ref>http://www.unpei.org/latest-news/burkina-faso-endorses-law-on-sustainable-development-and-bans-non-biodegradable-plastic-bags</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Burundi}} | Afrika | Tun Ogusta 2019. |<ref>https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Burundi-brings-forward-plastic-bag-ban-by-six-months/4552908-5235636-f508l2/index.html</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Cambodia}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun Oktoba 2017. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/cambodia-to-charge-customers-for-plastic-bags-9324502 |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2018-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042929/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/cambodia-to-charge-customers-for-plastic-bags-9324502 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Cameroon}} | Afrika | Tun Afrilu 2014. |<ref>http://africanarguments.org/2016/11/30/cameroon-bagging-it-after-the-plastic-ban</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Canada}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun Disamba 20, 2022. |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/climate-and-environment/phase-1-of-canada-s-single-use-plastics-ban-comes-into-effect-this-month-these-are-the-products-on-the-list-1.6189050 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203174357/https://www.ctvnews.ca/climate-and-environment/phase-1-of-canada-s-single-use-plastics-ban-comes-into-effect-this-month-these-are-the-products-on-the-list-1.6189050 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Cape Verde}} | Afrika | Tun 2017. |<ref>http://www.prcmarine.org/en/congratulations{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Central African Republic}} | Afrika | Tun 2021 |<ref>https://www.radiondekeluka.org/actualites/environnement/38030-centrafrique-les-sacs-plastiques-en-circulation-malgre-l-entree-en-vigueur-de-la-loi-interdisant-l-usage.html</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Chad}} | Afrika | An haramta a [[N'Djamena]]. |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Chad-Prohibited-Restricted-Imports |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507193005/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Chad-Prohibited-Restricted-Imports |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Chile}} | Latin Amerika | Tun Janairu 2019. |<ref>https://www.diarioconcepcion.cl/economia-y-negocios/2019/02/03/comienza-la-aplicacion-de-la-nueva-ley-de-bolsas-plasticas.html</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|People's Republic of China}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun daga 2022. Cajin da aka yi amfani da shi tun Yuni 2008. An maye gurbin ta hanyar ban, ban da kasuwannin kayan amfanin gona har zuwa 2025. [[Hong Kong]] da [[Macau]] suna yin cajin. |<ref>http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/3158</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/newshour/20110601/107359.shtml |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2014-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411142854/http://english.cntv.cn/program/newshour/20110601/107359.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140411142854/http://english.cntv.cn/program/newshour/20110601/107359.shtml</ref><ref>https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2021-03-23/china-single-use-plastic-straw-and-bag-ban-takes-effect</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://macauhub.com.mo/2019/08/19/pt-fornecimento-gratuito-de-sacos-de-plastico-passa-a-ser-punido-em-macau |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513062334/https://macauhub.com.mo/2019/08/19/pt-fornecimento-gratuito-de-sacos-de-plastico-passa-a-ser-punido-em-macau/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.circularonline.co.uk/news/china-to-cut-single-use-plastic-reliance-by-2025/</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Republic of China (Taiwan)}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 2003. An haramta a 2030. |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Asia.htm |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418205829/https://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Asia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/taiwan-to-ban-disposable-plastic-items-by-2030</ref><ref>https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3363954</ref><ref>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/taiwan-ban-on-plastic-bags-straws-utensils-contain/</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Colombia}} | Latin America | Tun Juli 2017. An yi caji akan jakunkuna masu sake amfani da su. |<ref>http://www.eltiempo.com/vida/conozca-los-detalles-sobre-el-impuesto-que-cobrara-las-bolsas-plasticas-en-colombia-104296</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.cep.unep.org/meetings/documents/0b404dc465a9e115e589fe685e67a76e/@@download/en_file/WG.39_INF.8_Report_on_the_Status_of_Plastics_and_Styrofoam_Bans_in_the_WCR-en.pdf |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2019-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053119/http://www.cep.unep.org/meetings/documents/0b404dc465a9e115e589fe685e67a76e/@@download/en_file/WG.39_INF.8_Report_on_the_Status_of_Plastics_and_Styrofoam_Bans_in_the_WCR-en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Comoros}} | Afrika | Tun Afrilu 2018. |<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010021000081</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Costa Rica}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 2021. | <ref>https://thecostaricanews.com/2021-costa-rica-will-be-first-country-eliminate-single-use-plastics/</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An ha | {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} | Afrika | Tun 2018. |<ref>https://medium.com/sci-five-university-of-basel/living-without-plastic-bags-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-is-paving-the-way-e245d8bfb7a8|title=Living without plastic bags — the Democratic Republic of Congo is paving the way|work=Medium|access-date=1 January 2019|</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} | Afrika | Tun 2011. | <ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-congo-environment-plastic-20110602-idAFJOE7510G320110602<ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-congo-environment-plastic-20110602-idAFJOE7510G320110602</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Croatia}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2022. | <ref>https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/58878-plastic-bag-ban-in-croatia|{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Cyprus}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 18 Febrairu 2023. | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cyprus-mail.com/2018/01/04/shops-ignoring-plastic-bag-ban |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511113551/https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/01/04/shops-ignoring-plastic-bag-ban |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/02/11/plastic-bag-ban-to-be-implemented-february-18/ |date=February 11, 2023</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Canji | {{flag|Czech Republic}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2018 | <ref>https://news.expats.cz/weekly-czech-news/czech-republic-bids-farewell-free-plastic-bags-2018/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102131845/https://news.expats.cz/weekly-czech-news/czech-republic-bids-farewell-free-plastic-bags-2018/ |date=2019-11-02 }}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Canji | {{flag|Denmark}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Haraji akan buhunan filastik tun 1993. Hakanan akwai haraji a Greenland. | <ref>http://www.surfrider.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/report_EUMemberStateslegislations_PlasticBags_web_en.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.ina.gl/demokratihome/publikationer.aspx?docgallery=10554 |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2014-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606221512/http://www.ina.gl/demokratihome/publikationer.aspx?docgallery=10554 |url-status=dead }}</ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140606221512/http://www.ina.gl/demokratihome/publikationer.aspx?docgallery=10554 </ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Djibouti}} | Afrika | | |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Dominica}} | Arewacin Amirka | Tun 2019. | <ref>http://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment/2018/08/island-nation-banning-plastic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509045825/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment/2018/08/island-nation-banning-plastic |date=2023-05-09 }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|East Timor}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 23 Febrairu 2021. | <ref>https://devpolicy.org/burning-ambition-timor-lestes-waste-management-problem-20210524-2/</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Ecuador}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 9 Mayu 2020. An haramta a Galápagos Islands. | <ref>https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chile-becomes-first-south-american-country-to-ban-commercial-use-of-plastic-bags-4895191.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/impuesto-bolsas-plasticas-vigencia-ecuador.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2020-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630184707/https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/impuesto-bolsas-plasticas-vigencia-ecuador.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Egypt}} | Afrika | An haramta a Red Sea Governorate. | <ref>https://ww.egyptindependent.com/red-sea-governorate-bans-plastics</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} | Afrika | Caji tun 12 Deisamba 2019. | <ref>https://taxnews.ey.com/news/2020-0346-equatorial-guinea-publishes-financial-law-2020</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Eritrea}} | Afrika | Tun 2005. | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Africa.htm |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2008-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227173934/http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Africa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20081227173934/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Africa.htm |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2008-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227173934/http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Africa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Estonia}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun Yuli 2017. | |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Regional An haramta | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Afrika | | <ref>http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/22/c_136302987.htm</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081156/</ref><ref>http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/22/c_136302987.htm</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Fiji}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 2020. | <ref>https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/406477/fiji-s-plastic-bag-ban-to-come-into-effect-on-new-year-s-day</ref> |- | style="background:#FF6600;" |Caji na son rai | {{flag|Finland}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | | <ref>https://www.zerowasteeurope.eu/2017/07/ditching-plastic-bags-a-lesson-from-africa/</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|France}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun Yuli 2016. Hakanan an dakatar da shi a Overseas France. | <ref>https://www.euractiv.com/section/sustainable-dev/news/france-postpones-plastic-bag-ban-for-six-months/|website=EurActiv.fr|access-date=14{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} November 2016</ref><ref>http://www.thetelegram.com/opinion/letter-to-the-editor/st-pierre-et-miquelon-a-taste-of-french-freedom-for-nlers-209285/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wallis-et-futuna.pref.gouv.fr/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2017-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822225310/http://www.wallis-et-futuna.pref.gouv.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.tahiti-infos.com/Le-gouvernement-annonce-une-interdiction-des-sacs-plastiques-en-2019_a174675.html</ref><ref>https://www.euractiv.fr/section/developpement-durable/news/la-nouvelle-caledonie-interdit-les-plastiques-jetables/</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Gabon}} | Afrika | Tun 2010. | <ref>http://www.panapress.com/Gabon-to-ban-plastic-bags,-introduces-biodegradable-bags--13-534258-18-lang2-index.html</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Gambia}} | Afrika | Tun 2015. | <ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201505121229.html</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Georgia}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2017. | <ref>http://hetq.am/eng/news/84469/armenia-fails-to-ban-plastic-bags-taxing-them-could-generate-$215-million-for-the-government.html</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Germany}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2022. | <ref>https://www.de24.news/en/2020/11/plastic-bags-will-be-banned-from-supermarkets-from-2022.html</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta |{{Flag|Gibraltar}} | |Tun 2019. |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gbc.gi/news/new-legislation-bans-most-single-use-plastic-bags-and-makes-washing-down-dog-urine-legal-obligation-42439 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509050555/https://www.gbc.gi/news/new-legislation-bans-most-single-use-plastic-bags-and-makes-washing-down-dog-urine-legal-obligation-42439 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Greece}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2018. | <ref>http://www.ekathimerini.com/224103/article/ekathimerini/news/free-plastic-shopping-bags-banned-from-start-of-new-year</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Greece}} | Yammacin Turai da Sauran | Tun 2018. | <ref>http://www.ekathimerini.com/224103/article/ekathimerini/news/free-plastic-shopping-bags-banned-from-start-of-new-year</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |Ban | {{flag|Grenada}} | Latin Amerika | Tun Febrairu 2019. | <ref>http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/articles/311492/grenada-bans-single-use-plastics</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Guatemala}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 2021. | <ref>https://apnews.com/336d3631ab9240339aa37c3e912e611d</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Haramcin yanki da cajin son rai |{{Flag|Guernsey|name=(Bailiwick of) Guernsey}} | |An haramta a Alderney. Cajin son rai a Cuernsey. |<ref>https://guernseypress.com//news/2020/03/15/alderney-agrees-ban-on-single-use-plastic-bags/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124034746/https://guernseypress.com/news/2020/03/15/alderney-agrees-ban-on-single-use-plastic-bags/ |date=2023-01-24 }}<ref><ref>https://guernseypress.com//news/2018/12/28/uk-has-left-us-behind-on-plastic-bag-charge {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123231437/https://guernseypress.com/news/2018/12/28/uk-has-left-us-behind-on-plastic-bag-charge/ |date=2023-01-23 }}<ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} | Afrika | Tun 2016. | |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Guyana}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 2021. | <ref name="epag">{{cite web|url=http://www.epaguyana.org/epa/single-use-plastics/about-the-ban/163-the-impending-ban-on-single-use-plastic-products|title=The Impending Ban on Single-use Plastic Products (SUPP)|website=Environmental Protection Agency Guyana|access-date=4 April 2021|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119170054/https://www.epaguyana.org/epa/single-use-plastics/about-the-ban/163-the-impending-ban-on-single-use-plastic-products|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Haiti}} | Latin Amerika | | <ref name="auto51">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/15/haiti-police-raid-plastics-ban-crackdown|title=Haiti police raid warehouses in plastics ban crackdown|first=Rashmee Roshan|last=Lall|date=15 August 2013 |access-date=27 November 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Haramtarwa yanki | {{flag|Honduras}} | Latin Amerika | An haramta a ''Bay Islands Department]''. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://hondurastravel.com/news/lifestyle/roatan-bans-plastic-bags-and-straws/|title=Roatan Bans Plastic Bags and Straws!|work=Honduras Travel|date=24 January 2019}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Hungary}} | Gabashin Turai | Since 2012. | |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Iceland}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2021. | <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/news/2021/01/05/plastic_shopping_bags_banned_in_iceland/|title=Plastic Shopping Bags Banned in Iceland|magazine=Iceland Monitor|access-date=9 February 2021|date=5 Jan 2021}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|India}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 2002. Haka kuma an dakatar da shi a matakan yanki saboda rashin aiwatar da doka. | <ref name="worldbag reduction" /><ref name="auto53">{{cite encyclopedia|title=plastic pollution: cow eating a plastic bag, near the Ganges River, Allahabad, India, 2007|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/136513/A-cow-eating-a-plastic-bag-discarded-by-Hindu-devotees|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=17 December 2012}}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Hani da cajin yanki | {{flag|Indonesia}} | Asiya-Facifik | Charges in 23 cities. An haramta a [[Bali]] tun 2019 da [[Jakarta]] tun Yuli 2020. | <ref name="auto57">{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/indonesia-launches/2534464.html|title=Indonesia launches campaign to reduce use of plastic bags|date=21 February 2016|author=Sujadi Siswo|access-date=26 February 2016|archive-date=22 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222234235/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/indonesia-launches/2534464.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/189436/indonesia-plastic-bag-ban-in-bali-to-go-into-effect-june-2019|title=Indonesia: Plastic bag ban in Bali to go into effect June 2019|website=GardaWorld|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=10 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510153905/https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/189436/indonesia-plastic-bag-ban-in-bali-to-go-into-effect-june-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/01/07/jakarta-to-ban-single-use-plastic-bags-by-june.html|title=Jakarta to ban single-use plastic bags by June|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2020/7/1/indonesia-jakarta-bans-single-use-plastic-bags|title=Indonesia: Jakarta bans single-use plastic bags|first=Jessica|last=Washington|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Ireland}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun daga Maris 2002, an ƙara harajin Yuro 0.15 a cikin duk jakunkunan filastik. Tun bayan da aka kara wadannan tuhume-tuhumen, an samu raguwar amfani da buhunan robobi da kashi 90%. | <ref name="auto54">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17027990|title=What should be done about plastic bags?|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=6 October 2015|date=2012-03-19|last1=Summers|first1=Chris}}</ref><ref name="Ireland">{{cite journal |last1=Convery |first1=Frank |last2=McDonnell |first2=Simon |last3=Ferreira |first3=Susana |title=The most popular tax in Europe? Lessons from the Irish plastic bags levy |journal=Environmental and Resource Economics |date=26 July 2007 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1007/s10640-006-9059-2 |s2cid=155059787 }}</ref> |- | |{{Flag|Isle of Man}} |N/A | |<ref>{{cite web |date=24 July 2019 |title=Manx government proposes ban on single-use plastics |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-49103294 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-63329873|date=October 20, 2022|title=Plastic bags and straws to be banned on the Isle of Man in 2023|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Israel}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun Janairu 2017. | <ref name="auto58">Udasin, Sharon: [http://www.jpost.com/Enviro-Tech/Knesset-bills-seeks-to-alleviate-scourge-of-plastic-shopping-bags-in-Israel-340958 "Knesset bills seeks to alleviate scourge of plastic shopping bags in Israel "], in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', 10 February 2014</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Italy}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun Janairu 2011. | <ref name="auto55">{{cite web| url=http://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/01/06/italy-carries-out-plastic-bag-ban| title=Italy Carries Out Plastic Bag Ban| date=6 January 2011| publisher=Environmental Leader| access-date=3 July 2012| archive-date=10 May 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510153905/http://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/01/06/italy-carries-out-plastic-bag-ban| url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Ivory Coast}} | Afrika | Tun 2014. | <ref name="auto56">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30198313|title=Plastic bag protest in Ivory Coast|date=25 November 2014|access-date=23 March 2018 |newspaper=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Jamaica}} | Latin Amerika | Tun Janairu 2019. | <ref name="auto61">{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Gov%26%238217;t_ban_on_single_use_plastic_bags,_straws,_Styrofoam_starts_January|work=Jamaica Observer|date=17 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|title=Gov't ban on single use plastic bags, straws, Styrofoam starts January}}</ref><ref name="Clayton et al 2020" /> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Japan}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun Juli 2020. | <ref name="auto62">{{Cite web|url=http://news_id035126.html/|title=Current Status of Plastic Bag Reduction Efforts in Japan｜JFS Japan for Sustainability|website=JFS Japan for Sustainability}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/national/not-so-fantastic-can-japan-end-its-love-affair-with-plastic|title=Can Japan end its love affair with plastic?|work=Japan Today|date=25 March 2019|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-11-japan-retailers-plastic-bags.html|work=Phys|title=Japan retailers to charge for plastic bags from 2020|date=1 November 2019}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta |{{Flag|Jersey}} | |An haramta tun Yuli 2022. Jakunkuna da za a sake amfani da su dangane da cajin 70p. |<ref>{{cite web |title=Single use plastic and paper bag guidance |url=https://www.gov.je/Industry/RetailHospitality/Shops/Pages/singleuseplastics.aspx |accessdate=27 December 2022 |work=Jersey Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-21 |title=Single-use plastic carrier bag ban in Jersey begins |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-62238573 |access-date=2023-01-23}}</ref> |- | | {{flag|Kazakhstan}} | Asiya-Facifik | Ana la'akari da Ban. | <ref name="auto63">{{cite web|url=https://news.tj/en/news/centralasia/20171226/kazakhstan-authorities-decide-to-abolish-plastic-shopping-bags|title=Kazakhstan authorities decide to abolish plastic shopping bags|publisher=Tajikistan News Asia-Plus|access-date=23 March 2018|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131748/http://www.news.tj/en/news/centralasia/20171226/kazakhstan-authorities-decide-to-abolish-plastic-shopping-bags|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Kenya}} | Afrika | Tun 28 ga Ogusta 2017. | <ref name="auto59">{{cite news |last1=Freytas-Tamura |first1=Kimiko de |title=In Kenya, Selling or Importing Plastic Bags Will Cost You $19,000 — or Jail (Published 2017) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/world/africa/kenya-plastic-bags-ban.html |work=The New York Times |date=28 August 2017 }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Kiribati}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun Oktoba 2020. | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g20mpl.org/partners/kiribati|title=Policy framework: Kiribati Integrated Environment Policy|work=Osaka Blue Ocean Vision|date=27 August 2021|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> |- | | {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} | Asiya-Facifik | Ana la'akari da Ban. | <ref name="auto64">{{cite web|url=https://24.kg/english/75474__Kyrgyzstan_intends_to_prohibit_use_of_plastic_bags/|title=Kyrgyzstan intends to prohibit use of plastic bags|first=Anastasia|last=BENGARD|date=8 February 2018|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Latvia}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun daga Janairu 2019. Ban da za a aiwatar da shi nan da 2025. | <ref name="auto60">{{cite web|url=http://bnn-news.com/stores-in-latvia-will-no-longer-provide-plastic-bags-free-of-charge-178081|title=Stores in Latvia will no longer provide plastic bags free of charge|date=11 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/environment/how-latvian-stores-prepare-for-future-ban-on-free-plastic-bags.a471497/|date=August 30, 2022|title=How Latvian stores prepare for future ban on free plastic bags|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|LSM]]|access-date=8 March 2023}}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Haramtar yanki | {{flag|Lebanon}} | Asiya-Facifik | An haramta a Byblos. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/in-depth/features/lebanese-mayor-bans-plastic-bags-we-need-to-start-somewhere-254361913|title=Lebanese mayor bans plastic bags: 'We need to start somewhere'|website=Middle East Eye|access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref> |- | | {{flag|Lesotho}} | Afrika | An shirya caji. | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsdayonline.co.ls/government-imposes-plastic-bag-levy/ |title=Government imposes plastic bag levy |website=News Day |date=13 December 2022 |accessdate=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112223945/https://www.newsdayonline.co.ls/government-imposes-plastic-bag-levy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Lithuania}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 31 Disamba 2018. | |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Luxembourg}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | | |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Madagascar}} | Afrika | Tun 2015. | <ref name="auto65">{{cite web|url=https://en.indian-ocean-times.com/Madagascar-Prohibition-of-the-use-of-plastic-bags-as-from-May-1-2015_a4602.html|title=Madagascar: Prohibition of the use of plastic bags as from May 1 2015|first=Antso|last=Rajaona|access-date=2023-05-07|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806053447/https://en.indian-ocean-times.com/Madagascar-Prohibition-of-the-use-of-plastic-bags-as-from-May-1-2015_a4602.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | | {{flag|Malawi}} | Afrika | An soke haramcin sau da yawa. | |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Cajin yanki | {{flag|Malaysia}} | Asia-Pacific | An caja a jahohi biyu | <ref name="auto67">{{cite web| url=http://www.penang.gov.my/index.php/ms/pusat-media/koleksi-ucapan-yab-km/638-launching-of-no-free-plastic-bags-day-at-tesco-sg-dua| title=Launching of No Free Plastic Bags Day at Tesco Sg Dua| date=24 January 2011| publisher=Penang Government| access-date=2 July 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto68">{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/1/3/nation/20100103204118&sec=nation|title=Selangor implements 'No Plastic Day' every Saturday|date=3 January 2010|author=Shaun Ho|work=The Star|access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Maldives}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun Yuni 2021. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://raajje.mv/92939|title=Maldives banning plastic bags, straws and other single-use items from June 2021|date=31 December 2020|website=raajje.mv|access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Mali}} | Afrika | | <ref name="auto69">{{cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20130103-2013-plastic-bag-ban-mauritania-mali|title=Could 2013 spell the end for plastic bags? |work=France 24|date=3 January 2013 |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Malta}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2022. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/single-use-plastics-will-be-banned-in-malta-by-2022/|title=Single-Use Plastics Will Be Banned In Malta By 2022|work=Lovin Malta|date=14 October 2019}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Marshall Islands}} | Asiya-Facifik | | <ref name="RadioNZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/336271/more-pacific-islands-step-up-battle-against-plastic|title=More Pacific islands step up battle against plastic|date=1 August 2017|website=Radio New Zealand|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Mauritania}} | Afrika | Tun 2013. | <ref name="auto70">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20891539|title=Mauritania bans plastic bag use|date=3 January 2013 |access-date=3 July 2012|newspaper=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Mauritius}} | Afrika | Tun 2016. | <ref>{{cite web |title=Mauritius bans the use of plastic bags |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/Mauritius-bans-the-use-of-plastic-bags.aspx |website=Government of Mauritius |access-date=2019-01-05 |date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=2023-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511083659/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/Mauritius-bans-the-use-of-plastic-bags.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Mexico}} | Latin Amerika | An haramta a jihohi 18 da Mexico City. | <ref name="Mexico">{{Cite web|url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/estos-son-los-estados-del-pais-que-prohiben-el-uso-de-plasticos/1356289|title=Estos son los estados del país que prohíben el uso de plásticos|date=4 January 2020|website=Excélsior}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-28 |title=State of Chihuahua to ban plastic bags next month |url=https://www.ktsm.com/news/juarez/state-of-chihuahua-to-ban-plastic-bags-next-month/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=KTSM 9 News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824200910/https://www.ktsm.com/news/juarez/state-of-chihuahua-to-ban-plastic-bags-next-month/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalisco plastic bag ban fines put on ice for next 12 months |url=https://theguadalajarareporter.net/index.php/news/news/regional/54588-jalisco-plastic-bag-ban-fines-put-on-ice-for-next-12-months |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=theguadalajarareporter.net}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Micronesia}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 31 Disamba 2020. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sprep.org/news/pacific-islands-moving-towards-banning-single-use-plastic|title=Pacific Islands Moving Towards Banning Single Use Plastic|work=SPREP|date=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kirmakosrae.wordpress.com/education-unit/|title=Plastic Bag Ban coming April 2019 for Kosrae State|date=4 December 2018|work=Kirma Kosrae}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/523ce201e4b0cd883dbb8bbf/t/5b5e38e02b6a28400343a7e8/1532901604439/ChuukSB14-34.pdf|work=Chuuk State Senate|title=Chuuk State Clean Environment Act of 2018|date=April 2018}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Republic of Moldova}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2021. | <ref name="dulgher">{{cite web|url=https://www.moldova.org/en/plastic-bags-use-and-selling-will-be-penalised-in-moldova/|title=Plastic bags use and selling will be penalised in Moldova|first=Maria|last=Dulgher|website=moldova.org|access-date=4 April 2021|date=13 February 2020}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Monaco}} | Gabashin Turai da sauran | Tun 2016. | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monacolife.net/plastic-bag-restrictions-continue-in-monaco/|title=Plastic bag restrictions continue in Monaco|author=Staff Writer|date=8 January 2017|access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Mongolia}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun Maris 2019. | <ref name="auto74">{{cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/20/c_137267997.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620100433/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/20/c_137267997.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2018|title=Mongolia decides to ban single-use plastic bags |work=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> |- | | {{flag|Montenegro}} | Gabashin Turai | | <ref name="auto75">{{cite web|url=https://www.total-montenegro-news.com/lifestyle/2805-plastic-bags-banning-montenegro|title=Plastic Bag Ban to be Introduced in Montenegro|website=Total Montenegro News |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |Ban | {{flag|Morocco}} | Afrika | Tun Yuli 2016. | <ref name="auto76">{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/07/01/morocco-enforcing-nationwide-ban-on-plastic-bags/|title=Morocco enforcing nationwide ban on plastic bags|date=1 July 2016 | publisher=Africanews|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Mozambique}} | Afrika | Tun daga 5 ga Fabrairu 2016. Ban da za a aiwatar da shi ta 2024. | <ref name="auto77">{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601290496.html|title=Mozambique: Restrictions On Plastic Bags Take Effect On 5 February|date=29 January 2016|website=AllAfrica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-plastic-bags-to-be-banned-by-2024/ |date=June 16, 2022 |title=MOZAMBIQUE: Plastic bags to be banned by 2024 |publisher=[[Afrik21]] |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308192020/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-plastic-bags-to-be-banned-by-2024/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Myanmar}} | Asiya-Facifik | An haramta a Yangon. | <ref name="mmtimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/2950-plastic-bags-get-the-toss-from-yangon.html |title=Plastic bags get the toss from Yangon |work=The Myanmar Times |date=2 May 2011 |access-date=26 December 2018 |author1=Aye Sapay Phyu |author2=Juliet Shwe Gaung |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226232548/https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/2950-plastic-bags-get-the-toss-from-yangon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Namibia}} | Afrika | An haramta shi a wurare masu kariya. Levy ya amince amma ba a aiwatar da shi ba. | <ref name="auto78">{{cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/23/c_137625081.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123004406/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/23/c_137625081.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2018|title=Namibia officially bans plastic bags in protected areas |work=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=20 December 2018 }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Nauru}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 23 Afrilu 2021. | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/index.php/subordinate_legislation/view/784|title=Ronlaw – Nauru's Online Legal Database – Environmental Management and Climate Change (Ban on Single Use Plastic Shopping Bags) Regulations 2021 in force|website=ronlaw.gov.nr}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Nepal}} | Asiya-Facifik | | <ref name="auto79">{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/ban-production-use-plastic-bags-comes-effect/|title=Ban on production and use of plastic bags comes into effect|date=17 July 2016|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Netherlands}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2016. An dakatar da shi a Aruba, Sint Maarten da Caribbean Netherlands. | <ref name="auto81">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/afval/inhoud/verbod-op-gratis-plastic-tassen|title=Verbod op gratis plastic tassen – Afval – Rijksoverheid.nl|last=Milieu|first=Ministerie van Infrastructuur en|website=rijksoverheid.nl|language=nl-NL|access-date=2016-03-30|date=2015-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2016/08/08/aruba-just-banned-plastic-bags/|title=Why Aruba Just Banned Plastic Bags|date=9 August 2016|website=Caribbean Journal|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobonaire.com/single-use-plastics-banned-by-bonaire/|title=Single-Use Plastics Banned by Bonaire|first=Susan Davis for The Bonaire|last=Insider|date=18 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/plastic-carrier-bags-prohibited-in-saba-per-january-1/|title=Plastic carrier bags prohibited in Saba per January 1|website=www.curacaochronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sxmstrong.com/sint-maartens-move-to-prohibit-single-use-plastics-focuses-on-natural-processes-emerging-green-technologies-innovative-thinking/|title=Sint Maarten's Move To Prohibit Single-Use Plastics 'Focuses On Natural Processes, Emerging Green Technologies, Innovative Thinking'|date=27 April 2021|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511083654/https://www.sxmstrong.com/sint-maartens-move-to-prohibit-single-use-plastics-focuses-on-natural-processes-emerging-green-technologies-innovative-thinking/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|New Zealand}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun Yuli 2019. 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An haramta a Cook Islands. | <ref name="auto80">{{cite news|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2018/12/single-use-plastic-bags-banned-from-july-1-government-confirms.html|title=Single-use plastic bags banned from July 1, Government confirms|date=2018-12-18|work=Newshub|access-date=2018-12-20|archive-date=2023-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421043804/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2018/12/single-use-plastic-bags-banned-from-july-1-government-confirms.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/361574/niue-joins-growing-pacific-movement-to-ban-plastics|title=Niue joins growing Pacific movement to ban plastics|date=11 July 2018|website=Radio New Zealand|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://embed.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/391746/cook-islands-moves-to-ban-single-use-plastic|title=Cook Islands moves to ban single-use plastic|date=11 June 2019|work=Radio NZ}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Niger}} | Afrika | | <ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=http://www.panapress.com/Niger--Govt.-bans-production,-import,-trade,-use-of-plastic-bags--12-630408542-40-lang2-index.html|title=Niger: Govt. bans production, import, trade, use of plastic bags|website=panapress.com|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Nigeria}} | Afrika | | <ref name="Nigeria">{{cite news |last1=Opara |first1=George |title=Reps pass bill banning plastic bags, prescribe fines against offenders |url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/05/21/reps-pass-bill-banning-plastic-bags-prescribe-fines-offenders/ |access-date=27 May 2019 |agency=Daily Post |date=May 21, 2019}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|North Macedonia}} | Yammacin | Tun 2009. | <ref>{{cite news |last1=Saveski|first1=Zdravko|title=Оние незабележливи пластични ќеси |language=mk| url=https://nezavisen.mk/onie-nezabelezhlivi-plastichni-kjesi/ |work=Nezavisen |date=5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://zabranaplasticnikesi.site/nezabraneti-zabraneti-plasticni-kesi/ "Незабранетите забранети пластични кеси во Македонија"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813002818/https://zabranaplasticnikesi.site/nezabraneti-zabraneti-plasticni-kesi/ |date=2022-08-13 }}, Иницијатива за забрана на пластични кеси, 23.12.2020.</ref> |- | style="background:#FF6600;" |Cajin son rai | {{flag|Norway}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | | <ref name="auto83">{{cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.no/20171003/plastic-bag-charge-on-way-to-norway|title=Plastic bag charge carries to Norway|newspaper=The Local Norway |date=3 October 2017}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Oman}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 2021. | <ref name="auto84">{{cite web|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/clarification-issued-on-single-use-plastic-bag-ban-in-oman|title=Clarification issued on single-use plastic bag ban in Oman|work=Times of Oman|access-date=9 February 2021|date=8 January 2021|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108090422/https://timesofoman.com/article/clarification-issued-on-single-use-plastic-bag-ban-in-oman|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Pakistan}} | Asiya-Facifik | An dakatar da zaman kansa a kowace larduna da yankunan kasar daga 1994 zuwa 2019. | <ref name="auto85">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/508417-pakistan-will-become-128th-country-to-ban-use-of-plastic-bags-on-14th|title=Pakistan will become 128th country to ban use of plastic bags on 14th |date=5 August 2019|work=The News |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/445120-kp-govt-bans-plastic-bags|title=KP govt bans plastic bags|date=17 March 2019|work=The News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/in-pakistans-northern-mountains-plastic-bags-face-the-bin|title=In Pakistan's northern mountains, plastic bags face the bin|date=26 June 2019|work=Quantara}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/30-May-2019/ajk-bans-production-use-of-plastic-shopping-bags|title=AJK bans production, use of plastic shopping bags|date=30 May 2019|work=Nation}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Palau}} | Asiya-Facifik | | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pacificnote.com/single-post/2017/11/09/Palau-Moves-To-Ban-Plastic-Bags|title=Palau Moves To Ban Plastic Bags|work=Pacific Note|date=9 November 2017|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511083658/https://www.pacificnote.com/single-post/2017/11/09/palau-moves-to-ban-plastic-bags|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Panama}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 20 Yuli 2019. | |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 2016. | <ref name="auto87">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-15/png-prepares-for-ban-on-non-biodegradable-plastic/7031006|title=PNG prepares for ban on non-biodegradable plastic bags|date=2015-12-15|website=ABC News|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref><ref name="auto88">{{Cite web|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/295150/ban-on-plastic-bags-begins-in-png|title=Ban on plastic bags begins in PNG|date=2016-01-28|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Peru}} | Latin Amerika | Tun Ogusta 2019. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/ley-plasticos-debes-cobro-bolsas-establecimientos-noticia-ecpm-631782|title=Ley de plásticos: todo lo que debes saber sobre el cobro de bolsas en establecimientos|language=es|work=El Comercio|date=7 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto89">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-environment-plastic-idUSKBN1O520V|title=Peru to phase out throw-away plastic bags in three years|date=6 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018 |work=Reuters}}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Haramcin yanki da caji | {{flag|Philippines}} | Asiya-Facifik | An dakatar da shi a cikin zaɓaɓɓun biranen Metro Manila, ban da Taguig, Malabon, Caloocan, Valenzuela, Navotas, San Juan, San Juan, da Parañaque. | <ref name="auto90">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Weekender&title=to-plastic-or-not-to-plastic-that-is-the-question...&id=47636|title=To plastic or not to plastic, that is the question...|last=Valisno|first=Jeffrey O.|date=March 2, 2012|website=Business World Online|access-date=2019-09-06|archive-date=2020-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113005844/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Weekender&title=to-plastic-or-not-to-plastic-that-is-the-question...&id=47636|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/environment/quezon-city-plastic-bag-fee|title=Quezon City plastic bag fee to go to 'green' projects|website=Rappler|date=14 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/265156/money/economy/industry-expects-50-downsizing-if-manila-bans-plastic-bags/|title=Industry expects 50% downsizing if Manila bans plastic bags|website=GMA News Online}}</ref><ref name="gmanetwork.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/318144/news/specialreports/as-ban-on-plastic-bags-spreads-valenzuela-stubbornly-says-no/|title=As ban on plastic bags spreads, Valenzuela stubbornly says 'no'|website=GMA News Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/606728/why-malabon-continues-to-delay-plastic-ban|title=Why Malabon continues to delay plastic ban|first=Nathaniel R.|last=Melican|date=30 May 2014|website=INQUIRER.net}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Poland}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2018. | <ref name="auto91">{{cite web |title=Koniec z darmowymi reklamówkami. Jakie są ceny foliówek w supermarketach? |url=https://www.wprost.pl/gospodarka/10095657/koniec-z-darmowymi-reklamowkami-jakie-sa-ceny-foliowek-w-supermarketach.html |publisher=[[Wprost]] |access-date=28 September 2018|date=2018-01-02 }}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Portugal}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2016. | <ref name="auto92">{{cite web|url=http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/plastic-bag-use-plummets-a-year-after-tax-introduction/37473|title=Plastic bag use plummets a year after tax introduction|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426052944/https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/plastic-bag-use-plummets-a-year-after-tax-introduction/37473|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Romania}} | Gabashin Turai | Since 2019. | |- | | {{flag|Russian}} | Gabashin Turai | Ana shirin za'a haramta a 2024. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/09/02/russia-to-fully-ban-single-use-plastic-products-by-2024-minister-a74960 |title=Russia Moves to Phase Out Plastic Bags in New Draft Law|website=The Moscow Times|date=2 September 2021 | first= Maxim | last=Korotchenko }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Rwanda}} | Afrika | Tun 2008. | <ref name="Rwanda">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/15/rwanda-banned-plastic-bags-so-can-we | title=Think you can't live without plastic bags? Consider this: Rwanda did it | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=15 February 2014 | access-date=14 September 2015 | author=Clavel, Émilie}}</ref> |} === Afirka === [[File:Niger,_Karey_Gorou,_(7)_waste_disposal.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Sharar filastik a Karey Gorou, Nijar]] [[Kenya]] ta yi ƙoƙari na farko don hana masana'antu da shigo da jakar filastik a cikin 2007 da 2011 a matsayin hanyar kare muhalli. haramcin 2007 da 2011 da aka yi niyya da filastik a ƙasa da microns 30 ya gaza bayan masana'antun da shagunan sayar da kayayyaki sun yi barazanar ba da kuɗin amfani da wasu kayan ga masu amfani. A cikin 2017 sakataren majalisa na Muhalli da albarkatun kasa, Farfesa Judy Wakhungu ya haramta amfani, ƙerawa da shigo da duk jakar filastik da aka yi amfani da su don kunshin kasuwanci da na gida a ƙarƙashin lambar sanarwar Gazette 2356. A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, Kenya ta fara aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk fadin kasar na jakunkunan filastik guda daya. An cire jakunkuna na farko, jakunkuna masu sharar gida, da kayan kwalliya daga haramcin. An yaba da haramcin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsauri a duniya, tare da tarar har zuwa $ 40000, ko shekaru huɗu a kurkuku. Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta a cikin 2019, a lokacin [[Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya]], ya kara karfafa kokarin Kenya na yaki da gurɓata filastik da kuma ci gaba da kula da sharar gida ta hanyar haramta filastik mai amfani guda ɗaya a wuraren da aka kiyaye. Harin, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2020, ya haramta amfani da filastik a wuraren shakatawa na kasa, rairayin bakin teku, gandun daji da wuraren kiyayewa. ==== Najeriya ==== A watan Mayu 2019, Majalisar Wakilai ta [[Najeriya]] ta haramta samarwa, shigowa da amfani da jaka na filastik a kasar. ==== Rwanda ==== haramcin jakar filastik na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ya fara aiki a cikin 2008. Gwamnatin Rwanda ta karfafa wasu kasashe a yankinsu da su haramta jakar filastik, tun daga shekarar 2011. ==== Somaliya ==== An dakatar da jakunkunan filastik a Jamhuriyar Somaliland da ta ayyana kanta a ranar 1 ga Maris 2005 bayan lokacin alheri na kwanaki 120 wanda gwamnati ta bai wa jama'a don kawar da kayansu. Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta sanar da shawarar majalisar a cikin wata doka mai taken: "Harka shigo da kaya, samarwa da amfani da jaka na filastik a cikin kasar". An yi wa jaka lakabi da "furewar Hargeysa", saboda da yawa daga cikinsu sun ƙare da hurawa kuma sun makale a cikin bishiyoyi da shrubs, suna haifar da haɗari ga dabbobi saboda dabbobin da ke cin ganyayyaki galibi suna cinye jaka ba zato ba tsammani. A cikin 2015 an sake maimaita haramcin ta hanyar Dokar Shugaban kasa No. #JSL / M / XERM/249-3178/042015, sake samar da kwanaki 120 na alheri don kawar da hannun jari. Don tabbatar da aiwatar da haramcin, gwamnati ta kafa ƙungiyoyin tilasta aiki a cikin 2016 don gudanar da tafiye-tafiye na musamman waɗanda ke ƙaddamar da bincike a cikin ɗakunan kasuwanci. Akalla maza da mata 1000 a cikin tufafi da aka tura cikin manyan kasuwanni da manyan kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Gwamnati ta sanar da tarar masu keta doka da ke ci gaba da sayar da jakunkunan filastik a kasar. ==== Afirka ta Kudu ==== Takalma na filastik sun kasance babbar damuwa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kafin a gabatar da harajin jaka a shekara ta 2004. Ba a taɓa dakatar da jaka ba, amma an gabatar da haraji, wanda mai yin jakar filastik zai biya. Ana karɓar jakunkunan filastik masu kauri kuma kodayake wannan matakin da farko ya haifar da fushi tare da masu amfani da raguwa na farko a cikin ƙididdiga, amfani da masu amfani ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa zuwa jakunkunan sayen filastik biliyan da yawa a kowace shekara. ==== Tanzania ==== Gwamnatin Juyin Juya Halin [[Zanzibar]] ta haramta jakar filastik a shekarar 2005. [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta gabatar da shirye-shiryen aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk fadin kasar a cikin shekara ta 2006. Koyaya, an jinkirta tabbatar da shi fiye da shekaru goma. A ƙarshe haramcin ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2019. ==== Tunisiya ==== [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] ta gabatar da haramtacciyar rarraba jakar filastik a cikin manyan kantuna tun daga 1 ga Maris 2017. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tsakanin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Muhalli da manyan sarkar manyan kantuna a kasar don aiwatar da matakin farko na tsari da nufin rage amfani da jaka na filastik. 'Yan gwagwarmayar Tunisia suna shirin kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a don kafa manufofi masu kyau a kasar. ==== Uganda ==== [[File:Trash_in_kampala.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Tarin shara ciki har da jakar filastik a Kampala, Uganda]] [[Uganda]] ta gabatar da doka a cikin 2007 don hana sayar da jakunkunan filastik masu sauƙi a ƙarƙashin 30 μm kauri da jakunkuna masu kauri a cikin kashi 120%. Kodayake dokokin sun fara aiki a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ba a aiwatar da su ba kuma sun kasa rage yawan amfani da jakunkunan filastik. Ba a aiwatar da doka sosai ba. === Asiya === ==== Bangladesh ==== An gabatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a Bangladesh a shekara ta 2002 bayan ambaliyar ruwa da aka haifar da jakunkunan filastik da aka zubar da su ta mamaye kashi biyu bisa uku na kasar cikin ruwa tsakanin 1988 da 1998. Takalma na filastik sun kasance babbar matsala ga tsarin sharar gida da hanyoyin ruwa. ==== Cambodia ==== Kambodiya ta zartar da doka don sanya harajin jakar filastik a watan Oktoba 2017. Supermarkets yanzu cajin abokan ciniki 400 Riels (10 US cents) ga kowane jakar filastik idan suna buƙatar ɗaya. ==== China ==== An gabatar da haramtacciyar jakar filastik a kan jakar filalastik mai laushi da kuma kuɗin a kan jakunkunan filastik da aka gabatar a kasar Sin a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2008. Wannan ya fara aiki ne saboda matsalolin da ke tattare da magudanar ruwa da sharar gida. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009 ya nuna cewa amfani da jakar filastik ya fadi tsakanin 60 zuwa 80% a cikin manyan kantin sayar da kayayyaki na kasar Sin, kuma an yi amfani da jakunkuna biliyan 40. Koyaya, asusun farko sun nuna a sarari, haramcin ya ga iyakantaccen nasara, kuma cewa amfani da jaka na filastik ya kasance mai yawa. Masu sayar da tituna da ƙananan shagunan, waɗanda suka zama babban ɓangare na tallace-tallace a China, ba sa bin manufofin a wani ɓangare saboda matsalolin aiwatar da haramcin. Kalmar "farar fata gurɓata" (Sinanci: 白色污染; pinyin: baise wuran, ba sau da yawa " shara" Sinanci:白色垃垃垃圾; ) ya zama na gida ga China kuma daga baya zuwa Kudancin Asiya, yana jin daɗin amfani da karami a waje da yankin. Yana nufin launi na fararen jaka na sayen filastik, kwantena na styrofoam, da sauran kayan haske waɗanda suka fara juyawa a cikin girma a cikin filayen noma, wuri mai faɗi, da hanyoyin ruwa a tsakiyar- zuwa ƙarshen 1990s. Magana ta farko game da kalmar "farar gurɓata" ta bayyana a cikin harshen hukuma aƙalla tun farkon 1999, lokacin da Majalisar Jiha ta sanya haramtacciyar farko. ===== Hong Kong ===== [[Hong Kong]] ta haramta masu siyarwa daga ba da jakunkunan filastik a ƙarƙashin wani kauri kuma kyauta. An aiwatar da harajin jakar filastik na 50 cent a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2015 a fadin Hong Kong. Amfani da jaka na filastik ya ragu da kashi 90% bayan gabatar da harajin. Alamomi sun nuna cewa Hong Kong tana kawar da amfani da jaka na filastik a cikin babban farashi. [[File:Malpublicinfoboard.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Alamar da ke shelar cewa jakar polythene ta fi 30 μm an haramta a Kasaragod, [[Kerala]], Indiya.]] ==== Indiya ==== A shekara ta 2002, Indiya ta haramta samar da jakunkunan filastik a ƙasa da 20 μm a kauri don hana jakunkunan roba daga toshe tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni da kuma hana shanu na [[Indiya]] cin jakunkunan Filastik yayin da suke rikitar da shi don abinci. Koyaya, tilasta aiki ya kasance matsala. Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi ta kuma zartar da ka'idoji don hana duk jakar polythene kasa da microns 50 a ranar 18 ga Maris 2016. Saboda rashin aiwatar da wannan ka'idar, hukumomin yanki (jihohi da kamfanonin birni), dole ne su aiwatar da nasu ka'idojin. A cikin 2016, Sikkim, jihar farko ta Indiya, ta haramta amfani da ba kawai kwalabe na ruwan sha ba a kowane taron gwamnati ko ayyuka har ma da kwantena na abinci da aka yi daga kumfa na polystyrene a duk fadin jihar. Himachal Pradesh ita ce jiha ta farko da ta haramta jakar filastik kasa da 30 μm. Jihar Karnataka ta zama jiha ta farko da ta haramta duk nau'ikan jakar filastik, banners na filastik، buntings na filastic, flex, filastik flags, filastic plates, filastics cups, filakstik spoons, cling films da filastik sheets don yadawa a kan cin abinci teburin ciki har da abubuwan da ke sama da aka yi da thermacol da filastic micro beads wanda ke amfani da filastika. Jihar Goa ta haramta jaka har zuwa 40 μm kauri, yayin da birnin [[Mumbai]] ya haramta jaka a ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin kauri zuwa 50 μm. Gwamnatin jihar [[Maharashtra]] ta haramta filastik daga ranar 23 ga Yuni 2018. Gwamnatin jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta kuma haramta filastik daga ranar 1 ga Janairun 2019. ==== Indonesia ==== Daga 2016, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta tilasta wa 'yan kasuwa a cikin birane 23 a fadin tsibirin (mini-markets, hypermarkets, da supermarkets) su cajin masu amfani tsakanin Rp.200 da Rp.5,000 ga kowane jakar filastik, gami da jakar filalastik mai lalacewa. Ana amfani da kuɗin da harajin ya tara a matsayin kudaden jama'a don kula da sharar gida tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Tsibirin Bali ya haramta jakar filastik guda ɗaya, straws, da styrofoam, daga watan Yulin 2019. Sauran manyan birane, ciki har da [[Jakarta]], [[Surabaya]], [[Bandung]], Semarang da Bogor, tun daga lokacin sun haramta jakar filastik guda ɗaya. ==== Isra'ila ==== Tun daga watan Janairun 2017, ana buƙatar manyan 'yan kasuwa su cajin masu amfani don jakunkunan filastik tare da hannayensu, a NIS 0.10 don kowane jaka. Za a yi amfani da kudaden shiga na haraji don tallafawa shirye-shiryen kula da sharar gida na jama'a. Matsakaicin amfani da jaka na filastik a Isra'ila a cikin 2014 ya kasance 275 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara. Watanni huɗu bayan dokar ta fara aiki, yawan jakunkunan filastik da aka rarraba ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa masu bin doka sun ragu da kashi 80%. ==== Philippines ==== Philippines ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya a duniya a gurɓata teku duk da aikin kula da sharar gida wanda ya fara aiki shekaru 18 da suka gabata. Kokarin sarrafa filastik ya sami cikas saboda cin hanci da rashawa, rashin son siyasa, da yaduwa da kuma samun dama ga samfuran filastik masu amfani guda ɗaya. A shekara ta 2010, Muntinlupa ta zama karamar hukuma ta farko a Babban Birnin Kasa don hana jakar filastik da styrofoam a cikin shaguna. Wannan ya biyo bayan matakan a cikin biranen Las Piñas (2 Janairu 2012), Pasig (1 Janairu 2012). Quezon City (1 Satumba 2012, jaka don kuɗi), Pasay (1 Satumba, 2012, jaka don kuɗin), da Makati (30 Yuni, 2013). Biranen Metro Manila waɗanda suka jinkirta ɗora ka'idoji da haramtacciyar doka sun haɗa da Taguig, Caloocan, Malabon, Valenzuela, Navotas, San Juan da Parañaque, waɗanda ke da ɗaruruwan filastik da kamfanonin masana'antun roba. A cikin birni ɗaya, dangin magajin gari suna da fili na hekta 60 na "Plastic City Industrial". A ranar 4 ga watan Yulin 2019, Sanata Francis Pangilinan ya gabatar da lissafin da ke neman fitar da kayayyakin filastik guda daya ta hanyar hana shigo da kayayyaki, masana'antu da amfani a wuraren abinci, shagunan, kasuwanni, da 'yan kasuwa. ==== Singapore ==== Za a buƙaci manyan kantuna a [[Singafora|Singapore]] su caji aƙalla 5 cents a kowace jaka a cikin harajin jakar mai ɗaukar kaya daga tsakiyar 2023. ==== Taiwan ==== A watan Janairun shekara ta 2003, [[Taiwan]] ta haramta rarraba jakunkunan filastik masu sauƙi kyauta. Hanawar ta hana masu mallakar shagunan sashen, manyan kantuna, manyan kantin sayar da kayayyaki, shagunan kayan masarufi, gidajen cin abinci mai sauri da gidajen cin abincin yau da kullun daga samar da jakunkunan filastik kyauta ga abokan cinikin su. Yawancin shagunan sun maye gurbin filastik tare da akwatunan takarda da aka sake amfani da su. A shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar fara ba da izinin jakunkunan filastik kyauta ga masu ba da sabis na abinci. A watan Fabrairun 2018, Taiwan ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen hana jakunkunan filastik a digiri daban-daban, an haramta don amfani da su a cikin shagon ta 2019, wasu shagunan da aka haramta daga bayar da jakunkuna ta 2020, farashin ya karu tun daga 2025, sannan kuma 2030 haramtacciyar bargo na jakunkunan roba guda ɗaya, da kayan aiki guda ɗaya da kwantena. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} co0wyylqlyvwc6fylsmvgg0stpg2q0i 0 50137 827271 343911 2026-04-27T19:16:21Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335329681|Ayanda Denge]]" 827271 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ayanda Denge''' (1982 - 24 Maris 2019) mace ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, mai fama da cutar kanjamau da cutar kansa, kuma mai [[Cin zarafin yara na kasuwanci|Cin zarafin yara]] da cinikin jima'i. Ta yi kira ga haƙƙin gidaje, haƙƙin transgender da haƙƙin mutane (yawanci mata) waɗanda suka tsira daga [[Cinikin jima'i|fataucin jima'i]]. Kodayake a baya ta yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin kare hakkin ma'aikatan jima'i kamar su Sex Workers Education and Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT), <ref name="thedailyvox.co.za">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2016 |title=Transgendered sex workers face a triple threat of stigma - The Daily Vox |url=https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transgendered-sex-workers-face-triple-threat-stigma/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121062923/http://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transgendered-sex-workers-face-triple-threat-stigma/ |archive-date=21 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=thedailyvox.co.za}}</ref> Denge daga baya ya zama mai alaƙa da Matsayi na abolitionist kuma ya shiga kungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu Embrace Dignity, wacce ke kamfen don kawar da karuwanci da fataucin jima'i a ƙarƙashin "Equality Model". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Embrace Dignity |date=2018-06-24 |title=[Former board member of SWEAT and now supporting the Equality Model] [Video] |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1752837801472833 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ana Elisa Souffront |date=2018-10-08 |title=I am a Wonder By Ayanda Denge |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6ywlomS1N4 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=YouTube}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Denge [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] ne, kuma ya girma a garin Port Elizabeth, a Gabashin Cape a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="sweat.org.za">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Ayanda Denge - SWEAT |url=http://www.sweat.org.za/ayanda-denge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111214149/http://www.sweat.org.za/ayanda-denge/ |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=sweat.org.za}}</ref> Denge ya zauna a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="thedailyvox.co.za">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2016 |title=Transgendered sex workers face a triple threat of stigma - The Daily Vox |url=https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transgendered-sex-workers-face-triple-threat-stigma/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121062923/http://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transgendered-sex-workers-face-triple-threat-stigma/ |archive-date=21 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=thedailyvox.co.za}}</ref> Ta zauna a kan titi na wani lokaci kafin ta koma gidan Nurses na Helen Bowden a Green Point . Gidan tsoffin ma'aikatan jinya mallakar gwamnatin lardin ne, amma ƙungiyar masu haya ta mallaki shi ba bisa ka'ida ba ta Reclaim the City, wanda ke kamfen don gidaje masu araha, kuma ya sake masa suna [[Ahmed Kathrada]] House. A watan Fabrairun 2019, an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar gida. === Mutuwa === An kashe Denge a cikin ɗakinta a ranar 24 ga Maris 2019 tana da shekaru 37 Old. An yi mata wuka kuma an bar ta kwanta a kan bene.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mystery surrounds murder of trans activist, Ayanda Denge |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/mystery-surrounds-murder-of-trans-activist-ayanda-denge-20435971 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126175948/https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/mystery-surrounds-murder-of-trans-activist-ayanda-denge-20435971 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=2021-03-11 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa an kulle dakin Denge tare da kulle daga waje kuma ne kawai lokacin da wani jagora a gidan ya kalli taga saboda damuwa game da jin daɗinta cewa kowa ya lura da jikinta a ƙasa. An yanke wutar lantarki, wanda ya sa ginin ya zama duhu da dare. Tana zaune tare da wani, wanda ya ɓace bayan kisan.<ref name=":0" /> == Yunkurin fafutuka == Denge ta rasa mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 12 kuma, tare da 'yan uwanta biyu, an bar ta don kula da kanta. Bayan haka, an yi mata fyade a gidan wanka na jama'a. Bayan haka mutumin ya biya ta, kuma ta fahimci cewa wannan hanya ce ta tsira. Lokacin da ta girma, ta fara aiki a [[Johannesburg]] kuma daga baya a wasu biranen da ke fadin Kudancin Afirka, gami da [[Harare]], [[Durban]], Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, da [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]].<ref name="sweat.org.za">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Ayanda Denge - SWEAT |url=http://www.sweat.org.za/ayanda-denge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111214149/http://www.sweat.org.za/ayanda-denge/ |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=sweat.org.za}}</ref> Denge ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da yaduwa ga Sisonke Sex Worker Movement (Sisonke) na tsawon shekaru biyu.<ref name="sweat.org.za">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Ayanda Denge - SWEAT |url=http://www.sweat.org.za/ayanda-denge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111214149/http://www.sweat.org.za/ayanda-denge/ |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=sweat.org.za}}</ref> Denge ita ce shugabar kungiyar Ilimi da Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT). <ref name="sweat.org.za">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Ayanda Denge - SWEAT |url=http://www.sweat.org.za/ayanda-denge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111214149/http://www.sweat.org.za/ayanda-denge/ |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=sweat.org.za}}</ref> Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga masu canza launin fata, ma'aikatan jima'i, da kuma kawar da aikin jima'i.<ref name="thedailyvox.co.za">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2016 |title=Transgendered sex workers face a triple threat of stigma - The Daily Vox |url=https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transgendered-sex-workers-face-triple-threat-stigma/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121062923/http://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transgendered-sex-workers-face-triple-threat-stigma/ |archive-date=21 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=thedailyvox.co.za}}</ref> A cikin rawar da ta taka tare da Ma'aikatan Jima'i da Ayyukan Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci (SWEAT), Denge ta horar da malamai 50 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana mai motsawa kan "sanin cutar kansa, wayar da kan jama'a kan HIV / AIDS, da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam da suka shafi aikin jima'i". Ta kuma yi aiki a kan aikin "Integrate - HIV / AIDS Reduction for Sex Workers" a TB / HIV CARE Association . <ref name="sweat.org.za" /> Ta yi kira ga haƙƙin mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau, kuma ta kasance memba na SistazHood, ma'aikaciyar jima'i ta mata 'yancin ɗan adam, kiwon lafiya, da ƙungiyar tallafi a SWEAT . Denge ta jagoranci SWEAT ta hanyar ƙaddamar da watan Agusta 2015 a Cape Town na Asijiki Coalition for the Decriminalisation of Sex Work, inda ta gabatar da jawabi.<ref name="groundup.org.za">{{Cite web |last= |date=28 August 2015 |title=Coalition launched to decriminalise sex work |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/coalition-launched-decriminalise-sex-work_3256/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003112/https://www.groundup.org.za/article/coalition-launched-decriminalise-sex-work_3256/ |archive-date=13 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=groundup.org.za}}</ref> Kungiyar ta hada da ma'aikatan jima'i, masu gwagwarmaya, da masu ba da shawara da masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma kwamitin jagora ya ƙunshi Sisonke Sex Worker Movement (Sisonke), Cibiyar Shari'a ta Mata (WLC), Ma'aikatan Ilimi da Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT), da Sonke Gender Justice. Kungiyar tana da niyyar ta hanyar kawar da laifi don rage yiwuwar ma'aikatan jima'i ga tashin hankali da rashin lafiya, da kuma kara samun damar yin aiki, kiwon lafiya, da ayyukan adalci.<ref name="groundup.org.za" /> Daily Vox ta yi hira da Denge yayin da take halartar taron cutar kanjamau na kasa da kasa na 2016 a [[Durban]], "Kasancewa da jima'i ba kashi biyu ba ne, amma kashi uku ne na nuna bambanci da nuna bambanci. Ana nuna muku wariya saboda asalin jima'i, ana nuna muku wulakanci saboda aikinku, kuma ana nuna muku bambanci game da matsayinku na cutar kanjama'i. "Ta kuma yi magana game da cin zarafin motsin rai da [[Rikicin 'yan sanda|zalunci na 'yan sanda]], tana mai lura da' yan sanda sun kwace kwaroron ma' yan jima'i. <ref name="thedailyvox.co.za">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2016 |title=Transgendered sex workers face a triple threat of stigma - The Daily Vox |url=https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transgendered-sex-workers-face-triple-threat-stigma/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121062923/http://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transgendered-sex-workers-face-triple-threat-stigma/ |archive-date=21 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=thedailyvox.co.za}}</ref> === Canja daga Cikakken Decriminalization zuwa Tsarin Daidaitawa === A cikin wani bayanin martaba na 2018 da Mata a Duniya suka buga, Denge da farko ya shiga cikin kungiyar kare hakkin jima'i ta Sex Workers Education and Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT), yana tallafawa shawararta don cikakken decriminalization. Koyaya, bayan ta ga mummunar cin zarafi - gami da batun wata mace da aka tilasta wa komawa kan tituna kwanaki bayan haihuwa - ta fara yin tambaya game da tsarin karuwanci a matsayin "aiki" kuma daga ƙarshe ta yi murabus. Daga baya ta shiga Embrace Dignity, ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta mata da ke inganta Equality Model, wanda ke lalata mutanen da ke sayar da jima'i yayin da suke hukunta masu cin kasuwa da masu siye da kuma jaddada ayyukan fita da tallafin zamantakewa. Ta hanyar Embrace Dignity, Denge ya ba da shawarar sake fasalin doka a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya nuna tilastawa da cin zarafi a kasuwancin jima'i. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kyq117l1898qfin72ogpxqmhv9fumju 0 60986 827424 520340 2026-04-28T10:11:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Herzekiah Andrew Shanu''' (An haifeshi a alif dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin da takwas <ref name=":0" />1858 - Ya mutu a watan Yuli shekarar 1905) wani mai daukar hoto ne da aka gane saboda sa hannu a yakin da ake yi da cin zarafi a cikin 'Yancin Kwango . == Shekarun farko == Ya kasance mutumin [[Yarbawa]], dan asalin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] ne a [[Najeriya]] a yanzu. Da farko ya zama malamin makaranta. Ya yi karatu a [[Makarantar Nahawu ta CMS, Lagos|Makarantar Grammar Society of Church]], kuma daga baya a Cibiyar Horar da Malamai, a karshen abin da ya sauke karatu a matsayin [[malami]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q1kDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT36 |title=The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History |publisher=Zed Books Ltd. |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-780-3294-06 |author-link=Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaoMAQAAMAAJ&q=herzekiah+andrew+shanu|page=22|title=Kinshasa photographies|volume=36|author= N'Goné Fall|author2=Lyé Mudaba Yoka|work=Revue Noire |publisher=University of Michigan|year=2001|language =French}}</ref> Ya shafe shekaru kadan yana koyarwa a wata makarantar firamare ta Legas. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja}}</ref> Duk da haka, a cikin 1884, ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka na kasar Kongo Free State a matsayin magatakarda, ya kai matsayin karamin kwamishina da kuma mai fassara Faransanci da Ingilishi a ofishin babban gwamna a Boma. Da yake kafa kansa a Boma, sannan babban birnin kasar, ya bude babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki da daukar hoto.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BgxAQAAIAAJ&q=herzekiah+andrew+shanu|title=Africa and the continuing challenge of the Congo|volume=4|author=Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja|publisher=Centre for Advanced Social Science (CASS)|year=2001|isbn= 978-9-783-4797-60|page=9}}</ref> A cikin 1894, ya tafi Antwerp don halartar Exposition Internationale d'Anvers . An buga wasu daga cikin [[Hoto|hotunansa]] a ''Le Congo illustré'' . A cikin 1900 ya nuna amincinsa ga Jamhuriyar Kongo ta hanyar tallafa wa hukumomi a lokacin zanga-zangar da aka buga ta Force Publique.<ref name="ghost">[[Hochschild, Adam]]: ''[[King Leopold's Ghost]]'', Houghton Mifflin, 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-618-00190-3}}</ref> == Ilimi == Herzekiah Andrew Shanu ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Society of the Church, sannan kuma a Cibiyar Horar da Malamai, inda a karshensa ya sauke karatu a matsayin malami. Ya kwashe shekaru kadan yana koyarwa a wata makarantar firamare ta Legas. Duk da haka, a cikin 1884, ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka na Kongo Free State a matsayin magatakarda. == Ayyukan aiki == A cikin 1903 Shanu ya ba Roger Casement bayanai game da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Afirka ta Yamma a Kongo, wanda kuma ya tura shi zuwa E.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwLA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>D. Morel . Morel da Shanu sun yi musayar saƙo na shekaru da yawa; Gabatarwar Shanu, a tsakanin wasu abubuwa, kwafin gwaji na gwaji da aka yi wa wasu jami'an gwamnatin Kwango Free State wanda ya bayyana sosai. Yayin da ake kokarin samun bayanai daga shugaban 'yan sandan Boma, Shanu ya samu labarin kuma sakamakon haka jami'an jihar suka yi masa kawanya. Bayan da aka gano cewa Shanu ya bai wa kungiyar sauye-sauyen Kongo hujjojin ta'addanci a Kongo, an umarci ma'aikatan gwamnati da su kaurace masa kasuwancinsa. Ya sha wahala kuma ya kashe kansa a watan Yuli 1905. == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} * Christraud M. Geary, ''ciki da waje Mai da hankali: Hotuna daga Afirka ta Tsakiya, 1885–1960.'' London: Philip Wilson na Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, shafi.&nbsp;104-106. * "Masu daukar hoto na Kinshasa, 1870 zuwa 2000", ''Revue Noire'', 2001.  . == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nmafa.si.edu/exhibits/focus/photographers.html Bayani game da Shanu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402073807/http://www.nmafa.si.edu/exhibits/focus/photographers.html |date=2013-04-02 }} daga National Museum of African Art . gecgeddclly0eqwu94s0hyhn39re89i 0 61675 827338 812856 2026-04-27T22:22:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olaolu Akorede Olabode Folarin''' (An haife shi ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1989) Wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''HG2 Filmworks''' daraktan bidiyo ne na kiɗan, [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurkawa]], mai yin fina-finai na kasuwanci, haka-zalika mai zanen hoto, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai daukar hoto.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.informationng.com/2021/01/sleeping-around-doesnt-automatically-make-you-rich-filmmaker-hg2-tells-ladies.html| title=‘Sleeping Around Doesn’t Automatically Make You Rich’ – Filmmaker Hg2 Tells Ladies| date=5 January 2021 | access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ghgossip.com/davido-and-his-boys-used-baseball-bat-to-beat-me-till-i-was-in-pool-of-blood-hg2-discloses-screenshots/| title=Davido And His Boys Used Baseball Bat To Beat Me Till I Was In Pool Of Blood – HG2 Discloses (Screenshots)| date=6 October 2020| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184247/https://www.ghgossip.com/davido-and-his-boys-used-baseball-bat-to-beat-me-till-i-was-in-pool-of-blood-hg2-discloses-screenshots/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nollywoodtimes.com/2021/03/hg2-filmmaker-olabode-any-day-wizkid.html| title=Hg2 Filmmaker, Olabode – "Any day Wizkid follow me, I will follow back"| date=27 March 2021 | access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://globaltimesng.com/2020/11/18/music-video-director-hg2-film-works-reveals-he-is-made-in-lagos/| title=Music Video Director; HG2 Film Works Reveals He Is "Made In Lagos| date=18 November 2020| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008192746/https://globaltimesng.com/2020/11/18/music-video-director-hg2-film-works-reveals-he-is-made-in-lagos/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://glamsquadmagazine.com/music-video-director-hg2-films-welcomes-his-first-baby/| title=Music Video Director HG2 Films Welcomes His First Baby| date=4 November 2016| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184238/https://glamsquadmagazine.com/music-video-director-hg2-films-welcomes-his-first-baby/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://musicvibes.net/music-video-director-hg2-films-celebrate-10-years-remembrance-of-his-father-death/| title=Music Video Director, HG2 Films Celebrate 10 Years Remembrance Of His Father Death| date=6 June 2020| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008185740/https://musicvibes.net/music-video-director-hg2-films-celebrate-10-years-remembrance-of-his-father-death/| url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1989, a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] kuma ya fito ne daga [[Ȯra Kwara|jihar Kwara]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://naijabiography.com/olabode-akorede-biography-hg2-films-career-net-worth/| title=Olabode Akorede Biography ( HG2 Films, Career, Net Worth)| date=7 June 2020| access-date=8 October 2021}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Olabode ya fara aikin samarwa ne a matsayin mai zanen hoto kuma daga baya ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen bidiyo na kiɗa a cikin 2010. A cikin 2011, ya kafa kamfanin HG2 Film Works wanda ya mai da hankali kan bidiyo na kiɗa, abubuwan gani, da shirya fim.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latestnigeriannews.com/p/675773/hg2-films-biography-dir-videos-net-worth-age-facts.html| title=HG2 Films Biography: Dir. Videos, Net Worth, Age, Facts| date=30 June 2021| access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> Ya jagoranci bidiyon kiɗa don masu fasaha irin su [[D'banj]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mp3bullet.ng/nigerian-film-maker-shares-experience-of-his-first-meeting-with-dbanj/| title=Nigerian Film Maker Shares Experience of His First Meeting with D’banj| date=6 May 2020| access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.naijavibe.net/dbanj-everything-is-ok-video/| title=D’Banj – Everything Is Ok [ViDeo]| date=20 December 2019| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184238/https://www.naijavibe.net/dbanj-everything-is-ok-video/| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kizz Daniel|Kiss Daniel]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.hitnaija.com/download-mp3/kiss-daniel-sin-city/| title=Kiss Daniel – Sin City| date=15 August 2017| access-date=8 October 2021}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Dammy Krane]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/01/new-video-dammy--m-m,mnfeat-shatta-wale-davido-gbetiti/| title=New Video: Dammy Krane Feat. Shatta Wale & Davido – Gbetiti| date=16 January 2017| access-date=8 October 2021}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Reminisce,<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.naijaolofofo.com/video-reminisce-ijoba-government-ft-olamide-endia-behind-the-scenes/| title=[Video]: Reminisce – IJOBA [Government] Ft. Olamide & Endia (Behind The Scenes)| date=22 July 2013| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184236/https://www.naijaolofofo.com/video-reminisce-ijoba-government-ft-olamide-endia-behind-the-scenes/| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[9ice]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-9ice-lords-prayer| title=[Video] 9ice – Lord’s Prayer| date=30 June 2015| access-date=8 October 2021}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da [[Skales]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/skales-davido-timaya-in-ajaga-video/| title=Skales, Davido, Timaya in Ajaga video| date=23 February 2017| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184234/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/skales-davido-timaya-in-ajaga-video/| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Fayil:HG2 Filmworks.jpg|thumb|HG2 Filmworks]] Ayyukan bidiyo na kiɗan sa an zabi wasu daga ciki don kyaututtuka a [[2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.okayafrica.com/nigeria-entertainment-awards-nominees-2015/| title=The Nigeria Entertainment Awards Announce 2015 Nominees| date=15 June 2015| access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> da [[Soundcity MVP Awards Festival]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/davido-olamide-others-perform-soundcity-mvp-awards| title=Davido, Olamide, others to perform at Soundcity MVP Awards| date=20 December 2016| access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> === Bidiyon kiɗan === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Mawaki !Video !Matsayi |- |2019 |CheekyChizzy ft [[Ice Prince]] |"Facility" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://nigeriansounds.com/video-cheekychizzy-facility-featuring-ice-prince-slimcase/| title=Video:- CheekyChizzy – Facility Featuring Ice Prince & Slimcase| date=11 December 2019| access-date=8 November 2021| archive-date=8 November 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125753/https://nigeriansounds.com/video-cheekychizzy-facility-featuring-ice-prince-slimcase/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2019 |[[D'banj]] |"Everything is Ok" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.akpraise.com.ng/dbanj-everything-is-ok/| title=VIDEO: D’Banj – Everything Is Ok| date=22 December 2019| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184236/https://www.akpraise.com.ng/dbanj-everything-is-ok/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2019 |DJ Kamol ft [[Oritse Femi]] |"Gbese" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://naijapopstar.net/dj-kamol-ft-oritse-femi-gbese/| title=MUSIC: DJ Kamol Ft. Oritse Femi – Gbese| date=6 June 2019| access-date=8 November 2021| archive-date=8 November 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125757/https://naijapopstar.net/dj-kamol-ft-oritse-femi-gbese/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2016 |[[9ice]] |"Aunty" <ref>{{cite web | url=https://topnaijamusic.com/download-video-9ice-aunty-dir-hg2-films/| title=DOWNLOAD VIDEO: 9ICE – AUNTY (DIR. HG2 FILMS)| date=12 April 2016| access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Director |- |2013 |[[9ice]] |"Life Drama" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-9ice-life-drama-2| title=[Video] 9ice – Life Drama| date=27 December 2013| access-date=8 November 2021}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |Director |- |2013 |[[9ice]] ft [[Vector (rapper)]] |"Pace Setter" |Director |- |2015 |[[9ice]] ft [[2face Idibia]] |"Life is Beautiful" <ref>{{cite web | url=https://topnaijamusic.com/official-video-9ice-ft-2face-idibia-life-is-beautiful/| title=OFFICIAL VIDEO: 9ICE FT. 2FACE IDIBIA – LIFE IS BEAUTIFUL| date=6 April 2015| access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> |Director |- |2016 |[[Kiss Daniel]] |"Sin City" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.akpraise.com.ng/official-video-kiss-daniel-sin-city/| title=OFFICIAL VIDEO: Kiss Daniel – Sin City| date=16 September 2016| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184238/https://www.akpraise.com.ng/official-video-kiss-daniel-sin-city/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2017 |[[Dammy Krane]] ft. [[Shatta Wale]] & [[Davido]] |"Gbetiti" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/dammy-krane-gbetiti-ft-shatta-wale-davido-official-video/| title=Dammy Krane – Gbetiti ft Shatta Wale and Davido (Official Video)| date=25 January 2017| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184236/https://www.ghanamotion.com/dammy-krane-gbetiti-ft-shatta-wale-davido-official-video/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2013 |[[Reminisce (musician)|Reminisce]] ft. [[Olamide]] & Endia |"Ijoba [Government]" |Director |- |2014 |[[Qdot]] ft. [[Olamide]] |"Ibadan" <ref>{{cite web | url=https://thenet.ng/video-qdot-feat-olamide-ibadan/| title=VIDEO: Qdot feat. Olamide – 'Ibadan'| date=15 December 2014| access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Director |- |2017 |[[Skales]] ft. [[Davido]] & [[Timaya]] |"Ajaga" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/skales-davido-timaya-in-ajaga-video/| title=Skales, Davido, Timaya in Ajaga video| date=25 February 2017| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184234/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/skales-davido-timaya-in-ajaga-video/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2015 |[[9ice]] |"Lord's Prayer" |Director |- |2015 |Lioness ft Lace |"Lets Go Party" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.akpraise.com.ng/dbanj-everything-is-ok/| title=VIDEO: D’Banj – Everything Is Ok| date=22 December 2019| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184236/https://www.akpraise.com.ng/dbanj-everything-is-ok/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2016 |Lioness |"Low Low" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://musicafric.com/video-lioness-low-low-dir-hg2films/| title=#Nigeria: Video: Lioness – Low Low (Dir by HG2Films)| date=14 November 2016| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 November 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125751/https://musicafric.com/video-lioness-low-low-dir-hg2films/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2018 |Skiibii |"Gara" <ref>{{cite web | url=https://soundcity.tv/skiibii-shows-off-new-benz-in-gara-video-watch-here/| title=Skiibii Shows Off New Benz In "Gara" Video – Watch Here!| date=1 July 2018| access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Director |- |2015 |[[Kiss Daniel]] ft. Sugar Boy |"Molue" |Director |- |2017 |[[Dayo Amusa]] |"Blow My Mind" <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/01/actress-dayo-amusa-is-out-with-a-new-song-listen-watch-the-video-for-blow-my-mind/| title=Actress Dayo Amusa is out with a New Song! Listen & Watch the Video for "Blow My Mind"| date=25 January 2017| access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Director |- |2017 |Yonda |"Las Vegas" <ref>{{cite web | url=https://soundcity.tv/new-video-yonda-las-vegas/| title=New Video: Yonda – Las Vegas| date=29 January 2017| access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Director |- |2017 |[[DJ Spinall]] ft. [[YCEE]] |"On A Low" <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.okay.ng/dj-spinall-ft-ycee-on-a-low-download-video/| title=VIDEO: DJ Spinall ft. Ycee – On A Low| date=8 November 2017| access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Director |- |2016 |Lioness ft. [[Chidinma]] |"Love Me Jeje" <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.informationng.com/2016/03/audio-video-lioness-love-me-jeje-ft-chidinma.html| title=AUDIO + VIDEO: Lioness – Love Me Jeje Ft. Chidinma| date=21 March 2016| access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Director |- |2015 |DJ Real ft [[Dammy Krane]], [[Skales]], Jhybo, Tee Blaq, [[Small Doctor]] |"Make Sense" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/adverts/jbvideo-dj-real-make-sense-featuring-dammy-krane-skales-jhybo-small-doctor-tee-blaq-2/| title=JBVIDEO: Dj Real – "Make Sense" featuring Dammy Krane, Skales, Jhybo, Small Doctor & Tee Blaq| date=7 November 2015| access-date=8 November 2021| archive-date=8 November 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125751/https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/adverts/jbvideo-dj-real-make-sense-featuring-dammy-krane-skales-jhybo-small-doctor-tee-blaq-2/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2017 |Omihanifa |" Halelluyah Meje Meje" |Director |- |2015 |Lioness ft [[Emma Nyra]] |"Anything for Love" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://okhype.com/video/video-lioness-ft-emma-nyra-anything-for-love/| title=VIDEO: Lioness ft. Emma Nyra – Anything For Love| date=22 March 2015| access-date=8 November 2021| archive-date=8 November 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125750/https://okhype.com/video/video-lioness-ft-emma-nyra-anything-for-love/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2015 |DJ Ikay ft [[Dammy Krane]], [[Skales]], [[Runtown]] |"Coco" <ref>{{cite web | url=https://confirmgist.com.ng/2015/02/music-dj-ikay-coco-ft-dammy-krane-runtown-skales/| title=MUSIC: DJ Ikay – Coco ft. Dammy Krane, Runtown & Skales| date=6 February 2015| access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> |Director |- |2016 |Oladips ft [[Reminisce (musician)|Reminisce]] |"Bounce" <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hotnaijamusic.com/download-video/video-oladips-bounce-ft-reminisce/| title=VIDEO: Oladips – Bounce ft Reminisce| date=25 January 2016| access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> |Director |- |2015 |[[Oritse Femi]] ft. [[Reminisce (musician)|Reminisce]] |"Tomorrow" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://jaguda.com/music-mp3/video-oritse-femi-tomorrow-ft-reminisce/| title=VIDEO: Oritse Femi {{!}} Tomorrow Ft. Reminisce| date=6 July 2015| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184238/https://jaguda.com/music-mp3/video-oritse-femi-tomorrow-ft-reminisce/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2015 |Mtal Ft. Oritsefemi, Kalaski |"Baby To Luminati (Remix)" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-mtal-ft-oritsefemi-kalaski-baby-to-luminati-remix| title=[Video] Mtal Ft. Oritsefemi & Kalaski – Baby To Luminati (Remix)| date=20 November 2015| access-date=8 November 2021| archive-date=8 November 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125759/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-mtal-ft-oritsefemi-kalaski-baby-to-luminati-remix| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2016 |Rayce |"21 Love" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://musicafric.com/nigeria-video-rayce-21-love-dir-by-hg2-films/| title=#Nigeria: Video: Rayce – 21 Love (Dir By HG2 Films)| date=1 December 2016| access-date=8 November 2021| archive-date=8 November 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125751/https://musicafric.com/nigeria-video-rayce-21-love-dir-by-hg2-films/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2016 |[[Zlatan (musician)|Zlatan]] ft Space Boi |"Odun Yi" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://songbaze.com.ng/video-zlatan-ibile-odun-yi-this-year-ft-space-boi/| title=VIDEO: Zlatan Ibile – "Odun Yi" (This Year) ft. Space Boi| date=23 July 2016| access-date=8 November 2021| archive-date=8 November 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125750/https://songbaze.com.ng/video-zlatan-ibile-odun-yi-this-year-ft-space-boi/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |- |2021 |K Rollz |"Need Your Luv" |Director |- |2016 |Rayce |"Wetin Dey" <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.akpraise.com.ng/official-video-rayce-wetin-dey-dir-hg2-films/| title=OFFICIAL VIDEO: Rayce – Wetin Dey (Dir. HG2 Films)| date=26 January 2016| access-date=8 October 2021| archive-date=8 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184236/https://www.akpraise.com.ng/official-video-rayce-wetin-dey-dir-hg2-films/| url-status=dead}}</ref> |Director |} == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Shekara !! Award ceremony !! Award description !! Sakamako !! Ref |- | 2015 || [[2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards]] || Best Music Video || {{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigeria Entertainment Awards Unveils 2015 Nominees List|url=https://tooxclusive.com/nigeria-entertainment-awards-unveils-2015-nominees-list/|publisher=Tooxclusive|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184237/https://tooxclusive.com/nigeria-entertainment-awards-unveils-2015-nominees-list/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2016 || [[Soundcity MVP Awards Festival]]|| Video of the Year || {{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite web|title=#SoundcityMVP2016 : Wizkid, Olamide Battle Each-Other for Soundcity MVP Award Festival 2016 + Full List of Nominees for Soundcity MVP Award Festival 2016|url=https://gyonlineng.com/soundcitymvp2016-wizkid-olamide-battle-soundcity-mvp-award-festival-2016-full-list-nominees-soundcity-mvp-award-festival-2016/|publisher=gyonlineng.com|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184237/https://gyonlineng.com/soundcitymvp2016-wizkid-olamide-battle-soundcity-mvp-award-festival-2016-full-list-nominees-soundcity-mvp-award-festival-2016/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *{{Official website|http://www.hg2filmworks.com}} *{{IMDb name|11955544|Hg2 Films}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 7q7qu9tjuvn3o7xnvqk1iy2fbf2lfkt 0 61893 827299 731588 2026-04-27T21:18:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gustavo Manrique Miranda (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gustavo Manrique]] [[Fayil:Gustavo Manrique Miranda.jpg|thumb|Gustavo Manrique]] '''Gustavo Manrique Miranda,''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972) injiniyan aikin gona ne na Ecuador, mai fafutukar kare muhalli kuma masanin muhalli wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin minista a cikin Gwamnatin Guillermo Lasso. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a birnin Guayaquil. Shi ɗan Xavier Manrique ne da Clemencia Miranda. Mahaifinsa mashahurin likitan zuciya ne na Ecuador kuma mahaifiyarsa kwararriyar malama ce.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2023}}<Yana da <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; &#x5B; '''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">yan'uwa</span></nowiki>''</sup> 5, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine samfurin kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Roberto Manrique.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-17 |title=Gustavo Manrique, hermano del actor Roberto Manrique, será el nuevo ministro de Ambiente |url=https://quenoticias.com/noticias/hermano-de-roberto-manrique-ministro-de-ambiente/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Qué Noticias |language=es}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu a matsayin injiniyan aikin gona a [[Costa Rica]] a Jami'ar EARTH. A lokacin aikinsa na ƙwararru ya yi aiki a kamfanoni da yawa na zamantakewa da muhalli da aikin gona. Ya kuma jagoranci kwamitocin kungiyoyin kare muhalli da dama.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2023}}<><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Press conference of Foreign Minister Gustavo Manrique and the Chair of the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee Robert Menendez in Ecuador on 10 April 2023 03.jpg|thumb|Gustavo Manrique]] Ya inganta ayyuka irin su taron muhalli na ƙasa da ƙasa, ya samu lambar yabo ta Green Latin America kuma a cikin shekarar 2012 ya sami [[Guinness World Records|lambar yabo ta Guinness]] na farko a birnin Quito, ta hanyar sake amfani da kwalabe miliyan daya da rabi a cikin kwanaki 6 tare da dalibai 93,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-17 |title=Gustavo Manrique será el ministro del Ambiente de Guillermo Lasso |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/politica/gustavo-manrique-sera-el-ministro-del-ambiente-de-guillermo-lasso-nota/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=El Universo |language=es}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2021 an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri shugabannin sauyin yanayi a Latin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gustavo Manrique abogará por una producción sostenible desde el Ministerio de Ambiente |url=https://www.vistazo.com/politica/nacional/gustavo-manrique-abogara-por-una-produccion-sostenible-desde-el-ministerio-de-ambiente-DY274948 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=www.vistazo.com |language=es-EC}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Ministan Muhalli === [[File:FIRMA_DEL_DECRETO_EJECUTIVO_PARA_LA_AMPLIACIÓN_DE_LA_RESERVA_MARINA_DE_GALÁPAGOS_2.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px| Manrique a matsayin Ministan Muhalli (tsakiya), a rattaba hannu kan dokar fadada Galápagos Marine Reserve]] A ranar 17 ga watan Mayu 2021, zaɓaɓɓen shugaban kasa [[Guillermo Lasso]] ya nada shi Ministan Muhalli; ya fara aiki a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, tare da fara gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cañizares |first=Johanna |date=2021-05-21 |title=Gustavo Manrique liderará el Ministerio de Ambiente y Agua desde el 24 de mayo |url=https://tuvoz.tv/gustavo-manrique-liderara-el-ministerio-de-ambiente-y-agua-desde-el-24-de-mayo/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Tuvoz.tv |language=es}}</ref> A lokacin aikinsa na minista, ya faɗaɗa mashigin ruwa na Galapagos a cikin shekarar 2022 ya fice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elverdin |first=Juan Pablo |date=2021-11-02 |title=El gobierno de Ecuador amplía la reserva marina de Galápagos |url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/11/02/ecuador-ampliareserva-marina-galapagos-orix/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=CNN |language=es}}</ref> === Ministan Harkokin Waje === A ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, Shugaba Guillermo Lasso ya nada shi a matsayin sabon Ministan Harkokin Waje da Motsa Jiki, tare da taken Chancellor, bayan murabus na {{Interlanguage link|Juan Carlos Holguín|es}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gustavo Manrique fue posesionado como canciller y José Antonio Dávalos, como ministro del Ambiente |url=https://diariocorreo.com.ec/82373/portada/gustavo-manrique-fue-posesionado-como-canciller-y-jose-antonio-davalos-como-ministro-del-ambiente |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=diariocorreo.com.ec |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218203541/https://diariocorreo.com.ec/82373/portada/gustavo-manrique-fue-posesionado-como-canciller-y-jose-antonio-davalos-como-ministro-del-ambiente |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holguin |first=Juan Carlos |date=2023-04-02 |title=Gustavo Manrique fue posesionado como canciller y José Antonio Dávalos, como ministro del Ambiente |url=https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/gustavo-manrique-canciller-jose-antonio-davalos-ministro-ambiente.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=El Comercio |language=es-EC |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602053547/https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/gustavo-manrique-canciller-jose-antonio-davalos-ministro-ambiente.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 4cn629w86zksxnjqd93thvmnlhcquao 0 65454 827348 812907 2026-04-28T00:04:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakima El Haite''' (an haife ta 13 ga Mayu 1963) Masaniyar kimiyya [[Moroko|ce]] ta yanayi, 'yar kasuwa kuma 'yar siyasa. A cikin shekarar 1994 ta kafa EauGlobe, kamfanin Injiniyanci na muhalli na farko a yankin MENA. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista mai kula da Muhalli na Masarautar Morocco daga shekarun 2013 zuwa 2017. A cikin shekarar 2015, an zaɓe ta mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Canjin Yanayi (COP21). An naɗa ta jakadiya ta musamman kan sauyin yanayi na Masarautar Morocco daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 da kuma babbar zakarar yanayi na babban taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (COP22) daga shekarun 2016 - 2017. [[Fayil:Solar Impulse Foundation Announcement (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hakima El Haite]] Ita ce shugabar Liberal International a halin yanzu tun daga watan Disamba 2018, wacce ba Baturiya ta farko a wannan matsayi ba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://liberal-international.org/news-articles/global-liberal-family-elects-first-president-from-africa-el-haite/|title=Global Liberal family elects Hakima El Haite – LI's first president from Africa|website=Liberal International|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219103753/https://liberal-international.org/news-articles/global-liberal-family-elects-first-president-from-africa-el-haite/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Global Climate Action Champions - Minister Hakima El Haite and Ambassador Laurence Tubiana.jpg|thumb|Hakima El Haite]] An haifi El Haite a [[Fas|Fez]] a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu 1963. Ta yi digiri a fannin [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] da microbiology daga Jami'ar Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah a Fez (1986), digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halittu daga Jami'ar Moulay Ismail da ke [[Ameknas|Meknes]] (1987). Tana da digirin digirgir guda biyu, ɗaya a cikin nazarin muhalli daga Jami'ar Meknes (1991) da ɗaya a cikin Injiniyanci na muhalli daga École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne a Saint-Étienne, Faransa tare da kasida kan kula da ruwan sha. Sannan tana da difloma a fannin sadarwar siyasa daga Jami'ar Washington da ke Amurka (2008).<ref name=tanger/><ref name=cop21/> == Sana'a == El Haite ta yi aiki da hukumar birni na Fez a cikin gudanarwar yanki har zuwa shekara ta 1993. Ta kasance ma'ajin kungiyar mata ta ƙasa. A cikin shekarar 1994, ta kafa kamfanin EauGlobe, wanda ya ƙware a aikin Injiniyanci da tuntuɓar muhalli.<ref name=tanger/><ref name=cop21/> Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar US-NAPEO, kawancen Amurka da Arewacin Afirka don samun damammakin tattalin arziki, da ConnectingGroup International, kungiya ta farko da ke horar da mata zuwa mukamai a ofisoshi. El Haite memba ce ta jam'iyyar siyasa ta Popular Movement. A shekara ta 2007, ta zama shugabar kungiyar mata 'yan kasuwa a Morocco. Ta zama shugabar cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta Mata masu sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin shekarar 2012. Tun watan Disambar 2012, ta kasance shugabar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Duniya.<ref name=tanger>{{cite web|language=French|url=http://www.tanger-experience.com/societe/economie-actualites/tanger-prepare-une-charte-pour-devenir-plus-propre/|title=La nouvelle charte environnementale de Tanger|date=22 November 2014|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=Tanger Experience}}</ref><ref name=cop21/> An naɗa El Haite a matsayin minista mai kula da muhalli na ministan makamashi, ma'adinai, ruwa da muhalli a cikin shekarar 2013. A wannan matsayi tana sa ido kan manufofin muhalli a cikin kundin tsarin mulki ta yadda za a shigar da ɓangaren ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin kowane shiri na manufofin jama'a.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/interview/forward-thinking-obg-talks-hakima-el-haite-minister-environment|title=Hakima El Haite, Minister of Environment: Interview|publisher=Oxford Business Group|year=2016|access-date=2023-12-21|archive-date=2022-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924232738/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/interview/forward-thinking-obg-talks-hakima-el-haite-minister-environment|url-status=dead}}</ref> Morocco kuma tana da 'yan sanda na muhalli.<ref>{{cite web|language=French|url=http://www.alwihdainfo.com/Hakima-El-Haite-se-dit-fiere-de-la-COP22-et-veut-oublier-la-polemique-sur-les-dechets-italiens-Interview_a44467.html|title=Hakima El Haité se dit fière de la COP22 et veut oublier la polémique sur les déchets italiens|work=Al Wihda|date=11 November 2016|accessdate=12 January 2017|author=Yabiladi}}</ref> [[Fayil:Solar Impulse Foundation Announcement (2).jpg|thumb|Hakima El Haite]] Ta shiga cikin taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekarar 2013 a Warsaw da 2014 Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi a Lima kafin ta ɗauki babban matsayi a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekarar 2015, tattaunawar [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] a Paris a watan Disamba 2015.<ref name=cop21/><ref name=wcs>{{cite web|url=http://worldclimatesummit.org/hakima-el-haite-delegate-minister-for-the-environment-government-of-morocco/|title=Hakima El Haite, Delegate Minister for the Environment, Government of Morocco|publisher=World Climate Summit|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113142214/http://worldclimatesummit.org/hakima-el-haite-delegate-minister-for-the-environment-government-of-morocco/|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2016, an naɗa ta a matsayin "Champion High Level Change Climate Champion" ta taron jam'iyyun zuwa Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da sauyin yanayi.<ref name=cc>{{cite web|url=http://climatechange-theneweconomy.com/index.php/tag/hakima-el-haite/|title=High-Level Climate Change Champions Launch 2050 Pathways Platform|date=22 November 2016|accessdate=12 January 2017|publisher=Climate Change – The New Economy|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113170848/http://climatechange-theneweconomy.com/index.php/tag/hakima-el-haite/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=un>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55499|title=MARRAKECH: Civil society vital to drive momentum on Paris Agreement targets, say 'Climate Champions'|publisher=United Nations New Centre|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, 2016, El Haite ta ba da jawabi mai mahimmanci a wurin buɗe taron makon yanayi na NYC a birnin New York, tana mai kira ga shugabannin duniya da su tashi daga alkawurran da suka yi [[Yarjejeniyar Paris|na yarjejeniyar Paris]] don aiwatar da ayyukan sauyin yanayi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.panafricanvisions.com/2016/moroccan-minister-hakima-el-haite-keynotes-climate-week-nyc/|title=Moroccan Minister Hakima El Haité keynotes Climate Week NYC|work=Pan African Visions|date=20 September 2016|accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref> Ta kasance mai masaukin baƙi na [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2016|2016 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da sauyin yanayi]] a [[Marrakesh]] a watan Nuwamba 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://themoroccantimes.com/2016/11/21509/hakima-el-haite-fighting-climate-change-means-a-global-transformation|title=Hakima el Haite Fighting climate change means a 'global transformation'|work=The Moroccan Times|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://live.worldbank.org/node/9742|publisher=World Bank|title=Hakima El Haite|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113151916/http://live.worldbank.org/node/9742|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/11/30/les-cinq-africains-qu-il-faut-suivre-a-la-cop21_4820323_3212.html#w8e6QfZZl5StmrIb.99|work=Le Monde|language=French|title=Les cinq Africains qu'il faut suivre à la COP21|first=Laurence|last=Caramel|date=30 November 2015|accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == El Haite ta iya yaren Larabci, Ingilishi da Faransanci.<ref name=cop21>{{cite web|url=http://www.cop21paris.org/speakers/he-hakima-el-haite|title=H.E. Dr. Hakima El Haite|publisher=UNEP Climate Action}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == A cikin shekarar 2014, El Haite ta sami lambar yabo ta 'Yanci ta Gidauniyar Sipaniya don 'Yanci da Dimokuraɗiyya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leaders-afrique.com/hakima-el-haite/|title=Hakima el Haite|language=French|publisher=Leaders Afrique|access-date=2023-12-21|archive-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116195122/http://www.leaders-afrique.com/hakima-el-haite/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2016, ta karɓi tambarin Chevalier na Legion of Honor na Jamhuriyar Faransa daga Shugaba [[François Hollande]]. Tsohuwar firaministan Kasar [[Laurent Fabius]] ce ta ba da lambar yabo saboda jajircewarta na ƙasa da ƙasa kan harkokin muhalli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2016/12/202721/hakima-el-haite-decorated-with-insignia-of-chevalier-of-legion-of-honor/|title=Hakima El Haite Decorated with Insignia of Chevalier of Legion of Honor|date=1 December 2016|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=Morocco World News}}</ref><ref name=fdm>{{cite web|url=http://moroccanladies.com/breaking-news/hakima-el-haite-decorated-with-insignia-of-chevalier-of-legion-of-honor-12737|title=Hakima El Haite Decorated with Insignia of Chevalier of Legion of Honor|publisher=Moroccan Ladies|date=December 2016}}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == *  El Haite, Hakima (12 April 2010). "Traitement Des Eaux Usees Par Les Reservoirs Operationnells et Reuse Pour L'Irrigation" (doctoral thesis). Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines. * El Haité, Hakima (2015). "Les passions d'une ministre engagée". Vraiment Durable. 1: 137–146. *  El Haite, Hakima (23 November 2016). "COP22: Time for Action". UNEP Climate Action. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] qm5xa09mp2eqq1m1ocr14v24pku23hu 0 65676 827387 813157 2026-04-28T06:08:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Northern Bantoid''' (ko '''Arewa Bantoid''' ) reshe ne na [[harsunan Bantoid]] . Ya ƙunshi harsunan Mambiloid, [[Harsunan Dakoid|Dakoid]], da Tikar na gabacin [[Najeriya]] da yammacin tsakiyar [[Kamaru]] . == Tarihi == Williamson ne ya gabatar da shawarar da ta raba Bantoid zuwa Arewa da Kudancin Bantoid . <ref>Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Niger–Congo Overview'. In: ''The Niger–Congo languages'', ed. by John Bendor-Samuel, 3—45. University Press of America.</ref> <ref>Blench, Roger [1987] 'A new classification of Bantoid languages.' Unpublished paper presented at 17th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden.</ref> Blench yayi jayayya don haɗin kai na Arewa Bantoid ta hanyar yin la'akari da phonological, lexical, da morphological shedun. <ref name="Blench">Blench, Roger. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/General/North%20Bantoid%20hypothesis.pdf The North Bantoid hypothesis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225185835/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/General/North%20Bantoid%20hypothesis.pdf |date=2023-12-25 }}.</ref> == Rabewar ciki == Blench ya rarraba waɗannan harsunan a matsayin North Bantoid. * ''Tikar'' (masu bambanta) * Mambiloid (wataƙila ya haɗa da harsunan Ndoro-Fam daban-daban) * [[Harsunan Dakoid|Dakoid]] == Tuntuɓar harshe == [[Harsunan Dakoid]] sun daɗe suna hulɗa da [[Yaren Adamawa|harsunan Adamawa]], yayin da yaren Tikar ke da kamanceceniya da harsunan Bafia (wanda aka fi sani da harsunan A50 Bantu ). <ref name="Blench"/> == Taswirori == <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:Map_of_the_Bantoid_languages_of_Nigeria_and_Cameroon.svg|alt=Map of the Bantoid languages of Nigeria and Cameroon|Taswirar[[Harsunan Bantoid|dan Bantoid]]<nowiki/>na Najeriya da Kamaru File:Map_of_the_Mambiloid_languages.svg|alt=Map of the Mambiloid languages|Taswirardan Mambiloid File:Map_of_the_Dakoid_languages.svg|alt=Map of the Dakoid languages|Taswirar[[Harsunan Dakoid|dan Dakoid]] File:Map_of_the_Fam_language.svg|alt=Map of the Fam language|Taswirarharshen Fam </gallery> == Lambobi == Kwatanta lambobi a cikin yaruka ɗaya: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" !Classification !Language !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 |- |Dakoid |Chamba-Daka |nòòní |bààrá |tárā |nààsá |túùná |túnìn |dùtím |dùtím-kə́rə́rə́ (7+ 1) |kúūm |kúūm-kə́rə́rə́ (9+ 1) |- |Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Konja |Kwanja (Konja) |mán |fèè |tar |nàà |cùn |cánmán (5+ 1) |cɛnfèè (5+ 2) |cɛtar (5+ 3) |cɛnàà (5+ 4) |bɨfɛ́ŋ |- |Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Konja |Twendi (Cambap) |tʃínī |fèː |táːr |nɑː̀ |tʃúên |tʃɛ́n də̄r tʃínī (5+ 1) |tʃɛ́n fèjè (5+ 2) |tʃɛ́táːr (5+ 3) |tʃɛ́n nàː (5+ 4) |jūtār |- |Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila |Somyev (Kila Yang) |mwē |hàːn |tàːr |nàːn |tíɛ̂n |tɛ́mwē (5+ 1) |tɛ́nàːn (5+ 2) |tɛ́ntàːr (5+ 3) |tɛ́nnàːn (5+ 4) |tʃɔ́ŋ |- |Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Mambila |[[Yaren Mambila|Cameroun Mambila]] |tʃɛ́n |fàl |taɡár |neà |tîn |téndʒɛ́n (5+ 1) |tébɛl (5+ 2) |téndɛle (5+ 3) |tárɛ̀neà (5+ 4) |julà |- |Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Mambila |[[Yaren Mambila|Nigerian Mambila]] |tʃɛ́n * c = tʃ |fàl |tar |nà |tín |téndʒɛ́n (5+ 1) * j = dʒ |téfɛ́l (5+ 2) |téndɛll (5+ 3) |tárɛ́nà (5+ 4) |jullà * y = j |- |Mambiloid, Ndoro |Ndoola (Doori) (1) |jér |hàːlā |tāːɾā |njẽ́ |sónī |sóŋ kér (5+ 1) |sóŋ kwàlà (5+ 2) |sóŋ tāːrā (5+ 3) |sóŋ njẽ́ (5+ 4) |jóbə̄t |- |Mambiloid, Ndoro |Ndoola (Doori) (2) |jíɾə̀ |hàːlā |tāːɾā |njã́ |sónī |ʃóŋkíɾə̀ (5+ 1) |ʃóŋkwàlà (5+ 2) |ʃóŋtāːrā (5+ 3) |ʃóŋnjá (5+ 4) |jóbə̄t |- |Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Suga |Suga (Nizaa) |mum |ɓaara |taara |naànà |tɛ́ɛ́ŋna |tánmum (5+ 1) |tánɓáára (5+ 2) |sɛ́ɛ̀ |tínáànà (5+ 4) |ɟer |- |Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute |Vute (1) |mwĩ |ɓɨrɨ́b / ɓaám |taarɨ́b |nààsɨ̀b |ŋɡiiì |tínmwĩ (5+ 1; old #5 is tíŋ) |tɨɓáam (5+ 2) |sə́r |ɓwécṍ |cóóŋ |- |Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute |Vute (2) |mūí |ɓāám / ɓɨ̄rɨ́p |tāārɨ́p |nààsɨ́b |ŋɡīì |tín mūí (5+ 1) |tɨ́ ɓāám (5+ 2) |sə́r |ɓwé cóŋ (? 10 ) |cóŋ |- |Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute |Wawa (1) |mǒsī; mǒī * |bə̀mbə́ |tābə́ |nǎrə̄bə̀ |téēnbə̄ |té-mōī (5+ 1) |té-bə̀mbə́ (5+ 2) |tén-tābə́ (5+ 3) |té-nàrə̄bə́ (5+ 4) |tʃɔ́ŋ / bə̌ntə̄ |- |Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute |Wawa (2) |mʊ́ɾsī |bɔ̄mbə̀ |tábə̀ |náɾbə̀ |tɛ̄nbə́ |tɛ̄mʊ́ɪ / dʒuiɡɔ (5+ 1) * |tɛ́bɔ̀mbə̀ / dʒuididi (5+ 2) |tɛ́nàɾbə̀ / dʒuitati (5+ 3) |tɛ́tàbə̀ / dʒuːənai (5+ 4) |tʃɔ̄ŋ (< from Vute) |- |Beboid |Bebe (Naami) |mʷɛ |bifʷé |bitɔ |binwà |bitîŋ |buɬɔ |fùmáɲàŋ (8 - 1) |ɲàŋ |fùmájufi (10 - 1) |jufi |- |Beboid |Cung (Mbuk) (1) |ḿmū |fā |tálé |n̄nā |ítī |só |ńnānítá |ńɲáŋ |bʷùkə̀ |dʒófí |- |Beboid |Cung (Chung) (2) |mu |fa |tale |ə́nà |tè |so |nânita |ɲaŋ |bùkə |dʒofi |- |Beboid |Kemedzung (1) |mò (miu) / kɨ̀tɨ́ kɨ́mó (Gender 7/8) |fé / bɨ̀tɨ́ bífé |té / bɨ̀tɨ́ bíté |nà / bɨ̀tɨ́ bínɑ̀ |tɨ̀ŋ / bɨ̀tɨ́ bítɨ̀ŋ |búsí / bɨ̀tɨ́ búsí |fùmbá / bɨ̀tɨ́ fùmbɑ́ |yàŋ / bɨ̀tɨ́ yàŋ |fùmbóò / bɨ̀tɨ́ fùmbóò |yɔ́(yɔfu) / bɨ̀tɨ́ yɔ́(yɔfu) |- |Beboid |Kemedzung (2) |mmȍ |bifɛ́ |bitɛ |binà |bitɨ̃̀ |buse |fũ̀mbà |jã̏ |fũ̀mbɔ̀ |jɔ̀ː |- |Beboid |Naki |āmū |ífə |ítāt |īnāː |ítɪː |úsiː |fùmádʒâŋ (? 8) |dʒàŋ |fùmádzófu (? 10) |dzófú |- |Beboid |Nchane (Mungong) (1) |m⁴ba³ka⁴ |fĩ³ |tə³lə² |nə³⁴ |tĩ³⁴ |so³⁴ |bu³so³fwɪ⁴ |nja³⁴ |bvu³kə⁴ |ju³fə⁴ |- |Beboid |Nchane (Ncane) (2) |mɪ3ma4 |fɛː2 |tʰɛ3dɪ3 |nɛ34 |tʰəŋ34 |bu3so23 |bu3so3ʃwɪ23 |ɲa34 |bvu3ɡə2 |ʒu3fɛ4 |- |Beboid |Noone (Noni) |māŋ̀ |fɛ́ɛ́ |tɛɛ |nɛ * |tin |sɔɔtʃàn c = [tʃ] |sɔɔʃwî sh = [ʃ] |ɲàŋ ñ= [ɲ] |bvùùkɛ |joofè y = [j] |- |Beboid |Nsari (Nsaari) |ŋk͡paŋ3 |fɛː4 |tɛː4 |nɛː42 |tiŋ42 |bu3sɔː3 |ɱfo2mɛ4ɲaːŋ2 (8 - 1) |ɲaːŋ2 |ɱfo2mɛ4joː24fi42 (10 - 1) |joː24fi42 |- |Ekoid |[[Harshen Jagham|Ejagham]] |yə́t |éβáé |ésá |énî |érôn |èsáɡàsá (3 + 3) |èníɡìsá (4 + 3) |èníɡànî (4 + 4) |érôn énî (5 + 4) |ófó |- |Ekoid, Bakor |Ekajuk |njɛŋ |mbal |nra |nni |nlɔn |nrakera (3 + 3 ?) |eʃɛma |nɛkeni (4 + 4 ?) |eʃɛmʷubu (10 - 1?) |ewubu |- |Ekoid, Bakor |Nde-Ndele-Nta |n-dʒi |m-ba |n-sa |n-nɛ |n-dɔːn |asighasa (3 + 3 ?) |asimma |aneɡhane (4 + 4 ?) |asima-wobo (10 -1?) |wobo |- |Ekoid, Bakor |Nkem-Nkum (Nkim) |njirəng [ńjírə́ŋ] |ibal [íbâ] |ira [írá] |ini [ínî] |iro⃬n [írô̱n] |irara [ìrârà] |arimini [àrímī̱nî] |anigini [àníɡīnî] |arumiɡol [àrúmīɡôl] |iɡol [íɡôl] |- |Jarawan, Nigerian |[[Jaranci|Bada]] |ɗɪ́k |ɓâr |tàːt |jìːn |tʷàːn |tʷàŋsɔ̀lmʷák |kʲɛ́stàˑt (5 + 2) |kʲɛ́ʃìn (5 + 3) |kʲɛ́stʷàn (5 + 4) |lʊ̀m |- |Jarawan, Nigerian |Mbula-Bwazaa |mon / mwashat |rap |taru |ine |tonɡno |tonɡno war mwashat (5 + 1) |tonɡno war rap (5 + 2) |tonɡno war taru (5 + 3) |tonɡno war ine (5 + 4) |lum |- |Mamfe |Denya |ɡɛ́mâ |ópéá |ólɛ́ |ónì |ótà |òkéné |òkénàmà (6 + 1) |ónè |ónēnàmà (8 + 1) |ófíà |- |Mamfe |Kenyang |ɛ́mɔ̂t |bɛpây |bɛ́rát |mɛ́nwî |bɛ́tây |bɛ́tándât (2 x 3) ? * |tándrámɔ̂t (6 + 1) ? ** |mɛ́nɛ̀n |mɛ́nɛ̀n nɛ̀ àmɔ̀t (' 8 + 1 ') |byó |- |Mbe |Mbe |k. bɛ̀tép lètêl lé èjì bɛ́pʷâl lè bɛ̀tépbɛ́fwɔ̂r* |bɛ́pʷâl |bɛ́sá |bɛ́ñî |bɛ́tʃân |bɛ̀sêsár (3 + 3) |bɛ̀tânèbɛ́pʷâl (5 + 2) |bɛ̀ñîbɛ̀ñî (4 + 2) |bɛ́tânèbɛ́ñî (5 + 4) |bɛ́fwɔ̂r |} == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} * Blench, Roger. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/General/North%20Bantoid%20hypothesis.pdf Hasashen Arewa Bantoid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225185835/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/General/North%20Bantoid%20hypothesis.pdf |date=2023-12-25 }} . * Blench, Roger. 2011. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/General/Blench%20Bantu%20IV%20Berlin%20Bantoid%202011.pdf 'Mambobi da tsarin ciki na Bantoid da iyaka da Bantu'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919081122/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/General/Blench%20Bantu%20IV%20Berlin%20Bantoid%202011.pdf |date=2020-09-19 }} . ''Bantu IV'', Jami'ar Humboldt, Berlin. [[Category:Harsuna]] k8926it0vcgl2t9ucbixrbmue474ty0 0 66422 827347 419565 2026-04-27T23:58:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}}{{Databox}} '''Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi'''<ref>https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/445244/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/ebrahim-kalantar-sirazi-COM_8768?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-iranica-online&s.q=EBR%C4%80H%C4%AAM+KAL%C4%80NTAR+%C5%A0%C4%AAR%C4%80Z%C4%AA</ref> (Persian: حاجی ابراهیم شیرازی; 1745–1801), wanda kuma aka sani da sunansa mai daraja E'temad ol-Dowleh (Farisi: اعتماد الدوله), ɗan siyasan Iran<ref>https://iranicaonline.org/articles/aga-mohammad-khan</ref> ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kalantar (mai magajin gari) na Shiraz a lokacin marigayi Zand kuma daga baya a matsayin babban wazirin Qajar Iran na farko.<ref>https://www.magiran.com/article/3723413</ref> == Nazari == jbp0f9dd3nrb8qgisjmjv1g8913vz4w 0 70661 827367 485833 2026-04-28T02:59:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Harga elpiji dan pertalite.jpg|thumb|Wanda yahi bayani]] '''''Harga''''' (wanda kuma aka sani da "La Brûlure") fim ne da aka shirya shi a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weber |first1=Remy |title=La Brûlure de Leila Chaïbi |url=http://www.formatcourt.com/2011/01/la-brulure-de-leila-chaibi/ |accessdate=16 July 2020|language=French |work=Format Court |date=24 January 2011}}</ref> An nuna fim ɗin a bikin Fina-finan Duniya a [[Montréal|Montreal]] a shekara ta 2010<ref>{{cite web |last1=Waffo |first1=Stefan |title=Du choix au Festival des Films du Monde 2010 |url=https://www.toukimontreal.com/2010/08/13/du-choix-au-festival-des-film-de-monde-2010/ |website=ToukiMontreal |language=French |accessdate=16 July 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da kuma a Festival de la Citoyenneté a [[Tunis]] a shekara ta 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Festival de la citoyennete 2011 |url=http://africine.org/evenement/festival-de-la-citoyennete-2011/25558 |website=Africine |accessdate=16 July 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425043220/https://africine.org/evenement/festival-de-la-citoyennete-2011/25558 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Takaitaccen bayani == Hichem ya yi mafarki da "harga" tun yana yaro. Wata rana ya tashi a kan teku zuwa [[Turai]], a cikin babban balaguron haramtacciyar tafiya a cikin buɗaɗɗen jirgin ruwa tare da wasu 'yan Tunisiya 27, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu abokansa ne. Hichem ne kaɗai ya dawo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Festival de la citoyennete 2011 |url=http://africine.org/evenement/festival-de-la-citoyennete-2011/25558 |website=Africine |accessdate=16 July 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425043220/https://africine.org/evenement/festival-de-la-citoyennete-2011/25558 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sauran 'yan Tunisiya sun gaya mana dalilin da ya sa suke so su bar ƙasarsu: [[Talauci]], rashin aikin yi, rashin bege na gaba, tarko a cikin matattu. A shirye suke su yi wani abu don inganta yanayinsu, kuma hakan ya haɗa da jefa rayuwarsu cikin haɗari.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Waffo |first1=Stefan |title=Du choix au Festival des Films du Monde 2010 |url=https://www.toukimontreal.com/2010/08/13/du-choix-au-festival-des-film-de-monde-2010/ |website=ToukiMontreal |language=French |accessdate=16 July 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:fim]] [[Category:French short documentary films]] [[Category:Tunisian documentary films]] [[Category:2010 short documentary films]] [[Category:Documentary films about refugees]] [[Category:2010s French films]] anxw0i9spb3s6serm3x923sfkmq2ka9 0 70729 827391 379520 2026-04-28T06:21:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Harsunan Leko''' wasu ƙananan harsuna ne da ake magana da su a arewacin [[Kamaru]] da gabashin [[Najeriya]] . An yi musu lakabi da "G2" a cikin shawarar Joseph Greenberg ta harshen [[Yaren Adamawa|Adamawa]] . [[Harsunan Daru|Harsunan Duru]] akai-akai ana rarraba su tare da harsunan Leko, kodayake dangantakarsu ta rage a nuna.<ref name="Guldemann">{{Cite book|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Africa|last=Güldemann|first=Tom|editor-last=Güldemann|editor-first=Tom|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|chapter=Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-042606-9|doi=10.1515/9783110421668-002|location=Berlin|pages=58-444|series=The World of Linguistics series|volume=11}}</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan su ne: * Kolbila * Nyong * Chamba Leko * Mace == Sunaye da wurare (Nijeriya) == A ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen harshe, yawan jama'a, da wurare (a cikin [[Najeriya]] kawai) daga Blench (2019).<ref name="BlenchAtlas4">{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2019|edition=4th|location=Cambridge}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" !Harshe ! Yaruka ! Madadin rubutun kalmomi ! Sunan kansa don harshe ! Endonym (s) ! Wasu sunaye (na tushen wuri) ! Sauran sunaye na harshe ! Exonym (s) ! Masu magana ! Wuri(s) |- | Nyong | | Nyɔŋ | Nyɔŋ Nyanga | sg. Nyɔŋvena, pl. Nyoŋnepa (Nyongnepa) | Mumbake, Mubako | | | 10,000 (SIL) | [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], Mayo Belwa LGA, yammacin garin Mayo Belwa, Bingkola da wasu kauyuka 5 |- | Pere | | | Perema | sg. Ina, pl. Pereba | Mace (sunan gari) | | | Ana magana a ƙauyuka 10 da ke kewayen Yadim: Kasa da 4,000 | [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]], Fufore LGA |- | Samba Leko | | Chamba Leko, Samba Leeko | Sama | Samba | | Leko, Suntai | | 42,000 duka (1972 SIL); 50,000 (1971 Welmers) | [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba State]], Ganye, Fufore, Wukari and Takum LGAs; musamman a Kamaru |} == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Leeko_group.htm Kungiyar Leeko]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Blench [[Category:Harsunan Najeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Adamawa]] gbufrflm1cy4n1u3ivbkhe4ceyx8l6w 0 70785 827393 720075 2026-04-28T06:36:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Harsunan '''Tula – Waja''', ko '''Tula–Wiyaa''' reshe ne na harsunan Savanna na wucin gadi, mafi kusa da Kam (Nyingwom), wanda ake magana a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Ana magana da su ne a yankin kudu maso gabashin [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]] da sauran jihohin da ke makwabtaka da su. An yi musu lakabi da "G1" a cikin shawarwarin dangin harshen Adamawa na Joseph Greenberg sannan daga baya aka sanya su a reshen Waja-Jen na wannan iyali. Guldemann (2018) ya lura da bambance-bambancen ƙamus na ciki a cikin Tula-Waja, a wani ɓangare sakamakon tabo ta ƙara haɓaka canjin ƙamus. Kodayake an rasa azuzuwan suna a Dadiya, Maa, da Yebu, [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] da Tula suna riƙe da tsarin ajin suna. <ref name="Kleinewillinghöfer">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/tula-waja-group/the-languages-of-the-tula-waja-group/ The languages of the Tula – Waja Group]. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> Kleinewillinghöfer (1996) kuma ya lura da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin harsunan Tula–Waja da Central Gur, <ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich (1996). Relationship between Adamawa and Gur languages: The case of Waja and Tula.</ref> ra'ayi da Bennett (1983) da Bennett & Sterk (1977) suka raba. <ref>Bennett, Patrick R. 1983. Adamawa-Eastern: Problems and prospects. In: Dihoff, Ivan R. (ed). Current Approaches to African Linguistics 1. Dordrecht: Foris Publications; 23-48.</ref> <ref>Bennett, Patrick R. & Jan P. Sterk. 1977. South Central Niger-Congo: A reclassification. Studies in African Linguistics, 8: 241-273.</ref> == Harsuna == * '''Awak''' : Awak (Yebu), Kamo * '''Cham–Mona''' : [[Harshen Mwona|Dijim-Bwilim]], [[Yaren so|Tso]] * ''Dadiya'' * '''Tula''' : [[Yaren Bangwinji|Bangwinji]], Tula, [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] == Rabewa == Ulrich [[Kleinewillinghöfer]] (2014), a cikin gidan yanar gizon Ayyukan Harsunan Adamawa, ya rarraba harsunan Tula–Waja kamar haka. Kleinewillinghöfer ya ɗauki [[Yaren so|Tso]] da [[Harshen Mwona|Cham]] a matsayin rassan da suka bambanta a baya. Kleinewillinghöfer yana ɗaukar [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] a matsayin reshe na musamman, kodayake ainihin matsayinsa a cikin Tula-Waja har yanzu bai tabbata ba. <ref name="Kleinewillinghöfer"/> ; Tula – Waja * Core Tula Group ** Tula *** Kutule **** Wani **** Baule *** Yiri (Yili) ** Dadiya (yanayin gida) ** [[Yaren Bangwinji|Bangwinji]] *** Kallo *** Na'aba * Yebu ( Awak ) (bambance-bambancen gida) * Ma ( Kamo, Kamu) * [[Harshen Mwona|Cham]] ** Dijim of Kindiyo ** Bwilim (na Mɔna da Loojaa) * [[Yaren so|Tso]] (Lotsu-Piri) ** Tso na Swaabou ** Tso na Bərbou *** Tso na Gusubo *** Tso na Luuzo * [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] ** Waja of Wɩɩ (Wajan Kasa) (na gida variants) ** Waja of Deri (Wajan Dutse) (biyu variants) == Sunaye da wurare == A ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen harshe, yawan jama'a, da wurare daga Blench (2019). {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 75%;" !Harshe ! Yaruka ! Madadin rubutun kalmomi ! Sunan kansa don harshe ! Endonym (s) ! Wasu sunaye (na tushen wuri) ! Sauran sunaye na harshe ! Exonym (s) ! Masu magana ! Wuri(s) |- | '''''[[Harshen Mwona|Dijim]] - [[Harshen Mwona|Bwilim]]''''' | | | | | | | | 7,545 (1968). ca. kauyuka 20 | [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe State]], Balanga LGA, [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]], Lamurde LGA |- | [[Harshen Mwona|Dijim]] | | | Dijim | sg Nii Dìjí pl. Dijim | Cham, Cam, Kindiyo, | | | | |- | [[Harshen Mwona|Bwilim]] | | | Bwilə́m | sg Ni Bwilí pl. Bwilə́m | Mwana, Mwona [Hausa name], Fitilai [kauye sunan] | | | 4,282 | |- | Dadiya | | Nda Dia, Dadiya | Bwe Daddiya pl. Daddiyab | Nyiyō Daddiya | | | | 3,986 (1961), 20,000 (1992 est.). | [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe State]], Balanga LGA, [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba State]], Karim Lamido LGA and [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]], Lamurde LGA. Tsakanin Dadiya da Bambam. |- | Ma | | | ina sg. nubá Ma pl. | yi Ma | Kamu, Kamu | | | 3000 (SIL) | [[Gombe (jiha)|Jahar Gombe]], Kaltungo and Akko LGAs |- | [[Yaren so|Tsobo]] | Bәrbou, Guzubo, Swabou | Cibbo | Tsobó | yi Tsó | Lotsu-Piri, Pire, Wuta | Kitta | | 2,000 (1952) | [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe State]], Kaltungo LGA, [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]], Numan LGA |- | Tula | Baule, Wangke [an yi amfani da shi don haɓaka karatu], Yiri | Ture | wannan Kitule | Naba Kitule pl. Kituli | | | | 19,209 (1952 W&B); 12,204 (1961–2 Jungraithmayr); 19,000 (1973 SIL). ca. kauyuka 50 ?100,000 est. | [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe State]], Kaltungo LGA. Tula yana da nisan kilomita 30. gabas da Billiri. |- | [[Harshen Waja|Wayya]] | Filaye da tudu | Wagga | Nyan Wìyáù | Wĩyáà | Waja | | | 19,700 (1952 W&B); 50,000 (1992 e.) | [[Gombe (jiha)|Jahar Gombe]], Balanga and Kaltungo LGAs, gundumar Waja. [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba State]], Bali LGA. |- | [[Yaren Bangwinji|Bangjin]] | Nabang, Kaloh [takardar rubutu bisa Nabang] | Bangunji, Bangunje, Bangwinji | Báŋjĩŋè sg. Báŋjĩŋèb pl. | nyi Bánjòŋ | | | | 8000 CAPRO (1995a). <ref>CAPRO Research Office 1995a. Unmask the giant. Jos: CAPRO Media. [Bauchi]</ref> kauyuka 25 (2008) | [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe State]], Shongom LGA |- | Yebu | | | Yabù | Ni Yěbù | Awak | | | 2,035 (1962) | [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], karamar hukumar Kaltungo: kilomita 10 daga arewa maso gabashin Kaltungo |} == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Wiyaa_group.htm Harsunan Tula-Wiyaa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000716/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Wiyaa_group.htm |date=2016-03-04 }} - Blench * [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/tula-waja-group/ Tula-Waja] - Aikin Harsunan Adamawa ** [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/10/TULA-WAJA-100-wordlist.pdf Tula-Waja comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100)] ** [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Tula-Waja-Pronouns-and-Numbers.pdf Tula-Waja karin magana da lambobi] [[Category:Harsunan Adamawa]] [[Category:Harsunan Najeriya]] 8mdlxoc957l1ddy4birmtol6w4l89lc 0 70894 827384 813032 2026-04-28T05:42:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{Gyara mukala}} '''Ukaan''' (kuma '''Ikan''', '''Anyaran''', '''Auga''', ko '''Kakumo''') Yaren kasashen [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]-[[Congo]] ne wanda ba a bayyana shi sosai ba ko kuma yaren yaren da ba a san shi da alaƙa.Roger Blench ya yi zargin, bisa ga jerin kalmomi, cewa yana iya zama mafi kusa da (Gabas) yarukan Benue-Congo (ko, daidai, mafi banbanci daga cikin yarukan Benure-Congo). <ref>Roger Blench, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf Niger-Congo: an alternative view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022520/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf |date=2012-12-03 }}</ref> (2012) ya bayyana cewa "ma'auni-nau'i da jituwa sun sa ya zama kamar Benue-Congo, amma shaidar ba ta da ƙarfi". Masu magana suna magana da yarensu kamar ''Úkãã'' ko Ìkã . == Iri-iri == Sunan ''[[Anyaran]]'' ya fito ne daga garin Anyaran, inda ake magana da shi. Ukaan yana da yare daban-daban: Ukaan daidai, Igau, Ayegbe (Iisheu), Iinno (Iyinno), wanda kawai yana da fahimta ɗaya a wasu lokuta. Roger Blench (2005, 2019) <ref>Blench, Roger. 2005. ''The Ukaan language: Bantu in south-western Nigeria?''</ref> ya yi la'akari da Ukaan ya kunshi akalla harsuna daban-daban 3, kuma ya lura cewa nau'ikan Ukaan da ake magana a Ìshè,̣ Ẹkakumọ, da Auga duk suna da lexemes daban-daban. Salffner (2009: 27) <ref>Salffner, Sophie. 2009. ''Tone in the phonology, lexicon and grammar of Ikaan''. Doctoral dissertation, University of London.</ref> ya lissafa harsuna huɗu masu zuwa na Ukaan. * '''Ikaan''': ana magana da shi a Ikakumo da Ikakumo (Edo State) * '''Ayegbe''': ana magana da shi a Ise * '''Iigau''' ko '''Iigao''': ana magana da shi a Auga * '''Iino''': ana magana da shi a Ayanran == Rarraba == Ethnologue ya lissafa wurare masu zuwa inda ake magana da Ukaan. * [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]: [[Akoko ta Arewa maso Gabas|Akoko Arewa maso Gabas]] [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|LGA]] * [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]: [[Akoko-Edo|Akoko Edo]] LGA * [[Jihar Kogi]]: [[Ijumu]] LGA (birane na Anyaran, Auga, da Ishe) Blench (2019) ya lissafa [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]], Akoko Arewa LGA, garuruwan Kakumo-Aworo (Kakumo-Kejĩ, Auga da Iṣe); [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], Akoko Edo LGA, Garuruwan Kakumu-Akoko da Anyaran. == Sake ginawa == Abiodun ya sake gina Proto-Ukaan (1999). <ref>Abiodun, Michael Ajibola. 1999. ''A comparative phonology and morphology of Ukaan dialects of Old Akoko division''. Doctoral dissertation. University of Ilorin.</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Ukaan reconstructions|Jerin sake ginawa na Proto-Ukaan]] (Wiktionary) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * ELAR archive of Agriculture, food and yam: harshe da al'adu ayyuka tsakanin masu magana da Ikaan[http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0259 Aikin noma, abinci da yam: harshe da al'adun al'adu tsakanin masu magana da Ikaan] * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/VN/Ukaan/Ukaan%20page.htm Roger Blench: Abubuwan Aika (Ukaan)]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Languages of Nigeria}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 11wsb85icai29x9tgubm2sztqon3zi4 0 70923 827389 813175 2026-04-28T06:17:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language family|name=Ijoid|region=Southern [[Nigeria]]|familycolor=Niger-Congo|child1=[[Ijo languages|Ijaw]]|child2=?[[Defaka language|Defaka]]|glotto=ijoi1239|glottorefname=Ijoid|family=[[Niger–Congo]]?}} '''Ijoid''' wani rukuni ne na harsuna da aka tsara amma ba a nuna su ba wanda ke haɗa [[Harshen Ijaw|Harsunan Ijaw]] (Ịjọ) tare da [[Harshen Defaka]] da ke cikin haɗari. Duk <ref>Roger Blench, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf Niger-Congo: an alternative view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022520/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf |date=2012-12-03 }}</ref> haka, kamanceceniya na iya zama saboda tasirin Ijaw a kan Defaka. Harsunan Ijoid, ko watakila kawai Ijaw, an ba da shawarar su don samar da reshe mai banbanci na dangin Nijar-Congo kuma an lura da su don tsarin kalmomin su na asali, wanda in ba haka ba fasalin da ba a saba gani ba ne a Nijar-Kongo, wanda rassan da ke nesa kamar Mande da [[Dogon harsuna|Dogon]] suka raba. Kamar Mande da Dogon, Ijoid ba shi da ma'anar tsarin ajiyar da aka dauka a matsayin halayyar Nijar-Congo, don haka yana iya rabuwa da wuri daga wannan iyali. ilimin harsuna Gerrit Dimmendaal da Tom Güldemann sun yi shakkar hada shi a cikin Nijar-Congo gaba ɗaya kuma suna la'akari da yarukan Ijaw / Ijoid su zama iyali mai zaman kansa. == Kalmomin kwatankwacin == Misali na asali na asali don Proto-[[Harshen Ijaw|Ijaw]], Kalabari, da Defaka: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Harshe !ido !kunne !hanci !hakora !harshe !baki !jini !kasusuwa !itace !ruwa !cin abinci !sunan |- |Proto-[[Harshen Ijaw|Ijaw]] <ref>Blench, Roger M. and Kay Williamson. 2007. ''Comparative Ijoid Word List''. Unpublished Manuscript.</ref> |*Ayyukan 3 |*ɓeri1 |*Shirin da daya |*aka2 |*ɪɓɛɛɛɛʊ2 |*ɓɪpɪ2 |*as kuma 1 |*Shugabanci2 |*Shin da za a iya amfani da shi |*ɓed1 |*fɪ2 |*ɪrɛ2 |- |Kalabari |Tunanin |ɓeri |Nínī |aká |ɓɛlɛ́ |ɓarna |Imgbe |Yaro da Yaro |sɪn |Minji |fɪ́ |ɛ́rɛ |- |[[Harshen Defaka|Rashin amincewa]]<ref name="Jenewari" /> |Yankin |ɓasi |Nuni |nɪan |Maddafi |ɓoye |ḿbua |haka ne |Ibotin |mbɪ́á |Ya kasance |Sai dai |} === Lambobin === Kwatanta lambobi a cikin harsuna daban-daban: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Rarraba !Harshe !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 |- |Rashin amincewa |[[Harshen Defaka|Rashin amincewa]] |Samun shaida |Maɗaukaki |taato |Snow |Ya zama mai girma |ma'auni |Uwargidanka (5 + 2?) |túàtùà (5 + 3?) |Sai ka bayyana (5 + 4?) |Ya kasance |- |Ijo, Gabas, Arewa maso Gabas |Nkoroo |ɡbɔrí |Mai Magana |Tatar |Gwargwadon da aka yi |Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi |su ne Ví |Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi |Nínì (4+4?) |a ciki |Ojí |- |Ijo, Gabas, Arewa maso Gabas, Gabas |Ibani |Jig'a |m̀mɛɛ́́́́ɛ́ |Rashin tausayi |a cikin |Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi |soníɛ́ |Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi |na ciki |Seneya |ya kai ga ga |- |Ijo, Gabas, Arewa maso Gabas, Gabas |Okrika (Kalabari) |Jigaa |a cikin shekara |Ya yi yawa |ba haka ba ne |Yura |Sonio |Nishabacin |na tara |Esenie |Oji, a baya |- |Ijo, Yammacin Ijo |[[Harshen Izon|Izon (Ijaw/Ijo)]] (1) |Kenuwa |Mama |tǎrụ |Nomin |Gwargwadon da za a yi? |Sǒndie |Sinanma |Nínɡíni |isé |Ee |- |Ijo, Yammacin Ijo |[[Harshen Izon|Izon (Ijaw/Ijo)]] (2) |Kenuwa |Mama |tǎrụ |Nomin |Gwargwadon da za a yi? |Sǒndie |Sinanma |Nínɡíni |isé |Ee |- |Ijo, Yammacin Ijo |[[Harshen Izon|Izon (Ijaw/Ijo)]] (3) |Kenuwa |Abokan hulɗa |tǎarụ |Nomin |Gwargwadon da za a yi? |Sǒndie |Sinanma |níníni ko nínɡíni |isé |oh/ oh |- |Ijo, Yamma, Inland Ijo |Okordia |Kafin |Abin sha'awa |Farashin Farashin Faransanci |Wannan shi ne |Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi |sɔ̃zie / sɔ̃zɪ |Yawraham |Ma'a Foi |Zuwa, ta yi amfani da kwalba (10 - 1) |amfani da shi |} == Bayanan littattafai == * Jenewari, Charles E. W. (1989) 'Ijoid'. A cikin Bendor-Samuel, John da Hartell, Rhonda L. (ed.), Harsunan Nijar-Congo: Rarraba da bayanin dangin harshe mafi girma a Afirka, 105-118. Lanham, MD: Jami'ar Jami'ar Amurka. * Williamson, Kay. 1969. 'Igbo' da 'Ịjọ', surori 7 da 8 a cikin: Harsunan Najeriya goma sha biyu, ed. by E. Dunstan. Longmans. * Williamson, Kay. 1971. Harsunan Benue-Congo da Ịjọ . A cikin: Yanayin Yanzu a cikin Harshe, Vol. 7, jerin ed. A cikin T. A. Sebeok, 245-306. * Williamson, Kay. 1988. Shaidar harshe don tarihin Neja Delta. A cikin: Prehistory of the Niger Delta, ed. by E.J. Alagoa da sauransu. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. * Williamson, Kay. 1998. Defaka ya sake dawowa. Hanyar da ta dace da tarihin Afirka, wanda Nkparom C. Ejituwu ya shirya, Babi na 9, 151-183. Port Harcourt: Jami'ar Port Harcoort Press. * Williamson, Kay. 2004. Yanayin harshe a cikin Delta na Nijar. Babi na 2 a cikin: Ci gaban yaren Ịzọn, wanda Martha L. Akpana ta shirya, 9-13. * Williamson, Kay & Blench, Roger (2000) 'Niger-Congo', a cikin Heine, Bernd da Nurse, Derek (eds) ''Harsunan Afirka: Gabatarwa.'' Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, shafi na 11-42.&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Ijoid/IjoOP.htm Kayan Ijoid]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Roger Blench) {{Niger-Congo branches}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4lk4shwhax94l8g69zcede8to6alje7 0 71153 827390 813180 2026-04-28T06:19:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Harsunan Kordofanian''' rukuni ne na yanki na rukunin harsuna biyar da ake magana a cikin tsaunukan Nuba na yankin Kudancin Kordofan na [[Sudan]] : harsunan Talodi–Heiban, harsunan Lafofa, harsunan Rashad, [[Harsunan Katloid|harsunan Katla]] da harsunan Kadu . Ƙungiyoyi huɗu na farko wani lokaci ana ɗaukar su a matsayin rassan dangin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|Nijar – Kongo]], yayin da a yanzu ana kallon Kadu a matsayin reshe na dangin Nilo-Saharan da aka tsara. == Tarihi == A cikin 1963, Joseph Greenberg ya ƙara su cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|dangin Nijar – Kongo]], ya ƙirƙira shawararsa ta Nijar-Kordofanian. Harsunan Kordofanian ba a nuna suna da alaƙa da juna fiye da sauran rassan Nijar-Congo, amma ba a nuna su sun zama ƙungiya mai inganci ba. A yau, an cire harsunan Kadu, kuma sauran yawanci ana haɗa su cikin Nijar-Congo daidai.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2023}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Roger Blench ya lura cewa iyalai Talodi da Heiban suna da tsarin ajin suna na yankin [[Harsunan Atlantic-Congo|Atlantic-Congo]] na Nijar-Congo amma harsunan Katla guda biyu ba su da wata alama ta samun irin wannan tsarin. Duk da haka, harsunan Kadu da wasu daga cikin yarukan Rashad sun bayyana sun sami azuzuwan suna a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sprachbund maimakon gada su. Blench ya kammala da cewa Talodi da Heiban su ne ginshiƙan Nijar – Kongo yayin da Katla da Rashad suka kafa reshe na gefe tare da layin [[Harsunan Mande|Mande]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2023}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Heiban, [[Harsunan Katloid|Katloid]], da Talodi kuma an haɗa su tare a cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta atomatik ( ASJP 4) ta Müller et al. (2013). <ref name="ASJP-4">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. </ref> Koyaya, tunda an samar da bincike ta atomatik, haɗawar zata iya kasancewa ko dai saboda lamunin ƙamus na juna ko gadon gado. [[File:Map_of_the_languages_of_the_Nuba_Mountains.svg|right|thumb|450x450px| Taswirar iyalai na harshe, dangi, da harsunan da ake magana a cikin tsaunin Nuba . Kordofanian ya hada da Kadu da dukkan reshen [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|Neja-Congo]] .]] == Harsuna Talodi-Heiban == Harsunan Heiban, wanda kuma ake kira Koalib ko Koalib–Moro, da harsunan Talodi, wanda kuma ake kira Talodi–Masakin, suna cikin ƙungiyar Talodi–Heiban . <ref>Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. </ref> == Lafofa harsuna == Lafofa (Tegem) an ware shi na ɗan lokaci tare da Talodi, amma da alama wani reshe ne na Nijar – Kongo. == Rashad harsuna == Adadin harsunan Rashad, wanda kuma ake kira Tegali–Tagoi, ya bambanta tsakanin kwatance, daga biyu (Williamson & Blench 2000), uku (Ethnologue), zuwa takwas (Blench ms ). Tagoi tana da tsarin ajin suna kamar harsunan Atlantika-Congo, wanda da alama an aro, amma Tegali ba ya da shi. == Harsunan Katla == Harsunan Katla guda biyu ba su da wata alama ta kasancewa da tsarin ajin suna irin na Nijar-Congo. == Harsunan Kaduna == Tun da aikin Thilo C. Schadeberg a cikin 1981, "Tumtum" ko reshe na Kadu yanzu ana gani a matsayin Nilo-Saharan . Duk da haka, shaidun kaɗan ne, kuma rabe-raben ra'ayin mazan jiya zai ɗauke ta a matsayin iyali mai zaman kanta. == Sake ginawa == Quint (2020) yana ba da shawarar cewa za a iya sake gina Proto-Kordofanian daga harsunan Heibanian, Talodian, Rashadian, [[Harsunan Katloid|Katloid]], da Lafofa . Sake gina Proto-Kordofanian nasa sune kamar haka: <ref name="Quint">Quint, Nicolas (2020). </ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Gloss !Proto-Kordofanian !Talodian !Heibanian !Lafofa ![[Harsunan Katloid|Katloid]] (''Tima'') !Rashadian |- !bark 1 (n.) |*-mVk- |*t-ə-mək |''[[Yaren Koalib|Koalib]]'' kìmùukùl [kìmùugùl] | | |''Orig'' kìmbàkɔ́l |- !bark 2 (n.) |*k(V)VrE ~ *c(V)VrE | | |c-iíri |kúúr |*g-ware |- !beat / hit |*-bV- |*-gob- / *kə-bɔ |*-bid̪- |...biŋ | |''Orig'' bí(r) / pù(ró) |- !belly |*-VrVk ~ *-VɽVk |*j-+-arag / *ca-rək |*g-+-aare |t̪-úur-i |kúɽúún | |- !bite / eat |*-CVk |*-gVjog / *kə-ɟɔ |*-iy- |...jiɛ | |*yɛk |- !blood |*(C)iC_PV |*ŋ-+-ittsug / *ŋ-ɪccʊk | | |''[[Yaren Katla|Katla]]'' ija ~ iya |''Rashad'' wiya |- !breast |*CVmiC |*j-+-intsig / *c-ə-mmik | | |''Tima'' kɨ̀míndì |*d-miɲ |- !clothes |*kErEC |*k-ɛrɛt̪ |*g-+-ered̪ | | |''Tagoi'' kɛr(ɛ́)w |- !dry |*-OndV |*-an d̪o |*-unDo | | |*-uddi |- !ear |*kVnV |*g-+-eenu / *k-ɛnu |*g- / n-+-aani | |kɔ́.nɔ̀ |''Tagoi'' finin, ''Tegali'' (a)nuu |- !elephant |*-VŋV(C) | |*d-+-oŋor |yuːŋi | |*(fV)ŋVn |- !eye |*?+-git |*j-+-igg / *c-it | | |''[[Yaren Katla|Katla]]'' gɨgöt |*y-ngid |- !foot / leg |*-AkA(C) |*ts-+-agag |''[[Yaren Koalib|Koalib]]'' káakà [káagà] |l-ia-ga | |*d-ɛgɛn |- !goat |*Em(b)iT |*w-+-emig / *u-mit | |ɛɛmi |''Tima'' címìd̪ |*mbɨt |- !green / wet |*-iklV ~ *ijlV | |*-iigla |b-ʊ́ɒji-lli | |''Tagoi'' -ijilú, ''Tegali'' -rígɛ̂l |- !hair |*kaam ~ *gaam |*d-+-ʊgaŋ / *NC-ŋən̪ | | |''Tima'' káàm |*g-aam |- !head |*gaC_DP ~ *C_PaC_DP |*j-+-ats, *c-ac | | |''[[Yaren Katla|Katla]]'' gas |*g-aj |- !left (side) |*-C_Vul- ~ *-C_Vur- |*-gule / *-gulɛ |*-awur |kúlɪ | |*-awwir |- !mud |*-ElO | |''[[Yaren Koalib|Koalib]]'' kèlòo | |''Tima'' k-ʌ́ʌ́lu |''Orig'' ŋí̧lɔ́ |- !near |*-Et̪t̪OC |*-iddu / *-t̪t̪o-t |''[[Yaren Koalib|Koalib]]'' kɛ́ttɔ̀k [kɛ́t̪t̪ɔ̀k] | |''Tima'' mɛ̀t̪ɛ́n |''Tagoi'' gattɔŋ / tɔgɔt |- !one |*attV ~ *addV | |*-aDDe | |''Tima'' àtíín |''Orig'' wàttá |- !rain |*kaw ~ *kal |*k-abɪk |*g-+-aw |k-állɔ́-y | |*(y)au |- !red |*-OrdE |*-oode<ref>Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. </ref> / *-d̪ɛ |*-UUre | |''Tima'' -rdí |*-araw |- !sheep |*kAC_VAC |*t̪ʊ-ŋgat̪ |''[[Yaren Koalib|Koalib]]'' káaŋàl |βaːŋi |(k)áŋàl |''Orig'' kàgóy |- !smoke (n.) |*-uC_LVBbV | |*g-+-ulu |c-oor-í |kʊ̀ʊ̀ɽʊ́n |''Tagoi'' k(ə)rək, ''Tegali'' tulɛ́ |- !sun |*-VC_NV |*j-+-iŋgi, *c-ə-ŋgi |Ø-+*-aŋin | |kínèè |*-aane |- !tongue |*-d̪Vŋl(V) ~ *-d̪VlVŋ(V) |*d̪-+-(V)lVŋe / *tʊ-ləŋɛ |d̪-+*-ŋela |l-íáŋ-i |kìlíŋíì |*d-aŋil(-ag) |- !vomit |*-UdA ~ *-UwA | -VddV / *uk-dɛ |*-wey- |lwâ-d̪aŋ... lwa | -húwʌ̀ |*VdVk |} === Lexical isoglosses === Starostin (2018) ya lissafa waɗannan isoglosses na gama gari na gama gari a cikin yarukan Kordofanian. Ana nuna alamun ƙira masu yuwuwa a cikin '''m''' . <ref>Starostin, George. </ref> == Kwatankwacin ƙamus == Misalin ainihin ƙamus na rassan Heiban, Talodi, Rashad, da Lafofa: ''Lura'' : A cikin sel na tebur tare da slash, ana ba da nau'i guda ɗaya kafin slash, yayin da nau'i na jam'i ya bi slash. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" !Harshe ! ido ! kunne ! hanci ! hakori ! harshe ! baki ! jini ! kashi ! itace ! ruwa ! ci ! suna |- | Proto- Heiban <ref>Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. </ref> | *ay/ g-, j- | *-ani | *-ad̪alo / g-,j-; g-,n- | *-ŋad̪ / li-,j- | *-ɗaya; *-iŋla ? /D-,d- | *-uuɲu | *-win / ŋ- | *-uya / li-,ŋu- (WC); *-uɲ / ʔ-, j- (E) | *-aaɽe/gu-,j- (WC) | *-awa / ŋ- | * -id̪d̪ | *-iriɲ / j- |- | Proto- Talodi <ref>Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki. </ref> | *c-da/k- | *k-ɛnu / 0- | *k-ə-ɲɟɛ / 0-,n- | *c-ə-ɲit / k- | *tʊ̪ -ləŋɛ / ḷə- | *t-̪ ɔn̪ / ḷ- | *ŋ-ɪccʊk | *c-ə-mma-ɲan̪ / m- | *p-ɪda / k- | *ŋ-ɪḷ,-ɪḷɪ | *ḷə-ɡɔ | *k-ə-ḷəŋan / 0- (ko *...n̪) |- | Proto- [[Harsunan Katloid|Katloid]] <ref>Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2019 (in press). </ref> | * g-ɗaɗɗe | *-ɔnɔ | | *gɪ-led̪ | *-laŋɛd̪ | | *i-ju (u) | | | |*-ʌ-lV- | |- | Tagoi <ref name="Schadeberg2013">Schadeberg, Thilo. </ref> | yigət / ŋə́gət | fənín / fənédit | yídir / ŋə́dər | tíɲən / ŋə́ɲən | táŋə́lak / yáŋə́lágɒt | kajər / hajərət | ŋɔ́y | ku / ku | kafɔ́ / hafɔ́ | yayi | yik | pəŋən / fəŋən |- | Turjok <ref name="Schadeberg2013" /> | íŋgət / ŋgət | fəniín / fəníínət | indər / ŋəndər | M. tiɲin / ŋiɲin | taŋəlk / yaŋəlak ~ yaŋəlɒgɔt | kiɲjɛr / siɲjɛr(g)ɔt | ŋɔ́y | ku / su | kafɔ / safɔ́ | yaya | | pɛŋɛn / sɛŋɛn |- | Tagoma <ref name="Schadeberg2013" /> | ŋgə́t̚ / ŋgə́de | nu ~ nũũ / núun ~ anuun | ndr / ndr | ɲin / ɲin | aŋa / aŋún | ̩ɲjár / (a)ɲjáre | óyá / óyo̍n | uru/urun | las / kasa | ega | yik | ɛŋɛn / ɛŋɛnɛ́ɛn |- | Gaba <ref name="Blench2016">Blench, Roger. </ref> | ṭ-ì, ʤ-ì / m- | | kә́-ràŋ(ì) / a- | ṭ-ɛ̀ɲ(ì) / k- | l-iәŋ(ì) | k-ɛɲi / ɛɲi | ɲɪ̀ | ṭ-uɔ̀m(ì) / m- | kuwö(ì) / bɔɔ(ì) | ɲì | kɗaɗ | ku-ruwә̀ŋ / a- |- | [[Amira harshe|El Amira]] <ref name="Blench2016" /> | lilaŋ / ɲimaŋ | | wimu | t-aɲ / k- | liŋ | kiɲ | ɲi | tuwa | kwa | ɲi | palith | |} === Lambobi === Kwatanta lambobi a cikin yaruka ɗaya: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" !Classification !Language !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 |- |Katla |[[Yaren Katla|Katla]] |ʈíʈʌ́k |cík |ʌ̀t̪ʌ́t̪ |ʌ̀ɡʌ́lʌ̀m |ɟɔ́ɡ͡bə́lɪ́n |ɟɔ́lʈɪ́n |ɟɔ́lɪ́k |t̪ʌ́ŋɡɪ̀l |ɟʌ́lbʌ̀ʈɪ́n |ràk͡pác |- |Katla |Tima |ʌt̪een / at̪ɪɪn |iheek |ihwʌy |ihʌlʌm |iduliin |ɪntədakwalɔŋ |ɪnt̪at̪ɪŋɛɛl |ɪnt̪ɪŋɛrɛy |int̪ʌhʌdʌkun |ihedʌkún |- |Rashad |Tagoi (Orig) | -wàttá / ùttá |wùkkók |wìttá |wàrʊ̀m |wʊ̧ràm |ɲérér |ʊ̀mʊ̀rɡʊ́ |tùppá |kʊ́mnàsá(n) |kʊ́mán |- |Rashad |Tegali |m̪t̪a |rəkkʊ / rʊkkʊ |d̪akt̪a / d̪at̪t̪a |aːrəm |ʊmmə |ɲeˑɽe |ʊmmərkʊ |duˑpˑa |fəŋɪsan |fəŋən |- |Heiban |Warnang (Werni/Wernang) |ŋɔ̀ʈʈɔ́r |ŋèrccáccény |ŋèrráttén |ŋèlàmlàŋ |ŋera ŋoʈʈor |ŋera ŋoʈʈor ŋemabolo ŋoʈʈor (5+1?) |ŋera ŋoʈʈor ŋemabolo ŋèrccáccény (5+2?) |ŋelamlaaŋɔ (4 x 2 ?) |ŋera ŋoʈʈor wanoe (1- ?) |kiccukurrɐ |- |Heiban |Moro |ɡónto |lə́ɡə́tʃan |lə́ɡɪ́tʃɪn |márlon |ðénə́ŋ |ðénə́ŋ nəɡónto (5+ 1) |ðénə́ŋ lə́ɡə́tʃan (5+ 2) |ðénə́ŋ lə́ɡɪ́tʃan (5+ 3) |ðénə́ŋ nəmárlon (5+ 4) |rɛ́θ |- |Heiban |Tira |kɛ̀nːɛ |kɪ̀ɽɪcàn |kɪ̀ɽɪcɪ́n |maɬɽʊ̀ |ðɛ́nɛ̀ |ɽɪ̀cín ɽɪ̀cɪ̀n (3+3) |maɬɽʊ kɪ̀ɽɪcɪ̀n (4+3) |ɔ́bːɔ̀ |ðɛ́nɛ̀ n̪maɬɽʊ̀ (5+4) |ʊ́rːɪ̀ |- |Heiban |Laro |kʷɛ̀tɛ̀ |rɔ́m |tə̀ɽìl |kʷɔ̀ɾɔ̀ŋɔ́ |tʊ̀dìní |ɲə̀rlə̀l |kʷɔ̀ɾátə̀ɾìl (4+3) |ɗúbə̀ |tʊ̀dìní kʷɔ̀ɾɔ̀ŋɔ́ (5+ 4) |dí |- |Heiban |Otoro |wɛ̀dɔ́ŋ |kútèn |t̪èɽel |kɔ̀ɽɔŋ |t̪ɔ̀ðːnɛ |ɲɛ̄ɽɛl |kɔ̀ɽɔ t̪eɽel (4+3) |dúbə |t̪ɔ́ðːnɛ́ kɔ̀ɽɔŋ (5+ 4) |dìː |- |Heiban |[[Yaren Koalib|Koalib]] (1) |kwɛ́t:ɛ |kwiɽín |tɛjɪɾ |kɔɽŋɔn |tuðní |ɲiɾlíl |kunəðɗuβə |ɗuβaβuŋa |kunəðɗi |ɗí |- |Heiban |[[Yaren Koalib|Koalib]] (2) | -ɛ̀t̪t̪ɛ̀ | -iɽɐn |tɔɔɽɔl |twaɽŋan |toðne |ɲerlel |ɗòvɔ̀kkwóɽɔ̀n |ɗòvɔ̀kkwóppà |kwúnɐ̀ttùrrí |rúi |- |Talodi |[[Yaren Dagik|Dagik]] |j-ɜlːʊ |j-ɛːɽa |j-ɜt̪ːɜk̚ |bɽandɔ |si-s-ɜlːʊ (litː one hand) |na-j-ɜlːʊ (5 + 1) |na j-ɛːɽa (5 + 2) |na j-ɜt̪ːɜk̚ (5 + 3) |na bɽandɔ (5 + 4) |n̪ipɽa |- |Talodi |[[Harshen Acheron|Acheron]] |bulluk |weɽʌk |wʌt̪t̪ʌk |bɽando |zəɡuŋ zulluk (lit: 'one hand') |zəɡuŋ zulluk na bulluk (5 + 1) |zəɡuŋ zulluk na weɽʌk (5 + 2) |zəɡuŋ zulluk na wʌt̪t̪ʌk (5 + 3) |zəɡuŋ zulluk na bɽando (5 + 4) |ɡurruŋ |- |Talodi |Lumun |cʊ́lʊ́kʊ̂ |mɛ̀ɽá |mɽaβʊ́ɾʊ̀k |mɔ́ʲɔ̀ɽɪ̀n |mʊ́ɣʊ́lʊ̀k |mɽakʊ́ɾʊ̀k |mɛ́ɽɛ̀ɽàβʊ́ɾʊ̂k ( 3) ? |mámɔ̀ɾmɔ̀ɾ (2 x 4) ? |mʊ́ɣʊ́lláʲɔ̀ɽɪ̀n (5 + 4) |mɑ̀tul |} == Duba kuma == * Harsunan Dutsen Nuba == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Herman Bell. 1995. [http://www.smi.uib.no/sa/tan/Nuba.html Duwatsun Nuba: Wanene Yayi Magana A 1976?] ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185642/http://www.smi.uib.no/sa/tan/Nuba.html hanyar adana kayan tarihi] ). Kasancewa binciken sakamakon da aka buga daga babban aikin [[Institute of African and Asian Studies|Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Asiya]] : ''Binciken Harshe na tsaunukan Nuba'' . * Roger Blench. Ba a buga ba. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319222916/http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/nuba-hills-conference-paper-2011.pdf Shin Kordofanian ya zama ƙungiya kuma idan ba haka ba, ina harsunansa suka dace da Nijar-Congo?] * Roger Blench. Ba a buga ba. [http://rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Kordofanian%20and%20Niger-Congo.pdf Kordofanian da Nijar–Congo: sabbin kuma sabbin shedar kamus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421091412/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Kordofanian%20and%20Niger-Congo.pdf |date=2017-04-21 }} . * Roger Blench, 2011, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Nuba%20Hills%20conference%20paper%202011%20Kordofanian.pdf Ya kamata a raba Kordofanian?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210230555/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Nuba%20Hills%20conference%20paper%202011%20Kordofanian.pdf |date=2019-12-10 }} , Taron Nuba Hills, Leiden * PA da DN MacDiarmid. 1931. " Harsunan Dutsen Nuba." ''Bayanan Sudan da Rubuce-rubucen'' 14: 149-162. * Carl Meinhof . 1915-1919. "Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan". ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 9-9. "1. Tagoya." 6: 164-161. "2. Tumale". 6:182-205. "11. Tegele." 7:110-131. "12. Rashad." 7:132. * Thilo C. Schadeberg . 1981 a. ''Binciken Kordofanian.'' SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. * Thilo C. Schadeberg . 1981 b. "Das Kordofanische". ''Ga Sprachen Afrikas.'' Makada 1: ''Niger–Kordofanisch'', ed. by Bernd Heine, TC Schadeberg, [[Ekkehard Wolff]], shafi.&nbsp;117–28 SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. * Thilo C. Schadeberg . 1981c. [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/8805/5_1234891_019.pdf "Rarraba rukunin yaren Kadugli"] . ''Nilo-Sahara'', ed. ta TC Schadeberg da M. Lionel Bender, shafi.&nbsp;291-305. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. * Brenda Z. Seligmann. 1910-11. "Lura akan harshen Nubas na Kudancin Kordofan ." ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 1:167-188. * Roland C. Stevenson. 1956-57. "Bincike na tsarin sauti da tsarin nahawu na harsunan Dutsen Nuba, tare da yin la'akari da Otoro, Katcha, da Nyimang." ''Afrika und Übersee'' 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196. * Tucker, AN, MA Bryan. 1956. ''Harsunan Bantu na Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka.'' (Handbook of African Languages, Part III.) Oxford University Press : [[Landan|London]] . * AN Tucker, MA Bryan. 1966. ''Nazarin Harshe/ Harsunan da ba Bantu ba na Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka.'' (Handbook of African Languages.) Oxford University Press : [[Landan|London]] . * Tutschek, Lorenz. 1848. "Ka mutu Tumale-Sprache." ''Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben von Mitgliedrn der k. bayyar.'' [[Akademie der Wissenschaften]] . Nrs. 91-93; Farashin 729-52. (= ''Bulletin der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften'' . Nrs. 29-31.) * Tutschek, Lorenz.. 1848-50. "A kan harshen Tumali". ''Abubuwan da aka gabatar na Philological Society na 1846-47 da 1847-48.'' Vol 3:239-54. ''Ayyukan Philological Society na 1848-49 da 1849-50.'' Vol. 4: 138-9. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/KordOP.htm Roger Blench: Kordofanian kayan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416070902/https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/KordOP.htm |date=2024-04-16 }} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g4pwjih8iqrcrclybosu8s1np6riv55 0 71241 827388 454647 2026-04-28T06:10:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harsunan Beromic''' guda huɗu reshe ne na [[Harsunan Filato|harsunan Plateau]] waɗanda kusan mutane miliyan ɗaya ke magana a tsakiyar [[Najeriya]] . == Rabewa == Ana ɗaukar rarrabuwa mai zuwa daga Blench (2008).   Blench (2019) kuma ya haɗa da Nincut . == Sunaye da wurare == A ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen harshe, yawan jama'a, da wurare daga Blench (2019). {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 75%;" !Harshe ! Tari ! Yaruka ! Madadin rubutun kalmomi ! Sunan kansa don harshe ! Endonym (s) ! Wasu sunaye (na tushen wuri) ! Sauran sunaye na harshe ! Exonym (s) ! Masu magana ! Wuri(s) |- | Aten | | | | 10, Etien | ina, pl. Nisan | | Ganawuri, Jal | | 6,710 (Kidayar 1963): est. 40,000 (Kjenstad 1988); est. 40,000 (Blench 2003) | [[Plateau (jiha)|Jihar Filato]], Barkin Ladi LGA; [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna State]], Jema'a LGA |- | [[Harshen Berom|Berom]] | | Gyel-Kuru-Vwang; Fan-Foron-Heikpang; Bachit-Gashish; Du–Ropp–Rim–Riyom; Hoss (?). Ana ɗaukar Nincut azaman yare dabam. | Birom, Barum | Cen Bèrom | sg. Wani, pl. Berom, Birom (Yaren Du) | | Afango, Akuut, Baho, Gbang, Kibbo, Kibo, Kibbun, Kibyen, Sine | Shosho, Shaushau (ba a ba da shawarar ba) | 54,500 (HDG), 200,000 (1985 SIL) | [[Plateau (jiha)|Jihar Filato]], Jos da Barkin Ladi LGAs; [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna State]], Jema'a LGA |- | Kara | | | Chara, Nfachara, Fakara, Pakara, Fachara, Terea, Teria, Terri, Tariya | | | | | | 735 (1936 HDG); 5000 (Blench est. 2012). Kauyuka tara | [[Plateau (jiha)|Jihar Plateau]], Bassa LGA |- | '''''Shall-Zwall cluster''''' | Sha-Zwall | | | | | | | | | [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi State]], Dass LGA |- | Zan | Sha-Zwall | | | | | | | | | |- | Zwall | Sha-Zwall | | | | | | | | | |- | Nincut | | | | | | | Aboro | | kauyuka 8 (5000 ? Blench 2003 est.) | [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] , ?? LGA. ca. 7 km. arewa da Fadan Karshe |} == Kwatankwacin ƙamus == Misalin ainihin ƙamus na harsunan Beromic daga Blench (2006): <ref>Blench, Roger. 2006. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/Beromic/Comparative%20Beromic.pdf Comparative Beromic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217063045/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/Beromic/Comparative%20Beromic.pdf |date=2024-02-17 }}''.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Gloss ![[Harshen Berom|Berom]] F. ![[Harshen Berom|Berom]] R. !Tahos !Nincut !Cara !Iten !Shall !Zwall |- |eye |rēyīʃ |byènêŋ ryis |ryis | |ris |ìrisé̱ |iʃe |iʃi |- |eyes |bāyīʃ |byénêŋ bayis |be-yis | |anyis |ìrwisé̱ | | |- |nose |wol |wol |wɔl | |i-ŋwul |ìlol |munon |mun |- |noses |bawol |bawol |be-wɔl | |a-ŋwul |ìlyol | | |- |tongue |lɛ̄m |lem |lɛm | |lɛm |ìle̱m | |lumo |- |tongues |balɛ̄m |balem |lɛlɛm | |a-lɛm |ìlywe̱m | | |- |ear |fwóŋ |twoŋ |cyoŋ | |ki-cuŋ |ìtsóró |yan |yan |- |ears |bētòŋ |bètòŋ |be-toŋ | |a-tuŋ |ìtórò | | |- |mouth |nú |nu |nu | |ku-nu |è̱nú |nun |kunun |- |mouths |nenu |nènù |ni-nu | |a-nu |nìnù | | |- |tooth |hywín |hwin |kwin | |windi |ìdzìnè̱ |yinin | |- |teeth |ngyìn |yìn |vin | |anyindi |ìdziné̱ | | |- |blood |nèmí |mmǐ; mmì (pl.) |nimi | |mi |nnyi |bari |baren |- |bone |kùp |kùp |kup | |vis |ìkub |kup | |- |bones |bekup |bekùp |be-kup | |agis |ìkpub | | |- |eat |re | |re | |re |reke+ |ri | |- |eat (pl.) |reres | |rere | | |re | | |- |tree |tin, retin cɔ̀gɔ̄t |cɔgɔt |cɔ̀gɔt |tsɔ́gɔt |fɔn |èhôn |kun |kun |- |trees |batin cɔgɔ́t |cɔ́gɔt |cɔgɔ́t |bítsɔ́gɔ́t |akɔn |nìhòn | | |- |water |nshí |nèshí |ninci | |mal |nnè̱n |jinen |jini |} == Bayanan kula == [[Category:Harsunan Plateau]] 39xhqjczyephgkhnqe20ruvrosiivhx 0 71522 827421 813260 2026-04-28T09:27:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Helena Moreno.jpg|thumb|Helena Moreno]] '''Helena Moreno''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Helena Morena''', 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Angola|Angolan]] wacce ta bayyana a cikin jerin shirye shiryen telenovela na Angola da yawa. Baya ga nishaɗi, ta yi aiki a matsayin malamin [[Harshen Portuguese]]. == Ayyuka == An haifi Helena Moreno a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1989 a [[Luanda]], [[Angola]] . Iyalinta matalauta ne, kuma gidanta na yarinta wani shago ne ba tare da windows ba a cikin wani gari mai zaman kansa. Duk haka, ta bayyana cewa yarinta ya kasance mai farin ciki.<ref>{{cite web|title="Houve uma vez que eu mijei-me, porque não conseguia pedir ao professor para ir a casa de banho" – Helena Moreno|url=https://angorussia.com/entretenimento/famosos-celebridades/houve-uma-vez-que-eu-mijei-porque-nao-conseguia-pedir-ao-professor-para-ir-casa-de-banho-helena-moreno/|publisher=AngoRussia|access-date=8 November 2017|language=Portuguese|date=7 April 2014}}</ref> Farkon bayyanarta a talabijin ya kasance a shekara ta 2002, lokacin da ta yi tafiya a wani bangare a cikin telenovela na Angola ''Revira Volta'' . Ta sake bayyana a cikin wani telenovela, amma a wannan lokacin a matsayin Weza Henriques Pereira a Sweet Pitanga . Wannan ya haifar da aikin rediyo a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga wasan kwaikwayon Bombástico . Ƙarin aikin jinsi ya biyo baya, lokacin da a cikin 2012 aka jefa ta a matsayin Marisa Lemos a cikin ''Windeck'' . <ref name=bio>{{cite web|title=Helena Moreno Uma Talentosa Actriz|url=http://platinaline.com/helena-moreno-uma-talentosa-actriz/|publisher=PlatinaLine|access-date=8 November 2017|language=Portuguese|date=4 April 2014|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108210132/http://platinaline.com/helena-moreno-uma-talentosa-actriz/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Ta girmama ta a lokacin bikin mata na Angola na 2014, tare da [[Maria do Rosário Amadeu]] da [[Nadir Taty]] don aiki don inganta al'adun Angola a cikin zane-zane. Baya nishaɗi, Moreno ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami a cikin [[Harshen Portuguese]] a makarantar Amurka a duka matakan firamare da sakandare. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Moreno ta sanar a shekarar 2016 cewa tana da [[ciki]] da saurayinta Milton Miguel, kuma a lokacin wanka a watan Agusta, tana tsammanin yaro. ce sunan yaron, Helton, ya kasance nau'i ne na Helena da Milton.<ref>{{cite web|title=Actriz Helena Moreno realiza chá de bebé do primeiro filho|url=http://platinaline.com/actriz-helena-moreno-realiza-cha-de-bebe-do-primeiro-filho/|publisher=PlatinaLine|access-date=8 November 2017|language=Portuguese|date=3 August 2016|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104010033/http://platinaline.com/actriz-helena-moreno-realiza-cha-de-bebe-do-primeiro-filho/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Helena MorenoaIMDb [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 7mgep1mbf1o8mm07kpqte7duw53it3s 0 71716 827372 495252 2026-04-28T04:28:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Horom Village panorama 03-08-2019 v02.jpg|thumb|kauyen horom]] [[Fayil:Horom.jpg|thumb|kauyen]] '''Horom''' (Rom) [[Harsunan Filato|harshen Plateau]] ne na kasar [[Najeriya]] . Ƙungiyoyin, ƙabilun maƙwabta suna ɗaukar Rom a matsayin al'adar Ron, waɗanda ke magana, da yammacin Chadic . An kuma san mutanen Rom da [[Xylophone|wayoyin xylophone]] . <ref name="Blench1998">Blench, Roger M. 1998. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/Southeast/Horom%20and%20Nsur.pdf Recent fieldwork in Nigeria: Report on Horom and Tapshin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305103733/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/Southeast/Horom%20and%20Nsur.pdf |date=2024-03-05 }}. ''Ogmios'', 9:10-11.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * Blench, Roger. 2012. [https://www.academia.edu/3752106/Horom_wordlist Lissafin kalmomin Horom] . {{Languages of Nigeria}}{{Platoid languages}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rh6lr8a7phe54kk8vplawec2q68l5ct 0 71738 827234 578935 2026-04-27T15:45:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gladys Ndonyi aka G-Class''' (an haife ta Gladys Ndoni Tantoh, a watan Yulin shekara ta 1975) 'ɗan kasuwa ce ta fina-finai ta [[Kamaru]] kuma mai zartarwa wacce ita ce co-kafa kuma shugabar yanzu ta The UK Cameroon Film and Film Academy kuma Shugaba na G-Classe Entertainment . <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=329271|title=UK based filmmaker Goretti scoops Star Award in London|website=www.cameroonweb.com|access-date=2024-02-25|archive-date=2017-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183545/https://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=329271|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collegezoom.org/harambecameroun.blogspot.com|title=Harambe Cameroon: engaging new social entrepreneurs - harambecameroun.blogspot.com - CollegeZOOM Reviews|website=www.collegezoom.org|access-date=2024-02-25|archive-date=2017-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913232343/https://www.collegezoom.org/harambecameroun.blogspot.com|url-status=dead}}</ref>A shekara ta 2016, ta sami gabatarwa sau biyu don mafi kyawun mai gabatar da fim din Afirka a Burtaniya a Afro Hollywood Award da 20th African Film Awards .<ref name="emn-news.com">{{cite web|url=http://emn-news.com/afro-hollywood-award-2016-nominees-new-film-workshop-born/|title=Afro Hollywood Award 2016-Nominees Out As New Film Workshop Is Born - African News - Nigeria News - African Politics|website=emn-news.com|access-date=2024-02-25|archive-date=2018-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214104843/http://emn-news.com/afro-hollywood-award-2016-nominees-new-film-workshop-born/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://africanvoiceonline.co.uk/uk-nominees-for-20th-african-film-awards-2016-tickets-now-on-sale/|title=UK Nominees for 20th African Film Awards 2016: Tickets Now On Sale - African Voice Newspaper|first=Milton|last=Tella|date=21 October 2016|publisher=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == Babu wani bayani game da Gladys Ndonyi da aka buga ainihin ranar haihuwa, ya nuna cewa an haife ta ne a watan Yuli 1975.<ref name="GLADYS NDONYI NDIMUNTOH - LONDON">{{cite web|url=http://www.checkcompany.co.uk/director/9208409/MS-GLADYS-NDONYI-NDIMUNTOH|title=GLADYS NDONYI NDIMUNTOH - LONDON|website=www.checkcompany.co.uk}}</ref> An haife ta a Kamaru kuma ta ƙaura a [[Birtaniya|UK]],{{Lokaci|kwana = Satumba 2017}} da kuma Ta yi karatun sakandare a Jami'ar Greenwich da shirya fina-finai a London Film Academy, baya ga nishaɗi, ma'aikaciyar lafiya ce. Gladys Ndonyi mai kula da nishaɗi ce, babu wani abu da aka buga game da shekarar da ta fara aikinta. An san ta da aikinta na inganta fina-finai na Kamaru ta hanyar kirkirar Kamaru Film and Movie Academy Awards da kuma nishaɗin G-class a cikin 2015.<ref name="lefilmcamerounais.com">{{cite web|url=https://lefilmcamerounais.com/2016/04/08/event-cameroon-film-and-movie-academy-awards/|title=EVENT : "Cameroon Film and Movie Academy Awards"|date=8 April 2016|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="GLADYS NDONYI NDIMUNTOH - LONDON"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/09559811|title=G-CLASS ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED - Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk}}</ref>A shekara ta 2016, ta sami gabatarwa sau biyu don mafi kyawun mai gabatar da fim din Afirka a Burtaniya a Afro Hollywood Award da 20th African Film Awards . [1] [2] == Duba kuma == * Jerin 'yan Kamaru * [[Sinima a Kamaru|Fim na Kamaru]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * http://www.gclassentertainment.co.uk/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302005143/https://gclassentertainment.co.uk/ |date=2024-03-02 }} [[Category:Haihuwan 1975]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 5wjyu61y4m2cjd2ryfsighxz0zwopu6 0 71897 827380 731663 2026-04-28T04:48:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India}} [[Fayil:Konkani language.svg|thumb]] '''Konkani''' (Devanagari: कोंकणी, Kannada: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ, Malayalam: കൊംകണീ, Perso-Larabci: کونکنی, Romi: Konknni, IAST: Armany: IAST, Template:) yankin Konkan, tare da yammacin gabar tekun kasar Indiya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen harsuna 22 da aka ambata a cikin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki]] na Indiya, kuma harshen hukuma na jihar Goa ta Indiya. Hakanan ana magana a cikin Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat da Damaon, Diu & Silvassa. Konkani memba ne na rukunin yaren Kudancin Indo-Aryan. Yana kuma riƙe abubuwa na tsarin Vedic kuma yana nuna kamanceceniya da harsunan Indo-Aryan na Yamma da Gabas. Rubutun Konkani na farko yana da kwanan wata 1187 AD. Akwai yarukan Konkani da yawa da ake magana da su tare da bayan yankin Konkan, daga Damaon a arewa zuwa Karwar a kudu; Mafi yawansu ba a iya fahimtar juna da juna kawai saboda rashin tuntuɓar harshe da mu'amala tare da ma'auni da manyan nau'ikan Konkani. Har ila yau, bakin haure suna magana da shi a wajen yankin Konkan; a cikin Nagpore, Surat, Cochin, Mangalore, Ahmedabad, Karachi, New Delhi da sauransu. Yaruka kamar Malvani, Chitpavani, Bombay Gabashin Indiya, Koli da Aagri a Maharashtra na bakin teku; Har ila yau, ana fuskantar barazana ta hanyar karkatar da harshe cikin yawancin harsunan jahohi da yankuna da ba na Konkani ba na Indiya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/konkanis-to-be-blamed-for-lingos-precarious-state/articleshow/65494285.cms|title='Konkanis to be blamed for lingo's precarious state' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 August 2018 |accessdate=27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/AJVHke7VvvvVPerV1jv8WO/Konkani-a-language-in-crisis.html|title=Konkani: a language in crisis|first=Vivek|last=Menezes|date=8 September 2017|website=mint|accessdate=27 December 2020}}</ref> ==Rabe-rabe== Konkani na reshen harshen Indo-Aryan ne. Yana daga cikin rukunin Marathi-Konkani na harsunan Indo-Aryan na kudanci. Yana da sassauƙa, kuma ƙasa da nisa daga Sanskrit idan aka kwatanta da sauran harsunan Indo-Aryan na zamani. Masana harsuna sun bayyana Konkani a matsayin hadewar Prakrits iri-iri. Ana iya danganta hakan da haduwar bakin haure da gabar tekun Konkan ta shaida tsawon shekaru.<ref name=paisaci>{{cite book|last=Menezes|first=Armando|title=Essays on Konkani language and literature: Professor Armando Menezes felicitation volume|year=1970|publisher=Konkani Sahitya Prakashan|pages=118 pages (see page:2)}}</ref> == Sunaye da Etymology == Yana yiwuwa kawai tsohon Konkani ya kira Prakrit ta masu magana da shi. Ba a samun ambaton sunan Konkani a cikin adabi kafin karni na 13. Maganar farko ta sunan Konkani tana cikin "Abhanga 263" na karni na 13 na mawaƙin Marathi Hindu, Namadeva (1270-1350). An san Konkani da sunaye iri-iri: Canarim, Concanim, Gomantaki, Bramana, da Goani. Masu iya magana da Marathi da aka koyan suna kiran sa Gomantaki. Konkani an fi kiransa da Língua Canarim ta Fotigal da Língua Brahmana ta masu mishan Katolika. Daga baya Fotigal ya fara kiran Konkani da Língua Concanim. Sunan Canarim ko Língua Canarim, wanda shine yadda ƙarni na 16 Bature Jesuit Thomas Stephens ke nuni da shi a cikin taken sanannen aikinsa Arte da lingoa Canarim ya kasance mai ban sha'awa koyaushe. Zai yiwu kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Farisa ta bakin teku, kinara; idan haka ne, yana nufin "harshen bakin teku". Matsalar ita ce wannan kalma ta zo tare da Kanarese ko Kannada. Duk marubutan Turai, duk da haka, sun gane nau'ikan harshe guda biyu a cikin Goa: plebeian, wanda ake kira Canarim, da kuma na yau da kullun (wanda masu ilimi ke amfani da shi), wanda ake kira Língua Canarim Brâmana ko kuma kawai Brâmana de Goa. Na biyun shi ne zabin da Turawa suka fi so, da ma na sauran jiga-jigai, don rubuce-rubuce, wa'azi, da manufofin addini..<ref>Mariano Saldanha, "História de Gramática Concani," ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 8 (1935–37)'' 715. See also M. L. SarDessai, ''A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992'' (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2000) 42–43.</ref> Akwai ra’ayoyi mabambanta dangane da asalin kalmar Konkan don haka Konkani: * V. P. Chavan ya bayyana cewa asalin asalin sunan Konkan don haka Konkani ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Kannada konku ma'ana 'ƙasa marar daidaituwa'. Asalin Kannada yana nuna cewa Konkana zai iya haɗawa da yankin Kannada kuma 'ƙasa marar daidaituwa' yana nuna yanayin tuddai na yankin. Konku a Kannada kuma yana nufin abin da ba shi da 'madaidaici' kuma 'karkace'. * Kalmar Konkan ta fito ne daga ƙabilar Kukkana (Kokna), waɗanda su ne ainihin mazauna ƙasar da Konkani ta samo asali. * A cewar wasu nassosin Puranas, Parashurama ya harba kibiyansa a cikin teku kuma ya umarci Bahar Allah ya koma har inda kibiyarsa ta sauka. Sabon yanki da aka kwato ta haka ya zama sananne da Konkan ma'ana yanki ko kusurwar ƙasa, kōṇa (kusurwa) + kaṇa (yanki). An ambaci wannan almara a cikin Sahyadrikhanda na Skanda Purana. ==Tarihi== === Shawarwari substrate tasiri === {{Expert needed|linguistics|section|reason=The Kurukh and Oraon tribes speak Dravidian languages, not Austroasiatic|date=October 2017}} Ƙarshen harshen Konkani ya ta'allaka ne a cikin maganganun ƙabilun Austroasiatic da ake kira Kurukh, Oraon, da Kukni, waɗanda wakilansu na zamani harsuna ne kamar Kurukh da yarukansa da suka haɗa da Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, da Malto. A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Indiya, waɗannan kabilun Australoid suna magana da harsunan Austro-Asiatic ko Munda waɗanda suka taɓa zama Konkan, sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Indiya (Chota Nagpur Plateau, Mirzapur) kuma ba a samun su a Konkan kuma. Olivinho Gomes a cikin makalarsa "Littafin Konkani na Tsakiyar Tsakiya" shima ya ambaci sunan Mundari. Goan Indologist Anant Shenvi Dhume ya gano yawancin kalmomin Austro-Asiatic Munda a cikin Konkani, kamar mund, mundkar, dhumak, goem-bab. Wannan substratum ya shahara sosai a Konkani.<ref name=mudns>{{cite book|last=India. Office of the Registrar General|title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 1, Issue 1 Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General|year=1961|publisher=Manager of Publications|page=67}}</ref> Tasirin nahawu na harsunan Dravidian akan tsari da tsarin ma'anar harsunan Indo-Aryan yana da wuyar fahimta. Wasu masana ilimin harshe suna bayyana wannan rashin fahimta ta hanyar jayayya cewa Indo-Aryan ta Tsakiya da Sabon Indo-Aryan an gina su akan wani yanki na Dravidian. Wasu misalan kalmomin Konkani na asalin Dravidian sune: naall (kwakwa), mahaukaci (mai wanki), choru (shinkafa da aka dafa) da mulo (radish). Masana harsuna kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa yankin Marathi da Konkani yana da alaƙa da Dravidian Kannada..<ref name=subkan>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature: Introductory articles|year=1990|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|pages=See Page 45}}</ref><ref>Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) ''The Dravidian Languages'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-77111-0}} at pp.4–6.</ref> === Tarihi da ci gaban farko === Hijira na masu magana da harshen Indo-Aryan sun faru a tsawon tarihin gabar tekun yammacin Indiya. Kusan 2400 BC tashin farko na masu magana da yare na Indo-Aryan na iya faruwa, tare da kalaman na biyu ya bayyana kusan 1000-700 BC. Mutane da yawa sun yi magana da tsoffin harsunan Indo-Aryan, waɗanda ƙila suna da alaƙa da Vedic Sanskrit; wasu har yanzu suna magana da yarukan Dravidian da Desi. Don haka an haifi tsohon Konkani Prakrit a matsayin haɗuwar yarukan Indo-Aryan yayin karɓar kalmomi da yawa daga maganganun Dravidian. Wasu masana harsuna suna ɗaukan Shauraseni shine magabata yayin da wasu ke kiransa Paisaci. Ana iya tabbatar da tasirin Paisachi akan Konkani a cikin binciken Dokta Taraporewala, wanda a cikin littafinsa Elements of Science of Languages (Jami'ar Calcutta) ya tabbatar da cewa Konkani ya nuna abubuwa da yawa na Dardic da ke samuwa a Kashmiri a yau. Don haka, babban nau'in tsohon Konkani yana kiran Paishachi ta wasu masana harshe. Wannan magabata na Konkani (ko Paishachi Apabhramsha) ya adana tsohon nau'i na haɓakar sauti da nahawu, yana nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan kalmomi da ake samu a cikin Sanskrit da adadi mai yawa na nahawu waɗanda ba a samun su a Marathi. (Misalan wannan ana samun su a cikin ayyuka da yawa kamar Dnyaneshwari, da Leela Charitra.) Konkani haka ya ci gaba tare da hadaddun Sanskrit gabaɗaya da tsarin nahawu, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama asusun ƙamus na kansa. An yi imanin tashin na biyu na Indo-Aryans yana tare da Dravidians daga tudun Deccan. Hakanan ana ɗaukar Paishachi a matsayin yaren Aryan da Dravidians ke magana. Konkan Mauryas da Bhojas ne suka yi mulkin Goa da Konkan; a sakamakon haka, ƙaura da yawa sun faru daga arewa, gabas da yammacin Indiya. Baƙi sun yi magana da harsuna daban-daban na yare, wanda ya haifar da cakuda fasalin Gabas da Yammacin Prakrit. Daga baya Magadhi Prakrit ya yi tasiri sosai. Harshen Pali (harshen liturgical na mabiya addinin Buddha) ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka nahawu na Konkani Apabhramsha da ƙamus. An raba manyan sabbin sabbin harsuna a Konkani tare da harsunan Indo-Aryan na Gabas kamar Bengali da Oriya, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Magadhi. Maharashtri Prakrit shine kakan Marathi da Konkani, shine harshen hukuma na Daular Satavahana wanda ya mallaki Goa da Konkan a farkon ƙarni na Zamani. Karkashin ikon daular Satavahana, Maharashtri ya zama Prakrit mafi yaduwa a lokacinsa. Da yake karatun tarihin Maharashtri da wuri, masana harsuna da yawa sun kira Konkani "'yar Maharashtri ta fari". Wannan tsohon harshen da ya kasance na zamani da tsohon Marathi an same shi ya bambanta da takwaransa. Tasirin Sauraseni akan Konkani bai yi fice kamar na Maharashtri ba. Kalmomin Konkani kaɗan ne aka samu don bin tsarin Sauraseni. Siffofin Konkani sun fi kama da Pali fiye da madaidaitan siffofin Sauraseni. Babban tasirin Sauraseni akan Konkani shine sautin ao da aka samo a ƙarshen yawancin sunaye a cikin Sauraseni, wanda ya zama o ko u a cikin Konkani. Misalai sun haɗa da: dando, suno, raakhano, dukh, rukhu, manisu (daga Prakrit), dandao, sunnao, rakkhakao, dukkhao, vukkhao, vrukkhao, da manniso. Wani misali zai iya zama sautin ण a farkon kalmomi; Har yanzu ana kiyaye shi cikin kalmomin Konkani da yawa na asalin Shauraseni, kamar णव (9). Archaic Konkani wanda aka haife shi daga Shauraseni yaren Prakrit a farkon matakin juyin halitta (kuma daga baya Maharashtri Prakrit), ana yawan magana har zuwa 875 AD, kuma a lokacinsa na ƙarshe ya haɓaka zuwa Apabhramsha, wanda za'a iya kiransa magabata na tsohon Konkani. Kodayake yawancin rubutun dutse da faranti na jan karfe da aka samu a Goa (da sauran sassan Konkan) daga karni na 2 BC zuwa karni na 10 AD suna cikin Sanskrit mai tasiri na Prakrit (wanda aka rubuta a farkon Brahmi da archaic Dravidian Brahmi), yawancin wurare, tallafi, sharuɗɗan da suka shafi aikin gona, da sunayen wasu mutane suna cikin Konkani. Wannan yana nuna cewa ana magana da Konkani a cikin Goa da Konkan.<ref name=dhume2>{{cite book|last=Sinai Dhume|first=Ananta Ramakrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 BC to 1352 AD|year=2009|publisher=Broadway book centre|location=Panaji|isbn=9788190571678|pages=Chapter 6(pages 202–257)}}</ref> Ko da yake yana cikin ƙungiyar Indo-Aryan, Konkani ya rinjayi yaren dangin Dravidian. Wani reshe na Kadambas, wanda ya mulki Goa na dogon lokaci, ya samo asali ne a Karnataka. Ba a taɓa amfani da Konkani don dalilai na hukuma ba. Wani dalilin da Kannada ya rinjayi Konkani shine kusancin ainihin yankuna masu magana da Konkani zuwa Karnataka. Tsofaffin takardun Konkani sun nuna tasirin Kannada akan nahawu da kuma ƙamus. Kamar harsunan kudancin Dravidian, Konkani yana da glides na prothetic y- da w-. Tasirin Kannada ya fi bayyana a Konkani syntax. Alamar tambaya a cikin eh/a'a tambayoyi kuma alamar mara kyau ita ce jumla ta ƙarshe. Share Copula a Konkani yana kama da Kannada sosai. Ba a yawan amfani da kalmomin fi'ili a cikin harsunan Indo-Aryan; duk da haka, Konkani da ake magana a cikin yankunan Dravidian ya aro nau'ikan fi'ili da yawa. Kols, Kharwas, Yadavas, da Lothal ƙaura duk sun zauna a Goa a lokacin kafin tarihi da kuma daga baya. Chavada, ƙabilar mayaka (yanzu ana kiranta Chaddi ko Chaddo), sun yi ƙaura zuwa Goa daga Saurashtra, a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 AD, bayan Larabawa sun halaka mulkinsu a shekara ta 740..<ref name="gazat">{{cite book|last=Gune|first=V.T|title=Gazetteer of the union territory of Goa Daman and Diu, part 3, Diu|year=1979|publisher=Gazetteer of the union territory of Goa|page=21}}</ref> Royal matrimonial relationships between the two states, as well as trade relationships, had a major impact on Goan society. Many of these groups spoke different Nagar [[Apabhramsha]] dialects, which could be seen as precursors of modern Gujarati. * Konkani da Gujarati suna da kalmomi da yawa a hade, ba a samu a Marathi ba. * Konkani O (saɓanin Marathi A, wanda asalin Prakrit ne), yayi kama da na Gujarati. * Ƙarshen shari'ar a Konkani, lo, li, da le, da Gujarati no, ni, da ne suna da tushen Prakrit iri ɗaya. * A cikin harsunan biyu alamun yanzu ba su da jinsi, sabanin Marathi.<ref name="guj">{{cite book|last=Saradesāya Publisher|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|pages=317 pages}}</ref> === Da wuri === Wani rubutu a gindin babban Jain monolith Bahubali (Kalmar gomateshvara a fili ta fito ne daga Konkani Template:IAST wanda ke nufin "kyakkyawa" ko "kyakkyawa" da īśvara "ubangiji".) a Shravanabelagola na 981 CE yana karantawa, a cikin bambancin Nāgarī. : "śrīcāvuṇḍarājē̃ kara viyālē̃, śrīgaṅgārājē̃ sutālē̃ kara viyālē̃" (Chavundaray ya yi, Gangaraya ya gama da kewaye). Harshen wadannan layukan shine Konkani a cewar S.B. Kulkarni (tsohon shugaban Sashen Marathi, Jami'ar Nagpur) da Jose Pereira (tsohon farfesa, Jami'ar Fordham, Amurka). Wani rubutu a cikin Nāgarī, na Shilahara Sarkin Aparaditya II na shekara ta 1187 AD a Parel ya ƙunshi kalmomin Konkani, amma ba a tabbatar da hakan ba. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen dutse da farantin tagulla da aka samu a Goa da Konkan an rubuta su cikin Konkani. Nahawu da tushe na irin waɗannan matani yana cikin Konkani, yayin da ƙananan kalmomi ke cikin Marathi. Faranti na Copper da aka samu a Ponda tun daga farkon karni na 13, kuma daga Quepem a farkon karni na 14, an rubuta su cikin Goykanadi. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan rubutun dutse ko shilalekh (wanda aka rubuta Nāgarī) yana samuwa a haikalin Nageshi a Goa (wanda ya kasance a shekara ta 1463 AD). Ya ambaci cewa (a lokacin) mai mulkin Goa, Devaraja Gominam, ya ba da kyauta ga haikalin Nagueshi Maharudra lokacin da Nanjanna Gosavi ya kasance shugaban addini ko Pratihasta na jihar. Ya ambaci kalmomi kamar, kullgga, kulaagra, naralel, tambavem, da tilel.<ref>{{cite book|last=Da Cruz|first= Antonio|title=Goa: men and matters |publisher=s.n., 1974|year=1974|page=321}}</ref> [[File:Nagueshi Inscription 1413AD.jpg|thumb|Konkani Inscription with 'Maee Shenvi' of 1413 AD, [[Nagueshi]], Goa.]] Wani yanki na yabon Ubangiji Narayana da aka danganta ga karni na 12 AD in ji: {{blockquote|''"jaṇẽ rasataḷavāntũ matsyarūpē̃ vēda āṇiyēlē̃. manuśivāka vāṇiyēlē̃. to saṁsārasāgara tāraṇu. mōhō to rākho nārāyāṇu".'' (The one who brought the [[Veda]]s up from the ocean in the form of a fish, from the bottoms of the water and offered it to [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], he is the one Saviour of the world, that is Narayana my God.).}} A hymn from the later 16th century goes {{blockquote| ''vaikuṇṭhācē̃ jhāḍa tu gē phaḷa amṛtācē̃, jīvita rākhilē̃ tuvē̃ manasakuḷācē̃.''<ref name=Sardesaya>{{cite book|last=Saradesāya|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Kendra Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|pages=8–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&q=aravalem}}</ref>}} Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like ''dzo'', ''jī'', and ''jẽ''. These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by ''koṇa''. The conjunctions ''yedō'' and ''tedō'' ("when" and "then") which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use.<ref name=Maffei>{{cite book|last=Maffei|first=Agnelus F.X.|title=A Konkani grammar|year=2003|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0087-4|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZv6UyynBPgC&q=yedo+tedo}}</ref> The use of ''-viyalẽ'' has been replaced by ''-aylẽ''. The pronoun ''moho'', which is similar to the Brajbhasha word ''mōhē'' has been replaced by ''mākā''. ===Medieval=== This era was marked by several invasions of Goa and subsequent exodus of some Konkani families to [[Kanara|Canara]] (today's coastal Karnataka), and Cochin. * Exodus (between 1312–1327) when General [[Malik Kafur]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultans]], [[Alauddin Khalji]], and [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammed bin Tughlaq]] destroyed [[Govapuri|Govepuri]] and the [[Kadambas]] * Exodus subsequent to 1470 when the [[Bahamani]] kingdom captured Goa, and subsequent capture in 1492 by Sultan [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] * Exodus of converted Muslims to Bijapur-held territory due to the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510 * Migration of Hindu converts to [[Canara]] in South India after the [[Christianisation of Goa]], the subsequent [[Goa Inquisition]], and the [[Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein|Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein]]. These events caused the Konkani language to develop into multiple dialects with multiple scripts. The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn the local languages. This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers. Examples include ''dār'' (door) giving way to the word ''bāgil''. Also, the phoneme "a" in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme "o". Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The [[Konkani Muslims|Konkani Muslim]] communities of [[Ratnagiri]] and [[Bhatkal]] came about due to a mixture of intermarriages of Arab seafarers and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kokaniz.com/history.html |title=Konkani History |publisher=Kokaniz.com |accessdate=23 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207030416/http://www.kokaniz.com/history.html |archivedate= 7 February 2012 }}</ref> Another migrant community that picked up Konkani are the [[Siddis]], who are descended from [[Bantu peoples]] from South East Africa that were brought to the [[Indian subcontinent]] as slaves.<ref name="Shah">{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=Anish M.|title=Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|date=15 July 2011|volume=89|issue=1|pages=154–161|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030|display-authors=etal|pmid=21741027|pmc=3135801}}</ref> ===Contemporary=== Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, and Roman scripts. It is written by speakers in their native dialects. The Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated as Standard Konkani. ==Revival== {{see also|Konkani Language Agitation}} Konkani language was in decline, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians, the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus, and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this, Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on a mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost single-handedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as [[Shenoi Goembab]].<ref name="goanews">{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/shenoi.htm |title=Goa News - |accessdate=29 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828083336/http://www.goanews.com/shenoi.htm |archivedate=28 August 2008 }}</ref> His death anniversary, 9 April, is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Vishwa Konkani Dis).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/9apr00.htm |title=Goa News - |accessdate=29 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517165915/http://www.goanews.com/9apr00.htm |archivedate=17 May 2008 }}</ref> Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag, an advocate by profession from Karwar, who with a few like-minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas, sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of "one language, one script, one literature". He succeeded in organising the first [[All India Konkani Parishad]] in Karwar in 1939.<ref>Kelekar 2003:14.</ref> Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years. 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far. Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminent social worker of Kodibag, Karwar was a close associate of Shri Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar, strove hard for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar (North Kanara) and Konkan Patti. ===Post-independence period=== Following India's independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration. However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for the merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. The [[Goa Opinion Poll]], a plebiscite, retained Goa as an independent state in 1967.<ref name="goanews"/> However, English, Hindi, and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani was sidelined.<ref name="goacom2049">{{cite web|url=https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/H1jxktcU/goanet-reader-puzzle-wrapped-in-an-enigma-understanding-konkani-in-goa|title=PUZZLE WRAPPED IN AN ENIGMA: UNDERSTANDING KONKANI IN GOA|date=24 July 2011|publisher=|access-date=18 September 2020|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608120358/https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/H1jxktcU/goanet-reader-puzzle-wrapped-in-an-enigma-understanding-konkani-in-goa|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Recognition as an independent language=== With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the [[Sahitya Akademi]]. [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language. ===Official language status=== All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally, fed up with the delay, Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status for Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community: [[Floriano Vaz]] from Gogol Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira, all from [[Agaçaim]]. Finally, on 4 February 1987, the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa.<ref name="goacom2049"/> Konkani was included in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] as per the [[Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|Seventy-First Amendment]] on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of official languages. ==Geographical distribution== [[File:Konkpic.JPG|thumb|Modern day Goan Konkani in [[Devanagari]]]] The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as [[Konkan]]. The native lands historically inhabited by Konkani people include the [[Konkan division]] of [[Maharashtra]], the state of [[Goa]] and the territory of [[Daman District, India|Daman]], the [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]] & [[Dakshina Kannada]] districts of [[Karnataka]], [[belagavi]], [[Mysore]], and [[Bengaluru]] along with many districts in [[Kerala]] such as [[Kasaragod]], [[Kochi]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kottayam]]. All of the regions and areas have developed distinct [[dialect]]s, [[pronunciation]] and [[prose]] styles, vocabulary, tone, and sometimes, significant differences in grammar.<ref name="kurzon">{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Dennis |title=Where East looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast |pages=25–30}}</ref> According to the 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Abstract of Speakers' strengths of languages and mother tongues&nbsp;– 2001 |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=10 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archivedate=6 February 2012 }}</ref> The Census Department of India, 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2,256,502 making up 0.19% of India's population. Out of these, 788,294 were in [[Karnataka]], 964,305 in [[Goa]],<ref name="languagedata2011">{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf | title = Census of India 2011, LANGUAGE}}</ref> 399,255 in [[Maharashtra]], and 69,449 in [[Kerala]]. It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. The number of Konkani speakers in India fell by 9.34% in the decade 2001-2011. It is the only scheduled language apart from Urdu to have a negative growth rate in the decade. A very large number of Konkanis live outside India, either as expatriates ([[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRIs]]) with [[work visa]]s or as naturalised citizens and permanent residents of other host countries ([[immigrants]]). Determining their numbers is difficult since Konkani is a [[minority language]] that is very often not recognised by censuses and surveys of various government agencies and NGOs catering to Indians abroad. During the days of [[Portuguese Goa]] and [[British rule]] in [[Pre-Partition India]] many Goans and non-Goan Konkani people went to foreign countries as economic migrants to the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and [[British Empire]]s, and to the Pakistan of [[Pre-Partition India]]. The migratory trend has continued well into the post-colonial era and a significant number of Konkani people are found in [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Persian Gulf countries]], [[Portugal]] and the [[European Union]], and the [[British Isles]] and the rest of the [[Anglosphere]]. Many families still continue to speak different Konkani dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the languages of the dominant majority. ==Current status and issues== {{Anachronism|reason=Does Xenoi Goibaab belongs to the current post partition era of India?|date=October 2021}} The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons: # The fragmentation of Konkani into various, sometimes mutually unintelligible, dialects. # The Portuguese influence in Goa, especially on Catholics.{{how|date=October 2021}}{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} # The dominance of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and the large degree of bilingualism of Konkani Hindus in [[Goa state]], the union territory of [[Damaon]] and the [[Konkan division]] of Maharashtra.{{additional citation needed|date=October 2021}} # Progressive inroads made by [[Urdu]] into the [[Konkani Muslim]] community.{{verify source|date=October 2021}} # Mutual animosity among various religious sects and caste groups; including a secondary status of Konkani culture to religion. # The migration of Konkanis to various parts of India and around the world. # The lack of opportunities to study Konkani in schools and colleges. Even until recently there were few Konkani schools in Goa. Populations outside the native Konkani areas have absolutely no access to Konkani language studies, literature and media. # The preference among Konkani parents to speak to their children in ''potaachi bhaas'' (language of the stomach) over ''maai bhaas'' ([[mother tongue]]). They sometimes speak primarily in English to help their children gain a grip on English in schools.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/> Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani, starting with [[Shenoi Goembab]]'s efforts to revive Konkani. The recognition granted by [[Sahitya Akademi]] to Konkani and the institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent. Some organisations, such as the [[Konkan Daiz Yatra]] organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, [[World Konkani Centre]] and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis. ===Opposition=== ====Marathi dispute==== {{Main|Konkani language agitation}} José Pereira, in his 1971 work ''Konkani&nbsp;– A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy'', pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani is called a "dialect of Maharashtra" as an origin of the language controversy.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/> Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is [[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]]. Grierson's work on the languages of India, ''the Linguistic Survey of India'', was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and the Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi. S. M. Katre's 1966 work, ''The Formation of Konkani'', which utilised the instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/><ref name="languageinindia.com"/> [[Shenoi Goembab]], who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians. Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at a time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which was settled by a plebiscite in 1967 (the [[Goa Opinion Poll]]).<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/> The [[Sahitya Akademi]] (a prominent literary organisation in India) recognised it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in [[Devanagari]] script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987. ===Karnataka=== {{Main|Canarese Konkani}} MLC [[Ivan D'Souza]] attempted to speak in Konkani at the [[Karnataka]] state's Legislative Council, but was urged not to by the Chairman D H Shankaramurthy as most of the audience did not know Konkani. Even though Mr D'Souza pleaded that Konkani was amongst the 22 official languages recognised by the Indian Constitution, he was not given permission to continue in Konkani.<ref name="D'Souza1">{{cite news|title=Mangaluru : MLC Ivan D'Souza told not to speak in Konkani|url=http://www.mangaloreinformation.com/city/9420-mangaluru--mlc-ivan-dsouza-told-not-to-speak-in-konkani|accessdate=14 January 2015|publisher=Mangalore Information|date=17 December 2014|archive-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118143417/http://www.mangaloreinformation.com/city/9420-mangaluru--mlc-ivan-dsouza-told-not-to-speak-in-konkani|url-status=dead}}</ref> Even though there are substantial Konkani Catholics in Bengaluru, efforts to celebrate Holy Mass in Konkani have met with opposition by [[Kannada people|Kannada]] "activists". Konkani Holy Masses has been held in the Sabbhavana and Saccidananda chapels of the Carmelite and Capuchin Fathers respectively, in [[Yeswanthpur]] and [[Rajajinagar]], Bangalore. These services are under threat from Kannada groups who do not want [[church service]]s to be held in any language other than [[Kannada language|Kannada]],{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} even though Kannada Catholics constitute only 30% of the Catholic population in the Archdiocese. Konkani activists and associations have been demanding Konkani language mass and services for a long time.<ref name=Mass1>{{cite news|title=Bangalore: Kannada Activists Target Konkani Catholics Again at Sadbhavana|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=157158|accessdate=14 January 2015|publisher=Daijiworld Media Network|date=2 December 2012}}</ref> It is still the official language of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Mangalore Diocese]].<ref name=Saldanha-Shet>{{cite news|last1=Saldanha-Shet|first1=I J|title=An exquisite edifice in Mangalore|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/394300/an-exquisite-edifice-mangalore.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 March 2014}}</ref> ===Multilingualism=== According to the Census Department of India, Konkani speakers show a very high degree of [[multilingualism]]. In the 1991 census, as compared to the national average of 19.44% for bilingualism and 7.26% for trilingualism, Konkani speakers scored 74.20% and 44.68% respectively. This makes the Konkans the most multilingual community of India. This has been due to the fact that in most areas where Konkans have settled, they seldom form a majority of the population and have to interact with others in the local tongue. Another reason for bilingualism has been the lack of schools teaching Konkani as a primary or secondary language. The bilingualism of Konkanis with Marathi in Daman Goa and Maharashtra has been a source of great discontent because it has led to the belief that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/><ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2001/bilingual.html |title=Language in India |publisher=Language in India |date=3 May 2001 |accessdate=23 August 2013}}</ref> and hence has no bearing on the future of Goa. ===Scripts and dialects=== {{main article|Konkani alphabets}} The problems posed by multiple scripts and varying dialects have come as an impediment in the efforts to unite Konkani people. The Goa state's decision to use [[Devanagari]] as the official script and the Antruz dialect has been met with opposition both within Goa and outside it.<ref name="goacom2049"/> Critics contend that the Antruz dialect is unintelligible to most Goans, let alone other Konkani people outside Goa, and that Devanagari is used very little as compared to [[Romi Konkani]] in Goa or Konkani in the [[Kannada]] script.<ref name="goacom2049"/> Prominent among the critics are Konkani Christians in Goa, who were at the forefront of the Konkani agitation in 1986–87 and have for a long time used the Roman script, including producing literature in Roman script. They demanded Roman script be given equal status to Devanagari.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-20/india/27871957_1_konkani-language-roman-script-official-language-status |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021013210/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-20/india/27871957_1_konkani-language-roman-script-official-language-status |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2012 |title=Goa group wants Konkani in Roman script |date=20 February 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=23 August 2013}}</ref> In Karnataka, which has the largest number of Konkani speakers after Goa, leading organisations and activists have similarly demanded that Kannada script be made the medium of instruction for Konkani in local schools instead of Devanagari.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/14/stories/2006031416160300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223640/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/14/stories/2006031416160300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 September 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Kannada script must be used to teach Konkani | date=14 March 2006}}</ref> The government of Karnataka has given its approval for teaching of Konkani as an optional third language from 6th to 10th standard students either in Kannada or Devanagari scripts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=35720&n_tit=Mangalore:+Konkani+Textbooks+in+Devanagari+Released |title=News headlines |publisher=Daijiworld.com |accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref> ==Phonology== {{see also|Konkani phonology}} The Konkani language has 16 basic vowels (excluding an equal number of long vowels), 36 consonants, 5 semi-vowels, 3 sibilants, 1 aspirate, and many [[diphthong]]s. Like the other [[Indo-Aryan languages]], it has both long and short vowels and syllables with long vowels may appear to be stressed. Different types of nasal vowels are a special feature of the Konkani language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhat|first=V. Nithyanantha|title=The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives |publisher=Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute|pages=43, 44|language=English, Konkani}}</ref> * The [[palatal consonant|palatal]] and [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] stops are [[affricate]]s. The palatal glides are truly palatal but otherwise the consonants in the palatal column are [[alveopalatal]].<ref name="cardona">{{cite book|last= Cardona|first=George|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|year= 2007|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5 |page=1088}}</ref> * The [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced/voiceless]] contrasts are found only in the stops and affricates. The fricatives are all voiceless and the [[sonorants]] are all voiced.<ref name=cardona /> * The initial vowel-syllable is shortened after the [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirates]] and [[fricative]]s. Many speakers substitute unaspirated consonants for aspirates.<ref name=cardona /> * Aspirates in a non-initial position are rare and only occur in careful speech. [[Palatalization (phonetics)|Palatalisation]]/non-palatisation is found in all [[obstruent]]s, except for palatal and alveolars. Where a palatalised alveolar is expected, a palatal is found instead. In the case of sonorants, only unaspirated consonants show this contrast, and among the glides only labeo-velar glides exhibit this. Vowels show a contrast between oral and nasal ones<ref name=cardona /> ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ '''Vowels''' ! ! [[Front vowel|Front]] ![[Central vowel|Central]] ![[Back vowel|Back]] |- ![[Close vowel|Close]] | align="center" |{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}} | || align="center" | {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}} |- ![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | align="center" |{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ẽ}} | {{IPA link|ɵ}} {{IPA link|ɵ̃}}|| align="center" |{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|õ}} |- ![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] |{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛ̃}} |{{IPA link|ʌ}} |{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔ̃}} |- ![[Open vowel|Open]] |({{IPA link|æ}}) |{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}} | align="center" | |} One of the most distinguishing features of Konkani phonology is the use of {{IPAslink|ɵ}}, the [[close-mid central rounded vowel|close-mid central vowel]], instead of the [[schwa]] found in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Whereas many Indian languages use only one of the three front vowels, represented by the Devanagari grapheme ए, Konkani uses three: {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/æ/}}. Nasalizations exist for all vowels except for {{IPA|/ʌ/}}. ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |&nbsp; ![[Labial consonant|Labial]] ![[Dental consonant|Dental]] ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] ![[Alveopalatal consonant|(Alveolo-)<br>palatal]] ![[Velar consonant|Velar]] ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] !<small>plain</small> |{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPAlink|n̪|n}} | |{{IPAlink|ɳ}} |{{IPAlink|ɲ}} |{{IPAlink|ŋ}} | |- style="text-align:center" !<small>murmured</small> |{{IPAlink|mʱ}} |{{IPAlink|nʱ}} | |{{IPAlink|ɳʱ}} | | | |- style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] !<small>voiceless</small> |{{IPAlink|p}} |{{IPAlink|t̪|t}} |{{IPAlink|t͡s}} |{{IPAlink|ʈ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡ɕ}} |{{IPAlink|k}} | |- style="text-align:center" !<small>[[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small> |({{IPAlink|pʰ}}) |{{IPAlink|tʰ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}} |{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡ɕʰ}} |{{IPAlink|kʰ}} | |- style="text-align:center" !<small>voiced</small> |{{IPAlink|b}} |{{IPAlink|d̪|d}} |{{IPAlink|d͡z}} |{{IPAlink|ɖ}} |{{IPAlink|d͡ʑ}} |{{IPAlink|ɡ}} | |- style="text-align:center" !<small>murmured</small> |{{IPAlink|bʱ}} |{{IPAlink|dʱ}} |{{IPAlink|d͡zʱ}} |{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}} |{{IPAlink|d͡ʑʱ}} |{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}} | |- style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |{{IPAlink|f}} |{{IPAlink|s̪|s}} | | |{{IPAlink|ɕ}} | |{{IPAlink|h}} |- style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] !<small>plain</small> |{{IPAlink|ʋ}} | |{{IPAlink|l}} | |{{IPAlink|j}} | | |- style="text-align:center" !<small>murmured</small> |{{IPAlink|ʋʱ}} | |{{IPAlink|lʱ}} | | | | |- style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]]/[[Trill consonant|Trill]] !<small>plain</small> | | |{{IPAlink|ɾ}} |{{IPAlink|ɽ}} | | | |- style="text-align:center" !<small>murmured</small> | | |{{IPAlink|ɾʱ}} |{{IPA|[[Retroflex lateral flap|𝼈]]}}<ref>* {{Citation |last=Masica |first=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |page=97 |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |authorlink=Colin Masica}}.</ref> | | | |} The consonants in Konkani are similar to those in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. ==Grammar== Konkani grammar is similar to other Indo-Aryan languages. Notably, Konkani grammar is also influenced by Dravidian languages. It cannot be described as a [[stress-timed language]], nor as a [[tonal language]].<ref name="D2_Konkani">{{cite web|url=http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/conference/posters/D2_Konkani.pdf |title=The question of Konkani? |author=Caroline Menezes |publisher=Project D2, Typology of Information Structure" |accessdate=10 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408205720/http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/conference/posters/D2_Konkani.pdf |archivedate=8 April 2008 }}</ref> * Speech can be classified into any of the following parts:<ref name="jana" /> # ''naam'' ([[noun]]) # ''sarvanaam'' ([[pronoun]]) # ''visheshan'' ([[adjective]]) # ''kriyapad'' ([[verb]]) # ''kriyavisheshana'' ([[adverb]]) # ''ubhayanvayi avyaya'' # ''shabdayogi avyaya'' # ''kevalaprayogi avyaya'' Like most of the Indo-Aryan languages, Konkani is an [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] language, meaning among other things that not only is the verb found at the end of the clause but also [[modifiers]] and complements tend to precede the head and [[postpositions]] are far more common than [[prepositions]]. In terms of syntax, Konkani is a ''head-last'' language, unlike English, which is an [[Subject–verb–object|SVO]] language.<ref name=kurzden>{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Dennis|title=Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters|year=2004|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn= 9781853596735|page=158}}</ref> * Almost all the verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and the ''avyaya''s are either ''tatsama'' or ''tadbhava''.<ref name="jana" /> ===Verbs=== Verbs are either ''tatsama'' or ''tadbhava'':<ref name="jana" /> {| cellpadding="5px" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:5px; background:white;" |+ '''Verbs and their roots:''' |- style="background:lightgrey;" ! Konkani verbs ! Sanskrit/Prakrit Root !Translation |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||वाच vaach (tatsama) ||वच् vach ||read |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||आफय, आपय aaphay, aapay (tatsama) ||आव्हय् aavhay ||call, summon |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||रांध raandh (tatsama) ||रांध् raandh ||cook |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||बरय baray (tadbhav) ||वर्णय् varnay ||write |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||व्हर vhar (tadbhav) ||हर har ||take away |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||भक bhak (tadbhav) ||भक्ष् bhaksh ||eat |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||हेड hedd (tadbhav) ||अट् att ||roam |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||ल्हेव lhev (tadbhav) ||लेह् leh ||lick |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" || शीन sheen (tadbhav) ||छिन्न chinna ||cut |- style="background:whitesmoke" | colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|<small>Source: ''Koṅkaṇî Dhatukosh''</small><ref name="jana" /> |} *Present indefinite of the auxiliary is fused with [[present participle]] of the primary verb, and the auxiliary is partially dropped.<ref name="jana" /> When the southern dialects came in contact with Dravidian languages this difference became more prominent in [[Karnataka Konkani|dialects spoken in Karnataka]] whereas Goan Konkani still retains the original form. For example, "I eat" and "I am eating" sound similar in Goan Konkani, due to loss of auxiliary in colloquial speech. "Hāv khātā" corresponds to "I am eating". On the other hand, in Karnataka Konkani "hāv khātā" corresponds to "I eat", and "hāv khātoāsā" or "hāv khāter āsā" means "I am eating". However the word "jito" (living) is universal, "to jitoāsā" (he is living). * Out of eight [[grammatical cases]], Konkani has totally lost the [[dative case|dative]], the [[locative case|locative]], and the [[ablative case|ablative]].<ref name="jana" /> It has partially lost the [[accusative case|accusative]] and the [[instrumental case]]s too.<ref name="jana" /> So the preserved cases are: the [[nominative case|nominative]], the [[genitive case|genitive]], and the [[vocative case]].<ref name="jana" /> ===Apabhramsha and metathesis=== * Like Marathi and Gujarati, the Konkani language has three genders. During the Middle Ages, most of the Indo-Aryan languages lost their neuter gender, except Maharashtri, in which it is retained much more in Marathi than Konkani.<ref name="jana">{{cite book|last=Janardhan|first=Pandarinath Bhuvanendra |title=A Higher Konkani grammar|publisher=P.B. Janardhan |year=1991|series=Foreign Language Study / Indic Languages Konkani language About|pages=540 pages|language=English, Konkani}}</ref> Gender in Konkani is purely grammatical and unconnected to sex.<ref name="jana" /> [[Metathesis (linguistics)|Metathesis]] is a characteristic of all the middle and modern Indo-Aryan languages including Konkani. Consider the Sanskrit word "स्नुषा" (daughter-in law). Here, the ष is dropped, and स्नु alone is utilised, स्नु-->स/नु and you get the word सुन (metathesis of ''ukar'').<ref name=meta>{{cite book|last=Pandarinath|first=Bhuvanendra Janardhan|title=A Higher Konkani grammar|year=1991|publisher=P.B. Janardhan|pages=540 pages (see pages:377 and 384)}}</ref> * Unlike Sanskrit, ''[[anusvara]]'' has great importance in Konkani. A characteristic of [[Middle Indo-Aryan]] dialects, Konkani still retains the ''anusvara'' on the initial or final syllable.<ref name="jana" /> Similarly ''[[visarga]]'', is totally lost and is assimilated with उ and/or ओ. For example, in Sanskrit दीपः becomes दिवो and दुःख becomes दुख. * Konkani retains the pitch accent, which is a direct derivative of Vedic accent, which probably would account for "nasalism" in Konkani.<ref name="jana" /> The "breathed" accent is retained in most of the ''tatsama''s than the ''tadbhava''s.<ref name="jana" /> [[Declension]] also affects the accent.<ref name="jana" /> * Konkani has lost its passive voice, and now the transitive verbs in their perfects are equivalent to passives. * Konkani has rejected ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ, ष, and क्ष, which are assimilated with र, ख, ह, श and स.<ref name="jana" /> <!-- WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?--> * Sanskrit compound letters are avoided in Konkani. For example, in Sanskrit द्वे, प्राय, गृहस्थ, उद्योत become बे, पिराय, गिरेस्त, and उज्जो respectively in Konkani.<ref name="jana" /> ==Vocabulary== The vocabulary from Konkani comes from a number of sources. The main source is Prakrits. So Sanskrit as a whole has played a very important part in Konkani vocabulary. Konkani vocabulary is made of {{lang|kok-Latn|tatsama}} (Sanskrit loanwords without change), {{lang|kok-Latn|tadhbhava}} (evolved Sanskrit words), {{lang|kok-Latn|deshya}} (indigenous words) and {{lang|kok-Latn|antardeshya}} (foreign words). Other sources of vocabulary are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Finally, Kannada, Marathi, and Portuguese have enriched its lexical content.<ref name=kurzden /> ===Loanwords=== Since Goa was a major trade centre for visiting Arabs and Turks, many Arabic and Persian words infiltrated the Konkani language.<ref name="manohar1">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manoharray|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|edition=1st|pages=21–30|chapter=The foreign influence|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7}}</ref> A large number of Arabic and Persian words now form an integral part of Konkani vocabulary and are commonly used in day-to-day life; examples are ''karz'' (debt), ''fakt'' (only), ''dusman'' (enemy), and ''barik'' (thin).<ref name="manohar1" /> Single and compound words are found wherein the original meaning has been changed or distorted. Examples include ''mustaiki'' (from Arabic ''mustaid'', meaning "ready"), and ''kapan khairo'' ("eater of one's own shroud", meaning "a miser"). Most of the old Konkani Hindu literature does not show any influence from Portuguese. Even the dialects spoken by the majority of Goan Hindus have a very limited Portuguese influence. On the other hand, dialects spoken by the Catholics from Goa (as well as the Canara to some extent) and their religious literature show a strong Portuguese influence. They contain a number of Portuguese lexical items, but these are almost all religious terms. Even in the context of religious terminology, the missionaries adapted native terms associated with Hindu religious concepts. (For example, ''krupa'' for grace, Y''amakunda'' for hell, V''aikuntha'' for paradise and so on). The syntax used by [[Goan Catholics]] in [[Literature of Goan Catholics|their literature]] shows a prominent Portuguese influence. As a result, many Portuguese loanwords are now commonly found in common Konkani speech.<ref name=porin>{{cite book|author1=[[Anvita Abbi]]|author2=R. S. Gupta|author3=[[Ayesha Kidwai]]|title=Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia: papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable|year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 2001&nbsp;– Language Arts & Disciplines -|isbn= 9788120817654|pages=409 pages(Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax)}}</ref><ref>[[List of loanwords in Konkani]]</ref> The Portuguese influence is also evident in the [[Marathi–Konkani languages|Marathi–Konkani]] spoken in the former Northern Konkan district, [[Thane]] a variant of Konkani used by [[Bombay East Indians]] Catholic community. ===Sanskritisation=== Konkani is not highly Sanskritised like [[Marathi language|Marathi]], but still retains [[Prakrit]] and [[apabhramsa]] structures, verbal forms, and vocabulary. Though the Goan Hindu dialect is highly Prakritised, numerous Sanskrit [[loanwords]] are found, while the Catholic dialect has historically drawn many terms from Portuguese. The Catholic literary dialect has now adopted Sanskritic vocabulary itself, and the Catholic Church has also adopted a [[Sanskritisation]] policy.<ref name=cardona /> Despite the relative unfamiliarity of the recently introduced Sanskritic vocabulary to the new Catholic generations, there has not been wide resistance to the change.<ref name=cardona /> On the other hand, southern Konkani dialects, having been influenced by [[Kannada]] − one of the languages of Dravidian origin − have undergone re-Sanskritisation over time.<ref name=cardona /> ==Writing systems== [[File:KonkaniNames.PNG|thumb|The name ''Konkani'' in the five scripts it is written in: [[Devanagari]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]].]] {{main|Konkani script}} Konkani has been compelled to become a language using a multiplicity of scripts, and not just one single script used everywhere. This has led to an outward splitting up of the same language, which is spoken and understood by all, despite some inevitable dialectal convergences.<ref name="rais">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Rai|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|pages=9–10|chapter=Missionary period}}</ref> ===Past=== {{main|Goykanadi}} The [[Brahmi script]] for Konkani fell into disuse.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhat|first=V. Nithyanantha |title=The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives|editor=V. Nithyanantha Bhat, Ela Sunītā|publisher=Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute|year= 2004|volume=10|page=52}}</ref> Later, some inscriptions were written in [[Nāgarī script|old Nagari]]. However, owing to the Portuguese conquest in 1510 and the subsequent various restrictions imposed by the Inquisition, some early forms of Devanagari fell out of use in Goa.<ref name=rais /> The Portuguese promulgated a law banning the use of non-Roman scripts for Konkani in Goa.<ref name="rai">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Rai|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|pages=30–70|chapter=Missionary period}}</ref> Another script, called ''Kandevi'' or ''Goykandi'', was used for Konkani since the times of the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadambas]], although it lost its popularity after the 17th century. Kandevi/Goykandi is very different from the [[Halegannada]] script, with strikingly similar features.<ref name="archives">{{cite book|title=Indian archives|publisher=National Archives of India|volume=34|page=1985}}</ref> Unlike Halegannada, Kandevi/Goykandi letters were usually written with a distinctive horizontal bar, like the Nagari scripts. This script may have been evolved out of the [[Kadamba script]], which was extensively used in Goa and Konkan.<ref name="goy">{{cite book|last=Ghantkar|first=Gajanana|title=History of Goa through Gõykanadi script |year=1993|pages=Page x|language=English, Konkani, Marathi, Kannada}}</ref> The earliest known inscription in Devanagari dates to 1187 AD.<ref name=Sardesaya /> The [[Roman script]] has the oldest preserved and protected literary tradition, beginning from the 16th century.<ref>{{cite news |title=Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html |access-date=19 September 2023 |work=Firstpost |date=25 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> ===Present=== Konkani is written in five scripts: [[Devanagari]], [[Latin script|Roman]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], and [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]].<ref name="MadhaviSardesai">[http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/543/543%20madhavi%20sardesai.htm Mother Tongue blues]&nbsp;– Madhavi Sardesai</ref> Because Devanagari is the official script used to write Konkani in Goa and Maharashtra, most Konkanis (especially Hindus) in those two states write the language in Devanagari. However, Konkani is widely written in the Roman script (called [[Romi Konkani]]) by many Konkanis, (especially Catholics).<ref name="konk">{{cite book|last=George|first=Cardona|author2=Dhanesh Jain|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|page=840}}</ref> This is because for many years, all Konkani literature was in the Latin script, and Catholic [[liturgy]] and other religious literature has always been in the Roman script. Most people of Karnataka use the [[Kannada script]]; however, the Saraswats of [[Karnataka]] use the Devanagari script in the [[North Kanara|uttara Kannada]] district. [[Malayalam script]] was used by the Konkani community in Kerala, but there has been a move towards the usage of the Devanagari script in recent years.<ref>{{cite book|last=George|first=Cardona|author2=Dhanesh Jain |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |page=804}}</ref> [[Konkani Muslims]] use Arabic script to write Konkani. There has been to trend towards the usage of the Arabic script among Muslim communities; this coincides with them mixing more Urdu and Arabic words into their Konkani dialects.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} When the Sahitya Akademi recognised Konkani in 1975 as an independent and literary language, one of the important factors was the literary heritage of Romi Konkani since the year 1556. However, after Konkani in the Devanagari script was made the official language of Goa in 1987, the Sahitya Akademi has supported only writers in the Devanagari script. For a very long time there has been a rising demand for official recognition of Romi Konkani by Catholics in Goa because a sizeable population of the people in Goa use the Roman script. Also a lot of the content on the Internet and the staging of the famed [[Tiatr]] is written in Romi Konkani. In January 2013, the [[Bombay High Court#Goa bench|Goa Bench]] of the Bombay High Court issued a notice to the state government on a [[Public Interest Litigation]] filed by the [[Romi Lipi Action Front]] seeking to amend the Official Language Act to grant official language status to Romi Konkani but has not yet been granted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/HC-notice-to-govt-on-Romi-script/articleshow/18124209.cms|title=HC notice to govt on Romi script|work=The Times of India|date=22 January 2013 |accessdate=29 March 2015}}</ref> ====Alphabet/''vaṇamāḷha''==== The vowels, consonants, and their arrangement are as follows:<ref>Gomanta Bharati, yatta payali, Published by [[Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] ALTO BETIM, page number:11</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:60px; width:95%" |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अ||{{IAST|a}}<br />{{IPA|/ɐ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|आ||{{IAST|ā}}<br />{{IPA|/ɑː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|इ||{{IAST|i}}<br />{{IPA|/i/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ई||{{IAST|ī}}<br />{{IPA|/iː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|उ||{{IAST|u}}<br />{{IPA|/u/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ऊ||{{IAST|ū}}<br />{{IPA|/uː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ए||{{IAST|e}}<br />{{IPA|/eː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ऐ||{{IAST|ai}}<br />{{IPA|/aːi/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ओ||{{IAST|o}}<br />{{IPA|/oː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|औ||{{IAST|au}}<br />{{IPA|/aːu/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अं||{{IAST|aṃ}}<br />{{IPA|/ⁿ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अः||{{IAST|aḥ}}<br />{{IPA|/h/}} |} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:400px; width:95%" |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|क||{{IAST|ka}}<br />{{IPA|/k/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ख||{{IAST|kha}}<br />{{IPA|/kʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ग||{{IAST|ga}}<br />{{IPA|/ɡ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|घ||{{IAST|gha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɡʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ङ||{{IAST|ṅa}}<br />{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|च||{{IAST|ca}}<br />{{IPA|/c, t͡ʃ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|छ||{{IAST|cha}}<br />{{IPA|/cʰ, t͡ʃʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ज||{{IAST|ja}}<br />{{IPA|/ɟ, d͡ʒ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|झ||{{IAST|jha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɟʱ, d͡ʒʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ञ||{{IAST|ña}}<br />{{IPA|/ɲ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ट||{{IAST|ṭa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʈ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ठ||{{IAST|ṭha}}<br />{{IPA|/ʈʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ड||{{IAST|ḍa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ढ||{{IAST|ḍha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ण||{{IAST|ṇa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|त||{{IAST|ta}}<br />{{IPA|/t̪/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|थ||{{IAST|tha}}<br />{{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|द||{{IAST|da}}<br />{{IPA|/d̪/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ध||{{IAST|dha}}<br />{{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|न||{{IAST|na}}<br />{{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|प||{{IAST|pa}}<br />{{IPA|/p/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|फ||{{IAST|pha}}<br />{{IPA|/pʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ब||{{IAST|ba}}<br />{{IPA|/b/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|भ||{{IAST|bha}}<br />{{IPA|/bʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|म||{{IAST|ma}}<br />{{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|य||{{IAST|ya}}<br />{{IPA|/j/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|र||{{IAST|ra}}<br />{{IPA|/r/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ल||{{IAST|la}}<br />{{IPA|/l/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|व||{{IAST|va}}<br />{{IPA|/ʋ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ष||{{IAST|ṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʂ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|श||{{IAST|śa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɕ, ʃ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|स||{{IAST|sa}}<br />{{IPA|/s/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ह||{{IAST|ha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɦ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ळ||{{IAST|ḷa}}<br />{{IPA|//ɭ//}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|क्ष||{{IAST|kṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/kʃ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ज्ञ||{{IAST|jña }}<br />{{IPA|/ɟʝɲ/}} |} {{further|Kannada script|Malayalam script}} ==Dialects== {{See also|Karnataka Konkani}} [[File:Konkani languages.png|thumb|Venn diagram of the ISO codes of the Konkani languages]] Konkani, despite having a small population, shows a very high number of [[dialect]]s. The dialect tree structure of Konkani can easily be classified according to the region, religion, caste, and local tongue influence.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/> Based on the historical events and cultural ties of the speakers, [[Narayan Govind Kalelkar|N. G. Kalelkar]] has broadly classified the dialects into three main groups:<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/> * '''Northern Konkani''': Dialects spoken in the Sindhudurga district of Maharashtra with strong cultural ties to [[Marathi language|Marathi]]; i.e. [[Malvani language|Malvani]] * '''Central Konkani''': Dialects in Goa and Northern Karnataka, where Konkani came in close contact with Portuguese language and culture. * '''Southern Konkani''': Dialects spoken in the South Canara region (Mangalore, Udupi) of Karnataka and Kasaragod of Kerala, which came in close contact with [[Tulu language|Tulu]]. Southern Konkani is very similar to Marathi, with few loanwords from Tulu, and slight differences in pronunciation. ===Goan Konkani=== {{Unreferenced section|date=October 2022}} [[File:Entrance to Konkani section of the Golden Heart Emporium, Margao, Goa.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Konkani section of the Golden Heart Emporium, Margao, Goa]] '''Goan Konkani''' refers to all the central dialects of the Konkani [[macrolanguage]] except for those that fall under [[Maharashtrian Konkani]] and [[Canarese Konkani]]. These dialects are collectively assigned the language code {{code|gom}} under the [[ISO 639-3]] classification (since it is sometimes called ''Goan Marathi''). In common usage, Goan Konkani refers collectively only to those dialects of Konkani spoken primarily in the state of [[Goa]], e.g. the Antruz, Bardeskari and Saxtti dialects. But in the broader linguistic context, Goanese Konkani also includes dialects spoken outside the official boundaries of Goa, such as [[Malvani Konkani]], Chitpavani Konkani, Karwari Konkani and Mangalorean Catholic Konkani. ==Organisations== [[File:India Goa TSKK.jpg|thumb|left|The campus of the [[Thomas Stephens Konkkni Kendr|Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK)]], a research institute working on issues related to the Konkani language, located at Alto Porvorim, near [[Panaji]] in Goa]] There are organisations working for Konkani but, primarily, these were restricted to individual communities. The [[All India Konkani Parishad]] founded on 8 July 1939, provided a common ground for Konkani people from all regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www77.goanobserver.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807185618/http://goanobserver.com/statehood-and-konkani.html|url-status=dead|title=Goanobserver.com|archivedate=7 August 2011|website=www77.goanobserver.com}}</ref> A new organisation known as Vishwa Konkani Parishad, which aims to be an all-inclusive and pluralistic umbrella organisation for Konkanis around the world, was founded on 11 September 2005. Mandd Sobhann is the premier organisation that is striving hard to preserve, promote, propagate, and enrich the Konkani language and culture. It all began with the experiment called 'Mandd Sobhann' – a search for a Konkani identity in Konkani music on 30 November 1986 at Mangalore. What began as a performance titled 'Mandd Sobhann', grew into a movement of revival and rejuvenation of Konkani culture; and solidified into an organization called Mandd Sobhann. Today, Mandd Sobhann boasts of all these 3 identities namely - a performance, a movement and an organization.https://www.manddsobhann.org/ The Konkan Daiz Yatra, started in 1939 in [[Mumbai]], is the oldest Konkani organisation. The Konkani Bhasha Mandal was born in Mumbai on 5 April 1942, during the Third Adhiveshan of [[All India Konkani Parishad]]. On 28 December 1984, [[Goa Konkani Akademi]] (GKA) was founded by the government of Goa to promote Konkani language, literature, and culture.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/ |title = Goa Konkani Akademi&nbsp;– promoting the development of Konkani language, literature and culture |accessdate = 16 June 2008 |publisher = Goa Konkani Akademi |archive-date = 5 May 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070505084428/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> The [[Thomas Stephens Konkkni Kendr|Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK)]] is a popular research institute based in the [[Goa]]n capital [[Panaji]]. It works on issues related to the Konkani language, literature, culture, and education.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tskk.org/ |title =Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr |accessdate =16 June 2008}}</ref> The [[Dalgado Konkani Academy]] is a popular Konkani organisation based in Panaji. [[File:World Konkani Centre.jpg|thumb|World Konkani Centre, [[Mangalore]]]] The Konkani Triveni Kala Sangam is one more famed Konkani organisation in [[Mumbai]], which is engaged in the vocation of patronising Konkani language through the theatre movement. The [[government of Karnataka]] established the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademy on 20 April 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.kalaangann.com/konkani.htm |title =Konkani |accessdate =16 June 2008 |publisher=Kalaangann, Mandd Sobhann (The Konkani Heritage Centre) |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080224134442/http://www.kalaangann.com/konkani.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 24 February 2008}}</ref> The Konkani Ekvott is an umbrella organisation of the Konkani bodies in Goa. The [[First World Konkani Convention]] was held in Mangalore in December 1995. The Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation came into being immediately after the World Konkani Convention in 1995.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090615340300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024232023/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090615340300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 October 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Encouragement for Vishwa Konkani Kendra | date=6 September 2005}}</ref> The [[World Konkani Centre]] built on a three-acre plot called Konkani Gaon (Konkani Village) at Shakti Nagar, [[Mangalore]] was inaugurated on 17 January 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=55810 |title=Mangalore Goa CM Dedicates World Konkani Centre to Konkani People |publisher=Daijiworld.com |accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref> "to serve as a nodal agency for the preservation and overall development of Konkani language, art, and culture involving all the Konkani people the world over." The North American Konkani Association (NAKA) serves to unite Konkanis across the United States and Canada. It serves as a parent organization for smaller Konkani associations in various states. Furthermore, the Konkani Young Adult Group serves as a platform under NAKA to allow young adults across America (18+) of Konkani descent to meet each other and celebrate their heritage. Every 2–4 years, a Konkani Sammelan, where Konkanis from across the continent attend, is held in a different city in the US. A Konkani Youth Convention is held yearly. Past locations have included NYC and Atlanta; the upcoming youth convention is slated to be held in Chicago, IL in June. ==Literature== {{main|Konkani literature}} [[File:Doutrina Christam (book of Stephens, 1622).jpg|thumb|Cover of ''Dovtrina Christam'' by [[Thomas Stephens (missionary)|Fr. Thomas Stephens]], first published work in Konkani, and any Indian language]] During the [[Goa Inquisition]] which commenced in 1560, all books found in the Konkani language were burnt, and it is possible that old Konkani literature was destroyed as a consequence.<ref name="onqui">{{cite book|last= Saradesāya|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year= 2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|page=317}}</ref> The earliest writer in the history of Konkani language known today is [[Krishnadas Shama]] from [[Quelossim]] in Goa. He began writing 25 April 1526, and he authored ''Ramayana'', ''Mahabharata'', and ''Krishnacharitrakatha'' in [[prose]] style. The manuscripts have not been found, although transliterations in Roman script are found in [[Braga]] in Portugal. The script used by him for his work is not known.<ref name="sama">{{cite book|last=Bhembre|first=Uday|title=Konkani bhashetalo paylo sahityakar:Krishnadas Shama|date=September 2009|publisher=Sunaparant Goa|pages=55–57}}</ref> The first known printed book in Konkani was written by an English [[Jesuit]] priest, [[Thomas Stephens (missionary)|Fr. Thomas Stephens]] in 1622, and entitled ''[[Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim]]'' (Old Portuguese for: ''Christian Doctrine in the Canarese Brahman Language''). The first book exclusively on Konkani grammar, ''[[Arte da Lingoa Canarim]]'', was printed in 1640 by Father Stephens in Portuguese.<ref name="manohar">{{cite book|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|author=Saradesāya, Manohararāya|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=1–3|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7}}</ref> ==Media== ===Radio=== [[All India Radio]] started broadcasting Konkani news and other services. Radio Goa Pangim started a Konkani broadcast in 1945. AIR Mumbai and Dharwad later started Konkani broadcasts in the years 1952 and 1965 respectively. Portuguese Radio, Lisbon started services in 1955 for India, East Africa, and Portugal. Similarly [[Trivandrum]], [[Alleppey]], [[Trichur]], and [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] AIR centres started Konkani broadcasts.<ref name="manohar" /> In Manglore and Udupi, many weekly news magazines are published in Konkani. ''Rakno'', ''Daize'', and a few others are very famous among the Christian community. Every Roman Catholic parish will publish three or four magazines in a year. ===Print=== ''Udentichem Sallok'' was the first Konkani periodical published in 1888, from Poona, by [[Eduardo Bruno de Souza]]. It started as a monthly and then as a fortnightly. It closed down in 1894.<ref>{{cite book|title=Behind the News: Voices from Goa's Press|pages=183–185|chapter=Romi Konknni: Hanging on a Cliff by Fr. Peter Raposo}}</ref> ====Dailies==== ''Sanjechem Nokhetr'' was started in 1907 by B. F. Cabral in [[Bombay]], and is the first Concanim newspaper. It contained detailed news of Bombay, as it was published from there. In 1982, "Novem Goem" was a daily edited by Gurunath Kelekar, Dr. F. M. Rebello and Felisio Cardozo. It was started due to people's initiative. In 1989, Fr. [[Freddy J. da Costa]], began a Konkani daily "Goencho Avaz". It became a monthly after one and a half year. Presently there is just a single Konkani daily newspaper, called ''Bhaangar Bhuin''. For a long time, there was another Konkani daily, ''[[Sunaparant]]'', which was published in Panjim. ====Weeklies==== ''O Luzo-Concanim'' was a Concanim (Konkani)- Portuguese bilingual weekly, begun in 1891, by Aleixo Caitano José Francisco. From 1892 to 1897, ''A Luz, O Bombaim Esse, A Lua, "O Intra Jijent'' and ''O Opinião Nacional'' were bilingual Concanim- Portuguese weeklies published. In 1907, ''O Goano'' was putblished from Bombay by Honorato Furtado and Francis Xavier Furtado. It was a trilingual weekly in Portuguese, Konkani and English. The Society of the Missionaries of Saint Francis Xavier, publish the Konkani weekly (satollem) named ''[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]]''. from Pilar. It was started in 1933 by Fr. [[Arsencio Fernandes]] and Fr. [[Graciano Moraes]]. ====Fortnightly==== There is a fortnightly published newspaper since 2007 called ''Kodial Khaber'', edited by Venkatesh Baliga Mavinakurve and published by Baliga Publications, Mangalore. ====Monthlies==== ''[[Katolik Sovostkai]]'' was started in 1907 by Roldão Noronha. It later became a fortnightly before ceasing publication. ''[[Dor Mhoineachi Rotti]]'' is the oldest running Konkani periodical. It is dedicated to the spreading of the devotion to the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]], and was initially named Dor Muineachi Rotti Povitra Jesucha Calzachem Devoçãõ Vaddounchi. Note that the til (tilde mark) over ãõ in Devoçãõ is one single til. Fr. [[Vincent Lobo]], from Sangolda in Goa, who was then curator at the St. Patrick's Church in Karachi, began it in 1915, to feed the spiritual thirst and hunger of the large number of Konkani speaking people there, on noticing the absence of Konkani spiritual literature. The name was changed subsequently to "Dor Muiniachi Rotti, Concanim Messenger of the Sacred Heart". On Fr. Vincent Lobo's passing away on 11 November 1922, Fr. [[António Ludovico Pereira]], also from Sangolda, took over the responsibility. Dor Mhoineachi Rotti had an estimated readership of around 12,000 people then. After the passing away of Fr. António Ludovico Pereira on 26 July 1936, Fr. [[Antanasio Moniz]], from [[Verna, Goa|Verna]], took over. On his passing away in 1953, Fr. [[Elias D'Souza]], from [[Bodiem]], [[Tivim]] in [[Goa]] became the fourth editor of Dor Mhoineachi Rotti. After shifting to [[Velha Goa]] in [[Goa]] around 1964, Fr. [[Moreno de Souza]] was editor for around 42 years. Presently the Dor Mhuineachi Rotti is owned by the [[Jesuits]] in Goa, edited by Fr. [[Vasco do Rego]], S. J. and printed and published by Fr. Jose Silveira, S.J. on behalf of the Provincial Superior of the Jesuits in Goa. [[Dor Mhoineachi Rotti]] will complete 100 years on 1 January 2015. ''Gulab'' is a monthly from Goa. It was started by late Fr. Freddy J. da Costa in 1983, and was printed in colour, then uncommon. Konkani periodicals published in Goa include ''[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]]'' (Roman script, weekly), ''Gulab'' (Roman script, monthly), ''Bimb'' (Devanagari script, monthly), ''Panchkadayi'' (Kannada script, monthly) and ''Poddbimb'' (Roman script, monthly). Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include "Raknno" (Kannada script, weekly), "DIVO" (Kannada Script, weekly from Mumbai), "Kutmacho Sevak" (Kannada script, monthly), "Dirvem" (Kannada script, monthly),"Amcho Sandesh" (Kannada script, monthly) and "Kajulo" (Kannda script, children's magazine, monthly). Konkani periodical published in Udupi include "Uzwad" (Kannada script, monthly) and Naman Ballok Jezu (Kannada script, monthly). Ekvottavorvim Uzvadd (Devanagari Script, monthly) is published from Belgaum since 1998. Panchkadayi Konkani Monthly magazine from Manipal since 1967. ===Digital and audible=== The first complete literary website in Konkani started in 2001 using Kannada script was www.maaibhaas.com by Naveen Sequeira of Brahmavara. In 2003 www.daaiz.com started by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, this literary portal was instrumental in creating a wider range of readers across the globe, apart from various columns, literary contests, through Ashawadi Prakashan, he published several books in Konkani, including the first e-book 'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' released by Gerry DMello Bendur in 2005 at Karkala. www.poinnari.com is the first literary webportal in Konkani using three scripts (Kannada, Nagari and Romi), started in 2015, is also conducted the first National level literary contest in dual scripts in Konkani in 2017. 'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' is the first e-book in Konkani, a compilation of 100 poems digitally published by www.daaiz.com and digitally published in 2005 by Ashawadi Prakashan in Karkala. 'Kathadaaiz' is the first digital audio book digitally published in 2018 by www.poinnari.com. This audio book is also available in the YouTube channel of Ashawari Prakashan. 'Pattim Gamvak' is the first e-Novel written in Kannada script Konkani in 2002 by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, published in www.maaibhaas.com in 2002-3. 'Veez' is the first digital weekly in Konkani, started in 2018 by Dr.Austine D'Souza Prabhu in Chicago, USA. Veez is the only magazine publishing Konkani in 4 scripts; Kannada, Nagari, Romi and Malayalam. ===Television=== {{main|List of Konkani-language television channels}} The [[Doordarshan]] centre in Panjim produces Konkani programs, which are broadcast in the evening. Many local Goan channels also broadcast Konkani television programs. These include: Prudent Media, Goa 365, HCN, RDX Goa, and others. ===Film=== {{main|Konkani cinema}} ===Music=== on 1st feb 2024 song 'Addicted' by EZD and Chrystal Farrell entered [[spotify]] charts [[UAE]] at 3rd position alongside artists like [[Taylor Swift]] and [[The Weeknd]] creating a record of becoming first ever Konkani song to chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/ezd-chrystal-farrell-song-addicted-left-taylor-swift-behind-made-this-record-5007509|title=इजीडी और क्रिस्टल फॉरेल का गाना 'एडिक्टेड' ने टेलर स्विफ्ट को भी छोड़ा पीछे, बनाया ये रिकॉर्ड!|website=NDTVIndia}}</ref> ==In popular culture== Many Konkani songs of the Goan fisher-folk appear recurrently in a number of [[Hindi films]]. Many Hindi movies feature characters with a Goan Catholic accent. A famous song from the 1957 movie ''[[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]]'', contains the Konkani words "mhaka naka" and became extremely popular. Children were chanting "[[Eeny, meeny, miny, moe]]", which inspired [[C Ramchandra]] and his assistant John Gomes to create the first line of the song, "Eena Meena Deeka, De Dai Damanika". Gomes, who was a [[Goan]], added the words "mhaka naka" (Konkani for "I don't want"). They kept on adding more nonsense rhymes until they ended with "Rum pum po!".<ref name=bolly>{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Lalit Mohan|title=Bollywood: popular Indian cinema|year=2002|publisher=Dakini Books|pages=351 pages (see page:66)}}</ref><ref name="ashwin_story">{{cite web |url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1035927 |title = The story of 'Eena Meena Deeka' |author = Ashwin Panemangalore |publisher = [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |date = 16 June 2006 |accessdate = 6 July 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014618/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1035927 |archivedate = 30 September 2007 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> An international ad campaign by [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] featured a Konkani song "Rav Patrao Rav" as the background theme. It was based on the tune of an older song "[[Bebdo]]", composed by [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]] and sung by [[Lorna Cordeiro]]. The new lyrics were written by Agnello Dias (who worked in the ad agency that made the ad), recomposed by Ram Sampat, and sung by Ella Castellino. A Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, organised by Mandd Sobhann, was held in [[Mangalore]] on 26 and 27 January 2008, and entered the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] for holding a 40-hour-long non-stop musical singing marathon, beating a [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]] musical troupe who had previously held the record of singing non-stop for 36 hours.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=42855&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Guinness+Adjudicator+Hopeful+of+Certifying+Konkani+Nirantari |title= Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari |accessdate=1 February 2008 |publisher= Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore }}</ref> ==See also== {{col div|colwidth=20em}} * [[Canara Konkani]] * [[Konkani in the Roman script]] * [[Konkani Language Agitation]] * [[Konkani people]] * [[Konkani phonology]] * [[Konkani Poets]] * [[Konkani Script]] * [[List of loanwords in Konkani]] * [[Languages of India]] * [[Languages with official status in India]] * [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]] * [[Maharashtri]] * [[Malvani dialect]] * [[Malvani people]] * [[Marathi–Konkani languages]] * [[Paisaci]] * [[Sahitya Akademi Award to Konkani Writers]] * [[World Konkani Centre]] * [[World Konkani Hall of Fame]] {{colend}} ==Footnotes== {{reflist|group=note|30em}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite web|date=25 April 2019|first=Karthik|last=Malli|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html|title=Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline.|work=Firstpost}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Konkani}} {{interWiki|code=gom}} {{Wiktionary|Konkani}} {{Wikivoyage|Konkani phrasebook|Konkani|a phrasebook}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170916054056/http://v-ixtt.com/ Vauraddeancho Ixtt], Konkani language site * [http://www.konkaninews.com Konkani News]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Konkani language site * [http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php Kital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115202356/http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php |date=15 November 2014 }}, Konkani language site * [http://konkani.chilume.com/ Chilume.com], Konkani Literature * [http://www.nizgoenkar.org/ Niz Goenkar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802235326/http://www.nizgoenkar.org/ |date=2 August 2020 }}, Konkani-English bilingual site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208104244/http://goa-world.com/GOA/konkani/ Learn Goan Konkani online] * [http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/ Read Konkani News online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623021734/http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/ |date=23 June 2017 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022341/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/learn_konkani/learn_konkani_main.htm Learn Mangalorean GSB Konkani online] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060618141228/http://www.mangalorean.com/konkani/archive.php?ltype=Lesson Learn Mangalorean Catholic Konkani online] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171254/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm An excellent article on Konkani history and literature by Goa Konkani Academi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110502055206/http://manglorean.net/konkani/ Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070112230100/http://www.savemylanguage.org/ Online Konkani (GSB) dictionary] * [http://www.vishwakonkani.org/ World Konkani Centre, Mangalore] * [http://www.konkanverter.com Konkanverter-Konkani script conversion utility] {{Konkani language topics}} {{Languages of India}} {{Indo-Aryan languages}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Konkani Language}} [[Category:Languages officially written in Indic scripts]] [[Category:Languages attested from the 12th century]] [[Category:Konkani]] [[Category:Southern Indo-Aryan languages]] [[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]] [[Category:Official languages of India]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]] [[Category:Konkani languages|Konkani languages]] [[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]] [[Category:Sahitya Akademi recognised languages]] 94ozbb6qsy3wro745crt6rnv7qlzqbz 0 73111 827170 734649 2026-04-27T15:13:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827170 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SPIRAL.jpg |thumb|Girl group]] [[Fayil:SPIRAL.jpg|thumb|kungiyar yan mata musu wasan kwaikwayo ]] A '''girl group''' '''Ƙungiyar 'yan mata''' wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na kiɗa da ke nuna mawaƙa mata da yawa waɗanda suka dace da juna. Ana kuma amfani da kalmar "ƙungiyar 'yan mata" a cikin ma'ana mai zurfi a cikin Amurka don nuna alamar ƙungiyoyin mawaƙan mata na Amurka, waɗanda yawancinsu Doo-wop suka rinjayi su kuma suka bunƙasa a ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960 tsakanin shekarun 1960 . raguwar dutsen farko da birgima da fara mamayewar Burtaniya<ref>{{cite web|last=Rutledge|first=Meredith E.|url=http://rockhall.com/blog/post/6655_the-fabulous-girl-groups-women-who-rock/|title=The Fabulous Girl Groups &#124; The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum|publisher=Rockhall.com|date=15 April 2013|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629172820/http://www.rockhall.com/blog/post/6655_the-fabulous-girl-groups-women-who-rock/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history-of-rock.com/g_g-history.htm|title=Girl Groups - A Short History|publisher=History-of-rock.com|access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin mata duka, waɗanda mambobi kuma suke yin kida, yawanci ana ɗaukarsu wani sabon abu ne daban. Ana kiran waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a wasu lokuta "Ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata" don bambanta,<ref name="30m2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arQy0v_PBx4C&q=difference+girl+bands+girl+group+instruments&pg=PA306|author=Claudia Mitchell, Jacqueline Reid-Walsh|title=Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Greenwood Press|date=1 January 2008|access-date=9 March 2017|isbn=9780313339080}}</ref> ko da yake wannan kalma ba a bin duniya. [[Fayil:Spice Girls in Toronto, Ontario.jpg|thumb|Girl group]] Tare da zuwan masana'antar kiɗa da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo, ƙungiyar 'yan mata da yawa sun fito, irin su Andrews Sisters . Ƙarshen shekarun 1950 ya ga bullar ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa na mata duka a matsayin babban ƙarfi, tare da ƙungiyoyin mata daban-daban 750 suna fitar da waƙoƙin da suka kai ginshiƙi na kiɗan Amurka da na Burtaniya daga 1960 zuwa 1966. Mahukunta kadai sun gudanar da 12 lamba-daya a kan BillboardHot 100 a lokacin tsayin raƙuman ruwa kuma a cikin yawancin mamayewar Birtaniyya sun yi hamayya da Beatles a cikin shahara. <ref>As evidence of the popularity of the Supremes, during and after the British Invasion, on 21 May 1977 edition of ''[[American Top 40]]'', [[Casey Kasem]] noted that the Supremes, more than any other act, dethroned the Beatles from the Hot 100's summit three times.</ref><ref name="girl-groups.com2" /><ref name="girl-groups.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.girl-groups.com/groups.htm|title=Girl Groups|publisher=Girl Groups|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529185656/http://www.girl-groups.com/groups.htm|archive-date=29 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Supremes2">{{cite book|first=Joel|last=Whitburn|year=2003|title=Top Pop Singles 1955-2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/950 950, 959, 964, 967, 969, 970, 983, 984, 988–990]|publisher=Record Research, Inc.com|location=Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin|isbn=978-0-89820-155-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/950}}</ref><ref>As evidence of the popularity of the Supremes, during and after the British Invasion, on 21 May 1977 edition of ''[[American Top 40]]'', [[Casey Kasem]] noted that the Supremes, more than any other act, dethroned the Beatles from the Hot 100's summit three times.</ref> A cikin zamani na gaba, za a yi amfani da samfurin ƙungiyar 'yan mata zuwa disco, R&amp;amp;B na zamani, da tsarin ƙasa, da kuma pop . Ingantacciyar masana'antar kiɗa ta duniya ta haifar da shaharar kidan pop mai dogaro da raye-raye wanda manyan lakabin rikodin ke jagoranta. Wannan fitowar, wacce Amurka, Burtaniya, [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Japan]] suka jagoranta, ta haifar da shahararrun ayyukan, tare da ƙungiyoyi takwas da suka fara muhawara bayan 1990 sun sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 15 na kundin su . Tare da Spice Girls, 1990s kuma sun ga kasuwar da aka yi niyya don kungiyoyin 'yan mata sun canza daga masu sauraron maza zuwa ƙarar mace. A cikin 2010s, al'amarin K-pop ya haifar da haɓaka ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata masu nasara ciki har da 'Yan Mata, Blackpink, da Sau Biyu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBXvvo4Vo-oC&pg=PA352|title=Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture - Google Books|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=4 June 2014|isbn=9780804736275|last1=Held|first1=David|year=1999|publisher=Stanford University Press}}</ref> <ref name="johnharlow2">{{cite news|title=Wannabe like me?|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|first=John|last=Harlow|page=16|date=27 October 1996|accessdate=30 March 2021|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/320504889|id={{ProQuest|320504889}}|url-access=subscription|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref><ref name="andrewsmith2">{{cite news|title=Girls on top. After Spice, all-girl groups are dominating the charts. They're successful, but who's got the power?|work=[[The Observer]]|page=7|first=Andrew|last=Smith|date=22 August 1999|accessdate=30 March 2021|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/250362717|id={{ProQuest|250362717}}|url-access=subscription|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billboard-explains-girl-groups-1235078184/|title=Billboard Explains: The Evolution of Girl Groups|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=May 27, 2022|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 30, 2023|archive-date=May 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527174015/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billboard-explains-girl-groups-1235078184/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:"Imperial Girls Band, Reding, Mich." LCCN2007678602.jpg|thumb|Girl group]] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin mata na farko shine Hamilton Sisters da Fordyce, 'yar Amurka uku da suka yi nasarar zagayawa Ingila da sassa na Turai a 1927, nadi kuma sun bayyana a gidan rediyon BBC.{{Spaced en dash}}sun zagaya iri-iri na Amurka da manyan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, kuma daga baya sun canza sunan wasan su zuwa Uku X Sisters . Ƙungiyar ta kasance tare daga 1923 har zuwa farkon 1940s, kuma an san su da haɗin kai na kusa, da kuma salon wanzami ko sabbin wakoki, kuma sun yi amfani da nasarar da suka samu a rediyo na 1930. Sisters Uku su ma sun kasance sanannen ƙari ga wurin kiɗan, kuma sun annabta nasarar ƙungiyar 'yan mata daga baya ta hanyar ci gaba da shahararsu a cikin [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin hali]] . Sisters Boswell, waɗanda suka zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa daga 1930 zuwa 1936, sun sami nasara sama da ashirin. Sisters Andrews sun fara ne a cikin 1937 a matsayin ƙungiyar harajin Boswell kuma sun ci gaba da yin rikodi da yin aiki a cikin 1940s zuwa ƙarshen 1960s, suna samun ƙarin tallace-tallacen rikodin, ƙarin hits Billboard, ƙarin masu siyarwa miliyan, da ƙarin fitowar fim fiye da kowace ƙungiyar 'yan mata zuwa yau. . <ref>''Swing It! The Andrews Sisters Story'', John Sforza, University Press of Kentucky, 2000</ref> 'Yan'uwan Andrews suna da kida sauƙaƙe a fadin nau'ikan galibi, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga yadudduka da shahararrun ƙungiyar' yan matan. Kamar yadda zamanin dutsen ya fara, haɗin kai yana aiki kamar Chordettes, Fontane Sisters, McGuire Sisters da DeCastro Sisters sun kasance masu shahara, tare da ayyuka uku na farko da suka wuce taswirar pop da na karshe mai lamba biyu, a karshen 1954 zuwa farkon 1955. Hakanan, 'Yan uwan Lennon sun kasance babban jigo a ''Nunin Lawrence Welk'' daga 1955 zuwa gaba. A farkon 1956, doo-wop daya-buga abin mamaki yayi kama da Bonnie Sisters tare da "Cry Baby" da Teen Queens tare da " Eddie My Love "ya nuna farkon alkawari don tashi daga jituwa na gargajiya. Tare da " Mr. Lee ", Bobbettes ya daɗe  watanni akan ginshiƙi a cikin 1957, haɓaka haɓakawa da samun ƙarin karbuwa ga duka-mace, ƙungiyoyin murya [[Bakar fata|baki ɗaya]] . <ref>Alan Betrock ''Girl groups: the story of a sound'' 1982 p.148</ref> Duk da haka, waƙar Chantels '1958 " Wataƙila " ta zama "ba shakka, farkon sauti na ƙungiyar yarinya". The "cakuda na black doo-wop, rock and roll, and white pop" ya kasance mai jan hankali ga matasa masu sauraro kuma ya girma daga abin kunya da ya shafi payola da kuma tasirin zamantakewa na kiɗan rock . Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin farko irin su Chantels sun fara haɓaka ƙarfin kiɗan ƙungiyoyin su bisa ga al'ada, ta hanyar matsakaici kamar Latin da kiɗan mawaƙa. Nasarar Chantels da sauran sun biyo bayan babban haɓaka a cikin ƙungiyoyin' yan mata tare da ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa daban-daban, tare da alamun wariyar launin fata na masana'antar kiɗa na R&B da fashe a hankali suna watsewa. <ref name="smithsonianmag.com" /> Wannan tashin ya kuma ba da damar kamannin motsi na aji ga ƙungiyoyin mutanen da galibi ba za su iya samun irin wannan nasarar ba, kuma "kafa ƙungiyoyin murya tare da yanke bayanan ya ba su damar samun wasu damammaki zuwa ci gaban ƙwararru da ci gaban mutum, faɗaɗa ra'ayin yarinya kamar yadda ya kamata. ainihi a tsakanin jinsi da layin aji." Ƙungiyar sau da yawa ana la'akari da cewa ta sami nasarar ci gaba ta farko a cikin nau'in 'yan mata shine Shirelles, wanda ya fara kaiwa Top 40 tare da " Daren Yau ", kuma a cikin 1961, ya zama rukuni na farko na yarinya. don isa lamba ɗaya akan Hot 100 tare da " Za Ku So Ni Gobe ", da mawallafin mawaƙa Gerry Goffin da Carole King suka rubuta a 1650 Broadway . Shirelles sun ƙarfafa nasarar su tare da ƙarin manyan hits 10 guda biyar, musamman ma lamba ɗaya ta 1962 ta buga " Yaron Soja ", a cikin shekaru biyu da rabi masu zuwa. " Don Allah Mista Postman " ta Marvelettes ya zama babban nuni na haɗin kai tsakanin launin fata na shahararrun kiɗa, saboda ita ce waƙa ta farko a Amurka don lakabin mallakar Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka, Motown Records . Motown zai mallaki manyan kungiyoyin 'yan mata da yawa, ciki har da Martha da Vandellas, da Velvelettes, da kuma Supremes . <ref name="turner" /> [[File:Please_Mr._Postman_album.JPG|left|thumb|100x100px]] [[Fayil:Tripura girls in their traditional attire.jpg|thumb|Girl group]] Sauran marubutan waƙa da furodusoshi a Amurka da Burtaniya da sauri sun gane yuwuwar wannan sabuwar hanyar kuma sun ɗauki ayyukan da ake da su (ko, a wasu lokuta, sun ƙirƙiri sababbi) don yin rikodin waƙoƙin su a cikin salon ƙungiyar 'yan mata. Phil Spector ya dauki Crystals, Blossoms, da Ronettes, yayin da Goffin da King suka rubuta wakoki guda biyu don Kukis . Phil Spector ya yi tasiri mai yawa a ko'ina cikin rukunin 'yan mata, tare da kawo shahara da shahara ga manyan kungiyoyin 'yan mata. Phil Spector's abin da ake kira Wall of Sound, wanda ya yi amfani da yadudduka na kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar sauti mai ƙarfi ya ba wa ƙungiyoyin yarinya damar yin waƙa da ƙarfi kuma a cikin salo daban-daban fiye da al'ummomin da suka gabata. Jerry Leiber da Mike Stoller suma zasu inganta Exciters, Kofin Dixie, da Shangri-Las . Shangri-Las' ya buga guda ɗaya, " Shugaban Kunshin ", ya misalta " nau'in "digen mutuwa " wanda wasu ƙungiyoyin mata suka ɗauka. Wadannan wakoki galibi suna ba da labarin soyayyar samari da mutuwar daya daga cikin matasan masoyan. Sisters na Paris sun sami nasara daga 1961 zuwa 1964, musamman tare da " Ina son yadda kuke sona ". Chiffons, Mala<nowiki>'iku, da Orlons suma sun shahara a farkon shekarun 1960. A farkon kaka 1963 abin mamaki daya buga Jaynetts '' Sally Go' Round the Roses '' sun sami sauti mai ban mamaki sabanin na kowace kungiyar 'yan mata. A cikin 1964, ƙungiyar al'ajabi guda ɗaya ta Murmaids ta ɗauki David Gates '' Popsicles da Icicles '' zuwa saman 3 a cikin Janairu, Masu Kula da ' Mu Love You Beatles ' sun kori saman 40 a cikin Afrilu, da Jewels ' ''Dama''</nowiki> ya kasance dan kadan a watan Disamba. Sama da ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata 750 sun sami damar tsara waƙa tsakanin 1960 da 1966 a cikin Amurka da Burtaniya, kodayake ba a jin isar nau'in a cikin masana'antar kiɗa na wasu yankuna. Kamar yadda al'adun matasa na yammacin Nahiyar Turai ta nutsar da su sosai a cikin Yé-yé, masu yin rikodin rikodi na Gabashin Asiya galibi sun bambanta daga mawaƙa na gargajiya, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta gwamnati, <ref>Category:Maoist_China_propaganda_songs</ref> ko masu solo na al'adu da yawa da makada, yayin da bossa nova ya kasance mai salo a Latin Amurka. Tasirin kiɗan na duniya a ƙarshe ya fitar da ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata a matsayin nau'in kuma, sai dai kaɗan na ƙungiyoyin da aka ambata da yuwuwar Toys and the Sweet Inspirations, ƙungiyar 'yan mata guda ɗaya tare da kowane muhimmin ginshiƙi tun farkon mamayewar Burtaniya. a cikin 1970 kungiyoyin 'yan mata na Motown tare da Supremes su ne kawai ƙungiyar 'yan mata da suka ci lambar farko. Ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta musamman ba za ta sake fitowa ba har sai karni na 21, inda zai rinjayi masu magana da harshen Ingilishi na zamani waɗanda suka sami nasara a duniya, irin su Amy Winehouse, [[Adele]], Duffy da Melanie Fiona da sauransu. . Baya ga yin tasiri ga mawaƙa guda ɗaya, wannan rukunin 'yan mata sun haɓaka tsari da ra'ayi na 'yan mata tare da ba da kwarin gwiwa ga ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa. === 1966-1989: Canje-canje a cikin tsari da nau'o'i === [[File:Labelle_1975.JPG|right|thumb| Ƙungiyar Waƙa Labelle, {{Circa|1975}}]] Shigar da 1970s, Supremes sun ci gaba da samun nasara tare da manyan 10 hits " Up the Ladder to Roof "da" Ƙaunar Dutse " tare da wasu 'yan wasa guda shida da ke nunawa a kan manyan 40 na Billboard. Wasu kungiyoyin 'yan mata guda biyu ne kawai suka yi manyan zane-zane 10 ta hanyar 1974 tare da " Son Tallace-tallace " ta Honey Cone da " Yaushe zan sake ganin ku " ta hanyar digiri uku (wanda ya samo asali a cikin 1960s da 1970, kamar Chantels a ciki). 1958, sun fara manyan ayyukan pop 40 tare da "Wataƙila"). Patti LaBelle da Bluebelles wata ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Amurka ce ta 1960s wacce hotonta Vicki Wickham, manajan su, ya taimaka a sake gyarawa a farkon 1970s, ya sake sunan kungiyar Labelle kuma yana tura su zuwa glam rock . Labelle ita ce ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta farko da ta yi watsi da kayan da suka dace da kayan kida iri ɗaya, a maimakon haka suna sanye da manyan rigunan sararin samaniya da riguna masu fuka-fuki. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma bayan haka, ayyukan mata sun haɗa da Zaɓin Farko, Yarjejeniyar Azurfa, Hot, Emotions, High Inergy, Odyssey, Sister Sledge, Mary Jane Girls, Belle Epoque, Frantique, Luv', da Baccara . Ƙungiyoyi na shekarun 1980 kamar Sisters Sisters, Exposé, da Bananarama sun sabunta ra'ayi. A cikin Latin Amurka, an sami ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata da yawa da suka dace da raye-raye a lokacin, waɗanda suka haɗa da Flans, Pandora da Fandango. In Japan, all-female idol groups Candies and Pink Lady made a series of hits during the 1970s and 1980s as well. The Japanese music program ''Music Station'' listed Candies and Pink Lady in their Top 50 Idols of All Time (compiled in 2011), placing them at number 32 and number 15, with sales exceeding 5 and 13 million in Japan, respectively. With the single "Kiss in the Dark", Pink Lady was also one of only two Japanese artists to have reached the Billboard Top 40. === 1990-yanzu: Zaman ƙungiyar 'yan mata na rawa === ==== American R&B da hip hop ==== Tare da haɓaka sabon jack swing, R &amp;amp; B na zamani da hip hop, Ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata na Amurka irin su En Vogue, Exposé da Sweet Sensation duk suna da 'yan wasa waɗanda suka buga lamba ɗaya a kan sigogi. Ƙungiyoyi a cikin waɗannan nau'o'in, irin su SWV, Xscape, 702, Total, Zhane, Blaque, da 3LW, sun yi nasarar samun ginshiƙi na waƙoƙi a kan duka US Hot 100 da US R & B charts. Koyaya, TLC ta sami mafi girman nasara ga ƙungiyar 'yan mata a cikin zamanin da R&B na zamani zai zama karɓuwa ta duniya. TLC ta kasance ƙungiyar 'yan matan Amurka mafi siyar da rikodin miliyan 65, kuma kundi na biyu na studio, ''CrazySexyCool'' (1994), ya kasance mafi kyawun kundi na wata ƙungiyar yarinya a Amurka (shaidar Diamond), yayin siyar da sama da miliyan 14. kwafi a duniya. Destiny's Child ya fito a ƙarshen 1990s kuma ya sayar da fiye da miliyan 60. A tsakiyar-zuwa ƙarshen-2000s, an sami farfaɗowar ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata. Ƙungiyar 'yan matan Amurka da ƙungiyar raye-rayen Pussycat Dolls sun sami nasara a duniya tare da ƙwararrun su. Ƙungiyar 'yan mata Danity Kane kuma ta zama ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta farko a tarihin Billboard don samun kundi guda biyu a jere-ɗaya, a matsayin kundi na farko mai suna (2006) da kundinsu na biyu ''Barka da zuwa Dollhouse'' (2008) duka biyun sun kasance a kan Billboard na Amurka 200 . <ref name="MtV.CoM">''[[Making the Band]]''/''The Rise and Fall of Danity Kane'', ''[[MTV]]'' (30 April 2009). Retrieved on 2009-04-30.</ref> Kungiyoyin 'yan mata yanzu sun fi shahara idan aka kwatanta da farkon 2000s. Kungiyoyin 'yan mata sun ci gaba da samun nasarar su a cikin 2010s. Ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta [[Miami]] ta Fifth Harmony ta kafa a 2012 akan ''The X Factor USA'' . Sun kai ga nasara na kasa da kasa tare da kundi na farko da suka fara ''Tunani'', wanda ya fito da bugu mai suna " Worth It ". ==== Mamaye na Biyu na Burtaniya da Turai ==== [[File:Spice_Girls_in_Toronto,_Ontario.jpg|thumb| Watsawa cikin tsakiyar 1990s, 'yan matan Spice sun zama ƙungiyar 'yan mata mafi siyar da kowane lokaci .]] A farkon shekarun 1990, makada maza ne suka mamaye fagen wakokin Burtaniya. Ƙungiyar 'yan mata kawai da ke yin tasiri a kan ginshiƙi na Birtaniya a lokacin shine Madawwami, amma har ma sun kasance "sun kasance marasa fuska". A cikin mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa tsarin kungiyar 'yan mata, mamayar Burtaniya ta biyu ta ga ' yan matan Spice Girls na Burtaniya sun juya halin da ake ciki a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, inda suka kai lamba 1 guda goma a Burtaniya da Amurka. Tare da sayar da kide kide da wake-wake, tallace-tallace, tallace-tallace, tallace-tallacen rikodin rikodin miliyan 86 a duk duniya, kundi mafi kyawun siyarwa na kowane lokaci ta ƙungiyar mata, <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6251176.stm Timeline: Spice Girls] BBC News, 28 June 2007</ref> da fim, 'Yan matan Spice sun zama ƙungiyar Birtaniyya mafi cin kasuwa ta kasuwanci tun lokacin. [[The Beatles|Beatles]] . Ba kamar magabata ba waɗanda aka sayar da su ga masu siyan rikodin maza, Spice Girls sun sake fasalta ra'ayin ƙungiyar yarinya ta hanyar bin matashiyar fanbase maimakon. Ƙungiyar al'adun da Spice Girls ta fara ta haifar da wasu ayyuka masu kama da juna, waɗanda suka haɗa da kayan aikin Birtaniya-Kanada All Saints, Irish girl group B * Witched, Atomic Kitten da Honeyz, waɗanda duk sun sami matakan nasara daban-daban a cikin shekaru goma. A cikin shekarun 2000, ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata daga Burtaniya sun kasance sananne, tare da Girls Aloud 's " Sound of the Underground " da Sugababes " Round Round " ana kiransu "manyan manyan hits biyu" da aka lasafta tare da sake fasalin kiɗan kiɗan Burtaniya don wasan. 2000s. Duk da kasancewarta mai zane-zane, Kundin Amy Winehouse na 2006 ''Back to Black'' ya ƙunshi babban tasiri daga ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata na 1960 da kuma kwatankwacin kwatancen Winehouse zuwa Ronettes. Ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Birtaniya ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin 2000s da 2010s, tare da ayyuka irin su Mis-Teeq, Asabar, StooShe da Little Mix, waɗanda su ne rukuni na farko da suka taba lashe kyautar Birtaniya ta ''X Factor'' . ==== Fitowar kungiyoyin 'yan matan Asiya na rawa-pop ==== Ko da yake fitowar ayyukan rawa-pop a Asiya ya yi daidai da takwarorinsu na Biritaniya a cikin 1990s, ƙungiyoyin mata a Asiya sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin nasara a cikin 2010s. Japan tana da kasuwa mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na masana'antar kiɗa gabaɗaya kuma mafi girman kasuwar kiɗan ta zahiri a duniya, tare da siyar da siyar da Oricon Singles Chart wanda ƙungiyoyin 'yan matan tsafi J-pop ke mamaye su. A cikin ƙarshen 1990s, ƙwararrun ‘yan mata Speed da Max sun sami shahara a Asiya, kuma sun ba da dama ga ƙungiyoyin ‘yan mata na Japan da suka ci nasara, irin su Morning Musume, AKB48, Turare, da Momoiro Clover Z. Speed ya sayar da jimillar kwafi miliyan 20 a Japan cikin shekaru uku, tare da ''Iri-iri'' yana kiran su "Ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Japan", yayin da Max har yanzu yana riƙe da rikodin ƙungiyar 'yan mata tare da na biyu mafi girma a jere 10 a Japan. A cikin shekarun 2010, an ƙaddamar da ƙungiyoyin 'yan'uwa AKB48 ko za a ƙaddamar da su a Indonesia, China, Thailand, Taiwan, Philippines, da [[Vietnam]]. Sabbin ƙungiyoyin tsafi na Japan da yawa sun bayyana a cikin 2010s kuma sun haifar da yanayi mai zafi a cikin masana'antar kiɗa, wanda ake kira "Idol ''sengoku jidai'' " (アイドル戦国時代; lit. Age of the Idol Warring States).   Tun daga 2009, Hallyu (Korean wave) da K-pop sun zama mafi mahimmanci a cikin masana'antar nishaɗi. Tasirinsa ya bazu ko'ina cikin Asiya kuma ya fara isa Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, Turai da Amurka. Tun da farko, kungiyoyin 'yan mata irin su 'yan mata, 2NE1 da Wonder Girls suna daga cikin shugabannin wannan "Hallyu". Tasirin ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata na asali na Amurka ba a rasa ba a wannan zamanin na masu fasaha, saboda mutane da yawa sun karɓi tasirin gani ta hanyar tunaninsu na "retro", kamar na 2008 na duniya ya buga " Babu wanda " ta Wonder Girls. Daga rabin na biyu na shekarun 2010, sabbin tsararru na kungiyoyin 'yan matan Koriya sun fito kuma sun sami babban nasara yayin da ake ci gaba da habaka duniya ta igiyar ruwan Koriya. Waɗannan sabbin ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata sun ƙaura sannu a hankali zuwa ƙarin ra'ayoyin "murkushe yarinya" kuma ya zama ruwan dare ga membobin su shiga rubuce-rubuce ko samarwa. Shahararrun kungiyoyin 'yan matan Koriya ta Kudu sun hada da Blackpink, Sau biyu, Aespa, NewJeans, IVE da Red Velvet da sauransu. (((others. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-27|title=Top 15 Most Popular K-Pop Girl Groups (2023)|url=https://omfoo.com/en/blog/kpop-idols/top-15-most-popular-k-pop-girl-groups-2023/|access-date=2023-12-14|website=OMFOO}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Jigogi == [[Fayil:Taiwan girls group HUR.jpg|thumb|Girl group]] Ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata suna da nau'o'in batutuwa masu yawa a cikin waƙoƙin su, dangane da lokaci da wuri da kuma wanda ke tsarawa. Har ila yau, waƙoƙin suna da sha'awar nuna yanayin siyasa da al'adun da ke kewaye da su. Alal misali, waƙoƙin da ke da zagi sun kasance da yawa a cikin shekarun 1950-1970. Wani sanannen misali shine waƙar " Ya Buga Ni (Kuma Ya Ji Kamar Sumba) " ta Crystals . A lokacin "zuriyar zinare na kungiyoyin 'yan mata", waƙoƙin sun bambanta, kama daga waƙoƙi game da karnuka masu ma'ana zuwa ciki marasa haihuwa. Duk da haka, an kuma sami ra'ayoyin gama gari a cikin ra'ayoyi kamar sabon soyayya, jin daɗi bayan murkushe ko masoyi, da ɓacin rai. Wasu waƙoƙin suna jin daɗi ko farin ciki kuma suna rera waƙa game da soyayya, yayin da wasu suka ɗauki juzu'i mai mahimmanci. Ƙungiyoyi kamar Shangri-Las, tare da waƙar " Ba zan iya komawa gida ba " sun raira waƙa game da gefen duhu na kasancewa cikin soyayya. ((love. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/jul/23/girl-groups-10-of-the-best-ronettes-supremes-shangri-las|title=60s girl groups: 10 of the best|last=Jonze|first=Tim|date=23 July 2014|website=The Guardian|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> ()) === samartaka === Babban jigo na musamman shine samartaka. Tun da yawancin kungiyoyin <nowiki>'yan mata sun ƙunshi matasa mawaƙa, sau da yawa har yanzu a makarantar sakandare, waƙoƙin da aka ambata iyaye a lokuta da yawa. Har ila yau samartaka ya kasance abin farin ciki saboda fitowar masu sauraro na yara mata masu sauraro da siyan bayanai. Ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata sun ƙarfafa samartaka don haɓaka hoton matasa, tun da "wani misalin da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba na 'yan mata matasa sun mamaye matakin al'adun kasuwanci na yau da kullum". Misali na wannan alamar matasa na iya zama Baby Spice daga Spice Girls . An nuna wannan ta hanyar bunƙasa kamar yawancin kayan da suka dace da ƙungiyoyin mata na tsakiyar ƙarni da abubuwan samari a cikin waƙoƙi. Kungiyoyin 'yan mata na zamanin 1950 su ma suna ba wa wasu 'yan mata nasiha, ko kuma su rera waka game da shawarar da iyayensu mata suka ba su, wanda ya yi kama da wasu kungiyoyin mawakan maza na lokacin (misali, Miracles '' '' Shop Around ''</nowiki>). Har ila yau, samartaka yana da mahimmanci (musamman farawa a cikin 1950s) daga sauran ƙarshen: masu amfani sun kasance "matasa (masu samun kudin shiga), shirye-shiryen damar yin amfani da motoci, da kuma haɗakar da manyan makarantun da suka fallasa su ga adadi mai yawa na sauran matasa. Al'adun matasa sun kasance. haihuwa." ((born." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thelearnedfangirl.com/2016/04/sisters-with-voices-a-brief-history-of-girl-groups/|title=Sisters With Voices: A Brief History of Girl Groups|date=7 April 2016|website=The Learned Fangirl|language=en-US|access-date=23 May 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513030505/http://thelearnedfangirl.com/2016/04/sisters-with-voices-a-brief-history-of-girl-groups/|url-status=dead}}</ref> )) === Ƙaunar mata === Yayin da tsarin ƙungiyar 'yan mata ya ci gaba har zuwa tsararraki masu zuwa, an shigar da shahararrun al'adun gargajiya a cikin kiɗan. An kara bayyanar da " ikon yarinya " da kuma mata, kodayake ƙungiyoyin farawa sun kasance da tsari sosai a cikin mata. Zai zama mai sauƙi a nuna cewa ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata sun rera waƙa ne kawai game da soyayya; akasin haka, kungiyoyi da dama sun bayyana ra’ayoyi masu sarkakiya a cikin wakokinsu. Akwai wakokin goyon baya, wakoki masu gulma da sauransu; kamar kowane motsi na kiɗa, akwai bambanci sosai a cikin abin da ake rerawa. Babban jigo sau da yawa shi ne koyar da "abin da ake nufi da zama mace". Ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata za su nuna yadda mace ta kasance daga tufafin da suke sanye da ainihin kalmomin da ke cikin waƙoƙin su. Tabbas wannan ya canza tsawon shekaru (abin da Manyan Manyan suke sawa ya bambanta da Spice Girls), amma ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata har yanzu suna zama tashoshi da misalan wasu nau'ikan ainihi ga masu sauraron su tsawon shekaru. A cikin 1990s zuwa yanzu, tare da yawaitar kungiyoyi irin su Spice Girls, an ba da muhimmanci sosai ga 'yancin kai na mata da kuma irin nau'in mata. A taƙaice, waƙar ta fi ƙwaƙƙwaran waƙa kuma ba ta dogara da ɓarna ba. Wannan rukunin 'yan mata na baya-bayan nan ya fi tsokanar jima'i kuma, wanda ke da ma'ana a cikin kiɗan pop a cikin wannan lokacin kuma. ==Hotuna== <gallery> </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kungiyoyin 'yan mata * Jerin kungiyoyin 'yan mata da aka fi siyar * Jerin tafiye-tafiyen kide-kide da suka fi girma na kungiyoyin 'yan mata * Band-mace duka * Mata a cikin kiɗa * Yaro band * ''Dreamgirls'', fim ɗin kiɗa na 1981 da fim ɗin 2006 wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwarewar ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata a yankin Motown == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/womens-history/the-real-dreamgirls-147452817/?no-ist 2007 Smithsonian yanki na tasirin tarihi na Ƙungiyoyin Mata na Amurka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150522114204/http://www.girl-groups.com/ Wurin da aka yi fan da aka keɓe ga faɗin Ƙungiyoyin Mata na Amurka na tsakiyar ƙarni] (an adana 22 Mayu 2015) [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jqtcmkvfov1pi4czmgqes6q21k29bik 0 73237 827369 812999 2026-04-28T04:12:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cara''' (Chara, Fachara), wanda aka fi sani da '''Teriya''', ƙaramin [[Harsunan Filato|yare ne a yankin Plateau]] na tsakiyar Najeriya. Sanna anyi ittifaki na kimanin mutane dubu uku (3,000) ne ke magana da yaren Cara a ƙauyen Teriya, [[Bassa (Plateau)|Bassa, Jihar Filato]], [[Najeriya]] . <ref name="Blench1999">Blench, Roger. M. 1999. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/General/Field%20trip%2098-9%20Plateau.pdf Field trip to record the status of some little-known Nigerian languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305111203/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/General/Field%20trip%2098-9%20Plateau.pdf |date=2024-03-05 }}. ''Ogmios'', 11:11:14.</ref> ''Ethnologue'' wurare Cara a [[Harsunan Tsakiyar Plateau|tsakiyar garin Plateau]] . Aikin zuwa Berom ya biyo bayan Blench a shekara ta (2008). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Fada bincike == * ''[https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/88205 Bayanin Sociolinguistic na Harshen Cara (cfd) na Jihar Filato, Najeriya]'' == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/Beromic/Cara%20wordlist.pdf Cara wordlist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610002434/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/Beromic/Cara%20wordlist.pdf |date=2024-06-10 }} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] fq13ighk2cl4x2kvfh60hyn73x22r61 0 73429 827346 571033 2026-04-27T23:32:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hailliote Sumney''' wacce aka fi sani da Hallie Sumney ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙasar Ghana, mai tasiri, mai gabatar da shirin talabijin kuma mai ba da agaji. Ta yi hira da shahararrun mutane kamar su Boris Kodjoe, Michael Blackson, Becca, Stonebwoy da sauransu. Ita ce jakadar mata na alamar takalma na London Jesu Segun tare da Stonebwoy, wanda shine jakadan namiji. A shekarar 2019 an zaɓe ta a matsayin mai karɓar baƙuncin 4Syte TV's BET Awards red carpet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/June-21st/ghanaian-tv-personality-to-host-2019-betawards-red-carpet.php|title=Ghanaian TV personality to host 2019 BET Awards red carpet|website=www.myjoyonline.com|access-date=2019-10-25|archive-date=2019-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025213207/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/June-21st/ghanaian-tv-personality-to-host-2019-betawards-red-carpet.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/129540-meet-hailliote-sumney-tv-star-reportedly-hosted-2019-bet-awards-red-carpet-photos.html|title=5 photos of Ghanaian TV star said to have hosted 2019 BET Awards red carpet|last=Quartey|first=Daniel|date=2019-06-25|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/showbiz/features/haillie-host-of-2019-bet-awards-red-carpet.html#&ts=undefined|title=Haillie, host of 2019 BET Awards red carpet|last=|first=|date=|website=www.graphic.com.gh|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201906/385528.php|title=Ghanaian TV Personality, Haillie Sumney Never Hosted The 2019 BET Awards Red Carpet – What Happened?|last=Online|first=Peace FM|website=www.peacefmonline.com|access-date=2019-10-25|archive-date=2019-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025213204/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201906/385528.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Sumney a Kanada ga Dokta Kodjoe Sumney da Dokta Akosuah Sumney amma ta koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] lokacin da take ƴar shekara biyu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://beachfmonline.com/haillie-sumney-becomes-the-first-ghanaian-tv-personality-to-host-bet-red-carpet/|title=HAILLIE SUMNEY BECOMES THE FIRST GHANAIAN TV PERSONALITY TO HOST BET RED CARPET.|website=BeachFM|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> Ta yi karatun jinya a [https://summitcollege.edu/ Kwalejin aiki ta Summit], [[California]] kuma tana da karatun sakandare a Jami'ar California, Riverside a California.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/ghanaian-tv-personality-hailliote-sumney-to-host-2019-bet%e2%80%88awards-red-carpet/|title=Ghanaian TV personality, Hailliote Sumney, to host 2019 BET Awards red carpet|last=Issahaku|first=Zeinat Erebong|date=2019-06-21|website=AmeyawDebrah.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-25|archive-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128191207/https://ameyawdebrah.com/ghanaian-tv-personality-hailliote-sumney-to-host-2019-bet%E2%80%88awards-red-carpet/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Ghanaian-TV-personality-to-host-2019-BET-Awards-red-carpet-757021|title=Ghanaian TV personality to host 2019 BET Awards red carpet|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=2019-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026061907/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Ghanaian-TV-personality-to-host-2019-BET-Awards-red-carpet-757021|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Film !Notes |- |2016 |''Heels and Sneakers (series)'' |''produced by [[Yvonne Nelson]], Efia Odo'' |- | |''A way back home'' |''with [[Alexx Ekubo|Alex Ekubo]], [[IK Ogbonna]]'' |- |2017 |''Kintampo'' |''produced by [[Chris Attoh]], also starring [[Adjetey Anang|Adjetey Annan]], [[Sika Osei]] and [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]'' |- | |''Desperate Survivors'' |''produced by Samuel De Graft featuring [[Kalsoume Sinare|Kalsonme Sinare]] and [[Benedicta Gafah]]'' |- | |''Lagos Real Fake Life'' |''Produced by Mike Ezeronye also starring Annie Idibia, [[Emmanuella]] (Mark Angel Comedy)'' |- | |''Track of My Fears'' |''produced by Ama K.Aberese and starring [[Rama Brew]], [[Marie Humbert]], and [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]]'' |- |2018 |''Shattered (short film)'' |''produced by Haillie Sumney featuring Ian Wordi and directed by Chris Gyan'' |- |2019 |''Twisted'' |''starring Fela Makafui, James Gardener'' |- | |''2 Days after Friday'' |''produced by Venus Films, starring [[Jackie Appiah]], Mofe Duncan, [[John Dumelo|John Domelo]]'' |- | |''Smokescreen'' |''directed by Vickie Wills-Doku, starring Rama Brew, Blossom Chukwujekwu, Marie Humbert-Droz, David Dontoh'' |- |2020 |''Eden'' |''directed by Harry Bentil, starring Solomon Fixon-Owoo, Kobby Acheampong, Godwin Namboh'' |- | |''A Woman's Scorn'' |''directed by Maxwell Akwesi, starring James Gardener, Anthony Woode, [[Ekow Blankson]] and featuring Fela Makafui'' |- | |''Trapped'' |''directed by Eazzy Ologe starring IK Ogbonna'' |- | |''Soft Work'' |''directed by Darasen Richards, starring [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], [[Frank Donga]], Mofe Duncan, [[Alexx Ekubo]], [[IK Ogbonna]]'' |- |2021 |''Ghana Jollof'' |''directed by [[Uzor Arukwe]], Funnybone, Akah Nnani, [[Joselyn Dumas|Joselyn Dunmas]]'' |- |2022 |''Co Habits'' |''directed by [[Peter Sedufia|Peter Sedufa]], starring Fiifi Coleman, [[Caroline Sampson]], Jeffery Nortey, Jackie Ankrah'' |} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== *{{IMDb name|10378228}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sumney, Hailliote}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 21x4sjl83wq16x3y6jywf6ueqk8zl25 0 73525 827256 521290 2026-04-27T17:19:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827256 wikitext text/x-wiki   Grace Omaboe (an Haife shi 10 Yuni 1946), wacce aka fi sani da Maame Dokono, 'yar wasan Ghana ce, mawaƙa kuma halayen talabijin.[1][2][3] Ta gudanar da tsohon gidan marayu na zaman lafiya da soyayya wanda yanzu ya zama makarantar Graceful Grace a Accra.[4] Omaboe da sauransu sun sami karramawa daga masu shirya lambar yabo ta 3 Music saboda nasarar da ta samu a masana'antar nishaɗi a Ghana.[5]. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Grace Omaboe a watan Yunin 1946 a Nyafuman, Birim North District[[Ghana]] . Matsayin farko na Omaboes ya kasance a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Akan "OBRA" wanda aka watsa a gidan talabijin na GBC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-24 |title=Maame Dokono loses mother |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/condolences-maame-dokono-loses-mother/slc9w8x |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref>Omaboe marubuciya ce ga jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin, Osofo Dadzie <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grace Omaboe, Biography, Age, Education, By The Fire Side, Net worth, Date Of Birth, Maame Dokono, Birthday » GhLinks.com.gh™ |url=https://www.ghlinks.com.gh/grace-omaboe-biography-age-education/ |access-date=2021-05-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527150822/https://www.ghlinks.com.gh/grace-omaboe-biography-age-education/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-12 |title=In celebration of Grace Omaboe: Most talented Ghanaian entertainer |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/in-celebration-of-grace-omaboe-most-talented-ghanaian-entertainer.html |access-date=2019-04-13 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] 3i7qlnif31haj0nyubk0mdwx816p2oz 0 74107 827381 815942 2026-04-28T04:51:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fassara}} {{databox}} Kugama, kuma aka fi sani da Wam ( Wã̀m ) ko Gengle, harshen Adamawa ne na kasar Najeriya . Ana magana ne a kananan hukumomin Mayo-Belwa da Fufore a jihar Adamawa . An kuma rarraba shi a cikin rukunin Yendang na dangin harshen Adamawa. Masu iya magana suna kiran yarensu kamar ''ɲáː wàm'' . ''Kugama'' kalma ce da masu magana da kansu kan yi amfani da ita wajen yin magana da wasu harsuna, yayin da ''Wã̀m'' shine sunan da suke amfani da shi don kiran kansu. <ref>Litvinova, Lora. [http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/AdaGram/wam.html Wam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218194901/http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/AdaGram/wam.html |date=2020-02-18 }}. AdaGram, LLACAN.</ref> == Kara karantawa == * Blench, Roger. 2009. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Yandang%20group/ Harsunan Maya (Yendang)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223214134/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Yandang%20group/ |date=2024-02-23 }} . * Litvinova, Lora. 2014. Притяжательные местоимения [http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/AdaGram/publications/WAM_Possessive_Pronouns_LITVINOVA_2014.pdf в языке кугама] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904175832/http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/AdaGram/publications/WAM_Possessive_Pronouns_LITVINOVA_2014.pdf |date=2019-09-04 }} [Masu suna in Kugama]. A cikin Alexandra Ju. Zheltov (ed.), Антропология da лингвистика. Мateryalы peterbourgskih эkspedytsyy V Афryku [Anthropology and Linguistics. Abubuwan balaguron St. Petersburg zuwa Afirka], 167-173. Petersburg: MAE RAN. * Litvinova, Lora. 2015. Личные местоимения в языке кугама [Personal pronoun in Kugama]. Takarda da aka gabatar a taron kasa da kasa karo na 28 kan tarihin tarihi da binciken tushen Asiya da Afirka "Asiya da Afirka a Duniyar Canji". Petersburg. * Litvinova, Lora. 2016. [http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/AdaGram/publications/WAM_Morphosyntax_LITVINOVA%202016_MA_thesis.pdf Эlementы morphosyntakssysa yazыka kughama]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [Maudu'i a cikin Kugama morphosyntax]. Petersburg: Jami'ar Jihar St.Petersburg MA. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Adamawa languages}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3eyciwg7i7een6g16vcyiyl84f7cvj2 0 74721 827373 413566 2026-04-28T04:29:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Idun ( Idũ ), ko Dũya (Dunya, Adong, Lungu, Ungu), yaren Najeriya ne mara kyau. Rarrabanta bashi da tabbas, amma yana iya zama kusa da Ashe . == Kauyuka == Masu magana suna zaune a cikin Ramindop B, Ùndofã̀, Udou, Táymɛ̀̃, Adar, Igbà, Mɛ̀mdɔr, Hùrtɔ̀̃, Àgbàŋànɔr, Ùmbùmbàŋ, Jàja, nndam, Kùkaŋ, Ùkare, Ùnwĩĩ, Igbayinɔr, Idɛ̀nīrɛ na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]] . Sunayen ƙauyen Hausa su ne Shinkafa, Yèlwa, Jabe Panda, da Gunduma. <ref>Blench, Roger. </ref> == Fassarar sauti == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+<ref>Roger Blench, The Idũ language of Central Nigeria: Phonology, wordlist and suggestions for orthography changes. </ref> ! ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Bayan alveolar ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Labial-palatal ! Velar ! Labial-velar ! Glottal |- ! Tsaya | {{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}} | | {{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}} | | | {{IPA|c}} {{IPA|ɟ}} | | {{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}} | {{IPA|k͡p}} {{IPA|ɡ͡b}} | |- ! Nasal | {{IPA|m}} | | {{IPA|n}} | | | | | {{IPA|ŋ}} | | |- ! Taɓa | | | {{IPA|ɾ}} | | {{IPA|ɽ}} | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | {{IPA|r}} | | | | | | | |- ! Ƙarfafawa | | {{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}} | {{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}} | {{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|ʒ}} | | | | {{IPA|x}} {{IPA|ɣ}} | | {{IPA|h}} |- ! Haɗin kai | {{IPA|p̪͡f}} {{IPA|b̪͡v}} | | {{IPA|t͡s}} {{IPA|d͡z}} | | | | | | | |- ! Kusanci | | | | | | {{IPA|j}} | {{IPA|ɥ}} | | {{IPA|w}} | |- !Na gefe | | | {{IPA|(l)}} ¹ | | | | | | | |} 1. Sai kawai a cikin kalmomin lamuni na baya-bayan nan, galibi daga [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] === Wasula === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+<ref>Roger Blench (2010:1-2).</ref> ! ! Gaba ! Tsakiya ! Baya |- ! Kusa | {{IPA|i}} | | {{IPA|u}} |- ! Kusa-Kusa | {{IPA|ɪ}} | | {{IPA|ʊ}} |- ! Kusa-Mid | {{IPA|e}} | | {{IPA|o}} |- ! Buɗe-Mid | {{IPA|ɛ}} | | {{IPA|ɔ}} |- ! Bude | | {{IPA|a}} | |- |} Duk wasulan banda wasulan da ke kusa kusa da /ɪ/ da /ʊ/ suna iya bayyana dogaye, nasali ko duka biyun; ana bata wasulan /ɪ/ da /ʊ/ ga matasa masu magana. <ref>Roger Blench (2010:1)</ref> === Sautin === Akwai sautunan matakin uku a cikin Idun, da kuma sautin tashi da faɗuwar sautin da ke tasowa daga sautin matakin kusa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/Koro/Idun/Idun%20page.htm Roger Blench: Shafin shafi]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6gf3rs0ivtzonvlroo4a9qxkcnpq4uq 0 75100 827267 399616 2026-04-27T18:31:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Guendehou Sidonie Evelyne''' (ta mutu 25 Disamba 2021), wanda aka fi sani da sunan wasan '''Guenshi Ever''', mawaƙiyar Benin ce.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=27 December 2021|title=Une ancienne gloire de la musique s’en est allée|trans-title=|url=https://www.wasexo.bj/une-ancienne-gloire-de-la-musique-sen-est-allee/|language=French|work=Wa sé xo|location=|access-date=29 December 2021|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227214747/https://www.wasexo.bj/une-ancienne-gloire-de-la-musique-sen-est-allee/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == A cikin shekarar 1983, Guenshi Ever ta shiga cikin wani kundi tare da Honoré Avolonto, Danialou Sagbohan, da Vicky Amenoudji, da sauransu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orogod.blogspot.com/2010/11/|title=Honore Avolonto & Danialou Sagbohan (1983)|work=oro}}</ref> Ita ce jagorar mawakiyar Side A na kundin tare da Amenoudji.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=11 September 2017|title=Deuil dans la famille des artistes: Exit Honoré Avolonto, un compositeur hors pair !|trans-title= |url=http://beninsite.net/2017/09/11/deuil-famille-artistes-exit-honore-avolonto-compositeur-pair/|language=French|work=BENINSITE|location= |access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref> Ta fitar da kundi na solo a cikin shekarar 1988 wanda ya ƙunshi laƙabin ''Senye'', ''Musumugbaléo'', da ''Gbèmèdan''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/fr/artist/4830763-Guenshi-Ever|title=Guenshi-Ever|work=Discogs}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta fitar da wani kundi akan vinyl mai suna "obe oho yesron" tare da laƙabin Gaseg.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/fr/release/15320649-Guenshi-Ever-Adjaho-Coffi-Guillaume-Musumugbaleo-Vignon|title=Guenshi Ever* / Adjaho Coffi Guillaume* – Musumugbaleo / Vignon|work=Discogs}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, mawakiyar Benin Ayodélé ta sanar da sakin sabuwar waƙarta tare da Ever.<ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date=4 August 2017|title=Ayodele chez Guensh Ever|trans-title= |type= |language=French|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNDdauL-XO4|access-date=29 December 2021|archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher=Ayodele Officiel|id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}}</ref> Guenshi Ever ta mutu a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=26 December 2021|title=Carnet noir : décès de l'ancienne gloire de la musique béninoise, Guensh’Eve|trans-title= |url=https://www.linvestigateur.info/?Carnet-noir-deces-de-l-ancienne-gloire-de-la-musique-beninoise-Guensh-Eve|language=French|work=L'investigateur|location= |access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fanou|first=Ignace B.|date=26 December 2021|title=Une ancienne gloire de la musique s’en est allée|trans-title=|url=https://www.24haubenin.info/?Une-ancienne-gloire-de-la-musique-s-est-est-allee|language=French|work=24 Heures au Bénin|location=|access-date=29 December 2021}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Matattun 2021]] rv2hjd7txajdmt9uo110cdxblgkmu5a 0 76613 827382 511693 2026-04-28T05:33:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Temein.png|thumb|taswirar harshen temein]] Temein, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Ron(g)e, harshe ne na Gabashin Sudan wanda mutanen Temein na tsaunin Nuba a Sudan ke magana. ''Ronge'' shine kusantar endonym. Stevenson ya ba da rahoton mutanen {{IPA|ɔ̀rɔ́ŋɡɔ̀ʔ}}</link> da harshen {{IPA|lɔ́ŋɔ na rɔŋɛ}}</link> ; Dimmendaal yana da {{IPA|ɔ́ràntɛ̀t}}</link> ga mutum, {{IPA|kààkɪ́nɪ́ ɔ́rɔ̀ŋɛ̀}}</link> ga jama'a, kuma ga {{IPA|ŋɔ́nɔ́t ná ɔ́rɔ̀ŋɛ}}</link> don harshe. Ana magana da Temein a cikin Farik, Kuris, Kwiye, Nekring, Tokoing, Tukur, da Tulu ( ''Ethnologue'', bugu na 22). == Fassarar sauti == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! Dental ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar |- ! rowspan="2" | M ! {{Small|voiceless}} | p | t̪ | t | | k |- ! {{Small|voiced}} | b | d̪ | d | Ɗa | g |- ! colspan="2" | Nasal | m | n̪ | n | ɲ | ŋ |- ! colspan="2" | Mai sassautawa | | | s | | |- ! colspan="2" |Rhotic | | | r | | |- ! colspan="2" |Kusanci | w | | l | j | |} * /p/ na iya samun allophones na [ɸ, f] lokacin da ke cikin matsayi na farko. * /s/ na iya samun allophone na [ʃ] a cikin matsayi na tsaka-tsakin kalmomi. * Jerin /nt/ na iya samun allophone na [ɽ] a cikin matsayi na tsaka-tsaki. === Wasula === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ! Gaba ! Tsakiya ! Baya |- align="center" ! Kusa | i | | ku |- ! Kusa-kusa | Ƙarfafawa | | ʊ |- ! Kusa-tsakiyar | e | | o |- ! Bude-tsakiyar | e | | ku |- align="center" ! Bude | | a | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Nilo-Saharan/Eastern%20Sudanic/Temein%20cluster/Blench%20Temein%20language%20NM%20proceedings.pdf Harshen Temein]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Roger Blench 2007) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == 9k22njeutrd6lyncfxogzm5v3ocerpt 0 79979 827252 503544 2026-04-27T16:52:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:St Cormac's Chapel, Eilean Mor - geograph.org.uk - 1342189.jpg|thumb|Gordon MacInnes]] '''Gordon A. Maclnnes''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Disamba, a shiekera 1941) ɗan siyasan Jam'iyyar Democrat ne na [[Amurka]] daga New Jersey wanda ya yi aiki a gidaje biyu na Majalisar Dokokin New Jersey . An zabi MacInnes a Majalisar Dattijai ta New Jersey a 1973 a cikin Gundumar Morris County mai cike da jam'iyyar Republican, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Watergate-driven Democratic landslide na wannan shekarar. An kayar da shi a sake zabensa a shekarar 1975. A shekara ta 1993, ya lashe zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta New Jersey a cikin babban fushi game da Shugaban Majalisar Dattijan John H. Dorsey, kuma a cikin gundumar Jamhuriyar Republican. Ya sake kasa lashe zaben a shekarar 1997, wanda ya sha kashi a hannun dan jam'iyyar Republican Anthony Bucco, wanda ya ci gaba da rike wannan kujerar Majalisar Dattijai har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 2019. MacInnes ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamishina a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta New Jersey daga 2002 zuwa 2007. Mazaunin Morristown, New Jersey, an tabbatar da shi a cikin 2010 a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gwamnoni na Jami'ar Rutgers . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Education Expert Gordon A. MacInnes Inducted to Rutgers' Board of Governors |url=http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/news-releases/2010/02/education-expert-gor-20100202 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720113147/http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/news-releases/2010/02/education-expert-gor-20100202 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2010-07-20}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance tsohon darektan zartarwa na New Jersey Network . MacInnes shine shugaban New Jersey Policy Perspective, kungiya mai goyon bayan hagu, mai zaman kanta wacce ke bincike da kuma nazarin batutuwan tattalin arziki. MacInnes ɗan'uwa ne a Gidauniyar Century a New York kuma malami ne a Makarantar Woodrow Wilson a Jami'ar Princeton . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rutgers University news release "Education Expert Gordon A. MacInnes Inducted to Rutgers' Board of Governors" February 18, 2010 |url=http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/news-releases/2010/02/education-expert-gor-20100202 |publisher= |access-date=June 20, 2024 |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720113147/http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/news-releases/2010/02/education-expert-gor-20100202 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography at Center for American Progress |url=http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2009/04/inf/MacInnesGordon.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523073217/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2009/04/inf/MacInnesGordon.html |archive-date=2009-05-23 |access-date=2012-08-11}}</ref> A lokacin gwamnatin Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson, MacInnes ya kasance mataimakin darakta na White House Task Force a kan birane. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya auri Blair MacInnes, mai ba da agaji kuma tsohon malami wanda ke zaune a Garin Morris kuma ya yi aiki a kan allon kungiyoyin jama'a da agaji da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coughlin |first=Kevin |date=20 January 2008 |title=A visit from the Gov |url=https://www.nj.com/morristown/2008/01/we_were_lucky_enough_to.html |website=nj.com}}</ref> Suna da 'ya'ya maza uku da jikoki tara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Trustees |url=https://njseeds.org/board_page/ |publisher=}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tribi7967k7csa5ezyuazjr98bqdgkq 0 81482 827428 465348 2026-04-28T10:54:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hoda Abdul Moneim''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1960) lauya ce ta ƙasar Masar, mai fafutuka kuma memba a kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Masar kuma tsohuwar memba ne na Majalisar kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Ƙasa a Masar. An kama ta ba bisa ka'ida ba a watan Nuwamba 2018 ba tare da izinin kama ta ba kuma an kai ta zuwa wani wuri da ba a sani ba, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-01 |title=Human rights lawyer Hoda Abdel Moneim Aziz arbitrarily detained since 2018 {{!}} MENA Rights Group |url=https://menarights.org/en/caseprofile/human-rights-lawyer-hoda-abdul-moenem-aziz-arbitrarily-detained-amidst-wave-arrests |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=menarights.org |language=en}}</ref> an tsare ta ba tare da izini ba na kwanaki 21. <ref>{{Cite web |last=DAWN |date=2020-09-30 |title=Hoda Abdel Moneim: Forcibly Disappeared with Daughters Fighting for Release |url=https://dawnmena.org/abdel-moneim-forcibly-disappeared-with-daughters-fighting-for-release/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=DAWN |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan shari'ar da aka yi mata, an yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari da kuma wani hukuncin gwaji na shekaru biyar tare da ba da umarnin kwana a kowane dare na tsawon shekaru biyar a ofishin 'yan sanda. == Kamawa == An kama Moneim, wata fitacciyar ‘yar adawa daga gidanta da ke birnin Alkahira a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 2018, bayan da jami’an tsaro suka shiga gidanta da karfe 1 na safe yayin da ake ci gaba da kame sama da 40 masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil’adama da lauyoyi da aka fara a karshen watan Oktoban 2018. Ba a gabatar da sammacin kama ta ba amma an ɗauke ta da karfi aka ɓatar da ita na tsawon kwanaki 21. Ta sake bayyana a gaban mai gabatar da kara na tsaro a birnin Alkahira domin shari'ar ta a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba 2018 inda aka zarge ta da "shiga wata kungiya ta haramtacciyar hanya" da kuma "tattabawa tattalin arzikin ƙasa illa".<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Egypt court postpones session of rights activists to June 13 |work=Middle East Monitor |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220517-egypt-court-postpones-session-of-rights-activists-to-june-13/}}</ref> Daga nan sai SSP ta ba da umarnin a tsare ta kafin a gurfanar da ita a gidan yarin Al Qanater ba tare da samun damar ganin lauyanta da ‘yan uwa ba. Yanayin lafiyarta ya taɓarɓare kuma ta sami bugun zuciya a gidan yarin a cikin watan Janairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=Egypt: Further information: Ailing rights lawyer deprived of healthcare: Hoda Abdelmoniem |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde12/6173/2022/en/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Maris, 2021, Kungiyar kare hakkin MENA da wasu kungiyoyi shida sun buƙaci Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan masu kare hakkin ɗan Adam da Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan yaki da ta'addanci da su yi nasara kan hukumomin Masar don sakin Moneim don rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar ta COVID-19. ga rashin lafiyarta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt: Ailing Rights Lawyer Deprived Of Healthcare |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/urgent-actions/ailing-rights-lawyer-deprived-healthcare |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=www.amnesty.org.uk }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Agustan 2021, bayan shekaru uku na zaman gidan yari ba tare da tuhuma da shari'a ba, an mayar da shari'arta zuwa Kotun Tsaro ta gaggawa a birnin Alkahira inda aka tuhume ta da "shiga da ba da kuɗaɗe ga ƙungiyar ta'addanci, da kuma zargin da watsa labaran karya da ke tasiri ga zaman lafiya da tsaro". A ranar 5 ga watan Maris, 2023, an same ta da dukkan tuhume-tuhumen kuma an yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari da kuma ƙarin shekaru biyar na kulawar da za ta yi a kowane dare a ofishin 'yan sanda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pricker |first=Marije |date=2023-03-07 |title=Egyptian lawyers Hoda Abdel Moneim, Tarek Al-Silkawi, Ezzat Ghoneim and Mohammed Abu Horeira sentenced to imprisonment |url=https://lawyersforlawyers.org/en/egyptian-lawyers-hoda-abdel-moneim-tarek-al-silkawi-ezzat-ghoneim-and-mohammed-abu-horeira-sentenced-to-lengthy-prison-sentences/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Lawyers for Lawyers |language=nl}}</ref> Ba a ɗaukaka kara kan hukuncin da Kotun Tsaro ta Jihar ta yanke amma shugaban ƙasa ne kaɗai ke da ikon soke ko gyara hukuncin ta hanyar kara mikawa shugaban ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 6, 2023 |title=Egypt: Five human rights defenders sentenced to lengthy prison terms |work=Middle East Eyes |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-human-rights-defenders-sentenced-who-are-they}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 84b5bwpncd7h9o1p6n759be32vnsicz 0 81560 827434 785214 2026-04-28T11:50:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg|thumb|Yara suna amfani da tukwane a wani wurin kulawa a Amsterdam, wanda Anette Poelman ta kafa, 1932]] [[Fayil:Peuters zittend op potjes, Bestanddeelnr 252-9105.jpg|thumb|Horar da amfani da bayan gida]] Horon bayan gida (kuma horon tukwane ko koyan bayan gida) tsari ne na horar da wani, musamman yara ko jarirai, yin amfani da bayan gida don yin [[fitsari]] da bayan gida. Halayen horo a cikin tarihin kwanan nan sun canza sosai, kuma yana iya bambanta a cikin al'adu da kuma bisa ga alƙaluma. Yawancin hanyoyin zamani na horar da bayan gida sun fi son tsarin ɗabi'a- da tushen tushen tunani. Takamaiman shawarwari game da dabarun sun bambanta sosai, kodayake yawancin waɗannan ana ɗaukarsu tasiri, kuma takamaiman bincike akan tasirin kwatankwacinsu ba shi da tushe. Babu wata hanya ɗaya da za ta yi tasiri a duk faɗin duniya, ko dai a tsakanin xalibai ko kuma ga ɗalibi ɗaya na tsawon lokaci, kuma masu horarwa na iya buƙatar daidaita dabarunsu gwargwadon abin da ya fi tasiri a halin da suke ciki. Ana iya farawa horo ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwa a wasu al'adu. Duk da haka, a yawancin kasashen da suka ci gaba wannan yana faruwa ne tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa shekaru biyu, tare da yawancin yara sun sami cikakken horo tun suna da shekaru hudu, ko da yake yara da yawa suna iya fuskantar haɗari lokaci-lokaci. Wasu rikice-rikicen halayya ko na likita na iya shafar horon bayan gida, da kuma tsawaita lokaci da ƙoƙarin da ya dace don nasarar kammalawa. A wasu yanayi, waɗannan zasu buƙaci saƙon ƙwararru daga ƙwararren likita. Duk da haka, wannan ba kasafai ba ne kuma har ma ga yaran da ke fuskantar matsaloli wajen horarwa, yawancin yaran ana iya samun nasarar horar da su. Yara na iya fuskantar wasu hatsarorin da ke da alaƙa da horarwa, kamar zamewa ko faɗuwar kujerun bayan gida, kuma horar da bayan gida na iya yin aiki a wasu yanayi a matsayin faɗakarwa ga cin zarafi. An samar da wasu fasahohin don amfani da su wajen horar da bayan gida, wasu na musamman wasu kuma ana amfani da su. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Child_seated_on_lavatory._Wellcome_L0003255.jpg|thumb|Hoton shekara ta 1577 na yaro da ke zaune a kan gidan wanka na musamman]] An san kadan game da horar da bayan gida a cikin al'ummomin zamanin da. An ƙididdige tsohuwar Roma da gidan bayan gida na farko da aka sani. Duk da haka, babu wata shaida da ke nuna irin dabarun horarwa da suka yi amfani da su.: 4  Daga baya, a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai na Turai, a cewar wata majiya mai tushe "maganin da aka ba da shawarar don 'pyssying the bedde' ... ya haɗa da amfani da bushiya na ƙasa ko kuma foda na akuya. Kuma an yayyafa masa busassun tayoyin zakara a kan gadon. Imani na al'adu da ayyuka masu alaƙa da horar da bayan gida a cikin 'yan lokutan nan sun bambanta. Misali, tun daga karshen karni na 18, tarbiyyar yara ta canza daga amfani da [[ganye]] ko lilin (ko ba komai) don rufe al’aurar yaro, zuwa amfani da diapers (ko nappies), wanda ake bukatar wankewa da hannu. Hakan ya biyo bayan bullar injin wanki na inji, sannan kuma ya zama ruwan dare na diapers din da ake zubarwa a tsakiyar karni na 20, wanda kowannensu ya rage nauyi a lokacin iyaye da kuma albarkatun da ake bukata don kula da yaran da ba a horar da su a bayan gida ba, kuma sun canza tsammanin. game da lokacin horo.: 3 : 216  Wannan yanayin bai bayyana daidai ba a duk sassan duniya. Wadanda ke zaune a kasashe matalauta yawanci suna horarwa da wuri-wuri, saboda samun damar abubuwan more rayuwa kamar diapers na iya haifar da babban nauyi. Iyalai marasa galihu a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba su ma suna yin horo da wuri fiye da takwarorinsu masu wadata.{{Rp|43}} Mafi yawan ra'ayi na ƙarni na 20 na horar da bayan gida ya mamaye ilimin psychoanalysis, tare da ba da fifiko kan suma, da faɗakarwa game da yuwuwar tasirin tunani a rayuwar ƙarshe na ƙwarewar horon bayan gida. Alal misali, masanin ilimin ɗan adam Geoffrey Gorer ya danganta yawancin al'ummar [[Japan]] na zamani a cikin shekarun 1940 zuwa hanyar horon bayan gida, yana rubuta cewa " horon bayan gida na farko da mai tsanani shine tasiri guda ɗaya a cikin samuwar halayen Jafananci mai girma.": 50-1 : 201  Wasu masana ilimin renon yara na Jamus na shekarun 1970 sun danganta Nazism da Holocaust ga masu mulki, mutane masu bakin ciki da aka samar ta hanyar horon bayan gida.<ref name="Herzog2007">{{Cite book|last3=Dagmar Herzog}}</ref> A cikin karni na 20 wannan an yi watsi da shi sosai don neman ɗabi'a, tare da mai da hankali kan hanyoyin da lada da ƙarfafawa ke ƙara yawan wasu halaye, da ilimin halin ɗabi'a, tare da mai da hankali kan ma'ana, iyawar fahimta, da ƙimar mutum. Marubuta irin su masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam da likitan yara Arnold Gesell, tare da likitan yara Benjamin Spock sun yi tasiri wajen sake tsara batun horar da bayan gida a matsayin daya daga cikin ilimin halitta da shirye-shiryen yara. == Hanyoyi == Hanyoyi zuwa horar da bayan gida sun bambanta tsakanin "tsarin yara masu tsauri" (hanyoyi na tushen "nature"), wanda ke jaddada shirye-shiryen yara ɗaya, da kuma ƙarin "tsarin halayen halayen" (hanyoyi na "girma"), wanda ke jaddada bukatar iyaye fara tsarin horarwa da wuri-wuri.: 4 : 216  Daga cikin mafi shaharar hanyoyin akwai tsarin da ya shafi yara Brazelton, tsarin da Benjamin Spock ya zayyana a cikin The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care by Benjamin Spock, hanyoyin da Cibiyar Nazarin Amirka ta ba da shawarar. na Likitan Yara, da kuma tsarin "horon bandaki a rana" wanda Nathan Azrin da Richard M. Foxx suka kirkira. A cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Likitocin Iyali ta Amurka, duka hanyoyin Brazelton da Azrin/Foxx suna da tasiri ga yara na yau da kullun na ci gaba, kodayake shaidar ta iyakance, kuma babu wani binciken da ya kwatanta tasirin biyun. Shawarwarin da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Ilimin Yara ta Amirka ta bi tare da Brazelton, kuma aƙalla binciken daya ya nuna cewa hanyar Azrin/Foxx ta fi tasiri fiye da yadda Spock ya tsara.<ref name="aafp">{{Cite journal |last=Choby |first=Beth A. |last2=George |first2=Shefaa |date=1 November 2018 |title=Toilet Training |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/1101/p1059.html#afp20081101p1059-b3 |journal=[[American Family Physician]] |volume=79 |issue=8 |pages=1059–1064 |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref> [[Fayil:AGMA_-_Child's_commoder.jpg|thumb|Gidan ajiyar yaro tare da wurin zama, ƙarni na 6 AZ, daga [[Athens]]#Museum_of_the_Ancient_Agora" id="mwZw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ancient Agora of Athens">Gidan Tarihi na Tsohon Agora, Athens]] Ra'ayoyi na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin iyaye game da abin da ya fi dacewa don horar da bayan gida, kuma nasara na iya buƙatar dabaru da yawa ko mabanbanta dangane da abin da yaro ya fi dacewa da shi. Waɗannan ƙila sun haɗa da amfani da kayan ilimi, kamar littattafan yara, tambayar yaro akai-akai game da buƙatun su na amfani da gidan wanka, nunin iyaye, ko wani nau'in tsarin lada. Wasu yara na iya ba da amsa da kyau ga ƙarin taƙaitaccen horo na bayan gida, yayin da wasu na iya samun nasarar daidaitawa sannu a hankali cikin dogon lokaci. gwargwadon shigar iyaye da ƙarfafawa gwargwadon yiwuwa, tare da guje wa yanke hukunci mara kyau.<ref name="deVries 1977">{{Cite web |last=DiMaggio |first=Dina |title=How to Start Potty Training |url=https://parenting.nytimes.com/toddler/potty-training |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=5 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005025023/https://parenting.nytimes.com/toddler/potty-training |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Rp|18–9}} Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Waɗannan sun haɗa da: * Yin amfani da mai daidaita wurin zama na bayan gida, kujerar ƙafa, ko kujerar tukunya don tabbatar da sauƙin samun dama ga yaro * Karfafawa da yabon yaron lokacin da suka sanar da masu kula da su bukatar su na kwashe, koda kuwa an yi hakan bayan faruwar lamarin * Kasancewa mai da hankali ga alamun halayyar yaro wanda zai iya nuna bukatarsu ta kwashe <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-23 |title=The Complete Toilet Learning Guide {{!}} The SOEL Way |url=https://www.soel.wa.edu.au/toilet-learning-guide/ |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=SOEL |language=en-AU}}</ref> * Ya fi son ƙarfafawa da yabo da guje wa hukunci ko Ƙarfafawa mara kyau * Tabbatar cewa duk masu kula da su sun dace da tsarin su * Ka yi la'akari da sauyawa zuwa tufafin auduga ko wando na horo da zarar yaron ya sami nasara sau da yawa.<ref name="canada">{{Cite journal |last=Clifford |first=T. |last2=Gorodzinsky |first2=FP |date=September 2000 |title=Toilet learning: Anticipatory guidance with a child-oriented approach. |journal=[[Paediatrics & Child Health]] |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=333–44 |doi=10.1093/pch/5.6.333 |pmc=2819951 |pmid=20177551}}</ref> === Jerin lokaci === Kamar yadda masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Johnny L. Matson ya lura, yin amfani da bayan gida na iya zama wani tsari mai sarkakiya don ƙware, tun daga iya ganewa da sarrafa ayyukan jiki, zuwa ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don aiwatar da ayyukan tsafta, ƙayyadaddun da ake buƙata don sutura da tufatarwa, da ƙwarewar sadarwa don sanar da wasu buƙatun amfani da bayan gida. . Ko da yake suna iya gane buƙatun, yara waɗanda ba su wuce watanni 18 ba har yanzu ba za su iya sarrafa tsokar da ke cikin kawarwa da sani ba, kuma ba za su iya fara horon bayan gida ba tukuna. Yayin da za su iya amfani da bayan gida idan iyaye suka sanya su a wurin a lokacin da ya dace, wannan yana iya zama na son rai, maimakon tsari mai hankali. na farko don bayyanawa, sannan kuma sarrafa rana, da kuma kula da mafitsara na dare kullum.<ref name="deVries 1977" />{{Rp|26}} Ayyukan horar da bandaki na iya bambanta sosai a cikin al'adu. Misali, masu bincike irin su Mary Ainsworth sun rubuta iyalai a cikin al'adun Sinawa, Indiyawa, da Afirka sun fara horar da bayan gida tun farkon 'yan makonni ko watanni. horon bayan gida ya cika da shekaru 2. Wannan na iya shiga tsakani da wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, gami da dabi'un al'adu game da najasa, aikin masu kulawa, da tsammanin cewa iyaye mata suna aiki, da kuma lokacin da ake sa ran dawowa aiki bayan haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gottlieb |first=Alma |date=20 November 2017 |title=Let these globe-trotting lessons in potty training flush your parental worries away |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/let-these-globe-trotting-lessons-in-potty-training-flush-your-parental-worries-away |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=[[PBS NewsHour]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 1932, gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa iyaye su fara horon bayan gida nan da nan bayan an haife su, tare da tsammanin za a kammala lokacin da yaron ya cika watanni shida zuwa takwas. Koyaya, wannan ya canza akan lokaci, tare da iyaye a farkon karni na 20 sun fara horo a watanni 12-18, kuma suna canzawa zuwa ƙarshen rabin karni, zuwa matsakaicin sama da watanni 18. A Amurka da Turai, horon yana farawa ne tsakanin watanni 21 zuwa 36, ​​tare da kashi 40 zuwa 60% na yara da aka horar da su ta watanni 36.<ref name="aafp"/> Dukansu Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Yara ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Kula da Yara ta Kanada sun ba da shawarar cewa iyaye su fara horar da bayan gida a kusa da watanni 18 muddin yaron yana sha'awar yin hakan. Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa yaran da aka horar da su bayan shekara ta biyu, na iya kasancewa cikin haɗari mafi girma ga wasu cututtuka, kamar matsalar urological ko jika da rana. Babu wata shaida da ke nuna duk wata matsala ta hankali da ta samo asali daga fara horo da wuri.: 83  A cikin binciken iyalai a Burtaniya, masu bincike sun gano cewa 2.1% sun fara horo kafin watanni shida, 13.8% tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 15, 50.4% tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 15. 15 da 24 watanni, kuma 33.7% ba su fara horo a watanni 24 ba : 83 {{Rp|83}} Yawancin yara za su sami cikakkiyar kulawar mafitsara da maganin hanji tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa hudu. dare. 'Yan mata suna son kammala horarwa mai nasara tun suna ƙanana fiye da takwarorinsu maza, kuma lokacin da aka saba tsakanin farkon da kammala horo yakan bambanta tsakanin watanni uku zuwa shida.<ref name="canada"/> === Hadari === Hatsari, lokuta na yoyon fitsari ko rashin natsuwa, gabaɗaya al'ada ce ta horon bayan gida kuma alama ba alamun cutar ba ne. Hatsarin da ke faruwa tare da ƙarin damuwa, irin su zafi lokacin yin fitsari ko bayan gida, ma wasan yara da yau da kullun, ko jini a cikin fitsari ko najasa, likitan yara ya kamata a yi shi. yawan enuresis na dare, wanda kuma aka sani da jifar gado, na iya kawai kashi 9.7% na yara masu shekaru bakwai, da 5.5% na yara masu shekaru goma, a ƙarshe yana rage zuwa kusan 0.5% a cikin manya.{{Rp|47}} == Matsalolin == [[Fayil:KAS-Politischer_Gegner,_SPD-Bild-1146-1.jpg|thumb|Hoton siyasa na Jamusanci don Matasa daga 1976, ta amfani da yaro mai tsami a kan jan tukunya dangane da ''Roten'', ko "Reds", Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of GermanyJam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Jamus]] Horon bayan gida na iya ƙara zama da wahala ga iyayen yara waɗanda ke da wasu matsalolin haɓaka, ɗabi'a ko na likita. Yaran da ke da Autism, matsalar barasa bakan tayi, rashin jituwa ta adawa, ko rashin kulawa da rashin hankali na iya zama ba za a motsa su don kammala horon bayan gida ba, na iya samun wahalar amsa daidai ga abubuwan ƙarfafa zamantakewar al'umma, ko kuma suna iya samun hankulan hankali waɗanda ke sa yin amfani da bayan gida mara daɗi. Yara na iya samun nau'o'in al'amurran da suka shafi jiki da suka shafi tsarin genitourinary, wanda zai iya buƙatar kimar likita da aikin tiyata ko magunguna don tabbatar da nasarar horar da bayan gida. Wadanda ke da ciwon kwakwalwa na iya fuskantar ƙalubale na musamman da suka danganci mafitsara da kula da hanji, kuma waɗanda ke da matsalolin gani ko na ji na iya buƙatar daidaitawa a cikin tsarin iyaye don horarwa don ramawa, ban da jiyya ko kayan aiki masu dacewa. Ƙin yin bayan gida na stool yana faruwa ne a lokacin da yaron da aka horar da shi don yin fitsari, ya ƙi yin amfani da bayan gida don yin bayan gida na tsawon lokaci na akalla wata ɗaya. Wannan na iya shafar kusan kashi 22% na yara kuma zai iya haifar da maƙarƙashiya ko ciwo yayin kawarwa. Yawancin lokaci yana warwarewa ba tare da buƙatar sa baki ba. Yara na iya baje kolin hana stool, ko ƙoƙarin gujewa bayan gida gaba ɗaya. Wannan kuma na iya haifar da maƙarƙashiya. Wasu yara za su ɓoye kwanyarsu, wanda za a iya yi saboda kunya ko tsoro, kuma za a iya danganta su da rashin yin bayan gida da hanawa.<ref name="aafp" /> Ko da yake wasu matsalolin na iya ƙara lokacin da ake buƙata don samun nasarar maganin mafitsara da sarrafa hanji, yawancin yara za a iya horar da su bayan gida duk da haka. A yawancin lokuta, yaran da ke fama da horo ba su da shiri tukuna.<ref name="aafp"/><ref name="canada"/> A cikin wani bincike na 2014 na makarantun Burtaniya, malaman firamare da ma'aikatan ilimi sun ba da rahoton lura da karuwar adadin yaran makaranta masu lafiya waɗanda ba a horar da su a bayan gida ba. 15% na masu amsa sun ba da rahoton cewa sun ga yara masu lafiya masu shekaru 5-7 suna sanye da diaper zuwa makaranta a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. 5% sun ruwaito iri ɗaya ga yara masu shekaru 7-11. Wata ma’aikaciyar lafiya tare da Kent Community Health NHS Foundation Trust ta ce ta san samari masu koshin lafiya da ke da shekaru 15 da matsalolin horar da bayan gida. Masu sharhi sun danganta lamarin da cewa iyaye sun shagaltu da koyar da ‘ya’yansu dabarun zamani..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Afua |date=27 April 2014 |title=Children Over Five 'Wearing Nappies In Class' |url=https://news.sky.com/story/children-over-five-wearing-nappies-in-class-10407948 |access-date=23 November 2022 |publisher=[[Sky News]]}}</ref> === Hadarin === Wani bincike na bayanai daga dakunan gaggawa na asibiti a Amurka daga 2002 zuwa 2010 ya nuna cewa mafi yawan nau'in horon bayan gida da ke da alaka da raunin da ya faru ya faru ne sakamakon fadowar kujerun bayan gida, kuma ya fi faruwa a cikin yara masu shekaru biyu zuwa uku. Na biyu mafi yawan rauni shine daga zamewa a kan benaye, kuma 99% na raunin kowane iri ya faru a cikin gida. A cikin gidajen cin zarafi, horar da bayan gida na iya zama sanadin cutar da yara, musamman a yanayin da iyaye ko mai kula da su suke jin yaron ya isa da ya kamata su riga sun sami nasarar samun horo, amma duk da haka yaron yana ci gaba da yin haɗari: 311 : 50 Mai kulawa zai iya fassara wannan a matsayin rashin biyayya da gangan daga bangaren yaron. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toilet Training |url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/practicing-safety/Pages/Toilet-Training.aspx |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]]}}</ref> == Fasahar da kayan aiki ==   Tun a shekarar 1938, daga cikin fasahohin farko da aka ɓullo da su don magance horon bayan gida an san su da "ƙararawa da pad", inda na'urar firikwensin ya gano lokacin da yaro ya jika da daddare, kuma ya jawo ƙararrawa don yin aiki a matsayin nau'i na kwandishan. An yi nazarin na'urorin ƙararrawa iri ɗaya waɗanda ke jin datti a cikin riguna, musamman yadda ya shafi horar da bayan gida na waɗanda ke da nakasa. An yi amfani da wannan kwanan nan a cikin samar da tukwane, waɗanda ke yin farin ciki mai ji ko wani nau'i na ƙarfafawa lokacin da yaro ya yi amfani da shi.{{Rp|170–2}} Masu horarwa na iya zaɓar yin amfani da zaɓin riguna daban-daban don sauƙaƙe horo. Wannan ya haɗa da canjawa daga diapers na gargajiya ko nappies zuwa wando na horarwa (tsage-tsalle), ko amfani da rigar auduga mara sha na nau'in manya na iya sawa. Wadannan yawanci ana amfani da su daga baya a cikin tsarin horo, kuma ba a matsayin matakin farko ba: 175  Yara da suka fuskanci hatsari akai-akai bayan an canza su zuwa tufafin auduga ana iya barin su sake amfani da diapers.<ref name="canada"/> Mafi yawan fasahohin da ake amfani da su sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da tukwane na musamman na yara, wasu kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa iyaye su yi la'akari da amfani da kayan ciye-ciye ko abin sha a matsayin lada.<ref name="aafp"/> == Dubi kuma ==    == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kw1b65ji822r4mc7ag2tlfgon655h4f 0 82308 827198 493491 2026-04-27T15:25:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 827198 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Shukria_Asil.jpg|thumb| Shukria Asil in 2010]] '''Shukr''' {{Databox}} '''ia Asil''' (Larabci: '''شكرية أصيل''' ) yar fafutukar [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|kare hakkin mata ta]] Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=2010 International Women of Courage Award |url=http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045134/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ta yi nasarar sauya korar wasu malamai mata uku a Baghlan, wadanda aka kora saboda munanan bayanai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta buga game da su . <ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-27 |title=AWIU » afghanistan shukria asil |url=http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827173119/http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata hudu mambobin majalisar lardin Baghlan, kuma a shekarar 2012 ta kasance shugabar sashen al'adu da yada labarai na lardin Baghlan. <ref name="autogenerated3" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Woman leaders of Baghlan province speak about successes and challenges Afghan women face |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/woman-leaders-baghlan-province-speak-about-successes-and-challenges-afghan-women-face |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=UNAMA |language=en}}</ref> Asil ya kuma shiga batun wata yarinya da danginta suka ki yi mata fyaden da aka yi mata, inda ta yi nasarar hada dangin, duk da cewa gwamnan lardin ya hana ta yin hakan. <ref name="autogenerated3"/> Sauran ayyukanta na yancin mata sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin sadarwar mata, haɓaka makarantun tuƙi na mata, da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi ga yara mata . {{Databox}} Ta fuskanci barazanar sacewa da kisa saboda aikinta, kuma dole ta canza adireshinta akalla sau daya. <ref name="autogenerated3"/> Ta sami lambar yabo ta 2010 International Women of Courage Award . <ref name="autogenerated1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Feminism}}{{International Women of Courage Awards}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kjj27z1p83qs16hjxer919x1hglmix6 827199 827198 2026-04-27T15:25:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 827199 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Shukria_Asil.jpg|thumb| Shukria Asil in 2010]] '''Shukr''' {{Databox}} '''ia Asil''' (Larabci: '''شكرية أصيل''' ) yar fafutukar [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|kare hakkin mata ta]] Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=2010 International Women of Courage Award |url=http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045134/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ta yi nasarar sauya korar wasu malamai mata uku a Baghlan, wadanda aka kora saboda munanan bayanai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta buga game da su . <ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-27 |title=AWIU » afghanistan shukria asil |url=http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827173119/http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata hudu mambobin majalisar lardin Baghlan, kuma a shekarar 2012 ta kasance shugabar sashen al'adu da yada labarai na lardin Baghlan.<ref name="autogenerated3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Woman leaders of Baghlan province speak about successes and challenges Afghan women face |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/woman-leaders-baghlan-province-speak-about-successes-and-challenges-afghan-women-face |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=UNAMA |language=en}}</ref> Asil ya kuma shiga batun wata yarinya da danginta suka ki yi mata fyaden da aka yi mata, inda ta yi nasarar hada dangin, duk da cewa gwamnan lardin ya hana ta yin hakan. <ref name="autogenerated3"/> Sauran ayyukanta na yancin mata sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin sadarwar mata, haɓaka makarantun tuƙi na mata, da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi ga yara mata . {{Databox}} Ta fuskanci barazanar sacewa da kisa saboda aikinta, kuma dole ta canza adireshinta akalla sau daya. <ref name="autogenerated3"/> Ta sami lambar yabo ta 2010 International Women of Courage Award . <ref name="autogenerated1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Feminism}}{{International Women of Courage Awards}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 77extljs9zccklx6gerw3f8mzvifvnh 827201 827199 2026-04-27T15:25:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 827201 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Shukria_Asil.jpg|thumb| Shukria Asil in 2010]] '''Shukr''' {{Databox}} '''ia Asil''' (Larabci: '''شكرية أصيل''' ) yar fafutukar [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|kare hakkin mata ta]] Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=2010 International Women of Courage Award |url=http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045134/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ta yi nasarar sauya korar wasu malamai mata uku a Baghlan, wadanda aka kora saboda munanan bayanai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta buga game da su<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-27 |title=AWIU » afghanistan shukria asil |url=http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827173119/http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata hudu mambobin majalisar lardin Baghlan, kuma a shekarar 2012 ta kasance shugabar sashen al'adu da yada labarai na lardin Baghlan.<ref name="autogenerated3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Woman leaders of Baghlan province speak about successes and challenges Afghan women face |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/woman-leaders-baghlan-province-speak-about-successes-and-challenges-afghan-women-face |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=UNAMA |language=en}}</ref> Asil ya kuma shiga batun wata yarinya da danginta suka ki yi mata fyaden da aka yi mata, inda ta yi nasarar hada dangin, duk da cewa gwamnan lardin ya hana ta yin hakan. <ref name="autogenerated3"/> Sauran ayyukanta na yancin mata sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin sadarwar mata, haɓaka makarantun tuƙi na mata, da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi ga yara mata . {{Databox}} Ta fuskanci barazanar sacewa da kisa saboda aikinta, kuma dole ta canza adireshinta akalla sau daya. <ref name="autogenerated3"/> Ta sami lambar yabo ta 2010 International Women of Courage Award . <ref name="autogenerated1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Feminism}}{{International Women of Courage Awards}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mv96pknumxzzunrojbkz3lmf1l3gw21 827202 827201 2026-04-27T15:25:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 827202 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Shukria_Asil.jpg|thumb| Shukria Asil in 2010]] '''Shukr''' {{Databox}} '''ia Asil''' (Larabci: '''شكرية أصيل''' ) yar fafutukar [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|kare hakkin mata ta]] Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=2010 International Women of Courage Award |url=http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045134/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ta yi nasarar sauya korar wasu malamai mata uku a Baghlan, wadanda aka kora saboda munanan bayanai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta buga game da su<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-27 |title=AWIU » afghanistan shukria asil |url=http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827173119/http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata hudu mambobin majalisar lardin Baghlan, kuma a shekarar 2012 ta kasance shugabar sashen al'adu da yada labarai na lardin Baghlan.<ref name="autogenerated3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Woman leaders of Baghlan province speak about successes and challenges Afghan women face |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/woman-leaders-baghlan-province-speak-about-successes-and-challenges-afghan-women-face |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=UNAMA |language=en}}</ref> Asil ya kuma shiga batun wata yarinya da danginta suka ki yi mata fyaden da aka yi mata, inda ta yi nasarar hada dangin, duk da cewa gwamnan lardin ya hana ta yin hakan. <ref name="autogenerated3"/> Sauran ayyukanta na yancin mata sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin sadarwar mata, haɓaka makarantun tuƙi na mata, da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi ga yara mata . {{Databox}} Ta fuskanci barazanar sacewa da kisa saboda aikinta, kuma dole ta canza adireshinta akalla sau daya.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Ta sami lambar yabo ta 2010 International Women of Courage Award . <ref name="autogenerated1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Feminism}}{{International Women of Courage Awards}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] n0725g33aztv1zu9ob4e6oq2la0u6gi 827203 827202 2026-04-27T15:26:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 827203 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Shukria_Asil.jpg|thumb| Shukria Asil in 2010]] '''Shukr''' {{Databox}} '''ia Asil''' (Larabci: '''شكرية أصيل''' ) yar fafutukar [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|kare hakkin mata ta]] Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=2010 International Women of Courage Award |url=http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045134/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ta yi nasarar sauya korar wasu malamai mata uku a Baghlan, wadanda aka kora saboda munanan bayanai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta buga game da su<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-27 |title=AWIU » afghanistan shukria asil |url=http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827173119/http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata hudu mambobin majalisar lardin Baghlan, kuma a shekarar 2012 ta kasance shugabar sashen al'adu da yada labarai na lardin Baghlan.<ref name="autogenerated3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Woman leaders of Baghlan province speak about successes and challenges Afghan women face |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/woman-leaders-baghlan-province-speak-about-successes-and-challenges-afghan-women-face |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=UNAMA |language=en}}</ref> Asil ya kuma shiga batun wata yarinya da danginta suka ki yi mata fyaden da aka yi mata, inda ta yi nasarar hada dangin, duk da cewa gwamnan lardin ya hana ta yin hakan. <ref name="autogenerated3"/> Sauran ayyukanta na yancin mata sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin sadarwar mata, haɓaka makarantun tuƙi na mata, da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi ga yara mata . {{Databox}} Ta fuskanci barazanar sacewa da kisa saboda aikinta, kuma dole ta canza adireshinta akalla sau daya.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Ta sami lambar yabo ta 2010 International Women of Courage Award.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Feminism}}{{International Women of Courage Awards}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] na20596v6zl78gospt9nsv3l400cff0 827204 827203 2026-04-27T15:26:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 827204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Shukria_Asil.jpg|thumb| Shukria Asil in 2010]] '''Shukr''' {{Databox}} '''ia Asil''' (Larabci: '''شكرية أصيل''' ) yar fafutukar [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|kare hakkin mata ta]] Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=2010 International Women of Courage Award |url=http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045134/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ta yi nasarar sauya korar wasu malamai mata uku a Baghlan, wadanda aka kora saboda munanan bayanai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta buga game da su<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-27 |title=AWIU » afghanistan shukria asil |url=http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827173119/http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata hudu mambobin majalisar lardin Baghlan, kuma a shekarar 2012 ta kasance shugabar sashen al'adu da yada labarai na lardin Baghlan.<ref name="autogenerated3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Woman leaders of Baghlan province speak about successes and challenges Afghan women face |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/woman-leaders-baghlan-province-speak-about-successes-and-challenges-afghan-women-face |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=UNAMA |language=en}}</ref> Asil ya kuma shiga batun wata yarinya da danginta suka ki yi mata fyaden da aka yi mata, inda ta yi nasarar hada dangin, duk da cewa gwamnan lardin ya hana ta yin hakan.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Sauran ayyukanta na yancin mata sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin sadarwar mata, haɓaka makarantun tuƙi na mata, da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi ga yara mata . {{Databox}} Ta fuskanci barazanar sacewa da kisa saboda aikinta, kuma dole ta canza adireshinta akalla sau daya.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Ta sami lambar yabo ta 2010 International Women of Courage Award.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Feminism}}{{International Women of Courage Awards}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] j7ykblm1rgdxnll79r4y2yw9v23on61 827205 827204 2026-04-27T15:27:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 827205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Shukria_Asil.jpg|thumb| Shukria Asil in 2010]] '''Shukria Asil''' (Larabci: '''شكرية أصيل''' ) yar fafutukar [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|kare hakkin mata ta]] Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=2010 International Women of Courage Award |url=http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045134/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ta yi nasarar sauya korar wasu malamai mata uku a Baghlan, wadanda aka kora saboda munanan bayanai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta buga game da su<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-27 |title=AWIU » afghanistan shukria asil |url=http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827173119/http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata hudu mambobin majalisar lardin Baghlan, kuma a shekarar 2012 ta kasance shugabar sashen al'adu da yada labarai na lardin Baghlan.<ref name="autogenerated3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Woman leaders of Baghlan province speak about successes and challenges Afghan women face |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/woman-leaders-baghlan-province-speak-about-successes-and-challenges-afghan-women-face |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=UNAMA |language=en}}</ref> Asil ya kuma shiga batun wata yarinya da danginta suka ki yi mata fyaden da aka yi mata, inda ta yi nasarar hada dangin, duk da cewa gwamnan lardin ya hana ta yin hakan.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Sauran ayyukanta na yancin mata sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin sadarwar mata, haɓaka makarantun tuƙi na mata, da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi ga yara mata . {{Databox}} Ta fuskanci barazanar sacewa da kisa saboda aikinta, kuma dole ta canza adireshinta akalla sau daya.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Ta sami lambar yabo ta 2010 International Women of Courage Award.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Feminism}}{{International Women of Courage Awards}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qfesnox2ulq3o4j0tro211uxqev6sgy 827207 827205 2026-04-27T15:27:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 827207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Shukria_Asil.jpg|thumb| Shukria Asil in 2010]] '''Shukria Asil''' (Larabci: '''شكرية أصيل''' ) yar fafutukar [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|kare hakkin mata ta]] Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=2010 International Women of Courage Award |url=http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045134/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ta yi nasarar sauya korar wasu malamai mata uku a Baghlan, wadanda aka kora saboda munanan bayanai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta buga game da su<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-27 |title=AWIU » afghanistan shukria asil |url=http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827173119/http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata hudu mambobin majalisar lardin Baghlan, kuma a shekarar 2012 ta kasance shugabar sashen al'adu da yada labarai na lardin Baghlan.<ref name="autogenerated3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Woman leaders of Baghlan province speak about successes and challenges Afghan women face |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/woman-leaders-baghlan-province-speak-about-successes-and-challenges-afghan-women-face |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=UNAMA |language=en}}</ref> Asil ya kuma shiga batun wata yarinya da danginta suka ki yi mata fyaden da aka yi mata, inda ta yi nasarar hada dangin, duk da cewa gwamnan lardin ya hana ta yin hakan.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Sauran ayyukanta na yancin mata sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin sadarwar mata, haɓaka makarantun tuƙi na mata, da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi ga yara mata . {{Databox}} Ta fuskanci barazanar sacewa da kisa saboda aikinta, kuma dole ta canza adireshinta akalla sau daya.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Ta sami lambar yabo ta 2010 International Women of Courage Award.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Feminism}}{{International Women of Courage Awards}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 78yw51mgj6rdyjtauy0tb6lmvcgzvdu 827209 827207 2026-04-27T15:28:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 827209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shukria Asil''' (Larabci: '''شكرية أصيل''' ) yar fafutukar [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|kare hakkin mata ta]] Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=2010 International Women of Courage Award |url=http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045134/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ta yi nasarar sauya korar wasu malamai mata uku a Baghlan, wadanda aka kora saboda munanan bayanai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta buga game da su<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-27 |title=AWIU » afghanistan shukria asil |url=http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827173119/http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata hudu mambobin majalisar lardin Baghlan, kuma a shekarar 2012 ta kasance shugabar sashen al'adu da yada labarai na lardin Baghlan.<ref name="autogenerated3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Woman leaders of Baghlan province speak about successes and challenges Afghan women face |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/woman-leaders-baghlan-province-speak-about-successes-and-challenges-afghan-women-face |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=UNAMA |language=en}}</ref> Asil ya kuma shiga batun wata yarinya da danginta suka ki yi mata fyaden da aka yi mata, inda ta yi nasarar hada dangin, duk da cewa gwamnan lardin ya hana ta yin hakan.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Sauran ayyukanta na yancin mata sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin sadarwar mata, haɓaka makarantun tuƙi na mata, da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi ga yara mata . {{Databox}} Ta fuskanci barazanar sacewa da kisa saboda aikinta, kuma dole ta canza adireshinta akalla sau daya.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Ta sami lambar yabo ta 2010 International Women of Courage Award.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Feminism}}{{International Women of Courage Awards}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1wjptk2kb4a1lzn0b3dbl3l6iu6xu56 827210 827209 2026-04-27T15:28:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 827210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shukria Asil''' (Larabci: '''شكرية أصيل''' ) yar fafutukar [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|kare hakkin mata ta]] Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=2010 International Women of Courage Award |url=http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045134/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ta yi nasarar sauya korar wasu malamai mata uku a Baghlan, wadanda aka kora saboda munanan bayanai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta buga game da su<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-27 |title=AWIU » afghanistan shukria asil |url=http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=2014-08-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827173119/http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata hudu mambobin majalisar lardin Baghlan, kuma a shekarar 2012 ta kasance shugabar sashen al'adu da yada labarai na lardin Baghlan.<ref name="autogenerated3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Woman leaders of Baghlan province speak about successes and challenges Afghan women face |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/woman-leaders-baghlan-province-speak-about-successes-and-challenges-afghan-women-face |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=UNAMA |language=en}}</ref> Asil ya kuma shiga batun wata yarinya da danginta suka ki yi mata fyaden da aka yi mata, inda ta yi nasarar hada dangin, duk da cewa gwamnan lardin ya hana ta yin hakan.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Sauran ayyukanta na yancin mata sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin sadarwar mata, haɓaka makarantun tuƙi na mata, da faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi ga yara mata . Ta fuskanci barazanar sacewa da kisa saboda aikinta, kuma dole ta canza adireshinta akalla sau daya.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Ta sami lambar yabo ta 2010 International Women of Courage Award.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Feminism}}{{International Women of Courage Awards}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7zawhs0kksl6l07ve4tvds0n5rqt91b 0 82496 827426 497997 2026-04-28T10:32:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Tabor-loewen.jpg|thumb|hutun Hillsboro, Kansas]] {{Infobox settlement|name=Hillsboro, Kansas|settlement_type=[[City]] <!-- Images -->|image_skyline=tabor-loewen.jpg|image_caption=Natural Science Center on [[Tabor College (Kansas)|Tabor College]] campus (2007)|image_flag=|image_seal=<!-- Maps -->|image_map=Marion_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Hillsboro_Highlighted.svg|map_caption=Location within [[Marion County, Kansas|Marion County]] and [[Kansas]]|image_map1=Map of Marion Co, Ks, USA.png|map_caption1=[[Kansas Department of Transportation|KDOT]] map of [[Marion County, Kansas|Marion County]] ([[:File:Kansas official transportation map legend.png|legend]]) <!-- Location -->|coordinates_footnotes=<ref name="GNIS"/>|coordinates={{coord|38|21|10|N|97|11|57|W|region:US-KS_type:city_source:GNIS|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=[[List of sovereign states|Country]]|subdivision_name=United States|subdivision_type1=[[U.S. state|State]]|subdivision_name1=[[Kansas]]|subdivision_type2=[[List of counties in Kansas|County]]|subdivision_name2=[[Marion County, Kansas|Marion]]|subdivision_type3=[[List of townships in Kansas|Township]]|subdivision_name3=[[Liberty Township, Marion County, Kansas|Liberty]], [[Risley Township, Marion County, Kansas|Risley]] <!-- Established -->|established_title=Founded|established_date=|established_title1=[[Platted]]|established_date1=1879|established_title2=[[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]|established_date2=1884|named_for=John Hill <!-- Government -->|government_footnotes=|government_type=[[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]|leader_title=[[Mayor]]|leader_name=Lou Thurston<ref name="gov2"/><ref name="gov1"/>|leader_title1=[[City Administrator]]|leader_name1=Matthew Stiles<ref name="gov3">[https://www.cityofhillsboro.net/administration City of Hillsboro - Administration]</ref><ref name="gov1"/> <!-- Area -->|area_footnotes=<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web|title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_20.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref>|area_total_sq_mi=2.45|area_land_sq_mi=2.44|area_water_sq_mi=0.01|area_total_km2=6.36|area_land_km2=6.32|area_water_km2=0.04|unit_pref=Imperial <!-- Elevation -->|elevation_footnotes=<ref name="GNIS"/>|elevation_ft=1434 <!-- Population -->|population_footnotes=<ref name="Census-2020-Profile"/>|population_as_of=[[2020 United States census|2020]]|population_total=2732|pop_est_footnotes=|pop_est_as_of=|population_est=|population_density_sq_mi=auto|population_density_km2=auto <!-- General information -->|timezone=[[Central Time Zone|CST]]|utc_offset=-6|timezone_DST=CDT|utc_offset_DST=-5|postal_code_type=[[ZIP code]]|postal_code=67063|area_code_type=[[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]|area_code=[[Area code 620|620]]|blank_name=[[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]|blank_info={{FIPS|20|32275}}|blank1_name=[[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS ID]]|blank1_info=485592<ref name="GNIS">{{GNIS|485592}}</ref>|website={{URL|http://www.cityofhillsboro.net/|cityofhillsboro.net}}}}'''Hillsboro''' birni ne a cikin Marion County, [[Kansas]], Amurka . Ya zuwa kididdigar 2020, yawan mutanen garin ya kai 2,732 .<ref name="Census-2020-Profile">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Hillsboro, Kansas in 2020 |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2032275 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111184507/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2032275 |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |access-date=November 11, 2021 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> An sanya sunan garin ne bayan John Hill, wanda ya zauna a yankin a shekara ta 1871. <ref name="HillsboroBook">Hillsboro Kansas, The City on the Prairie; Wiebe, Raymond F; 1985.</ref> Hillsboro ita ce gidan Kwalejin Tabor .   == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Stouffer's_Railroad_Map_of_Kansas_1915-1918_Marion_County.png|left|thumb|1915 Taswirar Jirgin ƙasa ta Marion CountyGundumar Marion]] === Tarihin Farko === === Karni na 19 === A cikin 1802, Spain ta mayar da mafi yawan ƙasar ga Faransa. A cikin 1803, Amurka ta ɗari mafi yawan ƙasar Kansas na zamani daga Faransa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen murabba'in kilomita 828,000 na Louisiana don 2.83 cents a kowace acre. A shekara ta 1854, an shirya [[Kansas]]_Territory" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kansas Territory">Yankin Kansas, sannan a shekara ta 1861 Kansas ta zama [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|Jihar Amurka]] ta 34. A shekara ta 1855, an kafa Marion County a cikin Yankin Kansas, wanda ya haɗa da ƙasar Hillsboro ta zamani.<ref name="Marion-Co-History">{{Cite web |title=The History of Marion County and Courthouse |url=http://www.marioncoks.net/AboutMarionCounty/History/tabid/7634/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227021903/http://www.marioncoks.net/AboutMarionCounty/History/tabid/7634/Default.aspx |archive-date=2018-02-27 |access-date=2014-04-23}}</ref> An sanya sunan Hillsboro ne bayan John Gillespie Hill, wanda ya zauna a yankin a 1871. Asalin Hill City shine sunan birni; tunda wani birni a Kansas ya riga ya ɗauki wannan sunan, an canza shi zuwa '''Hillsboro''' a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1879.<ref name="HillsboroBook">Hillsboro Kansas, The City on the Prairie; Wiebe, Raymond F; 1985.</ref> An kafa ofishin gidan waya a '''Risley''' a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1873, sannan ya koma Hillsboro a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1879. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961 (archived) |url=http://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_postoffices/search/county:MN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009130856/http://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_postoffices/search/county%3AMN |archive-date=9 October 2013 |access-date=14 June 2014 |publisher=Kansas Historical Society}}</ref> Tun a farkon 1875, shugabannin birni na Marion sun gudanar da taro don yin la'akari da hanyar jirgin kasa ta reshe daga Florence. A cikin 1878, Atchison, Topeka da Santa Fe Railway da jam'iyyun daga Marion County da McPherson County sun yi hayar kamfanin Marion da McPherson Railway Company.<ref name="MarionCountyBook">''Marion County Kansas : Past and Present''; Sondra Van Meter; MB Publishing House; [[LCCN]] 72-92041; 344 pages; 1972.</ref> A shekara ta 1879, an gina layin reshe daga Florence zuwa McPherson, a cikin 1880 an faɗaɗa shi zuwa Lyons, a cikin 1881 an faɗaɗa zuwa Ellinwood.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIwpAAAAYAAJ Fourth Annual Report of the Board of Railroad Commissioners for the Year Ending December 1, 1886 in State of Kansas; Kansas Publishing House; 1886.]</ref> Layin ya yi hayar kuma Atchison, Topeka da Santa Fe Railway ne ke sarrafa shi. Layin daga Florence zuwa Marion, an watsar da shi a shekarar 1968.<ref name="Abandon Railway 1968">[http://www.abandonedrails.com/Marion_to_Florence Railway Abandonment 1968]</ref> A shekara ta 1992, an sayar da layin daga Marion zuwa McPherson ga Central Kansas Railway. A shekara ta 1993, bayan mummunar lalacewar ambaliyar ruwa, an watsar da layin daga Marion ta hanyar Hillsboro zuwa McPherson kuma an cire shi. Layin reshe na asali ya haɗa Florence, Marion, Kanada, Hillsboro, Lehigh, Canton, Galva, McPherson, Conway, Windom, Little River, Mitchell, Lyons, Chase, Ellinwood. === Karni na 20 === A cikin 1908, membobin Ikklisiyoyin Kirista na Mennonite Brethren da Krimmer Mennonite ne suka kafa Kwalejin Tabor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.tabor.edu/about-tabor/history |access-date=2010-12-25 |publisher=Tabor College}}</ref> Hanyar Tsohon Hanyar Kasa, wanda aka fi sani da Hanyar Ocean-to-Ocean, an kafa ta ne a cikin 1912, kuma an tura ta hanyar Lehigh, Hillsboro, Marion, Lost Springs. == Yanayin ƙasa == Hillsboro tana cikin Flint Hills da Great Plains na jihar [[Kansas]] . A cewar , birnin yana da jimlar yanki na murabba'in kilomita .57 (6.66 ), daga cikinsu, murabba'i kilomita .56 (6.63 km2) ƙasa ne kuma murabba'insa kilomita 0.01 (0.03 km2) ruwa ne.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{Cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 12, 2012 |access-date=2012-07-06 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da kuma sanyi zuwa sanyi. Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Hillsboro yana da yanayi mai zafi, wanda aka taƙaita "Cfa" a kan taswirar yanayi.<ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=57357&cityname=Hillsboro%2C+Kansas%2C+United+States+of+America&units= Climate Summary for Hillsboro, Kansas]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru a yankin == * Hillsboro Arts & Crafts Fair <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hillsboro Arts & Crafts Fair |url=http://www.hillsboroartsandcraftsfair.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909143807/http://hillsboroartsandcraftsfair.com/ |archive-date=2010-09-09 |access-date=2010-07-19}}</ref> * Kasuwar Manomi ta Hillsboro <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hillsboro Farmer's Market |url=http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/Farmers-Market.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903095416/http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/Farmers-Market.html |archive-date=2010-09-03 |access-date=2010-07-19}}</ref> * Marion County Fair <ref>[http://sites.google.com/site/marioncountyksfairassociation/home/ Marion County Fair]</ref> * Kiwon kwai na shekara-shekara na Easter<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hillsboro Free Press - Easter bunny participates in egg hunt |url=http://hillsborofreepress.com/news/front-page/18099291-easter-bunny-participates-in-egg-hunt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511050629/http://hillsborofreepress.com/news/front-page/18099291-easter-bunny-participates-in-egg-hunt.html |archive-date=2013-05-11 |website=hillsborofreepress.com}}</ref> == Abubuwan jan hankali na yankin == [[Fayil:Pioneer_Adobe_House_and_fence_Hillsboro_Kansas.jpg|right|thumb|1876 P.P. Loewen House Museum (Pioneer Adobe House) (2022) ]] Hillsboro tana da gine-gine biyu da aka jera a cikin National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). * Gidan Tarihin W.F. Schaeffler (NRHP), 312 East Grand Ave. <ref name="W.F. Schaeffler House Museum">{{Cite web |title=W.F. Schaeffler House Museum |url=http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/Schaeffler-House-Museum.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626045901/http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/Schaeffler-House-Museum.html |archive-date=2011-06-26 |access-date=2010-07-19}}</ref>"counter-reset: mw-Ref 20;"><span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></span><ref>[http://www.kshs.org/resource/national_register/nominationsNRDB/Marion_SchaefflerWilliamFandIdaGHouseNR.pdf National Register of Historic Places - W.F. Schaeffler House]</ref> * Gidan Tarihi na Mennonite, 501 Kudancin Ash Street.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mennonite Settlement Museums |url=http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212193824/http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/ |archive-date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2006-10-13}}</ref> Babban gidan kayan gargajiya a kan Memorial Drive (1 block yamma). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mennonite Settlement Museum |url=http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/Mennonite-Settlement-Museum.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827095252/http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/Mennonite-Settlement-Museum.html |archive-date=2011-08-27 |access-date=2010-07-19}}</ref> ** 1876 P.P. Loewen House<ref>{{Cite web |title=1876 P.P. Loewen House |url=http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/PPLoewen-page.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329064941/http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/PPLoewen-page.html |archive-date=2010-03-29 |access-date=2010-08-12}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kshs.org/resource/national_register/nominationsNRDB/Marion_PioneerAdobeHouseNR.pdf National Register of Historic Places - P.P. Loewen House]</ref> (NRHP). A baya an san shi da Pioneer Adobe House . Gidan tubali na gargajiya na Rasha daga ƙauyen Mennonite na Hoffnungsthal . Gidan karshe da ya rage na irin wannan a Arewacin Amurka. ** Jacob Friesen Flouring Wind Mill wani cikakken kwatankwacin injin 1876 ne wanda ke tsaye a ƙauyen Mennonite na Gnadenau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacob Friesen Flouring Wind Mill |url=http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/Friesenpage.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711170754/http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/Friesenpage.html |archive-date=2011-07-11 |access-date=2010-08-12}}</ref><ref>[https://www.hillsborofreepress.com/news/front-page/repairs-begin-on-friesen-mill-in-hillsboro Repairs begin on Friesen Mill in Hillsboro; Hillsboro Free Press; June 3, 2014.]</ref> ** 1886 Kreutziger School No. 97 ta kasance tana aiki daga 1886 zuwa 1960 kimanin kilomita 5 a arewacin Kanada, Kansas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1886 Kreutziger School |url=http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/One-Room-School-Program.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116132241/http://www.hillsboro-museums.com/One-Room-School-Program.html |archive-date=2009-11-16 |access-date=2010-08-12}}</ref><ref>[http://genealogytrails.com/kan/marion/schooldays.html Marion County Schools; Genealogy Trails.]</ref> * Marion Reservoir, arewa maso gabashin Hillsboro, ya fita kusa da Hillsboro tare da US-56: French Creek cove (Limestone Road), Hillsboro cove (Nighthawk Road), Overlook da Dam (Old Mill Road), Marion cove da Cottonwood Point cove (Pawnee Road). == manazarta ==   o943dbwtzyuwxpqkl1avj8b00w4a1mn 0 87448 827320 696106 2026-04-27T21:30:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gwabzawa da yan ta'adda a Pagak'' Harin na Pagak dai wani gagarumin farmakin soji ne da gwamnatin Sudan ta Kudu ta yi a lokacin yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu da nufin kwace garin Pagak mai matukar muhimmanci da kuma babban yankin Maiwut daga hannun 'yan tawayen SPLM-IO na Riek Machar. Tun farkon yakin basasa, Pagak ya kasance hedkwatar 'yan tawaye kuma tungar 'yan tawaye, kuma an yi imanin rashinsa zai iya raunana 'yan tawayen. Dakarun gwamnatin kasar da suka shiga cikin farmakin dai sun hada da SPLM-IO (bangaren Juba), kungiyar da ta balle daga yunkurin Machar dake biyayya ga mataimakin shugaban kasar Taban Deng Gai na farko. Ko da yake dakarun da ke goyon bayan gwamnati sun yi nasarar kame Pagak a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, yunkurinsu na tabbatar da tsaron yankunan ya ci tura. Sakamakon haka, titin da ke hannun SPLA tsakanin Mathiang da Pagak ya kasance mara lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southsudannewsagency.com/index.php/2017/07/22/ugandan-air-force-carries-air-strikes-south-sudanese-rebels-positions-upper-nile/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-11-23 |archive-date=2020-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918231236/http://www.southsudannewsagency.com/index.php/2017/07/22/ugandan-air-force-carries-air-strikes-south-sudanese-rebels-positions-upper-nile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == === Musayar wuta(farmaki) daga bangaren gwamnati === A cewar jami'an 'yan tawayen, an fara kai farmakin gwamnati ne a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2017, yayin da rahotanni suka ce sojojin SPLA da kawayenta na "'yan tawayen Sudan" sun kaddamar da hare-haren wuce gona da iri kan wuraren da masu biyayya ga Machar ke ciki da wajen Mathiang da Guelguk, gundumar Longechuk; 'Yan tawayen sun yi iƙirarin cewa, an yi nasarar fatattakar waɗannan hare-hare na farko da wasu a yankunan karkara. Jami'in leken asirin soji na SPLM-IO Khamis Mawwil ya yi barazanar cewa "za a samu kogin jakunkuna idan suna tunanin za su iya kwace yankunanmu a Upper Nile". Sai dai lamarin ya sauya, yayin da mayakan da ke biyayya ga Taban Deng Gai suka shiga farmakin da ake kai wa mabiya Machar.<ref>http://www.africanews.com/2017/07/29/south-sudan-army-captures-ethiopia-border-town-held-by-rebels//{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, wadannan 'yan bindiga sun kwace Mathiang da garuruwa da kauyuka da dama a gundumar Longechuk daga hannun 'yan tawayen. Fadan dai ya sa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kwashe akalla ma'aikatan agaji 25 daga yankin SPLA-IO da ke Pagak, yayin da dubban fararen hula suka rasa matsugunansu, yayin da wasu kusan dubu 50 suka katse ba su kai agaji.<ref>http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article63371</ref> A halin da ake ciki, gwamnatin ta musanta cewa tana kai farmaki, ta kuma ce har yanzu tana mutunta yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta da ta yi. Duk da ci gaba da kai hare-hare da kuma turjiya da aka yi, sojojin gwamnati sun ci gaba da kai farmaki kan babban birnin Maiwut, tsakiyar gundumar Maiwut, cikin makonni masu zuwa. Kimanin fararen hula 30,000 ne suka tsere daga fadan da matsugunin Sook a Pagak, yayin da gwamnati ta ci gaba da musanta cewa ana kai hare-hare. Kakakin SPLA kawai ya bayyana cewa "idan dakarun Taban Deng sun koma Pagak alhakinsu ne". 'Yan tawayen sun kuma yi ikirarin cewa, dakarun tsaron Uganda sun goyi bayan gwamnati a lokacin farmakin da suka kai ta sama. A ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, garin Maiwut da ke hannun 'yan tawaye, kusa da kan iyaka da Habasha, daga karshe sojojin SPLA, da suka kunshi dakaru masu biyayya ga mataimakin shugaban kasa Taban Deng Gai suka kwace. Maiwut yana kan hanyar samar da kayayyaki tsakanin iyakar Habasha da Mathiang. Bayan wannan nasarar ne dai gwamnatin kasar ta amince da cewa ta kaddamar da farmaki, duk da cewa a halin yanzu an sanya ta a matsayin "kare kanta" domin dakile hare-haren 'yan tawaye a kullum a yankunan da ke hannun gwamnati. Da faduwar Maiwut, kungiyar SPLM-IO (bangaren Juba) ta yi kira ga 'yan gudun hijira da su koma gidajensu a gundumar Maiwut, yayin da SPLA suka fara yiwa Pagak kawanya. Harin farko da aka kai wa sansanin ‘yan tawayen ya ci tura, amma yayin da dakarun SPLA ke ci gaba da zuwa da manyan bindigogi, lamarin da ya gagara gagaran sansanin SPLM-IO da aka yi wa kawanya. Sakamakon haka 'yan tawayen sun ja da baya a karshen 6 ga watan Agusta, inda suka baiwa gwamnati damar mamaye Pagak ba tare da turjiya ba a washegari. Sai dai kafin janyewar su, mayakan Machar sun kona barikin soji da shagunan harsasai domin kada su fada hannun SPLA. Gwamnatin ta ci gaba da cewa mazauna Pagak sun yi maraba da dakarunta da suka yi garkuwa da su kusan shekaru hudu tun bayan barkewar rikicin 'yan tawaye; Sai dai jami’an agaji na cikin gida sun musanta hakan, inda dubbai suka tsere daga sojojin SPLA. === Musayar wuta(farmaki) daga bangaren yan ta'adda === Sai dai a wannan rana da Pagak ya fadi, 'yan tawayen sun kaddamar da nasu farmaki kan Maiwut. An yi amfani da cewa an mayar da akasarin dakarun tsaron na Pagak, an ba da rahoton cewa maharan sun sake karbe garin tare da kama kayan soja da yawa; amma gwamnati ta musanta cewa Maiwut ya fadi. A cewar kwamandan ‘yan tawayen yankin Manjo Janar Khor Chuol Giet, ‘yan tawayen sun kakkabe dakarun gwamnati a Pagak da kan iyakar kasar Habasha. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hari]] 3y4528vz8lz3tcg1u6l4ft8e23k76rs 0 88662 827160 680725 2026-04-27T14:50:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Waterfall_in_rainforest.jpg|right|thumb|Ruwan daji a cikin Rincón de la Vieja National Park wanda aka kafa a 1973]] Ana yin kokarin sake gina gandun daji a Costa Rica don sake gina bambancin halittu da yanayin [[Halitta|halittu]] waɗanda suka fuskantan mummunan [[Lalacewar bututun ruwan jan karfe|lalacewar]] [[gandun daji]]. == Tarihi == Costa Rica tana da [[Tsarin Halittun Al'adu|tsarin halittu]] daban-daban guda shida, kuma an dauke shi wuri mai zafi na halittu- yana da 5% na jimlar halittu masu yawa a duniya a cikin 0.1% na ƙasarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian Staff |date=2007-05-26 |title=Leo Hickman examines Costa Rica's ecotourism industry |url=http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/may/26/saturday.costarica |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Raguwar gandun daji na Costa Rican ya kasance ne saboda katako da ba a tsara ba a tsakiyar shekarun 1900. Masu katako sun share yawancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi don riba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Costa Rica has doubled its tropical rainforests in just a few decades. Here's how |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/06/costa-rica-has-doubled-its-tropical-rainforests-in-just-a-few-decades-here-s-how/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990s, Costa Rica tana da mafi girman yawan lalacewar gandun daji a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-23 |title=From the Field: Costa Rica points the way to a sustainable world |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1103812 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=UN News |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018164507/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1103812 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A sakamakon haka, gwamnatin Costa Rican ta fara kokarin gyara lalacewar da aka yi wa shimfidar wuri a wannan lokacin da kuma bunkasa ta hanyar da ta dace. === Kashe daji === A cikin shekarun 1940, noma da katako marasa kulawa sune babban abin da ya haifar da raguwar gandun daji na Costa Rica. A cikin shekarun 1980s, kashi biyu bisa uku na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun ɓace ga waɗannan ayyukan sare daji.<ref name=":0"/> Irin wannan hanzari da karfi da kuma karfi da gandun daji ya kasance ne saboda wadannan manufofi na kasar kamar: kasafin kudi ga shanu, dokokin da ke ba da lada ga gandun daji da sauri ko fadada tsarin hanya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Payments for Environmental Services Program |url=https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/financing-for-climate-friendly-investment/payments-for-environmental-services-program |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226220330/https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/financing-for-climate-friendly-investment/payments-for-environmental-services-program |archive-date=Feb 26, 2023 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manufar == An rasa yawancin yanayin halitta na Costa Rican, saboda haka gwamnati ta gabatar da matakai biyu don karewa da farfado da shi. Da farko, gwamnati ta haramta share gandun daji ba tare da izini ba. Abu na biyu, gwamnati ta gabatar da biyan kuɗi don ayyukan muhalli (PES) wanda ya ba da ƙarfafawar tattalin arziki don kiyayewa da dawo da gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Nell |date=2020-07-27 |title=This country regrew its lost forest. Can the world learn from it? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/27/americas/reforestation-costa-rica-c2e-spc/index.html |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Wadannan matakan sun yi nasara sosai cewa, a cikin 2021, kasar ta lashe kyautar farko ta Earthshot don kokarin kiyaye su. A cikin ƙoƙari na juyar da mummunan tasirin da manufofi marasa kyau suka haifar wanda ya haifar da sake fasalin, Costa Rica ta fara amfani da shirin PES (Ku biya don Ayyukan Muhalli). Shirin na PES ya ba da gudummawar kuɗi ga masu mallakar filaye da tsare-tsaren gandun daji don kare gandun daji, sake gina gandun daji da kuma shimfidar wuri mai ɗorewa.<ref name=":2"/> Shirin na PES ya haifar da fa'idodi da yawa na zamantakewa, inganta ingancin rayuwa da kuma tattalin arziki. Tsakanin 1997 da 2019, fiye da iyalai 18,000 sun amfana daga gudummawar kudi.<ref name=":2"/> == Ayyuka == An kirkiro shirye-shirye da ayyukan da yawa don karewa da dawo da yanayi ciki har da Yankin Kula da Guanacaste (ACG) da BaumInvest. === Yankin Karewa na Guanacaste (ACG) === Yankin Kula da Yanayi na Guanacaste (ACG) ya ƙunshi kadada 163,000 na ƙasashe a ƙarƙashin gudanarwar Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservacion (SINAC). An kirkiro ACG a cikin 1986 tare da manufa don dawo da gandun daji masu bushewa, da kuma yanayin halittu da ke kewaye da su waɗanda suka jimre da lalacewa ta hanyar aikin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ACG |date=2012-02-16 |title=¿Qué es el Área de Conservación Guanacaste? |url=https://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr/acg/que-es-el-acg |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Área de Conservación Guanacaste |language=es-es}}</ref> Kokarinsu ya fara ne a yankin Santa Rosa National Park, wanda aka kirkira a shekarar 1971. ACG tana mai da hankali kan maidowa, tsira da kiyaye wadatattun tsire-tsire da Dabbobi da ke zaune a waɗannan ƙasashe kuma an yi barazanar daruruwan shekaru na aikin ɗan adam. === BaumInvestment === An fara aikin sake gina gandun daji na BaumInvest a Costa Rica a cikin 2007. Wadannan ayyukan suna neman kafa gandun daji mai ɗorewa da diyya ta carbon ta hanyar gandun daji. Kimanin kadada 1,280 na makiyaya an sake dasa su da itatuwa na asali (an dasa bishiyoyi sama da miliyan ɗaya). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=BaumInvest Mixed Reforestation in Costa Rica {{!}} The Gold Standard |url=https://www.goldstandard.org/projects/bauminvest-reforestation |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=www.goldstandard.org}}</ref> Wannan aikin ya haifar da farfado da nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe 70 daban-daban, da kuma rayuwar Dipteryx panamensis (nau'in bishiyoyi masu haɗari). Har ila yau, aikin ya samar da tasiri mai kyau na zamantakewar al'umma kamar: inganta ilimin muhalli, da kuma samar da ayyukan karkara masu aminci da ɗorewa wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, farauta da cinikin dabbobi.<ref name=":1" /> Wannan aikin shine aikin sake gina gandun daji na farko wanda aka ba da takardar shaidar Gold Standard saboda tasirinsa mai kyau a kan muhalli. == Dubi kuma == * Kashe daji a Costa Rica * Dabbobin daji na Costa Rica == manazarta == <references /> t4in39alvctbemsib4wxv8exespdci4 0 89366 827270 559497 2026-04-27T19:14:55Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341169729|Bertha Gxowa]]" 827270 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Bertha Gxowa''', OLS, (née '''Mashaba'''; 26 Nuwamba 1934 - 19 Nuwamba 2010) ta kasance mai adawa da wariyar launin fata da kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata kuma mai fafatawa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Gxowa a Germiston.[1] Ta fara shiga makarantar firamare ta Thokoza da ke wannan unguwar kafin ta wuce zuwa Makarantar Sakandaren Jama'a. An tura ta zuwa kwalejin kasuwanci, inda ta kammala kwasa-kwasan guntun hannu da kuma adana littattafai. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Ayyuka == Gxowa ta fara aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar ofishi a Kungiyar Mata'aikatan Kayan Afirka ta Kudu inda ta shiga tattaunawar albashi kuma ta tattara biyan kuɗi. Gxowa ta shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasar Afirka (ANC) da Ƙungiyar Mata tun tana ƙarama. Ta fara yin rajista tare da ANC a lokacin yakin neman ilimi na anti-[[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Bertha Gxowa (Mashaba) |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/bertha-gxowa-mashaba |access-date=4 September 2016 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> == Nasarar da aka samu == Gxowa ya shiga cikin Yakin Defiance a shekarar 1952. Gxowa na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Tarayyar Mata ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]] (FEDSAW). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Bertha Gxowa (Mashaba) |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/bertha-gxowa-mashaba |access-date=4 September 2016 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya Maris na Mata a kan Ginin Union a 1956 wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da dokokin wucewa.<ref name=":0" /> Gxowa, tare da Helen Joseph, sun yi tafiya a fadin Afirka ta Kudu don tattara sa hannu a kan korafe-korafe 20,000 waɗanda aka gabatar a lokacin Maris.<ref name=":2" /> Daga bisani aka zarge ta da cin amana a 1956 a cikin Trial Trial kuma ta ci gaba da fuskantar shari'a har zuwa 1959. An dakatar da ita a karkashin Dokar Kaddamar da Kwaminisanci a shekarar 1960. A shekara ta 1994, ta fara aiki a majalisar a matsayin memba na ANC. Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Harkokin Cikin Gida da Lafiya na Majalisar dokoki a Majalisar har zuwa shekara ta 2004. == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Gxowa ya mutu a wani asibiti a [[Johannesburg]] a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2010. Wani asibiti a Lardin Gauteng an sanya masa suna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bertha Gxowa Hospital |url=http://www.health.gpg.gov.za/hospitals/pages/Bertha-Gxowa-Hospital.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910085607/http://www.health.gpg.gov.za/hospitals/Pages/Bertha-Gxowa-Hospital.aspx |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=4 September 2016 |website=Gauteng Province |publisher=Republic of South Africa}}</ref> Tana da 'ya'ya biyar kuma ta auri Cecil Mntukanti Gxowa, wanda ya mutu kafin ta. An keɓe wurin kabarinta a matsayin wurin tarihi na lardin. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramtawa a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata|Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramta a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://kathorusmail.co.za/2047/statue-of-mama-gxowa-unveiled/ An bayyana mutum-mutumi] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] e8i17ins8ovk3k4tzkhscgpu7udnlkw 0 92496 827422 581538 2026-04-28T09:44:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827422 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Henrietta_Hyde.jpg|thumb|Henrietta Boyle, Countess na Rochester, ca. 1665, na Sir Peter Lely]]{{Databox}} Henrietta Hyde, Countess of Rochester (née '''Boyle'''; 1646 - 12 Afrilu 1687) wata mace mace mai daraja ta Anglo-Irish . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin kyawawan Windsor da Sir Peter Lely ya zana. == Rayuwa == An haife ta ne a Wiltshire, Ingila, ga Sir Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl na Cork, da Elizabeth Boyle, Countess na Cork . A shekara ta 1665, ta auri Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl na Rochester, ɗan Edward Hyde, 5st Earl na Clarendon da Frances Aylesbury . Henrietta tana da 'ya'ya hudu. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1677, an nada ta don maye gurbin Frances Villiers a matsayin mai kula da 'ya'yan Duke na York. Kamar yawancin daular Boyle, waɗanda a cikin sararin ƙarni biyu sun zama kusan masu iko a kudancin Ireland, Henrietta tana da hankali mai ƙarfi da kuma samun kuɗi, kuma tana iya zama marar tausayi wajen tabbatar da hakkokinta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata na rayuwarta, lokacin da mijinta ya kasance Babban Minista ga surukinsa Sarki James II, Henrietta ya yi amfani da ikonsa don da'awar duk wani dama mai yiwuwa. Ta yi rikici da 'yar uwar mijinta, Sarauniya Anne ta gaba, game da wanda ya kamata ya sami mafi kyawun gidaje a Fadar Whitehall. Anne, wacce kanta za ta iya zama babban abokin hamayya, ta koka da baƙin ciki game da "girmanci" kawunta a gare ta. == Yara == * [[Anne Butler, Duchess of Ormonde|Lady Anne Hyde]] (ta mutu 25 Janairu 1684/85), wanda ya auri James Butler, Duke na 2 na Ormonde, * Lady Mary Hyde, (1669-1709) wanda ya auri Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Baron Conway, * Henry Hyde, 4th Earl na Clarendon (kimanin 1672 - 10 Disamba 1753), * Lady Henrietta Hyde (ca. 1677 - 30 Mayu 1730), wanda ya auri James Scott, Earl na Dalkeith . Anne da ƙarami Henrietta dukansu an san su da basira da sha'awa. Mutuwar Anne da wuri, bayan [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki]], babbar matsala ce ga iyayenta, mijinta da duk abokanta. 'Yar'uwarta Lady Dalkeith, duk da bala'o'in da suka faru, an ce ta riƙe kyawawan halaye da sha'awa a cikin shekaru hamsin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == * Gregg, Edward ''Sarauniya Anne'' Jami'ar Yale Press 2001 * [Hasiya] ''Aure, Baftisma, da Rijistar Kabari na Colegiate Church ko Abbey na St. Peter, Westminster.'' (shafi na 329) 1876. &nbsp;Googlebooks An samo su 6 Yuni 2008 * [http://digitalgallery.&#x3C;i&#x20;id= NYPL.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID=353728&imageID=1110064&word=35787&s=1&notword=&d=&c=&f=13&k=0&lWord=&lField=&sScope=Name&sLevel=&sLabel=Thomas%2C%20J.&total=5&num=0&imgs=20&pNum=&pos=4" id="mwUA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">"Henrietta, Countess of Rochester. (1833) "]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, NYPL [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1646]] [[Rukuni:Turawa]] [[Rukuni:Mata turawa]] lfqgmvupa6bk5plupg5975lkrdevz2r 0 92723 827423 813268 2026-04-28T10:09:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phoebe Sarah Hertha Ayrton''' (28 Afrilu 1854 - 26 Agusta 1923 ) ta kasance injiniyar lantarki ta Burtaniya, masanin lissafi, masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma mai kirkiro, kuma mai ba da izini. An san ta a rayuwar manya kamar '''Hertha Ayrton''', an haife ta '''Phoebe Sarah Marks''', Royal Society ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Hughes Medal saboda aikinta a kan Arcs na lantarki da alamun ripple a cikin yashi da ruwa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Hertha Ayrton '''Phoebe Sarah Marks''' a Portsea, Hampshire, Ingila, a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1854. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta tana da sunan Saratu. Ita ce ta uku na wani mai yin agogo na Yahudawa mai suna Levi Marks, baƙo daga Tsarist [[Poland]]; da Alice Theresa Moss, mai sutura, 'yar Joseph Moss, ɗan kasuwa na gilashi na Portsea . <ref name="IET Ayrton Bio">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Hertha Ayrton |url=http://www.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/biographies/ayrtonh.cfm |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Archives Biographies |publisher=[[Institution of Engineering and Technology]]}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1861, ya bar mahaifiyar Sarah da yara bakwai da ake sa ran na takwas. Daga nan sai Saratu ta ɗauki wasu nauyin kula da ƙananan yara. [[George Eliot]] ya goyi bayan aikace-aikacen Ayrton zuwa Kwalejin Girton, Cambridge. A can, Ayrton ya yi karatun lissafi kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi Richard Glazebrook ne ya horar da shi. Ta kuma gina sphygmomanometer (mita matsin jini), ta jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa, ta kafa ƙungiyar kashe gobara ta Girton, kuma, tare da Charlotte Scott, ta kafa kulob din lissafi. A shekara ta 1880, Ayrton ta wuce Tripos na lissafi, amma Cambridge ba ta ba ta digiri na ilimi ba saboda a lokacin ba ta ba da cikakken digiri ga mata ba. Ayrton ta wuce jarrabawar waje a Jami'ar London, wanda ya ba ta digiri na farko a Kimiyya a shekara ta 1881.<ref name="mactutor">{{Cite web |title=Phoebe Sarah Hertha Marks Ayrton |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ayrton/ |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=MacTutor |publisher=University of St Andrews |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton">{{Cite web |last=Riddle |first=Larry |date=25 February 2016 |title=Hertha Marks Ayrton |url=http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/ayrton.htm |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Biographies of Women Mathematicians |publisher=Agnes Scott College}}</ref> An haifi Ayrton a matsayin Bayahude amma ta kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a lokacin da take matashiya. Ta karɓi sunan "Hertha", [[wikisource:Hertha (Swinburne)|waka]] abokinta Ottilie Blind ya ba ta sunan laƙabi, bayan jarumi mai suna Algernon Charles Swinburne wanda ya soki addinin da aka tsara.<ref name="NNDB-Ayrton">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Hertha Ayrton |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/034/000167530/ |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=[[NNDB]]}}</ref><ref name="nickname Hertha">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=6 September 2022 |title=Hertha Ayrton: pioneering inventor and suffragette – Physics World |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/hertha-ayrton-pioneering-inventor-and-suffragette/ |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Physics World}}</ref> == Ayyukan lissafi da aikin injiniyan lantarki == Bayan ta dawo London, Ayrton ta sami kuɗi ta hanyar koyarwa da zane-zane, ta gudanar da kulob din ga 'yan mata masu aiki, kuma ta kula da' yar'uwarta mara lafiya. Ta kuma yi amfani da ƙwarewarta ta lissafi - ta koyar a makarantar sakandare ta Notting Hill da Ealing, kuma ta kasance mai aiki a cikin tsarawa da warware matsalolin lissafi, da yawa daga cikinsu an buga su a cikin "Matsalar Lissafi da Maganarsu" daga Educational Times . A cikin 1884 Ayrton ya ba da izini <ref name="oxdnb" /> mai raba layi, kayan aikin zane na injiniya don raba layi zuwa kowane adadin sassan daidai da kuma fadadawa da rage adadi. Mai raba layin shine babban abin da ta kirkira na farko kuma, yayin da amfani da shi na farko zai iya zama ga masu fasaha don fadadawa da raguwa, yana da amfani ga gine-gine da injiniyoyi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bruton |first=Elizabeth |date=2018 |title=The life and material culture of Hertha Ayrton |url=http://journal.sciencemuseum.ac.uk/browse/issue-10/the-life-and-material-culture-of-hertha-ayrton/ |journal=Science Museum Group Journal |language=en |volume=10 |issue=10 |doi=10.15180/181002 |issn=2054-5770 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-02-10 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411010010/http://journal.sciencemuseum.ac.uk/browse/issue-10/the-life-and-material-culture-of-hertha-ayrton/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aikace-aikacen takardar shaidar Ayrton ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga Louisa Goldsmid da mata Barbara Bodichon, waɗanda tare suka inganta isasshen kuɗi don fitar da takardun shaida; an nuna kirkirar a Nunin Loan na Masana'antar Mata kuma sun sami kulawa da manema labarai sosai. Takardar shaidar Ayrton ta 1884 ita ce ta farko daga cikin mutane da yawa - daga 1884 har zuwa mutuwarta, Hertha ta yi rajistar takardun shaida 26: biyar a kan masu rarraba lissafi, 13 a kan fitilu da lantarki, sauran a kan motsi na iska. A shekara ta 1884 Ayrton ya fara halartar darussan maraice kan wutar lantarki a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Finsbury, wanda Farfesa William Edward Ayrton ya gabatar, majagaba a aikin injiniya da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi kuma ɗan'uwan Royal Society. A ranar 6 ga Mayu 1885 ta auri tsohon malaminta, kuma daga baya ta taimaka masa da gwaje-gwaje a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da wutar lantarki. Ta kuma fara bincikenta game da halaye na wutar lantarki.<ref name="IET Ayrton Bio"/> A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara, hasken lantarki yana amfani sosai don hasken jama'a. Halin arcs na lantarki don yin fitila da murmushi babban matsala ne. A shekara ta 1895, Hertha Ayrton ta rubuta jerin labarai ga Electrician, ta bayyana cewa waɗannan abubuwan sun kasance sakamakon iskar oxygen da ke shiga cikin hulɗa tare da sandunan carbon da aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bakan. A shekara ta 1899 ita ce mace ta farko da ta karanta takarda ta kanta kafin Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki (IEE). Takardar ta tana da taken "The Hissing of the Electric Arc". Ba da daɗewa ba, an zabi Ayrton a matsayin mace ta farko a cikin IEE; mace ta gaba da za a shigar da ita cikin IEE ita ce Dorothy Smith a shekara ta 1958. <ref name="oxdnb" /> Ta yi kira da ta gabatar da takarda a gaban Royal Society amma ba a yarda da ita ba saboda jima'i kuma John Perry ya karanta "The Mechanism of the Electric Arc" a madadin ta a 1901. Ayrton kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta lashe lambar yabo daga Society, Hughes Medal, wanda aka ba ta a 1906 don girmama bincikenta game da motsi na ripples a cikin yashi da ruwa da aikinta a kan wutar lantarki.<ref name="IET Ayrton Bio"/> A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara, aikin Ayrton a fagen injiniyan lantarki an san shi sosai, a cikin gida da kuma duniya. A taron mata na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a London a shekara ta 1899, ta jagoranci sashen kimiyyar jiki. Ayrton ya kuma yi magana a Taron Lantarki na Duniya a [[Faris|Paris]] a cikin 1900. Nasararta a can ta jagoranci Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya don ba da damar mata su yi aiki a kwamitocin gaba ɗaya da na sashi. A cikin tarihin aikin gida a cikin tsibirin Burtaniya, Caroline [[Al-Uzza|Davidson]] ta kira Ayrton daya daga cikin "mata masu amfani da wutar lantarki" waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban wutar lantarki ta hanyoyin da suka canza aikin mata a cikin gidaje. A cikin 1902, Ayrton ta buga The Electric Arc, taƙaitaccen bincikenta da aikinta a kan wutar lantarki, tare da asali a cikin labarinta na farko daga Electrician da aka buga tsakanin 1895 da 1896. Tare da wannan littafin, gudummawar da ta bayar a fagen injiniyan lantarki ta fara zama siminti. Koyaya, da farko aƙalla, Ayrton ba a karɓa da kyau ba daga manyan al'ummomin kimiyya na gargajiya kamar Royal Society. Bayan da aka buga The Electric Arc, an gabatar da Ayrton a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society ta sanannen injiniyan lantarki John Perry a cikin 1902. Majalisar Royal Society ta ki amincewa da aikace-aikacen ta, wanda ya ba da umarnin cewa mata masu aure ba su cancanci zama Fellows ba.<ref name="Henderson 2012-03-08">{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Felicity |date=8 March 2012 |title=Hertha Ayrton and an Embarrassing Episode in the History of the Royal Society |url=http://blogs.royalsociety.org/history-of-science/2012/03/08/almost-a-fellow |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023153/http://blogs.royalsociety.org/history-of-science/2012/03/08/almost-a-fellow/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=The Repository |publisher=Royal Society}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin 1904, ta zama mace ta farko da ta karanta takarda a gaban Royal Society lokacin da aka ba ta damar karanta takarda "The Origin and Growth of Ripple Marks" kuma daga baya aka buga wannan a cikin Proceedings of the Royal Society . <ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayrton |first=Hertha |date=21 October 1910 |title=The Origin and Growth of Ripple-Mark |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=84 |issue=571 |pages=285–310 |bibcode=1910RSPSA..84..285A |doi=10.1098/rspa.1910.0076 |jstor=93297 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekara ta 1906, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Hughes ta Royal Society "don bincikenta na gwaji a kan wutar lantarki, da kuma kan yashi. " Ita ce ta biyar da ta karɓi wannan kyautar, wanda aka ba ta kowace shekara tun 1902, don nuna godiya ga binciken asali a cikin kimiyyar jiki, musamman wutar lantarki da magnetism ko aikace-aikacen su, kuma tun daga 2018, ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kawai da aka girmama, ɗayan shine Michele Dougherty a cikin 2008.<ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hughes Medal &#124; Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/hughes-medal/ |website=royalsociety.org}}</ref> == Taimako ga 'yancin mata == Yayinda take matashiya, Ayrton ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar mata, ta shiga WSPU a 1907 bayan ta halarci bikin tare da fursunoni da aka saki. A cikin 1909 Ayrton ya buɗe rana ta biyu ta Knightsbridge "Nunawar Mata da Sayar da Ayyuka a cikin Launuka" wanda ya haɗa da sabon samfurin keke da aka fentin a cikin purple, fari da kore kuma aka ɗaga daga ɗakunan 50 da shayi da dai sauransu. £ 5,664 don motsi.<ref name=":0" /> Ayrton ya kasance tare da tawagar da ta tafi tare da Emily Pankhurst don ganin Firayim Minista kuma ya sadu da sakatarensa na sirri a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1910 (Black Friday). Ayrton ta ba da izinin Christabel Pankhurst don canja wurin kuɗi zuwa asusun bankin ta don kauce wa kwacewa a 1912, kuma ta dauki bakuncin Pankhurth a lokutan warkewa daga ɗaurin kurkuku da ciyar da tilas. Ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin sake kama Pankhurst a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1913 don ci gaba da hukuncin ta an kore shi ta hanyar 'yan mata da ke yin zanga-zanga a waje, amma daga ƙarshe an sake kama Pinkhurst a waje da gidan Ayrton a kan hanyar zuwa jana'izar Emily Davison (wanda aka kashe bayan ya gudu a gaban doki na Sarki a Derby). Ayrton abokiyar masanin kimiyya [[Marie Curie]] ce kuma ta ba 'yarta, Irène Curie, darussan lissafi. Kodayake Curie yawanci ta zaɓi hana sunanta daga korafe-korafe, Ayrton ta sami nasarar shawo kanta ta sanya hannu kan zanga-zangar adawa da ɗaurin mata ta hanyar 'yarta [bayani ana buƙata].<ref name=":2" />  Ta hanyar gwagwarmayar neman zabe ne ta sadu da Barbara Bodichon, wata 'yar'uwarta kuma co-kafa Kwalejin Girton ta Cambridge. Bodichon ya taimaka wajen ba da damar kudi ga Ayrton don halartar Girton kuma ya ci gaba da tallafa mata da kudi a duk lokacin da take karatu da kuma aiki, gami da ba da dukiyarta ga Ayrton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hertha Marks Ayrton |url=http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/articles/ayrton/ayrtonbio.html |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=cwp.library.ucla.edu}}</ref> == Rayuwa da bincike na baya == Ayrton ya gabatar da takardu bakwai a gaban Royal Society tsakanin 1901 da 1926, na karshe bayan mutuwarsa.<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Ayrton |first=the late Mrs. H. |date=1 November 1926 |title=Primary and secondary vortices in oscillating fluids: their connection with skin friction |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A |volume=113 |issue=763 |pages=44–45 |bibcode=1926RSPSA.113...44A |doi=10.1098/rspa.1926.0138 |doi-access=free}} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayrton |first=Mrs. Hertha |date=9 October 1919 |title=On a new method of driving off poisonous gases |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A |volume=96 |issue=676 |pages=249–256 |bibcode=1919RSPSA..96..249A |doi=10.1098/rspa.1919.0051 |doi-access=free}} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayrton |first=Mrs. Hertha |date=1 July 1915 |title=Local difference of pressure near an obstacle in oscillating water |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A |volume=91 |issue=631 |pages=405–410 |bibcode=1915RSPSA..91..405A |doi=10.1098/rspa.1915.0031 |doi-access=free}} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayrton |first=Mrs. Hertha |last2=Ayrton |first2=late Prof. W. E. |date=21 October 1910 |title=The origin and growth of ripple-mark |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A |volume=84 |issue=571 |pages=285–310 |bibcode=1910RSPSA..84..285A |doi=10.1098/rspa.1910.0076 |doi-access=free}} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayrton |first=Mrs. Hertha |date=6 April 1908 |title=On the non-periodic or residual motion of water moving in stationary waves |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A |volume=80 |issue=538 |pages=252–260 |bibcode=1908RSPSA..80..252A |doi=10.1098/rspa.1908.0022 |doi-access=free}} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayrton |first=(Mrs.) Hertha |date=1 January 1902 |title=V. The mechanism of the electric arc |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A |volume=199 |issue=312–320 |pages=299–336 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1902.0016 |doi-access=free}} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayrton |first=(Mrs.) Hertha |date=1 January 1901 |title=The mechanism of the electric arc |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. |volume=68 |issue=442–450 |pages=410–414 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1901.0069 |doi-access=free}} </ref>Ta kuma gabatar da sakamakon bincikenta a gaban masu sauraro a Ƙungiyar Burtaniya da Kungiyar Jiki. Ayrton ya kuma kirkiro fan da ke aiki da hannu don kawar da iskar gas mai guba daga rami a gaba. Na'urar tana da zane mai hana ruwa wanda ke goyan bayan igiyoyi na sanda tare da igiyoyi biyu da kuma maɓallin hickory. Ofishin Yakin ya watsar da kirkirar da farko, har sai musayar manema labarai ta biyo baya, kuma a ƙarshe sun ba da "Ayrton Fans" 104,000 ga sojoji a yammacin gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hertha Marks Ayrton {{!}} Lemelson |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/hertha-marks-ayrton |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=lemelson.mit.edu}}</ref> Ayrton ta shafe sauran aikinta a cikin bincike don share tururi mai guba daga ma'adinai da magudanar ruwa kuma ta shiga cikin sabuwar kungiyar International Federation of University Women . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hertha Marks Ayrton {{!}} Lemelson |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/hertha-marks-ayrton |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=lemelson.mit.edu}}</ref> Ayrton ta taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Jami'o'i ta Duniya a cikin 1919 da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Kimiyya ta Kasa a cikin 1920. Ta mutu daga guba a jini (wanda ya haifar da cin kwari) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1923 a New Cottage, North Lancing, Sussex . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 1885, Ayrton ta auri gwauruwa William Edward Ayrton, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da injiniyan lantarki wanda ke tallafawa ayyukanta na kimiyya. Ayrton ta girmama Barbara Bodichon ta hanyar sanya wa ɗanta na farko suna, 'yar da aka haifa a 1886, Barbara Bodichon Ayrton (1886-1950). An kira 'yar "Barbie", kuma daga baya ta zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki na Jam'iyyar Labour . Dan 'yarta shi ne mai zane Michael Ayrton . Hertha da William Ayrton sun yi aiki a matsayin masu kula da mai zane-zane da kuma mai ba da izini Ernestine Mills bayan mutuwar mahaifiyar Mills Emily "Mynie" Ernest Bell a cikin 1893. (Mahaifinta, marubucin Thomas Evans Bell, ya mutu a shekara ta 1887.) Sun kasance kusa kuma a watan Mayu 1915, Hertha Ayrton ta gwada 'mai tsayayya da gas' a cikin lambun baya na Mills a Kensington. Daga baya aka karbe shi azaman na'urar don share iskar sinadarai masu guba daga ramukan Birtaniya a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. An canza labarin zuwa wani yanayi a cikin littafin 1924 The Call wanda 'yar Ayrton [[Edith Ayrton|Edith Zangwill]], 'yar William da matarsa ta farko, likita Matilda Chaplin Ayrton ta rubuta).<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2020 |title=Celebrating the life of Hertha Ayrton |url=https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/celebrating-the-life-of-hertha-ayrton/ |access-date=2021-12-04 |website=Science Museum Blog |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Humanist Heritage: Ernestine Mills (1871-1959) |url=https://heritage.humanists.uk/ernestine-mills/ |access-date=2021-12-04 |website=Humanist Heritage |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:HERTHA_AYRTON_1854-1923_Physicist_lived_here_1903-1923.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan Ayrton a 41 Norfolk Square a Paddington ya sami takardar shaidar Turanci Heritage blue a cikin 2007.]] == Bikin Tunawa == * Shekaru biyu bayan mutuwarta a 1923, abokiyar rayuwar Ayrton [[Ottilie Hancock]] ta ba da kyautar Hertha Ayrton Research Fellowship a Kwalejin Girton . <ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton"/> Wannan zumunci ya ci gaba a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Girton College – Fellows |url=http://www.girton.cam.ac.uk/contacts/people/fellows |access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref> * Wani tambari mai launin shudi da aka bayyana a 2007 yana tunawa da Ayrton a 41 Norfolk Square a Paddington . <ref name="EngHet">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Ayrton, Hertha (1854–1923) |url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/ayrton-hertha-1854-1923 |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> * A shekara ta 2009, Panasonic Trust ta kaddamar da [[Hertha Marks Ayrton Fellowship]] don yin bikin cika shekaru 25 na amincewar. Manufarta ita ce inganta ci gaba da ilimi na kungiyoyin da ba su da wakilci a cikin aikin injiniya ta hanyar tallafawa injiniya mai cancanta don nazarin karatun digiri na cikakken lokaci wanda ke da alaƙa da ci gaba mai ɗorewa ko wasu fasahar muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Hertha Marks Ayrton Fellowship |url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/grants-and-prizes/schemes-for-students/panasonic-trust-fellowships/hertha-marks-ayrton-fellowship |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328003728/http://www.raeng.org.uk/grants-and-prizes/schemes-for-students/panasonic-trust-fellowships/hertha-marks-ayrton-fellowship |archive-date=28 March 2016 |website=Panasonic Trust Fellowships |publisher=[[Royal Academy of Engineering]]}}</ref> * A shekara ta 2010, wani kwamitin mata Fellows na Royal Society da masana tarihi na kimiyya sun zabi Ayrton a matsayin daya daga cikin mata goma mafi rinjaye na Burtaniya a tarihin kimiyya. * A cikin 2015, British Society for the History of Science ta kirkiro Kyautar Ayrton don ayyukan yanar gizo da haɗin dijital a tarihin kimiyya. Ya ba da kyautar farko ga Voices of Science Archived , aikin British Library. <ref name="BSHS">{{Cite web |last=British Society for the History of Science |date=n.d. |title=Ayrton Prize |url=http://www.bshs.org.uk/prizes/ayrton-prize |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-date=12 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512194235/http://www.bshs.org.uk/prizes/ayrton-prize |url-status=dead }}</ref> * A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2016, [[Google]] ta yi bikin ranar haihuwar Ayrton ta 162 tare da Google Doodle a shafinta na farko. * A cikin 2016 Majalisar Jami'ar Cambridge ta amince da amfani da sunan Ayrton don nuna alama ta jiki na Ci gaban Arewa maso Yammacin Cambridge. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrator |date=29 January 2015 |title=Street Naming |url=http://www.nwcambridge.co.uk/building-north-west/consultation/street-naming |access-date=8 March 2017 |website=www.nwcambridge.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> * Takardar Ayrton a kan 'The Origin and Growth of Ripple Marks' ta yi wahayi zuwa ga zane-zane ta Artist in Residence a Kwalejin Girton 2016-2017, Yelena Popova 'Ripple-Marked Radiance'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Science Meets Art at Girton |url=http://www.girton.cam.ac.uk/news/science-meets-art-girton |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Girton College |language=en}}</ref> * A cikin 2017 Jami'ar Sheffield Hallam ta ba da sunan sabon cibiyar STEM bayan Ayrton.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2017 |title=Engineering students get an £11m new home at Sheffield Hallam |url=http://www4.shu.ac.uk/mediacentre/engineering-students-get-%C2%A311m-new-home-sheffield-hallam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622110400/https://www4.shu.ac.uk/mediacentre/engineering-students-get-%C2%A311m-new-home-sheffield-hallam |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=5 July 2017 |publisher=Sheffield Hallam University}}</ref> * A watan Fabrairun 2018, an bayyana Blue Plaque a cikin girmamawar Ayrton a kan Queen Street, [[Portsmouth]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=City celebrates a true female inspiration |url=https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/politics/city-celebrates-a-true-female-inspiration-1-8368585 |access-date=2019-04-28 |website=www.portsmouth.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=Hertha Ayrton recognised with a Blue Plaque in Portsea |url=https://www.flickdrummond.com/news/hertha-ayrton-recognised-blue-plaque-portsea |access-date=2019-04-28 |website=Flick Drummond |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Plaques |first=Open |title=Hertha Ayrton blue plaque |url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/48676 |website=openplaques.org |access-date=2025-02-10 |archive-date=2021-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612142252/https://openplaques.org/plaques/48676 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, birnin yana alfahari da titin da aka sanya masa suna a kan The Hard, a cikin lambar gidan waya PO1 3DS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hard & Hertha Ayrton Way |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/The+Hard+&+Hertha+Ayrton+Way,+Portsmouth+PO1+3DS/@50.7979131,-1.1070341,20z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x48745d81db548b71:0x7237417d32eae9e!8m2!3d50.798192!4d-1.1065728 |access-date=2019-04-28 |website=The Hard & Hertha Ayrton Way |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> * A watan Satumbar 2019, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kaddamar da Asusun Hertha Ayrton (har zuwa £ 1 biliyan na tallafin tallafi) don ba kasashe masu tasowa damar samun sabbin fasahar zamani don taimakawa wajen rage hayakin su da kuma cimma burin canjin yanayi na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British scientists to help tackle climate change through new £1 billion fund |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/british-scientists-to-help-tackle-climate-change-through-new-1-billion-fund |access-date=2019-09-23 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> * A watan Satumbar 2021 an ba da sunan bikin 'The Ayrton Berth' a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Portsmouth International Port (UK).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berth of a new era as Ceremonial Name announced |url=https://www.portsmouth-port.co.uk/news/berth-of-a-new-era-as-ceremonial-name-announced |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923205203/https://www.portsmouth-port.co.uk/news/berth-of-a-new-era-as-ceremonial-name-announced |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=portsmouth-port.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Masu karɓar Binciken Bincike na Hertha Ayrton == Masu karɓar haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da masanin ilimin ƙasa Dorothy Helen Rayer, wanda ya riƙe shi daga 1936-1938. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Varker |first=W. John |date=2005-01-01 |title=Dorothy Helen Rayner, 1912–2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016787805800197 |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |language=en |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=69–70 |bibcode=2005PrGA..116...69V |doi=10.1016/S0016-7878(05)80019-7 |issn=0016-7878}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin lokaci na mata a kimiyya == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * Tunatarwa na Hertha Ayrton ta hanyar A. P. Trotter a cikin [https://web.archive.org/web/20080720100944/http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/articles/ayrton/ayrtonrem1.html CWP a UCLA] * {{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=James |year=1909 |title=Women Inventors and Discoverers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5EEAAAAYAAJ&q=hertha+ayrton&pg=RA1-PA550 |journal=[[Cassier's Magazine]] |pages=548–553}} * Joan Mason (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=CQeKFG01s-oC&pg=PA15 "Hertha Ayrton"] a cikin OUT OF THE SHADOWS: Gudummawar Mata na karni na 20 ga Physics Nina Byers da Gary Williams, ed., Jami'ar Cambridge Press. * {{Cite journal |last=Glenis Moore |year=1986 |title=Hertha Ayrton – first lady of the IEE |journal=Electronics and Power |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=583 |doi=10.1049/ep.1986.0353}} * Hertha Ayrton, 1854-1923, A Memoir by Evelyn Sharp, Edward Arnold & Co., 1 Janairu 1926 == Haɗin waje ==     * Hertha Marks Ayrton a cikin [https://web.archive.org/web/20160502141323/http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Ayrton,_Hertha_Marks@841234567.html CWP a UCLA] * Kimiyya a cikin Yin takardun Hertha Ayrton a cikin tarihin Royal Society * [[iarchive:electricarc00ayrtrich|Kwafin dijital na Electric Arc (1902)]] * Project Continua: Biography of Hertha Ayrton Project Continua hanya ce ta yanar gizo da aka sadaukar da ita ga ƙirƙirar da adana tarihin ilimi na mata daga shaidar da ta tsira a cikin karni na 21. * [https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/half-life-marie-curie-play/ A lokacin baƙin ciki da warewa, aboki, masanin kimiyya na Ingila Hertha Ayrton ya ceci Curie] *   * [https://womenyoushouldknow.net/engineer-mathematician-physicist-inventor-hertha-marks-ayrton/ https://womenyoushouldknow.net/ injiniya-mathematician-physician-inventor-hertha-marks-ayrton/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023014802/https://womenyoushouldknow.net/engineer-mathematician-physicist-inventor-hertha-marks-ayrton/ |date=2022-10-23 }} An adana shi {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tdzi6ep2bq5tzfbxy7wu9htcd24ky2t 0 92854 827178 706139 2026-04-27T15:16:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 827178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charlotte Mary Wilson''' (6 ga Mayu 1854, Kemerton, Worcestershire - 28 ga Afrilu 1944, Irvington-on-Hudson, [[New York (jiha)|New York)]] 'yar Ingilishi ce kuma mai rikici wacce ta kafa jaridar Freedom a 1886 tare da Peter Kropotkin, kuma ta gyara, ta buga, kuma ta ba da kuɗi sosai a cikin shekaru goma na farko. Ta kasance edita na Freedom har zuwa 1895. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife ta [[Charlotte Mary Martin,]] 'yar wani likita ne mai arziki, Robert Spencer Martin. Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge . Ta auri Arthur Wilson, mai sayar da kayayyaki, kuma ma'auratan suka koma London. Charlotte Wilson ta shiga Fabian Society a 1884 kuma nan da nan ta shiga kwamitin zartarwa. A lokaci guda ta kafa wata kungiya ta nazarin siyasa ta al'ada don masu tunani 'masu ci gaba', wanda aka fi sani da [[Hampstead Historic Club]] (wanda aka fi sani le Karl Marx Society ko The Proudhon Society ). Wannan ya haɗu a farkon ƙarni na 17 tsohon gidan gona, wanda ake kira Wyldes, a gefen Hampstead Heath. Babu wani rikodin kulob din da ya tsira amma akwai nassoshi game da shi a cikin bayanan da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka halarci. A cikin tarihin Wyldes Mrs Wilson ta rubuta sunayen wasu daga cikin wadanda suka ziyarci gidan, mafi yawansu an san su da kasancewa a taron kulob din. Sun hada da Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw, Sydney Olivier, Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Belfort Bax, Edward Pease, E. Nesbit, Hubert Bland, Karl Pearson, Havelock Ellis, Edward Carpenter, Frank Podmore, Ford Madox Brown, da Olive Schreiner da sauransu. Sakatariyar ita ce Emma Brooke . Kungiyar ta fara mayar da hankali ga nazarin Das Kafinal da wata mace ta Rasha ta karanta a Faransanci, sannan daga baya ta juya zuwa Proudhon. A cikin 1889 George Bernard Shaw ya bayyana tattaunawar kulob din da kuma yadda suka zama masu zafi. Kodayake Fabian Society da Hampstead Historic Club sun ƙunshi mutane da yawa, sun kasance daban. Ra'ayoyin da kulob din ya yi muhawara sun haifar da buga Fabian Essays in Socialism a cikin 1889. Wannan ya sa Shaw ya bayyana Hampstead, da tarurruka, a matsayin 'wurin haihuwar zamantakewar al'umma ta tsakiya.' Wani baƙo a gidan shi ne Stepniak wanda, tare da Mrs Wilson, Karl Pearson da Wilfrid Voynich, sun kafa wata ƙungiya ta al'ada wacce daga baya aka tsara ta a matsayin The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom . Misis Wilson an yi imanin cewa ita ce abin koyi ga Gemma a cikin littafin da aka fi sayarwa The Gadfly na Ethel Voynich; yayin da E. Nesbit ya ba da bayanin gidan abinci na Mrs Wilson inda kulob din ya hadu. Mai fafutuka mai aiki ta yi magana a taron gurguzu, gami da wanda ke Trafalgar Square a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1887, wanda aka sani da Bloody Sunday, wanda 'yan sanda suka rushe da tashin hankali. A shekara ta 1886, 'yan majalisa a cikin Fabian Society sun ba da shawarar cewa an shirya shi a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa; William Morris da Wilson sun yi adawa da motsi, amma an ci su. Daga baya ta yi murabus daga al'umma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1887, ta ci gaba da hulɗarta da 'yan tawaye daga al'ummar.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our First Centenary: Charlotte Wilson 1854-1944 |url=https://libcom.org/files/freedom-centenary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627021522/http://libcom.org/files/freedom-centenary.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2019 |access-date= |website=libcom.org}}</ref> Ta rubuta wa Karl Pearson sosai game da [[anarchism]], Fabians, Karl Marx Society da kuma game da "Russian Society" daga 1884 zuwa 1896. A shekara ta 1886, Wilson da Kropotkin sun kafa Freedom, wata jarida mai zaman kanta wacce ta raba jaridar William Morris tare da ita ta buga <nowiki><i id="mwcg">Commonweal</i></nowiki>; Wilson ya kasance editan har zuwa shekara ta 1895. An bayyana bayanin manufar jaridar a kowane fitowar, a shafi na 2, kuma ya taƙaita ra'ayin marubutan game da anarchism: {{Blockquote|Anarchists work towards a society of [[mutual aid (organization)|mutual aid]] and voluntary co-operation. We reject all [[government]] and [[Capitalism|economic repression]]. This newspaper, published continuously since 1936, exists to explain anarchism more widely and show that only in an anarchist society can human freedom thrive.}} Littafinta Work (1888) an yi kuskuren cewa Kropotkin ne na tsawon shekaru da yawa. A cikin 2000 Freedom Press ta fitar da littafi wanda ya kunshi tarin litattafanta, wanda Nicolas Walter ya shirya. Ko da yake ba ta taɓa musanta akidar Anarchist ba sai ta nisanta kanta daga motsi a farkon shekarun karni na ashirin. Ta koma kungiyar Fabian Society a 1907, kuma ta kafa kungiyar mata a 1908 ta shiga yakin neman zaben mata. Ta kasance fitacciyar memba na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Fabian a farkon shekarunta yayin da ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatariyarta (1908-1913) da Sakatari na Ƙungiyar Nazarin (1908-1913). Ta kuma koma cikin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Fabian tsakanin 1911 da 1914. == Ayyuka == * Iyali a matsayin Wani Nau'in Al'umma (1886) == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * Charlotte Wilson, Nicholas Walter (Ed.) (2000). ''Rubuce-rubucen Anarchist''. Freedom Press.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-900384-99-9|0-900384-99-9]] * John Quail (1978). ''The Slow Burning Fuse: Tarihin da ya ɓace na 'yan tawaye na Burtaniya'' . Flamingo.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-586-08225-5|0-586-08225-5]] * ''Tarihin Ikklisiya'', Kemerton, Gloucestershire. * Edward R.Pease (1916). "Tarihin Al'ummar Fabian". A.C.Fifield. == Haɗin waje ==   * [https://freedomnews.org.uk/history/ Tarihin 'Yancin Labarai] * [https://www.revoltlib.com/people/charlotte-wilson/view.php Charlotte Wilson: Ayyukan da aka gyara, An shirya ta hanyar aiki] An adana * [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/journals/freedom/index.html Charlotte Wilson: Ayyukan da aka gyara, An shirya ta kwanan wata] {{S-start}} {{S-ppo}} {{Succession box}} {{s-media}} {{Succession box}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1856]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i8ec38kx21kof8qs3rxvqrtm9uzqqwu 827179 827178 2026-04-27T15:16:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 827179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charlotte Mary Wilson''' (6 ga Mayu 1854, Kemerton, Worcestershire - 28 ga Afrilu 1944, Irvington-on-Hudson, [[New York (jiha)|New York)]] 'yar Ingilishi ce kuma mai rikici wacce ta kafa jaridar Freedom a 1886 tare da Peter Kropotkin, kuma ta gyara, ta buga, kuma ta ba da kuɗi sosai a cikin shekaru goma na farko. Ta kasance edita na Freedom har zuwa 1895. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife ta Charlotte Mary Martin, 'yar wani likita ne mai arziki, Robert Spencer Martin. Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge . Ta auri Arthur Wilson, mai sayar da kayayyaki, kuma ma'auratan suka koma London. Charlotte Wilson ta shiga Fabian Society a 1884 kuma nan da nan ta shiga kwamitin zartarwa. A lokaci guda ta kafa wata kungiya ta nazarin siyasa ta al'ada don masu tunani 'masu ci gaba', wanda aka fi sani da [[Hampstead Historic Club]] (wanda aka fi sani le Karl Marx Society ko The Proudhon Society ). Wannan ya haɗu a farkon ƙarni na 17 tsohon gidan gona, wanda ake kira Wyldes, a gefen Hampstead Heath. Babu wani rikodin kulob din da ya tsira amma akwai nassoshi game da shi a cikin bayanan da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka halarci. A cikin tarihin Wyldes Mrs Wilson ta rubuta sunayen wasu daga cikin wadanda suka ziyarci gidan, mafi yawansu an san su da kasancewa a taron kulob din. Sun hada da Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw, Sydney Olivier, Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Belfort Bax, Edward Pease, E. Nesbit, Hubert Bland, Karl Pearson, Havelock Ellis, Edward Carpenter, Frank Podmore, Ford Madox Brown, da Olive Schreiner da sauransu. Sakatariyar ita ce Emma Brooke . Kungiyar ta fara mayar da hankali ga nazarin Das Kafinal da wata mace ta Rasha ta karanta a Faransanci, sannan daga baya ta juya zuwa Proudhon. A cikin 1889 George Bernard Shaw ya bayyana tattaunawar kulob din da kuma yadda suka zama masu zafi. Kodayake Fabian Society da Hampstead Historic Club sun ƙunshi mutane da yawa, sun kasance daban. Ra'ayoyin da kulob din ya yi muhawara sun haifar da buga Fabian Essays in Socialism a cikin 1889. Wannan ya sa Shaw ya bayyana Hampstead, da tarurruka, a matsayin 'wurin haihuwar zamantakewar al'umma ta tsakiya.' Wani baƙo a gidan shi ne Stepniak wanda, tare da Mrs Wilson, Karl Pearson da Wilfrid Voynich, sun kafa wata ƙungiya ta al'ada wacce daga baya aka tsara ta a matsayin The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom . Misis Wilson an yi imanin cewa ita ce abin koyi ga Gemma a cikin littafin da aka fi sayarwa The Gadfly na Ethel Voynich; yayin da E. Nesbit ya ba da bayanin gidan abinci na Mrs Wilson inda kulob din ya hadu. Mai fafutuka mai aiki ta yi magana a taron gurguzu, gami da wanda ke Trafalgar Square a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1887, wanda aka sani da Bloody Sunday, wanda 'yan sanda suka rushe da tashin hankali. A shekara ta 1886, 'yan majalisa a cikin Fabian Society sun ba da shawarar cewa an shirya shi a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa; William Morris da Wilson sun yi adawa da motsi, amma an ci su. Daga baya ta yi murabus daga al'umma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1887, ta ci gaba da hulɗarta da 'yan tawaye daga al'ummar.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our First Centenary: Charlotte Wilson 1854-1944 |url=https://libcom.org/files/freedom-centenary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627021522/http://libcom.org/files/freedom-centenary.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2019 |access-date= |website=libcom.org}}</ref> Ta rubuta wa Karl Pearson sosai game da [[anarchism]], Fabians, Karl Marx Society da kuma game da "Russian Society" daga 1884 zuwa 1896. A shekara ta 1886, Wilson da Kropotkin sun kafa Freedom, wata jarida mai zaman kanta wacce ta raba jaridar William Morris tare da ita ta buga <nowiki><i id="mwcg">Commonweal</i></nowiki>; Wilson ya kasance editan har zuwa shekara ta 1895. An bayyana bayanin manufar jaridar a kowane fitowar, a shafi na 2, kuma ya taƙaita ra'ayin marubutan game da anarchism: {{Blockquote|Anarchists work towards a society of [[mutual aid (organization)|mutual aid]] and voluntary co-operation. We reject all [[government]] and [[Capitalism|economic repression]]. This newspaper, published continuously since 1936, exists to explain anarchism more widely and show that only in an anarchist society can human freedom thrive.}} Littafinta Work (1888) an yi kuskuren cewa Kropotkin ne na tsawon shekaru da yawa. A cikin 2000 Freedom Press ta fitar da littafi wanda ya kunshi tarin litattafanta, wanda Nicolas Walter ya shirya. Ko da yake ba ta taɓa musanta akidar Anarchist ba sai ta nisanta kanta daga motsi a farkon shekarun karni na ashirin. Ta koma kungiyar Fabian Society a 1907, kuma ta kafa kungiyar mata a 1908 ta shiga yakin neman zaben mata. Ta kasance fitacciyar memba na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Fabian a farkon shekarunta yayin da ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatariyarta (1908-1913) da Sakatari na Ƙungiyar Nazarin (1908-1913). Ta kuma koma cikin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Fabian tsakanin 1911 da 1914. == Ayyuka == * Iyali a matsayin Wani Nau'in Al'umma (1886) == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * Charlotte Wilson, Nicholas Walter (Ed.) (2000). ''Rubuce-rubucen Anarchist''. Freedom Press.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-900384-99-9|0-900384-99-9]] * John Quail (1978). ''The Slow Burning Fuse: Tarihin da ya ɓace na 'yan tawaye na Burtaniya'' . Flamingo.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-586-08225-5|0-586-08225-5]] * ''Tarihin Ikklisiya'', Kemerton, Gloucestershire. * Edward R.Pease (1916). "Tarihin Al'ummar Fabian". A.C.Fifield. == Haɗin waje ==   * [https://freedomnews.org.uk/history/ Tarihin 'Yancin Labarai] * [https://www.revoltlib.com/people/charlotte-wilson/view.php Charlotte Wilson: Ayyukan da aka gyara, An shirya ta hanyar aiki] An adana * [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/journals/freedom/index.html Charlotte Wilson: Ayyukan da aka gyara, An shirya ta kwanan wata] {{S-start}} {{S-ppo}} {{Succession box}} {{s-media}} {{Succession box}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1856]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] osxeqldot8kwwkz3doww8v4awny2kq8 827180 827179 2026-04-27T15:16:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 827180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charlotte Mary Wilson''' (6 ga Mayu 1854, Kemerton, Worcestershire - 28 ga Afrilu 1944, Irvington-on-Hudson, [[New York (jiha)|New York)]] 'yar Ingilishi ce kuma mai rikici wacce ta kafa jaridar Freedom a 1886 tare da Peter Kropotkin, kuma ta gyara, ta buga, kuma ta ba da kuɗi sosai a cikin shekaru goma na farko. Ta kasance edita na Freedom har zuwa 1895. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife ta Charlotte Mary Martin, 'yar wani likita ne mai arziki, Robert Spencer Martin. Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge . Ta auri Arthur Wilson, mai sayar da kayayyaki, kuma ma'auratan suka koma London. Charlotte Wilson ta shiga Fabian Society a 1884 kuma nan da nan ta shiga kwamitin zartarwa. A lokaci guda ta kafa wata kungiya ta nazarin siyasa ta al'ada don masu tunani 'masu ci gaba', wanda aka fi sani da Hampstead Historic Club (wanda aka fi sani le Karl Marx Society ko The Proudhon Society ). Wannan ya haɗu a farkon ƙarni na 17 tsohon gidan gona, wanda ake kira Wyldes, a gefen Hampstead Heath. Babu wani rikodin kulob din da ya tsira amma akwai nassoshi game da shi a cikin bayanan da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka halarci. A cikin tarihin Wyldes Mrs Wilson ta rubuta sunayen wasu daga cikin wadanda suka ziyarci gidan, mafi yawansu an san su da kasancewa a taron kulob din. Sun hada da Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw, Sydney Olivier, Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Belfort Bax, Edward Pease, E. Nesbit, Hubert Bland, Karl Pearson, Havelock Ellis, Edward Carpenter, Frank Podmore, Ford Madox Brown, da Olive Schreiner da sauransu. Sakatariyar ita ce Emma Brooke . Kungiyar ta fara mayar da hankali ga nazarin Das Kafinal da wata mace ta Rasha ta karanta a Faransanci, sannan daga baya ta juya zuwa Proudhon. A cikin 1889 George Bernard Shaw ya bayyana tattaunawar kulob din da kuma yadda suka zama masu zafi. Kodayake Fabian Society da Hampstead Historic Club sun ƙunshi mutane da yawa, sun kasance daban. Ra'ayoyin da kulob din ya yi muhawara sun haifar da buga Fabian Essays in Socialism a cikin 1889. Wannan ya sa Shaw ya bayyana Hampstead, da tarurruka, a matsayin 'wurin haihuwar zamantakewar al'umma ta tsakiya.' Wani baƙo a gidan shi ne Stepniak wanda, tare da Mrs Wilson, Karl Pearson da Wilfrid Voynich, sun kafa wata ƙungiya ta al'ada wacce daga baya aka tsara ta a matsayin The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom . Misis Wilson an yi imanin cewa ita ce abin koyi ga Gemma a cikin littafin da aka fi sayarwa The Gadfly na Ethel Voynich; yayin da E. Nesbit ya ba da bayanin gidan abinci na Mrs Wilson inda kulob din ya hadu. Mai fafutuka mai aiki ta yi magana a taron gurguzu, gami da wanda ke Trafalgar Square a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1887, wanda aka sani da Bloody Sunday, wanda 'yan sanda suka rushe da tashin hankali. A shekara ta 1886, 'yan majalisa a cikin Fabian Society sun ba da shawarar cewa an shirya shi a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa; William Morris da Wilson sun yi adawa da motsi, amma an ci su. Daga baya ta yi murabus daga al'umma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1887, ta ci gaba da hulɗarta da 'yan tawaye daga al'ummar.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our First Centenary: Charlotte Wilson 1854-1944 |url=https://libcom.org/files/freedom-centenary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627021522/http://libcom.org/files/freedom-centenary.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2019 |access-date= |website=libcom.org}}</ref> Ta rubuta wa Karl Pearson sosai game da [[anarchism]], Fabians, Karl Marx Society da kuma game da "Russian Society" daga 1884 zuwa 1896. A shekara ta 1886, Wilson da Kropotkin sun kafa Freedom, wata jarida mai zaman kanta wacce ta raba jaridar William Morris tare da ita ta buga <nowiki><i id="mwcg">Commonweal</i></nowiki>; Wilson ya kasance editan har zuwa shekara ta 1895. An bayyana bayanin manufar jaridar a kowane fitowar, a shafi na 2, kuma ya taƙaita ra'ayin marubutan game da anarchism: {{Blockquote|Anarchists work towards a society of [[mutual aid (organization)|mutual aid]] and voluntary co-operation. We reject all [[government]] and [[Capitalism|economic repression]]. This newspaper, published continuously since 1936, exists to explain anarchism more widely and show that only in an anarchist society can human freedom thrive.}} Littafinta Work (1888) an yi kuskuren cewa Kropotkin ne na tsawon shekaru da yawa. A cikin 2000 Freedom Press ta fitar da littafi wanda ya kunshi tarin litattafanta, wanda Nicolas Walter ya shirya. Ko da yake ba ta taɓa musanta akidar Anarchist ba sai ta nisanta kanta daga motsi a farkon shekarun karni na ashirin. Ta koma kungiyar Fabian Society a 1907, kuma ta kafa kungiyar mata a 1908 ta shiga yakin neman zaben mata. Ta kasance fitacciyar memba na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Fabian a farkon shekarunta yayin da ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatariyarta (1908-1913) da Sakatari na Ƙungiyar Nazarin (1908-1913). Ta kuma koma cikin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Fabian tsakanin 1911 da 1914. == Ayyuka == * Iyali a matsayin Wani Nau'in Al'umma (1886) == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * Charlotte Wilson, Nicholas Walter (Ed.) (2000). ''Rubuce-rubucen Anarchist''. Freedom Press.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-900384-99-9|0-900384-99-9]] * John Quail (1978). ''The Slow Burning Fuse: Tarihin da ya ɓace na 'yan tawaye na Burtaniya'' . Flamingo.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-586-08225-5|0-586-08225-5]] * ''Tarihin Ikklisiya'', Kemerton, Gloucestershire. * Edward R.Pease (1916). "Tarihin Al'ummar Fabian". A.C.Fifield. == Haɗin waje ==   * [https://freedomnews.org.uk/history/ Tarihin 'Yancin Labarai] * [https://www.revoltlib.com/people/charlotte-wilson/view.php Charlotte Wilson: Ayyukan da aka gyara, An shirya ta hanyar aiki] An adana * [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/journals/freedom/index.html Charlotte Wilson: Ayyukan da aka gyara, An shirya ta kwanan wata] {{S-start}} {{S-ppo}} {{Succession box}} {{s-media}} {{Succession box}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1856]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lwty6ipklbkgyzkr09umsyefoh2buu2 827182 827180 2026-04-27T15:17:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 827182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charlotte Mary Wilson''' (6 ga Mayu 1854, Kemerton, Worcestershire - 28 ga Afrilu 1944, Irvington-on-Hudson, [[New York (jiha)|New York)]] 'yar Ingilishi ce kuma mai rikici wacce ta kafa jaridar Freedom a 1886 tare da Peter Kropotkin, kuma ta gyara, ta buga, kuma ta ba da kuɗi sosai a cikin shekaru goma na farko. Ta kasance edita na Freedom har zuwa 1895. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife ta Charlotte Mary Martin, 'yar wani likita ne mai arziki, Robert Spencer Martin. Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge . Ta auri Arthur Wilson, mai sayar da kayayyaki, kuma ma'auratan suka koma London. Charlotte Wilson ta shiga Fabian Society a 1884 kuma nan da nan ta shiga kwamitin zartarwa. A lokaci guda ta kafa wata kungiya ta nazarin siyasa ta al'ada don masu tunani 'masu ci gaba', wanda aka fi sani da Hampstead Historic Club (wanda aka fi sani le Karl Marx Society ko The Proudhon Society ). Wannan ya haɗu a farkon ƙarni na 17 tsohon gidan gona, wanda ake kira Wyldes, a gefen Hampstead Heath. Babu wani rikodin kulob din da ya tsira amma akwai nassoshi game da shi a cikin bayanan da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka halarci. A cikin tarihin Wyldes Mrs Wilson ta rubuta sunayen wasu daga cikin wadanda suka ziyarci gidan, mafi yawansu an san su da kasancewa a taron kulob din. Sun hada da Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw, Sydney Olivier, Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Belfort Bax, Edward Pease, E. Nesbit, Hubert Bland, Karl Pearson, Havelock Ellis, Edward Carpenter, Frank Podmore, Ford Madox Brown, da Olive Schreiner da sauransu. Sakatariyar ita ce Emma Brooke . Kungiyar ta fara mayar da hankali ga nazarin Das Kafinal da wata mace ta Rasha ta karanta a Faransanci, sannan daga baya ta juya zuwa Proudhon. A cikin 1889 George Bernard Shaw ya bayyana tattaunawar kulob din da kuma yadda suka zama masu zafi. Kodayake Fabian Society da Hampstead Historic Club sun ƙunshi mutane da yawa, sun kasance daban. Ra'ayoyin da kulob din ya yi muhawara sun haifar da buga Fabian Essays in Socialism a cikin 1889. Wannan ya sa Shaw ya bayyana Hampstead, da tarurruka, a matsayin 'wurin haihuwar zamantakewar al'umma ta tsakiya.' Wani baƙo a gidan shi ne Stepniak wanda, tare da Mrs Wilson, Karl Pearson da Wilfrid Voynich, sun kafa wata ƙungiya ta al'ada wacce daga baya aka tsara ta a matsayin The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom . Misis Wilson an yi imanin cewa ita ce abin koyi ga Gemma a cikin littafin da aka fi sayarwa The Gadfly na Ethel Voynich; yayin da E. Nesbit ya ba da bayanin gidan abinci na Mrs Wilson inda kulob din ya hadu. Mai fafutuka mai aiki ta yi magana a taron gurguzu, gami da wanda ke Trafalgar Square a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1887, wanda aka sani da Bloody Sunday, wanda 'yan sanda suka rushe da tashin hankali. A shekara ta 1886, 'yan majalisa a cikin Fabian Society sun ba da shawarar cewa an shirya shi a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa; William Morris da Wilson sun yi adawa da motsi, amma an ci su. Daga baya ta yi murabus daga al'umma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1887, ta ci gaba da hulɗarta da 'yan tawaye daga al'ummar.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our First Centenary: Charlotte Wilson 1854-1944 |url=https://libcom.org/files/freedom-centenary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627021522/http://libcom.org/files/freedom-centenary.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2019 |access-date= |website=libcom.org}}</ref> Ta rubuta wa Karl Pearson sosai game da [[anarchism]], Fabians, Karl Marx Society da kuma game da "Russian Society" daga 1884 zuwa 1896. A shekara ta 1886, Wilson da Kropotkin sun kafa Freedom, wata jarida mai zaman kanta wacce ta raba jaridar William Morris tare da ita ta buga; Wilson ya kasance editan har zuwa shekara ta 1895. An bayyana bayanin manufar jaridar a kowane fitowar, a shafi na 2, kuma ya taƙaita ra'ayin marubutan game da anarchism: {{Blockquote|Anarchists work towards a society of [[mutual aid (organization)|mutual aid]] and voluntary co-operation. We reject all [[government]] and [[Capitalism|economic repression]]. This newspaper, published continuously since 1936, exists to explain anarchism more widely and show that only in an anarchist society can human freedom thrive.}} Littafinta Work (1888) an yi kuskuren cewa Kropotkin ne na tsawon shekaru da yawa. A cikin 2000 Freedom Press ta fitar da littafi wanda ya kunshi tarin litattafanta, wanda Nicolas Walter ya shirya. Ko da yake ba ta taɓa musanta akidar Anarchist ba sai ta nisanta kanta daga motsi a farkon shekarun karni na ashirin. Ta koma kungiyar Fabian Society a 1907, kuma ta kafa kungiyar mata a 1908 ta shiga yakin neman zaben mata. Ta kasance fitacciyar memba na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Fabian a farkon shekarunta yayin da ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatariyarta (1908-1913) da Sakatari na Ƙungiyar Nazarin (1908-1913). Ta kuma koma cikin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Fabian tsakanin 1911 da 1914. == Ayyuka == * Iyali a matsayin Wani Nau'in Al'umma (1886) == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * Charlotte Wilson, Nicholas Walter (Ed.) (2000). ''Rubuce-rubucen Anarchist''. Freedom Press.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-900384-99-9|0-900384-99-9]] * John Quail (1978). ''The Slow Burning Fuse: Tarihin da ya ɓace na 'yan tawaye na Burtaniya'' . Flamingo.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-586-08225-5|0-586-08225-5]] * ''Tarihin Ikklisiya'', Kemerton, Gloucestershire. * Edward R.Pease (1916). "Tarihin Al'ummar Fabian". A.C.Fifield. == Haɗin waje ==   * [https://freedomnews.org.uk/history/ Tarihin 'Yancin Labarai] * [https://www.revoltlib.com/people/charlotte-wilson/view.php Charlotte Wilson: Ayyukan da aka gyara, An shirya ta hanyar aiki] An adana * [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/journals/freedom/index.html Charlotte Wilson: Ayyukan da aka gyara, An shirya ta kwanan wata] {{S-start}} {{S-ppo}} {{Succession box}} {{s-media}} {{Succession box}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1856]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] do437msivhkejydgjev0h0sypihy0wf 827183 827182 2026-04-27T15:17:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 827183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charlotte Mary Wilson''' (6 ga Mayu 1854, Kemerton, Worcestershire - 28 ga Afrilu 1944, Irvington-on-Hudson, [[New York (jiha)|New York)]] 'yar Ingilishi ce kuma mai rikici wacce ta kafa jaridar Freedom a 1886 tare da Peter Kropotkin, kuma ta gyara, ta buga, kuma ta ba da kuɗi sosai a cikin shekaru goma na farko. Ta kasance edita na Freedom har zuwa 1895. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife ta Charlotte Mary Martin, 'yar wani likita ne mai arziki, Robert Spencer Martin. Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge . Ta auri Arthur Wilson, mai sayar da kayayyaki, kuma ma'auratan suka koma London. Charlotte Wilson ta shiga Fabian Society a 1884 kuma nan da nan ta shiga kwamitin zartarwa. A lokaci guda ta kafa wata kungiya ta nazarin siyasa ta al'ada don masu tunani 'masu ci gaba', wanda aka fi sani da Hampstead Historic Club (wanda aka fi sani le Karl Marx Society ko The Proudhon Society ). Wannan ya haɗu a farkon ƙarni na 17 tsohon gidan gona, wanda ake kira Wyldes, a gefen Hampstead Heath. Babu wani rikodin kulob din da ya tsira amma akwai nassoshi game da shi a cikin bayanan da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka halarci. A cikin tarihin Wyldes Mrs Wilson ta rubuta sunayen wasu daga cikin wadanda suka ziyarci gidan, mafi yawansu an san su da kasancewa a taron kulob din. Sun hada da Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw, Sydney Olivier, Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Belfort Bax, Edward Pease, E. Nesbit, Hubert Bland, Karl Pearson, Havelock Ellis, Edward Carpenter, Frank Podmore, Ford Madox Brown, da Olive Schreiner da sauransu. Sakatariyar ita ce Emma Brooke . Kungiyar ta fara mayar da hankali ga nazarin Das Kafinal da wata mace ta Rasha ta karanta a Faransanci, sannan daga baya ta juya zuwa Proudhon. A cikin 1889 George Bernard Shaw ya bayyana tattaunawar kulob din da kuma yadda suka zama masu zafi. Kodayake Fabian Society da Hampstead Historic Club sun ƙunshi mutane da yawa, sun kasance daban. Ra'ayoyin da kulob din ya yi muhawara sun haifar da buga Fabian Essays in Socialism a cikin 1889. Wannan ya sa Shaw ya bayyana Hampstead, da tarurruka, a matsayin 'wurin haihuwar zamantakewar al'umma ta tsakiya.' Wani baƙo a gidan shi ne Stepniak wanda, tare da Mrs Wilson, Karl Pearson da Wilfrid Voynich, sun kafa wata ƙungiya ta al'ada wacce daga baya aka tsara ta a matsayin The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom . Misis Wilson an yi imanin cewa ita ce abin koyi ga Gemma a cikin littafin da aka fi sayarwa The Gadfly na Ethel Voynich; yayin da E. Nesbit ya ba da bayanin gidan abinci na Mrs Wilson inda kulob din ya hadu. Mai fafutuka mai aiki ta yi magana a taron gurguzu, gami da wanda ke Trafalgar Square a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1887, wanda aka sani da Bloody Sunday, wanda 'yan sanda suka rushe da tashin hankali. A shekara ta 1886, 'yan majalisa a cikin Fabian Society sun ba da shawarar cewa an shirya shi a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa; William Morris da Wilson sun yi adawa da motsi, amma an ci su. Daga baya ta yi murabus daga al'umma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1887, ta ci gaba da hulɗarta da 'yan tawaye daga al'ummar.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our First Centenary: Charlotte Wilson 1854-1944 |url=https://libcom.org/files/freedom-centenary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627021522/http://libcom.org/files/freedom-centenary.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2019 |access-date= |website=libcom.org}}</ref> Ta rubuta wa Karl Pearson sosai game da [[anarchism]], Fabians, Karl Marx Society da kuma game da "Russian Society" daga 1884 zuwa 1896. A shekara ta 1886, Wilson da Kropotkin sun kafa Freedom, wata jarida mai zaman kanta wacce ta raba jaridar William Morris tare da ita ta buga; Wilson ya kasance editan har zuwa shekara ta 1895. An bayyana bayanin manufar jaridar a kowane fitowar, a shafi na 2, kuma ya taƙaita ra'ayin marubutan game da anarchism: {{Blockquote|Anarchists work towards a society of [[mutual aid (organization)|mutual aid]] and voluntary co-operation. We reject all [[government]] and [[Capitalism|economic repression]]. This newspaper, published continuously since 1936, exists to explain anarchism more widely and show that only in an anarchist society can human freedom thrive.}} Littafinta Work (1888) an yi kuskuren cewa Kropotkin ne na tsawon shekaru da yawa. A cikin 2000 Freedom Press ta fitar da littafi wanda ya kunshi tarin litattafanta, wanda Nicolas Walter ya shirya. Ko da yake ba ta taɓa musanta akidar Anarchist ba sai ta nisanta kanta daga motsi a farkon shekarun karni na ashirin. Ta koma kungiyar Fabian Society a 1907, kuma ta kafa kungiyar mata a 1908 ta shiga yakin neman zaben mata. Ta kasance fitacciyar memba na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Fabian a farkon shekarunta yayin da ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatariyarta (1908-1913) da Sakatari na Ƙungiyar Nazarin (1908-1913). Ta kuma koma cikin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Fabian tsakanin 1911 da 1914. == Ayyuka == * Iyali a matsayin Wani Nau'in Al'umma (1886) == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Charlotte Wilson, Nicholas Walter (Ed.) (2000). ''Rubuce-rubucen Anarchist''. Freedom Press.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-900384-99-9|0-900384-99-9]] * John Quail (1978). ''The Slow Burning Fuse: Tarihin da ya ɓace na 'yan tawaye na Burtaniya'' . Flamingo.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-586-08225-5|0-586-08225-5]] * ''Tarihin Ikklisiya'', Kemerton, Gloucestershire. * Edward R.Pease (1916). "Tarihin Al'ummar Fabian". A.C.Fifield. == Haɗin waje ==   * [https://freedomnews.org.uk/history/ Tarihin 'Yancin Labarai] * [https://www.revoltlib.com/people/charlotte-wilson/view.php Charlotte Wilson: Ayyukan da aka gyara, An shirya ta hanyar aiki] An adana * [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/journals/freedom/index.html Charlotte Wilson: Ayyukan da aka gyara, An shirya ta kwanan wata] {{S-start}} {{S-ppo}} {{Succession box}} {{s-media}} {{Succession box}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1856]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5k53kdzkg5gt5tlkx7sll2qthlz41gs 827184 827183 2026-04-27T15:17:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 827184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charlotte Mary Wilson''' (6 ga Mayu 1854, Kemerton, Worcestershire - 28 ga Afrilu 1944, Irvington-on-Hudson, [[New York (jiha)|New York)]] 'yar Ingilishi ce kuma mai rikici wacce ta kafa jaridar Freedom a 1886 tare da Peter Kropotkin, kuma ta gyara, ta buga, kuma ta ba da kuɗi sosai a cikin shekaru goma na farko. Ta kasance edita na Freedom har zuwa 1895. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife ta Charlotte Mary Martin, 'yar wani likita ne mai arziki, Robert Spencer Martin. Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge . Ta auri Arthur Wilson, mai sayar da kayayyaki, kuma ma'auratan suka koma London. Charlotte Wilson ta shiga Fabian Society a 1884 kuma nan da nan ta shiga kwamitin zartarwa. A lokaci guda ta kafa wata kungiya ta nazarin siyasa ta al'ada don masu tunani 'masu ci gaba', wanda aka fi sani da Hampstead Historic Club (wanda aka fi sani le Karl Marx Society ko The Proudhon Society ). Wannan ya haɗu a farkon ƙarni na 17 tsohon gidan gona, wanda ake kira Wyldes, a gefen Hampstead Heath. Babu wani rikodin kulob din da ya tsira amma akwai nassoshi game da shi a cikin bayanan da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka halarci. A cikin tarihin Wyldes Mrs Wilson ta rubuta sunayen wasu daga cikin wadanda suka ziyarci gidan, mafi yawansu an san su da kasancewa a taron kulob din. Sun hada da Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw, Sydney Olivier, Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Belfort Bax, Edward Pease, E. Nesbit, Hubert Bland, Karl Pearson, Havelock Ellis, Edward Carpenter, Frank Podmore, Ford Madox Brown, da Olive Schreiner da sauransu. Sakatariyar ita ce Emma Brooke . Kungiyar ta fara mayar da hankali ga nazarin Das Kafinal da wata mace ta Rasha ta karanta a Faransanci, sannan daga baya ta juya zuwa Proudhon. A cikin 1889 George Bernard Shaw ya bayyana tattaunawar kulob din da kuma yadda suka zama masu zafi. Kodayake Fabian Society da Hampstead Historic Club sun ƙunshi mutane da yawa, sun kasance daban. Ra'ayoyin da kulob din ya yi muhawara sun haifar da buga Fabian Essays in Socialism a cikin 1889. Wannan ya sa Shaw ya bayyana Hampstead, da tarurruka, a matsayin 'wurin haihuwar zamantakewar al'umma ta tsakiya.' Wani baƙo a gidan shi ne Stepniak wanda, tare da Mrs Wilson, Karl Pearson da Wilfrid Voynich, sun kafa wata ƙungiya ta al'ada wacce daga baya aka tsara ta a matsayin The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom . Misis Wilson an yi imanin cewa ita ce abin koyi ga Gemma a cikin littafin da aka fi sayarwa The Gadfly na Ethel Voynich; yayin da E. Nesbit ya ba da bayanin gidan abinci na Mrs Wilson inda kulob din ya hadu. Mai fafutuka mai aiki ta yi magana a taron gurguzu, gami da wanda ke Trafalgar Square a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1887, wanda aka sani da Bloody Sunday, wanda 'yan sanda suka rushe da tashin hankali. A shekara ta 1886, 'yan majalisa a cikin Fabian Society sun ba da shawarar cewa an shirya shi a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa; William Morris da Wilson sun yi adawa da motsi, amma an ci su. Daga baya ta yi murabus daga al'umma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1887, ta ci gaba da hulɗarta da 'yan tawaye daga al'ummar.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our First Centenary: Charlotte Wilson 1854-1944 |url=https://libcom.org/files/freedom-centenary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627021522/http://libcom.org/files/freedom-centenary.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2019 |access-date= |website=libcom.org}}</ref> Ta rubuta wa Karl Pearson sosai game da [[anarchism]], Fabians, Karl Marx Society da kuma game da "Russian Society" daga 1884 zuwa 1896. A shekara ta 1886, Wilson da Kropotkin sun kafa Freedom, wata jarida mai zaman kanta wacce ta raba jaridar William Morris tare da ita ta buga; Wilson ya kasance editan har zuwa shekara ta 1895. An bayyana bayanin manufar jaridar a kowane fitowar, a shafi na 2, kuma ya taƙaita ra'ayin marubutan game da anarchism: {{Blockquote|Anarchists work towards a society of [[mutual aid (organization)|mutual aid]] and voluntary co-operation. We reject all [[government]] and [[Capitalism|economic repression]]. This newspaper, published continuously since 1936, exists to explain anarchism more widely and show that only in an anarchist society can human freedom thrive.}} Littafinta Work (1888) an yi kuskuren cewa Kropotkin ne na tsawon shekaru da yawa. A cikin 2000 Freedom Press ta fitar da littafi wanda ya kunshi tarin litattafanta, wanda Nicolas Walter ya shirya. Ko da yake ba ta taɓa musanta akidar Anarchist ba sai ta nisanta kanta daga motsi a farkon shekarun karni na ashirin. Ta koma kungiyar Fabian Society a 1907, kuma ta kafa kungiyar mata a 1908 ta shiga yakin neman zaben mata. Ta kasance fitacciyar memba na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Fabian a farkon shekarunta yayin da ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatariyarta (1908-1913) da Sakatari na Ƙungiyar Nazarin (1908-1913). Ta kuma koma cikin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Fabian tsakanin 1911 da 1914. == Ayyuka == * Iyali a matsayin Wani Nau'in Al'umma (1886) == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Charlotte Wilson, Nicholas Walter (Ed.) (2000). ''Rubuce-rubucen Anarchist''. Freedom Press.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-900384-99-9|0-900384-99-9]] * John Quail (1978). ''The Slow Burning Fuse: Tarihin da ya ɓace na 'yan tawaye na Burtaniya'' . Flamingo.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-586-08225-5|0-586-08225-5]] * ''Tarihin Ikklisiya'', Kemerton, Gloucestershire. * Edward R.Pease (1916). "Tarihin Al'ummar Fabian". A.C.Fifield. == Haɗin waje == * [https://freedomnews.org.uk/history/ Tarihin 'Yancin Labarai] * [https://www.revoltlib.com/people/charlotte-wilson/view.php Charlotte Wilson: Ayyukan da aka gyara, An shirya ta hanyar aiki] An adana * [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/journals/freedom/index.html Charlotte Wilson: Ayyukan da aka gyara, An shirya ta kwanan wata] {{S-start}} {{S-ppo}} {{Succession box}} {{s-media}} {{Succession box}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1856]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hig8rxjfh61pjitgxm7i0ky1wfvyfq8 0 96655 827331 636594 2026-04-27T21:58:58Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337963064|Jessie Rose Innes]]" 827331 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lady Jessie Rose Innes''' CBE (née Dods Pringle, 1 ga Nuwamba 1860 - 4 ga Yuni 1943) wata ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama kuma mai fafutuka na zuriyar [[Birtaniya]]. Ta auri Sir James Rose Innes, wanda ya zama Babban Alkalin Afirka ta Kudu. == Iyali == An haifi Rose Innes a 1860 a Glen Lynden kuma an haife ta ne a yankin Bedford na Gabashin Cape . Iyayenta sun kasance mazaunin Scotland na 1820 William Dods Pringle da matarsa Harriet Pringle née Hockly . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jessie Dods Pringle b. 1 Nov 1860 Lynedoch farm, Bedford District, Eastern Cape, South Africa d. 4 Jun 1943 Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa |url=https://www.1820settlers.com/genealogy/getperson.php?personID=I28756&tree=master |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=British 1820 Settlers to South Africa}}</ref> == Ilimi == Rose Innes na ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka halarci [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] bayan ta zama cikakkiyar ma'aikatar ilimi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2011 |title=125 years of women on campus |url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2011-08-08-125-years-of-women-on-campus |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en}}</ref> an horar da ita a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya kuma a lokacin Yaƙin Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ta kasance memba na Kwamitin [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]] na Good Hope. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Olive Schreiner Letters Online |url=https://www.oliveschreiner.org/vre?view=personae&entry=35 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.oliveschreiner.org}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance co-kafa kuma shugabar Cibiyar Nurses ta Victoria kuma tana aiki a cikin [[Pretoria]] Benevolent Society, Pretoria Women's Cooperative da Young Men's Christian Association . == Aure == Ta auri dan siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma alƙali James Rose Innes a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 1881 . Sun san juna tun suna yara, lokacin da iyalin Rose-Innes suka yi hutu a gonar iyalin Pringle. Suna da 'yar daya, Dorothy Rose Innes, wanda aka haifa a 1884, ya auri marshal na filin Jamus Count Helmuth von Moltke na Kreisau 1905, kuma yana aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Kirista.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-15 |title=Women of History: Countess Dorothy von Moltke |url=https://www.marybakereddylibrary.org/research/women-of-history-countess-dorothy-von-moltke/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Mary Baker Eddy Library |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == Rose Innes kuma abokiyar marubuciya ce, mai fafutuka da mai fafutukar Olive Schreiner kuma sun musayar wasiƙu a duk rayuwarsu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Olive Schreiner Letters Online |url=https://www.oliveschreiner.org/vre?view=personae&entry=35 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.oliveschreiner.org}}</ref> Rose-Innes ta zama mai aiki a cikin kamfen don zaɓen mata a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Mata . A shekara ta 1914 an zabe ta shugabar reshen Cape Town na Majalisar Mata ta Kasa . <ref name=":1" /> Yakin neman zabe a Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance mai rikitarwa kuma an tsara shi ta hanyar tseren, aji da gwagwarmayar kasar da ke adawa da wariyar launin fata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=A Comprehensive History of Women's Suffrage in South Africa - WeChronicle |url=https://wechronicle.com/womens-suffrage/a-comprehensive-history-of-womens-suffrage-in-south-africa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204074055/https://wechronicle.com/womens-suffrage/a-comprehensive-history-of-womens-suffrage-in-south-africa/ |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=We Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref> Mata fararen Afirka ta Kudu suna da sha'awar samun kuri'a, kuma wasu suna shirye su bi manufofin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu don yin hakan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Monica G. |date=2015-11-30 |title=The transnational factor: The beginnings of South Africa's women's movement |url=https://newcontree.org.za/index.php/nc/article/view/172 |journal=New Contree |language=en |volume=73 |pages=18 |doi=10.4102/nc.v73i0.172 |issn=2959-510X}}</ref> Rose Innes ta amince da yiwuwar cancantar tseren 'yancin mata a 1926, tana cewa "mun san a cikin zukatanmu ba za mu sami duk abin da muke nema ba, amma muna da matukar damuwa game da wannan rabin gurasar. Sauran na iya zuwa. " Dokar 'yancin Mata, 1930 ta ba da kuri'a ga mata masu fata kawai. da kuma A shekara ta 1918, an nada Rose Innes a matsayin Kwamandan Daular Burtaniya (CBE). <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Bernard Burke}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Rose Innes ta mutu a shekara ta 1943. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Olive Schreiner Letters Online |url=https://www.oliveschreiner.org/vre?view=personae&entry=35 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.oliveschreiner.org}}</ref> An binne ta a Kabari na Maitland, Cape Town . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jessie Dods Pringle b. 1 Nov 1860 Lynedoch farm, Bedford District, Eastern Cape, South Africa d. 4 Jun 1943 Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa |url=https://www.1820settlers.com/genealogy/getperson.php?personID=I28756&tree=master |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=British 1820 Settlers to South Africa}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 1943]] 9kfd4ld0fzi2wvoi62s9amy8bjaj69y 0 97027 827255 769144 2026-04-27T17:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Grace Mary Mugasa''' (''née'' '''Mugisa'''; an haife ta 28 Disamba 1968) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar [[Uganda]] wacce a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Ministar Jiha da Ayyukan Jama'a. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Muhamadi |first=Byemboijana |date=March 4, 2022 |title=MPs Want Redundant Science Ministry Staff Incorporated Into Other Ministries |url=https://softpower.ug/mps-want-redundant-science-ministry-staff-incorporated-into-other-ministries/ |website=SoftPower News}}</ref> An naɗa ta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni 2021, ta Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]], ya naɗa ofishin a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=President Museveni names new cabinet |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/105545 |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parliament of the Republic of Uganda |date=2018-02-27 |title=Cabinet Members and Ministers of State as at 03 August 2021 |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/page/cabinet-members-and-ministers-state-03-august-2021 |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=www.parliament.go.ug |language=en}}</ref> Grace Mary ta karɓi mulki daga David Karubanga, tsohon minista kuma ɗan majalisa mai wakiltar Kigorobya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Patrick |first=Mundua |date=2021-06-23 |title=The New Minister of State for Public Service takes office |url=https://publicservice.go.ug/the-new-minister-of-state-for-public-service-takes-office/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Ministry of Public Service |language=en-US}}</ref> Kafin naɗin nata, ita ce mace ta farko Magajiyar Garin Hoima <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hoima mayor to priotise roads, water |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1010926 |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ssekika |first=Edward |title=Kadaga appeals to investors to invest in education |url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=35092:-kadaga-appeals-to-investors-to-invest-in-education |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325114231/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=35092:-kadaga-appeals-to-investors-to-invest-in-education |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Oil drawing criminals - Hoima mayor {{!}} Uganda |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/oil-drawing-criminals-hoima-mayor-1541852?view=htmlamp |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=www.monitor.co.ug}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Official Website |first=www.gracemarymugasa.com |title=Biography {{!}} Grace Mary Mugasa |url=https://www.gracemarymugasa.com/bio |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=GMM |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conversation with Ms. Grace Mary Mugasa, Mayor of Hoima, Uganda |url=https://www.citiesalliance.org/resources/multimedia/videos/conversation-ms-grace-mary-mugasa-mayor-hoima-uganda |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Cities Alliance |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Mugasa Grace Mary {{!}} Speaker {{!}} ASU GSV Summit |url=https://www.asugsvsummit.com/speakers/mugasagracemary |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=www.asugsvsummit.com |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024}}</ref> kuma ta gan ta ta hanyar sauya sheka zuwa matsayin Birni a watan Yuli 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hoima city unveiled |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1524642/hoima-city-unveiled |access-date=2021-10-02 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haifi Grace Mary Mugasa a Munteme, gundumar Hoima, yammacin Uganda a watan Disamba, 1968 ɗiya ce ga Pascal da Regina Rukanyanga. <ref name=":2"/> Tana da Difloma biyu a Ka'idodin Gudanar da Zamani, Gudanar da Tallace-tallace da Tallace-tallace daga Kwalejin Gudanar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Official Website |first=www.gracemarymugasa.com |title=Experience {{!}} Grace Mary Mugasa |url=https://www.gracemarymugasa.com/experience |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=GMM |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2" /> haka kuma ta yi Digiri na farko na Arts a fannin Dimokuraɗiyya da Nazarin Ci gaba da Jagoran Fasaha a Nazarin Ci Gaba daga [[Jami'ar shahidan Uganda|Jami'ar Shuhada ta Uganda]], Nkozi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Monitor |date=2011-03-09 |title=Hoima's Mugasa makes her mark |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/hoima-s-mugasa-makes-her-mark-1487924 |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":5" /> Mrs. Mugasa tana riƙe da takardar shedar inganta karfin shugabannin siyasa na cikin gida daga ICLD, Cibiyar ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa ta ƙasar Sweden da kuma takardar shedar inganta jinsi a [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] daga Isra'ila- MASHAV Golda Meir Centre Mt Carmel. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":5" /> == Sana'a == Mugasa ta fara aikinta a matsayin malama a Ƙaramar Hukumar Kizirafumbi bayan ta samu O-Level a shekarar 1986. Bayan kammala karatun difloma biyu a Ka'idodin Gudanar da Zamani da Gudanar da Tallace-tallace & Tallace-tallace, ta zama mai koyar da al'umma kan ƙananan sana'o'i kuma ta mallaki ƙaramin kasuwanci da kanta. A shekara ta 2001, ta shiga [[Siyasa|harkokin siyasa]] inda ta tsaya takara aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kansila mace mai wakiltar mazaɓar Arewa a ƙaramar hukumar Hoima, gundumar Hoima. Ta riƙe muƙamin na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan sake zaɓen ta a shekara ta 2006. A cikin watan Yuli 2010, an ɗaukaka Majalisar Garin Hoima zuwa matsayin gundumomi, kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin magajiyar gari ta farko na gundumar Hoima a cikin watan Maris 2011 kuma daga baya aka sake zaɓen ta a shekara ta 2016. <ref name=":1"/> A babban zaɓen shekarar 2021, magajiyar gari mai ci a lokacin, Grace Mary ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta bayan zaɓen da aka yi ta cece-kuce tare da cin zarafi da magoya bayanta daga ɗaya daga cikin sansanin 'yan takarar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Hoima city mayoral elections: Police arrest 10 suspects |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/hoima-city-mayoral-elections-police-arrest-10-suspects/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Independent |date=2020-09-04 |title=Security beefed up in Kasese, Hoima, Mukono as NRM conducts primaries |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/security-beefed-up-in-kasese-hoima-mukono-as-nrm-conducts-primaries/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=The Independent |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grace Mary Mugasa Archives |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/grace-mary-mugasa/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grace Mugasa – Eizooba – Amakuru Ga'Bunyoro |url=https://eizooba.co.ug/tag/grace-mugasa/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uganda Radionetwork |date=2021-08-25 |title=Minister Mugasa Withdraws Election Petition filed Against Hoima City Mayor |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/minister-mugasa-withdraws-election-petition-filed-against-hoima-city-mayor |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Uganda Radio Network |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta fafata da wasu ‘yan takara uku inda Brian Kaboyo, mai riƙe da tuta na National Resistance Movement ta zama wacce ta yi nasara da kuri’u 12,451, sai Mugasa da kuri’u 12,298. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NRM's Brian Kaboyo Wins Hoima City Mayoral Race – Spice Fm Hoima |url=https://www.spicefmhoima.com/2021/01/21/nrms-brian-kaboyo-wins-hoima-city-mayoral-race/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sauran ‘yan takarar sun haɗa da Dan Kaija na jam’iyyar Uganda People’s Congress (UPC) wanda ya samu kuri’u 315, Rashid Tumusiime na jam’iyyar Unity Platform ya samu kuri’u 303 da Wyclif Tumusiime, Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) wanda ya zo na ƙarshe da kuri’u 215. Grace kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Majalisar Majalisun Duniya (GPM) <ref>{{Cite web |last=GPM |date=2021-10-22 |title=Grace Mary Mugasa, newest Honorary Member of the GPM |url=https://globalparliamentofmayors.org/grace-mary-mugasa-newest-honorary-member-of-the-gpm/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Global Parliament of Mayors |language=en-US}}</ref> a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar kwamitin zartarwa na biyu na GPM har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa ta a matsayin minista a watan Yuni, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GPM |date=2021-06-22 |title=GPM Mayor Mugasa appointed Minister of State Public Service in Uganda |url=https://globalparliamentofmayors.org/gpm-mayor-mugasa-appointed-minister-of-state-public-service-in-uganda/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Global Parliament of Mayors |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, ta yi aiki a matsayin mamba a kwamitin gudanarwa daban-daban: HOFOKAM Ltd (kamfanin ƙananan kuɗi); Hukumar Sadarwa ta Diocese Katolika ta Hoima; Makarantar Kasuwancin Millennium; Kwalejin St. Andrea Kaahwa; Kitara Secondary School. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Grace Mary ta auri Aloysius Mugasa Adyeeri, kwararren kuma marubuci, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-20 |title=Mugasa Adyeri Aloysius books and biography - Waterstones |url=https://www.waterstones.com/author/mugasa-adyeri-aloysius/2590826 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Waterstones |publisher=Waterstones Booksellers Limited}}</ref> a halin yanzu Shugaban Hukumar Lotteries da Wasanni ta Kasa ta Uganda <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2019-07-20 |title=Board Of Directors |url=https://lgrb.go.ug/board-directors |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Lotteries and Gaming Regulatory Board Uganda |archive-date=2022-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610045645/https://lgrb.go.ug/board-directors |url-status=dead }}</ref> - matsayin da ya rike bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin manajan darakta na Uganda Kolping Society. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020-07-20 |title=50 years – 50 voices on the Kolping anniversary |url=https://www.kolping.net/en/news/50-years-50-voices-34/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Kolping International}}</ref> Ita uwa ce mai yara da jikoki da suka girma da kuma mai kula da marayu da yawa. Abubuwan da Grace ke so su ne daidaiton jinsi, da kuma yanayi mai tsabta. <ref name=":2"/> == Martaba == A lokacin da ta yi wa'adin zama magajiyar gari, Mary Grace Mugasa ta sami karɓuwa saboda hanyar da ta "ba ta da ma'ana" game da tsarin birni. Ta sami laƙabi a matsayin "Iron Lady" na Hoima a cikin mazaunan garin kuma an san ta da rashin haƙuri ga rikice-rikice da shara a kusa da birnin yayin da take ba da shawara don hanyoyin da suka dace, hanyoyin gini da aka tsara sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2011-03-09 |title=Hoima's Mugasa makes her mark |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/hoima-s-mugasa-makes-her-mark-1487924 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Monitor |publisher=Daily Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017-03-13 |title=Hoima gets Extra Shs7b for development |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/hoima-gets-shs7b-for-development-1691974 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Monitor |publisher=Daily Monitor}}</ref> A lokacin da take magajiyar gari, Hoima ta ga canji ta hanyar gyara hedikwatar Municipal/City da kuma gina hanya tare da goyon bayan shirin Uganda Support to Municipal Infrastructure Development (USMID), wanda shirin rancen Bankin Duniya-IDA ya tallafawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020-04-20 |title=Hoima,Oil city Uganda During Covid-19 Lock down Preview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4VnTsxTdEE |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=YouTube |publisher=Kabalega TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2013-12-01 |title=USMID Program |url=https://mlhud.go.ug/projects/usmid-program/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Ministry of Lands, Housing & Urban Development |archive-date=2022-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308091141/https://mlhud.go.ug/projects/usmid-program/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |first=Johnbosco |date=2019-05-14 |title=Museveni to Commission Multi-billion Hoima Municipality Road Project |url=https://www.kampalapost.com/index.php/news/museveni-commission-multi-billion-hoima-municipality-road-project |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Kampala Post |publisher=The Kampala Post |archive-date=2019-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819152546/http://kampalapost.com/index.php/news/museveni-commission-multi-billion-hoima-municipality-road-project |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020-07-15 |title=USMID‌ ‌Projects Advancing ‌the‌ ‌Western‌ ‌Region‌, Increasing Property Values |url=https://realmuloodi.co.ug/usmid-projects-advancing-western-region-increasing-property-values/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Real Muloodi |publisher=Real Muloodi News Network}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, kusan shekara guda bayan ta yi aiki, ana gina hanyoyin da aka amince da su ga buƙatun Grace Mary ga shugaban ƙasa da kuma ci gaba da yin lobbying a birnin Hoima.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |first=Robert |date=2021-04-07 |title=Construction of sh30b roads kicks off in Hoima |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/97555 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |first=Amakuru |date=2021-04-07 |title=Roads in Hoima Town to be Tarmacked |url=https://eizooba.co.ug/roads-in-hoima-town-to-be-tarmacked/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306090232/http://eizooba.co.ug/roads-in-hoima-town-to-be-tarmacked/ |archive-date=6 March 2018 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Waɗannan sun haɗa da hanyoyin da ke kaiwa da kewayen manyan cibiyoyin ibada - Our Lady of Lourdes Cathedral, [[Bujumbura]], St. Peter's Cathedral, Duhaga da masallacin Bwikya, Kinubi. == Duba kuma == * Jerin ma'aikatun gwamnati na Uganda * Majalisar ministocin Uganda == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] 9ba6a1yc82du1nklplg53c9ka7xy6g3 0 101366 827330 785422 2026-04-27T21:56:48Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342161584|Josie Mpama]]" 827330 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Josie Mpama''' (21 Maris 1903 - 3 Disamba 1979), an haife shi '''Josephine Palmer''', ya kasance mai adawa da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar aiki. Mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata da kuma kare hakkin ma'aikata da na mata, an dauke ta mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Josephine Palmer a shekara ta 1903 a Potchefstroom a cikin abin da aka sani da Transvaal Colony, yanzu Lardin Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Josie Palmer |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/josie-palmer |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Iyayenta sune Georgina Garson da Stephen Bonny Mpama, mai fassara gwamnati.<ref name=":0" /> Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai launi; mahaifinta Zulu ne, kodayake iyalinsa sun bar al'ummarsu kuma sun tuba zuwa Kiristanci, kuma mahaifiyarta Mfengu, [[Al'ummar Afrikaner|Afrikaner]], da moSotho ce.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-25 |title=60 Iconic Women — The people behind the 1956 Women's March to Pretoria (21-30) |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-08-25-60-iconic-women-the-people-behind-the-1956-womens-march-to-pretoria-21-30/ |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Josesphine "Josie" Mpama |url=http://www.nhmsa.co.za/ |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=National Heritage Monument}}</ref> An san ta da gari ɓangare na rayuwarta a matsayin Josie Palmer, ta amfani da Anglicized version na sunan karshe na mahaifinta Zulu. Ta fara amfani da sunan Mpama daga baya, a kan ƙaura zuwa wani baƙar fata, amma ta yi amfani da sunayen biyu a duk rayuwarta, dangane da wani ɓangare na inda take zaune.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Josie Palmer |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/josie-palmer |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=South African History Online}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-25 |title=60 Iconic Women — The people behind the 1956 Women's March to Pretoria (21-30) |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-08-25-60-iconic-women-the-people-behind-the-1956-womens-march-to-pretoria-21-30/ |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Mpama ta girma ne a Sophiatown, a wajen [[Johannesburg]], kafin ta koma Potchefstroom a 1921. Iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take 'yar shekara bakwai, kuma daga ƙarshe dole ne ta kula da kanta da mahaifiyarta ta hanyar aiki a matsayin bawa ga iyalan fararen fata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Josie Palmer |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/josie-palmer |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, Mpama ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata baƙar fata na farko da suka shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu, magajin Jam'iyyar Kaminis ta Kudu. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta shiga, ta zama sakatariyar reshen Jam'iyyar Kwaminis na Potchefstroom . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Josie Palmer |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/josie-palmer |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=South African History Online}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-25 |title=60 Iconic Women — The people behind the 1956 Women's March to Pretoria (21-30) |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-08-25-60-iconic-women-the-people-behind-the-1956-womens-march-to-pretoria-21-30/ |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A cikin 1928, ta jagoranci kamfen game da buƙatar mazauna baƙar fata na yankin Potchefstroom don samun izinin mai masauki ga duk wanda ya zauna a gidajensu, gami da yaransu masu girma. Ta ci gaba da yin kamfen game da wasu mazaunan wariyar launin fata da ƙuntatawa na tafiye-tafiye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Josie Palmer |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/josie-palmer |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=South African History Online}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=van Rensburg |first=Fanie (N.S.) Jansen |date=May 2012 |title=Protest by Potchefstroom native location's residents against dominance, 1904 to 1950 |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/hist/v57n1/02.pdf |journal=Historia |volume=57: 1 |pages=22–41}}</ref> Mpama ta kuma shiga cikin rikice-[[Ƙauracewa Beer Hall|Rikicin Beer Hall]] na 1929. A farkon shekarun aikinta na siyasa, ta yi wanki ga iyalai masu farin don samun kuɗi. An tilasta mata da mijinta su bar Potchefstroom a 1931, kuma sun koma Johannesburg. Ta shiga Ofishin Siyasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a 1937 sannan kuma Kwamitin Tsakiya. Ta kuma zama memba na kwamitin jam'iyyar Johannesburg a cikin shekarun 1940 kuma ta kasance jagora a sashin mata na jam'iyyar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Josie Palmer |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/josie-palmer |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=South African History Online}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=van Rensburg |first=Fanie (N.S.) Jansen |date=May 2012 |title=Protest by Potchefstroom native location's residents against dominance, 1904 to 1950 |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/hist/v57n1/02.pdf |journal=Historia |volume=57: 1 |pages=22–41}}</ref> Mpama ya rubuta wa Umsebenzi, hukumar yada labarai ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, a cikin 1920s da '30s, yana nuna gwagwarmayar ma'aikatan baƙar fata. Ta kasance mai fafutukar goyon bayan ƙungiyar kwadago kuma ta yi gwagwarmaya don kara albashi ga malamai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Josie Palmer |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/josie-palmer |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=South African History Online}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=van Rensburg |first=Fanie (N.S.) Jansen |date=May 2012 |title=Protest by Potchefstroom native location's residents against dominance, 1904 to 1950 |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/hist/v57n1/02.pdf |journal=Historia |volume=57: 1 |pages=22–41}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roth |first=Mia |date=1996-01-01 |title=Josie Mpama: The contribution of a largely forgotten figure in the South African liberation struggle |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00232089685310101 |journal=Kleio |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=120–136 |doi=10.1080/00232089685310101 |issn=0023-2084 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A shekara ta 1935, ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Moscow]] don halartar Taron Duniya na Bakwai na Kwaminisanci na Duniya da kuma karatu a Jami'ar Kwaminisancin Toilers na Gabas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 1903 |title=Josie Palmer Mpama |url=https://ourconstitution.constitutionhill.org.za/josie-palmer-mpama/ |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=Our Constitution |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukan Mpama sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata. A shekara ta 1947, ta taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar [[Transvaal All Women’s Union|Transvaal All Women's Union]], ta zama sakatariyar kungiyar ta farko. Daga nan sai ta taimaka wajen gano Tarayyar Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1954, daga ƙarshe ta jagoranci reshen Transvaal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Josie Palmer |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/josie-palmer |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> == Shekaru na baya == Mpama ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga hukumomi, gami da umarnin haramta a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 da kuma kama shi a shekarar 1960. Daga bisani aka tilasta mata ta koma baya daga ayyukan siyasa saboda haramtacciyar doka da matsalolin kiwon lafiya. Ta shafe shekarunta na ƙarshe tana shirya kungiyoyin mata a cocin ta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Josie Palmer |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/josie-palmer |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Mpama ta mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1979, bayan mota ta buge ta yayin da take jiran karbar fansho.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Josie Palmer |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/josie-palmer |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Mpama ta auri Thabo Edwin Mofutsanyana, jagora a [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka]] da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu, a cikin shekarun 1920.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Josie Palmer |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/josie-palmer |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=South African History Online}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=van Rensburg |first=Fanie (N.S.) Jansen |date=May 2012 |title=Protest by Potchefstroom native location's residents against dominance, 1904 to 1950 |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/hist/v57n1/02.pdf |journal=Historia |volume=57: 1 |pages=22–41}}</ref> Saboda an rarraba Mofutsanyana a matsayin Afirka a ƙarƙashin dokokin wariyar launin fata yayin da aka rarraba Mpama a matsayin mai launi, haɗin gwiwarsu ta doka ta keta dokokin wariyar jinsi. Ma'auratan sun rabu a ƙarshen shekarun 1930.<ref name=":1" /> Ta haifi 'yarta ta farko, Carol, tare da wani mutum mai launi a Doornfontein a shekarar 1920. Daga nan sai ta haifi 'yarta ta biyu, Francis, tare da wani mutum a 1926. Tare da Mofutsanyana, ta haifi wata 'yar, Hilda, a cikin 1928.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-16 |title=2. Potchefstroom: A Fighting Location |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/2-potchefstroom-fighting-location |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Daga baya ta haifi ɗa, Dennis, mai yiwuwa samfurin wani al'amari da Musa Kotane. Mpama ta kasance mai bin Anglican, kuma tana da murya a cikin imanin cewa babu wata sabani tsakanin bangaskiyarta ta Kirista da jajircewarta ga [[Kwaminisanci]]. == Sanarwa == A shekara ta 2004, ta sami lambar yabo ta Order of Luthuli in Silver saboda gwagwarmayarta game da wariyar launin fata da kuma goyon bayan 'yancin ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Josie (Palmer) Mpama (1903 - 1979) |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/josie-palmer-mpama-1903-1979 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604074300/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/josie-palmer-mpama-1903-1979 |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=The Presidency Republic of South Africa}}</ref> An wakilta ta da wani mutum-mutumi a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa a cikin Gidan Tsaro na Groenkloof . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Long March to Freedom |url=http://www.nhmsa.co.za/ |access-date=2021-01-07 |website=National Heritage Monument}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lytf2xar12vn2sg60vb7wifrlobty64 0 103340 827368 664131 2026-04-28T03:45:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Themba Harry Gwala''' (30 Yuli 1920 &#x2013; 20 Yuni 1995) ɗan gwagwarmayar wariyar launin fata ne kuma shugaban jam'iyyar National Congress Congress (ANC) da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACP) a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Farkon aiki da gwagwarmaya === Harry Gwala ya samu horo a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Adams kuma ya koyar a [[Slangspruit]] inda dalibansa suka hada da Moses Mabhida.<ref name="Nqakula 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Nqakula |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Nqakula |date=1995 |title=Harry Gwala - Man of Steel |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03005/06lv03006/07lv03105/08lv03115.htm |journal=[[African Communist]] |issue=142 |access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> A shekarar 1942, Gwala ya shiga jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afrika ta Kudu, sannan a shekarar 1944 ya shiga jam'iyyar ANC, sannan ya koma kungiyar kwadago a masana'antar sinadarai, gine-gine, da roba. <ref name="Haswell 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Haswell |first=Robert |date=December 1995 |title=Themba Harry Gwala (1920-1995) |url=https://natalia.org.za/Files/25/Natalia%20v25%20obituaries%20Gwala.pdf |journal=Natalia |issue=25 |pages=88–90 |access-date=13 June 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kasance cikin masu shirya zaman na ƙasa a cikin shekarar 1950, kuma daga baya aka dakatar da shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar hana gurguzu.<ref name="Mayibuye obit">{{Cite journal |date=July 1995 |title=Harry Themba Gwala (1920-1995): Teacher, people's tribune, man of steel |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/37a/104.html |journal=Mayibuye |volume=6 |issue=3 |access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> === Ɗauri === Daga shekarar 1960 Gwala ya shiga jam'iyyar ANC ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. A cikin shekarar 1964, an ɗaure shi a tsibirin Robben saboda zagon ƙasa da ɗaukar ma'aikata na [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]].<ref name="Mayibuye obit" /> An sake shi a cikin shekarar 1972, bayan shekaru takwas, amma an iyakance shi ga Pietermaritzburg ta hanyar [[Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramtawa a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata|hanawa]]. <ref name="Dlamuka 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Dlamuka |first=Mxolisi |date=2018 |title=Harry Gwala, Political Militancy and State Trials, 1960-1977 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/20190109_harry_gwala_political_militancy_and_state_trials_1960-1977_by_mxolisi_dlamuka.pdf |journal=South African Contemporary History and Humanities Seminar |access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> A can, ya kafa sana'ar tattara wanki a matsayin abin fakewa ga ci gaba da ayyukan ANC, da yunƙurin farfaɗo da Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci ta Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="Presidency profile">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Harry Themba Gwala |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7641 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329204946/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7641 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=19 March 2016 |website=The Presidency}}</ref> A shekarar 1975, an sake kama Gwala, a wannan karon an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a ƙarƙashin dokar ta’addanci. <ref name="Mayibuye obit" /> Yayin da yake tsibirin Robben, Gwala ya koyar da darasi ga wasu fursunoni kan ka'idar siyasa. <ref name="SAHO">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Harry Themba Gwala |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/harry-themba-gwala |access-date=13 June 2019 |website=South African History Online |publisher=[[South African History Project]]}}</ref> A shekarar 1995, [[Nelson Mandela]] ya tuna.<blockquote>Mphephethwa babban “malamin siyasa” ne wanda ya koyar da zuriya bayan tsara gwagwarmaya. Yawancin shugabannin yau sun sha daga zurfin rijiyar hikimar siyasa ta Mphephethwa. Amma irin wannan shi ne yanayin koyarwarsa, cewa abubuwan da aka samu na iliminsa, su kansu za su ci gaba da zama ’yan siyasa a nasu ɓangaren; ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da ya ba su don haɓaka tunani da bincike masu zaman kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 1995 |title=Address by Nelson Mandela at the funeral of Harry Themba Gwala |url=http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/1995/950701_gwala.htm |access-date=13 June 2019 |publisher=[[Nelson Mandela Foundation]]}}</ref></blockquote>A shekara ta 1984, matarsa Elda ta mutu, kuma an hana shi izinin halartar jana'izar ta. A lokacin zaman gidan yari na biyu, Gwala ya kamu da wata cuta mai saurin kisa, wanda hakan ya jawo masa gurguwar hannaye, inda a ƙarshe ya kai ga rasa yadda ya kamata a cikin tsokar wuyansa. Rashin lafiyarsa ya kasance babban dalilin sake shi daga kurkuku a watan Nuwamba 1988. === "Lion na Midlands" === Bayan kawar da jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 1990, an naɗa Gwala a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar ANC na riƙon kwarya na Natal Midlands, kuma an zaɓe shi a hukumance a watan Disamba.<ref name="Gwala 1992">{{cite journal |last1=Gwala |first1=Harry |title='Negotiations as presented by Joe Slovo.' A response from... |journal=[[African Communist]] |date=1992 |issue=131 |page=28 |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03005/06lv03006/07lv03041/08lv03046.htm |accessdate=13 June 2019}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1991, an zaɓe shi a matsayin Babban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A tattaunawar da aka yi a shekarun 1990, Gwala ya ki amincewa da kulla alaka da jam'iyyar Inkatha Freedom Party, wanda hakan ya sanya shi cikin saɓani da shugabancin ANC na ƙasa.<ref name="Economist 1992">{{cite news |title=Harry Gwala, Natal's (other) warlord |work=[[The Economist]] |date=31 October 1992}}</ref> Ya gargaɗi masu sasantawar ANC da cewa "kada su sasanta waɗanda ake zalunta da wariyar launin fata sanye da rigar sabon kundin tsarin mulki." <ref name="Gwala 1992"/> Matsayinsa na rashin tawakkali da kalaman kashe gobara sun sa ya shahara da sojojin kafa na kungiyar, a cikinsu ana kiransa da "Lion of the Midlands". <ref name="Haswell 1995" /> Masu zaginsa suna kallonsa a matsayin sarkin yaki saboda tada zaune tsaye a rikicin jam'iyyar ANC da Inkatha Freedom Party a KwaZulu-Natal Midlands. <ref name="Merrett 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Merrett |first=Christopher |date=December 2013 |title=A small civil war: political conflict in the Pietermaritzburg region in the 1980s and early 1990s |url=https://www.natalia.org.za/Files/43/Natalia%2043-Article%20Merrett%20pp%2019%20to%2036.pdf |journal=Natalia |issue=43 |pages=19–36 |access-date=13 June 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hukumar tabbatar da gaskiya da sasantawa ta gano cewa Gwala “ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kiran kansa shugaban yakin ANC”, kuma “a wajen kiran a kashe mutanen da ke adawa da ANC, Gwala ya tunzura magoya bayansa da su aikata gaggarumin take hakkin ɗan Adam”.<ref name="Carlin 1995">{{cite news |last1=Carlin |first1=John |authorlink1=John Carlin (journalist) |title=Obituary: Harry Gwala |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-harry-gwala-1588560.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-harry-gwala-1588560.html |archive-date=9 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |accessdate=13 June 2019 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=27 June 1995}}</ref><ref name="Haswell 1995" /> A zaɓen 1994, an zaɓi Gwala a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin KwaZulu-Natal, inda ya zama babban mai kare jam'iyyar ANC.<ref name="Merrett 2013"/><ref name="NYT obit">{{cite news|title=Harry Gwala, 74, a Zulu Ally Of Mandela Who Fought Zulus|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/21/obituaries/harry-gwala-74-a-zulu-ally-of-mandela-who-fought-zulus.html|accessdate=19 March 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 June 1995}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, an zaɓe shi a cikin kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu. Sai dai a cikin watan Yuni, an dakatar da zama mamban jam'iyyar na tsawon watanni shida saboda "cin zarafin jam'iyyar SACP na cikin gida" a ci gaba da sukar da ya yi wa takwarorinsu na jam'iyyar, da kuma kin miƙa kansa ga binciken cikin gida kan zargin da ake masa na cin zarafin 'yan jam'iyyar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laurence |first1=Patrick |title=Gwala heightens divergence |work=[[The Star (South Africa)|The Star]] |date=13 July 1994 |page=10}}</ref> Gwala ya rasu ne a watan Yunin 1995 a asibiti bayan ya yi fama da ciwon zuciya.<ref name="TRC report vol 3">{{cite book |title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report |volume=3 |date=1998 |publisher=Truth and Reconciliation Commission |pages=214–215 |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%203.pdf |accessdate=13 June 2019 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809214243/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%203.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] lsgwwbaxlac9vv53hu6ya6dpvgnrw8r 0 105485 827358 659467 2026-04-28T02:12:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ọ̀rànmíyàn, wanda aka fi sani da Ọranyan, sanannen sarki ne na [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] daga masarautar Ile-Ife, kuma wanda ya kafa [[Masarautar Benin]] da [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1978 |title=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VC51AAAAIAAJ&q=Oranmiyan |publisher=Historical Society of Nigeria (University of California) |volume=9 |issue=3–4}}</ref> Kodayake shi ne ƙarami daga cikin zuriyar [[Oduduwa]], ya zama babban magajin Oduduwa a lokacin da ya dawo ya yi ikirarin kursiyin kakansa.<ref name="sacred-texts">{{Cite web |last=Ogumefu |first=M. I |year=1929 |title=The Staff of Oranyan |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/afr/yl/yl27.htm |access-date=2007-01-21 |website=Yoruba Legends |publisher=Internet Sacred Text Archive |pages=46}}</ref> A cewar bayanan farko, ya kafa [[Masarautar Oyo|Oyo]] a matsayin [[Alaafin]] na farko a cikin shekara ta 1300 jim kadan bayan kafa sabon daular a [[Masarautar Benin|Igodomigodo]] . Bayan mutuwar Oranmiyan, an yi la'akari da danginsa cewa sun gina dutsen tunawa da aka sani da Staff of Oranmijan - ''Opa Oranmiyan'' a cikin yaren Yoruba - a wurin da kakan su ya mutu. Wannan obelisk yana da tsayi 5.5m kuma game da 1.2m a kewayon a gindinsa. A lokacin guguwa a shekara ta 1884 kimanin 1.2m an karya shi daga samansa kuma ya fadi sau biyu kuma an sake gina shi a kowane lokaci. A halin yanzu yana tsaye a cikin wani daji a Mopa, Ile-Ife . Gwaje-gwaje na radiocarbon sun nuna cewa an gina wannan alamar sarauta ƙarni da yawa kafin farkon daular Oduduwa. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da yarantakar Oranmiyan ba kuma yawancin bayanai game da rayuwarsa ta farko sun fito ne daga tushe na Ife. An kira shi mutum ne mai iyaye biyu - [[Oduduwa]] da Ogun - wanda dukansu suna da dangantaka da mahaifiyarsa Lakange Anihunka (wani bawa da Ogun ya kama a daya daga cikin tafiye-tafiyen yaƙi). Mahaifiyarsa, a wasu fassarar baki, an ce ta fito ne daga Yagba ko Nupe. Labarin ya kara da rikice-rikice ta hanyar bayyana cewa Oranmiyan yana da sautin biyu a cikin jiki: rabin jikinsa yana da fata mai haske (kamar Ogun), yayin da ɗayan rabin ya kasance baƙar fata (kamar Oduduwa). Daga hangen nesa na kimiyya, wannan bayanin na iya nuna cewa yana da vitiligo. Ko ta yaya, saboda wannan, an ba shi sunan '''Oranmiyan''' (ko Oran ni Omo ni yan, wanda ke nufin "Yaron ya zaɓi ya zama mai kawo rigima"). Wani sunansa '''Odede''' yana nuna babban mafarauci, wani abu da aka sani da shi a duk rayuwarsa ta farko a Ife. Ya kuma kasance babban jarumi kamar iyayensa biyu. Shi ne Odole Oduduwa na farko (matashi na gidan oduduwa) saboda shi dan sarki ne mai karfi da kuma magana da gaskiya na zuriyar Oduduwa. Ƙarfinsa da baiwarsa a yaƙi ya sa ya ɗauki matsayin kare Ife - wanda ba shi da soja a lokacin - a matsayin Akogun na farko na Ife. == Oranmiyan a Benin == Rikicin tsakanin masu gudanarwa na Igodomigodo ya tilasta musu su taru don sabon mai mulki. Oranmiyan, wanda Ooni na Ife ya aiko, ya kafa sansani a wani wuri da ake kira Use, ma'ana "yin birni" ko " siyasa". Bayan ya shiga, sai ya fara mulkin Igodomigodo daga can. Sarautarsa a matsayin [[Oba]] baƙo ne a cikin salon gudanarwa kuma bai tafi da kyau tare da wasu shugabannin ba, don haka sun aika da wakilai don yin leken asiri a kansa. Duk wannan ya sa Oranmiyan ya bayyana cewa dan ƙasa ne kawai zai iya jimrewa da halin mutanen Igodomigodo. Ya kira ƙasar Ile - Ibinu, ma'ana "Land of Vexation". Bayan barin Ile-Ibinu (daga baya Ibini, kuma ya lalace zuwa "Benin" ta Portuguese), ya tsaya a takaice a Egor inda ya ɗauki Erinmwide, 'yar Enogie (ko Duke) na Egor, a matsayin matarsa. A sakamakon hadin gwiwarsu, Oranmiyan ya kirkiro sabon daularsa, kuma dansa Eweka zai ci gaba da kafa mulkin mallaka na Benin yadda ya kamata. Wannan daular har yanzu tana mulki a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Origins of the Benin Kingship in the Works of Jacob Egharevba |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171912 |publisher=JSTOR (1995)}}</ref> == Oranmiyan a Oyo == Bayan ya bar Benin a kusan shekara ta 1290, ya koma arewa tare da magoya bayansa masu aminci kuma ya zauna kusa da kogin Moshi (mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]]). Ya kafa wani birni a can, Oyo-Ile, wanda zuriyarsa suka fadada zuwa [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Falola |first=Toyin |title=The role of Nigerian women {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/role-of-Nigerian-women-1360615 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya shiga yaƙi da [[Mutanen Bariba|Bariba]], maƙwabtanta na kusa a arewa, kuma daga baya ya auri Torosi, yarima Tapa, wacce ta zama mahaifiyar Sango Akata Yẹri-Yẹri. Ya kuma auri [[Moremi Ajasoro]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=[[Eldred Durosimi Jones]] |last2=Marjorie Jones |year=1996 |title=New Trends & Generations in African Literature: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGjVHccBEB4C&pg=PA113 |journal=[[African Literature Today]] |publisher=James Currey Publishers |volume=20 |page=113 |isbn=9780852555200}}</ref> == Bikin Oranyan == An fara bikin farko na Oranyan na Fasaha, Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido a shekarar 2012 ta zuriyarsa kuma magajinsa, Oba Lamidi Adeyemi III na Oyo, wanda ya ba da umarnin cewa daga baya za a yi bikin a kowace shekara tsakanin 8th da 15th ranakun Satumba a Oyo, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1st Oranyan Festival |url=http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/tourism/42822-1st-oranyan-festival-holds-september-815- |access-date=2012-06-21 |publisher=Nigerian Tribune |archive-date=2012-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622014901/http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/tourism/42822-1st-oranyan-festival-holds-september-815- |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 1cyfhq433jffxn1mrev1wvpnm6cpl4g 0 105595 827352 812967 2026-04-28T01:24:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Halin da ƙasashen duniya suka yi game da yakin basasar Libya shine martani ga jerin [[Zanga-zanga|zanga-zangar]] da rikice-rikicen soja da ke faruwa a Libya a kan Gwamnatin Libya da shugaban kasar [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. Jihohi da yawa da hukumomin da suka fi na kasa sun yi Allah wadai da mulkin Gaddafi game da hare-haren da ya kai wa fararen hula a cikin kasar. Kusan dukkanin kasashen Yammacin Turai sun yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da gwamnatin Gaddafi a kan kamfen din bama-bamai a watan Fabrairu da Maris, kuma wasu kasashe da dama karkashin jagorancin Peru da Botswana sun yi haka. Amfani da rundunar sojin saman Libya don kai farmaki ga fararen hula ya haifar da karɓar ƙudurin Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1973 don ƙirƙirar yankin da ba za a iya tashi ba a Libya a ranar 17 ga Maris, kodayake ƙasashe da yawa da ke cikin tilasta aiwatar da ƙudurin sun kuma gudanar da ayyukan yajin aiki na yau da kullun don lalata ikon kai farmaki na Sojojin Libya da lalata ikon mulkin da sarrafawa, yadda ya kamata suna aiki don tallafawa sojojin da ke adawa da Gaddafi a ƙasa. Yawancin mambobin al'ummar kasa da kasa, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ƙungiyar Larabawa, da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], a bayyane sun amince da [[Majalisar Canjin Kasa]] ta adawa da Gaddafi a matsayin wakilin Libya, tare da yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe a bayyane suna bayyana shi a matsayin gwamnatin wucin gadi ta doka ta ƙasar saboda rashin halatta daga ɓangaren mulkin Gaddafi. Jihohi da yawa sun ba da Shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye ko kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su kwashe. Wasu kwashewar sun yi nasara a ko dai zuwa Malta ko ta hanyar iyakokin ƙasa zuwa Masar ko Tunisia; wasu yunkurin sun sami cikas ta hanyar lalacewar tashar jirgin saman Benghazi ko ƙin izinin sauka a Tripoli. Har ila yau, akwai zanga-zangar hadin kai da yawa a wasu ƙasashe waɗanda galibi sun hada da 'yan gudun hijirar Libya. Kasuwancin kuɗi a duniya suna da mummunar martani ga rashin kwanciyar hankali tare da farashin mai ya tashi zuwa shekaru biyu da rabi. == Ƙasashen waje == {| style="float:right; clear:right; margin:1em; width:18em; border:1px solid #a0a0a0; padding:4px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:center;" |'''Kwamitin Tsaro na na 1973 (yanki mara tashi da sauran matakan) {{Flagu|United Nations}}<br />''' |- style="text-align:left;" |'''Kasashen da suka himmatu ga tilasta:''' |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Belgium}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Bulgaria}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Canada}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Denmark}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|France}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Greece}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Italy}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Jordan}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Netherlands}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Norway}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Qatar}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Romania}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galantonu, Dumitrina |date=22 March 2011 |title=Traian Basescu: Romania va trimite fregata Regele Ferdinand cu 205 militari in Mediterana pentru operatiuni de blocare a oricarei nave suspecte ca transporta armament |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-8423876-traian-basescu-sustine-declaratie-presa-ora-21-00-dupa-sedinta-csat.htm |access-date=27 March 2011 |publisher=[[Hotnews.ro]] |language=ro}}</ref> |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Spain}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Sweden}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|United Arab Emirates}}<ref name="abcnews1" /> |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|United Kingdom}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|United States}} |} *African Union – Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka Jean Ping ya ce AU tana tuntubar gwamnatin Libya kuma ta la’anci dirar-mikin da aka yi wa masu zanga-zanga. A cewar wani taro da aka yi da wakilin Birtaniya a 7 Maris, ba su ƙara wani muhimmin bayani ba.<ref>[http://www.au.int/en/content/auc-and-british-government-discussions-peace-security-and-development AUC and British Government in Discussions on Peace, Security and Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722012857/http://www.au.int/en/content/auc-and-british-government-discussions-peace-security-and-development |date=2011-07-22 }} African Union, 9 Maris 2011</ref> A 11 Maris suka sanar da kafa wani kwamiti na shugabannin Afirka Ta Kudu, Uganda, Mauritaniya, Jamhuriyar Kwango da Mali don su je Libya su taimaka wajen kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110315053123/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE72B00320110312 African Union names panel to help end Libya crisis], Reuters Africa, 12 Maris 2011</ref> Sun kuma ƙi amincewa da yankin hana jiragen sama ko kowace irin katsalandan ta ƙasashen yamma, sai dai suka goyi bayan “mafita ta Afirka” ta hanyar sauye-sauye.<ref>[http://www.talkzimbabwe.com/no-western-interference-in-libya-president-mugabe-cms-1215 No western interference in Libya: President Mugabe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315192154/http://www.talkzimbabwe.com/no-western-interference-in-libya-president-mugabe-cms-1215 |date=2011-03-15 }}, Zimbabwe Guardian, 12 Maris 2011</ref> *{{Flagu|Arab League}} – Sakataren Janar Amr Moussa ya bayyana damuwa matuƙa kan halin da ake ciki a Libya tare da kira da a dakatar da tashin hankali nan-da-nan. Bayan taron gaggawa na 22 Fabrairu, ƙungiyar ta dakatar da Libya daga tarurrukan majalisa, tare da la’antar “laifukan da ake aikatawa kan zanga-zangar lumana a birane da dama na Libya.”<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-arabs-moussa-idUSLDE71K1W520110221|title=Arab League deeply concerned by Libya violence|work=Reuters|access-date=22 Fabrairu 2011|date=21 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-22/arab-league-bars-libya-from-meetings-citing-forces-crimes-.html|title=Arab League Bars Libya From Meetings, Citing Forces' 'Crimes'|date=22 Fabrairu 2011|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=22 Fabrairu 2011|first=Ola|last=Galal}}</ref> A 7 Maris Moussa ya ce dole Gaddafi ya nemi “sasantawa” da jama’arsa idan yana son ci gaba da mulki, kodayake ya nuna da yawa daga ’yan adawa ba za su karɓi haka ba.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/342514|agency=Al-Masry Al-Youm|date=7 Maris 2011|access-date=8 Maris 2011|title=Moussa calls on Qadhafi to reconcile with Libyans}}</ref> Kungiyar ta yi taro a 12 Maris ta kuma roƙi Kwamitin Sulhu na UN da ya kafa yankin hana jirage, inda Algeria da Syria kawai suka ƙi amincewa.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12723554 Arab League backs Libya no-fly zone], BBC News, 12 Maris 2011</ref> *{{Flagu|European Union}} – Babbar wakilar EU kan harkokin waje Catherine Ashton ta la’anci murkushe zanga-zanga da gwamnatin Libya ta yi kuma ta mayar da martani kan barazanar Tripoli ga EU, tana mai cewa “EU za ta yi abin da ya dace.”<ref name="euobserver1">[http://euobserver.com/9/31842 EU Observer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019085008/http://euobserver.com/9/31842 |date=2011-10-19 }}, 21 Fabrairu 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/564118/publicationFile/147381/110221-Ashton-Decl.pdf|title=Declaration by the High Representative, Catherine Ashton, on behalf of the European Union on events in Libya|date=20 Fabrairu 2011|publisher=German Foreign Office|access-date=23 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> EU ta tattauna batun Libya a 11–12 Maris 2011, sannan Ashton ta ziyarci Cairo a 13 Maris don haɗa kai da Amr Moussa da kuma shugaban gwamnati na wucin-gadi na Masar Essam Sharaf da Nabil Elaraby.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4041116,00.html EU top diplomat to meet with Arab League in Cairo], YNet News, 12 Maris 2011</ref> *Group of Eight – Ministocin harkokin wajen G8 sun gana a Paris a 14 Maris don tattauna halin da ake ciki da yiwuwar kafa yankin hana tashi jirage.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12735491 G8 leaders consider Libya no-fly zone], BBC News, 14 Maris 2011</ref> *{{Flagu|Gulf Cooperation Council}} – A 8 Maris GCC ta fitar da sanarwar hadin gwiwa tana roƙon UN da ta kafa yankin hana jirage a Libya domin kare fararen hula.<ref name="gcc-sg.org">[http://www.gcc-sg.org/indexc23e.html?action=News&Sub=ShowOne&ID=1919 Joint Statement …] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314164247/http://www.gcc-sg.org/indexc23e.html?action=News&Sub=ShowOne&ID=1919 |date=2011-03-14 }} Gulf Cooperation Council, 8 Maris 2011</ref> A 28 Maris, bayan Qatar ta ɗauki matakin gane Majalisar Ƙwamitin Tsaiko ta Ƙasa a Benghazi, GCC ta goyi bayan wannan sauyi.<ref name="AlJazeera_110329">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/201132814450241767.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=28 Maris 2011|access-date=29 Maris 2011|title=Qatar recognises Libyan rebels after oil deal}}</ref> *International Criminal Court – A 27 Yuni ICC ta fitar da sammaci na kama Muammar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi da Abdualla Al-Senussi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111126013502/http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/exeres/D07229DE-4E3D-45BC-8CB1-F5DAF8370218.htm Pre-Trial Chamber I issues three warrants of arrest …] International Criminal Court 2011</ref> Washegari, mai gabatar da ƙara na ICC ya ce ba za su mai da hankali kan zargin laifukan ’yan tawayen ba har sai an gama binciken Gaddafi da kusa-kusa da shi.<ref>[http://www.fidh.org/IMG//pdf/cpiproc579ang.pdf The Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC – 9 years on] FIDH 2011 sh. 23</ref> *United Nations – Sakataren Janar Ban Ki-moon ya bayyana cewa jefa bama-bamai kan fararen hula “idan aka tabbatar, laifi ne mai tsanani a dokar jinƙai ta duniya.” **Shugabar Kwamitin Tsaro Maria Luiza Viotti ta ce kwamitin “ya la’anci amfani da ƙarfi kan fararen hula, ya kuma nemi a dakatar da tashin hankali nan-da-nan tare da magance ƙorafe-korafen jama’a ta hanyar tattaunawa.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37583&Cr=protests&Cr1=|title=Libya: Security Council, UN officials urge end to use of force against protesters|date=23 Fabrairu 2011|publisher=UN News Centre|access-date=23 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> **A 26 Fabrairu kwamitin ya zartar da kuduri 1970 ba hamayya — ya sanya takunkumi kan manyan jami’ai goma, Gaddafi da iyalinsa, haramcin tafiye-tafiye da makamai, kana ya mika batun ga ICC don binciken laifukan yaƙi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dipublico.com.ar/english/news/full-text-of-resolution-1970-2011-libya/|title=Text of UNSCR 1970|publisher=Dipublico.com.ar|access-date=14 Satumba 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wyatt|first=Edward|title=Security Council Calls for War Crimes Inquiry in Libya|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/world/africa/27nations.html|access-date=27 Fabrairu 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> **Navi Pillay, Babbar Kwamishinar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta UN, ta la’anci amfani da harsasai kai tsaye kan masu zanga-zanga.<ref>{{cite news|title=UN rights chief condemns Libya, Bahrain crackdowns|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=18 Fabrairu 2011|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/02/18/rights-chief-condemns-libya-bahrain-crackdowns/|access-date=21 Janairu 2012|agency=Associated Press|location=Geneva}}</ref> **A 17 Maris kwamitin ya amince da Kuduri 1973 (2011) don kafa yankin hana jirage a Libya da duk matakan da suka tsaya bayan mamayar ƙasa, domin kare fararen hula.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/17/un-security-council-resolution UN security council resolution 1973 (2011) on Libya – full text], The Guardian, 17 Maris 2011</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/17/libya-un-security-council-air Libya: UN security council backs no-fly zone and air strikes], The Guardian, 18 Maris 2011</ref> **A 9 Agusta shugabar UNESCO Irina Bokova ta yi Allah-wadai da harin NATO da ya hallaka ’yan jarida uku a tashar Al-Jamahiriya, tana mai cewa “ba a kamata a kai farmaki kan kafafen yaɗa labarai ba.”<ref name="reut">{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE77802120110809|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809092721/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE77802120110809|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 Agusta 2011|title=UN official "deplores" NATO attack on Libyan TV|access-date=13 Agusta 2011|date=9 Agusta 2011|work=Reuters}}</ref> **A 11 Agusta, bayan harin NATO a Majer da ake zargin ya kashe fararen hula 85, Ban Ki-moon ya kira bangarorin duka da su yi duk mai yiwuwa domin kauce wa asarar rayukan marasa laifi.<ref name="ban">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8696961/Ban-Ki-moon-alarmed-over-rising-civilian-toll-in-Libya.html|title=Ban Ki-moon alarmed over rising civilian toll in Libya|access-date=13 Agusta 2011|date=12 Agusta 2011|work=The Telegraph|location=London}}</ref> ==Gwamnatoci== ===Gabashin Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA)=== *{{Flagu|Algeria}} – Aljeriya na daya daga cikin kasashe biyu kacal (tare da Siriya) da suka kada kuri'ar adawa da kudirin kungiyar Larabawa wanda ya bukaci Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa haramcin tashi da saukar jiragen sama a saman Libiya.<ref name="Maghrebia">{{cite news|url=http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/newsbriefs/general/2011/03/13/newsbrief-01|title=Arab League backs Libya no-fly zone|access-date=31 March 2011|date=13 March 2011|agency=Maghrebia}}</ref> Aljeriya ta fuskanci karuwar matsalar jin kai yayin da mutane da dama ke tserewa daga rikicin Libiya suna kokarin ketarawa zuwa cikin iyakar da ke tsakanin kasashen Maghreb guda biyu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/news/6080.html|agency=Ennahar Online English|date=20 March 2011|access-date=22 March 2011|title=A hundred new refugees fleeing Libya arrival in Algeria|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726023820/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/news/6080.html|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Maris, Ministan Cikin Gida Dahou Ould Kablia ya sanar da cewa Sojojin Aljeriya suna kara tsaurara tsaro a kan iyakar da kasar ke da ita da Libiya, yana nuna damuwa kan yiwuwar kutsawar kungiyar Al-Qaeda a yankin Maghreb, wata kungiyar ta’adda da Tripoli ke zargin tana kokarin kifar da gwamnatin Libiya. "Iyakarmu da Libiya ta zama barazana ga tsaron Aljeriya," in ji Ould Kablia, inda ya bayyana cewa sojojin Aljeriya sun kama kuma suka kashe wani "dan ta’adda" da ke kokarin shiga daga Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2011/03/30/feature-02|agency=Magharebia|date=30 March 2011|access-date=2 April 2011|title=Algeria boosts Libya border security|first=Walid|last=Ramzi}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Bahrain}} – Ministan Harkokin Wajen Bahrain Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa, yayin wata hira da David Frost na tashar Al Jazeera, lokacin da aka tambaye shi dangane da martanin da kasarsa da kuma Libiya suka dauka, ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a Libiya da cewa "abin tausayi ne." <ref>''Frost over the World''. Al Jazeera. 28 February 2011.</ref> Bahrain na daga cikin mambobin kungiyar Libya Contact Group. A ranar 23 ga Agusta, ya bayyana cewa Manama ta amince da Kwamitin Rikon Kwarya na Libiya a matsayin "hukumar halatta kadai na al'ummar 'yan'uwan Libiya".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=7824&language=en-US&ItemId=1346|title=Kingdom of Bahrain declares its recognition of Libya's National Transitional Council |date=23 August 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Egypt}} – Zanga-zangar da ta barke a Libiya ta samu karfafa daga nasarar da aka samu wajen kifar da Shugaba Hosni Mubarak na Masar.<ref name="Afrik">{{cite news|url=http://www.afrik-news.com/article18939.html|agency=Afrik-news|date=12 February 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|title=Libya, Algeria, Yemen, Bahrain, who's Arab world's next?|first=Konye Obaji|last=Ori}}</ref> Rahotanni sun nuna cewa gwamnatin sojan rikon kwarya a Masar na bai wa 'yan tawaye makamai a sirrance. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/egypt-said-to-arm-libya-rebels-2011-03-17|agency=Market Watch|date=17 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|title=Egypt Said to Arm Libya Rebels}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Maris (17 ga Maris a EST), dan takarar shugaban kasa kuma jigo a juyin juya hali Mohamed ElBaradei, ya bukaci kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ya dauki matakin soji domin goyon bayan 'yan tawaye na Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/132818/india/rebuilding-egypt-will-need-time-elbaradei.html|work=India Today|date=18 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|title=Gandhi an inspiration to Egyptian revolution, says ElBaradei}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Agusta, gwamnatin Masar ta sanar da amincewarta da Kwamitin Rikon Kwarya na Libiya.<ref>{{cite news |title= Egypt recognises Libya rebel government |url= http://www.thenewage.co.za/26532-1019-53-Egypt_recognises_Libya_rebel_government |access-date= 22 August 2011 |newspaper= The New Age|location=South Africa |date= 22 August 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120308203558/http://www.thenewage.co.za/26532-1019-53-Egypt_recognises_Libya_rebel_government |archive-date= 8 March 2012}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Iran}} – Shugaba Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ya soki yadda ake murkushe 'yan adawa a Libiya, yana tambaya da mamaki, "Yaya shugaba zai jefa mutanensa da harsasai, tankoki da bamabamai? Yaya shugaba zai yi wa mutanensa ruwan bama-bamai, sannan ya ce 'zan kashe duk wanda ya yi magana'?"<ref>{{cite web |url= http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/02/22/live-blog-libya-feb-23 |title=Live Blog – Libya Feb 23 &#124; Al Jazeera Blogs |publisher= Blogs.aljazeera.net |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> Kakakin ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Iran, Ramin Mehmanparast, shi ma ya soki yadda gwamnatin Libiya ke murkushe ‘yan tawaye, yana cewa “Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran na ganin tashi tsaye da bukatun ‘yan Libiya suna cikin farkawar Musulunci da ke faruwa a yankin.” {{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Duk da haka, Jagoran Addini na Iran, Ali Khamenei, ya soki matakin NATO a Libiya yana cewa makasudin shi ne “su mallaki man fetur dinta.”<ref>BBC News [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/9432055.stm Libya revolt as it happened: Monday]</ref> *{{Flagu|Iraq}} – Iraq ta aika da tawaga mai girma zuwa taron sirri da shugabannin duniya a birnin Paris a ranar 19 ga Maris don tattauna matakin kasa da kasa kan mulkin Gaddafi.<ref name="ArabsParis">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-20/qatar-says-it-will-join-libya-military-operations-as-arabs-back-offensive.html|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=21 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|title=Arabs Back Allied Offensive on Libya as Leader Qaddafi Remains Defiant|first=Vivian|last=Salama}}</ref> Ministan Harkokin Wajen Iraq, Hoshyar Zebari, wanda ya wakilci gwamnatin Iraq da kuma Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa, ya nuna karfin guiwa wajen goyon bayan daukar mataki a taron.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/middleeast/24iraq.html?src=recg|work=The New York Times|date=23 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011|title=Ready or Not, Iraq Ascends to Take Helm of Arab Bloc}}</ref> A hukumance, Majalisar Ministocin kasar ta amince da Kwamitin Rikon Kwarya na Libiya a ranar 23 ga Agusta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL5E7JN1I120110823|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927072427/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL5E7JN1I120110823|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2012|work=Reuters|date=23 August 2011|access-date=23 August 2011|title=Iraq recognises Libyan rebel council}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Israel}} – Shugaban kasar Isra’ila, Shimon Peres, daga Spain ya ce akwai "dariya ta tarihi" saboda Gaddafi ya taba cewa "a samu Gabas ta Tsakiya ba tare da Isra’ila ba", amma yanzu "za a samu Libiya ba tare da Gaddafi ba."<ref name="aljazblog22feb">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/02/22/live-blog-libya-feb-22 |title=Live Blog – Libya Feb 22 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=2011-02-22}}</ref> Firayim Minista Benjamin Netanyahu ya kira Libiya da Iran a matsayin kasashe masu karya hakkin bil’adama, yana mai cewa Gaddafi "na yanka wadanda ke adawa da shi." <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=364657|agency=Ma'an News Agency|date=1 March 2011|access-date=7 March 2011|title=Israel says West must treat Iran like Libya|archive-date=23 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723194533/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=364657|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da haka, Ministan Harkokin Waje Avigdor Lieberman ya ba da shawarar cewa Isra’ila ta nisanci ‘yan adawan Libiya,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/world/magazine/97278/saif-qadaffi-libya|title=The Pretender|magazine=The New Republic|date=9 November 2011|last1=Levy|first1=Bernard-Henri}}</ref> yayin da Mataimakin Ministan Ci gaban yankunan Negev da Galilee, Ayoob Kara, ya gudanar da tattaunawa kai tsaye da gwamnatin Gaddafi, inda Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya wakilta, kan yiwuwar kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma taimakon wajen sako wani dan Hamas da ke tsare. Wadannan tattaunawar sun ci gaba har sai da 'yan adawa suka kwace Tripoli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2011/09/article55245253/gaddafi-offered-to-handover-shalit-in-exchange-for-halting-nato-attack-israeli-official|title=Middle-east Arab News Opinion|first=Asharq|last=Al-awsat|website=aawsat.net|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626184926/http://www.aawsat.net/2011/09/article55245253/gaddafi-offered-to-handover-shalit-in-exchange-for-halting-nato-attack-israeli-official|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> **Shugabar ‘yan adawa a Isra’ila kuma tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Waje, Tzipi Livni, ta rubuta cewa masu zanga-zangar sun kasance wani bangare na "ranaku masu matukar muhimmanci na sauyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya", kuma ta ja kunnen cewa, "A mafi kyawun yanayi, wannan guguwa na iya ba da damar gina dimokuradiyya a duniyar Larabawa ... amma a yanayi mafi muni, akwai yiwuwar wadanda ke son amfani da tsarin dimokuradiyya domin cimma manufofin da ba na dimokuradiyya ba su yi amfani da wannan kafar."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/23/AR2011022305364.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | first=Tzipi | last=Livni | title=For the Mideast, a code for rising democracies | date=24 February 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Jordan}} – A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Jordan ta amince da Kwamitin Rikon Kwarya na Libiya,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1606952|work=Taiwan News|date=24 May 2011|access-date=8 June 2011|title=Jordan recognizes Libyan rebels|archive-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928002917/http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1606952|url-status=dead}}</ref> sannan ta kara matsayin amincewarta a ranar 22 ga Agusta ta hanyar daukar NTC a matsayin gwamnatin doka ta Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|title=Libya – Guardian Live Blog|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-unrest-live/2011/aug/22/libya-middle-east-unrest-live#block-65|work=The Guardian |access-date=22 August 2011|location=London|first1=Matthew|last1=Weaver|first2=Paul|last2=Owen|first3=David|last3=Batty|date=22 August 2011}}</ref> Jordan na cikin wadanda suka shiga aikin soja na NATO a Libiya da kuma mambobin Libya Contact Group. *{{Flagu|Kuwait}} – Gwamnatin Kuwait ta soki Gaddafi tare da kiran kasashen Larabawa su soki tashin hankalin.<ref>{{cite news|title= MPs condemn Libya "massacre"|url= http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=NDEyOTAzMDI2|newspaper= Kuwait Times|date= 22 February 2011|access-date= 24 February 2011|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110723173838/http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=NDEyOTAzMDI2|archive-date= 23 July 2011}}</ref> Muryar Rasha ta ruwaito cewa Kuwait ta amince da Kwamitin Rikon Kwarya na Libiya a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/04/22/49293259.html|agency=The Voice of Russia|date=22 April 2011|access-date=23 April 2011|title=Kuwait recognizes Libyan rebels|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111170136/http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/04/22/49293259.html|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kuwait na daga cikin mambobin Libya Contact Group. *{{Flagu|Lebanon}} – Kungiyar Hezbollah ta bayyana cewa “duk wanda ke da mutunci da sanin yakamata a duniya ba zai yi shiru ba game da kisan kare dangi da gwamnatin Gaddafi ke yi kullum a fadin kasar. Hezbollah na la’antar laifukan da gwamnatin Gaddafi ke aikatawa a kan al’ummar Libiya, kuma muna goyon bayan masu juyin juya hali a Libiya kuma muna addu’a su yi nasara a kan wannan mugun sarki.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=209249 |title=Hezbollah slams 'crimes committed by Gaddafi regime' |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=2011-02-21 |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> Ana kuma ruwaito cewa al’ummar Shi’a sun fara fatan an samu hanyar warware batun bacewar Musa Sadr tun 1978 a Libiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/6408/World/Region/Libya-revolt-may-clear-mystery-on-Lebanon-Imam.aspx |title=Libya revolt may clear mystery on Lebanon Imam – Region – World – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> Lebanon ce ta shigar da kudurin kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya domin kafa dokar hana jiragen sama tashi a Libiya sakamakon hare-haren da dakarun Gaddafi ke kai wa fararen hula.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-17/un-security-council-approves-military-action-against-qaddafi-no-fly-zone.html|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=17 March 2011|access-date=18 March 2011|title=UN Security Council Authorizes Military Action Against Qaddafi|first=Bill|last=Varner}}</ref> Lebanon na daga cikin mambobin Libya Contact Group. A ranar 23 ga Agusta, gwamnatin Lebanon ta amince da Kwamitin Rikon Kwarya na Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2011/Aug-23/Lebanon-recognizes-Libyas-National-Transitional-Council.ashx|work=The Daily Star|title=Lebanon recognized Libya's National Transitional Council|date=23 August 2011|access-date=23 August 2011|archive-date=24 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824160115/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2011/Aug-23/Lebanon-recognizes-Libyas-National-Transitional-Council.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref> **An ce Lebanon da Syria suna tattaunawa kan yiwuwar ceto ‘yan kasarsu daga Libiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=125292 |title=The Daily Star – Politics – Lebanon, Syria discuss Libyan rescue mission |work=The Daily Star|location=Lebanon |date=2011-02-25 |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> **Lebanon ta hana wani jirgin sama daga Libiya dauke da mutane 10 izinin sauka bayan ta bukaci a bayyana sunayen fasinjojin kafin su tashi daga Tripoli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/0/1B0873D5C6626A28C225783F00203053?OpenDocument |title=Beirut Refuses Libyan Jet Entry in Lebanon – Naharnet Newsdesk |publisher=Naharnet.com |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa matar Hannibal Gaddafi, Aline Skaff, na daga cikin fasinjojin.<ref>[http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=24298 Hannibal Gaddafi fears for safety of son from Hezbollah – Wives' relatives Asharq Alawsat Newspaper (English)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226115304/http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=24298 |date=26 February 2011 }}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|Mauritania}}''' – Wasu ‘yan majalisar dokokin Mauritania sun yi magana a ranar 24 ga Maris suna sukar "kisan gilla" da ake yi a Libya tare da nuna goyon baya ga masu zanga-zanga.<ref>{{cite news |title= Mauritanian MPs condemn 'awful killings' in Libya|url= http://www.afriqueavenir.org/en/2011/02/26/mauritanian-mps-condemn-%E2%80%9Cawful-killings%E2%80%9D-in-libya/|newspaper= Afrique Avenir|date= 26 February 2011|access-date=26 February 2011}}</ref> A farkon watan Yuni, Shugaba Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ya ce Gaddafi ya kamata ya sauka daga mulki.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/kadhafi-can-no-longer-lead-libya-mauritania-president|agency=Radio Netherlands|title=Kadhafi can no longer lead Libya: Mauritania president|date=7 June 2011|access-date=19 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401225016/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/kadhafi-can-no-longer-lead-libya-mauritania-president|archive-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|Morocco}}''' – A ranar 22 ga Agusta, Ministan Harkokin Waje Taib Fassi Fihri ya ce gwamnatinsa ta amince da Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kasa "a matsayin wakilin doka da halaltacce na al’ummar Libya".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.romandie.com/news/n/_Le_Maroc_reconnait_le_CNT_visite_du_ministre_marocain_des_AE_a_Benghazi220820112308.asp|title= Le Maroc reconnaît le CNT, visite du ministre marocain des AE à Benghazi|date=23 August 2011|language=fr}}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|Oman}}''' – Gwamnatin Oman ta yi nasarar matsa lamba a cikin kungiyar Larabawa domin ta bukaci MDD ta kafa yankin hana jiragen sama tashi a Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/libya-calls-arab-league-support-of-no-fly-zone-unacceptable-1.348955|work=Haaretz|date=13 March 2011|access-date=22 March 2011|title=Libya calls Arab League support of no-fly zone 'unacceptable'}}</ref> Oman na cikin kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasashen Gulf (GCC), wacce ta bukaci al’ummomin duniya su dauki mataki kan Libya tare da sukar Gaddafi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/2011310211730606181.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=10 March 2011|access-date=22 March 2011|title=GCC: Libya regime lost legitimacy}}</ref> Oman ta amince da Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kasa a hukumance a ranar 23 ga Agusta.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.libya.tv/2011/08/23/oman-backs-libyan-revolutionary-council/|title=Oman backs Libyan revolutionary council|date=23 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323132839/http://english.libya.tv/2011/08/23/oman-backs-libyan-revolutionary-council/|archive-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|Qatar}}''' – Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Qatar ta ce: "Qatar na kallon abubuwan da ke faruwa a Libya da matukar damuwa, musamman amfani da jiragen yaki da bindigogi kan fararen hula... Qatar ta yi Allah-wadai da wannan amfani da karfin bindiga, tana kuma kira ga gwamnatin Libya da ta daina amfani da karfi akan fararen hula kuma ta dakatar da zub da jini."<ref>{{cite news |title= Qatar condemns Libya's crackdown on protests|url= http://www.zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidANA20110222T105922ZSWJ50|newspaper= Zawya|date= 22 February 2011|access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> Yahya Mahmassani, wakilin kungiyar Larabawa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya nuna cewa Qatar na iya shiga aikin tabbatar da hana jiragen sama tashi a Libya kafin kada kuri’ar amincewa da hakan a Kwamitin Sulhu na MDD.<ref name="UAEQatarXinhua">{{cite news|title=UAE, Qatar to join no-fly zone over Libya if authorized by UN: Arab League envoy|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-03/18/c_13784580.htm|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=18 March 2011|access-date=18 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320184923/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-03/18/c_13784580.htm|archive-date=20 March 2011}}</ref> Qatar ta amince da Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kasa a matsayin gwamnati halaltacciya ta Libya a ranar 28 Maris.<ref name="AlJazeera_110329"/> Qatar na cikin kungiyar Tuntuɓar Libya (Libya Contact Group). *'''{{Flagu|Sudan}}''' – Gwamnatin Sudan ta sanar da amincewarta da Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kasa a ranar 24 Agusta, tana mai cewa tana kokarin kafa "dangantaka ta aiki" da ita.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-08/24/c_131071287.htm|agency=Xinhua News Agency|title=Sudan Recognizes Libya's National Transitional Council|date=24 August 2011|access-date=24 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108020815/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-08/24/c_131071287.htm|archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> A ranar 26 Oktoba, Shugaba Omar al-Bashir ya bayyana cewa Khartoum ta bai wa dakarun adawa da Gaddafi agajin jin kai da kuma makamai da harsasai, wadanda aka yi amfani da su wajen kwace Tripoli a karshen watan Agusta.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-oct-26-2011-2019|title=Wed, 26 Oct 2011, 18:19 GMT+3 – Libya|access-date=26 October 2011|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|Syria}}''' – Shugaba Bashar al-Assad ya ki amincewa da duk wani shisshigi daga kasashen waje a Libya, ya kuma bukaci al’ummar Libya da su kare kansu da kawo karshen rikicin. Syria ce kadai (tare da Aljeriya) daga cikin kasashen Larabawa da suka kada kuri’ar kin amincewa da bukatar MDD na hana jiragen sama tashi a Libya.<ref name="Maghrebia"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Syria voted against Libya no fly zone|url=http://www.yalibnan.com/2011/03/12/20757/|newspaper=Ya Libnan|date=12 March 2011|access-date=12 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Arab states back Libya no-fly zone|author=Peter Cave, Tim Palmer and wires|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/13/3162584.htm?section=world|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318104212/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/13/3162584.htm?section=world|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2011|newspaper=ABC News|date=13 March 2011|access-date=13 March 2011}}</ref> Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Syria ta ce: "Syria na jaddada kin amincewarta da duk wani nau’in shisshigi daga kasashen waje cikin harkokin Libya, domin hakan zai saba wa ikon kasar, ‘yancin kanta da kuma hadin kan yankinta,".<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria says against foreign intervention in Libya|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE72917420110310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902150710/http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE72917420110310|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2012|work=Reuters|date=10 March 2011|access-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> ‘Yan tawayen Libya sun zargi cewa wasu mayakan haya daga Syria ne ke tuka jiragen yaki na gwamnatin Libya, sun kuma ce sun harbo jirage biyu daga cikin su.<ref>{{cite news|title=Libyan rebels shoot down two Syrian war planes|author=Richard Henley Davis|url=http://www.economicvoice.com/libyan-rebels-shoot-down-two-syrian-war-planes/50017136|newspaper=THE ECONOMIC VOICE|date=7 March 2011|access-date=11 March 2011|archive-date=10 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310163109/http://www.economicvoice.com/libyan-rebels-shoot-down-two-syrian-war-planes/50017136|url-status=dead}}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|Tunisia}}''' – Juyin juya halin Tunisia, wanda ya tayar da wani sabon salo na juyin juya hali a Gabas ta Tsakiya, an ambace shi a matsayin tushen zaburar da zanga-zangar Libya.<ref name="Afrik"/> Al Jazeera ta bankado wani yunkuri na diflomasiyya daga gwamnatin Gaddafi zuwa Tunis bayan juyin juya hali a ranar 19 Maris, wanda ya sa ‘yan sanda na Tunisia suka kai dauki bayan ‘yan jarida na Al Jazeera sun sha tsangwama daga jakadan Libya da ma’aikatan otel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/03/19/libyan-envoys-secret-visit-tunis-exposed|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=19 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|title=Libyan envoy's secret visit to Tunis exposed|first=Yasmin|last=Ryan}}</ref> Hukumomin Tunisia sun sha wahala da kwararar ‘yan gudun hijira daga Libya tun bayan da rikicin ya barke, musamman bayan da MDD ta kafa yankin hana jiragen sama tashi a sararin samaniyar gabas da ke makwabtaka da Tunisia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7325663.html|work=People's Daily|date=21 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|title=Tunisian authorities prepares for influx of refugees from Libya }}</ref> A ranar 20 Afrilu, gwamnatin Tunisia ta rufe wasu sassan iyakarta da Libya saboda rawar da sojojin Gaddafi suka taka a ciki. An ruwaito harin roka da harsasai da sojojin Libya suka harba zuwa Tunisia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/90045713?Tunisia%20reportedly%20closes%20border%20with%20Libya%20due%20to%20attacks%20by%20Gadaffi%20forces|agency=All Headline News|date=20 April 2011|access-date=21 April 2011|title=Tunisia reportedly closes border with Libya due to attacks by Gaddafi forces|first=George|last=McGinn}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga baya, aka ruwaito cewa akalla sojojin Libya 13, ciki har da janar, sun mika wuya ga sojojin Tunisia a iyaka, bayan arangamar da ‘yan tawayen Libya suka yi a yankin tsaunukan Nafusa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE73K0CZ20110421|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913082723/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE73K0CZ20110421|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2012|work=Reuters|date=21 April 2011|access-date=21 April 2011|title=Libyan officers turn themselves over to Tunisia: report}}</ref> Dan jarida na Al Jazeera a Tunisia ya ce har ma da sojoji 100 ne suka tsere suka mika wuya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-april-21-0 |publisher=Al Jazeera |title=Libya Live Blog – April 21 |date=21 April 2011 |access-date=21 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421105452/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-april-21-0 |archive-date=21 April 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 Yuni, mai magana da yawun gwamnati ya ce Tunisia za ta amince da NTC idan suka nemi hakan. Daga baya a ranar 20 ga Agusta, Tunisia ta amince da NTC a hukumance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-08-20-tunisia-libya-rebels_n.htm|agency=Associated Press|title=Tunis recognizes Libyan rebels as country's rep|date=20 August 2011|access-date=21 January 2012|work=USA Today|location=Tunis}}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|United Arab Emirates}}''' – Gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta yi Allah-wadai da tashin hankali a kan masu zanga-zanga, kuma Shugaba Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ya umarci gidauniyar danginsa da ta tallafa wa mutanen Libya.<ref>{{cite news|title= UAE Condemns Libya Violence, Offers Aid|url= http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZW20110224000185/UAE%20Condemns%20Libya%20Violence,%20Offers%20Aid/|newspaper= Zawya|date= 24 February 2011|access-date= 25 February 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152635/http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZW20110224000185/UAE%20Condemns%20Libya%20Violence,%20Offers%20Aid/|archive-date= 18 July 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref> UAE ta amince da Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kasa a ranar 12 Yuni<ref>{{cite web|title=UAE recognises Libya's TNC|url=http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1289993951803&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews|agency=Emirates News Agency|access-date=12 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615092117/http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1289993951803&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews|archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> kuma UAE na cikin kungiyar Libya Contact Group. ===Nahiyar Afirka ta Kasa da Sahara=== *{{Flagu|Angola}} – Ministan Man Fetur Jose Botelho de Vasconcelos ya danganta tashin farashin mai da “halin da ake ciki na siyasa a Libya da wasu ƙasashe” a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE73D00920110414|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913082834/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE73D00920110414|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2012|work=Reuters|date=14 April 2011|access-date=24 April 2011|title=Angola: high oil due to Libya strife, geopolitics}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Botswana}} – A watan Fabrairu, gwamnati ta la’anci tashin hankali. “Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Gwiwar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta kira wakilin Libya domin nuna fushi da kashe-kashen tare da la’antar wannan danyen aiki. Gwamnatin na kira ga gwamnatin Libya da ta yi haquri wajen shawo kan lamarin.”<ref name=botswanacondemns>{{cite news |title= Botswana condemns Libya|url= http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1138&dir=2011/February/Tuesday22|newspaper= Mmegi Online|date= 22 February 2011|access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> Botswana ta yanke huldar diflomasiyya da Libya a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu saboda "shugaban Libya bai nuna nadama ba kuma yana ci gaba da ƙin yarda duk da tashin hankali da ya faru wa mutanensa..."<ref name=botswanacondemns/> A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, gwamnati ta bayyana goyon bayan yunkurin sulhu na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka amma ta bayyana rashin amincewa da duk wani shiri da zai ba Gaddafi, iyalansa ko na kusa da shi damar ci gaba da shugabanci.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.africareview.com/News/-/979180/1143582/-/hp9sqjz/-/|agency=Africa Review|title=Botswana seeks Gaddafi departure, welcomes Gbagbo capture|date=13 April 2011|access-date=24 April 2011|first=Wene|last=Owino}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, jaridar The Botswana Gazette ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin ta ƙi karɓar kyautar injinan noma daga gwamnatin Libya. “Ba yana nufin saboda katse hulɗar diflomasiyya bane,” in ji daraktan hulɗa da jama'a Tshenolo Modise, sai dai ta amince cewa gwamnati ta ga kyautar ba daidai ba ce tunda yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa da Libya bata kammala ba kafin katse hulɗar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9356:botswana-spurns-libya-tractor-gifts&catid=18:headlines&Itemid=2|work=The Botswana Gazette|first=Oarabile|last=Mosikare|date=20 April 2011|access-date=23 April 2011|title=Botswana spurns Libya tractor gifts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420102829/http://gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9356:botswana-spurns-libya-tractor-gifts&catid=18:headlines&Itemid=2|archive-date=20 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da cewa Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta ƙi bin umarnin kama Gaddafi daga Kotun Ƙasa da Ƙasa, Botswana ta ce tana goyon bayan kama shi kuma za ta aiwatar da hakan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Botswana-breaks-ranks-over-Gaddafi-20110706|agency=News24|date=6 July 2011|access-date=12 July 2011|title=Botswana breaks ranks over Gaddafi}}</ref> Botswana ta amince da NTC a ranar 11 ga Agusta.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=945&dir=2011/August/Friday12|work=Mmegi|date=12 August 2011|access-date=12 August 2011|title=Botswana recognises Libya's rebel govt}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Burkina Faso}} – A ranar 24 ga Agusta, gwamnati ta bayyana amincewa da NTC amma ta ce za ta iya bai wa Gaddafi mafaka idan ya nema, ko da yake Burkina Faso mamba ce ta Kotun Ƙasa da Ƙasa da ta bayar da sammacin kama Gaddafi.<ref name="burkchad">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14610722|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC|date=24 August 2011|access-date=24 August 2011|title=Live: Battle for Tripoli}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Cape Verde}} – Gwamnatin ta amince da NTC a ranar 26 ga Yuni a matsayin “wakilin hukuma” na Libya, sannan ta sake tabbatar da amincewarta a ranar 26 ga Agusta tare da kira ga sauyi na dimokuradiyya da zaman lafiya da girmama haɗin ƙasar Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afriquejet.com/ntc-libya-cape-verde-reaffirms-recognition-of-libyan-ntc-2011082621192.html|agency=Afrique en Ligne|title=NTC Libya: Cape Verde reaffirms recognition of Libyan NTC|date=26 August 2011|access-date=26 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606165502/http://www.afriquejet.com/ntc-libya-cape-verde-reaffirms-recognition-of-libyan-ntc-2011082621192.html|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Chad}} – Shugaba Idriss Déby Itno ya bayyana cewa yana da tabbaci “cikin dari bisa dari” cewa Al Qaeda a yankin Maghreb (AQIM) sun kwace makaman soja daga sansanonin Libya, ciki har da rokokin ƙasa da jirgi. Ya kara da cewa AQIM na daga cikin wadanda suka yi yaki da Gaddafi. A ranar 24 Maris, jakadan Chad a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya fada wa manema labarai cewa "Gaddafi ba shi da abokai". A farkon watan Afrilu, gwamnatin Chad ta zargi ’yan tawayen Libya da kashe ’yan Chadi bisa zargin cewa su ’yan saka-kai ne. Gwamnatin ta karyata cewa akwai ’yan Chad da ke yaƙi a Libya. A ranar 24 Agusta, Chad ta amince da Majalisar NTC a matsayin wakiliyyar halastacciyar gwamnati. *{{Flagu|Comoros}} – Gwamnatin Comoros ta samu taimako daga Turkiyya wajen kwashe ’yan ƙasarta daga Libya a lokacin tashin hankali. Libya na ci gaba da kasancewa da rundunar sojinta a Comoros kafin mika mulki. *{{Flagu|Ivory Coast}} – A ranar 25 Agusta, Ministan Harkokin Wajen kasar, Daniel Duncan, ya bayyana damuwa kan kisan gillar da ke faruwa a Libya da take hakkin bil’adama, tare da amincewa da NTC a matsayin halastacciyar wakiliyyar jama’ar Libya. Har ila yau, ya nuna damuwa da rikicin cikin gida da kasar ke ciki tsakanin Ouattara da Gbagbo, wanda ya haddasa tabarbarewar hakkin dan Adam. *{{Flagu|Equatorial Guinea}} – Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Shugaba Teodoro Obiang Nguema ya kira Gaddafi sau biyu yana kokarin samun goyon bayan AU, kodayake daga baya gwamnati ta ce an fassara kiran da ba daidai ba. Sannan gwamnatin ta hana yada labaran juyin juya hali a kasashen Larabawa (Arab Spring). *{{Flagu|Ethiopia}} – A ranar 12 Yuli, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Faransa ya ce ya gana da Firayim Minista Meles Zenawi, wanda ya nuna cewa Gaddafi ya kamata ya sauka. A ranar 24 Agusta, Ethiopia ta bayyana amincewarta da NTC kuma ta bukaci AU ta yi haka. *{{Flagu|Gabon}} – A matsayin mamba na dindindin a Kwamitin Tsaro na MDD, Gabon ta kada kuri'a na amincewa da kafa yankin da jiragen yaki ba za su shiga ba a Libya a ranar 17 Maris. A ranar 12 Agusta, ta bayyana goyon baya ga NTC. *{{Flagu|Gambia}} – Shugaba Yahya Jammeh ya bukaci Gaddafi ya sauka daga mulki tare da sukar AU kan yin shiru. Gwamnatin Gambia ta kwashe ’yan ECOWAS fiye da 300 daga Libya. A ranar 22 Afrilu, Gambia ta amince da NTC kuma ta kori dukkan jakadun da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi. *{{Flagu|Ghana}} – Gwamnatin Ghana ta ce ba ta da cikakken bayani kan yawan ’yan Ghana da ke Libya. A 22 Maris, Ministan Harkokin Waje Alhaji Mohammed Mumuni ya ce sun kwashe fiye da mutum 16,000. Gwamnatin na ci gaba da kokarin dawo da sauran 'yan Ghana gida. *{{Flagu|Guinea}} – Gwamnatin Guinea ta hana gudanar da zanga-zangar goyon bayan Gaddafi da wasu matasa ke shirin yi a ranar 25 Maris. *{{Flagu|Kenya}} – A ranar 2 Afrilu, wani jami’in gwamnati ya ce babu tattaunawa a Nairobi kan kama kadarorin Gaddafi da ke Kenya, duk da tanadin kudurin MDD. *{{Flagu|Lesotho}} – Gwamnatin Lesotho ta bayyana damuwarta kan rikicin da ke faruwa a Libya. *{{Flagu|Liberia}} – Gwamnatin Liberia ta la’anci tashin hankali tare da bayyana bakin ciki kan asarar rayuka. Shugaba Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ta ce a ganinta, ba dole ba ne a magance rikicin Libya ta hanyar soji daga ƙasashen waje. A ranar 14 Yuni, ta yanke hulda da gwamnatin Gaddafi. Daga baya, Sirleaf ta ce suna duba yiwuwar amincewa da NTC. *{{Flagu|Ghana}} – Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Ghana ta ce ba ta da tabbacin adadin 'yan Ghanar da ke Libya a lokacin da rikicin ya fara a watan Fabrairu. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Ministan Harkokin Waje Alhaji Mohammed Mumuni ya bayyana cewa fiye da Ghanar 16,000 an kwashe su daga Libya zuwa gida, wanda ya zarce kiyasin farko da aka yi. Ya ce gwamnati na ci gaba da ƙoƙarin gano yawan 'yan Ghana da suka rage a can da kuma kwashe su zuwa gida, yana mai cewa “Accra ta himmatu wajen dawo da ɗan Ghana na ƙarshe daga Libya.”<ref>{{cite news|date=25 March 2011|access-date=9 April 2011|url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/libya-ghana:-unknown-number-of-nationals-in-libya-poses-evacuation-problems-201103266475.html|title=Libya-Ghana: Unknown Number of Nationals in Libya Poses Evacuation Problems|agency=Afrique en ligne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606164227/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/libya-ghana:-unknown-number-of-nationals-in-libya-poses-evacuation-problems-201103266475.html|archive-date=6 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jakadancin Ghana a Libya da Burkina Faso sun taimaka wajen dawo da 'yan ƙasar gida.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=206454|agency=GhanaWeb|date=6 April 2011|access-date=9 April 2011|title=More Ghanaians from Libya return home}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Guinea}} – Gwamnatin kasar ta hana 'yan ƙasa gudanar da gangamin goyon bayan Gaddafi a ranar 25 ga Maris.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.cri.cn/6966/2011/03/24/2681s628214.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712052102/http://english.cri.cn/6966/2011/03/24/2681s628214.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2012|agency=CRI English|date=24 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011|title=Guinea Bans Pro-Gaddafi Demonstration}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Kenya}} – A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, jaridar East African Business Week ta ce ta yi magana da wani jami’in gwamnati a Kenya wanda ya musanta cewa ana tattauna batun kwace kadarorin Gaddafi a ƙasar, sabanin dokar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Resolution 1970.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/news/kenya/746-kenya-will-not-seize-gadaffi-companies|work=East African Business Week|title=Kenya will not seize Gadaffi companies|date=2 April 2011|access-date=5 April 2011|first=Daniel|last=Semberya|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405193150/http://www.busiweek.com/11/news/kenya/746-kenya-will-not-seize-gadaffi-companies|archive-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Lesotho}} – Gwamnatin kasar ta bayyana damuwa game da halin da ake ciki a Libya.<ref>{{cite news |title= Lesotho expresses concern over situation in Libya|url= http://www.afriqueavenir.org/en/2011/02/26/lesotho-expresses-concern-over-situation-in-libya/|newspaper= Afrique Avenir|date= 26 February 2011|access-date=26 February 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Liberia}} – Gwamnatin ta yi Allah wadai da tashin hankali a Libya kuma ta nuna tausayinta ga asarar rayukan Afirka. <ref>{{cite news |title= Liberia condemns violence, urges restraint in Libya|date= 26 February 2011|publisher= Afrique Avenir|url= http://www.afriqueavenir.org/en/2011/02/26/liberia-condemns-violence-urges-restraint-in-libya/|access-date=26 February 2011}}</ref> Amma shugabar ƙasa Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ta bayyana cewa la’akari da abubuwan da suka faru da Liberia lokacin shigowar sojojin ƙetare, ba ta goyi bayan warware rikicin Libya da karfin soja daga ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/2011/03/110301_sirleaf_libya.shtml|work=BBC News |date=1 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011|title=Liberian president condemns violence in Libya}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuni, gwamnatin ta yanke huldar diflomasiyya da gwamnatin Gaddafi, ta janye jakadan ta daga Tripoli, tare da kwace matsayin diflomasiyya daga ma'aikatan Libya a Monrovia. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=383|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726080324/http://www.mofa.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=383|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2011|title=Government of Liberia Sever Diplomatic Relations with the Qadhafi Regime|publisher=Liberian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=14 June 2011}}</ref> Daga baya Sirleaf ta ce gwamnatin ta na duba yiwuwar amincewa da NTC.<ref>{{cite news|first=Fatoumata N. |last=Fofana |url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/content/libya-defaulted-projects |title=Libya Defaulted on Projects |newspaper=The Daily Observer|date=20 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928053019/http://www.liberianobserver.com/content/libya-defaulted-projects |archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Madagascar}} – A ranar 24 ga Agusta, gwamnatin ta bayyana cewa tana goyon bayan Majalisar Ƙasar Libya ta wucin gadi (NTC), tana mai jaddada bukatar kafa gwamnati mai cikakken wakilci da zaman lafiya a Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Madagascar-reconnait-le-CNT,16242.html|title=Madagascar reconnait le CNT libyen|work=Madagascar Tribune|date=24 August 2011|access-date=25 August 2011|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Malawi}} – Gwamnatin Malawi ta amince da Majalisar Ƙasar Libya ta wucin gadi (NTC) a matsayin halastacciyar wakiliyar mutanen Libya a ranar 25 Agusta.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2011/08/25/malawi-recognises-libyas-interim-government/|title=Malawi recognises Libya’s interim government|work=Nyasa Times|date=25 August 2011|access-date=26 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Mali}} – A ranar 1 ga Satumba, Mali ta bayyana cewa ba za ta bada mafaka ga Gaddafi ba, duk da rade-radin cewa yana iya gudun hijira zuwa ƙasar. Gwamnatin ta ce za ta girmama yarjejeniyar ICC wadda Mali ke cikinta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110901-libya-mali-gaddafi-asylum-icc-wanted-war-crimes|title=Mali rules out Gaddafi asylum, says will respect ICC|work=France 24|date=1 September 2011|access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Mauritania}} – Gwamnatin Mauritania ta ce tana goyon bayan warware rikicin Libya ta hanyar diflomasiyya kuma ta yi kira da a gaggauta kawo karshen tashin hankali.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7324876.html|title=Mauritania calls for peaceful resolution of Libyan crisis|agency=Xinhua|date=18 March 2011|access-date=20 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Mauritius}} – Mauritius ta goyi bayan matakan da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ɗauka a kan Libya kuma ta bayyana cewa tana jiran isasshen lokaci kafin yanke hukunci kan NTC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/ntc-libye-maurice-ne-veut-pas-pr%C3%A9cipiter-les-choses|title=NTC Libye: Maurice ne veut pas précipiter les choses|work=L'Express|date=26 August 2011|access-date=27 August 2011|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Mozambique}} – Mozambique ta ce tana nazarin halin da ake ciki a Libya kafin yanke hukunci dangane da sabuwar gwamnatin wucin gadi (NTC).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/article-08-25-2011-mocambique-libia-reconhecimento-128441228/1256603.html|title=Moçambique ainda não reconheceu novo governo da Líbia|work=Voice of America|date=25 August 2011|access-date=26 August 2011|language=pt}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Namibia}} – A watan Maris, shugaba [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] ya bayyana damuwa kan hare-haren da ake kaiwa a Libya tare da sukar amfani da karfin soja daga kasashen yamma. Sai dai daga bisani, babu wata cikakkiyar sanarwa game da matsayin Namibia kan sabuwar gwamnatin NTC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=80781&no_cache=1|title=Namibia worried about Libya air strikes|work=The Namibian|date=21 March 2011|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Niger}} – A ranar 24 Agusta, gwamnatin Niger ta bayyana amincewarta da NTC. Sai dai daga baya rahotanni sun bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin kusa da Gaddafi sun samu mafaka a ƙasar, ciki har da ɗansa Saadi Gaddafi, wanda ya isa Agadez a cikin watan Satumba.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14887174|title=Saadi Gaddafi flees to Niger|work=BBC News|date=12 September 2011|access-date=13 September 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Nigeria}} – A ranar 23 Agusta, Najeriya ta bayyana cewa tana amincewa da NTC a matsayin halastacciyar gwamnatin Libya. Ministan harkokin wajen Najeriya ya ce Najeriya ta yanke wannan shawara ne domin goyon bayan ra'ayin al'umma da kuma tabbatar da zaman lafiya a Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/08/nigeria-recognises-libyan-rebels/|title=Nigeria recognises Libyan rebels|work=Vanguard|date=23 August 2011|access-date=24 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Rwanda}} – Gwamnatin Rwanda ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga ƙoƙarin da Majalisar Ƙungiyar Afirka ke yi don sasanta rikicin Libya, tare da bayyana cewa tana fatan za a samu warware rikicin cikin lumana da mutunta 'yancin jama'ar Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/55396/National/rwanda-backs-au-on-libya|title=Rwanda backs AU on Libya|work=The New Times|date=22 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|São Tomé and Príncipe}} – A watan Satumba, kasar ta bayyana amincewa da NTC a matsayin halastacciyar gwamnati a Libya, tana mai goyon bayan mika mulki cikin lumana da dimokuradiyya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.panapress.com/Sao-Tome-et-Principe-reconnait-le-CNT-libyen--13-801294-17-lang2-index.html|title=Sao Tomé et Principe reconnait le CNT libyen|agency=Panapress|date=10 September 2011|access-date=11 September 2011|language=fr}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Senegal}} – Shugaban ƙasa [[Abdoulaye Wade]] ne ya fara halarta a Libya bayan juyin juya hali kuma ya gana da jagororin NTC. Senegal ce ta farko daga kasashen Afirka da ta amince da NTC a hukumance a watan Yuli 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14275001|title=Senegal becomes first African nation to recognise NTC|work=BBC News|date=25 July 2011|access-date=26 July 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Seychelles}} – Gwamnatin Seychelles ta bayyana damuwa kan tashin hankali a Libya, tana mai jaddada bukatar sasanci da kare lafiyar fararen hula, tare da nuna goyon baya ga ƙoƙarin diflomasiyya na warware rikicin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nation.sc/archive/229891/seychelles-condemns-violence-in-libya-calls-for-peaceful-solution|title=Seychelles condemns violence in Libya, calls for peaceful solution|work=Seychelles Nation|date=2 March 2011|access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Sierra Leone}} – A ranar 26 Agusta, kasar ta bayyana amincewarta da NTC kuma ta yi kira da a kafa sabuwar gwamnatin da za ta hada kowa da kowa tare da wanzar da zaman lafiya a Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201108/667408.shtml|title=Sierra Leone recognizes Libya’s NTC|work=Global Times|date=26 August 2011|access-date=27 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Somalia}} – Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Somalia ta ce tana kallon NTC a matsayin wakiliyar sahihiya ta al’ummar Libya, kuma tana fatan ganin zaman lafiya da daidaito sun dawo a kasar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.shabelle.net/news/archives/002007.html|title=Somali interim government supports Libya’s NTC|agency=Shabelle Media Network|date=28 August 2011|access-date=29 August 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|South Africa}} – Koda yake South Africa ta jima ba tare da amincewa da NTC ba, a ƙarshe ta bayyana amincewa da NTC a ranar 20 Satumba 2011 bayan taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya bayyana cewa an yarda da hukuncin jama’ar Libya, kuma yana fatan za a dawo da zaman lafiya da dimokuradiyya a kasar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-safrica-idUSL5E7KK2N520110920|title=South Africa recognises Libya’s NTC|agency=Reuters|date=20 September 2011|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Sudan}} – Shugaba [[Omar al-Bashir]] ya bayyana goyon baya ga juyin juya hali a Libya kuma ya yi kira da a tuhumci Gaddafi kan laifukan da ya aikata. A ranar 23 Agusta, Sudan ta bayyana cewa tana amincewa da NTC a matsayin wakilin halastaccen gwamnatin Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/8/24/libyan-rebels-recognised-by-sudan|title=Libyan rebels recognised by Sudan|work=Al Jazeera|date=24 August 2011|access-date=25 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Swaziland}} (eSwatini) – Ba ta bayyana matsayinta a hukumance ba, amma rahotanni sun nuna cewa Swaziland ta kasance cikin kasashen da suka karɓi tallafin kudi daga gwamnatin Gaddafi kafin juyin juya hali.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/gaddafi-funding-governments-in-africa-1042716|title=Gaddafi funding governments in Africa|work=IOL News|date=14 March 2011|access-date=15 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Tanzania}} – Gwamnatin Tanzania ta bayyana cewa tana maraba da kowane mataki da zai kawo karshen rikici a Libya, tana mai kira da a mutunta hakkin dan Adam da kuma tabbatar da zaman lafiya mai dorewa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailynews.co.tz/news/tanzania-urges-calm-in-libya.aspx|title=Tanzania urges calm in Libya|work=Daily News Tanzania|date=21 March 2011|access-date=23 March 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Togo}} – A ranar 25 Agusta, gwamnatin Togo ta amince da Majalisar NTC a matsayin halastacciyar gwamnati a Libya kuma ta bayyana shirin ci gaba da aiki tare da ita.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/Diplomatie/Le-Togo-reconnait-le-CNT-libyen|title=Le Togo reconnait le CNT libyen|agency=République Togolaise|date=25 August 2011|access-date=26 August 2011|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Tunisia}} – A ranar 21 Agusta, gwamnatin Tunisia ta bayyana cewa tana amincewa da NTC, kuma ta bude ofishin jakadanci ga sabon gwamnati a Tripoli cikin gaggawa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.middle-east-online.com/en/node/462561|title=Tunisia recognises Libya’s rebel council|agency=Middle East Online|date=22 August 2011|access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Uganda}} – Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya soki NATO bisa kai hare-hare a Libya amma daga baya ya bayyana cewa Uganda za ta yi aiki da kowane hukuma ko gwamnati da al’ummar Libya suka kafa bisa amincewarsu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1223012-format-xhtml-95j96bz/index.html|title=Museveni speaks out on Libya|work=Daily Monitor|date=27 August 2011|access-date=28 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Zambia}} – A watan Agusta 2011, gwamnatin Zambiya ta ce tana goyon bayan samar da sabuwar gwamnati a Libya ta hanyar da ta dace da ra’ayin jama’a. Daga bisani, ta amince da NTC a matsayin gwamnati halastacciya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/08/26/zambia-recognises-libyan-rebels-ntc/|title=Zambia recognises Libyan rebels (NTC)|work=Lusaka Times|date=26 August 2011|access-date=27 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Zimbabwe}} – Gwamnatin Zimbabwe, karkashin shugaba [[Robert Mugabe]], ta soki hare-haren da NATO ke kaiwa a Libya da kuma kawar da Gaddafi, tana mai cewa wannan yunkuri ne na yammacin duniya na mamaye arzikin Afirka. Har zuwa ƙarshen rikicin, Zimbabwe ba ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga NTC ba.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/25/robert-mugabe-libya-gaddafi|title=Robert Mugabe denounces Nato and the West over Gaddafi|work=The Guardian|date=25 August 2011|access-date=26 August 2011}}</ref> ===Amurka=== *{{Flagu|Antigua and Barbuda}} – Firayim Minista Baldwin Spencer ya ce yana “cike da damuwa” da abubuwan da ke faruwa a Libya, a cewar Al Jazeera English. “Ko muna so ko ba mu so, har yanzu muna da dogaro sosai da man fetur daga Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma yawancin tattalin arzikinmu yana dogara da hakan,” in ji Spencer.<ref name="Barrett">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/04/201141914463190398.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=19 April 2011|access-date=23 April 2011|first=Kathy|last=Barrett|title=Libyan investments in Caribbean under threat}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Argentina}} – Gwamnatin ta bayyana “damuwa matuka”, ta yi nadama kan asarar rayuka, kuma ta bukaci warware rikicin cikin gaggawa da lumana.<ref name="argresponse">{{Cite news |url=http://mrecic.gob.ar/com.php?buscar=5045 |title=Press release of the Argentine Foreign Affairs Ministry |date=21 February 2011 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Argentina |access-date=22 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706083423/http://mrecic.gob.ar/com.php?buscar=5045 |archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Bolivia}} – Shugaba Evo Morales ya ce “A ƙarshe dai suna son su mallaki man Libya... Haka dai ƙasashe masu ƙarfi suke,” inda ya soki shisshigin Yamma a Iran – yanzu kuma “suna ƙirƙiro matsala da Muammar Gaddafi”.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/world/intervention-is-just-a-grab-for-oil-say-libyas-allies/story-e6frfkui-1226024861708 | agency=Agence France-Presse | title=Intervention is just a grab for oil, say Libya's allies | date=20 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Brazil}} – Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta fitar da sanarwa tana Allah wadai da “ta’addancin da aka aikata a lokacin zanga-zangar jama’a da ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar fararen hula” tare da kiran gwamnati da ta mutunta 'yancin bayyana ra’ayi na masu zanga-zanga.<ref>Ministry of External Relations of Brazil (18 February 2011). [http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-libia Nota nº 66 Situation in Libya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310184924/http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-libia |date=10 March 2012 }}.</ref> *{{Flagu|Canada}} – Ministan Harkokin Wajen Canada Lawrence Cannon ya la'anci farmaki kan "masu zanga-zanga marasa laifi", kuma ya bukaci jami’an tsaron Libiya su "girmama haƙƙin ɗan Adam na masu zanga-zanga da kuma kare haƙƙin su na bayyana ra'ayi da yin taro."<ref name="canresponse">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/libyan-crackdowns-outrageous-pm-1.1034072 |title=Canada condemns Libyan crackdowns: Cannon |date=21 February 2011 |author=CBC News |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=21 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, Cannon ya sanar da aikewa da jirage zuwa Libiya don ceto 'yan ƙasar Canada da ke makale, inda za a wuce da su zuwa Turai kafin su koma gida. Jimillar 'yan ƙasar 331 ne suka yi rijista a ofishin jakadancin Canada da ke Tripoli, inda 91 daga ciki suka ce suna shirin barin kasar.<ref name="CANevacuate">{{Cite news |author=CBC News |title=Ottawa to evacuate Canadians in Libya |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ottawa-to-fly-canadians-out-of-libya-1.980590 |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=22 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuni, Canada – mamba a rukunin Libya Contact Group – ta amince da Majalisar Rikon Kwarya a matsayin gwamnatin doka a Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada recognizes anti-gadhafi rebels as libyas new government|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canada-recognizes-anti-gadhafi-rebels-as-libyas-new-government/article2060025/|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=14 June 2011|location=Toronto|first=Campbell|last=Clark|date=14 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128094959/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canada-recognizes-anti-gadhafi-rebels-as-libyas-new-government/article2060025/|archive-date=28 November 2011}}</ref> ** Canada ta dakatar da aikin jakadancinta a Libiya a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu kuma ta janye jakadanta Sandra McCardell.<ref>{{Cite news |author=CBC News |title=Canada suspends diplomatic presence in Libya |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-suspends-diplomatic-presence-in-libya-1.612502 |date=26 February 2011 |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001162446/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-suspends-diplomatic-presence-in-libya-1.612502 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** Canada ta saka takunkumi kan dukiyar Muammar Gaddafi da iyalinsa a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Rogers Broadcasting |title=Canada suspends diplomatic presence in Libya |publisher=Rogers Broadcasting |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-suspends-diplomatic-presence-in-libya-1.612502 |date=26 February 2011 |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001162446/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-suspends-diplomatic-presence-in-libya-1.612502 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** Jiragen saman soja guda uku daga Canada (C-17 biyu da C-130J guda ɗaya) suna jirin izini a Malta don kwaso 'yan kasar daga Libiya. ** Canada ta aike da jirgin ruwan yaki {{HMCS|Charlottetown|FFH 339|6}} zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum don haɗuwa da sauran jiragen yaki na ƙasashen duniya a gabar Libiya.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/naval-mission-signals-ottawas-hardening-stand-on-libyan-crisis/article1927727/ | location=Toronto | work=The Globe and Mail | title=Naval mission signals Ottawa's hardening stand on Libyan crisis | date=23 August 2012}}</ref> ** Canada ta tura jiragen yaki guda shida nau’in CF-18 Hornet domin taimakawa wajen tabbatar da dokar hana jiragen sama tashi a Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2011/03/17/17662461.html|title=(no title)|newspaper=Toronto Sun}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Sweden}} – Firayim Minista Fredrik Reinfeldt ya bayyana tashin hankali da ake yi a Libiya a matsayin abin Allah wadai kuma ya goyi bayan matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. *{{Flagu|Switzerland}} – Shugaba Micheline Calmy-Rey ta bayyana cewa Switzerland ta sanya takunkumi ga kadarorin Gaddafi da iyalansa, kuma ta bukaci sauyi cikin lumana. *{{Flagu|United Kingdom}} – Firayim Minista David Cameron ya soki yadda Gaddafi ke murkushe masu zanga-zanga, ya kuma fitar da takunkumi da cire izinin tafiya ga manyan jami’an gwamnati. Birtaniya ta goyi bayan harin soji na NATO don kare fararen hula a Libiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/mar/19/libya-air-strikes-david-cameron|title=David Cameron backs air strikes against Libya|publisher=The Guardian|date=19 March 2011}}</ref> ===Turai=== *{{Flagu|Albaniya}} – Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ta bayyana damuwa sosai game da halin da ake ciki a Libiya, tana kiran a dakatar da tashin hankali da kuma a girmama hakkin ɗan adam. *{{Flagu|Ostiriya}} – Firayim Minista Werner Faymann da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Michael Spindelegger sun ƙi amincewa da tashin hankali da gwamnatin Libiya ke yi ga masu zanga-zanga, kuma sun bukaci hukuma ta daina amfani da karfi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/startpage/|title=Austrian Foreign Ministry – Press release|access-date=25 February 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Belgiyum}} – Firayim Minista Yves Leterme ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin Gaddafi ta rasa sahihancin shugabanci kuma dole ne ta sauka. *{{Flagu|Bulgariya}} – Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta fitar da sanarwa tana kiran gwamnati ta gaggauta dakatar da tashin hankali kuma ta tabbatar da kare rayukan fararen hula. *{{Flagu|Cyprus}} – Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa tana bin al’amuran da ke faruwa a Libiya da kulawa, tana mai kiran a dakatar da amfani da karfi. *{{Flagu|Czech Republic}} – Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta ce tana yin Allah wadai da kisan da ake yi wa masu zanga-zanga kuma tana goyon bayan hukunci da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ɗauka. *{{Flagu|Denmark}} – Firayim Minista Lars Løkke Rasmussen ya bayyana goyon baya ga matakan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ɗauka kan Libiya, yana cewa dole ne a hukunta masu laifi. *{{Flagu|Finland}} – Shugaba Tarja Halonen da Firayim Minista Mari Kiviniemi sun soki tashin hankali da aka yi amfani da shi kan fararen hula, suna mai kiran kawo ƙarshen hakan cikin gaggawa. *{{Flagu|Faransa}} – Shugaba Nicolas Sarkozy ya ce Gaddafi dole ne ya sauka, kuma Faransa ta rufe ofishinta na jakadanci a Libiya. Faransa ce ta farko da ta amince da Hukumar Sauyin Libiya a matsayin gwamnati ɗin da ta dace.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110310-france-recognizes-libyan-opposition-national-council-gaddafi|title=France recognises Libyan opposition as 'legitimate' government|publisher=France 24|date=10 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Jamus}} – Shugabar gwamnati Angela Merkel ta bayyana cewa abu ne da ba za a yarda da shi ba, yadda gwamnatin Gaddafi ke amfani da karfi wajen murkushe masu zanga-zanga. Jamus ta dakatar da sayar da makamai zuwa Libiya kuma ta fitar da matakan takunkumi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/merkel-condemns-libya-crackdown/a-14867301|title=Merkel condemns Libya crackdown|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=22 February 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Girka}} – Firayim Minista George Papandreou ya nuna damuwa, ya kuma bukaci a gudanar da sauyi ta hanyar zaman lafiya. Haka kuma Girka ta karɓi jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na baƙin haure da suka fito daga Libiya. *{{Flagu|Hungary}} – Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta ce tana goyon bayan matakan da Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka ɗauka, tana mai kiran gwamnatin Libiya ta daina amfani da karfi. *{{Flagu|Ireland}} – Firayim Minista Brian Cowen ya bayyana tashin hankali da ake yi a Libiya a matsayin abin damuwa sosai kuma ya bukaci gwamnatin Gaddafi da ta girmama hakkin ɗan adam da kuma kawo sauyi. *{{Flagu|Italiya}} – Firayim Minista Silvio Berlusconi ya dakatar da yarjejeniyar abota da Libiya, yana kiran Gaddafi da ya sauka. Italiya ta kuma karɓi dubban 'yan gudun hijira daga Libiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12585773|title=Italy suspends friendship treaty with Libya|publisher=BBC News|date=26 February 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Netherlands}} – Gwamnati ta bayyana fushinta kan yadda ake murkushe masu zanga-zanga da karfi kuma ta bukaci gudanar da sauyi cikin zaman lafiya. *{{Flagu|Norway}} – Ministan Harkokin Waje Jonas Gahr Støre ya soki amfani da karfi da Gaddafi ke yi, yana mai goyon bayan matakin hana tashi jirgin sama da aka ɗauka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. *{{Flagu|Poland}} – Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta ce tana goyon bayan matakin takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma daukar matakin hana jirgin sama a sama da Libiya. *{{Flagu|Portugal}} – Firayim Minista José Sócrates ya ce Portugal tana bin lamura da kulawa, kuma ta shirya daukar matakin hadin gwiwa da sauran ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai. *{{Flagu|Romania}} – Shugaba Traian Băsescu ya bayyana cewa Romania tana goyon bayan matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma bukatar Gaddafi ya sauka. *{{Flagu|Rasha}} – Shugaba Dmitry Medvedev ya bayyana cewa abin da ke faruwa a Libiya abin damuwa ne sosai, kuma Rasha ta goyi bayan takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Sai dai Rasha ba ta amince da kai hari ba bisa dalilin kare fararen hula. *{{Flagu|Slovakia}} – Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa tana goyon bayan sauyi a Libiya, kuma tana kira da a daina amfani da karfi. *{{Flagu|Slovenia}} – Firayim Minista Borut Pahor ya bukaci gwamnatin Libiya da ta dakatar da tashin hankali kuma ta bayar da dama ga zaman lafiya da tattaunawa. *{{Flagu|Spain}} – Firayim Minista José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero ya bukaci Gaddafi da ya sauka, kuma Spain ta shiga cikin matakin hana jiragen sama a Libiya. ===Amurka ta Kudu da Arewacin Amirka=== *{{Flagu|Chile}} – Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen kasar ta fitar da sanarwa a karo na biyu a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu tana cewa "saboda ci gaba da amfani da karfin da ba a tabbatar ba akan fararen hula, Gwamnatin Chile na Allah-wadai da matukar karfi akan wannan danniya da gwamnati ke yi wa 'yan kasar, abin da ya saba da manufar tattaunawa da Chile da sauran kasashen duniya ke nema domin warware rikicin siyasa a kasar, kuma ya saba da cikakken mutunta hakkin dan Adam da ke cikin kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Don haka, Gwamnatin Chile na kira ga hukumomin Libiya da su samar da hanyoyin tattaunawa da halartar 'yan kasa, sannan da gaggawa su dakatar da danniya akan al'ummar su."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cancillería condena represión de Gobierno de Libia y genera red de asistencia a chilenos con apoyo de Brasil |publisher=Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Chile |date=23 Fabrairu 2011 |url=http://www.minrel.gov.cl/prontus_minrel/site/artic/20110222/pags/20110222200007.php |access-date=23 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Colombia}} – Shugaba Juan Manuel Santos ya yi Allah-wadai da yadda gwamnatin Libiya ke mu'amala da 'yan kasarta, yana cewa "abinda ke faruwa a Libiya abin ki ne." Colombia ta kada kuri'a don kafa yankin da ba za a yarda da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ba akan Libiya a matsayin mamba maras dindindin a Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 17 ga Maris. A ranar 22 ga Agusta, Santos ya umurci Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta amince da Majalisar Sauyi ta Kasa, yana cewa "Mutanen Libiya sun cancanci gwamnati da ke mutunta hakkin dan Adam, 'yanci da kuma dimokuradiyya."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/colombia-reconoce-legitimidad-de-rebeldes-en-libia_10206384-4|title=Colombia ta amince da sahihancin Majalisar Sauyi ta Kasa|date=23 Agusta 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Cuba}} – Tsohon shugaban kasa Fidel Castro, wanda har yanzu yana da tasiri a jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Cuba, ya bayyana damuwa cewa Amurka na shirin mamaye Libiya.<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12548239 |title=Peru ta katse dangantaka da Libiya, ta kuma la’anci tashin hankali|date=23 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Dominica}} – Firayim Minista Roosevelt Skerrit ya ce yana damuwa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a Libiya.<ref name="grenada"/> Sai dai ya ce ba zai katse dangantaka da Libiya ba.<ref name="stkitts"/> *{{Flagu|Grenada}} – Gwamnatin Grenada ta la’anci tashin hankali.<ref name="grenada"/> *{{Flagu|Guyana}} – Gwamnatin Guyana ta la’anci amfani da karfi da gwamnatin Tripoli ta yi akan masu zanga-zanga, sannan ta nemi a yi tattaunawa don warware rikicin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/2011/opinion/editorial/03/27/a-matter-of-principle/|agency=Stabroek News|date=27 Maris 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Mexico}} – Gwamnatin Mexico ta la’anci tashin hankali da danniya, kuma ta kwashe wasu 'yan kasar 12 daga cikin 123 zuwa Italiya, wasu 6 sun tsere zuwa Tunisiya, wasu 2 kuma sun tashi zuwa Malta. Haka kuma, ta nuna cikakken goyon baya ga manufofin Amurka akan Libiya. A ranar 1 ga Maris, Ministan Harkokin Waje Patricia Espinosa ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Gaddafi ta aikata laifukan yaƙi akan fararen hula.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/international/162122/|title=Mexico ta la’anci danniyar da ake yi a Libiya|date=1 Maris 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Nicaragua}} – Shugaba Daniel Ortega ya ce ya kira Gaddafi domin nuna goyon baya da jituwa da shi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/nicaragua-prez-call-gaddafi-to-expresses-support/ |title=Shugaban Nicaragua ya kira Gaddafi domin nuna goyon baya |date=22 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Panama}} – A ranar 20 ga Maris, Shugaba Ricardo Martinelli ya kwatanta Gaddafi da tsohon shugaban Panama Manuel Noriega. Ya ce gwamnatin Libiya na "kashe al’ummarta ba tausayi," kuma Panama ta zama kasa ta farko daga Latin America da ta amince da Majalisar Sauyi ta Kasa a ranar 14 ga Yuni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Panama ta amince da Majalisar Sauyi ta Kasa|url=http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2011/06/14/uhora/local_2011061418132483.asp|access-date=2025-07-13|archive-date=2011-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618153804/http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2011/06/14/uhora/local_2011061418132483.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Peru}} – Shugaba Alan García ya ce "Peru na Allah-wadai da danniyar da gwamnatin Gaddafi ke yi akan mutanen da ke bukatar sauyin dimokuradiyya," sannan ya ce Peru za ta bukaci Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta kafa yankin da ba a yarda da jirage su shiga ba a Libiya. Peru ce kasa ta farko da ta katse huldar diflomasiyya da Libiya a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peruviantimes.com/23/peru-suspends-diplomatic-relations-with-libya/11005/ |title=Peru ta katse huldar diflomasiyya da Libiya |date=23 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} – An shirya bude wani banki a tsibirin Saint Kitts da hadin gwiwar Libiya, amma an dakatar da aikin.<ref name="Barrett"/><ref name="stkitts"/> *{{Flagu|Saint Lucia}} – Firayim Minista Stephenson King ya ce gwamnatin na sa ido kan abubuwan da ke faruwa a Libiya, amma ba za ta katse dangantaka da gwamnatin Gaddafi ba.<ref name="Barrett"/><ref name="stkitts"/> *{{Flagu|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} – Wasu ‘yan adawa sun fusata da cewa gwamnati na karbar taimako daga Libiya, suna kiran hakan “kudin jini.”<ref name="stkitts"/> *{{Flagu|Trinidad and Tobago}} – Ministan Harkokin Waje Surujrattan Rambachan ya ce ‘yan Trinidad da Tobago 11 da ke aiki a Libiya an kwashe su zuwa gida. Ya bayyana goyon baya ga yunkurin ‘yan adawa na kafa dimokuradiyya a Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2011/02/24/trinis-evacuated-libya|title=An kwashe 'yan Trinidad da Tobago daga Libiya|date=24 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|United States}} – Sakatariyar Harkokin Waje Hillary Clinton ta ce "Yanzu ne lokaci ya yi da za a dakatar da wannan zubar jini da ba a yarda da shi ba." Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta bukaci iyalan ma'aikatan jakadancin da sauran ma’aikata da ba su da muhimmanci da su bar Libiya.<ref name="USliveblog"/> ===Amurikas=== *{{Flagu|Antigua and Barbuda}} – Firayim Minista Baldwin Spencer ya ce yana "cikin fargaba yana kallon yadda abubuwa ke gudana" a Libiya, kamar yadda Al Jazeera English ta ruwaito. Ya ce, "Ko muna so ko ba ma so, har yanzu muna matukar dogara da man fetur daga Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma mafi yawan tattalin arzikinmu suna dogaro da hakan." <ref name="Barrett"/> *{{Flagu|Argentina}} – Gwamnatin kasar ta bayyana "damuwa mai zurfi", ta nuna alhini game da rasa rayuka, kuma ta bukaci a samu mafita cikin gaggawa da zaman lafiya.<ref name="argresponse"/> *{{Flagu|Bolivia}} – Shugaba Evo Morales ya ce "A karshe dai burinsu shi ne su karbe ikon man fetur na Libiya…Haka dai kasashen iko suke," ya danganta da abin da ya kira katsalandan daga kasashen yamma a Iran – yanzu kuma "suna kirkiro matsala da Muammar Gaddafi".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/world/intervention-is-just-a-grab-for-oil-say-libyas-allies/story-e6frfkui-1226024861708 | agency=Agence France-Presse | title=Intervention is just a grab for oil, say Libya's allies | date=20 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Brazil}} – Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Brazil ta fitar da sanarwa tana la’antar "ayyukan tashin hankali da aka aikata a yayin zanga-zangar jama'a da suka haddasa mutuwar fararen hula", kuma ta bukaci "masu rike da madafun iko su kare ‘yancin bayyana ra’ayi na masu zanga-zanga".<ref>Ministry of External Relations of Brazil (18 February 2011). [http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-libia Nota nº 66 Situation in Libya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310184924/http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-libia |date=10 March 2012 }}.</ref> Gwamnatin Brazil ta kuma bukaci hukumomin Libiya su tabbatar da tsare lafiyar 'yan Brazil da ke biranen Tripoli da Benghazi.<ref>Ministry of External Relations of Brazil (21 February 2011). [http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-libia-1 Nota nº 70 ''Situação na Líbia'' ("Situation in Libya")] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130121321/http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-libia-1 |date=30 January 2012 }}. {{in lang|pt}}.</ref> Brazil, wadda ba cikakkiyar mamba bace a Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kaurace wa kada kuri'a kan kafa haramcin tashi da saukar jiragen sama a Libiya a ranar 17 ga Maris.<ref name="UNNFZres"/> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 7wxiwexuhi51r9133y4qjpfg0et7jnd 0 108014 827099 793542 2026-04-27T12:39:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 827099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta Amurka wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[Manhattan]]. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * [[Albany Convention Center|Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany]] * [[Development Authority of the North Country|Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar]] * [[Empire State Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular]] * [[Hudson River Park|Hudson River Park Trust]] * [[Battery Park City|Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority]] * [[Javits Center|Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York]] * [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan]] * [[Municipal Assistance Corporation|Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY]] * [[Olympic Regional Development Authority|Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics]] * [[State University Construction Fund|Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha]] f3f2sl685vlx0w1acy1p1m8p77a2wlp 827100 827099 2026-04-27T12:39:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 827100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta Amurka wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * [[Albany Convention Center|Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany]] * [[Development Authority of the North Country|Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar]] * [[Empire State Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular]] * [[Hudson River Park|Hudson River Park Trust]] * [[Battery Park City|Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority]] * [[Javits Center|Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York]] * [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan]] * [[Municipal Assistance Corporation|Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY]] * [[Olympic Regional Development Authority|Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics]] * [[State University Construction Fund|Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha]] d7317roaek44h6wo1bunwpmauhimptg 827101 827100 2026-04-27T12:39:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 827101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta Amurka wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * [[Development Authority of the North Country|Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar]] * [[Empire State Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular]] * [[Hudson River Park|Hudson River Park Trust]] * [[Battery Park City|Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority]] * [[Javits Center|Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York]] * [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan]] * [[Municipal Assistance Corporation|Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY]] * [[Olympic Regional Development Authority|Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics]] * [[State University Construction Fund|Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha]] 76w6fc9m94szg83eas0dbrf0eju23f4 827102 827101 2026-04-27T12:40:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 827102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * [[Development Authority of the North Country|Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar]] * [[Empire State Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular]] * [[Hudson River Park|Hudson River Park Trust]] * [[Battery Park City|Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority]] * [[Javits Center|Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York]] * [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan]] * [[Municipal Assistance Corporation|Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY]] * [[Olympic Regional Development Authority|Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics]] * [[State University Construction Fund|Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha]] rdlwgcpcvor52zbufh5g1cgmq392q6a 827103 827102 2026-04-27T12:40:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 827103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar * [[Empire State Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular]] * [[Hudson River Park|Hudson River Park Trust]] * [[Battery Park City|Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority]] * [[Javits Center|Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York]] * [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan]] * [[Municipal Assistance Corporation|Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY]] * [[Olympic Regional Development Authority|Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics]] * [[State University Construction Fund|Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha]] 6kwdqymxyif44i3h10lt25fr9a0pkxq 827104 827103 2026-04-27T12:40:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 827104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular * [[Hudson River Park|Hudson River Park Trust]] * [[Battery Park City|Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority]] * [[Javits Center|Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York]] * [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan]] * [[Municipal Assistance Corporation|Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY]] * [[Olympic Regional Development Authority|Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics]] * [[State University Construction Fund|Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha]] 1ie8j82fk78roahrtjmp2t745nyjurk 827106 827104 2026-04-27T12:40:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 827106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular * Hudson River Park Trust * [[Battery Park City|Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority]] * [[Javits Center|Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York]] * [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan]] * [[Municipal Assistance Corporation|Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY]] * [[Olympic Regional Development Authority|Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics]] * [[State University Construction Fund|Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha]] 6cmd0k178fv371ctpx0g188enbwpaf1 827107 827106 2026-04-27T12:40:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 827107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular * Hudson River Park Trust * Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority * [[Javits Center|Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York]] * [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan]] * [[Municipal Assistance Corporation|Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY]] * [[Olympic Regional Development Authority|Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics]] * [[State University Construction Fund|Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha]] 686ws601gh55263pfk6jpi41w9kacmu 827108 827107 2026-04-27T12:41:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 827108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular * Hudson River Park Trust * Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority * Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York * [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation|Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan]] * [[Municipal Assistance Corporation|Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY]] * [[Olympic Regional Development Authority|Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics]] * [[State University Construction Fund|Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha]] 3ge8k3jinw2547pmc6jwpo25pg90j0a 827109 827108 2026-04-27T12:41:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 827109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular * Hudson River Park Trust * Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority * Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan * [[Municipal Assistance Corporation|Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY]] * [[Olympic Regional Development Authority|Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics]] * [[State University Construction Fund|Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha]] n42qrzhl83r16nm6jflg18p0nen10sb 827110 827109 2026-04-27T12:41:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 827110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular * Hudson River Park Trust * Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority * Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan * Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY * [[Olympic Regional Development Authority|Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics]] * [[State University Construction Fund|Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha]] cfto040rmc8nmn5uft2hmnvbg7vbum7 827111 827110 2026-04-27T12:41:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 827111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular * Hudson River Park Trust * Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority * Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan * Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY * Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics * [[State University Construction Fund|Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha]] j3y2ogcc4rnzbobo91x6mz2du0y1gqc 827112 827111 2026-04-27T12:41:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 827112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular * Hudson River Park Trust * Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority * Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan * Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY * Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics * Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha iym4z7hk9sujsm8zaogrjcpqcsaupve 827113 827112 2026-04-27T12:42:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 827113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular * Hudson River Park Trust * Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority * Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan * Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY * Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics * Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha == Manazarta == q84qj4r96tmv2ewtxwg2plcq9dafydi 827114 827113 2026-04-27T12:42:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 827114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular * Hudson River Park Trust * Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority * Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan * Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY * Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics * Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} g0j1v3e7i16upe646ncy3bu56ht21zn 827115 827114 2026-04-27T12:42:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 827115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Kamfanin Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]''' (UNDC) kamfani ne na amfanin jama'a a jihar New York ta [[Amurka]] wanda ke taimaka wa Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da dukiyarta, sararin ofis, da bukatun ci gaba. An kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1968. An ba da izinin UNDC don haɓaka da sarrafa dukiya kawai a cikin wani yanki da aka tsara ("Gundumar Ci Gaban") kusa da Hedikwatar [[Duk Majalisar Jama'a|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a Manhattan. iyakokin Gundumar Ci Gaban da sauran ikon Kamfanin suna ƙarƙashin canji har zuwa matakin da ƙarin doka ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Mission Page |url=http://www.undc.org/mission.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109000603/http://www.undc.org/mission.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == UNDC tana da kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Board Page |url=http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104103/http://www.undc.org/bod_alt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Lauyan Robert Cole ne ke jagoranta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDC Officers Page |url=http://www.undc.org/officers.html |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831024543/http://undc.org/officers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, UNDC tana da kuɗin aiki na dala miliyan 28.05, bashin da ya dace na dala miliyan 70.11, da kuma matakin ma'aikata na mutane 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYSABO 2018 Report |url=https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |access-date=November 6, 2018 |pages=16,29,44 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012042/https://www.abo.ny.gov/reports/annualreports/ABO2018AnnualReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gidajen == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta taimaka wajen gina One UN Plaza, Two UN Plaza, da Three UN Plaza. Three UN Plaza ana haya da ita ga UNICEF a matsayin hedkwatarta ta duniya == Dubi kuma == * Hukumar Cibiyar Taron Albany * Hukumar Ci Gaban Arewacin Kasar * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Daular * Hudson River Park Trust * Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority * Cibiyar Gudanar da Cibiyar Taron New York * Kamfanin Ci Gaban Ƙananan Manhattan * Kamfanin Taimako na Municipal na Birnin NY * Hukumar Raya Yankin Wasannin Olympics * Asusun Gine-gine na Jami'ar Jiha == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hdszf88fxwgwspldmmls0ht3ucl1kvv 0 109520 827150 700864 2026-04-27T13:59:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827150 wikitext text/x-wiki   A ranar 10 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1979 ne aka kafa gidauniya ta juyin juya halin Musulunci (Persian: بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی) bisa umarnin Ruhollah Khumaini don samar da gidaje ga marasa galihu da kuma daukar nauyin raya kauyukan kasar da gina gidaje na birane cikin tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran. . <ref name="bme1"> {{Cite web |title=پیام به ملت ایران (افتتاح حساب شماره 100) - صحیفه امام خمینی جلد 6 صفحه 518 تا 520 - سایت جامع امام خمینی رحمة الله علیه |trans-title= |url=http://emam.com/posts/view/1449 |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa}} </ref><ref name="bme4">{{Cite web |title=معرفی بنیاد مسکن - بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی |trans-title= |url=https://bme.ir/Pages/Introduction.aspx |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526134937/https://bme.ir/Pages/Introduction.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="bme5"> {{Cite web |title=21 فروردین؛ سالروز تاسیس بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی _ خبرگزاری صدا و سیما |trans-title= |url=https://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/3071397/21-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa}} </ref> == Dokar == Majalisar Shawarar Musulunci ta amince da dokar kafa gidauniya ta juyin juya halin Musulunci a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1987. Majalisar ta amince da wannan doka a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1987, kuma a cikin wasika mai lamba 1/5601 mai kwanan wata 6 ga Janairu, 1988, shugaban kasa na lokacin ya ba da umarnin zartarwa..<ref name="bme7">{{Cite web |title=اساسنامه - بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی |trans-title= |url=https://bme.ir/Pages/Statute.aspx |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="bme8"> {{Cite web |title=مرکز پژوهشها - اساسنامه بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی |trans-title= |url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/91450 |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa}} </ref> === Ma'anar da manufar === Babi na Ɗaya na Dokar: ''Gidauniyar Gidauniya ta [[Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci]]'', wanda aka kira a takaice Gidauniyan a cikin dokar, shine cibiyar juyin Juyahalin Musulunci ta Musulunci, wacce aka kafa ta hanyar umarnin Babban Jagoran juyin Juyin Juyin Musulunci, [[Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]], don samar da gidaje ga marasa galihu, musamman mazauna ƙauyuka, a cikin tsarin manufofi da shirye-shiryen gwamnati.<ref name="bme9">{{Cite web |title=اساسنامه بنياد مسكن انقلاب اسلامي - وزارت راه و شهرسازی جمهوری اسلامی ایران |trans-title= |url=https://www.mrud.ir/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D9%87%D8%A7/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526134838/https://www.mrud.ir/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D9%87%D8%A7/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babi na Biyu na Dokar: <ref name="bme10">{{Cite web |title=‌اساسنامه بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی - مجلس شورای اسلامی |trans-title= |url=https://www.parliran.ir/majles/fa/Content/_/4021-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526134838/https://www.parliran.ir/majles/fa/Content/_/4021-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="bme11"> {{Cite web |title=بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی - پایگاه خبری رسمی بلاغ |trans-title= |url=https://www.balagh.ir/content/6264 |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa}} </ref> * Nazari da nazari a fannin tantancewa da tantance bukatun matsuguni na karkara da birni, da samar da hanyoyin aiwatar da shi tare da sa hannu, hadin gwiwa da taimakon kai na jama'a da kungiyoyi daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen gidaje masu arha da rukunin gidaje da waɗanda aka aiwatar kai tsaye ko tare da sa hannun jama'a tare da haɗin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwar hukumomin da abin ya shafa a cikin karkara da birane. Shirye-shiryen filaye da ake buƙata don tsare-tsare da ayyuka na tushe da kuma rage waɗancan filaye. Taimakawa wajen samar da kayan gini na kasar ta hanyar samarwa, samarwa, rarrabawa. Kula da yadda ake biyan da lamunin Qard al-Hasan na gidaje na karkara da masu arha, waɗanda ake samarwa daga albarkatun kuɗi da tsarin banki na ƙasar. Shirya manyan tsare-tsare na inganta tituna a kauyuka, tare da hadin gwiwar hukumomin da abin ya shafa da aiwatar da shi tare da halartar jama'a daga kudaden da gwamnati ta amince da su. Shirye-shiryen da gabatar da tsare-tsaren da suka wajaba don sake ginawa da gyare-gyaren yankunan karkara da yaƙe-yaƙe, ambaliya, girgizar ƙasa da sauran bala'o'i suka lalace da aiwatar da su tare da halartar jama'a da haɗin kai tare da ƙungiyoyi da hukumomin da abin ya shafa. === Ginshiƙai === Babi na Uku na Dokar; Ginshiƙan Gidajen Gidajen Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci sune: <ref name="bme7"/><ref name="bme12">{{Cite web |title=اساسنامه بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی - بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی استان تهران |trans-title= |url=http://www.bmtehran.com/default.aspx?PID=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87 |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526134838/http://www.bmtehran.com/default.aspx?PID=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; A - Majalisar Tsakiya ; B - Masu Kula ; C - Masu Bincike * Majalisar tsakiya, a matsayin babbar hukumar yanke shawara ta Foundation, tana da mambobi biyar a cikin tsari mai zuwa: A- Malami (Wakilin Jagora idan aka nada). B- Wakilin Gwamnati (Ministan Hanya da Raya Birane). C- Injiniyoyin injiniya guda uku da ƙwararrun gine-gine da tsara birane waɗanda mutane biyun da ke sama suka zaɓa. Limamin, dan majalisar tsakiya, baya ga ayyukansa na mamba, zai kasance da alhakin gudanar da ayyukan gidauniyar kamar yadda shari'ar Musulunci ta tanada. Ministan hanyoyi da raya birane, a matsayinsa na wakilin gwamnati, baya ga ayyukan zama mamba a majalisar, zai kasance yana bin majalissar bisa iyakokin ikonsa. Daya daga cikin mambobin majalisar tsakiya ne majalisar tsakiya za ta zaba na tsawon shekaru hudu a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban gidauniyar kuma mafi kololuwar hukumar gudanarwar gidauniyar, kuma zabensa ba zai kawo cikas ba. Majalisar tsakiya za ta zabo sufeto biyu daga cikin kwararrun kwararru na wa’adin shekara guda, kuma zaben nasu bai taka kara ya karya ba.s ba. Babi na huɗu na Dokar: Dokokin Kudi da na gaba ɗaya; <ref name="bme13">{{Cite web |title=اساسنامه - بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی آذربایجان شرقی |trans-title= |url=http://ea-bonyadmaskan.ir/?PageID=2 |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526134838/http://ea-bonyadmaskan.ir/?PageID=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="bme14">{{Cite web |title=بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی استان قم - اساسنامه و مجموعه قوانین بنیاد مسکن |trans-title= |url=http://bmqom.ir/index.aspx?pageid=158 |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kasafin kuɗi, kayan aiki da albarkatun kuɗi na ''Gidauniyar Gidauniya ta Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci'' sune: # Lambar asusun 100 na [[Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] <ref name="bme15"> {{Cite web |title=هدف امام خمینی از افتتاح حساب 100 بانک ملی |trans-title= |url=http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/c76_119583/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B4_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85/%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_100_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88 |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa}} </ref><ref name="bme1"/> # Kudin da tallafin da ba na kuɗi ba kamar ƙasa, dukiya, kayan gini, da dai sauransu waɗanda mutane, gwamnati da sauran cibiyoyi da hukumomi ke bayarwa. # Gudummawa daga Gidauniyar Mostazafan (wanda aka yi amfani da shi kawai don samar da gidaje ga matalauta da marasa galihu, kuma Gidauniyoyin Gidauniya na Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci suna aika da rahoton shekara-shekara game da ayyukan da aka gudanar daga kudaden da ke sama ga Gidauniwar Mostaza fan). # Gudanar da tallafin gwamnati, wanda aka haɗa a cikin kasafin kudin shekara-shekara na duk ƙasar. # Kudin shiga daga sayar da kayan gini na bita da masana'antu na ''Gidauniyar Gidauniya ta Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci'' da rarraba kayan gini da samar da ayyukan fasaha.<ref name="bme16"> {{Cite web |title=مشروح مذاکرات مجلس شورای اسلامی به ریاست آیت الله هاشمی رفسنجانی ( دوره دوم – جلسه 479 ) |trans-title= |url=https://rafsanjani.ir/records/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD-%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%87-479 |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa}} </ref> * ''Gidauniyar Gidauniya ta Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci'' ba ta biyan harajin samun kudin shiga da kuma samun kudin shiga daga shiga da harajin riba a cikin kamfanoni masu alaƙa. * ''Gidauniyar Gidauniya ta Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci'' tana da halayyar shari'a kuma doka ta tushe tana wakiltar ta kuma tana iya nada wakilin ko lauya don gabatar da karar da korafe-korafe ko don duk wani mataki na shari'a da gabatar da shi ga hukumomin shari'a, gudanarwa, horo da rajista. * Don yin ayyukanta, ''Gidauniyar Gidauniya ta Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci'' na iya samun rassa da ofisoshin wakilan a larduna, birane, da yankuna na kasar. == Wakilan ==   == Rassan == ''Gidauniyar Gidauniya ta Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci'' tana da hedikwatar ta a [[Tehran]], da rassa 31 a cikin manyan biranen larduna da kuma rassa sama da 278 a cikin biranen kasar. Bugu da kari, hukumomin zartarwa guda bakwai suna da alhakin aiwatar da alhaki na musamman na Gidajen Gidaje dangane da ci gaban gidaje a birane da ƙauyuka da kungiyoyin masu karamin karfi da sake gina yankunan da bala'i suka shafa.<ref name="bme4"/><ref name="bme6"> {{Cite web |title=بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی - نورمگز |trans-title= |url=https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/publisher/72/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa}} </ref> == Littattafai == ''Gidauniyar Gidauniya ta Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci'' tana da cibiyar bugawa wacce ta buga littattafai sama da 130 zuwa yanzu.<ref name="bme23">{{Cite web |title=کتابهای منتشر شده - بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی |trans-title= |url=https://bme.ir/Lists/PublishedBooksList/view.aspx |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526180431/https://bme.ir/Lists/PublishedBooksList/view.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gidauniyar tana da mujallar kowane wata da ake kira Housing message (Persian) ma.<ref name="bme24">{{Cite web |title=پیام مسکن - بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی |trans-title= |url=https://bme.ir/Pages/PayamMaskan.aspx |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526205009/https://bme.ir/Pages/PayamMaskan.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   7e9dpo5n708ecduutk2ao1fx9bm8bo5 0 110277 827276 754980 2026-04-27T19:48:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Guguwar Tropical Storm''' ''Eliakim'' guguwa ce ta wurare masu zafi wacce ta shafi Madagascar kuma ta kashe mutane 21 a cikin 2018. Rashin lafiya na wurare masu zafi na bakwai, Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ta shida na lokacin guguwar Kudancin Yammacin Tekun Indiya ta 2017-18, da guguwa na wurare masu wurare masu zafi a cikin 2018 don tasiri [[Madagascar]], <ref name="act">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2018 |title=Rapid Response Fund No. 3/2014 – Cyclone Eliakim Emergency Response in Madagascar |url=https://actalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/MADAGASCAR-Emergency-Response-to-Cyclone-ELIAKIM-RRF-No.-3.pdf |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=[[ACT Alliance]] |page=1}}</ref> An fara lura da Eliakim a matsayin yankin convection na yanayi kudu maso yammacin Diego Garcia a ranar 9 ga Maris. Yanayin ci gaba sun kasance masu kyau a kusa da shi, kuma a ranar 14 ga Maris, duka Cibiyar Gargadi ta Hadari (JTWC) da Météo-France La Réunion (MFR) sun fara bayar da gargadi game da Taron, tare da MFR ta sanya shi a matsayin Tropical Disturbance 7 da JTWC ta ba shi sunan ''14S''. Kashegari, MFR ta inganta tsarin zuwa guguwa mai matsakaici, ta ba shi sunan Eliakim. Eliakim ya ci gaba da karuwa a cikin guguwa mai tsanani a ranar 15 ga Maris, tare da JTWC yana inganta shi zuwa guguwa ta Category 1-daidai a kan sikelin Saffir-Simpson a ranar 16 ga Maris. Eliakim ya sauka a Masoala a karfe 07:00 UTC, bayan haka MFR ya kiyasta matsakaicin iska mai ƙarfi na minti 10 na {{Convert|110|km/h|mph}} km / h (70 a cikin tsarin. Eliakim ya raunana ya zama guguwa mai matsakaici kafin ya juya zuwa kudu kuma ya sake fitowa a kan ruwa a ranar 17 ga Maris. Duk da yanayin da ba shi da kyau, Eliakim ya sake karfafawa cikin guguwa mai tsanani a ranar 19 ga Maris kafin a sake shi cikin guguwar zafi mai matsakaici 6 hours bayan haka. Eliakim ya sauya zuwa guguwa mai zafi a ranar 20 ga Maris yayin da ya tashi daga Madagascar, tare da MFR ta ƙarshe ta bin tsarin a ranar 22 ga Maris. Yankin waje na guguwar ya fara isa Madagascar a ranar 15 ga Maris, kuma a ranar 16 ga Maris, Eliakim ya sauka a Madagascar. An kwashe dubban mutane a yankunan da ba su da rauni, tare da shawarwari game da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da iska mai ƙarfi. An lura da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama mai yawa a yankuna da yawa, tare da matsakaicin millimeters 388 (15.3 in) na ruwan sama da aka rubuta a Île Sainte-Marie. Eliakim ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 21 a Madagascar, ya shafi wasu 60,000, kuma ya kori mutane 19,439. Hakanan ya shafi gine-gine, tare da gidaje 17,228, hanyoyi 15, wuraren kiwon lafiya 27, da ɗakunan ajiya 1,118 da ke fama da lalacewa. Ayyukan farfadowa ƙasar an kiyasta sun kai dala biliyan 10 na Malagasy ariary (dala miliyan 3.21). Sauran ƙasashe suma sun ci gaba da tasiri, tare da Réunion da ke karɓar kumbura na mita 5-6 (16-20 da kuma wasu sassan Kenya da ke fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa. == Tarihin yanayi == A ranar 9 ga watan Maris a karfe 10:30 na UTC, Cibiyar Gargadi ta hadin gwiwa (JTWC) ta fara saka idanu kan wani yanki na yanayin yanayi wanda ke da kusan mil 335 (620 km; 385 kudu maso kudu maso yammacin Diego Garcia, tana kimanta yiwuwar ci gabanta a cikin rana mai zuwa kamar yadda yake ƙasa. Convection ya lalace, kuma yanayin ya kasance mai kyau saboda yanayin da ya dace da yanayin iska mai ƙarfi a 25-30 knots (45-55 km / h; 30-35 , Taron da Yanayin zafi na teku a yankin ya kai 28-29 ° C (82-84 ° F). <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2018 |title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean Reissued from 091030Z-091800Z March 2018 |url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ab/abio10.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522221343/https://www.webcitation.org/6xrYqtU43?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201803091030.htm |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]}}</ref> Météo-France La Réunion (MFR) ya fara saka idanu kan yankin washegari a karfe 12:00 UTC, yana kimanta haɗarin bunkasa cikin guguwa mai zafi a cikin kwanaki 5 masu zuwa a matsayin matsakaici.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2018 |title=Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 2018/03/10 at 12:00 UTC |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201803101205.pdf |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=[[Météo-France]] [[Réunion|La Réunion]]}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Maris, MFR ta kara inganta hadarin tsarin na bunkasa cikin guguwa mai zafi a cikin kwanaki 5 masu zuwa zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2018 |title=Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 2018/03/11 at 12:00 UTC |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201803111249.pdf |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=[[Météo-France]] [[Réunion|La Réunion]]}}</ref> Wani ci gaba mai rarraba a ranar 12 ga Maris a 06:05 UTC ya nuna yaduwar ƙasa mai tsawo, kuma a 18:00 UTC, JTWC ya inganta damar ci gaban tsarin a cikin rana mai zuwa zuwa matsakaici yayin da iska ta ragu zuwa 15-20 knots (30-35 km / h; 15-25 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2018 |title=Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 2018/03/12 at 12:00 UTC |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201803121239.pdf |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=[[Météo-France]] [[Réunion|La Réunion]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2018 |title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean from 121800Z-131800Z March 2018 |url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ab/abio10.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522221426/https://www.webcitation.org/6xtTeFpOG?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201803121800.htm |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Maris a 00:00 UTC, MFR ta inganta tsarin zuwa rikici na wurare masu zafi, ta sanya shi a matsayin rikici na Tropical 7. <ref name="mfr">{{Cite web |title=Eliakim: 13 March 2018 to 2018-03-22 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/saisons_archivees/20172018/2017RE07.html |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Météo-France]] [[Réunion|La Réunion]]}}</ref> JTWC ta tantance cewa ya ci gaba zuwa mummunan yanayi a lokaci guda, yana ba shi sunan ''14S''.<ref name="jtwc">{{Cite web |title=2018 Southern Hemisphere Best Track Data |url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/best-tracks/2018/2018s-bsh/bsh2018.zip |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]}}</ref> Wind shear ya ci gaba da raguwa zuwa 10-15 knots (20-30 km / h; 10-15 , kuma yayin da tsarin ya ci gaba na karfafawa da shirya, MFR ya inganta 7 zuwa mummunan yanayi a ranar 14 ga Maris a 12:00 UTC, kodayake tsarin ciki na tsarin ya kasance mai faɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2018 |title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert 140300 |url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtxs21.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522221626/https://www.webcitation.org/6xutqIb4e?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTXS21-PGTW_201803140300.htm |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2018 |title=Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning Number 1 for Tropical Disturbance 7 |url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtio30.fmee..txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522221546/https://www.webcitation.org/6xutlYeZg?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201803140714.htm |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Météo-France]] [[Réunion|La Réunion]]}}</ref><ref name="mfr" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2018 |title=Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning Number 2 for Tropical Depression 7 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201803141200_2_7_20172018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522221505/https://www.webcitation.org/6xutl9rZJ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO30-FMEE_201803141255.htm |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Météo-France]] [[Réunion|La Réunion]]}}</ref> <ref name="mfr" /> === Madagascar === A ranar 15 ga watan Maris, Météo Madagascar ta ba da jan gargadi ga yankuna a tsakiyar gabashin da arewacin Madagascar saboda ruwan sama mai karfi da iska mai karfi, kuma ta ba da gargadi na guguwa mai launin rawaya ga yankunan Alaotra-Mangoro, Analanjirofo, Atsinanana, Diana, Sava, Sofia, da gundumar Tsaratanana. <ref name="m15">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Madagascar, La Reunion – Tropical Cyclone ELIAKIM (GDACS, JTWC, Meteo France La Reunion, Meteo Madagascar, local media) |url=https://erccportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Echo-Flash#/daily-flash-archive/3084 |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=[[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]]}}</ref> Ofishin Gudanar da Risques da Bala'o'i na Kasa ya tura kungiyoyi hudu zuwa Antalaha, Île Sainte-Marie, [[Maroantsetra]], da Soanierana Ivongo a wannan rana. An kunna [[Copernicus Emergency Management Service|Ofishin Gudanar da Gaggawa]] na Shirin Copernicus a ranar 16 ga Maris, tare da faɗakarwar guguwa da Météo Madagascar ke bayarwa ga yankunan Alaotra-Mangoro, Analanjirofo, Atsinanana, Sava, da gundumomin Bealanana, Befandriana-Nord, da Mandritsara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2018 |title=EMSR274: Tropical cyclone Eliakim in Madagascar |url=https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR274 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Copernicus Emergency Management Service }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Har ila yau, hukumar ta bayar da faɗakarwar ja don sassan arewa da gabashin tsakiyar Madagascar saboda ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da iska mai ƙarfi. A wannan rana, an kwashe daruruwan mutane a arewa maso gabashin Madagascar, tare da mutane 800 a Sambava da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2018 |title=Madagascar, La Reunion – Tropical Cyclone ELIAKIM (GDACS, JTWC, Meteo Madagascar, Meteo France La Reunion, media) |url=https://erccportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Echo-Flash#/daily-flash-archive/3085 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]]}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Maris, an kwashe mutane 2,500 da 6,000. <ref name="m18">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2018 |title=Madagascar, La Réunion – Tropical Cyclone Eliakim (DG ECHO, BNGRC) |url=https://erccportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Echo-Flash#/daily-flash-archive/3087 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]]}}</ref> A karfe 13:00 UTC (16:00 EAT), an bayar da jan gargadi ga yankin Vatovavy-Fitovinany saboda ruwan sama mai tsanani tare da iskar guguwa ta lokaci-lokaci. Yayin da Eliakim ya ƙaura daga ƙasar, an kuma ba da faɗakarwa mai launin shudi ga yankunan Amoron'i Mania, Analamanga, Betsiboka, Boeny, Bongolava, Diana, Haute Matsiatra, Itasy, Sava, Sofia, da Vakinankaratra.<ref name="n18">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2018 |title=Madagascar: Bulletin Flash – Forte Tempête Tropicale " ELIAKIM " (18 Mars 2018) |url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/madagascar/document/madagascar-bulletin-flash-forte-temp%C3%AAte-tropicale-%C2%AB-eliakim-%C2%BB-18-mars |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=Humanitarian Response |language=fr |publication-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> Hukumomi sun yi gargadi game da rushewar ƙasa da ambaliyar ruwa a yankuna da yawa, kuma suna ba da shawara game da tafiye-tafiye na teku. A ranar 19 ga watan Maris, Météo Madagascar ta bayar da jan gargadi don kudu maso gabashin Madagascar saboda iska mai karfi.<ref name="m19">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2018 |title=Madagascar – Tropical Cyclone ELIAKIM (GDACS, JTWC, Meteo France La Reunion, Meteo Madagascar, Local media) |url=https://erccportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Echo-Flash#/daily-flash-archive/3088 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]]}}</ref>h == Manazarta == e53bm83gr5by572mhzjxidweil6a5d7 0 110534 827350 724189 2026-04-28T00:33:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Maɗigo|Lesbian]], gay, bisexual, transgender, da Queer (LGBTQ) mutane a [[Qatar]] suna fuskantar tsanantawa ta [[Shari'a]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Is the Reality of Life for LGBTQ+ People in Qatar |url=https://time.com/6234323/naser-mohamed-interview-qatar-lgbt-rights/ |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=TIME |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001232302/https://time.com/6234323/naser-mohamed-interview-qatar-lgbt-rights/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Billson |first=Chantelle |title=Gay flight attendant deported from Qatar ‘for wearing tinted moisturiser’ |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/11/27/gay-flight-attendant-deported-from-qatar-for-wearing-tinted-moisturiser/ |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=PinkNews}}</ref> Ayyukan jima'i tsakanin maza da tsakanin mata ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Qatar, tare da azabtarwa ga [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] da wadanda ba Musulmai ba har zuwa shekaru uku a kurkuku. Ga Musulmai da aka yanke musu hukunci a kotunan shari'a, hukuncin kisa na shari'a don luwadi yana yiwuwa, kodayake ba a taɓa ɗora shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-05 |title=Here are the 11 countries where being gay is punishable by death |url=http://gaytimes.co.uk/community/120686/here-are-the-11-countries-where-being-gay-is-punishable-by-death/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=GAY TIMES |language=en-GB |archive-date=2019-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407040155/http://gaytimes.co.uk/community/120686/here-are-the-11-countries-where-being-gay-is-punishable-by-death/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cin zarafi kamar duka da azabtarwa, da kuma tilasta "maganiyar juyawa" 'yan sanda da sauran hukumomi sun yi amfani da su.<ref name="hrw 2022">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2022 |title=Qatar: Security Forces Arrest, Abuse LGBT People |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/10/24/qatar-security-forces-arrest-abuse-lgbt-people |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Halin al'adu da ya fi yawa a Qatar yana kallon luwadi da kuma giciye mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gay Qatar News & Reports |url=http://archive.globalgayz.com/middle-east/qatar/gay-qatar-news-and-reports/ |access-date=6 February 2018 |website=GlobalGayz.com}}</ref> Gwamnatin Qatar ba ta amince da auren jinsi ɗaya ko Haɗin gwiwar jama'a ba, kuma ba ta ba da izinin mutane a Qatar su yi kamfen don haƙƙin LGBT. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008 dan wasan Burtaniya [[George Michael]] ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a wani kide-kide mai nasara a Qatar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Entry #5463: Homosexual activity in Qatar |url=https://www.equaldex.com/log/5463 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206232420/https://www.equaldex.com/log/5463 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=2020-11-12 |website=Equaldex |language=en}}</ref> wanda ya sanya shi dan wasan gay na farko da ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a Qatar. A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2024, an kama wani dan kasar Burtaniya da Mexico a Qatar bayan ya fadi ga wani bayanan karya na Grindr da 'yan sanda ke jagoranta. A cewar ɗan'uwansa, an hana shi damar samun lauya kuma an tilasta masa sanya hannu kan takardu a Larabci ba tare da mai fassara ya taimaka masa ba. Ya kuma bayyana cewa an hana mutumin samun damar yin amfani da magungunan antiretroviral da yake bukata don ya iya rayuwa tare da kwayar cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Gay British-Mexican man ‘denied HIV medication’ in Qatari jail after police-led Grindr sting |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/gay-british-mexican-man-denied-105519588.html |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin shekarata 2016 da 2019, 2022 da shekarar 2025, Qatar ta kada kuri'a a kan kwararren kwararren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai zaman kansa kan yanayin jima'i da kuma asalin jinsi a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkinobho. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN votes to renew LGBTQ+ expert’s mandate just after the US withdrew from Human Rights Council |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2025/07/un-votes-to-renew-lgbtq-experts-mandate-just-after-the-us-withdrew-from-human-rights-council/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=lgbtqnation.com}}</ref> == Shari'a na jima'i na jinsi ɗaya == An haramta luwadi a cikin Qatar mai iko da Burtaniya ta hanyar Dokar Shari'ar Indiya ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar ta shekarar 1938. : 30 An maye gurbin wannan da Mataki na 171 a 1956, sannan kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai, Mataki na 171, an maye gurbinsa da Mataki ya 201 na Dokar Shari'a ta Qatar ta 1971. :{{Rp|141}} Tun daga shekara ta 2004, Mataki na 296 na Dokar Shari'a ta yanzu (Dokar 11/2004) ta tanadi ɗaurin kurkuku tsakanin shekara ɗaya zuwa uku don sodomy. Wannan ba shi da tsanani fiye da dokar 1971 wacce ta tsara har zuwa shekaru biyar a kurkuku ga maza da mata da aka gano su masu luwadi ne (hukuncin ayyukan jima'i maimakon azabtarwa don yanayin jima'i). Hukuncin mutuwa na cikin gida ga jinsi ɗaya ya shafi Musulmai ne kawai saboda jima'i na waje ba tare da la'akari da jinsi na mahalarta ba ana hukunta shi da mutuwa kuma saboda ma'aurata na jinsi ɗaya ba za su iya yin aure ba. Koyaya, babu wata shaida cewa an yi amfani da hukuncin kisa don dangantakar jima'i da ke faruwa tsakanin manya a waje da sararin da hukumomi ke kula da su.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2019 |title=Here are the 11 countries where being gay is punishable by death |url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/community/120686/here-are-the-11-countries-where-being-gay-is-punishable-by-death/ |website=Gay Times}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Assunção |first=Muri |date=5 April 2019 |title=Brunei is just one of several nations where killing gays by stoning is perfectly legal |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/ny-anti-gay-sharia-law-brunei-20190405-3llkssyd3nemjfrqkmhvtq2aoq-story.html |website=New York Daily News}}</ref> A shekara ta 1998, an yanke wa wani dan kasar Amurka da ya ziyarci Qatar hukuncin watanni shida a kurkuku da bulala 90 saboda aikin ɗan luwaɗi. A cikin shekarun 1990s, Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta kasashen waje ta Philippines ta sanar da ma'aikatan Philippines cewa an haramta ma'aikatan gay a Qatar. Wannan ya kasance ne don mayar da martani ga kamawa da yawa da kuma korar ma'aikatan Philippines a Qatar saboda luwadi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discriminatory Ad to Gay Contract Workers |url=http://glapn.org/sodomylaws/world/qatar/qaeditorials01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021120730/http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/qatar/qaeditorials01.htm |archive-date=21 October 2007 |access-date=13 October 2007}}</ref> A cikin shekarata 2016, an kama tauraron [[Instagram]] na Poland Sarki Luxy a Qatar saboda zargin kasancewa ɗan luwaɗi. Ya kwashe watanni biyu a tsare kafin a sake shi. Ofishin jakadancin Poland ya yi ikirarin cewa an kama shi ne saboda cin hanci da rashawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2016 |title=Teen Instagram Star Jailed in Qatar for Two Months, Claims it was for 'Being Gay' |url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/gay-teen-instagram-jailed-qatar/ |website=The Daily Dot}}</ref> == Sanar da dangantakar jinsi ɗaya == Dokokin Qatari game da aure, kisan aure da sauran al'amuran iyali suna da tasiri daga dabi'un gargajiya na Islama. Saboda haka, zama tare ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma babu wata sanarwa ta doka a Qatar don auren jinsi ɗaya, haɗin kai na gari ko haɗin kai na gida. == 'Yancin Transgender == A Qatar, ana iya kama mutanen da ke da alaƙa da juna saboda laifin "yana nuna bambancin jinsi". Irin waɗannan mutane galibi ana ɗaukar su "sun keta ɗabi'ar jama'a" ko kuma sun keta dokokin "kariya ta al'umma" kuma, saboda haka, 'yan sanda na iya tsare su har zuwa watanni shida ba tare da shari'a ko caji ba, akan wannan zargi. Yayinda aka tsare su, hukumomi suna ƙoƙari su tilasta bin ka'idojin zamantakewar maza da mata ta hanyar buƙatar cire jiki, kamar cirewar nono ta hanyar tiyata. Ana buƙatar fursunoni su halarci "magani" na juyawa bayan an sake su, bisa ga bayanan da BBC ta karɓa. Hukumomin Qatari "sun ƙi" rahotanni da matan da suka yi da suka ba da cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru. == Rikici na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2022 == A shekara ta 2010, jim kadan bayan An zaɓi Qatar don karbar bakuncin Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, an tambayi Shugaba Sepp Blatter game da gaskiyar siyasa ga 'yan luwadi a Qatar, kuma ya amsa cewa magoya bayan kwallon kafa na luwadi a kasar Qatar "ya kamata su guji duk wani aikin jima'i". Bayan an soki shi saboda wannan magana, Blatter ya kara da cewa: "Ba mu so mu nuna bambanci. Abin da muke so mu yi shi ne bude wannan wasan ga kowa, kuma bude shi ga dukkan al'adu, kuma wannan shine abin da muke yi a shekarar 2022. A shekara ta 2011, wani memba na majalisar dokokin Holland na jam'iyyar Freedom Party (PVV) ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Holland ta yi wasa a cikin ruwan hoda, maimakon launin ƙasa, orange, don nuna rashin amincewa da halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan luwaɗi a Qatar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Expreszo &#124; Headlinearchief |url=http://www.expreszo.nl/content/headlines/3849 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322232222/http://www.expreszo.nl/content/headlines/3849 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=15 October 2012 |publisher=Expreszo.nl}}</ref> A shekara ta 2013, shugaban kungiyar Qatar ta gasar cin kofin duniya, Hassan Al-Thawadi, ya ce kowa yana da maraba a taron, muddin sun guji nuna soyayya ga jama'a. "Nuni na soyayya a fili ba wani ɓangare ne na al'adunmu da al'adunsu ba", in ji shi. A cikin shekarata 2013, [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ta ba da shawarar hana 'yan kasashen waje masu luwadi daga shiga kowace ƙasa ta Majalisar hadin kan Gulf, kuma GCC ta amince da tattauna shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-08 |title=Qatar 2022: Gulf States' 'Gay Tests' Trigger World Cup Boycott Call |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/qatar-2022-kuwait-gay-tests-fifa-world-512285 |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=International Business Times UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulf Cooperation Countries to test, detect then ban gays from entering their countries |url=http://lgbtweekly.com/2013/10/08/gulf-cooperation-countries-to-test-detect-then-ban-gays-from-entering-their-countries/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008205203/http://lgbtweekly.com/2013/10/08/gulf-cooperation-countries-to-test-detect-then-ban-gays-from-entering-their-countries/ |archive-date=8 October 2013 |access-date=6 February 2018 |website=LGBTWeekly.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cavan Sieczkowski |date=10 September 2013 |title=Gulf Countries Propose Test To 'Detect' Gays, Ban Them From Entering |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/09/gulf-countries-detect-gays_n_4065927.html |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=Huffington Post}}</ref> Koyaya, GCC ta koma baya, watakila saboda damuwa game da tasirin da Qatar ta yi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2015 |title=Kuwaiti authorities arrest 23 'cross-dressers and homosexuals' |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/kuwaiti-authorities-arrest-23-cross-dressers-and-homosexuals-106994114 |access-date=31 May 2016 |website=[[Middle East Eye]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8yol8nophdp5z7cir7b9942m4rfgg8b 0 110612 827162 708679 2026-04-27T14:55:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gardening [[Asturaliya|Australia]] wani Shirin wani wajen shakatawa ne na salon rayuwa na Australiya wanda ke ba da shawara da inganta hanyoyin da ke da kyau na lambu. Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australiya ne ya kirkireshi kuma yana watsawa a gidan talabijin na ABC, tun daga 2021 a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na mako-mako na sa'a kowane Jumma'a da yamma. Mujallar kowane wata, Gardening Australia, ta samo asali ne daga wasan kwaikwayon. == Tarihi == Jerin ya samo asali ne a cikin 1969 yayin da yake girma, tare da watsa sassan mintuna biyar kafin labaran daren Lahadi akan ABT2 a Hobart.  Peter Cundall ne ya shirya shi, gogaggen ma'aikacin lambu mai sha'awar [[shuka]] tsire-tsire ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin halitta.  Ya dauki nauyin sashin magana na aikin lambu a gidan rediyon ABC a Hobart tun daga 1967. An sake masa suna Landscape a cikin 1972 kuma an tsawaita shi zuwa mintuna 15 a kowane episode [na buƙatu].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}. An daidaita tsarin a cikin Gardening Australia a cikin 1990, an watsa shi a cikin ƙasa tare da tsarin da aka faɗaɗa zuwa minti 30 a kowane fitowar. Har yanzu Cundall ne ya shirya shi tare da wasu masana lambu daga ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya. [[Stephen Ryan (horticulturist)|Stephen Ryan]] ya gaji Cundall a shekara ta 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knox |first=David |date=23 January 2009 |title=Stephen digs into Gardening Australia |url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2009/01/stephen-digs-into-gardening-australia.html |access-date=23 January 2009 |publisher=tvtonight.com.au}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin, ABC ba ta sabunta kwangilar Ryan ba. An sanar da Costa Georgiadis a matsayin sabon mai karɓar bakuncin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011 don jerin 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2011 |title=Costa to host Gardening Australia |url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s3395392.htm |access-date=2023-01-05 |publisher=ABC}}</ref> An gabatar da shirinsa na 1500 a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2024. <ref>{{URL|https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/how-to/1500th-episode-/104608248}}</ref> == Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye == Baya ga mai karɓar bakuncin, kowane ɓangaren ya ƙunshi ɓangarorin da aka rubuta a duk faɗin Ostiraliya tare da masu gabatar da gida. === Masu gabatarwa na yanzu === * Josh Byrne (WA) * Jerry Coleby-Williams (QLD) * Jane Edmanson (VIC) * Millie Ross (VIC) * Sophie Thomson (SA) * Clarence Slockee (NSW) * Tammy Huynh (NSW) * Hannah Moloney (TAS) === Masu gabatar da shirye-shiryen da suka gabata === {| class="wikitable" !Mai gabatarwa !Shekaru Masu Tashin Kwarewa !Jiha |- |Peter Cundall |1990–2009 |TAS |- |Colin Campbell |1990–2011 |QLD |- |John Patrick |2002–2017 |VIC |- |Angus Stewart |2004–2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Angus {{!}} Gardening With Angus |url=http://www.gardeningwithangus.com.au/about-angus-2/ |access-date=2017-07-25 |website=gardeningwithangus.com.au |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728065722/http://www.gardeningwithangus.com.au/about-angus-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |NSW |- |Meredith Kirton |2006–2009 |NSW |- |[[Stephen Ryan (horticulturist)|Stephen Ryan]] |2009–2011 |VIC |- |Leonie Norrington |2003–2010 |NT |- |Mary Moody |c. shekara ta 2000 |NSW |- |Melissa Sarki |c. shekara ta 2005 |NSW |- |Tino Carnevale |2007–2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=Farewell Tino! – Gardening Australia |url=https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/how-to/farewell-tino-/101756876 |access-date=2022-12-28 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |language=en}}</ref> |TAS |- |} === Masu gabatar da baki === {| class="wikitable" !Mai gabatar da Baƙo !Shekara !Jiha |- |Indira Naidoo |2017 |NSW |- |Carolyn Blackman |2017 |VIC |- |Paul West |2018 |VIC |} == Sashe == Cundall yana da wani sashi da ake kira Pete's Mailbag inda masu kallo zasu iya yin tambayoyi ko aikawa da hotuna ko wasiƙu game da lambun su. Nunin yana da sassa da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da dukkan nau'ikan lambu, daga lambuna masu zane-zane da na fasaha zuwa tsiro da kayan lambu da xeriscaping. Yawancin sassan ana yin fim a wurin. Shirin yana da sashi na Ask It / Solve It inda mutane zasu iya gabatar da tambayoyin / matsalolin lambu don masu gabatarwa su amsa su. 6 Bed Rotation Vegetable Crop (tsohon 'Pete's Patch') a Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens har yanzu yana cikin wasan kwaikwayon, yanzu ana kiransa 'The Vegie Patch' tare da [[Tino Carnevale]] yana gabatar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Justin Russell |date=8 November 2012 |title=A visit to Pete's Patch, Hobart |url=https://www.organicgardener.com.au/blogs/visit-petes-patch-hobart |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=organicgardener.com.au |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Jagoran Vegie sabon fasalin ne wanda ke nuna nau'ikan kayan lambu da za'a iya dasa su kowane wata, a cikin yankunan yanayi masu yawa a kusa da Ostiraliya. == Spinoffs == === ''Gidan lambu na Australia Junior'' === A cikin 2023, ABC ta sanar da wani sabon salo na Lambun Lambun Ostiraliya mai suna Gardening Australia Junior, jerin aikin lambu don yara waɗanda za su tashi a daren Juma'a da ƙarfe 7:05 na yamma kuma suna nuna sassa 20.  Costa Georgiadis ce ta dauki nauyin shirin kuma an nuna shi tare da masu gabatar da shirye-shiryen lambun Australia Clarence Slockee, Hannah Moloney da Tammy Huynh. . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Gardening Australia Junior |url=https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/gardening-australia-junior-premieres-tonight-/102838074 |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Gardening Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=Costa gets grubby for Gardening Australia Junior {{!}} TV Tonight |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2023/09/costa-gets-grubby-for-gardening-australia-junior.html |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=tvtonight.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> == Mujallar == Gardening Australia wata mujallar wata-wata ce da ABC ta buga kuma ABC Commercial ta tallata, tana nuna labaran masu gabatarwa a kan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2020 |title=Gardening Australia |url=https://www.mymagazines.com.au/magazine/gardening-australia |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=MyMagazines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home page |url=https://www.abccommercial.com/ |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=ABC Commercial}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Gardening Australia ta lashe lambar yabo ta Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) Masu sauraro don Nunin Nishaɗi da aka fi so a 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 AACTA Awards Winners Announced |url=https://www.aacta.org/our-news/media-room/2021-aacta-awards-winners-announced/ |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=AACTA}}</ref> da kuma AACTA Best Lifestyle Program a 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners Announced for the 2022 AACTA Awards |url=https://www.aacta.org/our-news/media-room/winners-announced-for-the-2022-aacta-awards/ |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=AACTA}}</ref> da 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AACTA Awards Winners & Nominees |url=https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/winners-and-nominees/ |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mp7u7krhbeiplz3ojv5tl2r4ioeb071 0 112428 827339 708483 2026-04-27T22:25:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}HIV a '''''cikin,''''' shine kasancewar kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS a cikin mace yayin da take da ciki. Akwai haɗarin kamuwa da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] daga uwa zuwa ɗa a yanayi uku na farko: ciki, haihuwa, da lokacin shayarwa. Wannan batu yana da mahimmanci saboda ana iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar ta hanyar da ta dace ta hanyar likita, kuma idan ba tare da magani ba HIV/AIDS na iya haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa a cikin uwa da yaro. An misalta wannan ta hanyar bayanai daga Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC): A cikin Amurka da Puerto Rico tsakanin shekarun 2014-2017, inda ake samun kulawar haihuwa gabaɗaya, akwai jarirai 10,257 a Amurka da Puerto Rico waɗanda suka kamu da kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ta mahaifa a cikin utero waɗanda ba su kamu da cutar ba kuma 244 sun kamu da jarirai..<ref name="CDC_HIV_Surveillence">{{Cite web |date=May 2020 |title=HIV Surveillance Report |url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.}}</ref> Nauyin cutar kanjamau / AIDS, gami da yaduwar cutar kanjamao daga uwa zuwa yaro, yana shafar kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici, musamman kasashen Kudancin Afirka. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa mata da 'yan mata miliyan 1.3 da ke zaune tare da cutar kanjamau suna yin ciki a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mother-to-child transmission of HIV |url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/hiv/prevention/mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Hadarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau da cutar kanjamao ta hanyar yin bincike mai kyau, maganin kamuwa da cutar kansar HIV tare da maganin antiretroviral (ART), da bin shawarwari bayan haihuwa. Musamman, ba tare da magungunan antiretroviral ba, tsoma baki na haihuwa, da shawarwarin shayarwa, akwai kusan kashi 30% na hadarin yaduwar cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa yaro.<ref name="Workowski_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Workowski KA, Bolan GA |date=June 2015 |title=Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/tg-2015-print.pdf |journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports |volume=64 |issue=RR-03 |pages=1–137 |doi= |pmc=5885289 |pmid=26042815}}</ref> Wannan haɗarin ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da 1% lokacin da aka yi amfani da abubuwan da aka ambata a baya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV {{!}} NIH |url=https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/preventing-perinatal-transmission-hiv-during-pregnancy-and-childbirth |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=hivinfo.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Kwalejin Amurka ta Obstetrics da Gynecology (ACOG) don haka tana ba da shawarar gwajin HIV a matsayin wani bangare na yau da kullun na duka kafin ciki da kulawa ta farko don tabbatar da saurin shiga tsakani da ya dace.<ref name="ACOG_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=<!-- No authors listed --> |date=September 2018 |title=ACOG Committee Opinion No. 752: Prenatal and Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing |url=https://www.acog.org/en/Clinical/Clinical%20Guidance/Committee%20Opinion/Articles/2018/09/Prenatal%20and%20Perinatal%20Human%20Immunodeficiency%20Virus%20Testing |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=e138–e142 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000002825 |pmid=30134428 |s2cid=52070003 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Cutar kwayar cutar kanjamau ba wata matsala ce ga daukar ciki ba. Mata masu cutar kanjamau na iya zaɓar yin ciki idan suna so, duk da haka, ana ƙarfafa su su yi magana da likitocin su a gaba. Musamman, 20-34% na mata a Amurka da ke fama da cutar kanjamau ba su san ganewar cutar ba har sai sun yi juna biyu kuma sun yi gwajin haihuwa.<ref name="OAR_Clinical_Info">{{Cite web |last=Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. |title=Maternal HIV Testing and Identification of Perinatal HIV Exposure |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/maternal-hiv-testing-and-identification-perinatal-hiv-exposure?view=full |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=Clinical Info HIV gov |publisher=Office of AIDS Research (OAR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |archive-date=2021-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184209/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/maternal-hiv-testing-and-identification-perinatal-hiv-exposure?view=full |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hanyar watsawa == Ana iya yada cutar kanjamau daga uwa mai dauke da cutar zuwa ga jariri a cikin yanayi uku: a fadin mahaifa a lokacin daukar ciki (a cikin mahaifa), a lokacin haihuwa saboda saduwa da tayin tare da kamuwa da kwayar cutar mahaifa da jini, ko kuma bayan haihuwa ta hanyar nono. Wannan nau'in watsa kwayar cuta kuma ana san shi da watsawar tsaye. Ana kyautata zaton cewa kamuwa da cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa yaro ya fi faruwa a lokacin haihuwa lokacin da jariri ya hadu kai tsaye da jinin mahaifiyar da ta kamu da shi ko kuma ruwan al’aura a cikin magudanar haihuwa[1]. Maganin mahaifa tare da maganin ART kafin haihuwa yana rage nauyin kwayar cutar hoto, ko adadin kwayar cutar da ke cikin jinin uwa da sauran ruwan jiki, wanda ke rage yiwuwar yada kwayar cutar kwayar cutar zuwa tayin yayin haihuwa.<ref name="Levinson_2020">{{Cite book}}</ref> == Alamomi ko alamomi == === Matar uwa === Cutar HIV a cikin manya yawanci suna bin mataki na 3, kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa: [[Fayil:Cross_Reaction_Rash_cropped.jpg|thumb|Maculopapular Rash, lura: wannan hoton yana nuna wani rash wanda ba lallai ba ne ya danganta da kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV.''lura: wannan hoton yana nuna wani rash wanda ba lallai bane ya danganta da kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau'']] [[Fayil:Early_Symptoms_of_HIV_Diagram.png|thumb|Alamomin farko na Diagram na HIV.]] ; Farko, mataki mai tsanani : Mataki na farko na kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau ya haɗa da saurin yaduwar kwayar cuta da kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="CDC_About_Hiv">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-03 |title=About HIV/AIDS |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Wannan matakin yawanci yana ɗaukar makonni 2-4 bayan kamuwa da cuta kuma daga baya ya warware ba zato ba tsammani. Tsakanin 50 da 90% na manya suna fuskantar alamun a lokacin wannan matakin kamuwa da cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Niu MT, Stein DS, Schnittman SM |date=December 1993 |title=Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: review of pathogenesis and early treatment intervention in humans and animal retrovirus infections |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=168 |issue=6 |pages=1490–501 |doi=10.1093/infdis/168.6.1490 |pmid=8245534}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, mata na iya fuskantar zazzabi, ciwon makogwaro, barci, kumbura na lymph, zawo, da rash. An bayyana rash a matsayin maculopapular, wanda ke nufin ya ƙunshi raunin fata mai laushi da ya tashi, kuma ya bayyana a kan akwati, hannaye da kafafu amma bai bayyana a kan dabino ko ƙafafun ƙafa ba.<ref name="Levinson_2020" /> ; Matsayi na tsakiya, na yau da kullun / na baya : Matsayi na tsakiya na kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau na iya ɗaukar shekaru 7-10 a cikin mai haƙuri wanda ba a kula da shi da maganin ART ba.<ref name="Levinson_2020" /> A wannan lokacin, kwayar cutar kanta ba ta ɓoye ko kuma ba ta aiki, amma an tsare ta a cikin ƙwayoyin lymph, inda take maimaitawa a ƙananan matakan.<ref name="CDC_About_Hiv" /> Mata gabaɗaya ba su da alamun bayyanar cututtuka a wannan lokacin amma wasu na iya fuskantar zazzabi mai ɗorewa, gajiya, asarar nauyi, da ƙwayoyin lymph masu kumbura, wanda aka sani da rikitarwa da cutar kanjamau (ARC). <ref name="Levinson_2020" /> ; Mataki na baya, ci gaba / rashin lafiya : Cutar AIDS ta samo asali ne daga ci gaba da lalata CD4 T-helper cells na tsarin rigakafi ta hanyar kwayar cutar HIV. An bayyana cutar kanjamau ta hanyar ko dai ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin CD4 na ƙasa da ƙwayoyin 200 a kowace microliter (wanda ke nuna ƙarancin rigakafi mai tsanani), ko ci gaban takamaiman yanayin cutar kanjamawa.<ref name="CDC_About_Hiv" /> Saboda suna da rigakafi, mata a wannan matakin suna cikin haɗari ga cututtukan cututtuka masu tsanani, waɗanda yawan jama'a ba sa kwangila ko kwangila sosai. Wadannan nau'ikan kamuwa da cuta suna haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani da mutuwa a cikin marasa lafiya tare da HIV / AIDS.<ref name="CDC_HIV_Surveillence"/> Mutanen da ke da irin wannan cututtukan HIV masu tasowa suna cikin haɗari don kamuwa da alamun jijiyoyin Jiki (misali dementia da Neuropathy), da wasu cututtukansun daji (misali Non-Hodgkin's B-Cell Lymphoma, Kaposi's Sarcoma, da cututtukun da ke da alaƙa da [[Human papillomavirus infection|HPV]] ciki har da anal, [[Ciwon daji na mahaifa|cervical]], oral, pharyngeal, penile da vulvar cancer). <ref name="Levinson_2020" /> [[Fayil:Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg|thumb|Oral Candidiasis (oral thrush) a cikin yaro.]] Bayyanar cutar kanjamau na asibiti a cikin jariran da ba a kula da su ba shi da ƙarancin tsinkaya kuma takamaiman fiye da na babban kamuwa da cuta. Musamman ma, idan an gano cutar HIV kuma an yi maganinta yadda ya kamata, alamu da rikitarwa a cikin jarirai ba su da yawa. Ba tare da maganin ART ba, jariran da aka haifa tare da kwayar cutar HIV suna da rashin fahimta. Idan alamun bayyanar cututtuka sun bayyana, mafi yawan sun haɗa da zazzaɓi na yau da kullum, kumburin kumburin ƙwayar lymph, ƙara girma da kuma/ko hanta, gazawar girma, da gudawa. Waɗannan yara kuma na iya haɓaka cututtukan da ba za a iya amfani da su ba, musamman waɗanda suka haɗa da ciwon kai na baka mai maimaitawa (Candidiasis) da/ko Candida diaper rash, ciwon huhu, ko ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, ko cututtukan fungal. Alamun cututtukan jijiyoyi, musamman kwayar cutar kanjamau, suna da yawa a cikin jarirai masu cutar HIV ba tare da magani ba.. == Bincike / tantancewa == === Shirye-shiryen ciki === Babban abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su a cikin shirin daukar ciki ga mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau shine haɗarin yaduwar cuta tsakanin abokan jima'i da kansu da haɗarin yaddar da cuta ga tayin. Dukkanin haɗarin za a iya rage su tare da shirin perinatal da ya dace da kulawa ta rigakafi.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to Reduce the Risk of Acquiring HIV During Periconception, Antepartum, and Postpartum Periods {{!}} Perinatal {{!}} ClinicalInfo |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/prep |access-date=2021-01-27 |website=Clinical Info HIV gov |publisher=Office of AIDS Research (OAR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126145423/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/prep |url-status=dead }}</ref> ACOG da Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa (NIH) suna ba da shawarar duk ma'aurata inda ɗaya ko duka biyu suke da cutar HIV suna neman shawara kafin ciki da kuma tuntuɓar masana a cikin Obstetrics da Gynecology, Cututtukan Cututtuka, da kuma yiwuwar endocrinology na haihuwa da rashin haihuwa don tabbatar da ma'auratare sun dace, jagora ta mutum bisa ga takamaiman yanayin cututtukan su da kuma auna haɗarin tayin da ke tattare da shan magunguna na ART.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prepregnancy Counseling |url=https://www.acog.org/en/Clinical/Clinical%20Guidance/Committee%20Opinion/Articles/2019/01/Prepregnancy%20Counseling |access-date=2021-01-21 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Preconception Counseling and Care for Women of Childbearing Age with HIV |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/reproductive-options-couples-when-one-or-both-partners-are-living-hiv?view=full |access-date=2021-01-21 |website=Clinical Info HIV gov |publisher=Office of AIDS Research (OAR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |archive-date=2021-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128180407/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/reproductive-options-couples-when-one-or-both-partners-are-living-hiv?view=full |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ma'auratan da abokin tarayya ɗaya ne kawai ke da kwayar cutar HIV suna cikin haɗarin watsa kwayar cutar HIV ga abokin tarayya wanda bai kamu da cutar ba. Waɗannan ma'auratan ana kiransu da ma'auratan serodiscordant. CDC ta ba da rahoton cewa mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV waɗanda ke iya ɗaukar nauyin kwayar cutar da ba za a iya gano su ba yayin da suke shan maganin ART suna da mummunar haɗari na watsa kwayar cutar HIV ga abokin tarayya ta hanyar jima'i bisa la'akari da bayanan lura daga manyan binciken da yawa, musamman ma gwajin HPTN052 na asibiti, binciken PARTNER, binciken PARTNER2, da kuma Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru. Saboda haka NIH ta ba da shawarar cewa masu dauke da kwayar cutar HIV waɗanda ke kula da nauyin kwayar cutar da ba a iya gano su ta hanyar yin amfani da maganin ART na dogon lokaci na iya ƙoƙarin yin tunani ta hanyar jima'i marar jima'i tare da ƙananan haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka zuwa abokin tarayya mara kyau na HIV. NIH ta kara ba da shawarar cewa daidaita jima'i marasa kwaroron roba tare da kololuwar haihuwa, wanda ke faruwa a lokacin ovulation, ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen ovulation da tuntuɓar masana na asibiti na iya haɓaka damar ɗaukar ciki.<ref name=":14"/> [[Fayil:In_vitro_fertilization.jpg|thumb|In-Vitro Fertilization.]] Lokacin da mai cutar kanjamau a cikin haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa bai sami nasarar kawar da kwayar cutar ba ko kuma ba a san matsayinsa ko kwayar cutar ba, akwai wasu zaɓuɓɓuka don hana watsawa tsakanin abokan tarayya. Zaɓin na farko ya haɗa da ba da Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ART Therapy (PrEP) ga abokin tarayya mara kyau na HIV, wanda ya haɗa da yin amfani da maganin haɗin gwiwa sau ɗaya kowace rana don hana watsa kwayar cutar HIV bayan jima'i marar jima'i. NIH ta ba da shawarar gudanar da PrEP ga ma'aurata masu jima'i waɗanda za su yi ƙoƙarin yin ciki ta hanyar jima'i maras amfani, duk da haka, sun jaddada cewa riko ya zama dole don kare abokin tarayya mara kyau na HIV. Wani zaɓi don samun ciki yayin hana kamuwa da cutar HIV a lokaci guda shine taimakon haihuwa. Lokacin da macen da ke yunƙurin daukar ciki tana ɗauke da cutar kanjamau, za a iya ba ta taimako ta hanyar ba da maniyyi daga abokiyar zamanta don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta[1]. Lokacin da mutumin da ke cikin haɗin gwiwa yana da kwayar cutar HIV, ma'aurata za su iya zaɓar yin amfani da maniyyi mai bayarwa ko amfani da dabarun shirye-shiryen maniyyi (misali, wanke maniyyi da gwajin hoto na samfurin samfurin) da kuma intrauterine ko in vitro hadi don samun ciki don rage haɗarin watsawa ga abokin tarayya.<ref name=":14"/> A cikin ma'aurata inda namiji da mace suke da cutar kanjamau, daukar ciki na iya faruwa ba tare da damuwa game da yaduwar cutar tsakanin juna ba. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci ga kowace uwa mai cutar kanjamau ta fara da kuma kula da maganin ART mai dacewa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ƙwararren ƙwararren HIV kafin da kuma duk lokacin ciki don rage haɗarin yaduwar perinatal ga tayin.<ref name=":14"/> Kodayake ana samun hanyoyin haihuwa masu taimakawa ga ma'aurata masu rikice-rikice, har yanzu akwai iyakoki don samun nasarar daukar ciki. An nuna mata masu cutar kanjamau sun rage yawan haihuwa, wanda zai iya shafar zaɓuɓɓukan haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Glynn JR, Buvé A, Caraël M, Kahindo M, Macauley IB, Musonda RM, Jungmann E, Tembo F, Zekeng L |date=December 2000 |title=Decreased fertility among HIV-1-infected women attending antenatal clinics in three African cities |journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=345–52 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200012010-00008 |pmid=11114835 |s2cid=22980353 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mata masu cutar kanjamau suna iya kamuwa da wasu cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i, wanda ke sanya su cikin haɗari mafi girma don rashin haihuwa. Maza da ke fama da kwayar cutar kanjamau sun bayyana sun ragu da yawan maniyyi da kuma motsi na maniyyi, wanda ke rage yawan haihuwa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Leeuwen E, Prins JM, Jurriaans S, Boer K, Reiss P, Repping S, van der Veen F |date=2007-03-01 |title=Reproduction and fertility in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=197–206 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dml052 |pmid=17099206 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ART na iya shafar haihuwa na namiji da na mace kuma wasu magunguna na iya zama masu guba ga tayin.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kushnir VA, Lewis W |date=September 2011 |title=Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and infertility: emerging problems in the era of highly active antiretrovirals |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=546–53 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.094 |pmc=3165097 |pmid=21722892}}</ref> === Gwaje-gwaje a cikin ciki === [[Fayil:HIV_Rapid_Test_being_administered.jpg|thumb|Ana gudanar da gwajin gaggawa na HIV ga mai haƙuri.]] Gano farkon kamuwa da cutar kanjamau masu juna biyu da fara ART a cikin juna biyu yana da mahimmanci wajen hana kamuwa da cutar zuwa tayin da kuma kare lafiyar uwa, domin matan da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau wadanda ba su yi gwajin cutar ba suna iya yada cutar ga ‘ya’yansu. CDC, NIH, ACOG, da Kwalejin Ilimin Ilimin Yara na Amurka kowanne yana ba da shawarar gwajin HIV na farkon watanni uku ga duk mata masu juna biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na kulawa da haihuwa na yau da kullun. NIH ta kara yin karin haske kan wannan shawarar, inda ta nuna cewa ya kamata a gudanar da gwajin cutar kanjamau da wuri a duk inda mace ta nemi kulawa da farko ta tantance tana da juna biyu (misali, a Sashen Gaggawa). Ana gudanar da gwajin cutar kanjamau na farko a lokaci guda tare da sauran abubuwan yau da kullun, aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na farkon ciki a Amurka, gami da: cikakken kirga jini, bugun jini da abubuwan Rhesus, fitsari, al'adar fitsari, titer rubella, hepatitis B da C titers, gwajin kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar jima'i, da gwajin tarin fuka.[5] ACOG ta ba da shawarar cewa masu kula da masu juna biyu suna maimaita gwajin cutar kanjamau na uku kafin yin ciki na makonni 36 ga mata masu zuwa: waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau, waɗanda ke zaune a wuraren da ke da yawan kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a cikin ciki, waɗanda ke kurkuku, ko waɗanda ke da alamun bayyanar cutar HIV mai tsanani.[1] Ga matan da ba su sami kulawar haihuwa ba ko kuma waɗanda ba a yi musu gwajin cutar kanjamau a baya ba a lokacin da suke da juna biyu, ACOG da NIH sun ba da shawarar yin gwajin HIV cikin gaggawa a sashin nakuda da haihuwa kafin haihuwa ko kuma nan da nan bayan haihuwa.. <ref name="ACOG_2018"/> <ref name="OAR_Clinical_Info"/> Ana ba da gwajin cutar kanjamau a Amurka a halin yanzu a kan wani zaɓi, ''fita'' ga shawarar CDC.<ref name="CDC_Opt_Out">{{Cite web |title=An Opt-Out Approach to HIV Screening |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/opt-out.html |access-date=2015-11-13 |website=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Gwajin Opt-out ya haɗa da ilimantar da mai haƙuri game da tasirin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau akan ciki, sanar da mai haƙƙin cewa ana ba da shawarar tantance cutar kanjamaun HIV ga dukan mata masu juna biyu, da kuma sanar da ita cewa za ta karɓi gwajin ta atomatik tare da sauran ayyukan dakin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun sai dai idan ta ƙi gwajin kuma ta sanya hannu kan fom ɗin yarda don cire shi daga kwamitin dakin gwajewar ta.<ref name="ACOG_2018"/> Sauran samfurin, wanda aka sani da samfurin opt-in, ya haɗa da ba da shawara ga mata kan gwajin HIV, bayan haka suka zaɓi karɓar gwajin ta hanyar sanya hannu kan fom ɗin yarda. CDC ba ta ba da shawarar samfurin opt-in ba, saboda yana da alaƙa da ƙananan ƙimar gwaji.<ref name="OAR_Clinical_Info"/> Idan mace ta zaɓi ƙin gwajin, ba za ta sami gwajin ba. Koyaya, za ta ci gaba da karɓar shawarar cutar kanjamau a duk lokacin da take ciki don a san ta yadda ya kamata game da cutar da tasirin da take da shi. Za a ba ta gwajin cutar kanjamau a kowane mataki na ciki idan ta canza tunaninta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. |url=https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/hivtestingandpregnancy_fs_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105083106/http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/HIVTestingandPregnancy_FS_en.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2012 |access-date=1 February 2012 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)}}</ref> Mafi sabunta ka'idojin gwajin HIV sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da kwayar cutar HIV-1 da HIV-2 antigen/ antibody hade immunoassay azaman gwajin farko na kamuwa da cutar HIV. Wannan gwajin jini yana tantance ko mahaifiyar ta ƙirƙiri ƙwayoyin rigakafi, waɗanda furotin ne na yaƙi da cututtuka na ƙwayoyin cuta, HIV-1 da HIV-2. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi za su kasance kawai idan mai haƙuri ya kamu da cutar HIV, saboda haka, suna aiki azaman alamar kamuwa da cuta. Har ila yau, wannan gwajin ya gano wani furotin da ake kira p24 a cikin jinin mahaifiyarsa, wanda wani yanki ne na kwayar cutar HIV kanta kuma yana aiki a matsayin alamar farko na kamuwa da cutar HIV. Idan wannan gwajin ya tabbata, CDC ta ba da shawarar yin gwajin bin diddigi ta amfani da gwajin da ake kira HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation immunoassay cewa duka biyun sun tabbatar da ganewar asali kuma suna ƙayyade takamaiman nau'in kamuwa da cutar kanjamau mai haƙuri dole ne ya keɓance ƙarin kulawar mara lafiya.<ref name="Branson14">{{Cite report}}</ref> Wani lokaci, duk da haka, mutum na iya kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau amma jiki bai samar da isasshen magungunan rigakafi ba don a gano su ta hanyar gwajin.<ref name="OAR_Clinical_Info"/> Idan mace tana da haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau ko alamun kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani amma gwaje-gwaje marasa kyau a gwajin gwaji na farko, ya kamata a sake gwada ta cikin watanni 3 don tabbatar da cewa ba ta da kwayar cuta, ko kuma ya kamata ta sami ƙarin gwaji tare da gwajin RNA na HIV, wanda zai iya zama tabbatacce kafin gwajin rigakafin rigakafi / antigen.<ref name="OAR_Clinical_Info" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cornett JK, Kirn TJ |date=September 2013 |title=Laboratory diagnosis of HIV in adults: a review of current methods |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=712–8 |doi=10.1093/cid/cit281 |pmid=23667267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya kamata a fara magungunan antiretroviral a lokacin da aka gano cutar kanjamau ta uwa kuma ya kamata a ci gaba da su har abada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British HIV Association guidelines for the management of HIV in pregnancy and postpartum 2018 |url=https://www.bhiva.org/file/5bfd30be95deb/BHIVA-guidelines-for-the-management-of-HIV-in-pregnancy.pdf |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> == Magani / Gudanarwa == === Kulawa kafin haihuwa === ==== Rigakafin yaduwar uwa zuwa yaro ==== Haɗarin watsa kwayar cutar HIV daga uwa zuwa yaro yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da nauyin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta plasma na uwa. Uwar da ba a kula da su ba tare da babban (HIV RNA mafi girma 100,000 kofe / ml) suna da haɗarin watsawa sama da 50%. Don haka, ana ba da shawarar ART a duk lokacin da ake ciki don matakan ƙwayar cuta ya kasance ƙasa kaɗan gwargwadon yiwuwar kuma haɗarin watsawa ya ragu.[3][4] Yin amfani da magungunan ART waɗanda ke ƙetare mahaifa yadda ya kamata kuma na iya aiki azaman rigakafin rigakafi ga jarirai, saboda suna iya cimma isassun matakan magungunan ART a cikin tayin don hana kamuwa da cututtukan hoto. A ƙarshe, ana ba da shawarar amfani da magungunan ART ga jariri bayan haihuwa don ci gaba da ba da kariya daga kwayar cutar da jaririn zai iya kamuwa da shi yayin haihuwa da haihuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Overview {{!}} General Principles Regarding Use of Antiretroviral Drugs during Pregnancy {{!}} Antepartum Care {{!}} Perinatal {{!}} ClinicalInfo |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/overview?view=full |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=Clinical Info HIV gov |publisher=Office of AIDS Research (OAR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |archive-date=2021-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122192007/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/overview?view=full |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Antiretroviral Management of Newborns with Perinatal HIV Exposure or HIV Infection {{!}} Management of Infants Born to Women with HIV Infection {{!}} Perinatal {{!}} ClinicalInfo |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/antiretroviral-management-newborns-perinatal-hiv-exposure-or-hiv-infection?view=full |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122185741/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/antiretroviral-management-newborns-perinatal-hiv-exposure-or-hiv-infection?view=full |archive-date=2021-01-22 |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=Clinical Info HIV gov |publisher=Office of AIDS Research (OAR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Antiretroviral_Therapy_for_HIV_Infection_(27423001115).png|thumb|Magungunan antiretroviral na zamani]] Dukkanin mata masu juna biyu da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau ya kamata su fara kuma su ci gaba da maganin ART ba tare da la'akari da ƙididdigar CD4 ko nauyin kwayar cuta ba don rage haɗarin yaduwar kwayar cutaa.<ref name=":1"/> An fara ART na baya, mai yiwuwa za a dakatar da nauyin kwayar cuta ta lokacin isar da shi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Townsend CL, Byrne L, Cortina-Borja M, Thorne C, de Ruiter A, Lyall H, Taylor GP, Peckham CS, Tookey PA |date=April 2014 |title=Earlier initiation of ART and further decline in mother-to-child HIV transmission rates, 2000-2011 |journal=AIDS |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=1049–57 |doi=10.1097/QAD.0000000000000212 |pmid=24566097 |s2cid=19123848 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu mata suna damuwa game da amfani da ART a farkon ciki, saboda jarirai sun fi kamuwa da guba a cikin watanni uku na farko. Koyaya, jinkirta farawa na ART na iya zama ƙasa da tasiri wajen rage yaduwar kamuwa da cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hoffman RM, Black V, Technau K, van der Merwe KJ, Currier J, Coovadia A, Chersich M |date=May 2010 |title=Effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy duration and regimen on risk for mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Johannesburg, South Africa |journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=35–41 |doi=10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181cf9979 |pmc=2880466 |pmid=20216425}}</ref> Ana amfani da maganin antiretroviral mafi mahimmanci a lokuta masu zuwa a cikin ciki don rage haɗarin yaduwar cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa yaro: * ''A lokacin daukar ciki:'' mata masu juna biyu da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau suna karɓar tsarin baki na akalla magungunan rigakafin HIV daban-daban guda uku.<ref name="aidsinfo2012">{{Cite web |last=(HHS) Panel on Treatment of HIV-Infected Pregnant Women and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, a working group of the ''Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council'' (OARAC) |title=HIV and Pregnancy |url=http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/perinatal_FS_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421024106/http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/perinatal_FS_en.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=aidsinfo.nih.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> * A lokacin haihuwa da haihuwa: mata masu juna biyu da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau wadanda suka riga sun kasance a kan ART uku ya kamata su ci gaba da tsarin su na baki. Idan nauyin kwayar cutar su yana da yawa (HIV RNA sama da 1,000 / ml), ko kuma akwai tambaya game da ko an sha magunguna akai-akai, to ana ƙara zidovudine (AZT) a lokacin isar.<ref name="lvguidelines">{{Cite web |last=Panel on Treatment of HIV-Infected Pregnant Women and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. |title=Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States |url=http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/PerinatalGL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515182851/http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/perinatalgl.pdf |archive-date=May 15, 2012 |access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu waɗanda ba su kasance a kan ART ba kafin haihuwa ko waɗanda suka kasance a kanART ƙasa da makonni huɗu ya kamata a ba su AZT na intravenous ko kashi ɗaya na nevirapin (sdNVP), tenofovir (TDF) da emtricitabine (FTC) da kuma kashi uku na AZT. Dangane da shawarwari na yanzu daga WHO, CDC da Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka (DHHS), duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau ya kamata su fara ART da zaran an gano su da cutar kansar HIV. Shawarwarin ya fi karfi a cikin yanayi masu zuwa: <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=When to Start Antiretroviral Therapy {{!}} HIV/AIDS Fact Sheets {{!}} Education Materials {{!}} AIDSinfo |url=https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/21/52/when-to-start-antiretroviral-therapy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117081051/http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/21/52/when-to-start-antiretroviral-therapy |archive-date=November 17, 2013 |access-date=2015-11-21 |website=AIDSinfo}}</ref> * CD4 ƙidaya ƙasa da ³ sel/mm3 * Babban nauyin kwayar cuta (HIV RNA sama da 100,000 kofe / ml) * Ci gaban kwayar cutar kanjamau zuwa cutar kanjamauyyar cuta * Ci gaban cututtukan da suka shafi cutar kanjamau * Ciki ==== Aiki da isar da shi ==== Ya kamata mata su ci gaba da ɗaukar tsarin ART a kan jadawalin kuma kamar yadda aka tsara a duk lokacin haihuwa da haihuwa. Nauyin kwayar cuta yana taimakawa wajen tantance wane yanayin haihuwa ya fi aminci ga uwa da jariri.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Intrapartum Care for Women with HIV {{!}} Perinatal {{!}} ClinicalInfo |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/intrapartum-antiretroviral-therapyprophylaxis?view=full |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=Clinical Info HIV gov |publisher=Office of AIDS Research (OAR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |archive-date=2021-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122193243/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/intrapartum-antiretroviral-therapyprophylaxis?view=full |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar NIH, lokacin da mahaifiyar ke karɓar ART kuma nauyin kwayar cutar ta yi ƙasa (HIV RNA ƙasa da 1000 / ml) a lokacin haihuwa, haɗarin yaduwar kwayar cutar yayin haihuwa yana da ƙarancin gaske kuma ana iya yin haihuwa ta hanyar jima'i. Ya kamata a yi aikin cesarean ko shigar da aiki ne kawai a cikin wannan yawan marasa lafiya idan sun zama dole a hanyar kiwon lafiya saboda dalilan da ba su da alaƙa da HIV.<ref name=":8"/> Idan nauyin kwayar cutar uwa yana da yawa (HIV RNA sama da 1000 / ml) ko kuma idan ba a san nauyin kwayar cuta ta HIV ba a lokacin haihuwa (fiye da makonni 34 na ciki), ya dace a tsara haihuwar kwayar cutar a makonni 38 don rage haɗarin yaduwar kwayar cutar kanjamau yayin haihuwa. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, wannan shine jagorar gudanarwa mai dacewa ba tare da la'akari da ko mahaifiyar ta ɗauki ART kafin haihuwa ba.<ref name=":8"/> Wani lokaci, mata da ke da babban nauyin kwayar cuta waɗanda ya kamata su karɓi isarwar caesarean za su gabatar da asibiti lokacin da ruwan su ya ragu ko kuma suna cikin haihuwa, kuma gudanarwa ga waɗannan marasa lafiya takamaiman ne ga kowane mai haƙuri kuma za a ƙayyade shi a lokacin gabatarwar, kamar yadda isarwar ta caesare ba za ta iya rage haɗarin yaduwar kamuwa da cuta ba.<ref name=":8"/> NIH ta ba da shawarar cewa masu ba da kiwon lafiya a Amurka su tuntubi Cibiyar Ba da Shawara ta HIV / AIDS ta Kasa a 1-888-448-8765 don ƙarin shawarwari a cikin waɗannan yanayi.<ref name=":8" /> Dukkanin matan da suka halarci asibiti a cikin haihuwa da kuma matsayin su na cutar kanjamau ba a sani ba ko kuma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kanjamaun HIV amma ba su sami maimaita gwajin uku ba ya kamata a gwada su don cutar kanjamawa ta amfani da gwajin rigakafin HIV / maganin rigakafin jiki.<ref name=":8"/> Idan saurin tantancewa yana da kyau, ya kamata a fara zidovudine na intravenous (IV) a cikin uwa nan da nan kuma ya kamata a ci gaba da gwajin tabbatarwa.<ref name=":8" /> IV Zidovudine magani ne na antiretroviral wanda ya kamata a ba mata a ko kusa da lokacin haihuwa a cikin yanayi masu zuwa: <ref name=":8"/> * Babban nauyin kwayar cuta (HIV RNA mafi girma fiye da 1000 kofe / ml) * Rashin kwayar cuta da ba a sani ba * Tsoron asibiti don rashin bin doka da tsarin ART na haihuwa * Gwajin rigakafin HIV mai saurin kamuwa da cuta a lokacin haihuwa ko kafin a shirya zubar da shi Gudanar da IV Zidovudine za a iya la'akari da shi a kan shari'a-da- shari'a ga mata waɗanda ke da matsakaicin nauyin kwayar cuta (HIV RNA mafi girma ko daidai da 50 / ''da kuma'' ƙasa da 1000 / ml) kusa da lokacin isar. IV Zidovudine ba a gudanar da shi ba ne kawai idan mata dukansu sun dace da tsarin ART da aka tsara a duk lokacin daukar ciki kuma sun ci gaba da karamin nauyin kwayar cuta kusa da lokacin haihuwa (HIV RNA kasa da 50 kofe / ml tsakanin makonni 34 zuwa 36 na ciki). Ƙarin la'akari don sarrafa mata masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau yayin haihuwa sun haɗa da shawarwari masu zuwa don rage haɗarin yaduwar kwayar cutar: <ref name=":8"/> ==== Rigakafin rigakafi ==== Dukkanin mata masu juna biyu ya kamata su karɓi [[Alluran rigakafi|Allurar rigakafi]] mura da allurar rigakawa ta TdaP, wanda ke rufe tetanus, diphtheria, da pertussis (wanda ke tari) a cikin watanni uku na farko, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin su na HIV ba. Idan mace mai ciki ta kamu da cutar kanjamau, ya kamata a ba ta allurar rigakafin pneumococcal, allurar rigakawa ta meningococcal.<ref name=":2" /> Allurar rigakafi tana da mahimmanci don hana mummunar rikitarwa da ke tattare da cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, waɗanda marasa lafiya da ke fama da kwayar cutar kanjamau suke cikin haɗarin kamuwa.<ref name=":2" /> Mata masu juna biyu bai kamata su sami allurar rigakafi ba, gami da allurar rigar cutar Human papilloma (HPV), allurar rigafin kyanda da rubella (MMR), allurar allurar rig rigakafin mura mai rai, da allurar allura ta varicella (Chicken pox) ba tare da la'akari da matsayin cutar kanjamau ba, saboda waɗannan allurar rigakanin na iya cutar da tayin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2020 |title=Vaccine Safety: Vaccines During Pregnancy FAQs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/vaccines-during-pregnancy.html#Not |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar gwaje-gwaje masu zuwa ga matan da aka gano suna da cutar kanjamau kafin ko a lokacin daukar ciki: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monitoring of the Woman and Fetus During Pregnancy {{!}} Antepartum Care {{!}} Perinatal {{!}} ClinicalInfo |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/monitoring-woman-and-fetus-during-pregnancy?view=full |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=Clinical Info HIV gov |publisher=Office of AIDS Research (OAR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |archive-date=2021-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122195040/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/monitoring-woman-and-fetus-during-pregnancy?view=full |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta === Makasudin gudanar da maganin cutar kanjamau a lokacin daukar ciki shi ne rage hadarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa ’ya’ya, da rage saurin kamuwa da cutar mata masu juna biyu, da kuma rage hadarin kamuwa da kamuwa da mace-macen mata masu juna biyu. Yana da mahimmanci a zaɓi magungunan da ke da lafiya kamar yadda zai yiwu ga uwa da tayin, kuma suna da tasiri wajen rage yawan nauyin ƙwayar cuta. Wasu magungunan antiretroviral suna ɗauke da haɗarin guba ga tayin. Duk da haka, gabaɗayan fa'idodin tsarin tsarin ART mai inganci ya fi haɗarin haɗari kuma ana ƙarfafa dukan mata su yi amfani da ART na tsawon lokacin da suke ciki.] Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ƙungiyoyin da ke tsakanin lahani na haihuwa da magungunan antiretroviral suna ruɗar da abubuwa masu mahimmanci waɗanda zasu iya ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan rikice-rikice, misali: fallasa ga masu adawa da folate, yanayin abinci mai gina jiki da folate, da kuma amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi yayin amfani da barasa. Tsarin ART da aka ba da shawarar ga mata masu juna biyu masu dauke da kwayar cutar HIV yayi kama da na yawan jama'a. A cikin Amurka, tsarin ART da aka fi so shine tsarin magani uku wanda magunguna biyu na farko sune NRTIs kuma na uku ko dai mai hana protease ne, mai hana integrase, ko NNRTI.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Transmission in the United States. |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/sites/default/files/guidelines/documents/Perinatal_GL_2020.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125144008/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/sites/default/files/guidelines/documents/Perinatal_GL_2020.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> * Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) ana ɗaukar su "ƙashin baya" na ART kuma 2 daga cikin waɗannan magunguna ana amfani da su a hade. Saboda sanannun bayanan tsaro da kuma amfani mai yawa a cikin marasa lafiya masu juna biyu, zidovudine-lamivudine shine zaɓi da aka fi so a matsayin kashin baya na NRTI. Zidovudine na iya kara tabarbarewar anemia don haka ana ba da shawarar marasa lafiya su yi amfani da madadin wakili. Ga matan da suka kamu da cutar hepatitis B, tenofovir tare da ko dai emtricitabine ko lamivudine shine mafi kyawun kashin baya na NRTI.[1] Amfani da NRTI na iya haifar da rikice-rikice mai haɗari da ake kira lactic acidosis a wasu mata, don haka yana da mahimmanci a saka idanu kan marasa lafiya don wannan matsala. Mutuwa daga lactic acidosis da gazawar hanta an danganta su da takamaiman NRTIs guda biyu, stavudine da didanosine. Sabili da haka, ya kamata a guje wa haɗuwa da waɗannan magunguna a cikin ciki.[2] ==== Maganin rigakafi (PrEP) ==== [[Fayil:Gilead_Truvada_for_HIV_PrEP_-_Blue_Pills_(48610083847).jpg|thumb]] Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) ya kamata a ba da shi a cikin nau'i na tenofovir disoproxil fumarate / emtricitabine (TDF / FTC) ga marasa lafiya da ke cikin hadarin samun kwayar cutar HIV kuma suna ƙoƙarin yin ciki, masu ciki, waɗanda suke bayan haihuwa / shayarwa. Mutanen da ake ganin suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau su ne waɗanda ke shiga cikin rashin kwaroron roba tare da abokin tarayya mai ɗauke da cutar HIV, marasa lafiya waɗanda aka gano suna ɗauke da cutar ta jima'i (STI) kwanan nan, da marasa lafiya waɗanda ke yin amfani da maganin allura. PrEP musamman zaɓi ne idan abokin tarayya mai cutar HIV ya dogara da ART kuma yana da nauyin hoto mai hoto wanda ba a iya gano shi ba. PrEP na iya rage haɗarin samun uwa da tayin HIV. Ya kamata a shawarci majinyatan da ke shan PrEP akan mahimmancin bin tsauraran magunguna da kuma gwada cutar kanjamau kowane wata uku kuma su san alamun kamuwa da cutar HIV mai tsanani idan an sami kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar hoto..<ref name=":21"/> === Kulawa bayan haihuwa === ==== Kula da jarirai da Biyewa ==== Dukkanin jarirai da aka fallasa su da cutar kanjamau ''a cikin mahaifa'' ya kamata su karɓi magungunan antiretroviral bayan haihuwa a cikin sa'o'i 6 na haihuwa, kuma ya kamata allurar su ta dogara da shekarun jaririn. Ya kamata jarirai da aka haifa da wuri su karɓi zidovudine, lamivudine, da / ko nevirapine bisa ga gwajin guba.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Antiretroviral Management of Newborns with Perinatal HIV Exposure or HIV Infection {{!}} Pediatric ARV {{!}} ClinicalInfo |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/pediatric-arv/antiretroviral-management-newborns-perinatal-hiv-exposure-or-hiv-infection |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127081445/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/pediatric-arv/antiretroviral-management-newborns-perinatal-hiv-exposure-or-hiv-infection |archive-date=2021-01-27 |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Clinical Info HIV gov |publisher=Office of AIDS Research (OAR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |language=en}}</ref> Jarirai da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau a cikin mahaifa da kuma waɗanda uwayensu ke kan ART kafin da lokacin daukar ciki kuma an sami nasarar hana kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar haihuwa yakamata a yi amfani da zidovudine na tsawon makonni 4 don ci gaba da hana kamuwa da cutar HIV bayan haihuwa. Idan mace mai ciki ta gabatar da nakuda tare da matsayin kwayar cutar HIV da ba a sani ba da ingantaccen sakamakon gwajin HIV ko kuma jariri yana da babban haɗari na watsa kwayar cutar HIV a cikin mahaifa (alal misali, mahaifiyar ba ta shan magungunan antiretroviral a lokacin daukar ciki ko a lokacin daukar ciki, mahaifiyar ba ta sami maganin kwayar cutar ba, ko mahaifiyar ta sami mummunar kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV a lokacin daukar ciki ko yayin shayarwa), jariri ya kamata a fara maganin rigakafi har sai lokacin da aka yi ciki ko lokacin shayarwa. akwai sakamakon gwajin jarirai. Idan jaririn yana da shaidar kamuwa da cutar HIV bayan haihuwa, ya kamata a fara su akan ART 3-maganin magani a allurai na jiyya waɗanda za a ci gaba har abada..<ref name=":18"/> Sauran gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci ga jarirai sun haɗa da cikakken adadin jini a lokacin haihuwa don ƙayyade tushen lambobi na jinin jariri. Sa'an nan kuma a bi jariri tare da kulawar dakin gwaje-gwaje da ya dace dangane da shekarun haihuwa da yanayin asibiti, da kuma tsarin magungunan tayi da na mahaifa. Muhimman abubuwan da ake lura da su na hematologic sun haɗa da anemia da neutropenia. Idan ɗayan waɗannan matsalolin sun faru, jaririn na iya buƙatar dakatar da tsarin ART a ƙarƙashin kulawar likita. Yaran da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau a cikin mahaifa ya kamata kuma a ba su magungunan rigakafin cutar pneumocystis jirovecii ciwon huhu tsakanin makonni 4-6 da haihuwa bayan kammala aikinsu na makonni 4 na maganin rigakafin cutar HIV, saboda wannan cuta ce mai haɗari ga rayuwa.. <ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Initial Postnatal Management of the Neonate Exposed to HIV {{!}} Management of Infants Born to Women with HIV Infection {{!}} Perinatal {{!}} ClinicalInfo |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/initial-postnatal-management-neonate-exposed-hiv?view=full |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Clinical Info HIV gov |publisher=Office of AIDS Research (OAR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |archive-date=2021-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122194447/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/initial-postnatal-management-neonate-exposed-hiv?view=full |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kodayake haɗarin yana da ƙarancin gaske, ana iya yaduwar kwayar cutar kanjamau ga jariri ta hanyar abincin da mahaifiyar ko mai kula da cutar kanjamaun kwayar cutar ta ta cinye a baya. Don zama lafiya, bai kamata a ciyar da jarirai da aka riga aka cinye ba.<ref name=":19"/> ==== Yin shayarwa ==== Duk da yake bin iyaye mata da ART yana rage damar yaduwar kwayar cutar kanjamau ga jariri, har yanzu akwai haɗarin yaduwar cutar ta hanyar madara. Bugu da ƙari, akwai damuwa cewa magungunan antiretroviral na uwa na iya shiga cikin madara kuma ya haifar da matsalolin guba a cikin jariri ko juriya ta gaba. Saboda wadannan dalilai, NIH, CDC, da AAP kowannensu yana hanawa [[shayarwa]] tsakanin mata masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau a Amurka da sauran kasashe masu tasowa saboda akwai hanyoyin ciyarwa masu aminci, masu araha da ruwan sha mai tsabta.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Follow-Up of Women with HIV {{!}} Perinatal {{!}} ClinicalInfo |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/postpartum-follow-women-living-hiv-infection?view=full |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Clinical Info HIV gov |publisher=Office of AIDS Research (OAR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |archive-date=2021-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122182313/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/postpartum-follow-women-living-hiv-infection?view=full |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee on Pediatric AIDS |date=February 2013 |title=Infant feeding and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in the United States |journal=Pediatrics |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=391–6 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-3543 |pmid=23359577 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2020 |title=Breastfeeding: HIV |url=https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/maternal-or-infant-illnesses/hiv.html |access-date=January 28, 2021 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> A zahiri, ACOG ta lissafa kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau ta uwa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan kalilan da ke hana shayarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Optimizing Support for Breastfeeding as Part of Obstetric Practice |url=https://www.acog.org/en/Clinical/Clinical%20Guidance/Committee%20Opinion/Articles/2018/10/Optimizing%20Support%20for%20Breastfeeding%20as%20Part%20of%20Obstetric%20Practice |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}</ref> Duk da wadannan shawarwari, wasu mata a kasashen da suka ci gaba sun zabi shayar da jarirai.  A wannan yanayin, yana da mahimmanci iyaye mata su bi tsarin tsarin ART kuma an shawarce su cewa ana ba wa jarirai magungunan rigakafi don rigakafin yiwuwar kamuwa da kwayar cutar hoto na akalla makonni 6.  Musamman ma, lokacin da iyaye mata ba su bi ka'idodin ART ba, akwai haɗarin 15-20% na jarirai na HIV daga shayarwa fiye da shekaru 2.  Yakamata a rika gwada jarirai da uwaye a kai a kai a duk tsawon lokacin shayarwa don tabbatar da kashe kwayar cutar da ta dace da rashin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau.  Ya kamata a yi sa ido kan uwaye tare da tantance nauyin kwayar cutar kanjamau, kuma a yi gwajin jarirai tare da gwajin kwayar cutar HIV..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Counseling and Managing Women Living with HIV in the United States Who Desire to Breastfeed {{!}} Perinatal {{!}} ClinicalInfo |url=https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/counseling-and-managing-women-living-hiv-united-states-who-desire-breastfeed?view=full |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=Clinical Info HIV gov |publisher=Office of AIDS Research (OAR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |archive-date=2021-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202030603/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/counseling-and-managing-women-living-hiv-united-states-who-desire-breastfeed?view=full |url-status=dead }}</ref> WHO ta ce a cikin kasashe masu tasowa, yanke shawara game da ko uwaye sun shayar da jariransu dole ne su yi la'akari da haɗarin hana kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau a cikin jariri game da karuwar haɗarin mutuwa daga [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], zawo, da kuma mummunar kamuwa da cutar da ba ta da HIV idan ba a shayar da Jariri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Health Organization. Breastfeeding and HIV. |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/279781/WHO-NMH-NHD-18.14-eng.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, ruwa mai tsabta da tsari ba su da sauƙin samuwa, saboda haka, sau da yawa ana ƙarfafa shayarwa don samar da yara da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki saboda amfanin abinci mai gina ciki ya wuce haɗarin yaduwar kwayar cutar kanjamau. Shawarwarin Kwayar cutar kanjamau da jarirai na WHO na 2010 sun yi niyyar kara yawan rayuwar HIV da rage haɗarin da ba na HIV ba a cikin jarirai da uwaye, kuma sun haɗa da waɗannan: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Organization |first=World Health |date=2012 |title=HIV and Infant Feeding 2010: An Updated Framework for Priority Action |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/75152/FWC_MCA_12.1_eng.pdf |access-date=January 28, 2021 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> * Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kasa a kowace ƙasa ya kamata su ba da shawarar ɗaya, takamaiman, aikin ciyar da jarirai na duniya ga uwaye da ke fama da cutar kanjamau, saboda uwaye za su buƙaci shawarwari yayin ciyar da jariransu kuma wannan ya fi ingantawa lokacin da hukumomin ƙasa suka haɗa kai a cikin jagorancin da suke gudanarwa. Zaɓuɓɓukan don ciyarwa sun haɗa da shayarwa yayin karɓar magungunan antiretroviral ko guje wa duk shayarwa. * Lokacin da hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kasa suka zaɓi aikin ciyarwa da suke da niyyar ingantawa da kuma tantance yadda za a aiwatar da shi, ya kamata suyi la'akari da yaduwar cutar kanjamau, yawan mutuwar jarirai da yara saboda abubuwan da ba na HIV ba, ciyar da jarirai da kananan yara na yanzu, matsayin abinci mai gina jiki na yara, ingancin ruwa, albarkatun tsabta, da ingancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya. * matan da suka shayar da nono yayin karbar ART ya kamata su shayar da jariransu na tsawon watanni 6 sannan su ci gaba da shayar da su har sai jariri ya kai watanni 12. An ba su shawara su daina shayarwa a watanni 6, duk da haka, an canza wannan shawarar don inganta sakamakon abinci mai gina jiki na dogon lokaci. * Ya kamata a guje wa ciyar da jariri da madara don rage haɗarin yaduwar kwayar cutar kanjamau da guje wa zawo da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. * "An tabbatar da ruwa mai aminci da tsabta a matakin gida da kuma cikin al'umma; da kuma * uwa ko wani mai kula na iya samar da isasshen madara na jariri don tallafawa ci gaban jariri na yau da kullun; da * uwa ko mai kula na iya shirya shi da tsabta kuma akai-akai don ya kasance lafiya kuma yana da ƙananan haɗarin zawo da rashin abinci mai gina jiki; da * uwa ko mai kula na iya ba jariri madara a cikin watanni shida na farko; kuma * Iyalin suna goyon bayan wannan aikin; kuma * uwa ko mai kula na iya samun damar kula da lafiya wanda ke ba da cikakkun sabis na kiwon lafiya na yara. " == Tasirin Jama'a == === Nuna bambanci === An yi amfani da kwayar halitta a cikin ƙoƙari na iyakance yaduwar uwa zuwa yaro a Afirka, Asiya, da Latin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 2012 |title=Positive and pregnant — how dare you: a study on access to reproductive and maternal health care for women living with HIV in Asia: by Women of the Asia Pacific Network of People Living with HIV, March 2012 |journal=Reproductive Health Matters |volume=20 |issue=sup39 |pages=110–8 |doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(12)39646-8 |issn=0968-8080 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roseman MJ, Ahmed A, Gatsi-Mallet J |date=2012 |title='At the Hospital There are No Human Rights': Reproductive and Sexual Rights Violations of Women Living with HIV in Namibia |url=http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2220800 |journal=SSRN Working Paper Series |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2220800 |issn=1556-5068 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kendall T, Albert C |date=January 2015 |title=Experiences of coercion to sterilize and forced sterilization among women living with HIV in Latin America |journal=Journal of the International AIDS Society |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=19462 |doi=10.7448/IAS.18.1.19462 |pmc=4374084 |pmid=25808633}}</ref> Ana tilasta mata su yi wa haihuwa ba tare da sanin su ba ko yardarsu, kuma ana amfani da bayanan da ba daidai ba don tilasta musu su yarda da hanyar. An tilasta wa mata masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau a duniya a matsayin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2019 |title=Forced sterilisation as a human rights violation: recent developments |url=https://ijrcenter.org/2019/03/21/forced-sterilization-as-a-human-rights-violation-recent-developments/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=ijrcenter.org |archive-date=2019-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119195400/https://ijrcenter.org/2019/03/21/forced-sterilization-as-a-human-rights-violation-recent-developments/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tallafin shari'a game da wannan aikin ya faru a wasu ƙasashe. A Namibia, mata uku masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau ne suka kawo karar a kan gwamnati wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa an tilasta musu yayin aiki don sanya hannu kan takardun izini wanda ya ba asibitin izinin yin kwayar cuta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2014 |title=Government of the Republic of Namibia v LM and Others (SA 49/2012) [2014] NASC 19 (03 November 2014); {{!}} Namibia Legal Information Institute |url=https://namiblii.org/na/judgment/supreme-court/2014/19 |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=namiblii.org}}</ref> Shari'ar LM & Others v Gwamnatin Namibia ita ce ta farko a irin ta a yankin Saharar Afirka don magance tilasta wa mata masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa an yi wa wadannan mata kaciya ba tare da yardarsu ba amma sun kasa gano cewa wannan ya faru ne saboda matsayinsu na cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-30 |title=Namibia Women Coerced into Being Sterilised |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/judge-rules-namibia-women-coerced-being-sterilised-368349 |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=International Business Times UK}}</ref> Wani shari'ar 2010 a Chile sun kuma nemi alhakin gwamnati don keta haƙƙin jima'i da haihuwa na mata da ke fama da cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010 |title=Harvard Human Rights Law Journal — Litigating against the Forced Sterilization of HIV-Positive Women: Recent Developments in Chile and Namibia. 2010. |url=https://harvardhrj.com/2010/10/litigating-against-the-forced-sterilization-of-hiv-positive-women-recent-developments-in-chile-and-namibia/ |url-status=dead |journal=Harvard Human Rights Journal |location=Namibia |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_HRD-9944-0037 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206173957/https://harvardhrj.com/2010/10/litigating-against-the-forced-sterilization-of-hiv-positive-women-recent-developments-in-chile-and-namibia/ |archive-date=2022-02-06 |access-date=2019-12-02 |via=BRILL}}</ref> === Stigma === Za'a iya bayyana alamar cutar kanjamau a matsayin rage darajar, rashin kulawa, da iyakance damar saboda matsayin cutar kanjamaun daji ko haɗin kai da cutar kanjamawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stackpool-Moore |first=Lucy |last2=Logie |first2=Carmen H. |last3=Cloete |first3=Allanise |last4=Reygan |first4=Finn |date=July 2022 |title=What will it take to get to the heart of stigma in the context of HIV? |journal=Journal of the International AIDS Society |language=en |volume=25 |issue=S1 |pages=e25934 |doi=10.1002/jia2.25934 |issn=1758-2652 |pmc=9274335 |pmid=35818934}}</ref> Mutane da yawa da ke fama da cutar kanjamau suna fuskantar kunya; duk da haka, wannan kunya na iya ƙaruwa idan wannan mutumin yana da ciki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ion |first=Allyson |last2=Wagner |first2=Anne C. |last3=Greene |first3=Saara |last4=Loutfy |first4=Mona R. |last5=for the HIV Mothering Study Team |date=February 2017 |title=HIV-related stigma in pregnancy and early postpartum of mothers living with HIV in Ontario, Canada |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540121.2016.1211608 |journal=AIDS Care |language=en |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=137–144 |doi=10.1080/09540121.2016.1211608 |issn=0954-0121 |pmid=27449254 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sauran asalin da ke haɗuwa na iya ƙara matakin zargi da wasu asalin ke fuskanta, wannan ya haɗa da mata baƙi da waɗanda ke cikin LGBTQ + Community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher |first=Faith |last2=Ingram |first2=Lucy Annang |last3=Kerr |first3=Jelani |last4=Buchberg |first4=Meredith |last5=Bogdan-Lovis |first5=Libby |last6=Philpott-Jones |first6=Sean |date=July 2016 |title="She Told Them, Oh That Bitch Got AIDS": Experiences of Multilevel HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma Among African American Women Living with HIV/AIDS in the South |journal=AIDS Patient Care and STDs |language=en |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=349–356 |doi=10.1089/apc.2016.0026 |issn=1087-2914 |pmc=4948216 |pmid=27410498}}</ref> Stigma na iya ɗaukar siffofi da yawa, ko ta hanyar hulɗar zamantakewa, shingen tsarin, ko halayen ciki. Nau'o'i daban-daban na zargi na iya hulɗa da tasiri ga juna a rayuwar mutum. An danganta zargi na cutar kanjamau da yawan baƙin ciki, damuwa, da warewar jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> Wani sakamako na zargi shine ƙananan ci gaba ko fara magani, wanda zai iya tasiri ba kawai ga lafiyar mai ciki ba har ma da lafiyar tayin.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Turan |first=Janet M. |last2=Nyblade |first2=Laura |date=September 2013 |title=HIV-related Stigma as a Barrier to Achievement of Global PMTCT and Maternal Health Goals: A Review of the Evidence |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-013-0446-8 |journal=AIDS and Behavior |language=en |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=2528–2539 |doi=10.1007/s10461-013-0446-8 |issn=1090-7165 |pmid=23474643 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== An kafa Stigma ==== ==== Rashin amincewa da aka yi tsammani ==== Za'a iya bayyana zargi da ake tsammani a matsayin tsammanin cewa mutum zai fuskanci zargi daga wasu a nan gaba saboda yanayin cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Chengbo |last2=Li |first2=Xiaoming |author-link2=Xiaoming Li |last3=Qiao |first3=Shan |last4=Yang |first4=Xueying |last5=Shen |first5=Zhiyong |last6=Zhou |first6=Yuejiao |date=2020-08-02 |title=Anticipated stigma and medication adherence among people living with HIV: the mechanistic roles of medication support and ART self-efficacy |journal=AIDS Care |language=en |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=1014–1022 |doi=10.1080/09540121.2020.1728213 |issn=0954-0121 |pmc=7368809 |pmid=32336130}}</ref> Tsoron da aka saba da shi game da mutanen da ke da juna biyu da ke fama da cutar kanjamau shine asarar haɗin zamantakewa, ko warewa ne daga iyali, wasu masu mahimmanci suna barin su, ko asarar abokai.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Turan |first=Janet M. |last2=Bukusi |first2=Elizabeth A. |last3=Onono |first3=Maricianah |last4=Holzemer |first4=William L. |last5=Miller |first5=Suellen |last6=Cohen |first6=Craig R. |date=August 2011 |title=HIV/AIDS Stigma and Refusal of HIV Testing Among Pregnant Women in Rural Kenya: Results from the MAMAS Study |journal=AIDS and Behavior |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1111–1120 |doi=10.1007/s10461-010-9798-5 |issn=1090-7165 |pmc=3127002 |pmid=20827573}}</ref> Wadannan tsoro na iya haifar da kin bayyana matsayinsu na cutar kanjamau. Wannan nau'in zargi na iya tasiri ga waɗanda ba a san su ba. Misali, mutanen da ke cikin ciki waɗanda ke tsammanin zargi bisa ga yanayin cutar kanjamau na iya ƙin gwajin cutar kanjamaun daji saboda tasirin da sakamakon zai iya yi a rayuwarsu idan sun sami cutar kanjamawa.<ref name=":42" /> Wannan nau'in zargi na iya yin tasiri sosai ga ciki saboda yana iya haifar da wasu kada su nemi kulawar likita, kamar guje wa wuraren kiwon lafiya yayin haihuwa saboda tsoron fuskantar zargi.<ref name=":12"/> ==== Stigma na ciki ==== Internalised ko self-stigma ya samo asali ne daga cikialisation na mummunar imani da halaye game da tabbataccen matsayin HIV.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Marianne E. |last2=Parsons |first2=Janet A. |last3=Read |first3=Stanley E. |last4=Nixon |first4=Stephanie A. |date=2019-01-16 |title=The conceptualization of stigma within a rehabilitation framework using HIV as an example |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09638288.2017.1385099 |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=235–243 |doi=10.1080/09638288.2017.1385099 |issn=0963-8288 |pmid=28978242 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kamar abin kunya da ake tsammani, abin kunya da aka yi a ciki sau da yawa ya fito ne daga abubuwan da suka gabata ko sanin abin kunya da mutum zai iya shiga ciki kuma ya yi imani da kansa gaskiya ne. Wannan shiga ciki na iya haifar da rashin son raba ko dai matsayin su na HIV ko wasu bayanai game da matsayinsu. Wannan jinkirin na iya zama saboda dalilai da yawa ciki har da ikon ƙin matsayinsu da kansu, amma kuma ba sa son jin kamar dai suna da nauyi ga wasu.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Weglarz |first=Anya |last2=Hanson |first2=Olivia |date=2024-07-30 |title=Internalized HIV Stigma Among Women Giving Birth in Tanzania: A Mixed-Methods Study |url=https://uen.pressbooks.pub/range25i1/chapter/weglarz/ |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya kara iyakance tsarin tallafin zamantakewar su. Mutanen da ke cikin ciki da ke fama da cutar kanjamau waɗanda ke fuskantar ƙyama a ciki suma suna da ƙarancin bin magani, wannan na iya zama saboda ƙin yarda game da matsayinsu ko kunya da suke ji game da matsayinsa yana hana su fara ko ci gaba da magani.<ref name=":52" /> === Bayani game da kiwon lafiya === Mata masu juna biyu da ke fama da cutar kanjamau har yanzu suna karɓar Allurar rigakafin mura mai saurin aiki da allurar riguna ta tetanus, diphtheria, da pertussis (Tdap) yayin daukar ciki.<ref name="MadhiCutland2014">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Madhi SA, Cutland CL, Kuwanda L, Weinberg A, Hugo A, Jones S, Adrian PV, van Niekerk N, Treurnicht F, Ortiz JR, Venter M, Violari A, Neuzil KM, Simões EA, Klugman KP, Nunes MC |date=September 2014 |title=Influenza vaccination of pregnant women and protection of their infants |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=10 |pages=918–31 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1401480 |pmid=25184864 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Yawancin marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da cutar kanjamau suna da wasu cututtukan kiwon lafiya da aka sani da cututtukani. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, tarin fuka da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi wasu daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi dacewa da cutar HIV. Mata da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau ya kamata a gwada su don waɗannan yanayi don a iya kula da su yadda ya kamata ko sarrafa su yayin daukar ciki. Cutar na iya haifar da mummunar mummunar tasiri ga uwa da yaro yayin daukar ciki, don haka yana da matukar muhimmanci a gano su da wuri yayin daukar ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Solomon SS, Hawcroft CS, Narasimhan P, Subbaraman R, Srikrishnan AK, Cecelia AJ, Suresh Kumar M, Solomon S, Gallant JE, Celentano DD |date=May 2008 |title=Comorbidities among HIV-infected injection drug users in Chennai, India |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=127 |issue=5 |pages=447–52 |pmc=5638642 |pmid=18653907}}</ref> === Bambancin kiwon lafiya === Akwai bambance-bambance da aka rubuta game da wanda cutar HIV / AIDS ta shafa yayin daukar ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |date=February 2006 |title=Racial/ethnic disparities in diagnoses of HIV/AIDS—33 states, 2001–2004 |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=121–5 |pmid=16467777}}<br /><br />{{Cite journal |date=2006-04-05 |title=Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Diagnoses of HIV/AIDS—33 States, 2001–2004 |journal=JAMA |volume=295 |issue=13 |pages=1508 |doi=10.1001/jama.295.13.1508 |issn=0098-7484 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Salihu HM, Stanley KM, Mbah AK, August EM, Alio AP, Marty PJ |date=November 2010 |title=Disparities in rates and trends of HIV/AIDS during pregnancy across the decade, 1998-2007 |journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=391–6 |doi=10.1097/qai.0b013e3181f0cccf |pmid=20729744 |s2cid=34024641 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misali, binciken haihuwar [[Florida]] daga 1998 zuwa 2007 ya nuna iyayen da aka gano a matsayin Hispanic ko Black a cikin bayanan kiwon lafiya sun fi samun kwayar cutar kanjamau a lokacin daukar ciki.<ref name=":5" /> Kodayake ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike, talauci babban rashin daidaito ne na tsarin da zai iya haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambance a cikin ƙimar cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krawczyk CS, Funkhouser E, Kilby JM, Vermund SH |date=2009 |title=Delayed access to HIV diagnosis and care: Special concerns for the Southern United States |journal=AIDS Care |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S35-44 |doi=10.1080/09540120600839280 |pmc=2763374 |pmid=16938673}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Enriquez M, Farnan R, Simpson K, Grantello S, Miles MS |date=2007 |title=Pregnancy, Poverty, and HIV |journal=The Journal for Nurse Practitioners |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=687–693 |doi=10.1016/j.nurpra.2007.08.015 |issn=1555-4155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krueger LE, Wood RW, Diehr PH, Maxwell CL |date=August 1990 |title=Poverty and HIV seropositivity: the poor are more likely to be infected |journal=AIDS |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=811–4 |doi=10.1097/00002030-199008000-00015 |pmid=2261136}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, akwai manyan bambance-bambance a cikin samun damar maganin antiretroviral, magunguna masu mahimmanci don hana yaduwar cutar kanjamau daga iyaye zuwa yaro.<ref name="Zhang_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang S, Senteio C, Felizzola J, Rust G |date=December 2013 |title=Racial/ethnic disparities in antiretroviral treatment among HIV-infected pregnant Medicaid enrollees, 2005-2007 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=103 |issue=12 |pages=e46-53 |doi=10.2105/ajph.2013.301328 |pmc=3828964 |pmid=24134365}}</ref> Rashin karɓar maganin antiretroviral yana da alaƙa da ƙuntataccen cancantar Medicaid.<ref name="Zhang_2013" /> Wannan bayanan ya nuna cewa ingantaccen inshora don ganowa, tantancewa, da kuma kula da masu juna biyu tare da cutar kanjamau zai taimaka wajen kara samun damar samun magunguna masu mahimmanci da rage yaduwar cutar kanjamawa daga iyaye zuwa yaro.<ref name="Zhang_2013" /> == Ƙungiyoyin tallafi == Bateganya et al. sun yi nazarin tasirin kungiyoyin tallafi ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau kuma sun gano cewa 18/20 (90%) na takardun da aka sake dubawa sun nuna kungiyoyin tallafin suna da sakamako mai kyau.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bateganya MH, Amanyeiwe U, Roxo U, Dong M |date=April 2015 |title=Impact of support groups for people living with HIV on clinical outcomes: a systematic review of the literature |journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes |volume=68 |issue=Supplement 3 |pages=S368-74 |doi=10.1097/qai.0000000000000519 |pmc=4709521 |pmid=25768876}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa kungiyoyin tallafi suna rage cututtuka (suna da cuta ko alamun cuta), rage mutuwa (mai yiwuwa na mutuwa), kara ingancin rayuwa, da kara amfani da kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":24" /> Har ila yau, akwai bincike da ke nuna cewa kungiyoyin tallafi, a cikin gajeren lokaci, suna da tasiri mai kyau ga mata masu juna biyu da ke fama da cutar kanjamau.<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mundell JP, Visser MJ, Makin JD, Kershaw TS, Forsyth BW, Jeffery B, Sikkema KJ |date=August 2011 |title=The impact of structured support groups for pregnant South African women recently diagnosed HIV positive |journal=Women & Health |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=546–65 |doi=10.1080/03630242.2011.606356 |pmc=4017076 |pmid=21973110}}</ref> Mundell et al. sun nuna cewa mata masu juna biyu da suka yi rajista a cikin ƙungiyar tallafi suna da 1) inganta girman kai, 2) damar da za ta fi dacewa da maganin su, da kuma 3) suna iya bin ayyukan kiwon lafiya da raba binciken cutar kanjamau tare da wasu fiye da waɗanda ba su yi rajista cikin ƙungiyar tallafin ba.<ref name=":25" /> Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa mata masu juna biyu da ke fama da cutar kanjamau na iya amfana daga kungiyoyin tallafin tsara. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dzdfirukj05dgpve7dx6hm5scc4zlm0 0 113614 827296 781489 2026-04-27T21:07:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Pollution_in_South-Korea.jpg|thumb|Ana iya ganin gurɓataccen yanayi a Koriya ta Kudu a wasu dare]] '''[[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] a Koriya ta Kudu''' yana ƙara barazana ga mutane da muhalli. Rashin gurɓata iska ya fito ne daga tushe da yawa, na cikin gida da na duniya. Hanyoyi da yawa na gurɓata sun karu a Koriya ta Kudu tun lokacin da ta zama Masana'antu da sauri, musamman a Seoul da sauran biranen. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin samaniya ta Amurka (NASA), Seoul tana ɗaya daga cikin biranen duniya da ke da mafi munin gurɓataccen iska. Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2013, matsakaicin PM10 na birnin ya fi girma fiye da yawancin manyan biranen duniya kamar: Los Angeles, Tokyo, Paris, da London. Wannan ya haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da muhalli. Koriya suna sayen abin rufe fuska da masu tsabtace iska don numfasawa iska mai tsabta, kuma suna aiki don rage hayaki na ƙasar. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Koriya ta Kudu tana da mafi munin ingancin iska daga cikin kasashe ³ mafi arziki a duniya waɗanda ke cikin OECD. Dangane da Rahoton Ingancin Air na Duniya na AirVisual na shekarar 2019, matsakaicin ƙurar Koriya ta Kudu na shekara-shekara a cikin 2018 ya kasance 24.9μg / m3, wanda shine mafi muni tsakanin ƙasashen membobin OECD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Moon Joon |date=2019 |title=The Effects of Transboundary Air Pollution From China on Ambient Air Quality in South Korea |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3361486 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3361486 |issn=1556-5068 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Gurɓata a Koriya ta Kudu ya karu bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]].<ref name=":1" /> A cikin 1960, Koriya ƙasa ce mai tasowa tare da ƙaramin masana'antu kuma tana dogara sosai da taimakon ƙasashen waje. Al'ummar Koriya ta Kudu sun fara babban canji daga tattalin aikin gona zuwa tattalin arzikin masana'antu, wanda kawai ya hanzarta ta hanyar Yaƙin Koriya. Bayan yakin, Amurka ta ba da taimako mai mahimmanci ga Koriya ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hukumar sake ginawa ta Koriya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNKRA). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=2009 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950 - 1960 |url=https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K.-Armstrong/3460/article.html}}</ref> Da zarar sabuwar ƙasa ce ta masana'antu, tattalin arzikin Koriya ta Kudu ya karu da kashi 10% a kowace shekara ta cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990. A yau, Koriya ta Kudu ita ce masana'antu da fitar da wutar lantarki, tun daga shekarar 2015 ita ce ta 11 mafi girma a duniya, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2015 |title=South Korea: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology |url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=552 |access-date=19 May 2019 |website=AZoCleantech.com}}</ref> amma wannan ya haifar da samar da wutar lantarki da ke amfani da kwal da kuma hayakin mota. <ref name=":2" /> Daga 2014 zuwa 2016 an yanke dala miliyan 1,139 a masana'antar kula da gurɓata iska ta Koriya ta Kudu. Koyaya, tun daga wannan lokacin, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya ta tsara gurɓataccen iska 11 da wasu abubuwa 32 na iska waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin masu haɗari. Koriya kuma tana shirin rufe 10 daga cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki na 61 da ke aiki nan da shekara ta 2025.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jinjoo |date=5 December 2023 |title=South Korea- Commercial Guide |url=https://www.trade.gov/knowledge-product/korea-air-pollution-control}}</ref> Tare da wannan saurin ci gaba Koriya ta Kudu kanta ta zama babbar hanyar gurɓata iska a cikin ƙasar, gami da daga motocin diesel, kayan aikin gini, dumama da sanyaya iska, da tashoshin wutar lantarki.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Environment |date=December 2016 |title=Air Quality Measures South Korea |url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Session%201.1.%20Youngsook%20Yoo_ROK.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Environment}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == === China === Nazarin da yawa ya nuna cewa mafi yawan gurɓataccen Koriya ta Kudu ya fito ne daga [[Sin|China]] saboda yaduwar ƙura mai kyau da masana'antun kasar Sin da tashoshin wutar lantarki suka samar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Wooyoung |date=27 November 2018 |title=South Korea smothered in Chinese air pollution |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/11/27/South-Korea-smothered-in-Chinese-air-pollution/3891543308613/}}</ref> Kasar Sin tana haifar da kashi 30 zuwa 50 cikin 100 na PM<nowiki><sub id="mwag">2.5</sub></nowiki> a Koriya ta Kudu a kwanakin matsakaicin ingancin iska, amma kashi 60 zuwa 80 cikin 100 a kwanakin da ke da mafi munin ingancin iska.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the main causes of air pollution in South Korea? |url=https://www.iqair.com/us/south-korea |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303042126/https://www.iqair.com/us/south-korea |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana zargi kasar Sin musamman lokacin da iska mai saurin iska a cikin watanni masu sanyi ke haifar da yanayin [[smog]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Wooyoung |date=27 November 2018 |title=South Korea smothered in Chinese air pollution |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/11/27/South-Korea-smothered-in-Chinese-air-pollution/3891543308613/}}</ref> Koyaya, masana da yawa sun ce dogaro mai yawa na Koriya akan [[Coal a kasar Sin|tashoshin wutar lantarki]] da man fetur ma babban bangare ne na matsalar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=Donald |title=Chinese Yellow Dust Or Korean Factory Fumes? NASA Teams Cruise For Clues |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/donaldkirk/2016/05/13/yellow-dust-from-china-or-korean-industry-nasa-scientists-sample-skies-for-sources-of-pollution/ |access-date=19 May 2019 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Kyakkyawan ƙura daga China tare da gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida suna ba da gudummawa ga karuwar gurɓata iska a cikin iska ta Koriya.<ref name="washingtonpost.com2">{{Cite web |last=Fifield |first=Anna |title=Smog becomes a political issue in South Korean election |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/smog-becomes-a-political-issue-in-south-korean-election/2017/04/27/afd55dba-1a2d-11e7-8598-9a99da559f9e_story.html |access-date=17 April 2017 |website=Washingtonpost}}</ref> Ayyukan tattalin arziki na kasar Sin sun ba su damar ƙone matsakaicin tan biliyan 4 na kwal a kowace shekara, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa har zuwa kashi 50% na ƙwayoyin PM_2.5 na Koriya. Wannan ya fi muni tare da jinkirin iska a cikin watanni masu sanyi, [[National Institute of Environmental Research|Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Kasa]] ta ce a cikin wani rahoto a cikin 2016. <ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Environment |date=December 2016 |title=Air Quality Measures South Korea |url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Session%201.1.%20Youngsook%20Yoo_ROK.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Environment}}</ref> A cikin watanni masu sanyi, jita-jita da korafe-korafe game da kasar Sin suna girma. Mutane da yawa a Koriya ta Kudu suna fama da matsalar hankali kuma suna cikin haɗarin matsalolin numfashi saboda ƙurar da ke hurawa cikin Koriya ta Koriya ta Tsakiya daga hamadar yammacin China. Jirgin jigilar abubuwa masu cutarwa daga kudu maso yammacin kasar Sin, musamman [[Shanghai]] an gano shi ne mai laifi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Moon Joon |date=1 December 2019 |title=The effects of transboundary air pollution from China on ambient air quality in South Korea |url= |journal=Heliyon |language=en |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=e02953 |bibcode=2019Heliy...502953K |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02953 |issn=2405-8440 |pmc=6926254 |pmid=31890944 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana sa ran wannan kididdigar za ta kara muni tare da hasashen karuwar yawan tashoshin wutar lantarki na kasar Sin da ke amfani da kwal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Central: A Science & News Organization |url=https://www.climatecentral.org/ |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=www.climatecentral.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == k9rs3axfluhmbipg9curt2890tp6ilv 0 113694 827263 742548 2026-04-27T18:04:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827263 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Мельконьянц Григорий Аркадьевич (вырезано из 10 тезисов о цифровых выборах).jpg|thumb|Grigory Melkonyants(mai fafutukan haggin Dan Adam)]]   '''Grigory Arkadyevich Melkonyants''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 1981, Astrakhan, USSR) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ne na Rasha, lauya, kuma mutum ne na jama'a. Shi ne co-shugaban ƙungiyar kare hakkin masu jefa kuri'a "Golos". Shi memba ne na Majalisar Masana Kimiyya a karkashin Hukumar Zabe ta Tsakiya ta Rasha, Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Rasha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Состав Научно-экспертного совета при Центральной избирательной комиссии Российской Федерации |url=http://www.cikrf.ru/activity/expert/sostav-sovet/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501113522/http://www.cikrf.ru/activity/expert/sostav-sovet/ |archive-date=2019-05-01 |access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref> da Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Taron Jama'a na Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Правозащитный совет России {{!}} Московская Хельсинкская группа |url=http://mhg-main.org/pravozashchitnyy-sovet-rossii |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Оргкомитет |url=https://civil-forum.ru/about/orgkomitet/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220155530/https://civil-forum.ru/about/orgkomitet/ |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Amnesty International ta ayyana Melkonyants a matsayin fursuna na lamiri. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi === Mahaifinsa, Arkady Amayakovich Melkonyants (1951-1997), ɗan asalin Armeniya ne kuma wanda ya kafa tushen sadaka "Ecology of the Soul", ƙungiyar agaji ta farko a Astrakhan Oblast . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Астраханский областной фонд инвалидов с эндокринными заболеваниями |url=http://www.dia-fond.astranet.ru/smi/09.htm |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> An haɗa shi bayan mutuwarsa a cikin littafin tunawa na Astrakhan a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Книга Памяти г. Астрахани |url=http://zakon-region.ru/astrahanskaya-oblast/11732 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222154734/http://zakon-region.ru/astrahanskaya-oblast/11732/ |archive-date=2016-12-22 |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> Melkonyants ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 2003 tare da digiri na shari'a daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jihar Astrakhan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=6 кандидатур в ЦИК |url=https://leo-mosk.livejournal.com/3024081.html |access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ya kammala shirin ci gaba da ilimi a cikin gudanar da ayyukan zamantakewa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Sama. == 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ayyukan Jama'a == Daga 2003 zuwa 2012, ya kasance mataimakin babban darakta na kungiyar Golos mai kare hakkin masu kada kuri'a. Ya taimaka wajen aiwatar da tsarin kada kuri'a a cikin zaben 'yan majalisa na 2003 wanda ya kunshi masu sa ido masu zaman kansu 4,500. Tun 2009, ya yi aiki a kwamitin bayar da lambar yabo ta "Mai kare hakkin 'Yanci". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Медаль "Защитнику свободных выборов" |url=https://www.golosinfo.org/ru/tags/71 |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> A cikin 2011, ya haɗu da haɗin gwiwar wayar tarho da "Taswirar Cin Hanci da Zabe", tattarawa da kuma tallata keta dokokin zabe. Tun 2013, ya kasance co-shugaban Golos kuma memba na All-Russian Civil Forum, inda ya tsara kwamitin "Zabe da Rarraba" a 2014, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Свободные выборы и референдумы |url=https://civil-forum.ru/forums/2014/discuss/svobodnye-vybory-i-referendumy-institutsionalnaya-osnova-razvitiya-rossiyskogo-gosudarstva/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220153621/https://civil-forum.ru/forums/2014/discuss/svobodnye-vybory-i-referendumy-institutsionalnaya-osnova-razvitiya-rossiyskogo-gosudarstva/ |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Выборы и референдумы |url=https://civil-forum.ru/forums/2015/discuss/vybory-i-referendumy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220160527/https://civil-forum.ru/forums/2015/discuss/vybory-i-referendumy/ |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> da 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Выборы и референдумы |url=https://civil-forum.ru/forums/2016/discuss/vybory+i+referendumy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220153135/https://civil-forum.ru/forums/2016/discuss/vybory+i+referendumy/ |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> Ya shiga cikin kirkirar [https://candidates.golosinfo.org/ "Russian Candidate Encyclopedia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521105642/https://candidates.golosinfo.org/ |date=2018-05-21 }} a cikin 2016 kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na Babban Birnin Kula da Zabe na Jama'a na Moscow tun daga wannan shekarar. A cikin 2017, ya kafa taron kwararru "Dokar Zabe - don Mai Zabe" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |title=Кудрин требует от Памфиловой честных выборов |url=http://www.ng.ru/politics/2017-02-27/1_6936_kudrin.html}}</ref> kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar ba da shawara ta dindindin a ƙarƙashin Kwamishinan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Rasha. == Kasancewar zaben jama'a == A cikin 2012, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Za ~ e na Tsakiya na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na 'Yan adawar Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Официальный сайт Центрального выборного комитета |url=http://www.cvk2012.org/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |archive-date=2012-12-20 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220152448/http://www.cvk2012.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2014, ya gudu zuwa ga jama'a Chamber na Rasha karkashin "Public Sa ido Development" category. Duk da cewa da farko ya jagoranci kada kuri’a, ya fadi zuwa matsayi na biyar a sakamakon magudin zabe. == Shari'ar aikata laifuka == A ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2023, Kotun gundumar Basmanny ta Moscow ta kama Melkonyants tare da tsare shi. An tuhume shi da shirya ayyuka na "kungiyar da ba a so" - Cibiyar Kula da Zabe ta Turai (ENEMO). <ref name="pravo">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-27 |title=Европейскую сеть по наблюдению за выборами признали нежелательной |url=https://pravo.ru/news/235146/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=pravo.ru}}</ref><ref name="kommersant">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title=Защита выборов перешла в обвинение |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/7195532 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Коммерсантъ}}</ref> Lauyan Mikhail Biryukov ya kawo misalin hukunce-hukuncen kotuna a Kirov da Barnaul a 2022 da 2023 da ke tabbatar da cewa babu wata alaka tsakanin Golos da ENEMO. Melkonyants ya musanta duk zarge-zarge a kotu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Без права голоса |url=https://spektr.press/bez-prava-golosa-sud-zaklyuchil-pod-strazhu-sopredsedatelya-dvizheniya-golos-grigoriya-melkonyanca-po-delu-o-rabote-nezhelatelnoj-organizacii/ |website=Спектр}}</ref> Ya kasance a tsare. [[Amnesty International]] ta bukaci a sake shi <ref name="Amnesty">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Amnesty International признала сопредседателя российского движения "Голос" Григория Мельконьянца узником совести |url=https://eurasia.amnesty.org/2024/11/05/amnesty-international-priznala-sopredsedatelya-rossijskogo-dvizheniya-golos-grigoriya-melkonyancza-uznikom-sovesti/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2024-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204130745/https://eurasia.amnesty.org/2024/11/05/amnesty-international-priznala-sopredsedatelya-rossijskogo-dvizheniya-golos-grigoriya-melkonyancza-uznikom-sovesti/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * 2011: Kyautar "Gwarzon Shekara" ta mujallar Big City * 2012: Kyautar Moscow Helsinki Group don haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin zaɓuɓɓuka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Лауреаты Премии МХГ за 2012 год |url=http://mhg.ru/news/laureaty-premii-mhg-za-2012-god |access-date=2016-12-08 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 2018: Kyautar Ƙungiyar Helsinki ta Moscow don gwagwarmayar jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Премия МХГ за 2018 год. Лауреаты |url=https://www.hro.org/node/24469 |access-date=2019-02-11 |archive-date=2020-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022091505/https://hro.org/node/24469 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 519nzmsf6pzpmnjy55ilia9rf8iaaqh 0 113834 827349 718712 2026-04-28T00:19:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  A cikin dokar kasa da kasa, extraterritoriality ko exterritoriality shine yanayin da aka keɓe shi daga [[Yanke hukunci|iko]] dokar gida, yawanci sakamakon tattaunawar diflomasiyya. A tarihi, wannan ya shafi mutane da farko, kamar yadda yawanci ana da'awar iko a kan mutane maimakon a kan ƙasashe.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Hakanan ana iya amfani da extraterritoriality a wani bangare ga wurare na zahiri. Misali, irin wannan shine kariya da aka ba wa Ayyukan diflomasiyya, sansanonin soja na kasashen waje, ko ofisoshin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. Abubuwa uku da aka fi sani da su a yau a duniya sun danganta da mutane da kayan shugabannin kasashen waje da [[Shugaban Gwamnati|gwamnati]], mutane da kayan jakadun da sauran jami'an diflomasiyya, da jiragen ruwa a cikin ruwa na duniya. [[Fayil:SanPaoloFuoriLeMura1.jpg|thumb|Alamar a kan bango na waje na Basilica na Saint Paul A waje da Walls ([[Rum|Roma]]) yana nuna matsayinta na waje]] == Hanyoyi == A baya, jihohin da suka gabata sun yi ikirarin ikon mallakar mutane, suna samar da wani abu da aka sani da [[Personal jurisdiction|ikon mutum]].{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Yayin da mutane ke motsawa tsakanin iyakoki, wannan ya haifar, a cikin tsarin ikon yanki, ga wasu mutane suna ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasashen da ba su zauna ba. Extraterritoriality, a wannan ma'anar, ya fito ne daga hulɗar waɗannan ra'ayoyin biyu na iko, na mutum da na yanki, lokacin da ake amfani da dokoki bisa ga wanda mutum yake maimakon ''inda'' yake. Extraterritoriality yanzu na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban. Mafi shahararrun misalai ne na diflomasiyya, inda diflomasiyyar da kayansu ba sa aiki a karkashin dokokin kasashe masu karbar bakuncin su, amma a maimakon haka, a karkashin dokokin al'ummar diflomasiyar. Hakazalika, kasashe da yawa suna da'awar haƙƙin gurfanar da mayakan kasashen waje da masu keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin koyarwar ikon duniya, ba tare da la'akari da asalin waɗancan mutane ba ko kuma wurin da ake zargin laifuka.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Wannan ya kai ga ka'idojin aikata laifuka na cikin gida: alal misali, [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] ta yi iƙirarin haƙƙin gurfanar da 'yan kasar Sin saboda laifuka da aka aikata a kasashen waje <ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Foreign Affairs |date=16 November 2012 |title=Child Sex Tourism : It's a Crime |url=https://travel.gc.ca/travelling/publications/child-crime |website=Travel.gc.ca}}</ref> kuma Kanada za ta gurfanar na cin zarafin yara ta Kanada a ko'ina cikin duniya.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} A wasu yarjejeniyoyin soja da kasuwanci, kasashe suna ba da ikon doka ga sansanonin kasashen waje ko tashar jiragen ruwa ga wasu ƙasashe. Misali, Japan ta ba da iko a kan sansanonin soja na Amurka a ƙasarsu a Okinawa ga Kotunan soja na Amurka bisa ga yarjejeniyar matsayi na biyu na sojojin.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} The A cikin Dokar teku, jirgi a cikin ruwa na kasa da kasa ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar dokokin ikon da aka yi rajistar wannan jirgi. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan a matsayin nau'i na extraterritoriality, inda ikon al'umma ya wuce iyakarta. == Tarihin tarihi == === Karni na 14 === A cikin ƙarni na 13 da 14, Jamhuriyoyin teku na Italiya na Genoa, Venice da Pisa sun sami ikon mallakar 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke aiki a wuraren da aka tsara (Pera da Galata) a babban birnin Byzantine, Constantinople, da kuma Misira da jihohin Barbary. === Daular Ottoman === An yi Jerin capitulations a cikin yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin Sublime Porte da kasashen Yamma, daga karni na sha shida zuwa farkon karni na sha tara.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Rashin shiga cikin doka na dokar Ottoman da aka kirkira a zamanin Tanzimat ya fara raunana ta hanyar yaduwar daular Turai da yaduwar shari'a. Dokoki da ka'idojin da aka kirkira don talakawan Ottoman su bi sau da yawa ba su shafi 'yan ƙasar Turai da ke gudanar da kasuwanci da kasuwanci a lardunan daular ba, kuma ta haka ne aka gabatar da capitulations daban-daban dangane da ikon kasashen waje da yawa. Dokokin gwamnati daban-daban da suka haɗu sun haifar da tsarin shari'a wanda sau da yawa ana barin iko ga manyan iko don kafawa da tsara tsarin shari'ar su don wakiltar 'yan ƙasa a kasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Curley |first=T. M. |date=2011 |title=Legal Imperialism: Sovereignty and Extraterritoriality in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and China |journal=Journal of Politics |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=622–624 |doi=10.1017/S0022381611000235}}</ref> An daina yin tasiri a [[Turkiyya]] a shekara ta 1923, ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Lausanne, kuma a [[Misra|Misira]] an soke su ta Yarjejeniyar Montreux a shekara ta 1949. === Indiya ta Burtaniya === A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ma'aikatan soja na sojojin Allied a cikin Birtaniya Raj suna ƙarƙashin ikon su ta hanyar Dokokin Sojojin Allied, a shekara ta 1942 kuma membobin Sojojin Amurka suna ƙarƙashin ikon nasu dokoki, har ma a cikin laifuka. === Amurka === A tarihi, Amurka ta sami yarjejeniyar extraterritoriality tare da kasashe 15 tare da tsarin shari'a na Yamma: [[Aljeriya]], [[Borneo]], China, Masar, Iran, Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, [[Libya]], [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], Morocco, [[Samoa]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Tunisiya]], da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]. Amurkawa a cikin soja ko fararen hula da ke aiki a sansanonin soja na Amurka a kasashen waje gabaɗaya suna da extraterritoriality, don haka sojojin Amurka ne kawai za su iya gwada su. Wannan ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar dakarun. === Kanada === An haifi Princess Margriet na Netherlands a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1943 a asibitin Ottawa Civic a Ottawa, Ontario, yayin da dangin ke zaune a Kanada tun watan Yunin shekara ta 1940 bayan da Nazi Jamus ta mamaye Netherlands. Gidan haihuwa na Asibitin Civic na Ottawa wanda aka haifi Princess Margriet an ayyana shi na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai ba da izini ta gwamnatin Kanada. Yin unguwar haihuwa a waje da yankin Kanada ya sa ba ta da alaƙa da kowane iko da kuma Yankin duniya. An yi wannan ne don tabbatar da cewa jaririn zai sami 'yancin zama daga mahaifiyarta kawai, don haka ya sa ta zama yaren Holland kawai, wanda zai iya zama da muhimmanci sosai idan yaron ya kasance namiji, kuma saboda haka, magajin Gimbiya Juliana.<ref name="cbc-princess">{{Cite web |title=Netherlands' Princess Margriet born in Ottawa |url=https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1403696302 |website=CBC Archives |publisher=Canada Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> === Gabashin Asiya === Mafi shahararrun lokuta na extraterritoriality a Gabashin Asiya sune na karni na 19 na China, Japan, da Siam, suna fitowa daga abin da ake kira "yarjejeniyar rashin daidaito". Ayyukan extraterritoriality, duk da haka, ba a iyakance su ba a karni na 19 ko waɗannan ƙasashe, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cassel |first=Pär |date=2004 |title=Excavating Extraterritoriality: The "Judicial Sub-Prefect" as a Prototype for the Mixed Court in Shanghai |journal=Late Imperial China |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=156–82 |doi=10.1353/late.2004.0003 |s2cid=144313731}}</ref> kamar yadda sarakuna da gwamnatocin Gabashin Asiya na zamani da farko suka yi iƙirarin ikon mallaka a kan mutane maimakon yankunan ƙasa.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} ==== China ==== [[Fayil:International_Mixed_Court_at_Shanghai.jpg|right|thumb|A hearing of the International Mixed Court at Shanghai, {{Circa|1905}}]] Halitta na extraterritoriality ga al'ummomin yarjejeniya "ba a gabatar da shi a Gabashin Asiya ba, amma an gina shi a kan wani gini na doka mai tsawo".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Thai |first=Philip |date=May 2015 |title=Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan. By Pär Kristoffer Cassel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. xi, 260 pp. $41.95 (cloth). |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/grounds-of-judgment-extraterritoriality-and-imperial-power-in-nineteenthcentury-china-and-japan-by-par-kristoffer-cassel-oxford-oxford-university-press-2012-xi-260-pp-4195-cloth/76F6CEB9CA76EA480BE575AC723DDEA8 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=459–460 |doi=10.1017/S0021911815000133 |issn=0021-9118 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ikon iko a Qing China, tare da bambancin kulawa ga batutuwan [[Han Chinese|Han]] da Manchu, ba a ƙaddara shi ta hanyar yanayin ƙasa ba, amma, ta hanyar asalin batutuwan.<ref name=":0" /> Misali, masu mulki na Manchu suna da damar shari'a wanda ya sanya su a waje da ikon masu gudanar da kabilanci na kasar Sin.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Kafin Yarjejeniyar Nanking ta shekarar 1842, wacce ta kawo karshen Yaƙin Opium na farko, 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje ba su gamsu da yanayin tsarin shari'ar Qing ba. Kafin Yarjejeniyar, 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya sun iya kasuwanci ne kawai a yankin Canton, kawai tare da' yan kasuwa na kasar Sin da ake kira Cohongs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking), 1842 |url=https://china.usc.edu/treaty-nanjing-nanking-1842 |website=US-China Institute |publisher=University of Southern California |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2020-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314053740/https://china.usc.edu/treaty-nanjing-nanking-1842 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'Yan kasuwa na kasar Sin sun amfana sosai daga yarjejeniyar, suna ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa da Birtaniya da Sinawa. 'Yan kasuwa na Burtaniya sun kasance "masu tuhuma da abin da suka ɗauka a matsayin hali a cikin tsarin shari'ar Qing don sanya alhakin hadin gwiwa; sun kuma yi fushi da aikin Qing na aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a lokuta na kisan kai".{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Bayan al'Labarin <nowiki><i id="mwzg">Lady Hughes</i></nowiki>, wani abin da ya faru a shekara ta 1784 inda aka kashe wani matukin jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya saboda ya ji wa 'yan kasar Sin biyu rauni yayin da yake harba bindiga, jami'an Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya gabaɗaya sun kori 'yan Burtaniya kafin jami'an Qing su iya amsawa.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Gudummawar extraterritoriality ta kasance a kai a kai a kasar Sin. A cikin shekarun 1830, lokacin da gwamnatin Qing ta kammala yarjejeniya tare da Uzbek khanate na Khoqand, ta ba da dama ga 'yan kasuwa. Kuma a cikin ma'amala da 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje a cikin ƙarni, gwamnatin Qing ba ta yi ƙoƙari ta tilasta ikon da ya danganci ikon mallakar ƙasa, a maimakon haka ta ba da hukuncin baƙi ga ikon da ya dace a kusan dukkanin shari'o'i sai dai kisan kai.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} A tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Nanjing, masu tattaunawar Qing sun ba da tallafin ba da izini. Cassel ya rubuta cewa "kwamishinan mulkin mallaka da kuma dan majalisa na Manchu Qiying ya ba da dama ga Birtaniya a cikin musayar bayanan tare da Pottinger [mai ba da izini na Burtaniya] a lokacin kammala yarjejeniyar".{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Wannan ya kasance daidai da ayyukan Qing a lokacin, inda mutane ke riƙe da ikon mallaka maimakon sanyawa a ƙasashe.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} An kammala wata sanarwa ta musamman game da extraterritoriality a cikin Shekara ta 1843 Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa "za a hukunta 'Britons bisa ga dokar Ingila kuma za a 'yi gwaji da hukuntawa da nasu dokoki'".{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Wadannan tanadi sun shafi tashar jiragen ruwa ne kawai, tunda an hana baƙi shiga cikin kasar Sin.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} A karkashin umarnin mulkin mallaka a farkon shekarar, an ba da waɗannan gata ga yawancin ƙasashen yamma. Sauran kasashe suna son tabbaci da tabbaci. Misali, Amurka ta tattauna Yarjejeniyar Wanghia ta a shekarar 1844, wanda ya bayyana a cikin Mataki na 21: {{Blockquote|Subjects of China who may be guilty of any criminal act towards citizens of the United States shall be arrested and punished by the Chinese authorities according to the laws of China, and citizens of the United states who may commit any crime in China shall be subject to be tried and punished only by the Consul or other public functionary of the United States thereto authorised according to the laws of the United States.{{sfn|Cassel|2012|p=53}}}} Yarjejeniyar Wanghia ta haɗa da banbanci ga kasuwancin Amurka a cikin opium kuma ta kuma sanya jiragen Amurka da ke kasuwanci a waje da tashar jiragen ruwa na yarjejeniya ga kwacewa ta gwamnatin kasar Sin a cikin sashi na 33 da 3.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Hakazalika, Faransanci sun kuma bi kariya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Huangpu, wanda ya kara gabatar da bambanci tsakanin masu aikata laifuka da ikon farar hula (wanda ba ya cikin dokar daular Qing) kuma ya ba Faransanci cikakken kariya ga dokar kasar Sin a waje da yankunan da aka ba da izini.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Yarjejeniyar Sino-British ta shekarar 1858 ta Tientsin, wacce ta kawo karshen Yaƙin Opium na Biyu, ta fadada haƙƙin baƙi na yamma. An ba su izinin shiga cikin kasar Sin bayan fasfo. Koyaya, ba a ba da haƙƙin ƙasashen waje a waje da tashar jiragen ruwa ba.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} An ba da irin wannan haƙƙin ga masu sha'awar yammacin iko saboda sashi na "ƙasa mafi kyau": duk gata da daular Qing ta ba da ɗaya iko an ba da ita ta atomatik ga wasu. A cikin Shekara ta 1868, lokacin da aka sake tattauna Yarjejeniyar Tientsin, 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya sun yi ihu don ɗaga ƙuntatawa na tafiye-tafiye a cikin kasar Sin. Matsayin Qing ya yi tsayayya da shi, sai dai idan an soke extraterritoriality. Ba a cimma matsaya ba; kuma gwamnatin Qing ta yi nasara wajen hana baƙi ziyartar cikin kasar Sin tare da gata na waje.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Hakkin kasashen waje ba a iyakance su ga kasashen Yamma ba. A karkashin [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]_Friendship_and_Trade_Treaty" id="mwAQ8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty">Yarjejeniyar Abokantaka da Ciniki ta Sin da Japan ta Shekarar1871, Japan da China sun ba da dama ga juna.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Kasar Sin kanta ta sanya haƙƙin mallaka ga 'yan ƙasa a Joseon Koriya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Marie Seong-Hak |date=2013-11-29 |title=Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan by Pär Kristoffer Cassel (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/527153 |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |language=en |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=382–392 |doi=10.1353/jas.2013.0022 |issn=1944-6454 |s2cid=191484811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Koyaya, a cikin Shekara ta 1895, a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Shimonoseki bayan Yaƙin Sin da Japan na farko, China ta ba da haƙƙinta na waje a Japan, ba tare da musayar ba.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} ===== Kotun Ƙungiya ta Duniya ===== Ya zuwa yanzu mafi mahimmancin tashar jiragen ruwa da aka kafa bayan shekarar 1842 shine Shanghai, inda aka aiwatar da tanadin da ba a fahimta ba na yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban. Manyan kotuna biyu da ke yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in waje sune Kotun Shanghai Mixed da Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya don China.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} An kafa irin waɗannan kotuna don ƙasashen yarjejeniya, misali Kotun Amurka don China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helmick |first=Milton J. |date=12 September 1945 |title=United States Court for China |journal=Far Eastern Survey |publisher=[[Institute of Pacific Relations]] |volume=14 |issue=18 |pages=252{{endash}}255 |doi=10.2307/3021415 |jstor=3021415}}</ref> Wadannan suna da iko a kan yankunan izini, wanda a hukumance ya kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Qing.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Da farko, mutanen kasar Sin da suka aikata laifuka a yankin Burtaniya, an tura su ga hukumomin kasar Sin.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} ===== Ƙarshen extraterritoriality a kasar Sin ===== A farkon karni na 20, wasu iko na Yammacin Turai sun yarda su bar haƙƙin ƙasashen waje saboda ingantaccen yanayin sake fasalin shari'ar kasar Sin.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Misali, labarin 12 na Yarjejeniyar Mackay ta Shekarar 1902 ta Sino-British ya karanta: {{Blockquote|China having expressed a strong desire to reform her judicial system ... [the United Kingdom] will ... be pretreated to relinquish her extra-territorial rights when she is satisfied that the state of the Chinese laws, the arrangement for her administration, and other considerations warrant her in so doing.{{sfn|Cassel|2012|p=175}}}} Dokar Qing ba ta nuna bambanci tsakanin aikata laifuka da dokar farar hula ba.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Duk da yake an yi ƙoƙari a sake fasalin shari'a da gaske a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata na daular Qing, abin da aka cimma ya kasa magance wannan rashin doka a fannonin kwangila, kasuwanci, ko kasuwanci.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}}{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Bayan faduwar gwamnatin kasar Sin a shekarar 1911 da kuma rikice-rikicen gudanarwa da ya biyo baya, daga baya kasashen Yamma ne suka nada mambobin Kotun Mixed, inda duk mazaunan sasantawar kasa da kasa suka kasance a karkashin ikon kasashen waje.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Nasarar Arewacin Expedition wajen karfafa ikon jamhuriyar kasar Sin a tsakiyar shekarun 1920 ya jagoranci gwamnatoci da yawa su bar ƙananan tashar jiragen ruwa ba tare da yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Koyaya, ikon yarjejeniyar ba su da niyyar barin Shanghai, ko kuma hakkinsu a ciki, wanda ya kasance cibiyar tattalin arziki mafi girma da tashar yarjejeniya. Sai kawai bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan sanda na Shanghai da masu zanga-zangar Nationalist a 1925 ne hukumomin kasar Sin suka ki aiwatar da hukuncin Kotun Mixed; wannan ya haifar da rushewa a 1927 da maye gurbinsa da kotun yankin da ke gudanar da kasar Sin.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} A cikin Shekara ta 1921, a Taron kan iyakokin makamai a Washington, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Kasuwanci Tara wanda ya nuna shirye-shiryen bangarorin don kawo karshen extraterritoriality a China da zarar China ta kafa tsarin shari'a mai ƙwarewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fenwick |first=C. G. |year=1937 |title=The Nine Power Treaty and the Present Crisis in China |journal=American Journal of International Law |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=671–674 |doi=10.2307/2190677 |jstor=2190677}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Resolution Regarding Extraterritoriality in China |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000002-0329.pdf |access-date=12 February 2018 |website=Library of Congress |publisher=US Government Printing Office}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, an kafa kwamiti a shekara ta 1926 wanda ya buga cikakken rahoto wanda ya ƙunshi binciken da shawarwari ga tsarin shari'ar kasar Sin.<ref name="comm-report">{{Cite web |title=Report of the Commission on Extraterritoriality in China, Peking, September 16, 1926 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001153343 |access-date=12 February 2018 |website=Hathi Trust Digital Library |publisher=Commission on Extraterritoriality in China}}</ref> Extraterritoriality a kasar Sin ga ma'aikatan da ba na diflomasiyya ba sun ƙare a lokuta daban-daban a karni na 20. Jamus da Austria-Hungary sun rasa hakkinsu a kasar Sin a shekarar 1917 bayan kasar Sin ta ayyana yaki da su.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Tarayyar Soviet ta yi yarjejeniyar sirri wacce ta ci gaba da haƙƙinta har zuwa shekara ta 1960, kodayake ta bayyana a fili cewa ta ba da su a shekara ta 1924. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elleman |first=Bruce A. |year=1996 |title=The End of Extraterritoriality in China: The Case of the Soviet Union, 1917–1960 |journal=Republican China |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=65–89}}</ref> A cikin Shekara ta 1937, matsayin kasashe daban-daban na kasashen waje ya kasance kamar haka: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wan |first=Ching-Chun |date=July 1937 |title=China Still Waits the End of Extraterritoriality |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/69752/ching-chun-wang/china-still-waits-the-end-of-extraterritoriality |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Matsayi na extraterritoriality dangane da China (1937) ! style="width: 150px;" |Ya daina tasiri ! style="width: 150px;" |Babu 'yancin waje ! style="width: 150px;" |Zai mika gata "lokacin da duk sauran iko suka yi haka" ! style="width: 150px;" |Hakki ya ci gaba da tasiri |- class="plainlist" style="vertical-align:top" | * {{Flag|German Empire}} * {{Flag|Austria-Hungary}} * [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]]{{Flagicon|Hungary|1920}} * [[Second Spanish Republic|Spain]]{{Flagicon|Spain|1931}} * (ya rushe a 1928) {{Flag|Mexico|1916}} | * [[History of Bolivia (1920–1964)|Bolivia]]{{Flagicon|Bolivia}} * [[Presidential Republic (1925–1973)|Chile]]{{Flagicon|Chile}} * [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]]{{Flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} * {{Flag|Finland}} * [[Second Hellenic Republic|Girka]]{{Flagicon|Greece|old}} * {{Flagcountry|Pahlavi dynasty|1925}} * [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]{{Flagicon|Poland}} * {{Flag|Turkey}} * [[Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)|Cuba]]{{Flagicon|Cuba|1902}} * {{Flag|Uruguay}} * {{Flag|Panama}} * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} | * {{Flag|Belgium}} * [[Fascist Italy|Italiya]]{{Flagicon|Italy|1861}} * {{Flag|Denmark}} * {{Flagcountry|Estado Novo (Portugal)}} * {{Flag|Norway}} * {{Flag|Sweden}} * {{Flag|Switzerland}} | * [[Vargas Era|Brazil]]{{Flagicon|Brazil|1889}} * [[French Third Republic|Faransa]]{{Flagicon|France|1794}} * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} * {{Flagcountry|Empire of Japan}} * {{Flag|Netherlands}} * {{Flag|United States|1912}} * {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}} |} A cikin Shekara ta1929 gwamnatin Nationalist ta sanar da burinta na kawo karshen extraterritoriality gaba daya. Tattaunawa da Burtaniya, babban mai riƙe da irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, ya tafi sannu a hankali. Sun ƙare tare da mamayewar Japan ta Shekarar 1937 lokacin da Japan ta kwace Shanghai da manyan tashar jiragen ruwa inda extraterritoriality ke aiki. Lokacin da kasashen biyu suka ayyana yaki da Japan a ƙarshen shekarar 1941, sun zama abokan hulɗa na China kuma sun sanya kawo ƙarshen extraterritoriality burin gaggawa wanda duka Amurka da Burtaniya suka cika tare da yarjejeniyar da suka sanya hannu tare da China a shekara ta 1943. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan<!--Possibly [[KC Chan]], who is just barely old enough to have published a paper in 1977 but history isn't his field--> |first=K. C. |year=1977 |title=The Abrogation of British Extraterritoriality in China 1942–43: A Study of Anglo-American-Chinese Relations |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=257–291 |jstor=311551}}</ref>{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} ===== Kyauta ===== Kyautar wannan don iko na iko ya ci gaba har zuwa yau. Cassel ya rubuta, "extraterritoriality ya bar masu tsara manufofi da yawa a cikin kasar Sin tare da gado na zurfin shakku ga dokar kasa da kasa, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa. "{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Tare da wani ɓangare na halayensa da ke dogara da da'awar karfafa ikon mallakar ƙasa da amincin yanki, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ya bayyana a bayyane cewa dole ne baƙi su bi Dokar PRC.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Kuma Gwamnatin PRC ta yi iƙirarin haƙƙin, a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 10 na dokar aikata laifuka, don gurfanar da 'Yan kasar Sin saboda laifuka game da dokar aikata laphida da aka aikata a kasashen waje, koda kuwa an riga an hukunta su saboda laifin.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Wadannan sun fito ne daga muhimman da'awar muhimmancin ikon mallakar ƙasa, martani ga raguwa a baya, inda kusan babu wata al'umma da ta jaddada muhimmancin ikon mallaka fiye da yadda China ke yi a yau.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} ==== Japan ==== Japan ta amince da ƙetare a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla da Amurka, da Burtaniya, da Faransa, da Netherlands, da kuma Rasha a shekara ta 1858, dangane da manufar "ƙasar da aka fi so".[1] Yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na kasuwanci sun ba da kariya ta waje a Japan tare da bangarori daban-daban, gami da Peru, a cikin 1873.[1] Yawancin ƙasashe sun yi amfani da ikon ketare ta hanyar kotunan ƙaramar hukuma. Biritaniya ta kafa Kotun Burtaniya don Japan a cikin 1879. [ana maganar A shekara ta 1887, 'yan kasashen waje 2,389 ne kawai wadanda ba 'yan kasar Sin ba suka zauna a Japan, tare da tsauraran iyakoki kan' [['Yanci na motsi|'yancin motsi]].{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Wadannan iyakoki suna nufin cewa baƙi a Japan ba su iya aikata laifi ba tare da hukuntawa ba, sabanin China, inda aka ba ba baƙi damar tafiya zuwa cikin gida bayan fasfo.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Maimakon haka, ya kasance a cikin mahallin sha'awar jihar Japan ta kawar da duk hukunce-hukuncen da ke fafatawa da kuma kira ga sake fasalin shari'a bisa ga samfuran waɗancan hukunce-hincen da gwamnatin Japan ta so ta soke kotunan kasashen waje.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Bayan ya shawo kan ikon Yammacin Turai cewa tsarin shari'arta "ya isa ya zama na zamani", Japan ta yi nasarar sake fasalin matsayinta na rashin daidaito tare da Burtaniya ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Kasuwanci da Kewayawa ta Anglo-Japan ta 1894, wanda London za ta bar haƙƙinta na waje na Japan a cikin shekaru biyar. {{Sfn|Cassel|2012}}{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} An sanya hannu kan irin wannan yarjejeniya tare da wasu iko na waje a lokaci guda. Wadannan yarjejeniyoyi duk sun fara aiki a cikin 1899, suna kawo karshen extraterritoriality a Japan. {{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} Bayan nasarar Allied a 1945, Yarjejeniyar Taimako ta Tsaro, da yarjejeniyar magajinta, tsakanin Amurka, har zuwa yau, suna ba da ma'aikatan soja na Amurka a kan sansanonin Amurka a Okinawa.{{Sfn|Cassel|2012}} ==== Siam ==== Sarki Mongkut (Rama IV) na Siam ya rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Bowring da ke ba da haƙƙin ƙetare ga Biritaniya a cikin 1855. Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk, Babban Jami'in Jakadancin Burtaniya daga 1859 zuwa 1864, ya ba da labarin horar da shari'a da alhakinsa a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga dan uwansa mai kwanan wata 6 Satumba 1860. Daga baya aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da ba su daidaita ba tare da wasu kasashen Turai 12 da kuma Japan. Ƙarshen yanki ya ƙare a cikin 1917 game da Daular Jamus da Austria-Hungary.[ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] A cikin Shekara ta 1925 da' shekarar 1926, an sake fasalin yarjejeniyoyin don samar da ikon kwastam da za a dakatar da shi, kuma 'yan ƙasa na bangarorin yarjejeniyar za su zo ƙarƙashin ikon kotunan Thai bayan gabatar da dukkan ka'idojin shari'ar Thai da kuma tsawon shekaru 5 bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Elimination of Extraterritoriality |url=http://www.mfa.go.th/main/en/organize/1085/19297-The-Elimination-of-Extraterritoriality.html |access-date=25 January 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand) |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027113219/https://www.mfa.go.th/main/en/organize/1085/19297-The-Elimination-of-Extraterritoriality.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1930, ba a sake yin amfani da extraterritoriality ba. Bayan da aka maye gurbin Cikakken mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki a cikin juyin juya halin Siamese mara jini na Shekarar 1932, gwamnatin tsarin mulki ta gabatar da tsarin ka'idojin doka, ta shirya mataki don sabbin yarjejeniyoyi da aka sanya hannu a shekara ta 1937 da' shekarar 1938 wanda ya soke haƙƙin waje gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete Independence |url=http://www.mfa.go.th/main/en/organize/1085/19298-Complete-Independence.html |access-date=25 January 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand) |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821201208/http://www.mfa.go.th/main/en/organize/1085/19298-Complete-Independence.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Cirewar extraterritoriality dangane da Siam ! style="width: 150px;" |An soke shi a cikin 1909 ! style="width: 150px;" |An soke shi a shekara ta 1917 ! style="width: 150px;" |An soke shi a cikin 1937-38 |- valign="top" |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |{{Flag|German Empire}}<br />{{Flag|Austria-Hungary}} | Italiya Faransa {{Flagcountry|Empire of Japan}} {{Flagcountry|Estado Novo (Portugal)}}{{Flag|Switzerland}}<br />{{Flag|Belgium}}<br />{{Flag|Luxembourg}}<br />{{Flag|Denmark}}<br />{{Flag|Sweden}}<br />{{Flag|United States|1912}}<br />{{Flag|Norway}}<br />{{Flagicon|Italy|1861}}<br />{{Flagicon|France|1794}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Netherlands}}<br /> |} == Misalan yanzu == === Kasashen da ke ba da iko amma ba ikon mallaka ba === Kasashen da suka ba da iko a kan yankinsu (alal misali, haƙƙin shiga da son rai don tilasta bin doka) ba tare da ba da ikon mallaka ba sun haɗa da: * Gidajen waje na Babban Birni a [[Italiya]] * Hedikwatar Sojojin Malta a Roma * Fort St. Angelo a Malta <ref>{{Cite web |title=After Two Centuries, The Order of Malta Flag Flies Over Fort St. Angelo, Beside The Maltese Flag |url=http://www.orderofmalta.int/news/39146/after-two-centuries-the-order-of-malta-flag-flies-over-fort-st-angelo-beside-the-maltese-flag/?lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020195647/http://www.orderofmalta.int/news/39146/after-two-centuries-the-order-of-malta-flag-flies-over-fort-st-angelo-beside-the-maltese-flag/?lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=2015-07-19 |publisher=Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}</ref> (kawai ɓangare) * Hedikwatar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a Brussels, Belgium (kazalika da ginin Majalisar Tarayyar Tarayyar a can) * Gidan majalisar dokokin Turai a [[Strasbourg]], Faransa * Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York, ofisoshin Majalisar Dinkinobho a Geneva, Vienna, Bonn, [[Nairobi]], The [[Hague]] (Kotu ta Duniya), [[Hamburg]] (Tribunal na Duniya don Dokar Tekun), [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] da sauran wurare. * CERN (Kungiyar Turai don Binciken Nukiliya) - don saukakawa, wasu wuraren da ke ƙetare zuwa Faransa suna ƙarƙashin ikon Switzerland * Ofishin Patent na Turai a [[München|Munich]], Berlin, da The [[Hague]] * Yankin ƙasar Faransa a Ƙasar Mai Tsarki * Hedikwatar Kungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya a London * Juxtaposed sarrafawa don Channel Tunnel. Ƙasar Ingila tana da binciken fasfo na farko a Faransa da Belgium, kuma Faransa ko Belgium suna gudanar da binciken faspo a Burtaniya. * Pays Quint yana kan ƙasar Mutanen Espanya amma Faransa ta hayar tun daga yarjejeniyar 1856 * Saimaa Canal yana cikin Rasha, amma Finland ta hayar ɓangaren Rasha * A cikin Svalbard, wanda yake wani ɓangare na [[Norway]], wasu ƙasashe suna da 'yancin cire wasu albarkatun ƙasa da gina cibiyoyi don wannan * [[Japan–Djibouti Status of Forces Agreement|Yarjejeniyar Sojoji ta Japan da Djibouti]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-29 |title=自衛隊派遣支える「地位協定」 ジブチの法令適用されず |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO54942350Y0A120C2PP8000/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=日本経済新聞 |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=志葉玲 |date=2019-03-06 |title=日本は、自衛隊が駐留するジブチに「占領軍」のような不平等協定を強いている |url=https://nikkan-spa.jp/1556286 |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=日刊SPA! |language=ja}}</ref> * Babban hedikwatar Allied Powers Turai, hedikwatar soja ta [[NATO|Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic]], a [[Beljik|Belgium]] * An ba da hayar sansanin jirgin sama na Khmeimim a [[Siriya]] ga Sojojin Sama na Rasha na tsawon shekaru 49, tare da [[Rasha|Tarayyar Rasha]] da ke da iko a kan sansanin jirgin saman da ma'aikatanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Syrian Arab Republic on the deployment of an aviation group of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation on the territory of the Syrian Arab Republic (Russian) |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/420329053 |website=docs.cntd.ru}}</ref> * Kabarin Suleyman Shah na Turkiyya a Siriya * Akwai tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban a waje da babban yankin kwastam na ƙasar da suka karɓi bakinsu. * Gidajen kasa na Venice Biennale <ref>{{Cite web |title=Il Giornale dell'Arte |url=https://www.ilgiornaledellarte.com/articoli/2013/9/117341.html |access-date=2020-09-16 |website=www.ilgiornaledellarte.com |archive-date=2014-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327100453/https://www.ilgiornaledellarte.com/articoli/2013/9/117341.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Tarayyar Rasha tana riƙe da hayar har zuwa 2050 a Filin jirgin saman Baikonur a Kazakhstan a birnin Baikonur === Canjin mallakar ƙasa === [[Fayil:Tampa_Ybor_City_Marti_Park02.jpg|thumb|[[José Martí Park]] in Tampa, Florida, was donated to Cuba in 1956.]] Irin wannan lamari shine Yankunan Faransa na St Helena: Gwamnatin Faransa ta sayi dukiya a tsibirin St. Helena don tunawa da gudun hijira na [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] a can. mallakar [[José Martí Park]] a [[Tampa, Florida]] an ba da gudummawa ga gwamnatin Cuban ta masu mallakarta na baya a shekarar 1956. <ref name="Tampa">{{Cite web |title=Cuban Territory in Tampa? The curious case of the Friends of José Martí Park |url=https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024-07-09-u1-e199370-s27061-nid284808-territorio-cubano-tampa-curioso-caso-parque-amigos |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref> Gwamnatin shugaban kasar Cuban Fulgencio Batista ta karɓi dukiyar kuma Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Havana ya tabbatar da gudummawarta.<ref name="Tampa" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=John Sellers |year=1977 |title=Does Cuba Own Jose Marti Park? |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=sunlandtribune |journal=Sunland Tribune |volume=3}}</ref> === Yanayi na ciki === Shari'o'in cikin gida (duka bangarorin biyu suna cikin ɓangaren ƙasa ɗaya mai zaman kanta amma suna da iko da tsarin shari'a daban-daban): * [[Shenzhen]]_Bay_Port" id="mwA0E" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shenzhen Bay Port">Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Shenzhen Bay a Shenzhen, Guangdong inda Shenzhen ta ba da hayar wani yanki a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa ga [[Hong Kong|Yankin Gudanarwa na Musamman na Hong Kong]] kuma Dokar Hong Kong ta shafi. Kodayake duka hukunce-hukuncen biyu, Shenzhen da Hong Kong, suna cikin ƙasa ɗaya, Hong Kong tana riƙe da tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun daban da tsarin dokar farar hula a Mainland China. Dokar Hong Kong yanzu tana aiki a yankin tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shenzhen Bay Port Hong Kong Port Area Ordinance |url=http://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/ord/591/ |website=www.hklii.hk}}</ref> * Hengqin Campus na Jami'ar Macau a Zhuhai, Guangdong, wanda [[Macau|Macau SAR]] ke gudanarwa a cikin halin da ake ciki kamar yadda yake a sama <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Macau webpage |url=https://www.um.edu.mo/campus/campus.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815090030/https://www.um.edu.mo/campus/campus.html |archive-date=15 August 2020 |access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref> * Rabin Macau na Hengqin Border Crossing, kusa da sama <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2020 |title=New Hengqin border checkpoint opens for public use {{!}} Macau Business |url=https://www.macaubusiness.com/new-hengqin-border-checkpoint-opens-for-public-use/}} </ref> == Ayyuka == {{Excerpt|Extraterritorial Obligations}} == Dubi kuma == * Akmal Shaikh * [[Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Antarctic]] * Babban Basilica * Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya don China da Japan * Kotun Burtaniya don Japan * Yankin da aka kashe * Tsaro na diflomasiyya * Cocin ofishin jakadancin * Ƙungiya da ƙauye * Filin jirgin saman Turai Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg * [[Ikon Ƙasashen waje]] * [[Aiki na waje|Ayyukan waje]] * Yarjejeniyar Harris * Daular a Asiya * Ruwa na kasa da kasa * Yankin Duniya * [[Dokar teku|Dokar Tekun]] * Yarjejeniyar Wata * [[Ikon iyaka|Yankin da ba shi da tsayayya]] * Yarjejeniyar sararin samaniya * Hakki * ''Rasul da Bush'' * Matsayin yarjejeniyar sojojin * Ƙasar da ba ta da amfani * Yarjejeniyar Matsayin Sojoji ta Amurka da Japan * Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya * Jerin yankunan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke mulki == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * Bickers, Robert, da Isabella Jackson, eds. Tashoshin Yarjejeniya a China ta zamani: Dokar, Ƙasa da Ikon (Routledge, 2016). *   * [Hasiya] "The Abrogation of British Extraterritoriality in China 1942-43: Nazarin Dangantakar Anglo-Amurka da Sin. " ''Nazarin Asiya na zamani'' 11.2 (1977): 257-291 a [https://www.jstor.org/stable/311551 kan layi]. * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5] Gunboat Justice: Kotunan Shari'a na Burtaniya da Amurka a China da Japan (1842-1943). Hong Kong: Littattafan Earnshaw. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 1: ; Vol. 2: ; Vol. 3:  {{ISBN|978-988-82730-8-9}}{{ISBN|978-988-82730-9-6}}{{ISBN|978-988-82731-9-5}} * Davids, Jules, da Jonathan M. Nielson. "Extraterritoriality." a cikin Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy ed. by Alexander DeConde et al. (2002) 2:81-92. * "Ci gaba a cikin Dokar: Extraterritoriality". ''Harvard Law Review'', vol. 124, No. 5, 2011, shafi na 1226-1304. [https://JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25800158 kan layi]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&nbsp; * Fenwick, C. G. "Yarjejeniyar Ikon Tara da Rikicin Yanzu a China". American Journal of International Law 31.4 (1937): 671-674. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2190677 kan layi] * Kayaoglu, Turan. Daular doka: ikon mallaka da kuma extraterritoriality a Japan, Daular Ottoman, da China (Cambridge UP, 2010). * Keeton, George W. ''Ci gaban extraterritoriality a kasar Sin'' (2 vol 1928). Cikakken bayani game da kasar Sin da kuma taƙaitaccen bayani a duk faɗin duniya a cikin kundi na 2 shafi na 155-172. [[iarchive:volume1developme00keet_0/page/n7/mode/2up|jirgin sama na 2 a kan layi]] * Liu, Shih Shun. Extraterritoriality, Its Rise and Its Decline (1925) [http://www.panarchy.org/shihshunliu/presentation.1925.html kan layi]; cikakken tarihin ilimi a cikin tarihin duniya. * Scully, Eileen P. "Historical Wrongs and Human Rights in Sino-Foreign Relations: The Legacy of Extraterritoriality. " ''Jaridar Dangantakar Amurka da Gabashin Asiya'' 9.1-2 (2000): 129-146. * Thomson, Janice E. Mercenaries, Pirates, da Sovereigns: Gine-gine na Jiha da Rikicin Ƙasashen waje a farkon Turai ta zamani (Princeton UP, 1994) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7t30p kan layi] == Haɗin waje == * [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00104140221115169 Bayanan 'Yancin Zabe da Ƙuntatawa na Ƙasashen waje (1950-2020)] * Columbia Encyclopedia - "Extraterritoriality"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060211165833/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ex/extrater.html "Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=TKImAAAAMAAJ&q=%22extraterritoriality+commission%22 Rahoton Hukumar Extraterritoriality a kasar Sin (1926)] * {{Cite book|last3=Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen}} * [http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/textofcentralacts/1942.pdf Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Indiya] An adana [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kft1fs72nuwvxqe2ellwmzrr0sapcmr 0 115606 827404 784729 2026-04-28T08:44:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} {{Databox}} Haɗin jama'a a ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tsakiya da Wan Chai tsari ne na haɗin jama'a wanda Gwamnatin Hong Kong ta fara don bincika ci gaban gaba na Victoria Harbour da yankunan tashar jiragen ruwan tun daga shekara ta 2004. An ƙaddamar da shi ne don mayar da martani ga cin nasarar gwamnati a cikin shari'ar sake dubawa ta shari'a a kan ayyukan Central da Wan Chai Reclamation. == Tarihi da tarihi == Victoria Harbour, daya daga cikin kadarorin halitta masu daraja na [[Hong Kong]], ya daɗe yana taka muhimmiyar rawa ga Hong Kong, dangane da dabarun, tattalin arziki, ababen more rayuwa, da al'adu. yawan jama'ar Hong Kong ya karu da sauri a lokuta daban-daban. Sabili da haka, karancin ƙasar koyaushe batun birni ne, kuma sake farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa ya kasance mafita mafi kyau. A shekara ta 1990, an dawo da hekta 2,500, fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tashar jiragen ruwa (yanayin asali kusan hekta 7,000 ne), <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=S. Y. |last2=Kwong |first2=J. H. |last3=Lai |first3=J. W. |last4=Lam |first4=K. S. |last5=Lau |first5=K. Y. |date=2014 |title=The protection of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong: An analysis of civic engagement strategies |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9L_r5qTwR6caTlCREpLV1lRV2s/view?usp=sharing |pages=23–38 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Metroplan da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta buga ya shirya dawo da wani hekta 1,297, wanda zai haifar da asarar kusan rabin tashar jiragen ruwa gaba ɗaya. An kammala kadada 661 na shirin sake farfadowa, kafin Dokar Kare Harbour ta shiga mataki a shekarar 1997. A cikin shekarun 1980s, an hanzarta farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa cikin sauri. Dukkanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da inganta ababen more rayuwa na birnin sun buƙaci ƙasa mai yawa. Baya ga gaskiyar cewa akwai karancin ƙasa tare da yawan jama'a, an yi amfani da manufofin farfado da teku a matsayin kayan aiki don bunkasa "ci gaban tattalin arziki da sayarwa na ƙasa".<ref name=":3"/> Wadannan filayen da aka dawo da su a tashar jiragen ruwa yawanci suna cikin manyan yankuna na birnin, wanda ya sa ya cancanci farashi mafi girma. Bayan haka, a lokacin da aka sake farfadowa, zai iya guje wa fuskantar mazauna yankin. Idan aka kwatanta da sake farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa, sake gina wuraren da aka gina ba shine zaɓi na farko na warware karancin ƙasa ga gwamnati ba. Wasu masu sukar sun nuna cewa, farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa ba hanya ce mai ɗorewa don ci gaban Hong Kong ba - za a hana sufuri na ruwa, kuma ingancin ruwa zai lalace. Koyaya, kafin shekarun 1990s, mutane kalilan ne suka mai da hankali ga mummunan tasirin sake farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma sha'awar tattalin arziki koyaushe shine fifiko na farko ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. A cikin shekarun 1990s, an gabatar da babban shirin farfadowa. Winston Chu, memba na Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Birni, ya kafa Society for Protection of the Harbour ("SPH") a shekarar 1995. Bai gamsu da "babban farfadowa ba amma kuma da dukan tsarin tsarin jagorancin zartarwa".<ref name=":3"/> A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata na mulkin Burtaniya, SPH ta samu nasarar jawo hankalin jama'a ga shawarwarin sake dawo da tashar jiragen ruwa na gwamnati. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa sun yarda su yi magana game da yin adawa da sake dawo da tashar jiragen ruwa. Game da ayyukan Central da Wan Chai Reclamation, masu haɓaka dukiya, da kuma ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyi sun yi adawa da aikin. A karo na farko a shekarar 1998, an gudanar da babban nune-nunen, tattara ra'ayoyi daga jama'a, don adawa da ayyukan farfadowa. Duk waɗannan sun nuna a cikin majalisa - shugabar ta ayyana gyara Dokar Tsaro ta Tashar jiragen ruwa, an kashe ƙuntatawa kan farfadowa. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2003, SPH ta fara gudanar da bita na shari'a ("JR") a kan shawarar Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Birni ("TPB") dangane da da shirin Wan Chai North Outline Zoning Plan ("OZP") No. S / H25/1 .<ref>{{Cite web |last=HKSAR Lands and Planning Department |title=HKSAR Lands and Planning Department. |url=https://www.devb.gov.hk/reclamation/en/basic/chronology_of_events/central_chronology/t_index.html |access-date=8 December 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230194829/http://www.devb.gov.hk/reclamation/en/basic/chronology_of_events/central_chronology/t_index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban Kotun ta yanke hukunci a kan shari'ar JR, inda ta kafa "gwaje-gwaje uku" da za a yi amfani da su don karyata zaton da aka yi a karkashin sashi na 3 na Dokar Kare Harbour a watan Yuli. A cikin watan da ya biyo baya, TPB ta nemi Kotun daukaka kara ta ƙarshe ("CFA") don izini don karar daukaka kara. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, CFA ta yanke hukunci ta watsar da karar da TPB ta yi game da hukuncin Kotun Koli a kan shirin Wan Chai North OZP, amma ta maye gurbin "gwaje-gwaje uku" na Kotun Koyi da "gwaje guda daya da ke da muhimmanci ga jama'a".<ref>{{Cite web |last=HKSAR Lands and Planning Department |title=Protection of the Harbour Ordinance and Court Judgements |url=https://www.devb.gov.hk/reclamation/en/court/t_index.html |access-date=8 December 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230194750/http://www.devb.gov.hk/reclamation/en/court/t_index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> SPH ita ce kungiyar farko da aka kafa don adana tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Society for Protection Of The Harbour Ltd. |title=History -- Project Undertaken |url=http://www.harbourprotection.org/en/about/history/?page=1 |access-date=8 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220040247/http://www.harbourprotection.org/en/about/history/?page=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan haka, kungiyoyi daban-daban, da kungiyoyi sun sanya kokarin su kan kare tashar jiragen ruwa, kamar su Central-Wan Chai Reclamation Study Group (1998), Save Our Shorelines (1999), Action Group on Protection of the Harbour (2003), Friends of the Harbor (2003), Designing Hong Kong Harbour District (2003), Citizen Envisioning@Harbour (CE@H) (2003), da Harbour Business Forum. Sun samu nasarar kaddamar da yunkurin zamantakewa. == Tsarin shiga cikin jama'a == === Kwamitin Inganta Harbourfront === Bayan binciken shari'a game da aikin ci gaban [[Wan Chai]], al'umma ta bukaci gwamnati da ta kafa kwamitin da ya kunshi wakilai daga bangarori daban-daban don bincika ci gaban Victoria Harbour na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Harbour Front |url=http://www.harbourfront.org.hk/hec/eng/index.html?s=1 |access-date=2016-12-08 |website=www.harbourfront.org.hk}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar shiga jama'a don sake tsara shirye-shiryen farfadowa yayin da take tabbatar da cikakken bin ka'idodin Kotun daukaka kara ta ƙarshe na "mafi yawan bukatun jama'a".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harbourfront enhancement review launched |url=http://archive.news.gov.hk/isd/ebulletin/en/category/infrastructureandlogistics/050123/html/050123en06002.htm |access-date=2016-12-08 |website=archive.news.gov.hk }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kafa Kwamitin Inganta Harbourfront ("HEC") a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004, wanda ke da niyyar kare jin daɗin jama'a na tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar shiga jama'a wanda ke jagorantar ka'idodin ci gaba mai ɗorewa. An dauki HEC a matsayin sabuwar hukuma saboda dalilai da yawa. Da farko, wani jami'in gwamnati ne ya sake jagoranta, tare da Farfesa Chack-fan Lee, babban masanin injiniya daga Jami'ar Hong Kong ya zama shugaban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership of Harbour-front Enhancement Committee |url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200404/28/0428174.htm |access-date=2016-12-08 |website=www.info.gov.hk}}</ref> Bugu da kari, abun da ke cikin HEC ya haɗa da jami'an gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kungiyoyin farar hula, tare da gayyatar kungiyoyi don zabar wakilan su kai tsaye zuwa Kwamitin. Dukansu SPH da CE@H sun nada wakilan su, yayin da sauran membobin kamfanoni manyan kungiyoyi ne masu sana'a da kungiyoyin muhalli. Ainihin, an haɗa mafi yawan mahimman masu ruwa da tsaki na kariya ta tashar jiragen ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, duk tarurruka za su ci gaba a bayyane tare da minti da jama'a ke samu akan intanet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Eliza W.Y. Lee et al. 2013. Public Policymaking in Hong Kong: Civic Engagement and State-society Relations in a Semi-democracy. London and New York: Routledge |url=https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0Bwp8BA5-ldtvM1Q0bS1oamsxTmc}}</ref> Lalle ne, gwamnati ta yarda da bukatar jama'a don adana tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin dukiyar Hong Kong. Kamar yadda sharuddan tunani suka nuna, rawar da HEC ke takawa ta haɗa da kare tashar jiragen ruwa, inganta amfani da wuraren da ke bakin tashar jiragen sama da kuma kare jin daɗin jama'a ta hanyar shiga jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Harbour Front |url=http://www.harbourfront.org.hk/hec/eng/terms/index.html?s=1 |access-date=2016-12-08 |website=www.harbourfront.org.hk}}</ref> Za a karɓi ka'idojin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa yayin tsara amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan ci gaba na gaba. An ci gaba da kafa kananan kwamitoci da yawa a karkashin HEC. Musamman, Kwamitin Gudanar da Shirin Harbour ya tsara Ka'idodin Shirye-shiryen Harbour, wanda ya sanya hangen nesa na tsara tashar jiragen ruwa kamar inganta yankunan da ke bakin tashar jiragen sama don zama "kyakkyawan, mai ƙarfi, mai sauƙi da kuma kayan duniya mai ɗorewa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Development Bureau |date=October 2013 |title=Proposed Establishment of a Harbourfront Authority Phase I Public Engagement Exercise |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/dev/papers/dev1022cb1-65-4-e.pdf}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin ka'idodin suna da mahimmanci ga aikin jama'a da jin daɗin jama'a. Misali, ka'idar 'tsaron Victoria Harbour' ta nuna cewa dole ne a kare tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin dukiyar jama'a ta musamman, dukiyar al'adu da al'adu don motsa dabi'un tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Mafi mahimmanci, ka'idar 'haɗin kai' ta nuna cewa a yayin tsarawa da ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa, dole ne a shiga dukkan bangarori a matakin farko kuma a kan ci gaba don cimma yarjejeniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harbour-front Enhancement Committee |date=April 2006 |title=Harbour Planning Principles |url=http://www.harbourfront.org.hk/eng/content_page/doc/HPP_0503.pdf}}</ref> Ka'idodin da aka ambata a sama da HEC ta amince da su, a zahiri, suna nuna mahimman dabi'u don kariya da ci gaba na tashar jiragen ruwa - wato don adanawa da haɓaka yanayin dukiyar jama'a da kuma darajar al'adu da nishaɗi na Victoria Harbour. Game da batun tattalin arziki, an fi mayar da hankali kan karfafa kyawawan ƙasashen duniya na Hong Kong ta hanyar ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Task Group on Management Model for the Harbourfront, Harbour-front Enhancement Committee |date=January 2010 |title=Recommendation Report on Management Model for the Harbourfront |url=http://www.hfc.org.hk/filemanager/files/TGMMH_Report.pdf}}</ref> A wannan hanyar, da alama manufofin gargajiya da na dogon lokaci na ƙirƙirar sabuwar ƙasa don ci gaban birane ta hanyar farfadowa ba su da yawa a wannan karni. === Hanyoyin shiga jama'a === HEC ta haɓaka tsarin tsarawa don ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gwamnati da jama'a.<ref name="Ng2006">{{Cite journal |last=Ng |first=Mee Kam |year=2006 |title=World-city formation under an executive-led government:The politics of harbour reclamation in Hong Kong |journal=Town Planning Review |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=311–337 |doi=10.3828/tpr.77.3.4 |issn=0041-0020}}</ref> Wannan dabarar da aka ambata ta jaddada muhimmancin cimma yarjejeniya mai zurfi, musamman lokacin da aka kai ga yanke shawara mai mahimmanci game da ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref name="Kam Ng2008">{{Cite journal |last=Kam Ng |first=Mee |year=2008 |title=From Government to Governance? Politics of Planning in the First Decade of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |journal=Planning Theory & Practice |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=165–185 |doi=10.1080/14649350802041480 |issn=1464-9357 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mafi mahimmanci, Binciken Ingantawa na Gabatarwa ya haɗa da matakai uku: Mataki na hangen nesa, Mataki na aiwatarwa da Mataki na Shirye-shiryen Cikakken.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Civil Engineering and Development Department |date=2012 |title=Wan Chai Development Phase II - Public Consultation - Envisioning Stage |url=http://www.wd2.gov.hk/chi/public_e_envisioning.html |access-date=December 2, 2016}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020}}</ref> A matakin hangen nesa, an ba masu haɗin gwiwa damar tsara ka'idojin tsakiya da kuma ba da wahayinsu don ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa, tare da manufar samar da tushe mai ƙarfi don amincewa da shirin Concept da Babban Shirin nan gaba. <ref name="Thomas NgSkitmore2014">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas Ng |first=S. |last2=Skitmore |first2=Martin |last3=Tam |first3=Ka Yan |last4=Li |first4=Terry H. Y. |year=2014 |title=Public engagement in major projects: the Hong Kong experience |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/72952/4/72952.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer |volume=167 |issue=1 |pages=22–31 |doi=10.1680/muen.13.00009 |issn=0965-0903}}</ref> Don cimma burin da aka ambata a sama, an ƙarfafa masu ruwa da tsaki da jama'a gaba ɗaya su bayyana damuwarsu a cikin forums na jama'a da kuma al'umma a cikin shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harbourfront Enhancement Committee |title=Public invited to take part in forums and charrettes for Harbour-front Enhancement Review, Wan Chai, Causeway Bay and Adjoining Areas |url=http://www.harbourfront.org.hk/eng/content_page/news_14.html?s=1 |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> An nuna damuwa a cikin batutuwa da yawa kamar su sufuri da ka'idodin ƙirar birane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheung |first=Peter T. Y. |date=2011-05-01 |title=Civic engagement in the policy process in Hong Kong: Change and continuity |journal=Public Administration and Development |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=113–121 |doi=10.1002/pad.597 |issn=1099-162X}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da binciken ra'ayi, binciken tarho, da rubuce-rubuce don ba da cikakken ɗaukar hoto a matakin hangen nesa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Public Policy Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University |date=December 2008 |title=Final Report of Urban Design Study for the New Central Harbourfront Stage 2 Public Engagement Public Opinion Collection Exercise |url=http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/p_study/comp_s/UDS/eng_v1/images_eng/pdf_paper/s2_poce_fr_whole_e.pdf |access-date=2016-12-08 |archive-date=2016-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016221511/http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/p_study/comp_s/UDS/eng_v1/images_eng/pdf_paper/s2_poce_fr_whole_e.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Development Bureau, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |date=January 6, 2006 |title=Government responds to Legco subcommittee's Phase II study report on WKCD |url=https://www.devb.gov.hk/en/publications_and_press_releases/press/index_id_2490.html |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an kuma gudanar da taron karfafawa da tattaunawa tare da membobin Majalisar Gundumar, Majalisar Dokoki da Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Birni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harbour-front Enhancement Committee |date=March 2006 |title=Harbour-front Enhancement Review - Wan Chai, Causeway Bay and Adjoining Areas |url=http://www.harbourfront.org.hk/eng/content_page/doc/engagement_report/Main_Report.pdf |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maunsell Consultants Asia Ltd. |date=April 2006 |title=Consolidation of Harbour-front and Trunk Road Iseas |url=http://www.harbourfront.org.hk/eng/content_page/doc/Main_Text.pdf |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> A matakin cikar, jama'a sun shiga cikin jerin ayyukan shawarwari don manufar samun ra'ayoyi game da shirin da aka tsara.<ref name="King Penny WanHar Rebecca Chiu2008">{{Cite journal |last=King Penny Wan |first=Yim |last2=Har Rebecca Chiu |first2=Lai |year=2008 |title=Transforming the governance of plan-making in Hong Kong |journal=Journal of Place Management and Development |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=256–271 |doi=10.1108/17538330810911253 |issn=1753-8335}}</ref> Misali, an shirya zaman biyu na Community Workshops da Harbour Walks a cikin 2006 bi da bi. Gwamnati, kuma, ta gayyaci ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga 'yan ƙasa da jam'iyyun da suka dace ta hanyar gabatar da shawarwari da tsokaci. Abin da ya fi haka, an shirya taron Gidan Gida na Gidauniyar Gidauniya kuma an shirya shi don yiwuwar ingantawa da kimantawa ga Shirin Ma'ana. A cikin cikakken shirin, an tsara Shirin Ci Gaban da aka Ba da shawarar ("RODP"), kuma an yi gyare-gyare ga OZPs bisa ga maganganun jama'a da yarjejeniyar da aka samu a matakai da suka gabata. Ya cancanci a ambaci cewa an gudanar da wani bayani na jama'a a cikin 2007 don jama'a su gabatar da ra'ayoyinsu game da RODP da OZPs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EDAW City Planning Consultants Limited |date=June 2007 |title=Report on Public Briefing held on 23.6.2007 |url=http://www.harbourfront.org.hk/eng/content_page/doc/her/Public%20Briefing%20Report.pdf}}</ref> A ƙarshe, HEC ta yi ƙoƙari sosai wajen ƙarfafa ƙarin shiga jama'a a cikin shirin tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma ta motsa tsarin buɗewa da bayyane don shiga dukkan jam'iyyun da suka dace.<ref name="TangLee2011">{{Cite journal |last=Tang |first=W.-S. |last2=Lee |first2=J. W. Y. |last3=Ng |first3=M. K. |year=2011 |title=Public Engagement as a Tool of Hegemony: The Case of Designing the New Central Harbourfront in Hong Kong |journal=Critical Sociology |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=89–106 |doi=10.1177/0896920511408363 |issn=0896-9205 |s2cid=143935099}}</ref> === Kafa ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa === A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, an kafa Ƙungiyar Ayyuka kan Tsarin Gudanarwa don Harbourfront don gabatar da shawarar game da tsarin ma'aikata.<ref name=":2"/> Dangane da shawarwarin Task Group, an kafa Hukumar Harbourfront a matsayin mai ba da shawara.<ref name=":2" /> == Ƙarfi da raunin == === Nasarorin da aka samu === ==== Wakilin membobin HEC ==== Babban farfesa na injiniya da kuma Mataimakin Shugaban HEC ne ke jagorantar HKU. Shugaban HEC ya yi nasarar samun hadin kai da tallafi daga gwamnati, yana ba da gudummawa ga nasarar sake dubawa na tashar jiragen ruwa ta tsakiya da Wanchai. Yana nuna wa jama'a cewa gwamnati tana ba da izinin shigar da ƙwarewa maimakon sarrafa ajanda. Membobin da ba na hukuma ba sun haɗa da 'yan ƙasa daga asali daban-daban, kamar farfesa na ilimin ƙasa da masu ba da shawara kan dukiya.<ref name=":0"/> Bayan haka, HEC tana ba da wakilcin kamfanoni. Wannan yana nufin yana gayyatar kungiyoyi don nada wakilan su zuwa HEC. Misali, Citizen Envisioning@Harbour, Majalisar Muhalli ta Kasuwanci da Abokai na Duniya. Wakilan kamfanoni na iya samun karin ikon ciniki game da manufofin gwamnati saboda wakilan suna wakiltar jiki gaba ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, duka SPH da CE@H suna da wakilci a cikin Kwamitin, kodayake galibi suna fuskantar su a kan shirin farfado da tashar jiragen ruwa na gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2004 |title=Harbour panel takes activists on board |url=https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0Bwp8BA5-ldtvM1Q0bS1oamsxTmc |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> ==== Haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da jama'a ==== Gwamnati ta ba da izinin HEC don gudanar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwar jama'a. Wannan na iya gina amincewa da amincewa tsakanin mahalarta kuma ya ɗaga halattaccen Shirin Zoning na karshe na Wanchai North Reclamation. Babban matsayi na nuna gaskiya yana ba da damar sa ido kan jama'a. Dukkanin tarurruka suna buɗewa ga jama'a kuma jama'a na iya samun damar duk minti da takardun da suka danganci.<ref name=":0"/> Bayan haka, shiga cikin jama'a yana inganta shiga jama'a da ilmantarwa na zamantakewa a bangarorin jami'an gwamnati saboda ayyukan daban-daban, kamar hira, bita da nune-nunen, ana shirya su don shiga cikin jama-a. Wannan yana inganta hadin gwiwar jama'a da musayar ra'ayoyi tsakanin gwamnati da jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2004 |title=HEC members get first-hand information on the harbour |url=http://www.harbourfront.org.hk/eng/content_page/news_3.html?s=1 |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> ==== Sauran abubuwan da ke taimakawa ga nasara ==== Na farko, akwai wata ƙungiya mai ƙarfi. Jama'ar farar hula sun kasance karkashin jagorancin kwararru da ƙwararru waɗanda suka ba da maganganu masu ƙarfi da ilimi don magance manufofin da gwamnati ta tsara. Sun ba da wata manufa ta daban wacce za ta iya samun karancin farfadowa. Haɗin jama'a ya kasance sakamakon kai tsaye na tattara jama'a da kuma gwagwarmayar jama'a ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara tsarin shiga. Misali, manufofin gwamnati ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda sake dubawa na shari'a sun tilasta wa gwamnati shiga cikin jama'a. Har ila yau, SPH ta shirya "Blue Ribbon Movement" a shekara ta 2004 wanda ya ja hankalin 'yan ƙasa sama da 10,000 don shiga. Wannan ya nuna wa gwamnati cewa 'yan ƙasa sun ƙuduri aniyar kare tashar jiragen ruwa. Amfani da alamomin al'adu da kuma asalin jama'a sun burge jama'a su shiga cikin yunkurin kare tashar jiragen ruwa kuma su canza batun zuwa siyasa mafi rinjaye.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Eliza W.Y. Lee et al. 2013. Public Policymaking in Hong Kong: Civic Engagement and State-society Relations in a Semi-democracy. London and New York: Routledge |url=https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0Bwp8BA5-ldtvM1Q0bS1oamsxTmc}}</ref> CE@H ta gabatar da manufar shiga cikin jama'a ga gwamnati. Daga baya, tsarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a da CE@H ya karɓa ya zama tsari don tsarin haɗin gwiwoyin jama'a na gaba.<ref name=":02" /> Na biyu, an bude ajanda na gwamnati ga jama'a. Jama'a na iya gabatar da ra'ayoyinsu ga gwamnati. Shugaban da yake shi masanin kimiyya ne ya kuma nuna wa jama'a cewa gwamnati ba za ta so ta mamaye tsarin yin manufofi ba. Wannan yana ba 'yan ƙasa damar yin la'akari da cewa sun sami damar yin tasiri ga tsarin yin manufofi, wanda ke inganta ingancin aikin jama'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=From consultation to civic engagement : The road to better policy-making and governance in Hong Kong (Rep.). (2007). Hong Kong: Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre. |url=https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0Bwp8BA5-ldtvM1Q0bS1oamsxTmc}}</ref> Na uku, ci gaba ne da gwamnati ta samu a cikin shirin amfani da sararin jama'a. Tsarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a ya wuce tsohuwar hanyar tuntuɓar zuwa tsarin haɗin gwiwar Jama'a. Wannan na iya rage rikice-rikicen gwamnati da jama'a na gaba da kuma sauƙaƙe aiwatar da manufofi. Jama'a sun ji an yi la'akari da ra'ayoyinsu, wannan na iya sa gwamnati ta amsa kuma ta ba da lissafi.<ref name=":1"/> === Ƙuntatawa === ==== HEC ta fuskanci matsaloli a cikin tsara ajanda ==== Kodayake HEC tana da niyyar rufe manyan yankuna game da ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa, ajanda ta gwamnati tana da sha'awar farfado da tashar jiragen kasa ta Tsakiya da Wan Chai. Har ila yau, jami'ai har yanzu suna riƙe da ikon ƙarshe don cire wani abu daga tattaunawar. Bayan haka, HEC kwamitin ba da shawara ne kawai wanda ba na doka ba, shawarwarinsa ba su da doka, don haka gwamnati bazai aiwatar da shawarwarin a ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=6 July 2004 |title=Officials main culprit in harbour ruin |url=https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0Bwp8BA5-ldtvM1Q0bS1oamsxTmc |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> ==== Halin amfani da gwamnati ==== Gwamnati ta tuntubi jama'a galibi saboda tana son a zartar da shirin farfadowa na gaba. Tun daga farko, babu amincewar juna tsakanin gwamnati da masu ruwa da tsaki. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun koka cewa suna buƙatar ƙara ƙoƙari wajen ba da shawara ga jami'an gwamnati saboda jami'ai galibi ba za su bi shawarwarinsu ba. Misali, wasu 'yan kasuwa da masu tambayoyin kwararru sun ji cewa gwamnati ta yi la'akari da shawarwarinsu da gaske.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2004 |title=We'll listen to the public: Lam |url=https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0Bwp8BA5-ldtvM1Q0bS1oamsxTmc |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> ==== Mulkin gwamnati ==== Kodayake gwamnati ta sake buɗe shirin Wanchai Reclamation Phase II, Central Reclamation Mataki na III an rufe shi ga shigar jama'a. Wataƙila saboda sake farfadowa ta tsakiya tana da ƙimar kasuwanci mai girma, saboda haka gwamnati na son riƙe iko a yankin. Har ila yau, tunda ba a soke shirin farfadowa na tsakiya a cikin bita na shari'a ba, gwamnati za ta yi la'akari da cewa ba lallai ba ne don shiga cikin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2004 |title=An Uphill Battle for Quality of Life |url=https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0Bwp8BA5-ldtvM1Q0bS1oamsxTmc |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Wan Chai * Kare Dokar Tashar Jirgin Ruwa * Kungiyar Kare Tashar Jirgin Ruwa * Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Victoria == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 75oztgj56vc22c5ee9zlhnahcc3x4km 0 118747 827149 783762 2026-04-27T13:52:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827149 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Gidauniyar Vicar Hope''' ('''VHF'''), kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce Mrs. Nkechi Ikpeazu ta kafa kuma ta yi rajista a [[Najeriya]] a matsayin mai zaman kanta. Tana da kwamitin amintattu guda tara. An kafa shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2015. Gidauniyar tana da Matsayi na Musamman tare da [[Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ECOSOC)]] <ref>{{Cite web |title="Continuing Session, Non-Governmental Organizations Committee Approves 75 Entities for Status with Economic and Social Council, Defers Action on 43 Others" |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ecosoc6983.doc.htm |access-date=2019-05-20 |publisher=UNITED NATIONS.}}</ref> '''Gidauniyar Vicar Hope''' tana da hannu a cikin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, tashin hankali na jinsi, yanayi da muhalli, rage talauci, samun ƙwarewa da ci g[[Aba]] ga matalauta, gidaje ga marasa galihu, jin daɗi, matasa da mata. Tana da hedikwatar a [[Umuahia]], [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], [[Najeriya]] inda take gudanar da cibiyar matasa kuma tana aiki da ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyu da ke mai da hankali kan rikicewar sickle cell, kula da tsofaffi, kula da uwaye da yara. Cibiyar kiwon lafiya da bincike ta biyu tana cikin birnin Aba, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Skills for Abia rural dwellers" |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/skills-abia-rural-dwellers/ |access-date=2017-02-24 |publisher=The National Newspapers.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 23, 2016 |title=Vicar Hope Foundation trains 50 people on skills acquisition |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/vicar-hope-foundation-trains-50-people-on-skill-acquisition/ |access-date=2016-10-23 |publisher=The Guardian Newspapers.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="governors-wife-calls-couples-go-genotype-text-marriage" |url=https://www.sunrisenigeria.com/food/governors-wife-calls-couples-go-genotype-text-marriage/ |access-date=2017-07-27 |publisher=Sunrise Nigeria newspapers. }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen Gidauniyar == === Lafiya === Gidauniyar tana gudanar da cire tsutsotsi na yara a makarantun al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abia Govs wife to deworm 130,000 pupils in Abia State. |url=http://independent.ng/abia-govs-wife-to-deworm-130000-pupils/ |access-date=2016-06-26 |publisher=Daily Independent Newspapers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=" Abia Intensifies Efforts To Deworm School Children" |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/21/abia-intensifies-efforts-to-deworm-school-children |access-date=2017-10-09 |publisher=ThisDay Newspapers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrs Ikpeazu Flags-Off Deworming Exercise Charges Parents On Adequate Care Of School Children |url=https://allafrica.com/mrs-ikpeazu-flags-off-deworming-exercise-charges-parents-on-adequate-care-of-school-children/ |access-date=2017-11-21 |publisher=[[AllAfrica]] }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma yana inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da cututtukan da za a iya hanawa kamar '"" ciwon sukari da '"" cibiyar kiwon lafiya tana ba da sabis na ganowa na farko don ciwon nono ciki har da tantancewa da gwaji. Gidauniyar Vicar Hope ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar [https://www.abiastate.gov.ng%7CAbia Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jiha]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Cibiyar Kula da Abinci ta Nestle ta Afirka, da kuma Nigeria Society for Neonatal Medicine don horar da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya 100 da aka samo daga cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu da na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=" nnia-partnership-with-abia-state-government-to-tackle-infant-mortality." |url=https://www.nestlenutrition-institute.org/country/za/news/article/2017/08/17/nnia-partnership-with-abia-state-government-to-tackle-infant-mortality/ |access-date=2017-08-01 |publisher=The Nestle Nutrition Institute |archive-date=2020-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119041359/http://www.nestlenutrition-institute.org/country/za/news/article/2017/08/17/nnia-partnership-with-abia-state-government-to-tackle-infant-mortality |url-status=dead }}</ref> Likitocin kiwon lafiya, ma'aikatan jinya, masu juna biyu, ma'aikata na fadada kiwon lafiya na al'umma da wasu masu kula da haihuwa na cikin gida suna daga cikin mutanen da suka amfana daga horo mai zurfi na kwana biyu a kan NEONATAL RESUSCITATION AND ESSENTIAL NEWBORN CARE, hanya mai mahimmanci da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin minti na farko bayan haihuwa wanda ke da mahimmanci don taimakawa jaririn ya fara numfashi musamman inda wuraren kiwon lafiya ba su samuwa a yankunan karkara na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Abia First Lady trains 100 caregivers on neonatal resuscitation" |url=https://dailytimes.ng/abia-times/abia-first-lady-trains-100-caregivers-neonatal-resuscitation-essential-newborn-care/ |access-date=2017-07-27 |publisher=Daily Times Nigeria newspapers.}}</ref> Gidauniyar kuma tana tallafawa sababbin uwaye marasa galihu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2016 |title="abia-govs-wife-rescues-indigent-nursing-mothers-detained-over-hospital-bills" |url=https://guardian.ng/news/abia-govs-wife-rescues-indigent-nursing-mothers-detained-over-hospital-bills/ |access-date=2017-07-27 |publisher=Guardian newspapers.}}</ref> Gidauniyar tana aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyu waɗanda ke ba da kulawa ga tsofaffi, rikicewar ƙwayoyin cuta da kula da uwa da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Ikpeazu supports establishment of sickle cell centre" |url=https://www.businessdayonline.com/ikpeazu-supports-establishment-sickle-cell-centre-abia/ |access-date=2017-02-24 |publisher=The Business Day newspapers. |archive-date=2017-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225040508/https://www.businessdayonline.com/ikpeazu-supports-establishment-sickle-cell-centre-abia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Aisha Buhari Commissions Sickle Cell Center in Abia" |url=https://www.medicalworldnigeria.com/2017/06/aisha-buhari-commissions-sickle-cell-center-in-abia#.WaFdYvOv_IU |access-date=2017-07-27 |publisher=MedicalWorld Nigeria.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2020 |title="Vicar Hope Foundation Aba Branch Moved to Permanent Site" |url=https://nationalambassadorngr.com/vicar-hope-foundation-aba-branch-moved-to-permanent-site/ |access-date=2020-09-07 |publisher=National Ambassador newspapers.}}</ref> Sashen Kula da Sickle Cell na Cibiyar ban da kula da cututtuka da kulawa kuma yana ba da shawara da sabis na fadakarwa. Ita ce mafi aiki a yankin da ke da jimillar mutane kusan miliyan 16. Yanayinta yana ba shi kusa da yankunan karkara na Jihar Abia, inda akwai ƙananan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na musamman. Har ila yau, yana ba da damar ga mazaunan karkara waɗanda suka zama yawancin mutanen da suka fi fuskantar tasirin tattalin arziki da na jiki da yawa na cututtukan sickle cell.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Providing Succour to Sickle Cell Patients through Vicar Hope Sickle cell treatment and diagnosis centre" |url=http://thenews-chronicle.com/providing-succour-to-sickle-cell-patients-through-vicar-hope-sickle-cell-treatment-and-diagnosis-centre/ |access-date=2017-06-23 |publisher=The News Chronicle. |archive-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623124936/http://thenews-chronicle.com/providing-succour-to-sickle-cell-patients-through-vicar-hope-sickle-cell-treatment-and-diagnosis-centre/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Succour for sickle cell patients" |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/succour-sickle-cell-patients-foundation-offers-free-medicare/ |access-date=2017-01-27 |publisher=Vanguard newspapers.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I am committed to fight Sickle Cell |url=http://www.championnews.com.ng/im-committed-to-fighting-sickle-cell-mrs-ikpeazu/ |access-date=2016-06-20 |publisher=www.championnews.com.ng }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gidauniyar ta dauki nauyin aiwatar da doka a Majalisar Dokokin Jiha wacce ke neman rage yaduwar cutar sickle cell.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2020 |title="Vicar Hope Foundation Holds Workshop as Nigeria Tops Chart of Children Borne With Sickle Cell Disease" |url=https://nationalambassadorngr.com/vicar-hope-foundation-holds-workshop-as-nigeria-tops-chat-of-children-born-with-sickle-cell-disease-globally/ |access-date=2020-07-17 |publisher=National Ambassador newspapers.}}</ref> === Ilimi === Gidauniyar ta gina ɗakunan ajiya kuma ta ba da gudummawar kayan makaranta da littattafai ga al'ummomin karkara a yankin karamar hukumar Bende da yankin karamar hukuma na Obingwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Abia First lady's Foundation builds and commissions classroom blocks for Obingwa school" |url=https://dailytimes.ng/news/abia-first-lady-foundation-builds-commissions-classroom-blocks-obingwa-school/ |access-date=2017-07-27 |publisher=Daily Times Newspaper.}}</ref> Har ila yau, tana ba da tallafin karatu ga ɗalibai ta hanyar shirinsa na tallafi, ISLEF . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ctk1oud8ftajjebp5j9c6p324czhxbi 0 119176 827163 731469 2026-04-27T14:56:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827163 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Gino Casassa Rogazinski''' (an haife shi Afrilu 23, 1958, Recoleta ) masanin glaciologist ne [[Chile|na Chile]], yana aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Antarctic ta Chile (INACH) tun daga 2024. Ya yi karatun injiniyan hydraulic na jama'a a Jami'ar Chile (1984), ya kammala digiri na biyu a geophysics / glaciology a Jami'ar Jami'ar Japan a Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Japan a Hokkaido. (Amurka). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gino Casassa |url=https://redencuentros.org/speakers/gino-casassa/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |publisher=Red Encuentros |language=es |archive-date=August 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805225346/https://redencuentros.org/speakers/gino-casassa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Magallanes . Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa [[Canjin yanayi|karuwar zafin duniya]] ya faru ne saboda ayyukan dan Adam. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Gino Casassa, glaciòleg i expert en canvi climàtic: «Si no sʼactua, la temperatura del planeta podria augmentar fins a 4 ºC dʼaquí a final de segle» |url=https://web.ub.edu/web/actualitat/w/gino-casassa-glacioleg-i-expert-en-canvi-climatic-si-no-sactua-la-temperatura-del-planeta-podria-augmentar-fins-a-4-c-daqui-a-final-de-segle- |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Current events |language=ca}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Mahaifinsa fursuna ne na yaki na Italiya kuma memba ne na sojojin Alpine, kuma mahaifiyarsa, wata mace ce ta Jamus wacce ta tsere wa tsanantawar Yahudawa zuwa China. Tun yana ƙarami, yana da sha'awar hawa duwatsu kuma ya sadu da masanin ilimin kankara [[Cedomir Marangunic]], wanda kuma ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio. Tare da wasu masana kimiyya dubu biyu, ya raba Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya, uku daga cikinsu su ma 'yan Chile ne waɗanda suka yi aiki a IPCC a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name="LT">{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2014 |title=Gino Casassa: Hombre de hielo |url=https://www.latercera.com/diario-impreso/gino-casassa-hombre--de-hielo/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |publisher=La Tercera |language=es}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Seminario_"La_región_de_Magallanes_y_la_Antártica,_oportunidad_de_desarrollo_en_el_siglo_XXI".jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Gino Casassa a cikin Seminar "Yankin Magallanes da Antarctica, damar ci gaba a karni na 21".]] Ya gudanar da bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martínez |first=Consuelo |date=2018-02-14 |title=Gino Casassa , científico – glaciólogo experto en cambio climatico; expositor seminario "Patrimonio Natural-Cultural y Turismo" |url=https://fundacionhuilohuilo.org/gino-casassa-cientifico-glaciologo-experto-en-cambio-climatico-expositor-seminario-patrimonio-natural-cultural-y-turismo/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |publisher=Fundación Huilo Huilo |language=es}}</ref> (CECS), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gino Casassa |url=https://opinion.cooperativa.cl/opinion/gino-casassa/2024-09-03/213601.html |access-date=January 11, 2025 |publisher=Coopertiva |language=es}}</ref> inda, tsakanin 2002 da 2012, ya yi aiki a sashin Glaciology da Canjin Yanayi. Bugu da kari, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan Kwamitin Kimiyya na Yanayi da aikin Cryosphere (a karkashin Shirin Binciken Yanayi na Duniya), tare da Kwamitin Kimiiki kan Binciken Antarctic, kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya. Ya sami Guggenheim Fellowship . Ya kasance memba na [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi]] (IPCC) na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] <ref name=":0"/> wanda aka amince da shi da Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Nobel a 2007 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen yada ka'idar canjin yanayi na ɗan adam. A layi daya, ya jagoranci kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan ƙasa da na duniya da suka shafi binciken kankara da kimanta tasirin muhalli, inganta kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban fasaha a cikin kimiyyar ƙasa. Tun daga 2023, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa da kuma manajan aikin a Geoestudios Asesores Ltda . (mallaka ne daga [[Cedomir Marangunic]]), yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Magallanes . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gino Casassa Rogazinski |url=https://investigadores.anid.cl/es/public_search/researcher?id=18125 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |publisher=Portal del Investigador |language=es}}</ref> Daga 2018 zuwa 2022, ya kasance shugaban Glaciology da Snow Unit a Dirección General de Aguas, kuma a baya ya inganta shirye-shiryen ilimi a matsayin co-kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na glaciology da shirye-shirye na Antarctic a Jami'ar Magallanes. Ya wallafa littattafai sama da 100 na kimiyya game da geophysics na kankara, hanyoyin dusar ƙanƙara, da tarkace, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimmancin Antarctica ga manufofin kasashen waje na Chile. Bayan ya zama darektan INACH, ya bayyana jajircewarsa na karfafa Shirin Kimiyya na Antarctic na Kasa da kuma shiga Chile a cikin [[Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Antarctic]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2024 |title=Asume el nuevo Director del INACH el científico Gino Casassa |url=https://www.ovejeronoticias.cl/2024/07/asume-el-nuevo-director-del-inach-el-cientifico-gino-casassa/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |publisher=Ovejero Noticias |language=es}}</ref> == Hawan dutse == * Fabrairu 21, 1980 da karfe 10:00 na safe - Dutsen Fitz Roy a kan iyakar [[Chile]] da [[Argentina]]. A shekara 21, yayin da yake karatun injiniya kuma yana aiki a matsayin malami ga Tarayyar Andinism ta Chile, tare da Walter Bertsch, ɗan Austriya mai shekaru 19 da ke horo a matsayin Jagoran Alpine a Kungiyar Alpine ta [[Austriya|Austrian]], sun kai taron ta hanyar hanyar Col Americano. Alejandro Izquierdo, dalibi ne na Chile, ya kai mita 2,800. <ref name="AlpinismoChileno">{{Cite web |title=Primer Ascenso Chileno al Monte Fitz Roy - Perros Alpinos Chile |url=http://www.perrosalpinos.cl/RH-fitzroy.html |access-date=January 11, 2025 |publisher=Perros Alpinos Chile |language=es}}</ref> Shi ne karo na farko na Chile da ya hau dutsen. * 1983 - Changtse, Tibet, [[Sin|China]] - Hawan na gaba, kuma hawan kansa na farko. A ranar 14 ga watan Mayu ta hanyar hanyar da masu hawan dutse na Jamus ke amfani da ita. == Bincike == [[Fayil:El_Presidente_de_Chile_Gabriel_Boric_y_su_comitiva_de_visita_en_el_Polo_Sur_(21).jpg|thumb|350x350px|Gino Casassa tare da Shugaba Gabriel Boric a Tashar Amundsen-Scott ta Kudu a Yankin Kudancin Kudancin.]] A cewar Casassa, kankara na Patagonian na iya komawa baya, wanda zai iya nuna ko dai yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa da aka bayyana ta hanyar Milankovitch ko dumamar duniya. A cikin 2024, wani bincike kan filayen kankara na Patagonian wanda Casassa ya shiga ya tabbatar da cewa gadon kankara ya zurfafa har zuwa kusan kilomita 20 a cikin ƙasa, mai yiwuwa ya sa ya zama mai saukin [[Komawar kankara tun daga 1850|koma baya]] a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fürst |first=Johannes J. |last2=Farías-Barahona |first2=David |last3=Blindow, Norbert |last4=Casassa, Gino |last5=Gacitúa, Guisella |last6=Koppes, Michèle |last7=Lodolo, Emanuele |last8=Millan, Romain |last9=Minowa, Masahiro |date=2024-03-22 |title=The foundations of the Patagonian icefields |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=142 |bibcode=2024ComEE...5..142F |doi=10.1038/s43247-023-01193-7 |issn=2662-4435 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, game da Gran Campo Nevado, binciken da ya shafi Casassa ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara sun rasa sama da 20% na jimlar yankinsu a wannan lokacin, tare da asarar yankin ƙanƙanta a kusan 2.4% a kowace shekara goma daga 1942 zuwa 2002.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schneider |first=Christoph |last2=Schnirch |first2=Michael |last3=Acuña, César |last4=Casassa, Gino |last5=Kilian, Rolf |date=October 2007 |title=Glacier inventory of the Gran Campo Nevado Ice Cap in the Southern Andes and glacier changes observed during recent decades |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921818106002931 |journal=Global and Planetary Change |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1–4 |pages=87–100 |bibcode=2007GPC....59...87S |doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.11.023 |url-access=subscription |access-date=December 20, 2020}}</ref> Ya kuma ambaci cewa manyan rikice-rikicen muhalli na iya haɗawa da gobarar daji, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], guguwa, barkewar kwari, wuce gona da iri, girgizar ƙasa, nau'ikan fashewar dutse, tsunami, firestorms, Tasirin meteorite, [[Canjin yanayi]] da tasirin lalacewar ayyukan ɗan adam (rashin hankali na ɗan adam) kamar raguwar mazaunin, yawan katako, Yawan kamun kifi, yawan amfani da agrochemicals, gurɓataccen abubuwa masu rediyo ko ƙarfe mai nauyi, da gabatar da nau'in mamaye.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosenzweig |first=Cynthia |last2=Karoly |first2=David |last3=Vicarelli, Marta |last4=Neofotis, Peter |last5=Wu, Qigang |last6=Casassa, Gino |last7=Menzel, Annette |last8=Root, Terry L. |last9=Estrella, Nicole |date=May 2008 |title=Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06937 |journal=Nature |language=es |volume=453 |issue=7193 |pages=353–357 |bibcode=2008Natur.453..353R |doi=10.1038/nature06937 |issn=0028-0836 |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 11, 2019}}</ref> Ya shiga cikin Congreso Futuro [[Annex: Congreso Futuro 2013|na 2013]] tare da taken "Glaciers, ƙalubalen tsira a duniyar da aka damu".<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2013 |title=II Congreso del Futuro. La salud de la Tierra: los principales desafíos que enfrentará el planeta. |url=https://www.senado.cl/ii-congreso-del-futuro-la-salud-de-la-tierra-los-principales-desafios/senado/2013-01-18/103827.html |access-date=October 9, 2020 |publisher=Senado de Chile |language=es |archive-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010044329/https://www.senado.cl/ii-congreso-del-futuro-la-salud-de-la-tierra-los-principales-desafios/senado/2013-01-18/103827.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin rani na Australiya na 2004-2005, ya shiga cikin binciken kimiyya na Chile zuwa Kudancin Pole, da kuma Operación Estrella Polar III a lokacin rani na 2024-2025. Cibiyar Antarctic ta Chile ta tattara samfurori na kankara a yankin don bincika matakan gurɓataccen yanayi, kuma Casassa ta kasance wani ɓangare na balaguron <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2025 |title=Cómo es la experiencia de conocer el Polo Sur |url=https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/presidente-boric/viajes-al-exterior/como-es-la-experiencia-de-conocer-el-polo-sur/2025-01-09/123128.html |access-date=January 10, 2025 |publisher=Cooperativa |language=es}}</ref> tare da [[shugaban kasa]] Chile Gabriel Boric, wanda ya zama shugaban farko a tarihi don ziyartar Kudancin Pole, <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2025 |title=EL PRIMER JEFE DE ESTADO DE LA HISTORIA EN PISAR EL POLO SUR: EL HITO QUE MARCÓ LA VISITA DEL PRESIDENTE BORIC A LA ANTÁRTICA |url=https://www.radiopolar.com/jefe-historia-pisar-polo-sur-hito-marco-visita-presidente-boric-antartica |access-date=January 4, 2025 |publisher=Radio Polar |language=es}}</ref> kuma shugaban na uku gaba ɗaya (ciki har da [[Shugaban Gwamnati|shugabannin gwamnati]]) a duk duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2025 |title=No solo Boric: los otros dos mandatarios que han visitado el Polo Sur |url=https://www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/no-solo-boric-los-otros-dos-mandatarios-que-han-visitado-el-polo-sur/FP54O7X6CJCMTNQ2AZOP4G6I6U/ |access-date=January 4, 2025 |publisher=La Tercera |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1n6yc96dul01soe9xcega49t6qahak6 0 120637 827222 795374 2026-04-27T15:38:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 827222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Isa al-Bakr''' (Larabci: محمد عيسى الباكر,an rubuta: Muḥammad 'Īsā al-Bākr) ɗan gwagwarmaya ne daga Qatar wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara yakin neman tallafi na kan layi na Madad Ahlal-Sham wanda yanzu ya daina aiki, kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci na Ooredoo . Lokacin da al-Bakr yayi aiki a matsayin kodinatan Madad Ahl al-Sham, the group conducted shipments of humanitarian aid supplies to rural neighborhoods in Syria. Madad Ahl al-Sham has been accused of financing the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda, the al-Nusra Front. In 2013, al-Bakr was one of two Qatari citizens arrested for submitting a "threatening letter" to the French Embassy in Qatar. He died in September 2018 at 45 years old in car accidient. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Tarihi == === Iyali === Muhammad Isa al-Bakr yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyar na Issa Haji Mohammed al-Bakri . <ref> name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwan Muhammad, Ibrahim 'Isa Hajji Muhammad al-Bakr, Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta lakafta shi a matsayin Mai Ta'addanci na Duniya (SDGT) a shekarar 2014 don samar da tallafin kuɗi ga [[al-Qaeda]] da [[Taliban]] da kuma taka "babban rawa a cikin ƙungiyar ta'addanci da ke shirin kai hari kan sansanonin soja da ma'aikatan Amurka a Qatar".<ref> name="treasury1">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref> Issa Haji Mohammed al-Bakr ya mutu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011 yana da shekaru 90. <ref> name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya kasance a yankin al-Kheesa na Doha, Qatar, amma daga baya zai yi tafiya zuwa Turkiyya.<ref> name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> == Madad Ahl al-Sham == Madad Ahl al-Sham wani kamfen ne na tara kudade na kan layi wanda aka kirkira don samar da kayan jin kai ga 'yan kasar Siriya da ke cikin bukata.<ref> name="stopterrorfinance1">{{Cite web |title=Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510649691-getting-by-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> A cikin takardar kan layi da aka danganta ga kamfen ɗin kuma aka rarraba da farko ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta, kamfen ɗin Madad Ahl al-Sham ya nemi gudummawa daga 'yan ƙasar Qatar don samar da magani, abinci, da tufafi ga fararen hula na Siriya.<ref> name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> A cikin 2013, an ba da rahoton cewa an tura tan 31 na abinci da kayan kiwon lafiya na gida ga 'yan ƙasar Siriya da' yan gudun hijira ta iyakar Turkiyya a kashi na shida, na bakwai, da na takwas na shirin taimako wanda Madad Ahl al-Sham ya tattara.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-04 |title=جريدة الراية - مركز قطر للعمل التطوعي يواصل تقديم مساعداته للشعب السوري |url=http://www.raya.com/news/pages/95db8aab-0c98-4222-adf7-6c89e53eef1d |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Wani memba na Madad Ahl al-Sham, Mohammed Helwan al-Seqatri, ya gaya wa jaridar Qatari al-Watan cewa sama da matasa Qataris 50 suna ba da gudummawa don kamfen ɗin ta hanyar tattara gudummawa da za a aika zuwa Siriya ta kan iyakokin [[Turkiyya]] da Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=جريدة الوطن - Newspaper Al Watan - "30" قافلة مساعدات من "العمل التطوعي" للاجئين السوريين |url=http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=7C3B4EE5-4841-41D0-AF6F-96725967BD31&d=20130319 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817040149/http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=7C3B4EE5-4841-41D0-AF6F-96725967BD31&d=20130319 |archive-date=2016-08-17 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Archive.al-watan.com}}</ref> A cewar Ofishin Yaki da Ta'addanci na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, hukumomin Qatar sun rufe kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na kan layi na Madad Ahl al-Sham a cikin 2014.<ref name="state1">{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2014 Middle East and North Africa Overview |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239407.htm |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=State.gov}}</ref><ref name="stopterrorfinance2">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nusra and its Gulf Financiers: The Political Cost of a Long-Running Alliance &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510937020-al-nusra-and-its-gulf-financiers-the-political-cost-of-a-long-running-alliance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313003157/http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510937020-al-nusra-and-its-gulf-financiers-the-political-cost-of-a-long-running-alliance |archive-date=2017-03-13 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya kasance mai gabatar da gudummawa kuma mai kula da gudummawar Madad Ahl al-Sham . <ref name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 2014, al-Bakr ya fito a cikin bidiyon da ke inganta Madad Ahl al-Sham da kuma kwatanta aikinta da ayyukanta.<ref name="businessinsider1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-12 |title=توزيع بطاقات غذائية مزودة من حملة مدد أهل الشام من أهالي قطر |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xACI5aIvqe0 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Al-Bakr ya kuma inganta kamfen ɗin, ya rarraba takardunsa, kuma ya nuna tarin taimakonsa da isar da shi ta hanyar asusun [[Twitter]] na kansa.<ref name="twitter1">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-16 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "وما زالت #حملة_مدد_اهل_الشام تواصل دعمها بفضل الله ثم بفضل تبرعاتكم يا أهل الفضل والعطاء-اللهم اعطي منفقاً خلفا " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/412778862901092352 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref name="twitter2">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-07 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "#حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام الرابعة" |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/398713413611696128 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-15 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "تبرعاتكم يا أهل قطر من التمور والبطانيات تم شحنها لأهلكم في سوريا مع حملة مدد أهل الشام فهنيئاً للمتبرعين. " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/401449741008900096 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-18 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "في #حملة_مدد_اهل_الشام شارك ابن قطر مع ابن السودان مع ابن النيبال مع ابن سوريا في حمل همّ اخوانهم في ارض الشام " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/413406717758943232 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, wani bidiyon ya fito a kan layi wanda ke nuna isar da abinci da kayan wasa ga 'yan ƙasar Siriya a cikin akwatunan kunshe-kunshe.<ref name="youtube1">{{Cite web |title=توزيع الكفالات والهدايا بعيد الفطر |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22ORc4lLDgc |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ana lakafta akwatunan da ke cikin bidiyon kamar yadda aka kawo su a karkashin kulawar Muhammad Isa al-Bakr.<ref name="youtube1" /> == Kungiyar Q-Tel == An yi imanin cewa Muhammad Isa al-Bakr yana aiki ne ga kamfanin sadarwa na Qatar Q-Tel Group . <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> == Haɗin kai da ta'addanci == === Madad Ahl al-Sham === Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya shiga cikin ayyukan kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na kan layi Madad Ahl al-Sham . Tun lokacin da ya fito, an gano Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin tushen tara kuɗi ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ciki har da al-Nusra Front, reshen Syria na al-Qaeda. A watan Agustan 2012, al-Nusra Front ta ambaci Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi so don gudummawa". Kafin a rufe shi a shekarar 2014, Madad Ahle al-Shan yana aiki a karkashin Cibiyar Ayyukan Sa kai ta Qatar, ƙungiyar gwamnati da aka kafa a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="autogenerated2"/> A shekarar 2014, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin "kamfen na tara kudade na kan layi wanda ake zargi da aika kudade ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Siriya".<ref name="state1"/> Sa'd bin Sa'd Muhammad Shariyan al-Kabi dan Amurka ne wanda aka zaba musamman a matsayin dan ta'addan duniya saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa kamfen din bayar da gudummawa a Qatar don al-Nusra Front kuma yana aiki a matsayin matsakaici don tattara da sauƙaƙe biyan kudin fansa ga wani mai garkuwa da ƙungiyar 'yan ta'adda ke riƙe.<ref name="treasury2">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Financial Supporters of Al-Qaida and Al-Nusrah Front |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl0143.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref> Al-Kabi ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa da kuma tara kuɗi na Madad Ahl al-Sham . Sunan Al-Kabi da lambar waya sun bayyana a kan wasu takardun Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin babban ma'anar hulɗa ga waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin.<ref name="twitter1"/><ref name="twitter2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=صوت الفجر - قطر on Twitter: "حملة #مدد_أهل_الشام @mdd_sham في #قطر حماه القائمون عليها شباب قطريين اياديهم بيضاء نحسبهم والله حسيبهم " |url=https://twitter.com/suotalfajer/status/367339021833228288 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-20 |title=tahani on Twitter: "حملة مدد أهل الشام " |url=https://twitter.com/ylaaaf_tahani/status/414082123838914560 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cikin 2014, [[CNN]] ta ruwaito cewa bayanan manzo na [[WhatsApp]] na al-Kabi ya haɗa da takardar Madad Ahl al-Sham da ke kira ga gudummawa "daidai da $ 1,500 don shirya mayaƙa ta hanyar makamai, ciyarwa, da magani. " A cikin sakon Twitter na 2013, al-Kafi ya yi iƙirarin cewa Madad Ahle al-sham ya tara daidai da dala miliyan 1.4 daga masu ba da gudummawa na Qatar. <ref name="autogenerated3" /> Abd al-Latif Bin Abdallah Salih Muhammad al-Kawari ya kasance sanannen mai tara kuɗi ga Madad Ahl al-Sham kuma Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka Mai Ta'addanci na Duniya don tattara tallafin kuɗi ga al-Qaeda, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in tsaro na al-Qaïda, da kuma "sauƙa wa tafiye-tafiye na duniya na mai aikawa wanda ke ɗauke da dubban daloli da aka ware wa al-QaQaeda. " <ref name="treasury2"/> Al-Qaeda ya yi aiki tare da SDGT al-Qajah Isa Ibrahim al-Bakr, ɗan's, ɗan'Qaeda, ɗan'U, Pakistan mai suna Hassan al-Qaed, Asa Asa Asa Asa,<ref name="treasury1">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider1"/> Magoya bayan Madad Ahl al-Sham sun bayyana al-Kawari a matsayin maɓallin tuntuɓar kamfen ɗin kuma a matsayin mataimakin al-Kabi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=جارالله الكحله المري on Twitter: ": للتذكير ب الحملة سعد الكعبي 0097455858529 عبداللطيف الكواري 0097466530050 #حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير " |url=https://twitter.com/jarallahalmarri/status/340084358222340096 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=أم الفضل الكعبي on Twitter: "ارقام الحملة سعد الكعبي 55858529 عبداللطيف الكواري 66530050 وللأخوات مع أم فضل الكعبي 55568889 #حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير" |url=https://twitter.com/bntaljazera/status/340089189087461378 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-29 |title=صالح بن أحمد الغانم on Twitter: "سعد الكعبي المشرف العام لحملة مدد الشام لاخواننا المجاهدين في القصيرونصرتهم ٥٥٨٥٨٥٢٩ وعبد اللطيف الكواري٦٦٥٣٠٠٥٠ وما تقدمونه تلقونه" |url=https://twitter.com/Alghanim999/status/339652973758132224 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=وليد الحاج(أبو مصعب) on Twitter: "#حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير تحت أشراف الأخ سعد الكعبي 55858529 والأخ عبداللطيف الكواري 66530050 @Saadsaadalkabi كونوا عونا لهم" |url=https://twitter.com/WaleedGaj2002/status/340157253971738626 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cewar The Consortium Against Terrorist Finance (CATF), Al-Kawari kai tsaye ya tsara Madad Ahl al-Sham daga Janairu 2013 zuwa tsakiyar 2014. <ref name="stopterrorfinance2"/> Dukansu al-Kabi da al-Kawari suna ci gaba da rayuwa kyauta a Qatar.<ref name="stopterrorfinance1">{{Cite web |title=Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510649691-getting-by-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> == Kamawa == A ranar 22 ga watan Maris, 2013, jami'an da ke da tufafi sun kama Muhammad Isa al-Bakr da Mansour bin Rashed al-Matroushi yayin da suke dawowa daga tafiya ta iyali zuwa Mesaieed a kudu maso gabashin [[Qatar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=قطر- مدافعا حقوق الإنسان محمد عيسى الباكر ومنصور راشد المطروشي في اضراب عن الطعام حتى يتم الأفراج عنهما |url=http://anhri.net/?p=75175 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Anhri.net}}</ref> An kai mutanen biyu hedkwatar 'yan sanda a [[Doha]] kuma an sanar da iyalansu cewa ana tsare al-Bakr da al-Matroushi, amma ba su sami dalilin tsare su ba.<ref name="amnestyusa1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-28 |title=Activists Removed From Solitary Confinement |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa07113.pdf |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Amnestyusa.org |format=PDF |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613210825/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa07113.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, 2013, an yi wa maza biyu tambayoyi a ofisoshin mai gabatar da kara na Tsaro na Jiha ba tare da an sanar da su game da wani zargi ko kuma takardar izinin kama su ba.<ref name="amnestyusa1" /> Hukumomin Qatari, duk da haka, sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ba da takardar izinin kamawa.<ref name="dohanews1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-29 |title=Qatari activists held for a week over 'threatening' letter to French embassy - Doha News |url=http://dohanews.co/qatari-activists-held-for-a-week-over-threatening/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211355/https://dohanews.co/qatari-activists-held-for-a-week-over-threatening/ |archive-date=2018-09-19 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Dohanews.co}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris an sanya maza biyu a cikin kurkuku har zuwa ranar 27 ga watan Maris lokacin da aka ba su damar amfani da layin waya na kurkuku akai-akai kuma an ba su izinin ziyarar daga dangin da membobin Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa na Qatar.<ref name="amnestyusa1"/> Yayinda suke tsare, an sake tambayar al-Bakr da al-Matroushi game da wasikar zuwa ofishin jakadancin Faransa.<ref name="dohanews1"/> Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa maza biyu sun fara yajin aikin yunwa a safiyar ranar 8 ga Afrilu. A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu al-Baker ya yi zargin rashin lafiya sosai don yin magana a waya ko tafiya. <ref name="amnestyusa1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=قطر- مدافعا حقوق الإنسان محمد عيسى الباكر ومنصور راشد المطروشي في اضراب عن الطعام حتى يتم الأفراج عنهما |url=http://anhri.net/?p=75175 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Anhri.net}}</ref> An saki Al-Bakr da al-Matroushi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2013, bayan an tsare su na kwanaki 28 amma an hana su barin Qatar bayan an sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Document &#124; Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde22/009/2013/en/ |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Amnesty.org}}</ref> An yi imanin cewa kama al-Bakr da al-Matroushi ya haifar da isar da wasika mai kwanan wata 3 ga Maris, 2013 zuwa ofishin jakadancin Faransa a Qatar. <ref name="amnestyusa1"/> Kodayake ofishin jakadancin Faransa ya ki yin tsokaci game da wasikar, ofishin jakadun ya tuntubi hukumomin Qatar a ranar 7 ga watan Maris wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa wasikar ta yi barazana ga ofishin jakasirin da Faransa.<ref name="dohanews1"/> A cewar fassarar Doha News, wasikar ta bukaci gwamnatin Faransa ta dakatar da yakin basasa a Mali nan da nan "ko kuma ku (Faransa) za ku fallasa kanku ga fushin mutanen da ke son mutuwa kamar yadda kuke son rayuwa".<ref name="dohanews1" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] alcgobgd2t8m52mp5i4xdcv06kmhat6 827223 827222 2026-04-27T15:39:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 827223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Isa al-Bakr''' (Larabci: محمد عيسى الباكر,an rubuta: Muḥammad 'Īsā al-Bākr) ya kasance ɗan gwagwarmaya ne daga Qatar wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara yakin neman tallafi na kan layi na Madad Ahlal-Sham wanda yanzu ya daina aiki, kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci na Ooredoo . Lokacin da al-Bakr yayi aiki a matsayin kodinatan Madad Ahl al-Sham, the group conducted shipments of humanitarian aid supplies to rural neighborhoods in Syria. Madad Ahl al-Sham has been accused of financing the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda, the al-Nusra Front. In 2013, al-Bakr was one of two Qatari citizens arrested for submitting a "threatening letter" to the French Embassy in Qatar. He died in September 2018 at 45 years old in car accidient. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Tarihi == === Iyali === Muhammad Isa al-Bakr yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyar na Issa Haji Mohammed al-Bakri . <ref> name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwan Muhammad, Ibrahim 'Isa Hajji Muhammad al-Bakr, Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta lakafta shi a matsayin Mai Ta'addanci na Duniya (SDGT) a shekarar 2014 don samar da tallafin kuɗi ga [[al-Qaeda]] da [[Taliban]] da kuma taka "babban rawa a cikin ƙungiyar ta'addanci da ke shirin kai hari kan sansanonin soja da ma'aikatan Amurka a Qatar".<ref> name="treasury1">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref> Issa Haji Mohammed al-Bakr ya mutu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011 yana da shekaru 90. <ref> name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya kasance a yankin al-Kheesa na Doha, Qatar, amma daga baya zai yi tafiya zuwa Turkiyya.<ref> name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> == Madad Ahl al-Sham == Madad Ahl al-Sham wani kamfen ne na tara kudade na kan layi wanda aka kirkira don samar da kayan jin kai ga 'yan kasar Siriya da ke cikin bukata.<ref> name="stopterrorfinance1">{{Cite web |title=Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510649691-getting-by-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> A cikin takardar kan layi da aka danganta ga kamfen ɗin kuma aka rarraba da farko ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta, kamfen ɗin Madad Ahl al-Sham ya nemi gudummawa daga 'yan ƙasar Qatar don samar da magani, abinci, da tufafi ga fararen hula na Siriya.<ref> name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> A cikin 2013, an ba da rahoton cewa an tura tan 31 na abinci da kayan kiwon lafiya na gida ga 'yan ƙasar Siriya da' yan gudun hijira ta iyakar Turkiyya a kashi na shida, na bakwai, da na takwas na shirin taimako wanda Madad Ahl al-Sham ya tattara.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-04 |title=جريدة الراية - مركز قطر للعمل التطوعي يواصل تقديم مساعداته للشعب السوري |url=http://www.raya.com/news/pages/95db8aab-0c98-4222-adf7-6c89e53eef1d |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Wani memba na Madad Ahl al-Sham, Mohammed Helwan al-Seqatri, ya gaya wa jaridar Qatari al-Watan cewa sama da matasa Qataris 50 suna ba da gudummawa don kamfen ɗin ta hanyar tattara gudummawa da za a aika zuwa Siriya ta kan iyakokin [[Turkiyya]] da Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=جريدة الوطن - Newspaper Al Watan - "30" قافلة مساعدات من "العمل التطوعي" للاجئين السوريين |url=http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=7C3B4EE5-4841-41D0-AF6F-96725967BD31&d=20130319 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817040149/http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=7C3B4EE5-4841-41D0-AF6F-96725967BD31&d=20130319 |archive-date=2016-08-17 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Archive.al-watan.com}}</ref> A cewar Ofishin Yaki da Ta'addanci na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, hukumomin Qatar sun rufe kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na kan layi na Madad Ahl al-Sham a cikin 2014.<ref name="state1">{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2014 Middle East and North Africa Overview |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239407.htm |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=State.gov}}</ref><ref name="stopterrorfinance2">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nusra and its Gulf Financiers: The Political Cost of a Long-Running Alliance &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510937020-al-nusra-and-its-gulf-financiers-the-political-cost-of-a-long-running-alliance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313003157/http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510937020-al-nusra-and-its-gulf-financiers-the-political-cost-of-a-long-running-alliance |archive-date=2017-03-13 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya kasance mai gabatar da gudummawa kuma mai kula da gudummawar Madad Ahl al-Sham . <ref name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 2014, al-Bakr ya fito a cikin bidiyon da ke inganta Madad Ahl al-Sham da kuma kwatanta aikinta da ayyukanta.<ref name="businessinsider1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-12 |title=توزيع بطاقات غذائية مزودة من حملة مدد أهل الشام من أهالي قطر |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xACI5aIvqe0 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Al-Bakr ya kuma inganta kamfen ɗin, ya rarraba takardunsa, kuma ya nuna tarin taimakonsa da isar da shi ta hanyar asusun [[Twitter]] na kansa.<ref name="twitter1">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-16 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "وما زالت #حملة_مدد_اهل_الشام تواصل دعمها بفضل الله ثم بفضل تبرعاتكم يا أهل الفضل والعطاء-اللهم اعطي منفقاً خلفا " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/412778862901092352 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref name="twitter2">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-07 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "#حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام الرابعة" |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/398713413611696128 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-15 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "تبرعاتكم يا أهل قطر من التمور والبطانيات تم شحنها لأهلكم في سوريا مع حملة مدد أهل الشام فهنيئاً للمتبرعين. " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/401449741008900096 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-18 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "في #حملة_مدد_اهل_الشام شارك ابن قطر مع ابن السودان مع ابن النيبال مع ابن سوريا في حمل همّ اخوانهم في ارض الشام " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/413406717758943232 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, wani bidiyon ya fito a kan layi wanda ke nuna isar da abinci da kayan wasa ga 'yan ƙasar Siriya a cikin akwatunan kunshe-kunshe.<ref name="youtube1">{{Cite web |title=توزيع الكفالات والهدايا بعيد الفطر |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22ORc4lLDgc |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ana lakafta akwatunan da ke cikin bidiyon kamar yadda aka kawo su a karkashin kulawar Muhammad Isa al-Bakr.<ref name="youtube1" /> == Kungiyar Q-Tel == An yi imanin cewa Muhammad Isa al-Bakr yana aiki ne ga kamfanin sadarwa na Qatar Q-Tel Group . <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> == Haɗin kai da ta'addanci == === Madad Ahl al-Sham === Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya shiga cikin ayyukan kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na kan layi Madad Ahl al-Sham . Tun lokacin da ya fito, an gano Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin tushen tara kuɗi ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ciki har da al-Nusra Front, reshen Syria na al-Qaeda. A watan Agustan 2012, al-Nusra Front ta ambaci Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi so don gudummawa". Kafin a rufe shi a shekarar 2014, Madad Ahle al-Shan yana aiki a karkashin Cibiyar Ayyukan Sa kai ta Qatar, ƙungiyar gwamnati da aka kafa a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="autogenerated2"/> A shekarar 2014, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin "kamfen na tara kudade na kan layi wanda ake zargi da aika kudade ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Siriya".<ref name="state1"/> Sa'd bin Sa'd Muhammad Shariyan al-Kabi dan Amurka ne wanda aka zaba musamman a matsayin dan ta'addan duniya saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa kamfen din bayar da gudummawa a Qatar don al-Nusra Front kuma yana aiki a matsayin matsakaici don tattara da sauƙaƙe biyan kudin fansa ga wani mai garkuwa da ƙungiyar 'yan ta'adda ke riƙe.<ref name="treasury2">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Financial Supporters of Al-Qaida and Al-Nusrah Front |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl0143.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref> Al-Kabi ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa da kuma tara kuɗi na Madad Ahl al-Sham . Sunan Al-Kabi da lambar waya sun bayyana a kan wasu takardun Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin babban ma'anar hulɗa ga waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin.<ref name="twitter1"/><ref name="twitter2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=صوت الفجر - قطر on Twitter: "حملة #مدد_أهل_الشام @mdd_sham في #قطر حماه القائمون عليها شباب قطريين اياديهم بيضاء نحسبهم والله حسيبهم " |url=https://twitter.com/suotalfajer/status/367339021833228288 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-20 |title=tahani on Twitter: "حملة مدد أهل الشام " |url=https://twitter.com/ylaaaf_tahani/status/414082123838914560 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cikin 2014, [[CNN]] ta ruwaito cewa bayanan manzo na [[WhatsApp]] na al-Kabi ya haɗa da takardar Madad Ahl al-Sham da ke kira ga gudummawa "daidai da $ 1,500 don shirya mayaƙa ta hanyar makamai, ciyarwa, da magani. " A cikin sakon Twitter na 2013, al-Kafi ya yi iƙirarin cewa Madad Ahle al-sham ya tara daidai da dala miliyan 1.4 daga masu ba da gudummawa na Qatar. <ref name="autogenerated3" /> Abd al-Latif Bin Abdallah Salih Muhammad al-Kawari ya kasance sanannen mai tara kuɗi ga Madad Ahl al-Sham kuma Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka Mai Ta'addanci na Duniya don tattara tallafin kuɗi ga al-Qaeda, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in tsaro na al-Qaïda, da kuma "sauƙa wa tafiye-tafiye na duniya na mai aikawa wanda ke ɗauke da dubban daloli da aka ware wa al-QaQaeda. " <ref name="treasury2"/> Al-Qaeda ya yi aiki tare da SDGT al-Qajah Isa Ibrahim al-Bakr, ɗan's, ɗan'Qaeda, ɗan'U, Pakistan mai suna Hassan al-Qaed, Asa Asa Asa Asa,<ref name="treasury1">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider1"/> Magoya bayan Madad Ahl al-Sham sun bayyana al-Kawari a matsayin maɓallin tuntuɓar kamfen ɗin kuma a matsayin mataimakin al-Kabi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=جارالله الكحله المري on Twitter: ": للتذكير ب الحملة سعد الكعبي 0097455858529 عبداللطيف الكواري 0097466530050 #حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير " |url=https://twitter.com/jarallahalmarri/status/340084358222340096 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=أم الفضل الكعبي on Twitter: "ارقام الحملة سعد الكعبي 55858529 عبداللطيف الكواري 66530050 وللأخوات مع أم فضل الكعبي 55568889 #حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير" |url=https://twitter.com/bntaljazera/status/340089189087461378 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-29 |title=صالح بن أحمد الغانم on Twitter: "سعد الكعبي المشرف العام لحملة مدد الشام لاخواننا المجاهدين في القصيرونصرتهم ٥٥٨٥٨٥٢٩ وعبد اللطيف الكواري٦٦٥٣٠٠٥٠ وما تقدمونه تلقونه" |url=https://twitter.com/Alghanim999/status/339652973758132224 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=وليد الحاج(أبو مصعب) on Twitter: "#حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير تحت أشراف الأخ سعد الكعبي 55858529 والأخ عبداللطيف الكواري 66530050 @Saadsaadalkabi كونوا عونا لهم" |url=https://twitter.com/WaleedGaj2002/status/340157253971738626 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cewar The Consortium Against Terrorist Finance (CATF), Al-Kawari kai tsaye ya tsara Madad Ahl al-Sham daga Janairu 2013 zuwa tsakiyar 2014. <ref name="stopterrorfinance2"/> Dukansu al-Kabi da al-Kawari suna ci gaba da rayuwa kyauta a Qatar.<ref name="stopterrorfinance1">{{Cite web |title=Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510649691-getting-by-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> == Kamawa == A ranar 22 ga watan Maris, 2013, jami'an da ke da tufafi sun kama Muhammad Isa al-Bakr da Mansour bin Rashed al-Matroushi yayin da suke dawowa daga tafiya ta iyali zuwa Mesaieed a kudu maso gabashin [[Qatar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=قطر- مدافعا حقوق الإنسان محمد عيسى الباكر ومنصور راشد المطروشي في اضراب عن الطعام حتى يتم الأفراج عنهما |url=http://anhri.net/?p=75175 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Anhri.net}}</ref> An kai mutanen biyu hedkwatar 'yan sanda a [[Doha]] kuma an sanar da iyalansu cewa ana tsare al-Bakr da al-Matroushi, amma ba su sami dalilin tsare su ba.<ref name="amnestyusa1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-28 |title=Activists Removed From Solitary Confinement |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa07113.pdf |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Amnestyusa.org |format=PDF |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613210825/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa07113.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, 2013, an yi wa maza biyu tambayoyi a ofisoshin mai gabatar da kara na Tsaro na Jiha ba tare da an sanar da su game da wani zargi ko kuma takardar izinin kama su ba.<ref name="amnestyusa1" /> Hukumomin Qatari, duk da haka, sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ba da takardar izinin kamawa.<ref name="dohanews1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-29 |title=Qatari activists held for a week over 'threatening' letter to French embassy - Doha News |url=http://dohanews.co/qatari-activists-held-for-a-week-over-threatening/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211355/https://dohanews.co/qatari-activists-held-for-a-week-over-threatening/ |archive-date=2018-09-19 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Dohanews.co}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris an sanya maza biyu a cikin kurkuku har zuwa ranar 27 ga watan Maris lokacin da aka ba su damar amfani da layin waya na kurkuku akai-akai kuma an ba su izinin ziyarar daga dangin da membobin Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa na Qatar.<ref name="amnestyusa1"/> Yayinda suke tsare, an sake tambayar al-Bakr da al-Matroushi game da wasikar zuwa ofishin jakadancin Faransa.<ref name="dohanews1"/> Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa maza biyu sun fara yajin aikin yunwa a safiyar ranar 8 ga Afrilu. A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu al-Baker ya yi zargin rashin lafiya sosai don yin magana a waya ko tafiya. <ref name="amnestyusa1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=قطر- مدافعا حقوق الإنسان محمد عيسى الباكر ومنصور راشد المطروشي في اضراب عن الطعام حتى يتم الأفراج عنهما |url=http://anhri.net/?p=75175 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Anhri.net}}</ref> An saki Al-Bakr da al-Matroushi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2013, bayan an tsare su na kwanaki 28 amma an hana su barin Qatar bayan an sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Document &#124; Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde22/009/2013/en/ |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Amnesty.org}}</ref> An yi imanin cewa kama al-Bakr da al-Matroushi ya haifar da isar da wasika mai kwanan wata 3 ga Maris, 2013 zuwa ofishin jakadancin Faransa a Qatar. <ref name="amnestyusa1"/> Kodayake ofishin jakadancin Faransa ya ki yin tsokaci game da wasikar, ofishin jakadun ya tuntubi hukumomin Qatar a ranar 7 ga watan Maris wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa wasikar ta yi barazana ga ofishin jakasirin da Faransa.<ref name="dohanews1"/> A cewar fassarar Doha News, wasikar ta bukaci gwamnatin Faransa ta dakatar da yakin basasa a Mali nan da nan "ko kuma ku (Faransa) za ku fallasa kanku ga fushin mutanen da ke son mutuwa kamar yadda kuke son rayuwa".<ref name="dohanews1" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dnawl3jew63t2hm0h7b7k8gavc46o4d 827224 827223 2026-04-27T15:39:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 827224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Isa al-Bakr''' (Larabci: محمد عيسى الباكر,an rubuta: Muḥammad 'Īsā al-Bākr) ya kasance ɗan gwagwarmaya ne daga Qatar wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara yakin neman tallafi na kan layi na Madad Ahlal-Sham wanda yanzu ya daina aiki, kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci na Ooredoo . Lokacin da al-Bakr yayi aiki a matsayin kodinatan Madad Ahl al-Sham, the group conducted shipments of humanitarian aid supplies to rural neighborhoods in Syria. Madad Ahl al-Sham has been accused of financing the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda, the al-Nusra Front. In 2013, al-Bakr was one of two Qatari citizens arrested for submitting a "threatening letter" to the French Embassy in Qatar. He died in September 2018 at 45 years old in car accidient. == Tarihi == === Iyali === Muhammad Isa al-Bakr yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyar na Issa Haji Mohammed al-Bakri . <ref> name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwan Muhammad, Ibrahim 'Isa Hajji Muhammad al-Bakr, Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta lakafta shi a matsayin Mai Ta'addanci na Duniya (SDGT) a shekarar 2014 don samar da tallafin kuɗi ga [[al-Qaeda]] da [[Taliban]] da kuma taka "babban rawa a cikin ƙungiyar ta'addanci da ke shirin kai hari kan sansanonin soja da ma'aikatan Amurka a Qatar".<ref> name="treasury1">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref> Issa Haji Mohammed al-Bakr ya mutu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011 yana da shekaru 90. <ref> name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya kasance a yankin al-Kheesa na Doha, Qatar, amma daga baya zai yi tafiya zuwa Turkiyya.<ref> name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> == Madad Ahl al-Sham == Madad Ahl al-Sham wani kamfen ne na tara kudade na kan layi wanda aka kirkira don samar da kayan jin kai ga 'yan kasar Siriya da ke cikin bukata.<ref> name="stopterrorfinance1">{{Cite web |title=Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510649691-getting-by-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> A cikin takardar kan layi da aka danganta ga kamfen ɗin kuma aka rarraba da farko ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta, kamfen ɗin Madad Ahl al-Sham ya nemi gudummawa daga 'yan ƙasar Qatar don samar da magani, abinci, da tufafi ga fararen hula na Siriya.<ref> name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> A cikin 2013, an ba da rahoton cewa an tura tan 31 na abinci da kayan kiwon lafiya na gida ga 'yan ƙasar Siriya da' yan gudun hijira ta iyakar Turkiyya a kashi na shida, na bakwai, da na takwas na shirin taimako wanda Madad Ahl al-Sham ya tattara.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-04 |title=جريدة الراية - مركز قطر للعمل التطوعي يواصل تقديم مساعداته للشعب السوري |url=http://www.raya.com/news/pages/95db8aab-0c98-4222-adf7-6c89e53eef1d |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Wani memba na Madad Ahl al-Sham, Mohammed Helwan al-Seqatri, ya gaya wa jaridar Qatari al-Watan cewa sama da matasa Qataris 50 suna ba da gudummawa don kamfen ɗin ta hanyar tattara gudummawa da za a aika zuwa Siriya ta kan iyakokin [[Turkiyya]] da Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=جريدة الوطن - Newspaper Al Watan - "30" قافلة مساعدات من "العمل التطوعي" للاجئين السوريين |url=http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=7C3B4EE5-4841-41D0-AF6F-96725967BD31&d=20130319 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817040149/http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=7C3B4EE5-4841-41D0-AF6F-96725967BD31&d=20130319 |archive-date=2016-08-17 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Archive.al-watan.com}}</ref> A cewar Ofishin Yaki da Ta'addanci na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, hukumomin Qatar sun rufe kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na kan layi na Madad Ahl al-Sham a cikin 2014.<ref name="state1">{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2014 Middle East and North Africa Overview |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239407.htm |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=State.gov}}</ref><ref name="stopterrorfinance2">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nusra and its Gulf Financiers: The Political Cost of a Long-Running Alliance &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510937020-al-nusra-and-its-gulf-financiers-the-political-cost-of-a-long-running-alliance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313003157/http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510937020-al-nusra-and-its-gulf-financiers-the-political-cost-of-a-long-running-alliance |archive-date=2017-03-13 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya kasance mai gabatar da gudummawa kuma mai kula da gudummawar Madad Ahl al-Sham . <ref name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 2014, al-Bakr ya fito a cikin bidiyon da ke inganta Madad Ahl al-Sham da kuma kwatanta aikinta da ayyukanta.<ref name="businessinsider1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-12 |title=توزيع بطاقات غذائية مزودة من حملة مدد أهل الشام من أهالي قطر |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xACI5aIvqe0 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Al-Bakr ya kuma inganta kamfen ɗin, ya rarraba takardunsa, kuma ya nuna tarin taimakonsa da isar da shi ta hanyar asusun [[Twitter]] na kansa.<ref name="twitter1">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-16 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "وما زالت #حملة_مدد_اهل_الشام تواصل دعمها بفضل الله ثم بفضل تبرعاتكم يا أهل الفضل والعطاء-اللهم اعطي منفقاً خلفا " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/412778862901092352 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref name="twitter2">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-07 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "#حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام الرابعة" |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/398713413611696128 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-15 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "تبرعاتكم يا أهل قطر من التمور والبطانيات تم شحنها لأهلكم في سوريا مع حملة مدد أهل الشام فهنيئاً للمتبرعين. " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/401449741008900096 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-18 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "في #حملة_مدد_اهل_الشام شارك ابن قطر مع ابن السودان مع ابن النيبال مع ابن سوريا في حمل همّ اخوانهم في ارض الشام " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/413406717758943232 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, wani bidiyon ya fito a kan layi wanda ke nuna isar da abinci da kayan wasa ga 'yan ƙasar Siriya a cikin akwatunan kunshe-kunshe.<ref name="youtube1">{{Cite web |title=توزيع الكفالات والهدايا بعيد الفطر |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22ORc4lLDgc |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ana lakafta akwatunan da ke cikin bidiyon kamar yadda aka kawo su a karkashin kulawar Muhammad Isa al-Bakr.<ref name="youtube1" /> == Kungiyar Q-Tel == An yi imanin cewa Muhammad Isa al-Bakr yana aiki ne ga kamfanin sadarwa na Qatar Q-Tel Group . <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> == Haɗin kai da ta'addanci == === Madad Ahl al-Sham === Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya shiga cikin ayyukan kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na kan layi Madad Ahl al-Sham . Tun lokacin da ya fito, an gano Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin tushen tara kuɗi ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ciki har da al-Nusra Front, reshen Syria na al-Qaeda. A watan Agustan 2012, al-Nusra Front ta ambaci Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi so don gudummawa". Kafin a rufe shi a shekarar 2014, Madad Ahle al-Shan yana aiki a karkashin Cibiyar Ayyukan Sa kai ta Qatar, ƙungiyar gwamnati da aka kafa a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="autogenerated2"/> A shekarar 2014, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin "kamfen na tara kudade na kan layi wanda ake zargi da aika kudade ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Siriya".<ref name="state1"/> Sa'd bin Sa'd Muhammad Shariyan al-Kabi dan Amurka ne wanda aka zaba musamman a matsayin dan ta'addan duniya saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa kamfen din bayar da gudummawa a Qatar don al-Nusra Front kuma yana aiki a matsayin matsakaici don tattara da sauƙaƙe biyan kudin fansa ga wani mai garkuwa da ƙungiyar 'yan ta'adda ke riƙe.<ref name="treasury2">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Financial Supporters of Al-Qaida and Al-Nusrah Front |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl0143.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref> Al-Kabi ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa da kuma tara kuɗi na Madad Ahl al-Sham . Sunan Al-Kabi da lambar waya sun bayyana a kan wasu takardun Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin babban ma'anar hulɗa ga waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin.<ref name="twitter1"/><ref name="twitter2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=صوت الفجر - قطر on Twitter: "حملة #مدد_أهل_الشام @mdd_sham في #قطر حماه القائمون عليها شباب قطريين اياديهم بيضاء نحسبهم والله حسيبهم " |url=https://twitter.com/suotalfajer/status/367339021833228288 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-20 |title=tahani on Twitter: "حملة مدد أهل الشام " |url=https://twitter.com/ylaaaf_tahani/status/414082123838914560 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cikin 2014, [[CNN]] ta ruwaito cewa bayanan manzo na [[WhatsApp]] na al-Kabi ya haɗa da takardar Madad Ahl al-Sham da ke kira ga gudummawa "daidai da $ 1,500 don shirya mayaƙa ta hanyar makamai, ciyarwa, da magani. " A cikin sakon Twitter na 2013, al-Kafi ya yi iƙirarin cewa Madad Ahle al-sham ya tara daidai da dala miliyan 1.4 daga masu ba da gudummawa na Qatar. <ref name="autogenerated3" /> Abd al-Latif Bin Abdallah Salih Muhammad al-Kawari ya kasance sanannen mai tara kuɗi ga Madad Ahl al-Sham kuma Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka Mai Ta'addanci na Duniya don tattara tallafin kuɗi ga al-Qaeda, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in tsaro na al-Qaïda, da kuma "sauƙa wa tafiye-tafiye na duniya na mai aikawa wanda ke ɗauke da dubban daloli da aka ware wa al-QaQaeda. " <ref name="treasury2"/> Al-Qaeda ya yi aiki tare da SDGT al-Qajah Isa Ibrahim al-Bakr, ɗan's, ɗan'Qaeda, ɗan'U, Pakistan mai suna Hassan al-Qaed, Asa Asa Asa Asa,<ref name="treasury1">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider1"/> Magoya bayan Madad Ahl al-Sham sun bayyana al-Kawari a matsayin maɓallin tuntuɓar kamfen ɗin kuma a matsayin mataimakin al-Kabi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=جارالله الكحله المري on Twitter: ": للتذكير ب الحملة سعد الكعبي 0097455858529 عبداللطيف الكواري 0097466530050 #حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير " |url=https://twitter.com/jarallahalmarri/status/340084358222340096 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=أم الفضل الكعبي on Twitter: "ارقام الحملة سعد الكعبي 55858529 عبداللطيف الكواري 66530050 وللأخوات مع أم فضل الكعبي 55568889 #حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير" |url=https://twitter.com/bntaljazera/status/340089189087461378 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-29 |title=صالح بن أحمد الغانم on Twitter: "سعد الكعبي المشرف العام لحملة مدد الشام لاخواننا المجاهدين في القصيرونصرتهم ٥٥٨٥٨٥٢٩ وعبد اللطيف الكواري٦٦٥٣٠٠٥٠ وما تقدمونه تلقونه" |url=https://twitter.com/Alghanim999/status/339652973758132224 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=وليد الحاج(أبو مصعب) on Twitter: "#حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير تحت أشراف الأخ سعد الكعبي 55858529 والأخ عبداللطيف الكواري 66530050 @Saadsaadalkabi كونوا عونا لهم" |url=https://twitter.com/WaleedGaj2002/status/340157253971738626 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cewar The Consortium Against Terrorist Finance (CATF), Al-Kawari kai tsaye ya tsara Madad Ahl al-Sham daga Janairu 2013 zuwa tsakiyar 2014. <ref name="stopterrorfinance2"/> Dukansu al-Kabi da al-Kawari suna ci gaba da rayuwa kyauta a Qatar.<ref name="stopterrorfinance1">{{Cite web |title=Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510649691-getting-by-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> == Kamawa == A ranar 22 ga watan Maris, 2013, jami'an da ke da tufafi sun kama Muhammad Isa al-Bakr da Mansour bin Rashed al-Matroushi yayin da suke dawowa daga tafiya ta iyali zuwa Mesaieed a kudu maso gabashin [[Qatar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=قطر- مدافعا حقوق الإنسان محمد عيسى الباكر ومنصور راشد المطروشي في اضراب عن الطعام حتى يتم الأفراج عنهما |url=http://anhri.net/?p=75175 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Anhri.net}}</ref> An kai mutanen biyu hedkwatar 'yan sanda a [[Doha]] kuma an sanar da iyalansu cewa ana tsare al-Bakr da al-Matroushi, amma ba su sami dalilin tsare su ba.<ref name="amnestyusa1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-28 |title=Activists Removed From Solitary Confinement |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa07113.pdf |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Amnestyusa.org |format=PDF |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613210825/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa07113.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, 2013, an yi wa maza biyu tambayoyi a ofisoshin mai gabatar da kara na Tsaro na Jiha ba tare da an sanar da su game da wani zargi ko kuma takardar izinin kama su ba.<ref name="amnestyusa1" /> Hukumomin Qatari, duk da haka, sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ba da takardar izinin kamawa.<ref name="dohanews1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-29 |title=Qatari activists held for a week over 'threatening' letter to French embassy - Doha News |url=http://dohanews.co/qatari-activists-held-for-a-week-over-threatening/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211355/https://dohanews.co/qatari-activists-held-for-a-week-over-threatening/ |archive-date=2018-09-19 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Dohanews.co}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris an sanya maza biyu a cikin kurkuku har zuwa ranar 27 ga watan Maris lokacin da aka ba su damar amfani da layin waya na kurkuku akai-akai kuma an ba su izinin ziyarar daga dangin da membobin Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa na Qatar.<ref name="amnestyusa1"/> Yayinda suke tsare, an sake tambayar al-Bakr da al-Matroushi game da wasikar zuwa ofishin jakadancin Faransa.<ref name="dohanews1"/> Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa maza biyu sun fara yajin aikin yunwa a safiyar ranar 8 ga Afrilu. A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu al-Baker ya yi zargin rashin lafiya sosai don yin magana a waya ko tafiya. <ref name="amnestyusa1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=قطر- مدافعا حقوق الإنسان محمد عيسى الباكر ومنصور راشد المطروشي في اضراب عن الطعام حتى يتم الأفراج عنهما |url=http://anhri.net/?p=75175 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Anhri.net}}</ref> An saki Al-Bakr da al-Matroushi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2013, bayan an tsare su na kwanaki 28 amma an hana su barin Qatar bayan an sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Document &#124; Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde22/009/2013/en/ |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Amnesty.org}}</ref> An yi imanin cewa kama al-Bakr da al-Matroushi ya haifar da isar da wasika mai kwanan wata 3 ga Maris, 2013 zuwa ofishin jakadancin Faransa a Qatar. <ref name="amnestyusa1"/> Kodayake ofishin jakadancin Faransa ya ki yin tsokaci game da wasikar, ofishin jakadun ya tuntubi hukumomin Qatar a ranar 7 ga watan Maris wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa wasikar ta yi barazana ga ofishin jakasirin da Faransa.<ref name="dohanews1"/> A cewar fassarar Doha News, wasikar ta bukaci gwamnatin Faransa ta dakatar da yakin basasa a Mali nan da nan "ko kuma ku (Faransa) za ku fallasa kanku ga fushin mutanen da ke son mutuwa kamar yadda kuke son rayuwa".<ref name="dohanews1" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j73bsv1pwye4nemeinyljcqarr2lhnl 827225 827224 2026-04-27T15:39:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 827225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Isa al-Bakr''' (Larabci: محمد عيسى الباكر,an rubuta: Muḥammad 'Īsā al-Bākr) ya kasance ɗan gwagwarmaya ne daga Qatar wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara yakin neman tallafi na kan layi na Madad Ahlal-Sham wanda yanzu ya daina aiki, kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci na Ooredoo. Lokacin da al-Bakr yayi aiki a matsayin kodinatan Madad Ahl al-Sham, the group conducted shipments of humanitarian aid supplies to rural neighborhoods in Syria. Madad Ahl al-Sham has been accused of financing the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda, the al-Nusra Front. In 2013, al-Bakr was one of two Qatari citizens arrested for submitting a "threatening letter" to the French Embassy in Qatar. He died in September 2018 at 45 years old in car accidient. == Tarihi == === Iyali === Muhammad Isa al-Bakr yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyar na Issa Haji Mohammed al-Bakri . <ref> name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwan Muhammad, Ibrahim 'Isa Hajji Muhammad al-Bakr, Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta lakafta shi a matsayin Mai Ta'addanci na Duniya (SDGT) a shekarar 2014 don samar da tallafin kuɗi ga [[al-Qaeda]] da [[Taliban]] da kuma taka "babban rawa a cikin ƙungiyar ta'addanci da ke shirin kai hari kan sansanonin soja da ma'aikatan Amurka a Qatar".<ref> name="treasury1">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref> Issa Haji Mohammed al-Bakr ya mutu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011 yana da shekaru 90. <ref> name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya kasance a yankin al-Kheesa na Doha, Qatar, amma daga baya zai yi tafiya zuwa Turkiyya.<ref> name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> == Madad Ahl al-Sham == Madad Ahl al-Sham wani kamfen ne na tara kudade na kan layi wanda aka kirkira don samar da kayan jin kai ga 'yan kasar Siriya da ke cikin bukata.<ref> name="stopterrorfinance1">{{Cite web |title=Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510649691-getting-by-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> A cikin takardar kan layi da aka danganta ga kamfen ɗin kuma aka rarraba da farko ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta, kamfen ɗin Madad Ahl al-Sham ya nemi gudummawa daga 'yan ƙasar Qatar don samar da magani, abinci, da tufafi ga fararen hula na Siriya.<ref> name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> A cikin 2013, an ba da rahoton cewa an tura tan 31 na abinci da kayan kiwon lafiya na gida ga 'yan ƙasar Siriya da' yan gudun hijira ta iyakar Turkiyya a kashi na shida, na bakwai, da na takwas na shirin taimako wanda Madad Ahl al-Sham ya tattara.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-04 |title=جريدة الراية - مركز قطر للعمل التطوعي يواصل تقديم مساعداته للشعب السوري |url=http://www.raya.com/news/pages/95db8aab-0c98-4222-adf7-6c89e53eef1d |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Wani memba na Madad Ahl al-Sham, Mohammed Helwan al-Seqatri, ya gaya wa jaridar Qatari al-Watan cewa sama da matasa Qataris 50 suna ba da gudummawa don kamfen ɗin ta hanyar tattara gudummawa da za a aika zuwa Siriya ta kan iyakokin [[Turkiyya]] da Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=جريدة الوطن - Newspaper Al Watan - "30" قافلة مساعدات من "العمل التطوعي" للاجئين السوريين |url=http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=7C3B4EE5-4841-41D0-AF6F-96725967BD31&d=20130319 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817040149/http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=7C3B4EE5-4841-41D0-AF6F-96725967BD31&d=20130319 |archive-date=2016-08-17 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Archive.al-watan.com}}</ref> A cewar Ofishin Yaki da Ta'addanci na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, hukumomin Qatar sun rufe kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na kan layi na Madad Ahl al-Sham a cikin 2014.<ref name="state1">{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2014 Middle East and North Africa Overview |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239407.htm |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=State.gov}}</ref><ref name="stopterrorfinance2">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nusra and its Gulf Financiers: The Political Cost of a Long-Running Alliance &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510937020-al-nusra-and-its-gulf-financiers-the-political-cost-of-a-long-running-alliance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313003157/http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510937020-al-nusra-and-its-gulf-financiers-the-political-cost-of-a-long-running-alliance |archive-date=2017-03-13 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya kasance mai gabatar da gudummawa kuma mai kula da gudummawar Madad Ahl al-Sham . <ref name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 2014, al-Bakr ya fito a cikin bidiyon da ke inganta Madad Ahl al-Sham da kuma kwatanta aikinta da ayyukanta.<ref name="businessinsider1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-12 |title=توزيع بطاقات غذائية مزودة من حملة مدد أهل الشام من أهالي قطر |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xACI5aIvqe0 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Al-Bakr ya kuma inganta kamfen ɗin, ya rarraba takardunsa, kuma ya nuna tarin taimakonsa da isar da shi ta hanyar asusun [[Twitter]] na kansa.<ref name="twitter1">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-16 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "وما زالت #حملة_مدد_اهل_الشام تواصل دعمها بفضل الله ثم بفضل تبرعاتكم يا أهل الفضل والعطاء-اللهم اعطي منفقاً خلفا " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/412778862901092352 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref name="twitter2">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-07 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "#حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام الرابعة" |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/398713413611696128 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-15 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "تبرعاتكم يا أهل قطر من التمور والبطانيات تم شحنها لأهلكم في سوريا مع حملة مدد أهل الشام فهنيئاً للمتبرعين. " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/401449741008900096 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-18 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "في #حملة_مدد_اهل_الشام شارك ابن قطر مع ابن السودان مع ابن النيبال مع ابن سوريا في حمل همّ اخوانهم في ارض الشام " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/413406717758943232 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, wani bidiyon ya fito a kan layi wanda ke nuna isar da abinci da kayan wasa ga 'yan ƙasar Siriya a cikin akwatunan kunshe-kunshe.<ref name="youtube1">{{Cite web |title=توزيع الكفالات والهدايا بعيد الفطر |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22ORc4lLDgc |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ana lakafta akwatunan da ke cikin bidiyon kamar yadda aka kawo su a karkashin kulawar Muhammad Isa al-Bakr.<ref name="youtube1" /> == Kungiyar Q-Tel == An yi imanin cewa Muhammad Isa al-Bakr yana aiki ne ga kamfanin sadarwa na Qatar Q-Tel Group . <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> == Haɗin kai da ta'addanci == === Madad Ahl al-Sham === Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya shiga cikin ayyukan kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na kan layi Madad Ahl al-Sham . Tun lokacin da ya fito, an gano Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin tushen tara kuɗi ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ciki har da al-Nusra Front, reshen Syria na al-Qaeda. A watan Agustan 2012, al-Nusra Front ta ambaci Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi so don gudummawa". Kafin a rufe shi a shekarar 2014, Madad Ahle al-Shan yana aiki a karkashin Cibiyar Ayyukan Sa kai ta Qatar, ƙungiyar gwamnati da aka kafa a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="autogenerated2"/> A shekarar 2014, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin "kamfen na tara kudade na kan layi wanda ake zargi da aika kudade ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Siriya".<ref name="state1"/> Sa'd bin Sa'd Muhammad Shariyan al-Kabi dan Amurka ne wanda aka zaba musamman a matsayin dan ta'addan duniya saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa kamfen din bayar da gudummawa a Qatar don al-Nusra Front kuma yana aiki a matsayin matsakaici don tattara da sauƙaƙe biyan kudin fansa ga wani mai garkuwa da ƙungiyar 'yan ta'adda ke riƙe.<ref name="treasury2">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Financial Supporters of Al-Qaida and Al-Nusrah Front |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl0143.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref> Al-Kabi ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa da kuma tara kuɗi na Madad Ahl al-Sham . Sunan Al-Kabi da lambar waya sun bayyana a kan wasu takardun Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin babban ma'anar hulɗa ga waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin.<ref name="twitter1"/><ref name="twitter2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=صوت الفجر - قطر on Twitter: "حملة #مدد_أهل_الشام @mdd_sham في #قطر حماه القائمون عليها شباب قطريين اياديهم بيضاء نحسبهم والله حسيبهم " |url=https://twitter.com/suotalfajer/status/367339021833228288 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-20 |title=tahani on Twitter: "حملة مدد أهل الشام " |url=https://twitter.com/ylaaaf_tahani/status/414082123838914560 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cikin 2014, [[CNN]] ta ruwaito cewa bayanan manzo na [[WhatsApp]] na al-Kabi ya haɗa da takardar Madad Ahl al-Sham da ke kira ga gudummawa "daidai da $ 1,500 don shirya mayaƙa ta hanyar makamai, ciyarwa, da magani. " A cikin sakon Twitter na 2013, al-Kafi ya yi iƙirarin cewa Madad Ahle al-sham ya tara daidai da dala miliyan 1.4 daga masu ba da gudummawa na Qatar. <ref name="autogenerated3" /> Abd al-Latif Bin Abdallah Salih Muhammad al-Kawari ya kasance sanannen mai tara kuɗi ga Madad Ahl al-Sham kuma Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka Mai Ta'addanci na Duniya don tattara tallafin kuɗi ga al-Qaeda, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in tsaro na al-Qaïda, da kuma "sauƙa wa tafiye-tafiye na duniya na mai aikawa wanda ke ɗauke da dubban daloli da aka ware wa al-QaQaeda. " <ref name="treasury2"/> Al-Qaeda ya yi aiki tare da SDGT al-Qajah Isa Ibrahim al-Bakr, ɗan's, ɗan'Qaeda, ɗan'U, Pakistan mai suna Hassan al-Qaed, Asa Asa Asa Asa,<ref name="treasury1">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider1"/> Magoya bayan Madad Ahl al-Sham sun bayyana al-Kawari a matsayin maɓallin tuntuɓar kamfen ɗin kuma a matsayin mataimakin al-Kabi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=جارالله الكحله المري on Twitter: ": للتذكير ب الحملة سعد الكعبي 0097455858529 عبداللطيف الكواري 0097466530050 #حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير " |url=https://twitter.com/jarallahalmarri/status/340084358222340096 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=أم الفضل الكعبي on Twitter: "ارقام الحملة سعد الكعبي 55858529 عبداللطيف الكواري 66530050 وللأخوات مع أم فضل الكعبي 55568889 #حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير" |url=https://twitter.com/bntaljazera/status/340089189087461378 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-29 |title=صالح بن أحمد الغانم on Twitter: "سعد الكعبي المشرف العام لحملة مدد الشام لاخواننا المجاهدين في القصيرونصرتهم ٥٥٨٥٨٥٢٩ وعبد اللطيف الكواري٦٦٥٣٠٠٥٠ وما تقدمونه تلقونه" |url=https://twitter.com/Alghanim999/status/339652973758132224 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=وليد الحاج(أبو مصعب) on Twitter: "#حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير تحت أشراف الأخ سعد الكعبي 55858529 والأخ عبداللطيف الكواري 66530050 @Saadsaadalkabi كونوا عونا لهم" |url=https://twitter.com/WaleedGaj2002/status/340157253971738626 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cewar The Consortium Against Terrorist Finance (CATF), Al-Kawari kai tsaye ya tsara Madad Ahl al-Sham daga Janairu 2013 zuwa tsakiyar 2014. <ref name="stopterrorfinance2"/> Dukansu al-Kabi da al-Kawari suna ci gaba da rayuwa kyauta a Qatar.<ref name="stopterrorfinance1">{{Cite web |title=Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510649691-getting-by-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> == Kamawa == A ranar 22 ga watan Maris, 2013, jami'an da ke da tufafi sun kama Muhammad Isa al-Bakr da Mansour bin Rashed al-Matroushi yayin da suke dawowa daga tafiya ta iyali zuwa Mesaieed a kudu maso gabashin [[Qatar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=قطر- مدافعا حقوق الإنسان محمد عيسى الباكر ومنصور راشد المطروشي في اضراب عن الطعام حتى يتم الأفراج عنهما |url=http://anhri.net/?p=75175 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Anhri.net}}</ref> An kai mutanen biyu hedkwatar 'yan sanda a [[Doha]] kuma an sanar da iyalansu cewa ana tsare al-Bakr da al-Matroushi, amma ba su sami dalilin tsare su ba.<ref name="amnestyusa1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-28 |title=Activists Removed From Solitary Confinement |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa07113.pdf |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Amnestyusa.org |format=PDF |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613210825/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa07113.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, 2013, an yi wa maza biyu tambayoyi a ofisoshin mai gabatar da kara na Tsaro na Jiha ba tare da an sanar da su game da wani zargi ko kuma takardar izinin kama su ba.<ref name="amnestyusa1" /> Hukumomin Qatari, duk da haka, sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ba da takardar izinin kamawa.<ref name="dohanews1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-29 |title=Qatari activists held for a week over 'threatening' letter to French embassy - Doha News |url=http://dohanews.co/qatari-activists-held-for-a-week-over-threatening/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211355/https://dohanews.co/qatari-activists-held-for-a-week-over-threatening/ |archive-date=2018-09-19 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Dohanews.co}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris an sanya maza biyu a cikin kurkuku har zuwa ranar 27 ga watan Maris lokacin da aka ba su damar amfani da layin waya na kurkuku akai-akai kuma an ba su izinin ziyarar daga dangin da membobin Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa na Qatar.<ref name="amnestyusa1"/> Yayinda suke tsare, an sake tambayar al-Bakr da al-Matroushi game da wasikar zuwa ofishin jakadancin Faransa.<ref name="dohanews1"/> Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa maza biyu sun fara yajin aikin yunwa a safiyar ranar 8 ga Afrilu. A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu al-Baker ya yi zargin rashin lafiya sosai don yin magana a waya ko tafiya. <ref name="amnestyusa1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=قطر- مدافعا حقوق الإنسان محمد عيسى الباكر ومنصور راشد المطروشي في اضراب عن الطعام حتى يتم الأفراج عنهما |url=http://anhri.net/?p=75175 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Anhri.net}}</ref> An saki Al-Bakr da al-Matroushi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2013, bayan an tsare su na kwanaki 28 amma an hana su barin Qatar bayan an sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Document &#124; Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde22/009/2013/en/ |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Amnesty.org}}</ref> An yi imanin cewa kama al-Bakr da al-Matroushi ya haifar da isar da wasika mai kwanan wata 3 ga Maris, 2013 zuwa ofishin jakadancin Faransa a Qatar. <ref name="amnestyusa1"/> Kodayake ofishin jakadancin Faransa ya ki yin tsokaci game da wasikar, ofishin jakadun ya tuntubi hukumomin Qatar a ranar 7 ga watan Maris wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa wasikar ta yi barazana ga ofishin jakasirin da Faransa.<ref name="dohanews1"/> A cewar fassarar Doha News, wasikar ta bukaci gwamnatin Faransa ta dakatar da yakin basasa a Mali nan da nan "ko kuma ku (Faransa) za ku fallasa kanku ga fushin mutanen da ke son mutuwa kamar yadda kuke son rayuwa".<ref name="dohanews1" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] srsrlewg331pg9xvbdna23minzxlz40 827227 827225 2026-04-27T15:40:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 827227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Isa al-Bakr''' (Larabci: محمد عيسى الباكر,an rubuta: Muḥammad 'Īsā al-Bākr) ya kasance ɗan gwagwarmaya ne daga Qatar wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara yakin neman tallafi na kan layi na Madad Ahlal-Sham wanda yanzu ya daina aiki, kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci na Ooredoo. Lokacin da al-Bakr yayi aiki a matsayin kodinatan Madad Ahl al-Sham, the group conducted shipments of humanitarian aid supplies to rural neighborhoods in Syria. == Tarihi == === Iyali === Muhammad Isa al-Bakr yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyar na Issa Haji Mohammed al-Bakri . <ref> name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwan Muhammad, Ibrahim 'Isa Hajji Muhammad al-Bakr, Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta lakafta shi a matsayin Mai Ta'addanci na Duniya (SDGT) a shekarar 2014 don samar da tallafin kuɗi ga [[al-Qaeda]] da [[Taliban]] da kuma taka "babban rawa a cikin ƙungiyar ta'addanci da ke shirin kai hari kan sansanonin soja da ma'aikatan Amurka a Qatar".<ref> name="treasury1">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref> Issa Haji Mohammed al-Bakr ya mutu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011 yana da shekaru 90. <ref> name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya kasance a yankin al-Kheesa na Doha, Qatar, amma daga baya zai yi tafiya zuwa Turkiyya.<ref> name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> == Madad Ahl al-Sham == Madad Ahl al-Sham wani kamfen ne na tara kudade na kan layi wanda aka kirkira don samar da kayan jin kai ga 'yan kasar Siriya da ke cikin bukata.<ref> name="stopterrorfinance1">{{Cite web |title=Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510649691-getting-by-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> A cikin takardar kan layi da aka danganta ga kamfen ɗin kuma aka rarraba da farko ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta, kamfen ɗin Madad Ahl al-Sham ya nemi gudummawa daga 'yan ƙasar Qatar don samar da magani, abinci, da tufafi ga fararen hula na Siriya.<ref> name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> A cikin 2013, an ba da rahoton cewa an tura tan 31 na abinci da kayan kiwon lafiya na gida ga 'yan ƙasar Siriya da' yan gudun hijira ta iyakar Turkiyya a kashi na shida, na bakwai, da na takwas na shirin taimako wanda Madad Ahl al-Sham ya tattara.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-04 |title=جريدة الراية - مركز قطر للعمل التطوعي يواصل تقديم مساعداته للشعب السوري |url=http://www.raya.com/news/pages/95db8aab-0c98-4222-adf7-6c89e53eef1d |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Wani memba na Madad Ahl al-Sham, Mohammed Helwan al-Seqatri, ya gaya wa jaridar Qatari al-Watan cewa sama da matasa Qataris 50 suna ba da gudummawa don kamfen ɗin ta hanyar tattara gudummawa da za a aika zuwa Siriya ta kan iyakokin [[Turkiyya]] da Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=جريدة الوطن - Newspaper Al Watan - "30" قافلة مساعدات من "العمل التطوعي" للاجئين السوريين |url=http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=7C3B4EE5-4841-41D0-AF6F-96725967BD31&d=20130319 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817040149/http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=7C3B4EE5-4841-41D0-AF6F-96725967BD31&d=20130319 |archive-date=2016-08-17 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Archive.al-watan.com}}</ref> A cewar Ofishin Yaki da Ta'addanci na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, hukumomin Qatar sun rufe kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na kan layi na Madad Ahl al-Sham a cikin 2014.<ref name="state1">{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2014 Middle East and North Africa Overview |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239407.htm |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=State.gov}}</ref><ref name="stopterrorfinance2">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nusra and its Gulf Financiers: The Political Cost of a Long-Running Alliance &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510937020-al-nusra-and-its-gulf-financiers-the-political-cost-of-a-long-running-alliance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313003157/http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510937020-al-nusra-and-its-gulf-financiers-the-political-cost-of-a-long-running-alliance |archive-date=2017-03-13 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya kasance mai gabatar da gudummawa kuma mai kula da gudummawar Madad Ahl al-Sham . <ref name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 2014, al-Bakr ya fito a cikin bidiyon da ke inganta Madad Ahl al-Sham da kuma kwatanta aikinta da ayyukanta.<ref name="businessinsider1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-12 |title=توزيع بطاقات غذائية مزودة من حملة مدد أهل الشام من أهالي قطر |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xACI5aIvqe0 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Al-Bakr ya kuma inganta kamfen ɗin, ya rarraba takardunsa, kuma ya nuna tarin taimakonsa da isar da shi ta hanyar asusun [[Twitter]] na kansa.<ref name="twitter1">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-16 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "وما زالت #حملة_مدد_اهل_الشام تواصل دعمها بفضل الله ثم بفضل تبرعاتكم يا أهل الفضل والعطاء-اللهم اعطي منفقاً خلفا " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/412778862901092352 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref name="twitter2">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-07 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "#حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام الرابعة" |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/398713413611696128 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-15 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "تبرعاتكم يا أهل قطر من التمور والبطانيات تم شحنها لأهلكم في سوريا مع حملة مدد أهل الشام فهنيئاً للمتبرعين. " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/401449741008900096 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-18 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "في #حملة_مدد_اهل_الشام شارك ابن قطر مع ابن السودان مع ابن النيبال مع ابن سوريا في حمل همّ اخوانهم في ارض الشام " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/413406717758943232 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, wani bidiyon ya fito a kan layi wanda ke nuna isar da abinci da kayan wasa ga 'yan ƙasar Siriya a cikin akwatunan kunshe-kunshe.<ref name="youtube1">{{Cite web |title=توزيع الكفالات والهدايا بعيد الفطر |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22ORc4lLDgc |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ana lakafta akwatunan da ke cikin bidiyon kamar yadda aka kawo su a karkashin kulawar Muhammad Isa al-Bakr.<ref name="youtube1" /> == Kungiyar Q-Tel == An yi imanin cewa Muhammad Isa al-Bakr yana aiki ne ga kamfanin sadarwa na Qatar Q-Tel Group . <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> == Haɗin kai da ta'addanci == === Madad Ahl al-Sham === Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya shiga cikin ayyukan kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na kan layi Madad Ahl al-Sham . Tun lokacin da ya fito, an gano Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin tushen tara kuɗi ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ciki har da al-Nusra Front, reshen Syria na al-Qaeda. A watan Agustan 2012, al-Nusra Front ta ambaci Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi so don gudummawa". Kafin a rufe shi a shekarar 2014, Madad Ahle al-Shan yana aiki a karkashin Cibiyar Ayyukan Sa kai ta Qatar, ƙungiyar gwamnati da aka kafa a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="autogenerated2"/> A shekarar 2014, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin "kamfen na tara kudade na kan layi wanda ake zargi da aika kudade ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Siriya".<ref name="state1"/> Sa'd bin Sa'd Muhammad Shariyan al-Kabi dan Amurka ne wanda aka zaba musamman a matsayin dan ta'addan duniya saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa kamfen din bayar da gudummawa a Qatar don al-Nusra Front kuma yana aiki a matsayin matsakaici don tattara da sauƙaƙe biyan kudin fansa ga wani mai garkuwa da ƙungiyar 'yan ta'adda ke riƙe.<ref name="treasury2">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Financial Supporters of Al-Qaida and Al-Nusrah Front |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl0143.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref> Al-Kabi ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa da kuma tara kuɗi na Madad Ahl al-Sham . Sunan Al-Kabi da lambar waya sun bayyana a kan wasu takardun Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin babban ma'anar hulɗa ga waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin.<ref name="twitter1"/><ref name="twitter2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=صوت الفجر - قطر on Twitter: "حملة #مدد_أهل_الشام @mdd_sham في #قطر حماه القائمون عليها شباب قطريين اياديهم بيضاء نحسبهم والله حسيبهم " |url=https://twitter.com/suotalfajer/status/367339021833228288 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-20 |title=tahani on Twitter: "حملة مدد أهل الشام " |url=https://twitter.com/ylaaaf_tahani/status/414082123838914560 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cikin 2014, [[CNN]] ta ruwaito cewa bayanan manzo na [[WhatsApp]] na al-Kabi ya haɗa da takardar Madad Ahl al-Sham da ke kira ga gudummawa "daidai da $ 1,500 don shirya mayaƙa ta hanyar makamai, ciyarwa, da magani. " A cikin sakon Twitter na 2013, al-Kafi ya yi iƙirarin cewa Madad Ahle al-sham ya tara daidai da dala miliyan 1.4 daga masu ba da gudummawa na Qatar. <ref name="autogenerated3" /> Abd al-Latif Bin Abdallah Salih Muhammad al-Kawari ya kasance sanannen mai tara kuɗi ga Madad Ahl al-Sham kuma Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka Mai Ta'addanci na Duniya don tattara tallafin kuɗi ga al-Qaeda, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in tsaro na al-Qaïda, da kuma "sauƙa wa tafiye-tafiye na duniya na mai aikawa wanda ke ɗauke da dubban daloli da aka ware wa al-QaQaeda. " <ref name="treasury2"/> Al-Qaeda ya yi aiki tare da SDGT al-Qajah Isa Ibrahim al-Bakr, ɗan's, ɗan'Qaeda, ɗan'U, Pakistan mai suna Hassan al-Qaed, Asa Asa Asa Asa,<ref name="treasury1">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider1"/> Magoya bayan Madad Ahl al-Sham sun bayyana al-Kawari a matsayin maɓallin tuntuɓar kamfen ɗin kuma a matsayin mataimakin al-Kabi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=جارالله الكحله المري on Twitter: ": للتذكير ب الحملة سعد الكعبي 0097455858529 عبداللطيف الكواري 0097466530050 #حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير " |url=https://twitter.com/jarallahalmarri/status/340084358222340096 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=أم الفضل الكعبي on Twitter: "ارقام الحملة سعد الكعبي 55858529 عبداللطيف الكواري 66530050 وللأخوات مع أم فضل الكعبي 55568889 #حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير" |url=https://twitter.com/bntaljazera/status/340089189087461378 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-29 |title=صالح بن أحمد الغانم on Twitter: "سعد الكعبي المشرف العام لحملة مدد الشام لاخواننا المجاهدين في القصيرونصرتهم ٥٥٨٥٨٥٢٩ وعبد اللطيف الكواري٦٦٥٣٠٠٥٠ وما تقدمونه تلقونه" |url=https://twitter.com/Alghanim999/status/339652973758132224 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=وليد الحاج(أبو مصعب) on Twitter: "#حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير تحت أشراف الأخ سعد الكعبي 55858529 والأخ عبداللطيف الكواري 66530050 @Saadsaadalkabi كونوا عونا لهم" |url=https://twitter.com/WaleedGaj2002/status/340157253971738626 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cewar The Consortium Against Terrorist Finance (CATF), Al-Kawari kai tsaye ya tsara Madad Ahl al-Sham daga Janairu 2013 zuwa tsakiyar 2014. <ref name="stopterrorfinance2"/> Dukansu al-Kabi da al-Kawari suna ci gaba da rayuwa kyauta a Qatar.<ref name="stopterrorfinance1">{{Cite web |title=Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510649691-getting-by-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> == Kamawa == A ranar 22 ga watan Maris, 2013, jami'an da ke da tufafi sun kama Muhammad Isa al-Bakr da Mansour bin Rashed al-Matroushi yayin da suke dawowa daga tafiya ta iyali zuwa Mesaieed a kudu maso gabashin [[Qatar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=قطر- مدافعا حقوق الإنسان محمد عيسى الباكر ومنصور راشد المطروشي في اضراب عن الطعام حتى يتم الأفراج عنهما |url=http://anhri.net/?p=75175 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Anhri.net}}</ref> An kai mutanen biyu hedkwatar 'yan sanda a [[Doha]] kuma an sanar da iyalansu cewa ana tsare al-Bakr da al-Matroushi, amma ba su sami dalilin tsare su ba.<ref name="amnestyusa1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-28 |title=Activists Removed From Solitary Confinement |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa07113.pdf |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Amnestyusa.org |format=PDF |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613210825/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa07113.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, 2013, an yi wa maza biyu tambayoyi a ofisoshin mai gabatar da kara na Tsaro na Jiha ba tare da an sanar da su game da wani zargi ko kuma takardar izinin kama su ba.<ref name="amnestyusa1" /> Hukumomin Qatari, duk da haka, sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ba da takardar izinin kamawa.<ref name="dohanews1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-29 |title=Qatari activists held for a week over 'threatening' letter to French embassy - Doha News |url=http://dohanews.co/qatari-activists-held-for-a-week-over-threatening/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211355/https://dohanews.co/qatari-activists-held-for-a-week-over-threatening/ |archive-date=2018-09-19 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Dohanews.co}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris an sanya maza biyu a cikin kurkuku har zuwa ranar 27 ga watan Maris lokacin da aka ba su damar amfani da layin waya na kurkuku akai-akai kuma an ba su izinin ziyarar daga dangin da membobin Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa na Qatar.<ref name="amnestyusa1"/> Yayinda suke tsare, an sake tambayar al-Bakr da al-Matroushi game da wasikar zuwa ofishin jakadancin Faransa.<ref name="dohanews1"/> Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa maza biyu sun fara yajin aikin yunwa a safiyar ranar 8 ga Afrilu. A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu al-Baker ya yi zargin rashin lafiya sosai don yin magana a waya ko tafiya. <ref name="amnestyusa1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=قطر- مدافعا حقوق الإنسان محمد عيسى الباكر ومنصور راشد المطروشي في اضراب عن الطعام حتى يتم الأفراج عنهما |url=http://anhri.net/?p=75175 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Anhri.net}}</ref> An saki Al-Bakr da al-Matroushi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2013, bayan an tsare su na kwanaki 28 amma an hana su barin Qatar bayan an sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Document &#124; Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde22/009/2013/en/ |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Amnesty.org}}</ref> An yi imanin cewa kama al-Bakr da al-Matroushi ya haifar da isar da wasika mai kwanan wata 3 ga Maris, 2013 zuwa ofishin jakadancin Faransa a Qatar. <ref name="amnestyusa1"/> Kodayake ofishin jakadancin Faransa ya ki yin tsokaci game da wasikar, ofishin jakadun ya tuntubi hukumomin Qatar a ranar 7 ga watan Maris wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa wasikar ta yi barazana ga ofishin jakasirin da Faransa.<ref name="dohanews1"/> A cewar fassarar Doha News, wasikar ta bukaci gwamnatin Faransa ta dakatar da yakin basasa a Mali nan da nan "ko kuma ku (Faransa) za ku fallasa kanku ga fushin mutanen da ke son mutuwa kamar yadda kuke son rayuwa".<ref name="dohanews1" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pxhf75plt52s8wjf3zqwysa2wijlc93 827229 827227 2026-04-27T15:40:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 827229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammad Isa al-Bakr''' (Larabci: محمد عيسى الباكر,an rubuta: Muḥammad 'Īsā al-Bākr) ya kasance ɗan gwagwarmaya ne daga Qatar wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara yakin neman tallafi na kan layi na Madad Ahlal-Sham wanda yanzu ya daina aiki, kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci na Ooredoo. == Tarihi == === Iyali === Muhammad Isa al-Bakr yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyar na Issa Haji Mohammed al-Bakri . <ref> name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwan Muhammad, Ibrahim 'Isa Hajji Muhammad al-Bakr, Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta lakafta shi a matsayin Mai Ta'addanci na Duniya (SDGT) a shekarar 2014 don samar da tallafin kuɗi ga [[al-Qaeda]] da [[Taliban]] da kuma taka "babban rawa a cikin ƙungiyar ta'addanci da ke shirin kai hari kan sansanonin soja da ma'aikatan Amurka a Qatar".<ref> name="treasury1">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref> Issa Haji Mohammed al-Bakr ya mutu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011 yana da shekaru 90. <ref> name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya kasance a yankin al-Kheesa na Doha, Qatar, amma daga baya zai yi tafiya zuwa Turkiyya.<ref> name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> == Madad Ahl al-Sham == Madad Ahl al-Sham wani kamfen ne na tara kudade na kan layi wanda aka kirkira don samar da kayan jin kai ga 'yan kasar Siriya da ke cikin bukata.<ref> name="stopterrorfinance1">{{Cite web |title=Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510649691-getting-by-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> A cikin takardar kan layi da aka danganta ga kamfen ɗin kuma aka rarraba da farko ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta, kamfen ɗin Madad Ahl al-Sham ya nemi gudummawa daga 'yan ƙasar Qatar don samar da magani, abinci, da tufafi ga fararen hula na Siriya.<ref> name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> A cikin 2013, an ba da rahoton cewa an tura tan 31 na abinci da kayan kiwon lafiya na gida ga 'yan ƙasar Siriya da' yan gudun hijira ta iyakar Turkiyya a kashi na shida, na bakwai, da na takwas na shirin taimako wanda Madad Ahl al-Sham ya tattara.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-04 |title=جريدة الراية - مركز قطر للعمل التطوعي يواصل تقديم مساعداته للشعب السوري |url=http://www.raya.com/news/pages/95db8aab-0c98-4222-adf7-6c89e53eef1d |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> Wani memba na Madad Ahl al-Sham, Mohammed Helwan al-Seqatri, ya gaya wa jaridar Qatari al-Watan cewa sama da matasa Qataris 50 suna ba da gudummawa don kamfen ɗin ta hanyar tattara gudummawa da za a aika zuwa Siriya ta kan iyakokin [[Turkiyya]] da Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=جريدة الوطن - Newspaper Al Watan - "30" قافلة مساعدات من "العمل التطوعي" للاجئين السوريين |url=http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=7C3B4EE5-4841-41D0-AF6F-96725967BD31&d=20130319 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817040149/http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=7C3B4EE5-4841-41D0-AF6F-96725967BD31&d=20130319 |archive-date=2016-08-17 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Archive.al-watan.com}}</ref> A cewar Ofishin Yaki da Ta'addanci na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, hukumomin Qatar sun rufe kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na kan layi na Madad Ahl al-Sham a cikin 2014.<ref name="state1">{{Cite web |title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2014 Middle East and North Africa Overview |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239407.htm |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=State.gov}}</ref><ref name="stopterrorfinance2">{{Cite web |title=Al-Nusra and its Gulf Financiers: The Political Cost of a Long-Running Alliance &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510937020-al-nusra-and-its-gulf-financiers-the-political-cost-of-a-long-running-alliance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313003157/http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510937020-al-nusra-and-its-gulf-financiers-the-political-cost-of-a-long-running-alliance |archive-date=2017-03-13 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya kasance mai gabatar da gudummawa kuma mai kula da gudummawar Madad Ahl al-Sham . <ref name="businessinsider1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Qatar is still negligent on terror finance |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/qatar-is-letting-2-notorious-terror-financiers-operate-in-the-open-2015-8 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 2014, al-Bakr ya fito a cikin bidiyon da ke inganta Madad Ahl al-Sham da kuma kwatanta aikinta da ayyukanta.<ref name="businessinsider1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-12 |title=توزيع بطاقات غذائية مزودة من حملة مدد أهل الشام من أهالي قطر |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xACI5aIvqe0 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Al-Bakr ya kuma inganta kamfen ɗin, ya rarraba takardunsa, kuma ya nuna tarin taimakonsa da isar da shi ta hanyar asusun [[Twitter]] na kansa.<ref name="twitter1">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-16 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "وما زالت #حملة_مدد_اهل_الشام تواصل دعمها بفضل الله ثم بفضل تبرعاتكم يا أهل الفضل والعطاء-اللهم اعطي منفقاً خلفا " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/412778862901092352 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref name="twitter2">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-07 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "#حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام الرابعة" |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/398713413611696128 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-15 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "تبرعاتكم يا أهل قطر من التمور والبطانيات تم شحنها لأهلكم في سوريا مع حملة مدد أهل الشام فهنيئاً للمتبرعين. " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/401449741008900096 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-18 |title=محمد الباكر on Twitter: "في #حملة_مدد_اهل_الشام شارك ابن قطر مع ابن السودان مع ابن النيبال مع ابن سوريا في حمل همّ اخوانهم في ارض الشام " |url=https://twitter.com/Boessa73/status/413406717758943232 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, wani bidiyon ya fito a kan layi wanda ke nuna isar da abinci da kayan wasa ga 'yan ƙasar Siriya a cikin akwatunan kunshe-kunshe.<ref name="youtube1">{{Cite web |title=توزيع الكفالات والهدايا بعيد الفطر |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22ORc4lLDgc |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ana lakafta akwatunan da ke cikin bidiyon kamar yadda aka kawo su a karkashin kulawar Muhammad Isa al-Bakr.<ref name="youtube1" /> == Kungiyar Q-Tel == An yi imanin cewa Muhammad Isa al-Bakr yana aiki ne ga kamfanin sadarwa na Qatar Q-Tel Group . <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=وفيات ... عيسى حجي محمد الباكر |url=http://www.raya.com/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/a183efd4-5004-471b-a345-2397e8884892 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Raya.com}}</ref> == Haɗin kai da ta'addanci == === Madad Ahl al-Sham === Muhammad Isa al-Bakr ya shiga cikin ayyukan kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na kan layi Madad Ahl al-Sham . Tun lokacin da ya fito, an gano Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin tushen tara kuɗi ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ciki har da al-Nusra Front, reshen Syria na al-Qaeda. A watan Agustan 2012, al-Nusra Front ta ambaci Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi so don gudummawa". Kafin a rufe shi a shekarar 2014, Madad Ahle al-Shan yana aiki a karkashin Cibiyar Ayyukan Sa kai ta Qatar, ƙungiyar gwamnati da aka kafa a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="autogenerated2"/> A shekarar 2014, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin "kamfen na tara kudade na kan layi wanda ake zargi da aika kudade ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Siriya".<ref name="state1"/> Sa'd bin Sa'd Muhammad Shariyan al-Kabi dan Amurka ne wanda aka zaba musamman a matsayin dan ta'addan duniya saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa kamfen din bayar da gudummawa a Qatar don al-Nusra Front kuma yana aiki a matsayin matsakaici don tattara da sauƙaƙe biyan kudin fansa ga wani mai garkuwa da ƙungiyar 'yan ta'adda ke riƙe.<ref name="treasury2">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Financial Supporters of Al-Qaida and Al-Nusrah Front |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl0143.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref> Al-Kabi ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa da kuma tara kuɗi na Madad Ahl al-Sham . Sunan Al-Kabi da lambar waya sun bayyana a kan wasu takardun Madad Ahl al-Sham a matsayin babban ma'anar hulɗa ga waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin.<ref name="twitter1"/><ref name="twitter2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=صوت الفجر - قطر on Twitter: "حملة #مدد_أهل_الشام @mdd_sham في #قطر حماه القائمون عليها شباب قطريين اياديهم بيضاء نحسبهم والله حسيبهم " |url=https://twitter.com/suotalfajer/status/367339021833228288 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-20 |title=tahani on Twitter: "حملة مدد أهل الشام " |url=https://twitter.com/ylaaaf_tahani/status/414082123838914560 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cikin 2014, [[CNN]] ta ruwaito cewa bayanan manzo na [[WhatsApp]] na al-Kabi ya haɗa da takardar Madad Ahl al-Sham da ke kira ga gudummawa "daidai da $ 1,500 don shirya mayaƙa ta hanyar makamai, ciyarwa, da magani. " A cikin sakon Twitter na 2013, al-Kafi ya yi iƙirarin cewa Madad Ahle al-sham ya tara daidai da dala miliyan 1.4 daga masu ba da gudummawa na Qatar. <ref name="autogenerated3" /> Abd al-Latif Bin Abdallah Salih Muhammad al-Kawari ya kasance sanannen mai tara kuɗi ga Madad Ahl al-Sham kuma Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka Mai Ta'addanci na Duniya don tattara tallafin kuɗi ga al-Qaeda, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in tsaro na al-Qaïda, da kuma "sauƙa wa tafiye-tafiye na duniya na mai aikawa wanda ke ɗauke da dubban daloli da aka ware wa al-QaQaeda. " <ref name="treasury2"/> Al-Qaeda ya yi aiki tare da SDGT al-Qajah Isa Ibrahim al-Bakr, ɗan's, ɗan'Qaeda, ɗan'U, Pakistan mai suna Hassan al-Qaed, Asa Asa Asa Asa,<ref name="treasury1">{{Cite web |title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Treasury.gov}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider1"/> Magoya bayan Madad Ahl al-Sham sun bayyana al-Kawari a matsayin maɓallin tuntuɓar kamfen ɗin kuma a matsayin mataimakin al-Kabi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=جارالله الكحله المري on Twitter: ": للتذكير ب الحملة سعد الكعبي 0097455858529 عبداللطيف الكواري 0097466530050 #حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير " |url=https://twitter.com/jarallahalmarri/status/340084358222340096 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=أم الفضل الكعبي on Twitter: "ارقام الحملة سعد الكعبي 55858529 عبداللطيف الكواري 66530050 وللأخوات مع أم فضل الكعبي 55568889 #حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير" |url=https://twitter.com/bntaljazera/status/340089189087461378 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-29 |title=صالح بن أحمد الغانم on Twitter: "سعد الكعبي المشرف العام لحملة مدد الشام لاخواننا المجاهدين في القصيرونصرتهم ٥٥٨٥٨٥٢٩ وعبد اللطيف الكواري٦٦٥٣٠٠٥٠ وما تقدمونه تلقونه" |url=https://twitter.com/Alghanim999/status/339652973758132224 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=وليد الحاج(أبو مصعب) on Twitter: "#حملة_مدد_أهل_الشام_بالأموال_في_القصير تحت أشراف الأخ سعد الكعبي 55858529 والأخ عبداللطيف الكواري 66530050 @Saadsaadalkabi كونوا عونا لهم" |url=https://twitter.com/WaleedGaj2002/status/340157253971738626 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A cewar The Consortium Against Terrorist Finance (CATF), Al-Kawari kai tsaye ya tsara Madad Ahl al-Sham daga Janairu 2013 zuwa tsakiyar 2014. <ref name="stopterrorfinance2"/> Dukansu al-Kabi da al-Kawari suna ci gaba da rayuwa kyauta a Qatar.<ref name="stopterrorfinance1">{{Cite web |title=Getting By With A Little Help From Our Friends &#124; Consortium Against Terrorist Finance |url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510649691-getting-by-with-a-little-help-from-our-friends |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Stopterrorfinance.org}}</ref> == Kamawa == A ranar 22 ga watan Maris, 2013, jami'an da ke da tufafi sun kama Muhammad Isa al-Bakr da Mansour bin Rashed al-Matroushi yayin da suke dawowa daga tafiya ta iyali zuwa Mesaieed a kudu maso gabashin [[Qatar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=قطر- مدافعا حقوق الإنسان محمد عيسى الباكر ومنصور راشد المطروشي في اضراب عن الطعام حتى يتم الأفراج عنهما |url=http://anhri.net/?p=75175 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Anhri.net}}</ref> An kai mutanen biyu hedkwatar 'yan sanda a [[Doha]] kuma an sanar da iyalansu cewa ana tsare al-Bakr da al-Matroushi, amma ba su sami dalilin tsare su ba.<ref name="amnestyusa1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-28 |title=Activists Removed From Solitary Confinement |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa07113.pdf |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Amnestyusa.org |format=PDF |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613210825/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa07113.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, 2013, an yi wa maza biyu tambayoyi a ofisoshin mai gabatar da kara na Tsaro na Jiha ba tare da an sanar da su game da wani zargi ko kuma takardar izinin kama su ba.<ref name="amnestyusa1" /> Hukumomin Qatari, duk da haka, sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ba da takardar izinin kamawa.<ref name="dohanews1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-29 |title=Qatari activists held for a week over 'threatening' letter to French embassy - Doha News |url=http://dohanews.co/qatari-activists-held-for-a-week-over-threatening/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211355/https://dohanews.co/qatari-activists-held-for-a-week-over-threatening/ |archive-date=2018-09-19 |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Dohanews.co}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris an sanya maza biyu a cikin kurkuku har zuwa ranar 27 ga watan Maris lokacin da aka ba su damar amfani da layin waya na kurkuku akai-akai kuma an ba su izinin ziyarar daga dangin da membobin Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa na Qatar.<ref name="amnestyusa1"/> Yayinda suke tsare, an sake tambayar al-Bakr da al-Matroushi game da wasikar zuwa ofishin jakadancin Faransa.<ref name="dohanews1"/> Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa maza biyu sun fara yajin aikin yunwa a safiyar ranar 8 ga Afrilu. A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu al-Baker ya yi zargin rashin lafiya sosai don yin magana a waya ko tafiya. <ref name="amnestyusa1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=قطر- مدافعا حقوق الإنسان محمد عيسى الباكر ومنصور راشد المطروشي في اضراب عن الطعام حتى يتم الأفراج عنهما |url=http://anhri.net/?p=75175 |access-date=2016-07-30 |publisher=Anhri.net}}</ref> An saki Al-Bakr da al-Matroushi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2013, bayan an tsare su na kwanaki 28 amma an hana su barin Qatar bayan an sake su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Document &#124; Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde22/009/2013/en/ |access-date=2016-07-30 |website=Amnesty.org}}</ref> An yi imanin cewa kama al-Bakr da al-Matroushi ya haifar da isar da wasika mai kwanan wata 3 ga Maris, 2013 zuwa ofishin jakadancin Faransa a Qatar. <ref name="amnestyusa1"/> Kodayake ofishin jakadancin Faransa ya ki yin tsokaci game da wasikar, ofishin jakadun ya tuntubi hukumomin Qatar a ranar 7 ga watan Maris wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa wasikar ta yi barazana ga ofishin jakasirin da Faransa.<ref name="dohanews1"/> A cewar fassarar Doha News, wasikar ta bukaci gwamnatin Faransa ta dakatar da yakin basasa a Mali nan da nan "ko kuma ku (Faransa) za ku fallasa kanku ga fushin mutanen da ke son mutuwa kamar yadda kuke son rayuwa".<ref name="dohanews1" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iw063o75pyxlgftsvw3kbhefkm9ldmo 0 121213 827157 822621 2026-04-27T14:40:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ginin Artex yanki ne mai cike da ruwa na dindindin a Malabon, Philippines. Wurin da ake yi wa lakabi da "Venice of Malabon", sanannen wurin ne saboda wasu sassa na nitsewa, gidaje da aka keɓe, da kuma amfani da kwale-kwale na jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin gidaje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippines: Life in 'the Venice of Malabon' – DW – 06/30/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/philippines-life-in-the-venice-of-malabon/video-62312057 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en}}</ref> Asalin asali a matsayin gidaje don ma'aikatan masana'antar masaku da ke kusa, kusan iyalai 200 zuwa 250 suna ci gaba da zama a cikin harabar wanda ya kasance mai cike da ruwa tun 2004.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-07-06 |title=The floating world of Artex |url=https://www.rappler.com/moveph/62516-floating-world-artex/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=RAPPLER |language=en-US}}</ref> Filin dai ya kasance cibiyar cece-kuce da aka dade ana tafkawa tsakanin mazauna wurin da masu sana'ar masaku. Tun daga lokacin ya zama madadin wurin yawon buɗe ido da masu daukar hoto, ɗalibai, masu bincike, 'yan jarida, masu shirya fina-finai, da masu shirya fina-finai ke yawan zuwa saboda yanayin yanayinsa na musamman da tarihin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malabon’s Heritage Treasures |url=https://news.yahoo.com/malabon’s-heritage-treasures.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Suralta |first=Bryle |date=July 20, 2022 |title=Inside the Artex Compound, the 'Venice of Malabon' |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/artex-compound-venice-of-malabon-a2765-20220720-lfrm |website=Esquire Philippines}}</ref> == Tarihi == Da yake a Barangay Panghulo, Artex Compound asalin aikin gida ne kyauta wanda aka gina wa ma'aikatan Artex Development Co., Inc., kamfanin masana'antu da zaren da ya fara aiki a cikin shekarun 1960. [Lura 1] A mafi girma, masana'antar ta dauki ma'aikata kusan 1,200. Yawancin su sun zauna a cikin fili, tare da wasu sama da shekaru talatin. Artex mallakar dangin Typoco ne, wadanda suka kasance Abokan Shugaba Ferdinand Marcos.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=Archiving the Philippine Labor Movement |url=https://labourreview.org/archiving-labour/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Asian Labour Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Buenrostro |first=Iyra Subucao |date=2019 |title=When the Provenance speaks : memories of martial law in the Philippines through photographs |url=https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/105854/1/Buenrostro_Phd%20Thesis%20Final.pdf |journal=Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information |pages=116–121 |access-date=2025-11-27 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203090608/https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/105854/1/Buenrostro_Phd%20Thesis%20Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1984, ma'aikatan Artex karkashin kungiyar Samahan ng mga Manggagawa sa Artex (Artex Workers Union) ko SAMAR sun shiga yajin aiki don nuna rashin amincewarsu da rashin aikin yi, karancin albashi, da karancin albashi kamar albashin wata 13, ganyen hutu da ganyayen marasa lafiya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-09-25 |title=Fire in the Village of Water |url=https://www.pacifiqa.com/artex-compound-malabon/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Pacifiqa |language=en}}</ref> Ana biyan ma’aikatan ₱44 ne kawai a rana wanda shine rabin mafi karancin albashi ₱89 da doka ta kayyade a lokacin. A martanin da mahukuntan kamfanin na Artex suka yi na cewa gidajen da aka gina kyauta (ciki har da ruwan sha da wutar lantarki) sun biya diyya kan karancin albashin da ma’aikatan ke samu. Ma’aikatan Artex sun hada da masu fafutuka na dalibai da kuma ma’aikatan masana’antar Foamtex da ke kusa da su wadanda su ma ke yajin aiki.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Police open fire on striking workers - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/07/09/Police-open-fire-on-striking-workers/1538458193600/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Artex residents persist in flood |url=https://mb.com.ph/2019/06/07/artex-residents-persist-in-flood/?amp |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Manila Bulletin |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1984, 'yan sanda sun yi ƙoƙarin aiwatar da umarnin da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta bayar na a ɗaga layukan tsinke, amma ma'aikata 200 masu yajin aikin sun ci karo da duwatsu da darts. A lokacin da aka kai wa daya daga cikin ‘yan sandan hari, wani rukunin dakarun gwamnati ne suka bude wuta da bindigogi da bindigu. A cewar shugaban ‘yan sandan Malabon, Col. Alfredo Cruz, ma’aikata biyu ne suka mutu, 27 kuma suka jikkata, sannan ‘yan sanda 10 sun jikkata. Yawancin ma'aikatan da suka jikkata sun ki yarda a yi musu magani, saboda fargabar cewa 'yan sanda za su kama su.<ref name=":8"/>Duk da tashin hankalin da aka yi, ma’aikatan sun ki barin harabar, sai dai idan hukumar ta biya musu bukatunsu, lamarin da ya kai ga tada zaune tsaye har tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref name=":2"/> A cikin Mayu 1989, Artex ya daina aiki saboda yajin aikin da kuma mummunar ambaliyar ruwa a Malabon. Ma’aikatan sun ci gaba da zama a cikin harabar gidan bayan rufe kamfanin, inda suka tabbatar da cewa su ne ke da hakkin mallakar kadarorin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2015 |title=Why Artex Compound is called 'Venice of the Philippines' |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/video/nation/metro-manila/07/07/15/why-artex-compound-called-venice-philippines |website=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> === Yaƙe-yaƙe na shari'a === A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1990, Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Ayyuka ta yi mulki a madadin ma'aikata kuma ta umarci Artex da ta biya don keta dokar mafi karancin albashi da sauran ka'idojin aiki.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=G.R. No. 139912 - Yupangco Cotton Mills, Inc. v. Rodrigo Sy Mendoza, et al. |url=https://lawlibrary.chanrobles.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46312:139912&catid=1464&Itemid=566 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=lawlibrary.chanrobles.com}}</ref> Bayan jerin roko da shawarwari don sake la'akari da Artex, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Ma'aikata ta Kasa (NLRC) ta ba da shawarar ƙarshe da ta fi son ma'aikata a cikin 1994, amma ta rage kyautar zuwa . A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1994, wani sheriff na NLRC tare da jami'an SAMAR sun tafi Artex Compound don dawo da injuna, ƙarfe, da sauran kayan da za a siyar da su a matsayin biyan kuɗi ga ma'aikata, amma masu tsaron Artex masu zaman kansu sun hana su yin hakan.<ref name=":9" /> An bayar da umarni a ranar 30 ga Maris, 1995, don ba da damar sheriff da SAMAR su karɓi kayan aikin masana'antar Artex. A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1995, Yupangco Cotton Mills, Inc., wani masana'antar auduga da ke Angono, Rizal, ya shigar da kara na uku tare da NLRC suna da'awar cewa sun riga sun sayi masana'antar Artex, injinan ta da wuraren a 1989 don haka su ne masu haƙƙin mallaka. Ma'aikatan sun yi zanga-zangar, suna masu ikirarin cewa duka Artex da Yupangco mallakin rukunin kamfanonin Tanyu-Typoco ne. Sai dai Yupangco ya musanta zargin, yana mai cewa wani bangare ne na uku da ba ya da hannu. Assessor Municipal Malabon ya ba da takaddun shaida yana bayyana cewa an mayar da Artex Compound zuwa Yupangco tun 1991. Yupangco ya kuma shigar da karar fashi a 1996 a kan NLRC Sheriff, SAMAR da masu siyan injinan, tare da dakatar da sayar da su tare da dakatar da hukuncin ₱ 9,000 ga ma'aikata.<ref name=":9"/> A cikin shawarar 1997, Labour Arbiter Jovencio Mayor ya bayyana cewa Yupangco Cotton Mills "ya zama cikakken mai shi kuma ya mallaki" kadarorin da ke cikin Artex Compound tun daga Mayu 1989 kuma da'awar Yupangco na uku na doka ne kuma mai inganci.<ref name=":9"/> A shekara ta 2005, wani hukuncin Kotun Koli ya tabbatar da ikirarin Yupangco na uku na kadarorin, amma ya yi watsi da tuhumar fashi da "marasa tushe." Don haka, har yanzu ana la'akarin da Artex Compound na zaman kansa wanda ya hana karamar hukumar shiga tsakani a cikin lamarin, duk da cewa kotuna na iya ba da umarnin a bar wurin a kowane lokaci.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":9"/> == Ambaliyar ruwa ta dindindin == Malabon na ɗaya daga cikin biranen da ambaliyar ruwa ke yi akai-akai a cikin Metro [[Manila]] saboda ƙasa mai laushi da kusanci da Kogin Tullahan da Manila Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Story : Understanding the risk of flooding in the city: The case of Barangay Potrero, Metro Manila |url=https://cdkn.org/resource/understanding-risk-flooding-barangay-potrero-metro-manila |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Climate & Development Knowledge Network |language=en}}</ref> Artex Compound yana zaune a daya daga cikin ƙananan yankuna na birnin, tare da kudancin da ke kewaye da tafkunan kifi daga kamfanin kamun kifi na Karisma da ke kusa. Gidan da kansa ya zama tafkin kamawa na dindindin don ruwan sama lokacin da aka ɗaga hanyoyin da ke kewaye da unguwar sakamakon saurin birni na Malabon.<ref name=":0"/> Juyawar tafkunan kifi da ke kusa da su zuwa wuraren sake komawa ga mazauna da ba su dace ba da kuma manyan yankuna sun kara tsananta ambaliyar. A cewar mazauna, sun kasance suna da famfo na ruwa mai amfani da diesel wanda suke aiki sau uku a rana don kiyaye ruwa a lokacin ruwan sama, amma sun yanke shawarar dakatar da amfani da famfo lokacin da mazauna ba za su iya ɗaukar farashin man fetur ba.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2017-04-27 |title=Residents of this Malabon compound have been dealing with waist-high flood for over 10 years |url=https://nolisoli.ph/4850/living-water-world/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=NOLISOLI |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kafin ambaliya, filin yana da filin wasan ƙwallon kwando, filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, filin wasa, ɗakin karatu na al'umma, da bishiyoyin pine.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":5"/> A shekara ta 2004, ambaliyar gidaje ta cika har abada lokacin da ruwan sama mai tsanani ya haɗu da rushewar bango da ke kewaye da fili da kuma tafkunan kifi da ke kusa da su ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye dukan fili a cikin ambaliyar {{Convert|5|ft|m}} mai zurfi wanda bai taɓa raguwa ba.<ref name=":4"/> Dangane da raƙuman ruwa da adadin ruwan sama, ruwan na iya tashi har zuwa {{Convert|10|ft|m}} zurfi a cikin fili.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Dantes, Jr. |first=Gregorio |date=2015-11-14 |title=Adapt to Survive: Urban Flooding in the Philippines |url=https://www.theglobalist.com/adapt-to-survive-urban-flooding-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=The Globalist |language=en-US}}</ref> Da farko, mazauna sun yi ƙoƙari don yin amfani da ruwa daga fili, wanda ya tabbatar da banza saboda ruwa ba shi da wani wuri don zubar da ruwa kuma kawai ya koma cikin fili.<ref name=":3"/> === Daidaitawa ga ambaliyar === [[Fayil:Artex_Compound_boat.jpg|alt=Overhead view of a young girl, alone, rowing through murky floodwaters on a wooden boat carrying several large plastic water bottles|thumb|Wata yarinya ta rataye jirgin ruwa dauke da galan da yawa na ruwa zuwa gidanta.]] Tuni dai mazauna yankin suka saba da ambaliya a matsayin hanyar rayuwa. Waɗanda ke zaune a gidaje mai hawa biyu ne kawai suka haura sama yayin da tsofaffin gidaje masu nitsewa (wanda ake kira silong) aka gina sabbin gidaje a saman su. Yawancin gidajen suna da haɗin wutar lantarki, tarho, da talabijin na USB. Koyaya, babu ɗayan gidajen da ke da famfo na cikin gida. Madadin haka, mazauna garin suna yin tuhume-tuhume a kowace rana zuwa wani famfo da ke kofar gidan don sake cika kwantena na robobi da ruwan wanka, da wanke-wanke, da yin wanki a gida. Mazauna suna siyan tsaftataccen ruwan sha daga wuraren da ake cika ruwa da ke kusa da gidan.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/> Yawancin mazauna suna samun rayuwa mai sauƙi suna aiki a matsayin masu tuka jirgin ruwa, suna samun kusan a kowace rana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-07-06 |title=The floating world of Artex |url=https://www.rappler.com/moveph/62516-floating-world-artex/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=RAPPLER |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin masu tuƙi mata ne, tunda maza yawanci suna aiki a wasu wurare a cikin birni yayin da yara ke karatu a makarantun da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cellona |first=Jonathan |date=August 13, 2014 |title=Artex Malabon, The Venice of the Philippines |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/nation/metro-manila/08/13/14/slideshow-artex-malabon-venice-philippines |website=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> Iyalai waɗanda ba za su iya samun jiragen ruwa masu dacewa ba a maimakon haka suna amfani da rafts na wucin gadi da aka yi da kumfa na polystyrene, allunan katako, kwantena na filastik, da sauran kayan aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2021 |title=Inside the permanently flooded Artex Compound |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/video/news/10/04/21/throwback-inside-artex-compound |website=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> Shaguna na Sari-sari a cikin fili suna amfani da kwando da aka haɗe da igiyoyi da pulleys don yin ma'amala tare da abokan ciniki.<ref name=":2"/> A lokacin bukukuwan [[Kirsimeti]], mazauna suna shirya gasa ta tseren jirgin ruwa na shekara-shekara a cikin fili.<ref name=":5"/> == Tambayoyi == === Canja wuri === Duk da ambaliyar ruwan, har yanzu yawancin mazauna yankin sun ki zama a wasu wurare saboda wasu dalilai. Domin galibin mazauna garin ’yan uwa ne na tsoffin ma’aikatan Artex, har yanzu mazauna yankin na neman a biya su albashin rabuwa da su da kuma alawus din da kamfanin ke bin su. Ta ƙaura zuwa wani wuri, mazauna garin suna fargabar su ma za su yi watsi da haƙƙinsu na mallakar kadarorin.<ref name=":10"/> Har yanzu ana iya ganin wata tutar da ke cewa "Har yanzu muna kan Strike!" a ƙofar filin.<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cayabyab |first=Marc Jayson |title=Malabon teacher rides boat to school |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/06/10/1925144/malabon-teacher-rides-boat-school |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref> Hukumomin birnin Malabon ne suka ba da tayin ƙaura da radin kansu, duk da haka yawancin mazaunan da ke zaune a wajen harabar sun ƙare komawar Artex Compound bayan sun ɗan zauna a waje.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Suralta |first=Bryle |date=July 20, 2022 |title=Inside the Artex Compound, the 'Venice of Malabon' |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/artex-compound-venice-of-malabon-a2765-20220720-lfrm |website=Esquire Philippines}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2013, wata babbar gobara ta tashi a wani rukunin gidaje da ke cikin harabar, inda wani mazaunin garin ya mutu.<ref name=":3"/> Da yawa daga cikin wadanda gobarar ta shafa sun zabi sake gina sabbin gidaje a kan tudu maimakon neman zama a wani wuri a cikin birnin.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":4"/> === Haɗarin lafiya da aminci === Kodayake ana iya samun kifi kamar tilapia a cikin ruwa, mazauna ba sa cinye su saboda sun san cewa ruwa ya gurɓata ta hanyar sharar gida da datti daga gidajen da ke kusa, gidajen cin abinci, da kasuwanni masu laushi.<ref name=":3"/> Saboda gidaje ba su da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa da kuma yadda ya kamata a gudanar da sharar gida, ana zubar da fitsari da datti kai tsaye a cikin ruwa.<ref name=":4"/> A wasu ranakun, an ce ƙanshin datti daga ruwa yana da lahani sosai har ma da mazauna dogon lokaci suna da wahalar barci.<ref name=":3" /> Wani bincike da Sashen Injiniyan Muhalli na Jami'ar Philippines Diliman ya gudanar ya gano cewa ruwan mahallin yana da yawan kwayoyin cuta da ake dangantawa da najasar mutum da dabba.<ref name=":6"/> A cikin wata hira da ABS-CBN a 2015, Dr. Rey Salinel ya yi gargadin cewa mazauna yankin Artex Compound da ke yawan fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka na numfashi na numfashi, cututtukan sauro kamar su dengue da zazzabin cizon sauro, [[Ciwon daji na fata|cututtukan fata]] da fungal, leptospirosis, gastroenteritis, zawo, typhoid, cututtuka na amoebiasis, da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1"/> A watan Janairun 2017, wani yaro dan shekara 11 daga Barangay Panghulo ya nutse a ruwa yayin da yake ninkaya a cikin ruwan Artex Compound. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Danilo |date=January 24, 2017 |title=Nag-swimming sa baha: Totoy nalunod |trans-title=Went swimming in the flood: boy drowns |url=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/metro/2017/01/24/1664858/nag-swimming-sa-baha-totoy-nalunod |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.philstar.com |language=Filipino}}</ref> == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == Fim din Faransanci-Filipino na 2009 Grandmother wanda Brillante Mendoza ya jagoranta ya faru ne a Sitio Ilog, wani labari na Artex Compound inda aka harbe mafi yawan fim din a wurin.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macapagal |first=Katrina Angela |date=2017 |title=The Slum Chronotope and Imaginaries of Spatial Justice in Philippine Cinema |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161927627.pdf}}</ref> A cikin fim mai zaman kansa na 2010 ''Noy'', mai gabatarwa (wanda Coco Martin ya buga) mazaunin Artex Compound ne.<ref name=":2"/> Shirin talabijin na dogon lokaci ''Ang Probinsyano'' ya kuma yi fim da wasu al'amuran a cikin fili.<ref name=":2"/> A cikin 2017, KFC ta gudanar da kamfen ɗin talla inda aka yi amfani da motar amphibious don "ba da" buckets na soyayyen kaza ga mai bikin ranar haihuwa mai shekaru 69 da kuma sauran tsofaffi mazaunan Artex Compound.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-02 |title=KFC sends fried chicken via hovercraft to woman in flooded village |url=https://www.foxnews.com/food-drink/kfc-sends-fried-chicken-via-hovercraft-to-woman-in-flooded-village |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Yvette |date=2017-05-02 |title=KFC brought fried chicken by hovercraft to a woman in a flooded Filipino village |url=https://mashable.com/article/kfc-philippines-hovercraft |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|14.6853|120.9528|type:landmark_region:PH}} pojauhwd8vh7n6yexig5k1qzxqf9uk3 0 121354 827297 815109 2026-04-27T21:07:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Global_dimming%3F.jpg|thumb|Wata rana a Lahore a shekara ta 2008 ta yi kama da dare saboda hayaki da ke toshe hasken rana.]] [[Fayil:Thick_Aerosols_over_India_(MODIS).jpg|thumb|Ana iya ganin hayaki a gabashin Pakistan da arewa maso yammacin Indiya a cikin wannan hoton tauraron dan adam na 2023 daga sararin samaniya.]] [[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] a [[Lahore]] Punjab, Pakistan lamari ne mai maimaitawa. == Dalilan da suka haifar == Dalilan na iya haɗawa da ƙone aikin gona, hayakin mota, da hayakin masana'antu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Photos: Pakistan's record smog affects children, forces people home |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/11/11/children-constantly-coughing-pakistans-record-smog-forces-people-home |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, an dakatar da wasu na'urorin hayaki na ɗan lokaci, gami da barbeques da ba a tace su ba a gidajen cin abinci da motoci.<ref name=":0" /> Pakistan ta zargi Indiya da gurɓata iska, duk da haka 'yan ƙasar Pakistan ba su yarda ba. == Yaduwar cutar == === Nuwamba 2017 === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017 an soke zirga-zirgar jiragen sama saboda gurɓataccen iska. === Janairu 2019 === A watan Janairun 2019 guguwar hayaki ta haifar da matakan rage gurɓacewar iska da ke ci gaba. === Afrilu 2020 === A cikin Afrilu 2020 an sami barkewar gurɓataccen iska bayan ƙarshen kullewar COVID-19 a Pakistan. === Nuwamba 2021 === Barkewar hayakin hayaki a watan Nuwamba 2021 ya sanyawa 'yan kasar wahalar numfashi da mura, mura na zama ruwan dare. Duk da yake bisa ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan, Lahore yana cikin manyan masu fafutuka ta fuskar gurɓacewar iska.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore Air Quality Index (AQI) and Pakistan Air Pollution &#124; AirVisual |url=https://www.iqair.com/pakistan/punjab/lahore }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: 'Find a solution,' say Lahore residents choking in smog |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/17/pakistan-lahore-smog-air-pollution-aqi-health |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=Hazy Lahore declared most polluted city in the world |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1655402}}</ref> An rubuta mafi girman AQI 680 a yankin Kot Lakhpat na Lahore . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2021 |title=Lahore world's most polluted city |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2327126/lahore-worlds-most-polluted-city}}</ref> An kafa runduna ta musamman guda 5 don yakar smog, Metropolitan Corporation Lahore, Hukumar Kula da Tsaftar Ruwa da Tsabtace (Wasa), 'yan sanda, gundumar gundumar da Kamfanin Supply Lahore (Lesco) <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2021 |title=Smog squads |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2330059/smog-squads}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buzdar reviews anti-smog measures |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/910051-buzdar-reviews-anti-smog-measures}}</ref> Lahore ya yi tsalle sama da wurare 10 don zama birni mafi muni a duniya a cikin 2021, a cewar wani bincike na shekara-shekara na duniya da wani mai kera iska a [[Switzerland]]. ya yi. === Nuwamba 2023 === A cikin Nuwamba 2023, smog a Lahore ya yi shawagi a kusa da 400 AQI. Hayakin ya raunata dubun dubatar mutane. Gwamnatin lardin Punjab ta ba da umarnin rufe makarantu, ofisoshi, manyan kantuna, da wuraren shakatawa a garuruwa uku da suka hada da Lahore. Kayayyakin magani, shagunan abinci da gidajen mai sun kasance a bude. Hukumomi sun shawarci mazauna yankin da su sanya abin rufe fuska idan dole ne su fita waje. === Nuwamba 2024 === A cikin Nuwamba 2024, da safiyar Asabar, smog a Lahore ya yi sama da 1067 AQI daidai, gabaɗaya a cikin Lahore tare da 1902 AQI index a wasu sassan Mall Road da Samanabad. Hayakin ya raunata dubun dubatar mutane, amma ba a sanar da adadin wadanda suka mutu a hukumance ba. Gwamnatin lardin Punjab ta ba da umarnin rufe makarantu, ofisoshi, kantuna, da wuraren shakatawa na birane uku, gami da Lahore, ko kuma su kasance suna aiki a karkashin tsarin SOP. Wuraren magani, shagunan abinci, da gidajen mai sun kasance a buɗe. Hukumomi sun shawarci mazauna yankin da su sanya abin rufe fuska idan dole ne su fita waje.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2024 |title=AQI above 1,000, Lahore is the world's most polluted city |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/lahore-aqi-world-most-polluted-city-9649718/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore residents forced to breathe highly toxic air as AQI surpasses 1,000 again |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/572374-lahore-residents-forced-to-breath-highly-toxic-air-as-aqi-surpasses-1000-again}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2024 |title=Lahore's AQI touches unprecedented level |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1869475/lahores-aqi-touches-unprecedented-level}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2024 |title=Lahore suffers record-breaking smog as AQI exceeds 1000 |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/03-Nov-2024/lahore-suffers-record-breaking-smog-as-aqi-exceeds-1000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2024 |title=Air pollution levels in Lahore rise 40 times above WHO limit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20241102-air-pollution-levels-lahore-recorded-80-times-above-who-limit-pakistan}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Rashin gurɓata iska a Peshawar * Rashin gurɓata iska a Karachi * Rashin gurɓata iska a Islamabad == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} eqqlr4uazyircqm1nv2nn88nn256rll 0 123136 827186 788924 2026-04-27T15:18:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 827186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Al'adu ta Sultan Qaboos''' ( '''SQCC''' ) ƙungiya ce da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], wacce ke neman haɓaka fahimtar al'adu da gadon [[Oman]] da ƙasashen [[Yankin Larabawa|Larabawa]] . Ta hanyar shirye-shirye a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Tekun Fasha, Cibiyar tana neman "ilimantar da sabuwar tsara ta ƙwararrun masana, malamai, jami'an diflomasiyya, da 'yan siyasa masu fahimtar al'adu da ilimi a kowace al'umma". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=About Our Center |url=https://www.sqcc.org/about/ |website=Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center}}</ref> Manufar SQCC ta ilimi game da al'adun gargajiya na Oman tana nan a cikin shirye-shiryenta da aka tsara don ɗalibai da masu ilimi. SQCC ta ƙirƙiri wani gidan yanar gizo na ilimi mai hulɗa mai suna Tekun Indiya a Tarihin Duniya, wanda ke bin diddigin hulɗar ɗan adam a duk faɗin yankin Tekun Indiya. [1] SQCC ta kuma yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Wasannin Kwaikwayo ta John F. Kennedy kan wani shirin rawa mai taken ''OMAN...'' ''O Man!,'' wanda ya ƙunshi matasa 'yan rawa na Omani da Amurka. Debbie Allen ce ta tsara kuma ta ba da umarni wannan shirin, tare da kiɗa ta Arturo Sandoval . Cibiyar Kennedy ce ta ba da umarninsa musamman don bikin Arabesque a watan Maris na 2009 kuma an yi shi a cikin kwanaki huɗu na ƙarshe na bikin makonni uku. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da shirin tallafin karatu na Larabci da kuma tallafin bincike. Kayan ilimi ga malamai da ɗalibai kuma suna samuwa a gidan yanar gizon SQCC; ƙarin shirye-shiryen al'adu sun haɗa da laccoci, taron karawa juna sani, wasan kwaikwayo, rangadin masu jawabi, da shirye-shiryen nutsewa cikin al'adu. Cibiyar kuma tana ba da horo ga ɗaliban jami'a na digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Jakadiyar Oman a Amurka, Hira Hunaina al-Mughairy, tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Harkokin SQCC. Kathleen Ridolfo tana aiki a matsayin babbar darekta, yayin da Dr. Iman Al Busaidi ita ce mataimakiyar darakta a Oman. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiya]] 5viyw8fnxqztp5hx0iufwqpac3wn5zf 827187 827186 2026-04-27T15:19:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 827187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Al'adu ta Sultan Qaboos''' ( '''SQCC''' ) ƙungiya ce da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], wacce ke neman haɓaka fahimtar al'adu da gadon [[Oman]] da ƙasashen [[Yankin Larabawa|Larabawa]] . Ta hanyar shirye-shirye a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Tekun Fasha, Cibiyar tana neman "ilimantar da sabuwar tsara ta ƙwararrun masana, malamai, jami'an diflomasiyya, da 'yan siyasa masu fahimtar al'adu da ilimi a kowace al'umma". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=About Our Center |url=https://www.sqcc.org/about/ |website=Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center}}</ref> Manufar SQCC ta ilimi game da al'adun gargajiya na Oman tana nan a cikin shirye-shiryenta da aka tsara don ɗalibai da masu ilimi. SQCC ta ƙirƙiri wani gidan yanar gizo na ilimi mai hulɗa mai suna Tekun Indiya a Tarihin Duniya, wanda ke bin diddigin hulɗar ɗan adam a duk faɗin yankin Tekun Indiya. [1] SQCC ta kuma yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Wasannin Kwaikwayo ta John F. Kennedy kan wani shirin rawa mai taken ''OMAN...'' ''O Man!,'' wanda ya ƙunshi matasa 'yan rawa na Omani da Amurka. Debbie Allen ce ta tsara kuma ta ba da umarni wannan shirin, tare da kiɗa ta Arturo Sandoval . Cibiyar Kennedy ce ta ba da umarninsa musamman don bikin Arabesque a watan Maris na 2009 kuma an yi shi a cikin kwanaki huɗu na ƙarshe na bikin makonni uku. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da shirin tallafin karatu na Larabci da kuma tallafin bincike. Kayan ilimi ga malamai da ɗalibai kuma suna samuwa a gidan yanar gizon SQCC; ƙarin shirye-shiryen al'adu sun haɗa da laccoci, taron karawa juna sani, wasan kwaikwayo, rangadin masu jawabi, da shirye-shiryen nutsewa cikin al'adu. Cibiyar kuma tana ba da horo ga ɗaliban jami'a na digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. Jakadiyar Oman a Amurka, Hira Hunaina al-Mughairy, tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Harkokin SQCC. Kathleen Ridolfo tana aiki a matsayin babbar darekta, yayin da Dr. Iman Al Busaidi ita ce mataimakiyar darakta a Oman. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiya]] l470vxo4ey3nsuutzkdlmt4kwwies23 827188 827187 2026-04-27T15:19:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 827188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Al'adu ta Sultan Qaboos''' ( '''SQCC''' ) ƙungiya ce da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], wacce ke neman haɓaka fahimtar al'adu da gadon [[Oman]] da ƙasashen [[Yankin Larabawa|Larabawa]] . Ta hanyar shirye-shirye a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Tekun Fasha, Cibiyar tana neman "ilimantar da sabuwar tsara ta ƙwararrun masana, malamai, jami'an diflomasiyya, da 'yan siyasa masu fahimtar al'adu da ilimi a kowace al'umma". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=About Our Center |url=https://www.sqcc.org/about/ |website=Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center}}</ref> Manufar SQCC ta ilimi game da al'adun gargajiya na Oman tana nan a cikin shirye-shiryenta da aka tsara don ɗalibai da masu ilimi. SQCC ta ƙirƙiri wani gidan yanar gizo na ilimi mai hulɗa mai suna Tekun Indiya a Tarihin Duniya, wanda ke bin diddigin hulɗar ɗan adam a duk faɗin yankin Tekun Indiya. SQCC ta kuma yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Wasannin Kwaikwayo ta John F. Kennedy kan wani shirin rawa mai taken ''OMAN...'' ''O Man!,'' wanda ya ƙunshi matasa 'yan rawa na Omani da Amurka. Debbie Allen ce ta tsara kuma ta ba da umarni wannan shirin, tare da kiɗa ta Arturo Sandoval . Cibiyar Kennedy ce ta ba da umarninsa musamman don bikin Arabesque a watan Maris na 2009 kuma an yi shi a cikin kwanaki huɗu na ƙarshe na bikin makonni uku. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da shirin tallafin karatu na Larabci da kuma tallafin bincike. Kayan ilimi ga malamai da ɗalibai kuma suna samuwa a gidan yanar gizon SQCC; ƙarin shirye-shiryen al'adu sun haɗa da laccoci, taron karawa juna sani, wasan kwaikwayo, rangadin masu jawabi, da shirye-shiryen nutsewa cikin al'adu. Cibiyar kuma tana ba da horo ga ɗaliban jami'a na digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. Jakadiyar Oman a Amurka, Hira Hunaina al-Mughairy, tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Harkokin SQCC. Kathleen Ridolfo tana aiki a matsayin babbar darekta, yayin da Dr. Iman Al Busaidi ita ce mataimakiyar darakta a Oman. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiya]] 5si0ltw2t4kt2uujffxef5u28f7526n 827189 827188 2026-04-27T15:19:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 827189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Al'adu ta Sultan Qaboos''' ( '''SQCC''' ) ƙungiya ce da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], wacce ke neman haɓaka fahimtar al'adu da gadon [[Oman]] da ƙasashen [[Yankin Larabawa|Larabawa]] . Ta hanyar shirye-shirye a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Tekun Fasha, Cibiyar tana neman "ilimantar da sabuwar tsara ta ƙwararrun masana, malamai, jami'an diflomasiyya, da 'yan siyasa masu fahimtar al'adu da ilimi a kowace al'umma".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=About Our Center |url=https://www.sqcc.org/about/ |website=Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center}}</ref> Manufar SQCC ta ilimi game da al'adun gargajiya na Oman tana nan a cikin shirye-shiryenta da aka tsara don ɗalibai da masu ilimi. SQCC ta ƙirƙiri wani gidan yanar gizo na ilimi mai hulɗa mai suna Tekun Indiya a Tarihin Duniya, wanda ke bin diddigin hulɗar ɗan adam a duk faɗin yankin Tekun Indiya. SQCC ta kuma yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Wasannin Kwaikwayo ta John F. Kennedy kan wani shirin rawa mai taken ''OMAN...'' ''O Man!,'' wanda ya ƙunshi matasa 'yan rawa na Omani da Amurka. Debbie Allen ce ta tsara kuma ta ba da umarni wannan shirin, tare da kiɗa ta Arturo Sandoval . Cibiyar Kennedy ce ta ba da umarninsa musamman don bikin Arabesque a watan Maris na 2009 kuma an yi shi a cikin kwanaki huɗu na ƙarshe na bikin makonni uku. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da shirin tallafin karatu na Larabci da kuma tallafin bincike. Kayan ilimi ga malamai da ɗalibai kuma suna samuwa a gidan yanar gizon SQCC; ƙarin shirye-shiryen al'adu sun haɗa da laccoci, taron karawa juna sani, wasan kwaikwayo, rangadin masu jawabi, da shirye-shiryen nutsewa cikin al'adu. Cibiyar kuma tana ba da horo ga ɗaliban jami'a na digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. Jakadiyar Oman a Amurka, Hira Hunaina al-Mughairy, tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Harkokin SQCC. Kathleen Ridolfo tana aiki a matsayin babbar darekta, yayin da Dr. Iman Al Busaidi ita ce mataimakiyar darakta a Oman. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiya]] m44teytzlgeejvry7xrnc8syo6fhyhu 827190 827189 2026-04-27T15:19:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 827190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Al'adu ta Sultan Qaboos''' ( '''SQCC''' ) ƙungiya ce da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], wacce ke neman haɓaka fahimtar al'adu da gadon [[Oman]] da ƙasashen [[Yankin Larabawa|Larabawa]]. Ta hanyar shirye-shirye a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Tekun Fasha, Cibiyar tana neman "ilimantar da sabuwar tsara ta ƙwararrun masana, malamai, jami'an diflomasiyya, da 'yan siyasa masu fahimtar al'adu da ilimi a kowace al'umma".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=About Our Center |url=https://www.sqcc.org/about/ |website=Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center}}</ref> Manufar SQCC ta ilimi game da al'adun gargajiya na Oman tana nan a cikin shirye-shiryenta da aka tsara don ɗalibai da masu ilimi. SQCC ta ƙirƙiri wani gidan yanar gizo na ilimi mai hulɗa mai suna Tekun Indiya a Tarihin Duniya, wanda ke bin diddigin hulɗar ɗan adam a duk faɗin yankin Tekun Indiya. SQCC ta kuma yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Wasannin Kwaikwayo ta John F. Kennedy kan wani shirin rawa mai taken ''OMAN...'' ''O Man!,'' wanda ya ƙunshi matasa 'yan rawa na Omani da Amurka. Debbie Allen ce ta tsara kuma ta ba da umarni wannan shirin, tare da kiɗa ta Arturo Sandoval . Cibiyar Kennedy ce ta ba da umarninsa musamman don bikin Arabesque a watan Maris na 2009 kuma an yi shi a cikin kwanaki huɗu na ƙarshe na bikin makonni uku. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da shirin tallafin karatu na Larabci da kuma tallafin bincike. Kayan ilimi ga malamai da ɗalibai kuma suna samuwa a gidan yanar gizon SQCC; ƙarin shirye-shiryen al'adu sun haɗa da laccoci, taron karawa juna sani, wasan kwaikwayo, rangadin masu jawabi, da shirye-shiryen nutsewa cikin al'adu. Cibiyar kuma tana ba da horo ga ɗaliban jami'a na digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. Jakadiyar Oman a Amurka, Hira Hunaina al-Mughairy, tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Harkokin SQCC. Kathleen Ridolfo tana aiki a matsayin babbar darekta, yayin da Dr. Iman Al Busaidi ita ce mataimakiyar darakta a Oman. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiya]] qzjs6zjeqbtltwfmvhw8udh59r5a407 827193 827190 2026-04-27T15:24:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 827193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Al'adu ta Sultan Qaboos''' ( '''SQCC''' ) ƙungiya ce da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], wacce ke neman haɓaka fahimtar al'adu da gadon [[Oman]] da ƙasashen [[Yankin Larabawa|Larabawa]]. Ta hanyar shirye-shirye a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Tekun Fasha, Cibiyar tana neman "ilimantar da sabuwar tsara ta ƙwararrun masana, malamai, jami'an diflomasiyya, da 'yan siyasa masu fahimtar al'adu da ilimi a kowace al'umma".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=About Our Center |url=https://www.sqcc.org/about/ |website=Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center}}</ref> Manufar SQCC ta ilimi game da al'adun gargajiya na Oman tana nan a cikin shirye-shiryenta da aka tsara don ɗalibai da masu ilimi. SQCC ta ƙirƙiri wani gidan yanar gizo na ilimi mai hulɗa mai suna Tekun Indiya a Tarihin Duniya, wanda ke bin diddigin hulɗar ɗan adam a duk faɗin yankin Tekun Indiya. SQCC ta kuma yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Wasannin Kwaikwayo ta John F. Kennedy kan wani shirin rawa mai taken ''OMAN...'' ''O Man!,'' wanda ya ƙunshi matasa 'yan rawa na Omani da Amurka. Debbie Allen ce ta tsara kuma ta ba da umarni wannan shirin, tare da kiɗa ta Arturo Sandoval. Cibiyar Kennedy ce ta ba da umarninsa musamman don bikin Arabesque a watan Maris na 2009 kuma an yi shi a cikin kwanaki huɗu na ƙarshe na bikin makonni uku. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da shirin tallafin karatu na Larabci da kuma tallafin bincike. Kayan ilimi ga malamai da ɗalibai kuma suna samuwa a gidan yanar gizon SQCC; ƙarin shirye-shiryen al'adu sun haɗa da laccoci, taron karawa juna sani, wasan kwaikwayo, rangadin masu jawabi, da shirye-shiryen nutsewa cikin al'adu. Cibiyar kuma tana ba da horo ga ɗaliban jami'a na digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. Jakadiyar Oman a Amurka, Hira Hunaina al-Mughairy, tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Harkokin SQCC. Kathleen Ridolfo tana aiki a matsayin babbar darekta, yayin da Dr. Iman Al Busaidi ita ce mataimakiyar darakta a Oman. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiya]] 0tonv7g1pxi01tvxolmy6w7zre19aeh 827195 827193 2026-04-27T15:24:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 827195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Al'adu ta Sultan Qaboos''' ( '''SQCC''' ) ƙungiya ce da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], wacce ke neman haɓaka fahimtar al'adu da gadon [[Oman]] da ƙasashen [[Yankin Larabawa|Larabawa]]. Ta hanyar shirye-shirye a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Tekun Fasha, Cibiyar tana neman "ilimantar da sabuwar tsara ta ƙwararrun masana, malamai, jami'an diflomasiyya, da 'yan siyasa masu fahimtar al'adu da ilimi a kowace al'umma".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=About Our Center |url=https://www.sqcc.org/about/ |website=Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center}}</ref> Manufar SQCC ta ilimi game da al'adun gargajiya na Oman tana nan a cikin shirye-shiryenta da aka tsara don ɗalibai da masu ilimi. SQCC ta ƙirƙiri wani gidan yanar gizo na ilimi mai hulɗa mai suna Tekun Indiya a Tarihin Duniya, wanda ke bin diddigin hulɗar ɗan adam a duk faɗin yankin Tekun Indiya. SQCC ta kuma yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Wasannin Kwaikwayo ta John F. Kennedy kan wani shirin rawa mai taken ''OMAN...'' ''O Man!,'' wanda ya ƙunshi matasa 'yan rawa na Omani da Amurka. Debbie Allen ce ta tsara kuma ta ba da umarni wannan shirin, tare da kiɗa ta Arturo Sandoval. Cibiyar Kennedy ce ta ba da umarninsa musamman don bikin Arabesque a watan Maris na 2009 kuma an yi shi a cikin kwanaki huɗu na ƙarshe na bikin makonni uku. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da shirin tallafin karatu na Larabci da kuma tallafin bincike. Kayan ilimi ga malamai da ɗalibai kuma suna samuwa a gidan yanar gizon SQCC; ƙarin shirye-shiryen al'adu sun haɗa da laccoci, taron karawa juna sani, wasan kwaikwayo, rangadin masu jawabi, da shirye-shiryen nutsewa cikin al'adu. Cibiyar kuma tana ba da horo ga ɗaliban jami'a na digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. Jakadiyar Oman a [[Amurka]], Hira Hunaina al-Mughairy, tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Harkokin SQCC. Kathleen Ridolfo tana aiki a matsayin babbar darekta, yayin da Dr. Iman Al Busaidi ita ce mataimakiyar darakta a Oman. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiya]] byykt971m8jtl77dqbzkw3xpsayv9j9 827196 827195 2026-04-27T15:24:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 827196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Al'adu ta Sultan Qaboos''' ( '''SQCC''' ) ƙungiya ce da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], wacce ke neman haɓaka fahimtar al'adu da gadon [[Oman]] da ƙasashen [[Yankin Larabawa|Larabawa]]. Ta hanyar shirye-shirye a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Tekun Fasha, Cibiyar tana neman "ilimantar da sabuwar tsara ta ƙwararrun masana, malamai, jami'an diflomasiyya, da 'yan siyasa masu fahimtar al'adu da ilimi a kowace al'umma".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=About Our Center |url=https://www.sqcc.org/about/ |website=Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center}}</ref> Manufar SQCC ta ilimi game da al'adun gargajiya na Oman tana nan a cikin shirye-shiryenta da aka tsara don ɗalibai da masu ilimi. SQCC ta ƙirƙiri wani gidan yanar gizo na ilimi mai hulɗa mai suna Tekun Indiya a Tarihin Duniya, wanda ke bin diddigin hulɗar ɗan adam a duk faɗin yankin Tekun Indiya. SQCC ta kuma yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Wasannin Kwaikwayo ta John F. Kennedy kan wani shirin rawa mai taken ''OMAN...'' ''O Man!,'' wanda ya ƙunshi matasa 'yan rawa na Omani da Amurka. Debbie Allen ce ta tsara kuma ta ba da umarni wannan shirin, tare da kiɗa ta Arturo Sandoval. Cibiyar Kennedy ce ta ba da umarninsa musamman don bikin Arabesque a watan Maris na 2009 kuma an yi shi a cikin kwanaki huɗu na ƙarshe na bikin makonni uku. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da shirin tallafin karatu na Larabci da kuma tallafin bincike. Kayan ilimi ga malamai da ɗalibai kuma suna samuwa a gidan yanar gizon SQCC; ƙarin shirye-shiryen al'adu sun haɗa da laccoci, taron karawa juna sani, wasan kwaikwayo, rangadin masu jawabi, da shirye-shiryen nutsewa cikin al'adu. Cibiyar kuma tana ba da horo ga ɗaliban jami'a na digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. Jakadiyar Oman a [[Amurka]], Hira Hunaina al-Mughairy, tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Harkokin SQCC. Kathleen Ridolfo tana aiki a matsayin babbar darekta, yayin da Dr. Iman Al Busaidi ita ce mataimakiyar darakta a Oman. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiya]] cgk1uaqqtheftna1oixt9t2kz7swwsk 0 125056 827385 813150 2026-04-28T05:46:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Harshen Waorani (Huaorani), wanda aka fi sani da Sabela (kuma Wao, Huao, Auishiri, Aushiri, Ssabela; mai zaman kansa: Wao Terero; mai banƙyama: Auka, Auca) yare ne mai rauni wanda mutanen Waorani ke magana, ƙungiyar 'yan asalin da ke zaune a cikin gandun daji na Amazon tsakanin Kogin Napo da Curaray a Ecuador. Ƙananan masu magana da abin da ake kira kungiyoyin da ba a tuntube su ba na iya zama a Peru. == Rarraba == Ba a san Sabela da alaƙa da wani harshe ba. Koyaya, yana daga cikin shawarar Yawan ta Terrence Kaufman. Jolkesky (2016) ya kuma lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da Yaruro. == Yankin rarraba == Ana magana da Waorani da farko a cikin Waorani Ethnic Reserve, wanda shine mafi girman ajiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar Ecuador. Sauran yankunan da ake magana da shi sun hada da lardunan Pastaza da Napo (ciki har da garuruwan Puyo da Coca), Yasuní National Park, da Taromenani Tagaeri Intangible Zone . :{{Rp|1191}} Waorani an dauke shi cikin haɗari saboda karuwar harsuna biyu a cikin Quechua da Mutanen Espanya da raguwar amfani da Waorani tsakanin matasa.<ref name="e18">{{Ethnologue18|auc|Sabela}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fawcett |first=Alexia Zandra |date=May 2012 |title=Documenting Language, Culture, and Cognition: Language and Space among the Waorani |url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/linguistics/2012_Fawcett.pdf |access-date=21 September 2017 |publisher=Anthropology and Linguistic Department, Bryn Mawr College |archive-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010185150/http://www.swarthmore.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/linguistics/2012_Fawcett.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Harsuna == Waorani yana da yare uku: ''Tiguacuna'' (''Tiwakuna''), Tuei (''''Tiwi'' Tuei'', Tiwi), da ''Shiripuno.'' . == Fasahar sauti == Waorani ya bambanta wasula na hanci daga na baki. Tsarin sautin shine (C) V, tare da tarin wasula akai-akai. allophones na {{IPA|/o/}} kewayon daga {{IPA|[ɵ, o, ʊ, ɤ]}} da allophones na/ suna da irin wannan kewayon, {{IPA|[ɵ̃, õ, ʊ̃, ɤ̃]}}, kuma ana iya jin allophones nke {{IPA|/e, ẽ/}} a matsayin {{IPA|[ɪ, ɪ̃]}}. Alveolar tap {{IPA|[ɾ]}} allophone ne na {{IPA|/d/}} kuma palatal glide {{IPA|[j]}} allophon ne na {{IPA|/ɟ/}}. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" | !Biyuwa !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar |- ! colspan="2" |Hanci |m |n |ɲ |ŋ |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !<nowiki><small id="mwfg">Rashin murya</small></nowiki> |p |t | |k |- !<small>Magana</small> |b | rowspan="2" |d~ɾ | rowspan="2" |ɟ~j |ɡ |- ! colspan="2" |Ci gaba | |w |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |A gaba ! colspan="2" |Komawa |- !<small>Magana</small> !<nowiki><small id="mwqA">Hanci</small></nowiki> !<small>Magana</small> !<nowiki><small id="mwrg">Hanci</small></nowiki> |- !Kusa |i |ĩ | | |- !Tsakanin |e |ẽ |o |õ |- !Bude |æ |æ̃ |a |ã |} == Kalmomin kalmomi == Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci na Sabela da Tiwituey.<ref name="Loukotka">{{Cite book|last3=Čestmír Loukotka}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] (1997). ''Harsunan Indiyawan Amurka: Tarihin Harsuna na 'yan asalin Amurka'' . New York: Oxford University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1|<bdi>0-19-509427-1</bdi>]].{{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}&nbsp; * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Harshe a Amurka''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. * Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Tarihin Harshe a Kudancin Amurka: Abin da Mu sani da Yadda Za a San Ƙari. A cikin D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian Linguistics: Nazarin cikin yarukan Lowland na Kudancin Amurka (shafi na 13-67). Austin: Jami'ar Texas Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-292-70414-3|<bdi>0-292-70414-3</bdi>]].&nbsp;{{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}&nbsp; * Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). Harsunan asali na Kudancin Amurka. A cikin C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the World's Languages (shafi na 46-76). London: Routledge.&nbsp; * [Hasiya] (2003). Littafin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Waorani na Ecuador . SIL International. An samo shi a 2021 Afrilu 4 daga https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/7801 * Pike, Evelyn G da Rachel Saint. 1988. Takardun aiki Game da fasalulluka na jawabin Waorani. Dallas, TX: SIL. * Abokin hamayya, Laura. ''Gudun tafiya ta hanyar Tarihi: Huaorani na Amazon Ecuador'', Columbia University Press, 2002. == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/aisladas/sabela Harshe Sabela] * [https://www.waorani.com/dictionary_WAO2.html Huaorani - Na farko zuwa ga Mutanen Espanya Dictionary]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Ƙamus na yaren Waorani a kan layi daga IDS (zaɓi sauƙi ko bincike mai ci gaba) * [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/255 Waorani] (Shirin da suka shafi Ƙasashen Duniya) {{Languages of Ecuador}}{{language families}}{{South American languages}}{{Authority control}} qu8ydhu0wve6qqeopl786odrwm2deb4 0 125579 827166 754884 2026-04-27T15:06:08Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Powerhouse_CastleHill_2024.jpg|Powerhouse_CastleHill_2024.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Túrelio|Túrelio]] because: [[:c:COM:L|Copyright violation]]: No indication from the source linked that this image taken in 20 827166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan Tarihi na Powerhouse''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Kimiyya''' ( '''MAAS''' ), tarin gidajen tarihi guda huɗu ne a [[Sydney]], mallakar Gwamnatin New South Wales. Gidan tarihi ne na zamani na fasahar zamani da kimiyya, yana binciken hanyoyin ƙira, kirkire-kirkire, kimiyya, da fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Act – Legislation of 1945 |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/the-act#annual-reports |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> An kafa shi a shekarar 1879 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Nunin Ƙasashen Duniya na Sydney, cibiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin gidajen tarihi na Ostiraliya da ke ci gaba da aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Corner of the Empire |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/stories/historic-garden-palace |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Series 2 Episode 5: Museums and ceramics with Eva Czernis-Ryl |url=https://australiandesigncentre.com/podcast/episode-5-museums-and-ceramics-with-eva-czernis-ryl/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Australian Design Centre |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Policy, power and the cultural and heritage values of the Powerhouse Museum – Jennifer Sanders |url=https://powerhousemuseumalliance.com/what-the-experts-say/policy-power-and-the-cultural-and-heritage-values-of-the-powerhouse-museum-jennifer-sanders/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Powerhouse Museum Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Powerhouse yana aiki a wurare huɗu a [[Sydney]]: '''Powerhouse Ultimo''', '''Powerhouse Parramatta''', '''Powerhouse Castle Hill''' da '''Sydney Observatory.''' Gidan Powerhouse Ultimo, gidan kayan tarihin tun 1988, a halin yanzu an rufe shi don babban farfadowa. Gidan Powerhouse Parramatta, wanda za a buɗe a 2026, zai zama gidan tarihi mafi girma a jihar New South Wales . Gidan Powerhouse Castle yana aiki a matsayin babban shagon tattarawa da cibiyar bincike, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Series 2 Episode 5: Museums and ceramics with Eva Czernis-Ryl |url=https://australiandesigncentre.com/podcast/episode-5-museums-and-ceramics-with-eva-czernis-ryl/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Australian Design Centre |language=en}}</ref> yayin da Sydney Observatory ke ci gaba da bayar da shirye-shiryen ilmin taurari daga wurin da aka lissafa a cikin tarihi a Observatory Hill.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Policy, power and the cultural and heritage values of the Powerhouse Museum – Jennifer Sanders |url=https://powerhousemuseumalliance.com/what-the-experts-say/policy-power-and-the-cultural-and-heritage-values-of-the-powerhouse-museum-jennifer-sanders/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Powerhouse Museum Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da cewa galibi ana kiransa da gidan adana kayan tarihi na kimiyya, Powerhouse yana riƙe da ɗaya daga cikin tarin kayan tarihi mafi mahimmanci da bambance-bambance a Ostiraliya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Act – Legislation of 1945 |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/the-act#annual-reports |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa sama da 500,000 a cikin ƙira, fasaha, kimiyya, da fasaha. Manyan fannoni sun haɗa da fasahar ado, kimiyya, sadarwa, [[sufuri]], kayan sawa, kayan daki, [[Kafofin yada labarai|kafofin watsa labarai]], fasahar kwamfuta, fasahar sararin samaniya da injunan tururi. Tarinsa da kasancewarsa a bainar jama'a sun samo asali a wurare da dama masu muhimmanci a tsawon lokaci—tun daga Fadar Lambun da ke Lambunan Botanic, zuwa Zauren Noma a Yankin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Act – Legislation of 1945 |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/the-act#annual-reports |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha, Masana'antu da Tsafta na New South Wales (1879–1882),<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Corner of the Empire |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/stories/historic-garden-palace |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha (Agusta 1893 - Maris 1988) a kan Titin Harris,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Series 2 Episode 5: Museums and ceramics with Eva Czernis-Ryl |url=https://australiandesigncentre.com/podcast/episode-5-museums-and-ceramics-with-eva-czernis-ryl/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Australian Design Centre |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Policy, power and the cultural and heritage values of the Powerhouse Museum – Jennifer Sanders |url=https://powerhousemuseumalliance.com/what-the-experts-say/policy-power-and-the-cultural-and-heritage-values-of-the-powerhouse-museum-jennifer-sanders/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Powerhouse Museum Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma daga ƙarshe ya koma Gidan Wutar Lantarki na Ultimo,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Act – Legislation of 1945 |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/the-act#annual-reports |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> wanda ke cikin tsohon Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ultimo daga 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Corner of the Empire |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/stories/historic-garden-palace |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> Ana adana mafi yawan tarin kuma ana bincike a Powerhouse Castle Hill, wani wuri da jama'a ke iya shiga a duk lokacin karshen mako. [undefined] Tun daga shekarar 2019, [undefined] [undefined] Powerhouse ta gudanar da daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan dijital na gidan kayan tarihi a duniya, wanda hakan ya sa tarin kayansa ya fi sauki ta hanyar miliyoyin hotunan abubuwa masu inganci da ake samu a yanar gizo.[4] Wannan kokarin yana fadada ta hanyar ayyuka kamar Sounding the Collection,[1] wanda ke daukar sautunan abubuwa na musamman, yana bayar da sabbin hanyoyin jin dadi don dandana tarin.[2] [3] == Gidan Wutar Lantarki na Parramatta == [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Parramatta_May_2025.webp|alt=Aerial view of Powerhouse Parramatta during construction may 2025|thumb|Kallon sama na Powerhouse Parramatta yayin gini Mayu 2025]] [[Fayil:The_Powerhouse_Museum_,_Science_-_Design_,_Sydney_Australia_was_taken_on_the_Tuesday,_8th_October_2013_@_12-30pm._-_panoramio.jpg|alt=exterior view of Powerhouse Ultimo, Sydney - image taken October 2013|thumb|kallon waje na Powerhouse Ultimo, Sydney - hoton da aka ɗauka a watan Oktoba 2013]] [[Fayil:SLNSW_479519_16_Observatory_SH_198.jpg|thumb|A wajen Sydney Observatory, 1872, Charles Pickering, daga ainihin bugun kundin waƙoƙi, Laburaren Jiha na New South Wales,]] [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Garden_Palace_1879.jpg|thumb|Zane na Fadar Lambun da aka gina don Nunin Kasa da Kasa na Sydney, 1879.]] [[Fayil:Museum_in_sydney0001.jpg|thumb|Waje na Powerhouse Ultimo, 1988]] [[Fayil:1949.01._Washing_up_on_Catalina_(Suva-Sydney)_copy.jpg|thumb|A cikin wani jirgin kasuwanci na QANTAS Catalina wanda aka nuna a cikin Powerhouse, yana kan hanyarsa daga Suva zuwa Sydney a watan Janairun 1949 ]] [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Museum,_Sydney_-_2016-02-13_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_42.jpg|thumb|1967 Beechcraft Jirgin sama na Queenair B80, VH-AMB]] [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Museum,_Sydney_-_2016-02-13_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_37.jpg|thumb|Kaya mai daraja ta farko, wanda Joseph Wright da Sons suka gina, na Saltley, Birmingham, Ingila a shekarar 1854 kuma aka yi amfani da shi a layin Sydney zuwa Parramatta tun daga bude shi a shekarar 1855]] [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Museum_Locomotive_1243.jpg|thumb|Motar Locomotive 1243 a cikin Zauren Sufuri]] [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Museum_Horse-drawn_fire_engine,_1895.jpg|thumb|Injin tururin noma a bikin baje kolin juyin juya halin Steam]] [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Museum,_Sydney_-_2016-02-13_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_61.jpg|thumb|Babur "Waratah"]] [[Fayil:SteamEngine_Boulton&Watt_1784.png|thumb|Injin tururi na Whitbread Engine wanda Boulton &amp;amp; Watt, Ingila, suka ƙera, a shekarar 1784]] [[Fayil:Strasbourg_Astronomical_Clock_(museum_replica).jpg|thumb|Agogon Falaki na Strasbourg (samfurin)]] [[Fayil:Sydney_PowerHouse_Museum_06.JPG|thumb|Suturar sararin samaniya ta NASA]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} rzuufexr9zxzxxab4hiaxnv82xc1m5k 827167 827166 2026-04-27T15:06:13Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Powerhouse_Parramatta_May_2025.webp|Powerhouse_Parramatta_May_2025.webp]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Túrelio|Túrelio]] because: [[:c:COM:L|Copyright violation]]: No indication from source that this image is Public Do 827167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan Tarihi na Powerhouse''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Kimiyya''' ( '''MAAS''' ), tarin gidajen tarihi guda huɗu ne a [[Sydney]], mallakar Gwamnatin New South Wales. Gidan tarihi ne na zamani na fasahar zamani da kimiyya, yana binciken hanyoyin ƙira, kirkire-kirkire, kimiyya, da fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Act – Legislation of 1945 |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/the-act#annual-reports |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> An kafa shi a shekarar 1879 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Nunin Ƙasashen Duniya na Sydney, cibiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin gidajen tarihi na Ostiraliya da ke ci gaba da aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Corner of the Empire |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/stories/historic-garden-palace |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Series 2 Episode 5: Museums and ceramics with Eva Czernis-Ryl |url=https://australiandesigncentre.com/podcast/episode-5-museums-and-ceramics-with-eva-czernis-ryl/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Australian Design Centre |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Policy, power and the cultural and heritage values of the Powerhouse Museum – Jennifer Sanders |url=https://powerhousemuseumalliance.com/what-the-experts-say/policy-power-and-the-cultural-and-heritage-values-of-the-powerhouse-museum-jennifer-sanders/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Powerhouse Museum Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Powerhouse yana aiki a wurare huɗu a [[Sydney]]: '''Powerhouse Ultimo''', '''Powerhouse Parramatta''', '''Powerhouse Castle Hill''' da '''Sydney Observatory.''' Gidan Powerhouse Ultimo, gidan kayan tarihin tun 1988, a halin yanzu an rufe shi don babban farfadowa. Gidan Powerhouse Parramatta, wanda za a buɗe a 2026, zai zama gidan tarihi mafi girma a jihar New South Wales . Gidan Powerhouse Castle yana aiki a matsayin babban shagon tattarawa da cibiyar bincike, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Series 2 Episode 5: Museums and ceramics with Eva Czernis-Ryl |url=https://australiandesigncentre.com/podcast/episode-5-museums-and-ceramics-with-eva-czernis-ryl/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Australian Design Centre |language=en}}</ref> yayin da Sydney Observatory ke ci gaba da bayar da shirye-shiryen ilmin taurari daga wurin da aka lissafa a cikin tarihi a Observatory Hill.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Policy, power and the cultural and heritage values of the Powerhouse Museum – Jennifer Sanders |url=https://powerhousemuseumalliance.com/what-the-experts-say/policy-power-and-the-cultural-and-heritage-values-of-the-powerhouse-museum-jennifer-sanders/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Powerhouse Museum Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da cewa galibi ana kiransa da gidan adana kayan tarihi na kimiyya, Powerhouse yana riƙe da ɗaya daga cikin tarin kayan tarihi mafi mahimmanci da bambance-bambance a Ostiraliya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Act – Legislation of 1945 |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/the-act#annual-reports |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa sama da 500,000 a cikin ƙira, fasaha, kimiyya, da fasaha. Manyan fannoni sun haɗa da fasahar ado, kimiyya, sadarwa, [[sufuri]], kayan sawa, kayan daki, [[Kafofin yada labarai|kafofin watsa labarai]], fasahar kwamfuta, fasahar sararin samaniya da injunan tururi. Tarinsa da kasancewarsa a bainar jama'a sun samo asali a wurare da dama masu muhimmanci a tsawon lokaci—tun daga Fadar Lambun da ke Lambunan Botanic, zuwa Zauren Noma a Yankin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Act – Legislation of 1945 |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/the-act#annual-reports |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha, Masana'antu da Tsafta na New South Wales (1879–1882),<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Corner of the Empire |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/stories/historic-garden-palace |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha (Agusta 1893 - Maris 1988) a kan Titin Harris,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Series 2 Episode 5: Museums and ceramics with Eva Czernis-Ryl |url=https://australiandesigncentre.com/podcast/episode-5-museums-and-ceramics-with-eva-czernis-ryl/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Australian Design Centre |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Policy, power and the cultural and heritage values of the Powerhouse Museum – Jennifer Sanders |url=https://powerhousemuseumalliance.com/what-the-experts-say/policy-power-and-the-cultural-and-heritage-values-of-the-powerhouse-museum-jennifer-sanders/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Powerhouse Museum Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma daga ƙarshe ya koma Gidan Wutar Lantarki na Ultimo,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Act – Legislation of 1945 |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/the-act#annual-reports |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> wanda ke cikin tsohon Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ultimo daga 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Corner of the Empire |url=https://powerhouse.com.au/stories/historic-garden-palace |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=powerhouse.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> Ana adana mafi yawan tarin kuma ana bincike a Powerhouse Castle Hill, wani wuri da jama'a ke iya shiga a duk lokacin karshen mako. [undefined] Tun daga shekarar 2019, [undefined] [undefined] Powerhouse ta gudanar da daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan dijital na gidan kayan tarihi a duniya, wanda hakan ya sa tarin kayansa ya fi sauki ta hanyar miliyoyin hotunan abubuwa masu inganci da ake samu a yanar gizo.[4] Wannan kokarin yana fadada ta hanyar ayyuka kamar Sounding the Collection,[1] wanda ke daukar sautunan abubuwa na musamman, yana bayar da sabbin hanyoyin jin dadi don dandana tarin.[2] [3] == Gidan Wutar Lantarki na Parramatta == [[Fayil:The_Powerhouse_Museum_,_Science_-_Design_,_Sydney_Australia_was_taken_on_the_Tuesday,_8th_October_2013_@_12-30pm._-_panoramio.jpg|alt=exterior view of Powerhouse Ultimo, Sydney - image taken October 2013|thumb|kallon waje na Powerhouse Ultimo, Sydney - hoton da aka ɗauka a watan Oktoba 2013]] [[Fayil:SLNSW_479519_16_Observatory_SH_198.jpg|thumb|A wajen Sydney Observatory, 1872, Charles Pickering, daga ainihin bugun kundin waƙoƙi, Laburaren Jiha na New South Wales,]] [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Garden_Palace_1879.jpg|thumb|Zane na Fadar Lambun da aka gina don Nunin Kasa da Kasa na Sydney, 1879.]] [[Fayil:Museum_in_sydney0001.jpg|thumb|Waje na Powerhouse Ultimo, 1988]] [[Fayil:1949.01._Washing_up_on_Catalina_(Suva-Sydney)_copy.jpg|thumb|A cikin wani jirgin kasuwanci na QANTAS Catalina wanda aka nuna a cikin Powerhouse, yana kan hanyarsa daga Suva zuwa Sydney a watan Janairun 1949 ]] [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Museum,_Sydney_-_2016-02-13_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_42.jpg|thumb|1967 Beechcraft Jirgin sama na Queenair B80, VH-AMB]] [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Museum,_Sydney_-_2016-02-13_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_37.jpg|thumb|Kaya mai daraja ta farko, wanda Joseph Wright da Sons suka gina, na Saltley, Birmingham, Ingila a shekarar 1854 kuma aka yi amfani da shi a layin Sydney zuwa Parramatta tun daga bude shi a shekarar 1855]] [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Museum_Locomotive_1243.jpg|thumb|Motar Locomotive 1243 a cikin Zauren Sufuri]] [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Museum_Horse-drawn_fire_engine,_1895.jpg|thumb|Injin tururin noma a bikin baje kolin juyin juya halin Steam]] [[Fayil:Powerhouse_Museum,_Sydney_-_2016-02-13_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_61.jpg|thumb|Babur "Waratah"]] [[Fayil:SteamEngine_Boulton&Watt_1784.png|thumb|Injin tururi na Whitbread Engine wanda Boulton &amp;amp; Watt, Ingila, suka ƙera, a shekarar 1784]] [[Fayil:Strasbourg_Astronomical_Clock_(museum_replica).jpg|thumb|Agogon Falaki na Strasbourg (samfurin)]] [[Fayil:Sydney_PowerHouse_Museum_06.JPG|thumb|Suturar sararin samaniya ta NASA]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1vjekqw7gsg4ncaz6ejos2muqlhc1i9 0 126135 827361 756405 2026-04-28T02:21:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827361 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Hanyar Don Mills''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Leaside Spur Trail''' ) tsawonta {{Convert|3|km}} hanyar hawan keke da tafiya a [[Toronto]], Ontario, Kanada. Hanyar ta yi kudu daga titin York Mills, gabas da kuma kusa da titin Leslie. Birnin ya gina hanyar a kan gadon tsohon layin dogo, wanda aka sani da Leaside Spur. Hanyar tana cikin unguwar Don Mills da ke Toronto. Babu ɗaya daga cikin hanyar da ke cikin Leaside, kodayake wannan ita ce hanyar da jiragen ƙasa da suka yi amfani da tsohon Leaside Spur suka nufa. Bai kamata a rikita hanyar Don Mills da Lower Don Trail ba, kuma a cikin Toronto. == Bayani == Hanyar ta fara ne daga mahadar titin York Mills da titin Scarsdale kuma ta ƙare da nisan {{Convert|1.1|km}} kudu da Overland Drive. <ref name="Map-NorthEnd" /> Yawancin hanyar tana tafiya ne tsakanin wuraren zama yayin da yankin kudu ke kewaye da kadarorin masana'antu da na kasuwanci, suna bin hanyar tsohon layin dogo. <ref name="TheRailFanRunner">{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2012 |title=Ghosts of Raillines Past - Leaside Spur |url=http://therailfanrunner.blogspot.ca/2012/07/ghosts-of-raillines-past-leaside-spur.html |website=The Railfanning Runner}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2011 |title=Leaside Spur I: Orphan Trail Needs Linkages |url=http://donwatcher.blogspot.ca/2011/09/leaside-spur-i-orphan-trail-needs.html |website=Don Watcher}}</ref> A ƙarshen arewa, kusa da gadar a titin York Mills, hanyar tana tafiya daidai da hanyoyin da ke aiki na Sashen Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Kanada (CNR) Bala. A ƙarshen kudu, hanyar tana tsayawa a ɗan nesa daga hanyoyin Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Kanada Pacific (CPR) na Sashen Belleville, waɗanda aka yi musu shinge daga hanyar. <ref name="Map-NorthEnd">{{Cite web |title=Don Mills Trail at Northern end of the trail |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Don+Mills+Trail/@43.7503698,-79.3584653,16z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x89d4cd6bacf2bfab:0x40ff3bea8d8e206c!8m2!3d43.7346902!4d-79.3548672 |access-date=August 7, 2017 |publisher=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref> <ref name="TheRailFanRunner" /> Akwai da'irori masu ado a kan titin inda hanyar ta haɗu da titi ko hanyar ketare hanya, gami da da'irori a Talwood Park, Lawrence Avenue East (gefen arewa da kudu) da Overland Drive. Wasu daga cikin da'irori suna ɗauke da layuka biyu masu layi ɗaya a matsayin tunatarwa game da gadon layin dogo na hanyar. A cikin ko kusa da da'irori akwai wuraren ajiye motoci na kekuna na ado. Da'irori a Talwood Park da Overland Drive kowannensu yana da benci na wurin shakatawa da shingen kekuna guda biyu don tilasta zirga-zirgar kekuna su yi tafiya a kusa da da'irar. <ref name="TOR-2010-08-31">{{Cite web |date=August 31, 2010 |title=Leaside CN Rail Spur - Public Information Session No. 2 |url=https://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/transportation_services/cycling/files/pdf/project1-notice.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034914/https://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/transportation_services/cycling/files/pdf/project1-notice.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=August 7, 2017 |publisher=[[City of Toronto government]]}}</ref> Da'irori a kan hanyar ketarewa ta Lawrence Avenue suna da bangon zama a kusa da sassan da'irar kowace da'ira, tare da bango ɗaya na kowane da'ira mai ɗauke da sunan hanyar. Akwai alamun zirga-zirga inda hanyar ta ketare titin Lawrence. <ref name="Map-Lawrence">{{Cite web |title=Don Mills Trail at Lawrence Ave E |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@43.7348736,-79.3540502,3a,75y,269.47h,92.39t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sbWYXpcXrgbFYpW61gIqZgQ!2e0!7i13312!8i6656 |access-date=August 7, 2017 |publisher=[[Google Street View]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Layin dogo === [[Fayil:Don_Mills_Trail_-_Warehouse_siding_in_2017.jpg|thumb|Silinda na ɗakin ajiya wanda Leaside Spur ke yi wa hidima a da (hoton 2017)]] Hanyar tana amfani da {{Convert|100|ft|m|-wide}} gefen hanya na Leaside Spur (wanda aka fi sani da Leaside Cutoff da Oriole Spur), tsohon layin dogo wanda ya haɗa Oriole akan yankin CNR Bala da Donlands akan yankin CPR Belleville. (Oriole yana kan titin York Mills, kuma Donlands yana da kimanin mita 450 a arewa da Eglinton Avenue East .) Kamfanin Jirgin Ƙasa na Kanada (CNoR) ya gina layin farko don shiga Tashar CPR ta Arewa ta Toronto . (Duk da haka, ba a taɓa yin aikin fasinjoji na CNoR/CNR zuwa Tashar North Toronto ba. ) An buɗe Leaside Spur a watan Fabrairu&nbsp;1 ga Nuwamba, 1918; {{Convert|2.18|mile}}tsawon . CNR ta sayi wannan jarin a shekarar 1918 bayan da CNoR ta zama mai dogaro da kuɗi. Jirgin Leslie Spur ya samar da hanyar shiga shagon CNoR da ke Leaside, wanda ya haɗa da gidan zagaye, babban shagon jigilar kaya, shagon jigilar fasinjoji da sauran gine-gine. Ginin ya maye gurbin gidan injin da ke cikin Don Valley a Rosedale wanda ke da ƙarancin iya aiki kuma yana fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa. Jiragen ƙasa na CNoR daga cikin gari zuwa Leaside suna buƙatar tafiya arewa ta hanyar Don Valley zuwa Oriole sannan kudu a kan Leaside Spur. An buɗe shagon jigilar kaya na Leaside a shekarar 1919, kuma akwai teburin canja wuri tsakaninsa da shagon jigilar fasinjoji. Tare da haɗakar CNoR cikin CNR, ginin ya zama ba a kammala ba kuma an rufe shi a shekarun 1930. Shagon jigilar kaya ya tsira a yau, kuma babban kanti na Longo's Leaside yana zaune a kan Laird Drive. CNR ta yi amfani da Leaside Spur don musanya kaya da CPR da kuma hidimar masana'antu na gida a Leaside ta amfani da ƙaramin fili a can. CNR ta taɓa samun ikon canza masana'antu a gefen arewa na layin tsakiyar gari na CPR har zuwa Hillcrest Complex na TTC a Titin Bathurst . Akwai kuma wasu shinge da ke hidimar masana'antu a gefen hanya, ciki har da wanda har yanzu yana da yawancin hanyarsa a wurin tun daga shekarar 2017. <ref name="TheRailFanRunner"/> Duba hoto. CNR ta yi watsi da wannan yunkuri a shekarar 1999. A watan Afrilun 2009, Lardin Ontario ya sayi Reshen Don (wanda ke tsakanin tsakiyar birnin Toronto da Leaside). GO Transit na tunanin sake tsara hanyar jiragen kasa na Richmond Hill ta hanyar Reshen Don da Leaside Spur domin kauce wa sashen Bala da ke kudu da Oriole wanda ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Don ke iya haifarwa. An yi watsi da wannan ra'ayi lokacin da Birnin Toronto ya sayi shi don samun babbar hanyar haɗi a cikin hanyar keke, wacce yanzu ita ce hanyar Don Mills. <ref name="OTT-Leaside">{{Cite web |last=R.L.Kennedy for Old Time Trains |title=Canadian Pacific Railway - Toronto Division - Agincourt, Scarborough, Leaside, Don |url=http://www.trainweb.org/oldtimetrains/CPR_Toronto/LEASIDE.htm |access-date=August 8, 2017 |publisher=TrainWeb}}</ref> Akwai gada ɗaya a kan Leaside Spur a kan Bond Avenue; ya ɗauki nisan mil 6.&nbsp;shekaru da za a gina tsakanin 1912 da 1918. Abubuwan haɗin ginin sune siminti {{Convert|9.5|ft}} tsayi. {{Convert|2|ft|m|-thick}} sandunan sun kai {{Convert|15|ft|m|-wide}} buɗewa, an raba ta don ɗaukar nauyin jiragen ƙasa da motocin jirgin ƙasa masu nauyi. A kan sandunan ƙarfe akwai inci ashirin da ɗaya 8×8 (20×20)&nbsp;cm) hanyoyin layin dogo, an raba su {{Convert|4|in|cm}} daban don magudanar ruwa. Yanzu ana amfani da gadar ta hanyar Don Mills Trail. === Hanya === Birnin Toronto ya sayi titin Leaside Spur a ƙarshen shekarar 2001. Zuwa shekarar 2010, birnin Toronto yana gudanar da zaman jama'a don tsara hanyar. <ref name="TOR-2010-08-31"/> Saboda tabarbarewar yanayinta, gadar da ke kan titin Bond ta fuskanci barazanar rushewa a shekarar 2011. Mazauna yankin sun yi ta ƙoƙarin ba ta suna don adana ta. <ref name="TC-2011-11-14">{{Cite web |last=Mosleh |first=Omar |date=November 14, 2011 |title=Is Bond Park bridge falling down? |url=http://www.mytowncrier.ca/is-bond-park-bridge-falling-downth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223908/http://www.mytowncrier.ca/is-bond-park-bridge-falling-downth.html |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |website=The Town Crier}}</ref> Zuwa watan Oktoba na 2011, an kusa kammala shimfida hanyar da kuma sanya wuraren shakatawa, haka kuma an fara sanya fitilun zirga-zirga inda hanyar ta ratsa titin Lawrence ta Gabas. <ref name="Map-Lawrence-2011-10">{{Cite web |date=October 2011 |title=Don Mills Trail at Lawrence Ave E - Oct 2011 |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@43.7348342,-79.354347,3a,75y,155.79h,91.45t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sqELg3twauEg_zE0YYyCUGA!2e0!5s20111001T000000!7i13312!8i6656 |publisher=[[Google Street View]]}}</ref> Wani banda shi ne hanyar da ke arewacin titin Bond. Titin Scarsdale, wanda ke tafiya daidai da ɓangaren da ba a kammala ba na hanyar, an sanya shi a matsayin hanyar keke ta Toronto 45, ga masu keke. <ref name="TOR-2010-08-31"/> A watan Agusta&nbsp;A ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba, 2017, an buɗe ɓangaren arewacin hanyar da ke tsakanin Bond Avenue da York Mills Road, <ref name="YorkRegion">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=City of Toronto - Recently Completed |url=http://www.york.ca/wps/wcm/connect/yorkpublic/1636dd70-ab50-4af3-a287-0f5b97da0633/Toronto_LakeToLakeStateOfTrail_MapsAndInformation.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |access-date=August 18, 2017 |publisher=[[York Region]] |quote=Don Mills Trail Extension from Bond Avenue to north of York Mills was opened on August 2, 2016. Two development applications to connect trail to Sunnybrook Park within 3-5 years. }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kodayake ba a kammala wannan ɓangaren hanyar ba sai a watan Oktoba na 2016. {{As of|2017}}, the southern end of the trail ends at a dead-end about {{Convert|60|m}} north of the CPR line. Providing an exit at the southern end to Leslie Street depends on a commercial/industrial landowner agreeing to provide access over private land. As of October 2016, there was no deal to grant such access, after a landowner backed out of a tentative agreement.<ref name="NP-2011-05-09">{{Cite web |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Peter |date=May 9, 2011 |title=Connected Don River bike path still a challenge |url=https://nationalpost.com/posted-toronto/peter-kuitenbrouwer-connected-don-river-bike-path-still-a-challenge |access-date=August 8, 2017 |publisher=[[National Post]]}}</ref> == Sauran hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa na Toronto == * [[Hanyar Beltline]] * Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Yammacin Toronto == Duba kuma == * Jerin hanyoyin da za a bi a Kanada == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ndcbmblp62x1y8jh4cnpntobs61nh55 0 126238 827431 793374 2026-04-28T11:11:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Gida''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Switzerland na 2008 wanda Ursula Meier ta jagoranta, tare da Isabelle Huppert da Olivier Gourmet . Fim din shine gabatarwar hukuma ta Switzerland don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen Waje a 82nd Academy Awards, amma ba a zaba shi ba.<ref name="indiewire">{{Cite web |title=Home - Directed by Ursula Meier |url=https://www.indiewire.com/film/home/ |access-date=11 May 2010 |website=indiewire}}</ref> == Makirci == Marthe (Isabelle Huppert) da Michel (Olivier Gourmet) suna zaune tare da 'ya'yansu uku a cikin gida kusa da babbar hanyar da ba a kammala ba. Suna amfani da hanyar da aka bari a matsayin wurin shakatawa. Misali, sun sanya tafkin yin iyo a ciki kuma dan da abokansa suna amfani da babbar hanyar don hawa keke. Kamar yadda shekaru goma suka wuce tun lokacin da aka watsar da babbar hanyar, sun yi imanin cewa ba za a kammala ta ba. Wata rana, ba tare da gargadi ba, ma'aikatan gine-gine sun fara inganta hanya kuma babbar hanyar ta buɗe don zirga-zirga. Duk da hayaniya daga zirga-zirga mai wucewa, iyalin sun kasance a cikin gidan. A baya, mahaifin zai yi tafiya a kan babbar hanyar don samun damar motarsa don zuwa aiki. Wannan ya zama da wuya yayin da babbar hanyar ta zama mai yawan jama'a. Shi da 'ya'yansa daga ƙarshe dole ne su yi amfani da ramin don samun damar zuwa duniyar waje. Ƙaramar 'yarsu, Marion (Madeleine Budd), ta damu da inganci da tsabtace kewayenta. Tana sa ido kan ciyawa yayin da yake nuna tasirin hayakin carbon monoxide kuma yana da tabbacin cewa iyalin na iya yin rashin lafiya ko ma su mutu da wuri, sakamakon rayuwa a kusa da babbar hanyar. Babbar 'yar, Judith (Adélaïde Leroux), ta ci gaba da yin wanka a kan ciyawa ta gaba, duk da jan hankalin da ba a so daga masu motoci masu wucewa. Wata rana, Judith ta yanke shawarar barin gida ba tare da gaya wa iyalinta ba. Komawa bayan wani lokaci, wani mutum ne ya kore ta, sai ta sami gidan da aka yi da bulo kuma, bayan yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba don neman ƙofar, ta sake barin. A lokacin da ba ta nan, Michel ta yi ƙoƙari ta tafi tare da sauran yaran, amma Marthe ta ki ta tafi. Daga nan ne iyalin suka yanke shawarar tabbatar da gidan, wanda ya haɗa da toshe dukkan windows da rufe dukkan wuraren iska. An ƙuntata, matsin ya fara ɗaukar nauyinsa kuma, a cikin abin da ya zama mafarki na mutuwa, Marthe ya buɗe bango kuma iyalin suka fita daga gidan zuwa waje mai hasken rana. == Masu ba da labari == * Isabelle Huppert a matsayin Marthe * Olivier Gourmet a matsayin Michel * Adelaide Leroux a matsayin Judith * Madeleine Budd a matsayin Marion * Kacey Mottet Klein a matsayin Julien == Fitarwa == Darakta Ursula Meier ta nemi wurin da ya dace a duk faɗin Turai, kafin ta sami wuri a Bulgaria.<ref name="littlewhitelies">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Ursula Meier |url=http://www.littlewhitelies.co.uk/interviews/ursula-meier-6389 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229093105/http://www.littlewhitelies.co.uk/interviews/ursula-meier-6389 |archive-date=29 December 2010 |access-date=7 October 2010 |website=littlewhitelies}}</ref> Hanyar kanta ta riga ta kasance a cikin gini sannan suka gina gidan kusa da hanyar da ba a yi amfani da ita ba a lokacin.<ref name="littlewhitelies" /> Meier ta rubuta rubutun musamman ga Isabelle Huppert kafin a jefa ta.<ref name="birds-eye-view.co.uk">{{Cite web |title=The New Female Vision: Ursula Meier on her acclaimed first feature Home |url=http://www.birds-eye-view.co.uk/news/2009/08/05/the-new-female-vision-ursula-meier-on-her-acclaimed-first-feature-home/ |access-date=7 October 2010 |website=birds-eye-view.co.uk |archive-date=7 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107013231/http://www.birds-eye-view.co.uk/news/2009/08/05/the-new-female-vision-ursula-meier-on-her-acclaimed-first-feature-home/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba Huppert rubutun yayin da take Belgium, tana aiki a fim din Joachim Lafosse mai zaman kansa.<ref name="timeout">{{Cite web |title=Isabelle Huppert: interview |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/film/isabelle-huppert-interview-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094011/https://www.timeout.com/london/film/isabelle-huppert-interview-3 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |access-date=26 January 2013 |website=Time Out}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == === Amsa mai mahimmanci === Metacritic, wanda ke ba da ƙididdiga daga 100 ga sake dubawa daga masu sukar al'ada, ya ba da rahoton matsakaicin maki na 67, bisa ga sake duban 12, yana nuna " sake dubawa mai kyau".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/home |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar / Bikin Fim !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- |Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Bratislava |Babban Kyauta |Ursula Meier|{{Nom}}<ref name="iffbratislava">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffbratislava.sk/previous/2008/index.php?id=84&sek=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002073436/http://www.iffbratislava.sk/previous/2008/index.php?id=84&sek=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2011 |title=International Competition of First and Second Feature Films |accessdate=11 May 2010 |work=iffbratislava }}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |Kyautar Kaisar |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Agnès Godard|{{Nom}}<ref name="pelicanfilms">{{cite web |url=http://www.pelicanfilms.ch/home.html |title=Pelican Films: Home |accessdate=11 May 2010 |work=pelicanfilms }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Farko |Ursula Meier|{{Nom}}<ref name="pelicanfilms" /> |- |Kyakkyawan Tsarin samarwa |Ivan Niclass|{{Nom}}<ref name="pelicanfilms" /> |- |Bikin Fim na Mata na Flying Broom |Kyautar FIPRESCI |Ursula Meier|{{Won}}<ref name="todayszaman">{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-210210-meiers-home-damla-sonmez-win-top-prizes-at-flying-broom-festival.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010170053/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-210210-meiers-home-damla-sonmez-win-top-prizes-at-flying-broom-festival.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2012 |title=Meier's ''Home'', Damla Sönmez win top prizes at Flying Broom festival |accessdate=12 May 2010 |work=todayszaman }}</ref> |- |Kyautar Haske |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Agnès Godard|{{Won}}<ref name="variety.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=awardcentral&jump=features&id=awards_focus_foreign_language&articleid=VR1118010966 |title=Sixty-five countries vie for Oscar nom |accessdate=11 May 2010 |work=variety.com | first=Iain | last=Blair | date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |Bikin Fim na Mar del Plata |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |Isabelle Huppert|{{Won}}<ref name="mardelplatafilmfest">{{cite web |url=http://www.mardelplatafilmfest.com/23/index_e.php?n=58 |title=23rd Mar del Plata Film Festival |accessdate=11 May 2010 |work=mardelplatafilmfest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816085125/http://www.mardelplatafilmfest.com/23/index_e.php?n=58 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Kyautar Cinematography ta ADF |Agnès Godard|{{Won}}<ref name="mardelplatafilmfest" /> |- |Fim mafi kyau |Ursula Meier|{{Nom}}<ref name="mardelplatafilmfest" /> |- |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Reykjavík |Kyautar FIPRESCI |Ursula Meier|{{Won}}<ref name="fipresci.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2008/reykjavik/reykjavik_ndx.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218110920/http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2008/reykjavik/reykjavik_ndx.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2008 |title=Festival Report: Reykjavik 2008 |accessdate=16 October 2010 |work=fipresci.org }}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |Kyautar Fim ta Switzerland |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ko 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |Kacey Mottet Klein|{{Won}}<ref name="swissfilms.ch">{{cite web |url=http://www.swissfilms.ch/de/film_search/filmdetails/-/id_film/-2072141/search/5 |title=Swiss Films: Home |accessdate=11 May 2010 |work=swissfilms.ch}}</ref> |- |Fim mafi kyau |Ursula Meier|{{Won}}<ref name="swissfilms.ch" /> |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |Ursula Meier da Antoine Jaccoud|{{Won}}<ref name="swissfilms.ch" /> |} == Dubi kuma == * Isabelle Huppert a kan allo da kuma mataki == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] 1ymq8i67qjob30kg7qyjiwkj6vbe55r 0 126767 827161 758174 2026-04-27T14:53:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Todd Viney (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1966) shi ne babban jami'in kwallon kafa na Australiya kuma tsohon dan wasa da kuma kocin. A halin yanzu shi ne Janar Manajan Kwallon Kafa na Melbourne_Football_Club" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="North Melbourne Football Club">Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arewacin Melbourne . <ref name="North GM">{{Cite web |last=North Media |date=25 August 2022 |title=Todd Viney appointed General Manager of Football |url=https://www.nmfc.com.au/news/1207914/todd-viney-appointed-general-manager-of-football |access-date=26 August 2022 |website=North Melbourne Football Club}}</ref> Viney ya buga wasanni 13 tare da Melbourne a cikin VFL / AFL, kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da su a wasanni biyar na karshe na kakar 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko == Yayinda yake matashi, Viney ya kasance dan wasan tennis mai basira kuma ya rike tallafin karatu na Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya daga 1983 zuwa 1984. A watan Yulin 1984, an sanya shi a matsayi na 735 a cikin matsayi na ATP. A shekara ta 18, duk da haka, ya yanke shawarar canzawa da bin aikin kwallon kafa. == Ayyukan wasa == === Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Melbourne === Wani dan wasa na Sturt, Viney ya kasance mafi yawa dan wasa ne kuma dan wasan kwallon kafa na Melbourne.<ref name="australianfootball.com">{{Cite web |title=TODD VINEY |url=https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Todd%2BViney/12369 |access-date=6 May 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan shekaru tara tare da Aljanu, ya yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa don ya zama kocin motsa jiki kuma abokin bugawa na matashi dan wasan tennis Mark Philippoussis.[1] Koyaya, matsayin Todd tare da mahaifin Mark / manajan / kocin Nick Philippoussis ya kasance mai matukar damuwa (kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka gargadi shi), kuma nan da nan ya ci gaba da aikin kwallon kafa tare da Aljanu, a tsakiyar kakar 1996.[2] Viney ya jagoranci Aljanu a cikin 1998 da 1999. A shekara ta 1998, Viney ta sami zabin All-Australian ya kammala daidai na biyar a cikin 1998 Brownlow Medal. Ya kuma lashe Kyautar Keith 'Bluey' Truscott sau biyu a matsayin mafi kyawun Melbourne. Viney ya sanar da ritayar sa kafin karshen kakar 1999 saboda raunin da ya shafi jijiyoyi da hamstring. An ambaci sunansa a cikin Team of the Century na Melbourne, kuma memba ne na Hall of Fame na Club.<ref name="australianfootball.com"/><ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Ɗan'uwan Viney [[Jay Viney|Jay]] ya kuma buga wasa tare da Melbourne daga 1988 zuwa 1991.<ref name="australianfootball.com"/> == Ayyukan horarwa == === Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Melbourne === A shekara ta 2000, ya shiga kwamitin horar da Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Melbourne a matsayin mataimakin kocin a matsayin kocin tsakiya a karkashin babban kocin Neale Daniher. Viney kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na kwamitin horarwa a cikin 2000 Grand Final Loss na kulob din. Viney bai ci gaba da taka rawa ba a kakar 2001.<ref name="demonwiki">{{Cite web |title=Todd Viney |url=http://demonwiki.org/Todd+Viney |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref> === Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Moama === Daga nan sai Viney ya koma kungiyar horar da kasar Echuca Moama a 2003 da 2004.<ref name="demonwiki"/> === Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Hawthorn === Tsohon abokin wasa kuma babban kocin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Hawthorn Alastair Clarkson ya dauki Viney a matsayin mataimakin kocin a Hawthorn daga 2005 zuwa ƙarshen 2008, gami da nasarar da suka samu a matsayin firaministan 2008. === Adelaide Crows === Daga nan sai Viney ya koma Adelaide Crows a matsayin mataimakin koci daga 2009 zuwa 2010. Viney ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa na mataimakin kocin Adelaide Crows a ƙarshen kakar 2010. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6xw9pjmfrsv5voqkgt2pl8fluf23bgx 0 127065 827158 783782 2026-04-27T14:47:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''Ginin Torrens''', mai suna Sir Robert Richard Torrens, gini ne da aka jera a cikin Tarihin Jiha a kusurwar Victoria Square da Wakefield Street a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia . Da farko an san shi da Ofisoshin Sabon Gwamnati, kuma bayan haka jerin sunayen da ke nuna masu haya, gami da Sabon Ofisoshin Jama'a, '''Ofishin Takaddun Kasa''', da Sashen Injiniya & Ruwa. Ya kasance gida ga sassan gwamnati da yawa don yawancin wanzuwarsa, kuma a halin yanzu yana da ofisoshi ga Kwamishinan Ayyukan Jama'a (OCPSE) a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gwamnatin Kudancin Australia. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Torrens_Building,_Wakefield_St,_Adelaide_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Ginin Torrens da aka gani daga Victoria Square]] Ginin da ke 220 Victoria Square / Tarndanyangga an gina shi ne a 1881 a matsayin ofisoshin sabis na jama'a, kuma da farko an san shi da Sabon Ofisoshin Gwamnati.<ref name="Adelaidia">{{Cite web |last=Parsons |first=Alexander |date=7 July 2017 |title=Torrens Building |url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/places/torrens-building-0 |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=Adelaidia |quote=This entry was first published in S.A.'s Greats: The men and women of the North Terrace plaques, edited by John Healey (Historical Society of South Australia Inc., 2001). |archive-date=10 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410014811/http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/places/torrens-building-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya haifar da wasu rikice-rikice a cikin 1880 lokacin da aka ruwaito cewa Gwamnatin Kudancin Ostiraliya za ta shigo da dutse don gini daga Sydney, maimakon amfani da dutse daga wuraren dutse na gida. Shekaru da yawa ya tafi da sunaye da yawa, kamar Sabbin Ofisoshin Jama'a, Ofishin Takardun Kasa, da Sashen Injiniya, bayan manyan mazaunanta.<ref name="Adelaidia"/> A shekara ta 1979 an sake masa suna a matsayin Ginin Torrens, bayan Sir Robert Richard Torrens da tsarin rajistar ƙasashe da ya gabatar a Kudancin Australia da duniya, tsarin Taken Torrens. <ref name="Adelaidia"/> === Maidowa da Sabuntawa === [[Fayil:Torrens_Building_Reopening_1997_Plaque.jpg|left|thumb|Alamar tunawa da sake buɗe Ginin Torrens na 1997]] Daga 1991 <ref name="SAMem">{{Cite web |title=Government offices on Victoria Square, Adelaide |url=http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?c=5849 |access-date=15 November 2019 |website=SA Memory |publisher=State Library of South Australia}}</ref> ko 1993, <ref name="Adelaidia"/> bayan sama da shekaru 110 na ci gaba da zama na gwamnati, an rufe ginin kuma an yi babban gyare-gyare.<ref name="SAMem" /> Bayan sake buɗewa ta Firayim Minista na Kudancin Australia, John Olsen, a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1997, <ref name="Adelaidia"/> an yi amfani da ginin don karɓar ƙungiyoyin al'umma da kungiyoyi da yawa ciki har da Amnesty International (S.A. & N.T. Branch), Ƙungiyar Amputee ta Kudancin Ostiraliya, da Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Ostiraliya (S.S.A) da Volunteering SA, na wasu shekaru. === Jami'o'i === Daga shekarar 2005, da nufin ƙirƙirar "Jami'ar City Adelaide precinct", Torrens Building ta mamaye harabar [[Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Ostiraliya|Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon]] ta Ostiraliya, tana gudanar da shirye-shirye na [[Heinz College|Kwalejin Heinz]], har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta a shekarar 2022. [[Jami'ar Cranfield]] ta Burtaniya ta gudanar da harabar ginin daga 2007 zuwa 2010, kuma [[UCL Australia|Makarantar Makamashi da Albarkatun]] [[Jami'ar Kwaleji ta Landon|Jami'ar Kwalejin London]] ta kasance a can daga 2009 zuwa Disamba 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2018 |title=Move of UCL Engineering in Australia to UniSA Mawson Lakes campus |url=http://www.engineering.ucl.ac.uk/news/move-ucl-engineering-australia-unisa-mawson-lakes-campus/ |access-date=2 September 2018 |publisher=UCL |archive-date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604133739/http://www.engineering.ucl.ac.uk/news/move-ucl-engineering-australia-unisa-mawson-lakes-campus/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="ucl2" /> Sabuwar [[Torrens University Australia|Jami'ar Torrens]], sabuwar jami'a ta farko a Ostiraliya tsawon shekaru 20, ta buɗe a Ginin Torrens a 2013 kuma ta fara koyarwa a 2014. Duk da haka, a ranar 3 ga Agusta 2015 ta buɗe sabon harabar Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a [[Wakefield Street, Adelaide|Titin Wakefield]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2015 |title=University launches new Adelaide campus |url=https://www.torrens.edu.au/blog/news/torrens-university-launches-new-adelaide-campusTorrens |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=Torrens University |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822054958/https://www.torrens.edu.au/404 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma {{As of|2019}} ba a sake lissafa Torrens Building a matsayin wani harabar jami'a ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Campuses |url=https://www.torrens.edu.au/studying-with-us/campuses |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=Torrens University}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} im94py0loj5726s2ahequ0eznjdz2rx 0 127170 827105 759377 2026-04-27T12:40:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827105 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Rattray Park''' wani wurin shakatawa ne na nishaɗi kuma na zamani wanda ke a [[Kumasi]] a babban birnin [[yankin Ashanti]] na Ghana. == Tarihi == Majalisar Birnin Kumasi ce ta gina wurin shakatawa a kokarin dawo da Kumasi a matsayin Gidan Aljanna na Yammacin Afirka. Shugaban Ghana [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] da Asantehene [[Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II]] ne suka kaddamar da shi tare da Magajin garin Kumasi Kojo Bonsu a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2015 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-02 |title=KMA constructs first dancing fountain in Africa |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2015/february-3rd/kma-constructs-first-dancing-fountain-in-africa.php |access-date=2015-06-29 |website=Myjoyonline }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos: President Mahama inaugurates recreational park in Kumasi - Graphic Online |url=http://graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/44918-photos-president-mahama-inaugurates-recreational-park-in-kumasi.html |access-date=2015-06-29}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == An yi wa wurin shakatawar lakabi da Rattray don girmama Kyaftin Robert Sutherland Rattray, ɗan [[Scotland|ƙasar Scotland]] wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka a [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]] kuma magatakarda ga Majalisar Dokoki ta [[Accra]] a shekarar 1919. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-02 |title=KMA constructs first dancing fountain in Africa |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2015/february-3rd/kma-constructs-first-dancing-fountain-in-africa.php |access-date=2015-06-29 |website=Myjoyonline }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kayan aiki == The park's facilities include an artificial lake, a golf cart, WiFi connection, children's playground, a gym and a 6 square meter dancing fountain which is the first of its kind in the country. There are also other amenities such as restaurants and cafeterias.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-02 |title=KMA constructs first dancing fountain in Africa |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2015/february-3rd/kma-constructs-first-dancing-fountain-in-africa.php |access-date=2015-06-29 |website=Myjoyonline }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == rlaccbb7bmhnu4sslskb6sadpw178l9 0 127195 827340 791207 2026-04-27T22:31:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gabatar da shi ta HP ga ɗalibai, '''HP&nbsp;10s''' (F2214A) kalkuleta ne na kimiyya wanda ke da ayyuka sama da 240 da aka gina a ciki, tare da layuka 2 x lambobi 10 [[LCD|na LCD]] . An yarda a yi amfani da shi a gwaje-gwajen [[SAT]] da [[ACT (test)|ACT]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=HP calculators &#124; HP® United Kingdom |url=http://h41111.www4.hp.com/calculators/uk/en/scientific/10s/index.html }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yana da tsarin kimiyya na yau da kullun da kuma tsarin aiki wanda ke da alaƙa sosai da [[Casio]] fx-85MS, wanda ke ba da damar yin lissafi cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. A shekarar 2022, kamfanin Moravia Consulting ya ƙaddamar da '''HP''' .'''&nbsp;10sII''' don kasuwar Ostiraliya. == Duba kuma == * Kalkuleta na kimiyya == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/us/en/sm/WF05a/215348-215348-64232-20037-215351-3540652.html Sharhin HP na HP&nbsp;Kalkuleta na Kimiyya na 10s] * [http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c03519340 Kalkuleta na Kimiyya na HP 10s - Jagorar Mai Amfani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330100723/http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c03519340 |date=2024-03-30 }} * * [https://www.educalc.net/2336191.page Mai kwaikwayon HP 10s] 5v3cih1hhcb7xc3njit5kthgl9xpu1v 0 129361 827069 791089 2026-04-27T12:00:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827069 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidan marayun Karnuka''' shine ƙungiyar agaji ta farko a duniya da ta sadaukar da kanta don kula da kuma gyara marufan karkanda da aka yi wa kamun kifi . Gidan marayun yana cikin lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ba za a iya bayyana ainihin wurin da yake ba saboda dalilai na tsaro. Peet Cilliers da Arrie van Deventer ne suka kafa aikin a cikin 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2014 |title=Stars of the American Ballet supports The Rhino Orphanage |url=http://playyourpart.co.za/our-news/1027-stars-of-the-american-ballet-supports-the-rhino-orphanage |access-date=8 October 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manufa da manufofi == * Domin ceto marayu da kuma majina masu rauni * Don gyara da kuma mayar da karkanda zuwa daji * Don wayar da kan jama'a game da kiyaye karkanda da kuma isar da ayyukan Gidan Marayu na Karkanda * Don tara kuɗi don ayyukan yau da kullun Gidan marayun Karnuka yana wayar da kan jama'a game da farautar dabbobi. Gidan marayun Karnuka yana cikin wani ɓangare na gaggawar shiga tsakani da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta ceto inda ake aiwatar da ka'idojin kulawa, kiwon dabbobi da kuma gyara dabbobin, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa an ceto marayun karkanda cikin nasara, cikin ɗabi'a da kuma alhakinsu. A Gidan marayu ana kiwon dabbobin ta hanyar da za ta tabbatar da cikakken gyaransu da kuma komawa daji. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2014 |title=Stars of the American Ballet supports The Rhino Orphanage |url=http://playyourpart.co.za/our-news/1027-stars-of-the-american-ballet-supports-the-rhino-orphanage |access-date=8 October 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhino Orphan Response Project |url=http://www.ewt.org.za/RHINO/articles/Rhino%20pamflet.pdf |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013172646/http://www.ewt.org.za/RHINO/articles/Rhino%20pamflet.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Yulin 2013, Gidan Marayu na Rhino ya sami motar asibiti ta musamman ta rhino. An sanya motar asibiti a cikin tirela don ɗaukar kayan aiki masu mahimmanci zuwa daji da kuma wani mai jigilar kaya na musamman don ɗaukar 'yan karkanda da suka ji rauni zuwa gidan marayu inda suke samun kulawar lafiya na awanni 24. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2014 |title=Stars of the American Ballet supports The Rhino Orphanage |url=http://playyourpart.co.za/our-news/1027-stars-of-the-american-ballet-supports-the-rhino-orphanage |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-date=14 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014001838/http://playyourpart.co.za/our-news/1027-stars-of-the-american-ballet-supports-the-rhino-orphanage |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abokan hulɗa da masu goyon baya == A shekarar 2012, Lafarge ta sanar da cewa ta bayar da gudummawar R100,000 ga gidan marayun Rhino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2014 |title=Stars of the American Ballet supports The Rhino Orphanage |url=http://playyourpart.co.za/our-news/1027-stars-of-the-american-ballet-supports-the-rhino-orphanage |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-date=14 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014001838/http://playyourpart.co.za/our-news/1027-stars-of-the-american-ballet-supports-the-rhino-orphanage |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Build It and Spar Group ta bayar da gudummawar kayan gini na R100,000 <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2014 |title=Stars of the American Ballet supports The Rhino Orphanage |url=http://playyourpart.co.za/our-news/1027-stars-of-the-american-ballet-supports-the-rhino-orphanage |access-date=8 October 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma New Holland Agriculture ta bayar da sabuwar tarakta don aikin. A watan Agusta na 2013, New Holland ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin 'New Holland Rhino Run' inda aka tuƙa tarakta daga Cape Town zuwa Limpopo don tara kuɗi don gidan marayun Rhino. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhino Orphan Response Project |url=http://www.ewt.org.za/RHINO/articles/Rhino%20pamflet.pdf |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013172646/http://www.ewt.org.za/RHINO/articles/Rhino%20pamflet.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Mayun 2014, Kamfanin First Car Rental tare da haɗin gwiwar Nissan South Africa, Lafarge, New Holland Agriculture, Legend Golf da Safari Resort da Graffiti sun ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin 'Post Your Selfie and Win' don wayar da kan jama'a game da gidan marayu na Rhino. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2014 |title=Stars of the American Ballet supports The Rhino Orphanage |url=http://playyourpart.co.za/our-news/1027-stars-of-the-american-ballet-supports-the-rhino-orphanage |access-date=8 October 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gidajen marayu na Rhino suna samun tallafi daga abokan hulɗa da dama, ciki har da Bankin First National (Afirka ta Kudu), Zebediela Bricks da ATKSA. == Manazarta == eg7kmpxrkljipizfim0yzaidooxsqnb 0 130636 827356 768036 2026-04-28T02:10:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Hannemieke_Stamperius,_1990.jpg|right|thumb|264x264px|Stamperius a shekarar 1990]] '''Johanna Maria Jelles (Hannemieke) Stamperius''' (12 Satumba 1943 a Tiel - 22 Nuwamba 2022 a [[Amsterdam]] ) marubuciya ce kuma mai sukar mata 'yar ƙasar Holland. <ref>name="dbnl">{{Cite web |title=DBNL, Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren |url=http://www.dbnl.nl/tekst/bork001nede01_01/bork001nede01_01_0858.htm |access-date=10 October 2009}}</ref> Ta buga sukar adabi da kuma ilimin mata a ƙarƙashin sunanta, da kuma ayyukan adabi a ƙarƙashin sunayen laƙabi '''Hannes Meinkema''' . Ta yi amfani da sunan barkwanci '''Justa Abbing''' don rubuta wasu littattafai guda huɗu, galibi littattafan ban dariya. <ref>name="crime">{{Cite web |title=Justa Abbing |url=https://www.crime.nl/auteurs/justa-abbing/ |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=crime.nl |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420002217/https://www.crime.nl/auteurs/justa-abbing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Littafinta na uku mai suna ''En dan is er koffie'' (1976), an dauke shi a matsayin muhimmin littafin farko na mata 'yan asalin Holland; an yaba mata saboda bayaninta game da rayuwar yau da kullun ta mata, kuma ana daukarta a matsayin uwar gida ta adabin mata na Holland. == Tarihin rayuwa da aiki == Stamperius ta yi amfani da sunan namiji, Hannes, don buga labarinta na farko, idan aka yi la'akari da matsayin mata a kasuwar adabi na shekarun 1970. Littafinta na farko da aka buga a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan shine ''De maaneter'' (1974). Lakabinta daban-daban sun nuna matakai daban-daban na rayuwarta. Ta buga littafi ɗaya (a cikin 1974, akan marubucin Belgium Louis Paul Boon ) a matsayin Annemieke Postma-Nelemans, "Postma" shine sunan uban mijinta, da kuma "Nelemans" sunan mutumin da ta aura na ɗan lokaci. Ta sami karɓuwa ta adabi da kasuwanci tare da littafinta na uku, ''En dan is er koffie'' ("Sannan, akwai kofi") a cikin 1976, yayin da ra'ayin mata na biyu ya mamaye Netherlands; <ref name="boven" /> littafin "mai matuƙar gaskiya" <ref name="truijens" /> ya zama littafin farko na mata na Holland wanda ya fi sayarwa, ya sanya shi cikin manyan littattafai goma na Dutch na tsawon watanni kuma an sake buga shi sau goma cikin 'yan shekaru. A shekarar 1978, ita da Ethel Portnoy suka kafa wani littafin rubutu na mata, ''Chrysallis'' . <ref name="truijens" /> Kamar yadda yake ga marubuta mata da yawa, rayuwar sirri sau da yawa tana jagorantar rubuce-rubucen, kuma aikin Stamperius ya nuna hakan. A shekarar 1987, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin uwaye na farko marasa aure ga ɗa da aka ɗauke ta a Netherlands, lokacin da ta ɗauki 'yarta daga Brazil. Littafinta na 1992 mai suna Moeders kindje ("ɗan uwa") ya ba da labarin, kuma bayan ɗaukar ta uwa takan bayyana akai-akai a cikin aikinta, gami da "ƙugiya da sauran abubuwan takaici". Tsakanin 1997 da 2004, Stamperius ya buga littattafai huɗu a matsayin Justa Abbing. Biyu na farko fina-finai ne masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda babban halayensu shine marubucin mata Justa van Randwijck, wanda ke bugawa a ƙarƙashin sunan Justa Abbing. A cikin ''Schoonheid, schoonheid'' ("Kyakkyawa, kyau", 1997) Abbing ya yi hulɗa da wani marubuci nakasassu, kuma a cikin ''Leraar leerling'' ("Ɗalibi na Malami", 1998), Abbing ya zama madadin malami a makarantar sakandare wanda ke fuskantar kisan kai. <ref>name="crime">{{Cite web |title=Justa Abbing |url=https://www.crime.nl/auteurs/justa-abbing/ |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=crime.nl |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420002217/https://www.crime.nl/auteurs/justa-abbing/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.crime.nl/auteurs/justa-abbing/ "Justa Abbing"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420002217/https://www.crime.nl/auteurs/justa-abbing/ |date=2021-04-20 }}. ''crime.nl''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Stamperius, a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarta, ta yi fama da cutar ƙashi wadda ta haifar mata da ciwon da ke damunta. Duk da cewa ta ci gaba da rubutu, ciki har da falsafar addini, ba a sake buga ayyukanta ba. Ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2022. == Daraja da gado == Stamperius ta sami tallafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara daga Stichting Fonds voor de Letteren, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Holland wadda ke tallafawa marubuta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schrijvers - Eregelden |url=http://www.fondsvoordeletteren.nl/mod.php?mod=userpage&page_id=37&menu=3602 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716221710/http://www.fondsvoordeletteren.nl/mod.php?mod=userpage&page_id=37&menu=3602 |archive-date=16 July 2007 |website=[[Nederlands Letterenfonds|Stichting Fonds voor de Letteren]]}}</ref> wani ɓangare na shawarar [[Renate Dorrestein]], wacce ta kira Stamperius, wanda shi ne mai ba ta shawara a littattafanta na farko, a matsayin "uwar kishiyarta ta adabi". A shekarar 1989, Stamperius ta sami kyautar [[Opzij Literatuurprijs|Annie Romeinprijs]], wacce aka bai wa marubuta waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban mata da 'yantar da su, saboda dukkan ayyukanta. <ref>name="opzij-Romein">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Opzij prijzen - Annie Romeinprijs / Opzij Literatuurprijs - Hannemieke Stamperius |url=http://www.opzij.nl/opzij/show/id=26711 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106070302/http://www.opzij.nl/opzij/show/id=26711 |archive-date=6 November 2009 |publisher=[[Opzij]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schrijvers - Eregelden |url=http://www.fondsvoordeletteren.nl/mod.php?mod=userpage&page_id=37&menu=3602 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716221710/http://www.fondsvoordeletteren.nl/mod.php?mod=userpage&page_id=37&menu=3602 |archive-date=16 July 2007 |website=[[Nederlands Letterenfonds|Stichting Fonds voor de Letteren]]}}</ref> An yaba wa Stamperius saboda fafutukarta a matsayinta na masaniyar rubuce-rubucen mata, bayan ta tattara ayyukan marubuta mata na harshen Holland da Ingilishi. Ita ce ke da alhakin sake buga littattafai na Betje Wolff da Aagje Deken, Geertruida Bosboom-Toussaint, da Vita Sackville West (waɗanda aka sanya wa 'yarta suna don su). == Littattafan tarihi == === Kamar yadda Annemieke Postma-Nelemans ta === * ''Het hangen nesa a cikin 'Menuet''' (1974, zargi, [[H.D. Tjeenk Willink|HD Tjeenk Willink]], akan ''Menuet'' na Louis Paul Boon, ) === Kamar yadda Hannemieke Stamperius === * ''Zie je wel: verhalen over vrouwen door vrouwen'' (1980, gajerun labarai daga marubutan mata na Turanci, ) * ''Vrouwen en littatur: een inleiding'' (1980, muqala, ) * ''Shekaru 24 da suka wuce: Nederlandse verhalen door vrouwen over vrouwen'' (1981, ) * ''Kind met zes tenen'' (1986, tarin labarai daga marubutan mata na Holland, ) * ''A cikin haar uppie'' (1987, gajerun labarai na marubuta mata masu harshen Ingilishi na zamani, ) * ''Het verbeelde beest'' (1988, muqala, ) * ''A cikin littafin "Twee Gen"'' (1988, kundin jerin sunayen marubuta mata na harshen Ingilishi, ) * ''Weet je nog, die baby ben jij'' (1989, littafin yara, wanda [[Magda van Tilburg]] ya kwatanta, ) * ''Op eigen hand'' (1989, kundin jerin zaɓɓukan littafin tarihin rayuwa wanda galibi marubutan Dutch da Flemish suka rubuta, ) * ''Een om mee te praten'' (1990. ) * ''Een schrale troost'' (1991, labarun marubutan mata na Dutch na zamani, ) * ''A cikin haar dromen'' (1992, labaran marubuta mata na zamani na Turanci kan farin ciki, ) * ''Moeders kindje'' (1992, tarihin rayuwa, ) * ''Moeder en kind'' (1993, labarai daga marubutan mata 'yan ƙasashen waje na zamani kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin uwa da yaro, ) * ''Moeders mooiste'' (1994, labarai daga marubutan mata na Dutch na zamani kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin uwa da yaro, ) * ''Vrouwen van de wereld a cikin 1000 bladzijden'' (1996, labarun marubutan mata na zamani, ) * ''Het meisje van Loch Ness'' (1996, matasa manya, ) * ''Mijn moeder houdt niet van Brazilië'' (2001, matasa manya, ) * ''Allah verzameld'' (2004, kundin labarai da waƙoƙin Holland game da Allah, ) * ''Kleine tauhidin voor leken en ongelovigen'' (2005, ) * ''De Wadden: de mooiste verhalen over de zee en de eilanden'' (2007, ) * ''God en de Verlichting'' (2011, falsafar addini, ) * ''Judy wil een peer'' (2016, juzu'i na farko a cikin jerin littattafan yara === Kamar yadda Hannes Meinkema === * ''De maaneter'' (1974, novel, [[Atlas Contact|Contact]], ) * ''Het wil nog maar niet zomeren'' (1975, gajerun labarai, Elsevier, ) * ''En dan is er koffie'' (1976, novel, Contact, ) * ''De groene weduwe en andere grijze verhalen'' (1978, gajerun labarai, Elsevier, ) * ''Het binnenste ei'' (1978, novel, Manteau, ) * ''Moedertocht'' (1978, gajerun labarai tare da hotuna na [[Geert Hendrickx]], Knippenberg ( Bulkboek no. 79) * ''Het persoonlijke ne poëzie'' (1979, shayari, Elsevier, ) * ''De naam van mijn moeder'' (1980, gajerun labarai, Contact, ) * ''De driehoekige reis'' (1981, novel, Contact, ) * ''Op eigen tenen'' (1982, gajerun labarai, Tuntuɓi, * ''Te kwader min'' (1984, novel, Pandora, ) * ''Eén keer over'' (1986, gajerun labarai, Tuntuɓi, ) * ''Het kind en de rekening'' ( 1987, gajerun labarai, Contact, ) * ''Mooie Horizon'' (1989, novel, Contact, ) * ''Een geluid als van onweer'' (1993, gajerun labarai, Tuntuɓi, ) * ''De speeltuin van Teiresias'' (1994, labari, Pandora, ) * ''Dora - een geschiedenis'' (1995, labari, Pandora]], ) * ''Dier engel'' (1996, novel, Contact, ) * ''Dochter Salomo'' (2003, novel, Contact, ) * ''De heiligwording van Berthe Ploos'' (2007, novel, Contact, ) === Kamar yadda Justa Abbing === * ''Schoonheid, schoonheid'' (1997, ) * ''Leraar leerling'' (1998, ) * ''Kindje kindje'' (2000, ) * ''Man en vader'' (2004, ) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] 8xzjkq2kkg4hjdx6lkqeibwj1v2yye4 0 131249 827298 791202 2026-04-27T21:15:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Manjo Janar '''Peter Warwick''' " '''Gus''' " '''Gilmore''', AO , DSC (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1962) babban jami'i ne mai ritaya a rundunar sojojin Ostiraliya. Ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Sojoji ta Royal, Duntroon, kuma an tura shi aiki a rundunar sojojin Royal Australian a shekarar 1983 kuma ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a cikin rundunonin sojoji na musamman. Ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin sama ta musamman (2001–02), ya jagoranci rukunin farko na kungiyar ayyukan musamman ta Ostiraliya a Afghanistan (2001–02), ya kasance mai alhakin kungiyar tallafawa hadin gwiwa a Iraki (2005–06), kuma ya jagoranci rundunar ayyukan musamman ta rundunar taimakon tsaro ta kasa da kasa (2009–10). Bayan an kara masa girma zuwa babban janar, ya rike mukamai daban-daban, ciki har da Kwamandan Ayyuka na Musamman na Ostiraliya (2011–13), Mataimakin Babban Hafsan Soja (2013–15), da Kwamandan Rundunar Soja (2015–16). Nadinsa na karshe shine Shugaban Sashen Alkawuran Dabaru na Soja daga 2016 zuwa 2019. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Peter Warwick Gilmore a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 1962 a [[Sydney]], New South Wales, ƙarami cikin yara uku ga Ian George Charles Gilmore da Alison Shirley Gilmore (née Cayley).<ref name="Geelong">{{Cite web |title=Gilmore, Major General Peter Warwick 'Gus', AO, DSC |url=http://gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au:8080/wiki/GILMORE-Peter-Warwick%2C-AO%2C-DSC.ashx |access-date=26 June 2019 |website=Heritage Guide |publisher=Geelong College |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626124633/http://gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au:8080/wiki/GILMORE-Peter-Warwick,-AO,-DSC.ashx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ian Gilmore ya kasance jami'in Sojojin Australiya wanda ya ga hidima a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], <ref name="Geelong" /> Yaƙin Koriya da Yaƙin Vietnam, <ref name="Age" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilmore, Ian George Charles |url=http://www.ww2roll.gov.au/Veteran.aspx?ServiceId=A&VeteranId=708148 |access-date=16 June 2019 |website=World War II Nominal Roll |publisher=Department of Veterans' Affairs }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma ya tashi zuwa matsayin Brigadier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilmore, Ian George |url=http://www.koreanroll.gov.au/veteran.aspx?id=1220590 |access-date=16 June 2019 |website=Korean War Nominal Roll |publisher=Department of Veterans' Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilmore, Ian George Charles |url=http://www.vietnamroll.gov.au/VeteranDetails.aspx?VeteranId=1283375 |access-date=16 June 2019 |website=Vietnam War Nominal Roll |publisher=Department of Veterans' Affairs}}</ref> Gilmore ta yi karatu a makarantar Canberra Grammar School sannan daga baya a [[Kwalejin Geelong]] a Victoria, ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1978.<ref name="Geelong"/> Lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, ya shiga Kwalejin Soja ta Royal, Duntroon a watan Janairun 1979 a matsayin jami'in Sojojin Australiya.<ref name="Who">{{Cite web |title=Maj-Gen. (Gus) Peter Warwick Gilmore |url=https://connectweb.com.au/view-biography.aspx?pid=38508&p=WWA |access-date=25 June 2019 |website=[[Who's Who in Australia]] Online |publisher=ConnectWeb}}</ref><ref name="SOCA">{{Cite web |title=Major General Peter Warwick (Gus) Gilmore, DSC, AM |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/leaders/army/warwickGilmore/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602020112/http://www.defence.gov.au/leaders/army/warwickGilmore/index.htm |archive-date=2 June 2011 |website=Defence Leaders: Army |publisher=Australian Department of Defence}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu daga Duntroon tare da digiri na farko na Arts daga Jami'ar New South Wales, kuma an ba shi izini a matsayin mataimakin a cikin Royal Australian Infantry Corps a ranar 14 ga Disamba 1983.<ref name="Who" /> Daga baya ya karanta don Master of Arts a Harkokin Kasashen Duniya a Jami'ar Deakin.Ya kammala karatu a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Soja ta Royal a Ƙasar Ingila, Kwalejin Kwamandan Sojojin Australiya da Ma'aikata, Cibiyar Tsaro da Nazarin Dabarun Australiya, da Cibiyar Daraktocin Kamfanin Australiya.<ref name="Who" /><ref name="SOCA" /> == Ayyukan soja == === Ayyukan farko da umurnin mulki === Da farko an tura Gilmore zuwa 8th / 9th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment a matsayin kwamandan rukuni, daga baya ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Sojoji a Singleton, New South Wales, da kuma 4th / 3rd Battalion. A shekara ta 1988, Gilmore ya wuce zabin kuma an nada shi zuwa Special Air Service Regiment (SASR). Fiye da shekaru goma ya cika nadin daban-daban a cikin SASR, gami da a matsayin kwamandan sojoji, adjutant, jami'in bincike na ayyukan, da kwamandan squadron, ya tashi zuwa kwamandan rundunar a shekara ta 2001.[1][2] A wannan shekarar, an zaba shi a matsayin mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Centenary don nuna godiya ga "hidimar da ya yi wa al'ummar Australiya ta hanyar Sojojin Australiya".[3] [[Fayil:U.S._Marines_with_Marine_Rotational_Force_–_Darwin_and_Australian_Army_soldiers_train_together_during_Exercise_Crocodile_Strike_150826-M-HL954-029.jpg|left|thumb|Gilmore (hagu) yayi tattauna game da motsi na dakarun tare da babban Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka yayin horo a Yankin Arewa, Agusta 2015.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] 1d4rzsmtwfgps8htt4at9ew6frx3mb2 0 132700 827140 791099 2026-04-27T13:06:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bord Gáis Energy''' (wanda asali ake kira '''Grand Canal Theatre''' ) wani wurin wasan kwaikwayo ne na fasaha, wanda ke cikin Docklands na [[Dublin]], [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] . Shi ne babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kujerun zama mafi girma a Ireland. <ref name="venue">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Irish Theatre Venues |url=http://www.irishtheatre.ie/venues |publisher=irishtheatre.ie}}</ref> Daniel Libeskind ne ya tsara shi don DDDA, wanda Joe O'Reilly (Chartered Land) ya gina, kuma Harry Crosbie ya buɗe shi a ranar 18 ga Maris 2010. <ref name="open">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2010 |title=Grand Unveiling: New Theatre Opens Its Doors With 'Swan Lake' |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/grand-unveiling-new-theatre-opens-its-doors-with-swan-lake-1.639629?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fgrand-unveiling-new-theatre-opens-its-doors-with-swan-lake-1.639629}}</ref> Bernie da John Gallagher (na Doyle Hotels ) ne suka mallaki gidan wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2014 daga NAMA, ta hanyar kamfaninsu, Crownway. <ref name="jb1">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=Bord Gáis Theatre sold in €28m deal |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/commercial-property/bord-g%C3%A1is-theatre-sold-in-28m-deal-1.1938100?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fcommercial-property%2Fbord-g%25C3%25A1is-theatre-sold-in-28m-deal-1.1938100}}</ref> <ref name="jb2">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=Theatre sold to John and Berie Gallagher of Jurys Doyle fame |url=https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/bord-gais-energy-theatre-sold-for-28m-30607668.html |publisher=Irish Independent}}</ref> <ref name="jb3">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=Bord Gáis theatre sold for €28m to Celtic Tiger winners |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/bord-gais-theatre-sold-1685453-Sep2014/ |publisher=Irish Independent}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Dublin_Gasworks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1557673.jpg|left|thumb|Wurin a shekarar 1985 kafin rushewa]] Wurin ya fara zama yana da gine-gine da gine-gine daban-daban na Kamfanin Gasworks na Dublin wanda aka rushe a shekarar 1985 kuma DDDA ta kawar da gurɓataccen muhalli a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000 akan kuɗi sama da Yuro miliyan 50. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turtle Bunbury - Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland |url=http://www.turtlebunbury.com/published/published_books/docklands/grand_canal_docks/pub_books_docklands_gcd_hanoverquay.html |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=www.turtlebunbury.com}}</ref> == Ci gaba (2004-2010) == [[Fayil:Bord_Gáis_Energy_Theatre_(8225077260).jpg|left|thumb|Gaban Daniel Libeskind ya tsara Bord Gáis Energy Theatre wanda aka zana daga dandalin Grand Canal Square da Martha Schwartz ta tsara]] Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Grand Canal (tsawo 13,765 / murabba'in mita 10,882, kujeru 2,111) <ref name="lieb">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=BORD GÁIS ENERGY THEATRE AND GRAND CANAL COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT |url=https://libeskind.com/work/bord-gais-energy-theatre-and-grand-canal-commercial-development/ |publisher=Studio Liebskiend}}</ref> <ref name="build">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2011 |title=Daniel Libeskind's Grand Canal Square Theatre |url=http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/featured-architecture/daniel-libeskinds-grand-canal-square-theatre |publisher=Buildipedia }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="harry1">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2014 |title=Harry Crosbie's Bord Gáis theatre for sale at €20m |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/commercial-property/harry-crosbie-s-bord-g%C3%A1is-theatre-for-sale-at-20m-1.1859385}}</ref> shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo mafi girma a Ireland, <ref name="venue"/> kuma shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Irish guda ɗaya tilo da ke da dandamali <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turtle Bunbury - Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland |url=http://www.turtlebunbury.com/published/published_books/docklands/grand_canal_docks/pub_books_docklands_gcd_hanoverquay.html |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=www.turtlebunbury.com}}</ref> wanda zai iya ɗaukar nauyin manyan wasannin kwaikwayo na London West-End . <ref>{{cite news |title=Dublin's toxic gasworks material could end up as part of Dutch road network |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/dublin-s-toxic-gasworks-material-could-end-up-as-part-of-dutch-road-network-1.176289 |access-date=18 October 2020 |language=en |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> <ref name="cbre1">{{Cite web |date=4 July 2014 |title=Prestigious Dublin Theatre to Attract Investor Appetite |url=http://news.cbre.ie/prestigious-dublin-theatre-to-attract-investor-appetite/ |publisher=CBRE Ireland |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062248/http://news.cbre.ie/prestigious-dublin-theatre-to-attract-investor-appetite/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="cb1">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Bord Gáis Energy Theatre (CBRE) |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/377036487/Bord-Gais-Energy-Theatre-Grand-Canal-Square-Theatre-CBRE-Sale-Brochure-June-2014 |publisher=CBRE}}</ref> Zai zama gidan wasan kwaikwayo na London West-End na 4 mafi girma, kuma ya wuce ƙarfin dukkan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na New York Broadway . Joe O'Reilly <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turtle Bunbury - Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland |url=http://www.turtlebunbury.com/published/published_books/docklands/grand_canal_docks/pub_books_docklands_gcd_hanoverquay.html |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=www.turtlebunbury.com}}</ref> na Chartered Land (Castlethorn), <ref name="lieb"/> ne ya gina gidan wasan kwaikwayon a kan wani fili mai fadin {{Convert|0.8|acre|ha}}, <ref name="exam">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2014 |title=Bord Gáis Theatre takes centre stage |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/property/commercial/bord-gais-theatre-takes-centre-stage-274882.html |publisher=Irish Examiner}}</ref> a kan rahoton da ya kai Yuro miliyan 80 (har da filaye), bisa ga ƙa'idodin Hukumar Ci Gaban Dublin Docklands (ko "DDDA"). <ref name="build"/> <ref name="fot">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2014 |title=Selling our largest theatre: the public case for a cultural jewel |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/selling-our-largest-theatre-the-public-case-for-a-cultural-jewel-1.1869372}}</ref> <ref name="cb1"/> An ba da kuɗin kuɗin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar sayar da wurare biyu, a kowane gefen gidan wasan kwaikwayo, waɗanda Joe O'Reilly ya saya daga [[Dublin Docklands Development Authority|DDDA]] a shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turtle Bunbury - Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland |url=http://www.turtlebunbury.com/published/published_books/docklands/grand_canal_docks/pub_books_docklands_gcd_hanoverquay.html |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=www.turtlebunbury.com}}</ref> Saboda haka, da kuma Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Grand Canal, O'Reilly ya gina ginin ofishin kudu (2 Grand Canal Square a {{Cvt|150,000|sqft|m2}} ), da kuma ofisoshin arewa (4 & 5 Grand Canal Square mai girman {{Cvt|225,000|sqft|m2}} ), da kuma wurin ajiye motoci mai sararin samaniya 222 (a ƙarƙashin filin Grand Canal Square). <ref>{{cite news |title=Dublin's toxic gasworks material could end up as part of Dutch road network |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/dublin-s-toxic-gasworks-material-could-end-up-as-part-of-dutch-road-network-1.176289 |access-date=18 October 2020 |language=en |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turtle Bunbury - Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland |url=http://www.turtlebunbury.com/published/published_books/docklands/grand_canal_docks/pub_books_docklands_gcd_hanoverquay.html |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=www.turtlebunbury.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Dublin's toxic gasworks material could end up as part of Dutch road network |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/dublin-s-toxic-gasworks-material-could-end-up-as-part-of-dutch-road-network-1.176289 |access-date=18 October 2020 |language=en |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> Dan asalin ƙasar Poland, Daniel Libeskind, ya tsara gidan wasan kwaikwayo na DDDA a shekarar 2004 (waɗanda ke sake gina yankin). Studio Liebskind ya kuma tsara tubalan ofis a ɓangarorin gidan wasan kwaikwayo (2, 4 & 5 Grand Canal Square) don tabbatar da cewa an haɗa tsarin O'Reilly. <ref name="lieb"/> Studio Liebskind ya yi aiki tare da masu gine-ginen RHWL a London (ƙwararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo) da McCauley Daye O'Connell masu gine-gine a Dublin (masu gine-gine na zartarwa). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turtle Bunbury - Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland |url=http://www.turtlebunbury.com/published/published_books/docklands/grand_canal_docks/pub_books_docklands_gcd_hanoverquay.html |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=www.turtlebunbury.com}}</ref> An fara ginin gidan wasan kwaikwayo a watan Janairun 2007 kuma an kammala shi a ƙarshen 2009. Babban mai kwangilar shine John Sisk &amp;amp; Sons kuma Arups sune manyan injiniyoyi. <ref name="lieb" /> Faɗin ci gaban da DDDA ta yi a Babban Filin Canal (aikin sake gina Babban Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Grand Canal ), ya haɗa da wani babban ofis (1 Babban Filin Canal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turtle Bunbury - Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland |url=http://www.turtlebunbury.com/published/published_books/docklands/grand_canal_docks/pub_books_docklands_gcd_hanoverquay.html |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=www.turtlebunbury.com}}</ref> mai kujeru {{Cvt|125,000|sqft|m2}} , an kammala shi a shekarar 2007), Otal mai tauraro 5 (wanda Manuel Aires Mateus ya tsara, Marker Hotel, an kammala shi a shekarar 2012 amma a ƙanƙanin ƙayyadadden lokaci <ref>{{cite news |title=Dublin's toxic gasworks material could end up as part of Dutch road network |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/dublin-s-toxic-gasworks-material-could-end-up-as-part-of-dutch-road-network-1.176289 |access-date=18 October 2020 |language=en |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> ) da kuma Martha Schwartz wanda aka tsara {{Convert|10,000|sqft|m2}} babban piazza (a kan jigon "ja carpet", wanda aka haɗa shi da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Liebskind, wanda aka kammala a 2008). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turtle Bunbury - Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland |url=http://www.turtlebunbury.com/published/published_books/docklands/grand_canal_docks/pub_books_docklands_gcd_hanoverquay.html |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=www.turtlebunbury.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Dublin's toxic gasworks material could end up as part of Dutch road network |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/dublin-s-toxic-gasworks-material-could-end-up-as-part-of-dutch-road-network-1.176289 |access-date=18 October 2020 |language=en |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> == Aikin aiki == [[Fayil:Bord_Gais_Theatre_TEDxDublin.jpg|thumb|Duba daga cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo]] Asusun da aka shigar (gami da kayan tallace-tallace na CBRE na 2014 <ref name="cbre1"/> <ref name="cb1"/> <ref name="harry1"/> <ref name="exam"/> ), yana nuna cewa Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Bord Gáis Energy: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turtle Bunbury - Award-winning travel writer, historian and author based in Ireland |url=http://www.turtlebunbury.com/published/published_books/docklands/grand_canal_docks/pub_books_docklands_gcd_hanoverquay.html |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=www.turtlebunbury.com}}</ref> <ref name="jbg">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2017 |title=Bord Gáis theatre sees profits triple to €682,120 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/retail-and-services/bord-g%C3%A1is-theatre-sees-profits-triple-to-682-120-1.3248597}}</ref> * yana sayar da tikiti kusan rabin miliyan a kowace shekara; * tana ɗaukar nauyin kusan abubuwa 330 a kowace shekara (gami da shirye-shiryen yamma da na yamma), kusa da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya masu yawan jama'a 350 a kowace shekara; <ref name="cb1"/> * An bayyana kashi 70% na abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin wasannin kwaikwayo na West-End, kuma an bayyana kashi 20% a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na West-End ; * yana samun kusan €8m a cikin kudaden shiga a kowace shekara (tikiti, abinci da abin sha, hayar wurin zama da haƙƙin sanya suna) * yana samun kimanin €1.5m a cikin EBITDA, kuma yana samun kimanin €1m a cikin ribar kafin haraji (akwai wasu rashin tabbas game da ma'anar EBITDA da ribar kafin haraji). <ref name="jbg"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} coz6k89gpoww43ztv7thh61zkgmy76q 0 132806 827221 783826 2026-04-27T15:37:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Giuliano Amato''' OMRI ( An haife shi a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1938) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Firayim Ministan Italiya, na farko daga 1992 zuwa 1993 da kuma daga 2000 zuwa 2001. Bayan rasuwar Arnaldo Forlani a watan Yulin 2023, Amato ya zama Firayim Minista na farko da ya tsira a ƙasar. Daga baya, ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Yarjejeniyar kan Makomar Turai wadda ta tsara Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turai kuma ta jagoranci Ƙungiyar Amato . Ana yi masa lakabi da ''dottor Sottile'', wanda ke nufin " Dokta Subtilis ", wanda aka fi sani da soyayyen masanin falsafar Scotland na zamanin da John Duns Scotus, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen bayyana wayonsa na siyasa. Daga 2006 zuwa 2008, ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida a gwamnatin Romano Prodi . Ya yi aiki a Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Italiya daga Satumba 2013 zuwa Satumba 2022, inda Shugaba Giorgio Napolitano ya naɗa shi. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kotun daga 29 ga Janairu 2022 zuwa 18 ga Satumba 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corte costituzionale - |url=https://www.cortecostituzionale.it/actionBiografia.do?lingua=EN&codice_giudice=124 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.cortecostituzionale.it}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a [[Torino|Turin]] a cikin dangin [[Sisiliya|Sicily]], Amato ya girma a Tuscany . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Pisa a shekarar 1960 yayin da yake halartar Kwalejin Medico-Giuridico mai daraja ta Scuola Normale Superiore, wacce a yau ake kira Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaban Sant'Anna . A matsayinsa na wanda ya sami tallafin Fulbright, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a ta kwatantawa daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia a shekarar 1963. <ref name="cosmo">{{Cite journal |date=May 2000 |title=Giuliano Amato Italy's new Prime Minister |url=http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo6/amato.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Cosmopolis |volume=6 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703114457/http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo6/amato.htm |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Bayan koyarwa a Jami'o'in Modena, Perugia da Florence, ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin Shari'ar Tsarin Mulki ta Italiya da Kwatantawa a Jami'ar Rome La Sapienza daga 1975 zuwa 1997. <ref name="cosmo" /> Amato ya fara harkokin siyasa a shekarar 1958 lokacin da ya shiga Jam'iyyar Gurguzu ta Italiya . Ya kasance ɗan Majalisar Dokoki daga 1983 zuwa 1993. Ya kasance Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Waje a ofishin Firayim Minista daga 1983 zuwa 1987, Mataimakin Firayim Minista daga 1987 zuwa 1988, da Ministan Baitulmali daga 1987 zuwa 1989. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Daga watan Yunin 1992 zuwa Afrilun 1993, Amato ya yi aiki a matsayin firayim minista. A cikin waɗannan watanni goma, an sami jerin badakalar cin hanci da rashawa da ta mamaye Italiya kuma ta share kusan dukkan shugabannin siyasa. Amato da kansa ba a taɓa zarginsa ba, duk da kusancinsa da Bettino Craxi, wani jigo a tsarin cin hanci da rashawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A matsayinsa na Firayim Minista, Amato ya mayar da martani mai kyau ga raguwar darajar lira sau biyu bayan hasashen kuɗi wanda ya sa aka kori Italiya daga Tsarin Kuɗi na Turai ta hanyar rage gibin kasafin kuɗi sosai, don haka ya ɗauki matakai na farko don kawo Italiya ga amincewa da Yuro. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A wani lokaci, gwamnatinsa ta fuskanci suka mai zafi saboda wata doka da ta mayar da ikon gudanar da binciken cin hanci da rashawa zuwa hannun 'yan sanda, wanda, kasancewar gwamnati ce ke iko da shi kai tsaye, ba zai zama mai zaman kansa ba. Saboda tsoron cewa sabon tsarin zai hana binciken cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa, 'yan Italiya sun fito kan tituna a manyan tarurrukan gangami na bazata. Shugaba Oscar Luigi Scalfaro ya ki sanya hannu kan dokar, yana mai cewa ta saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. Yayin da ministan shari'arsa Giovanni Conso ya dauki alhakin lamarin, an yi ta jayayya ko Amato ya fuskanci yanayi ko kuma yana son ceton tsarin da cin hanci da rashawa ya mamaye. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshen lokacin da yake a matsayin Firayim Minista, Amato ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dokoki inda ya yi alƙawarin cewa a ƙarshen wa'adinsa, zai yi ritaya daga siyasa, yana mai jaddada cewa alƙawarinsa na gaskiya ne kuma ba zai karya wannan alƙawarin ba kamar yadda wasu 'yan siyasa (waɗanda ya kira su " mandarins ") suka saba yi. Duk da haka, wannan alƙawarin bai daɗe ba; Amato yana fuskantar suka akai-akai saboda yin irin wannan alƙawarin da ya yi da kuma rashin cika shi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Amato ya kasance Shugaban Hukumar hana cin hanci da rashawa ta Italiya daga Nuwamba 1994 zuwa Disamba 1997, Ministan Gyaran Cibiyoyi a gwamnatin Massimo D'Alema ta farko daga Oktoba 1998 zuwa Mayu 1999, kuma, a sake, Ministan Baitulmali a gwamnatin D'Alema ta biyu daga Disamba 1999 zuwa Afrilu 2000. An kusa tsayar da Amato a matsayin Shugaban Jamhuriyar kuma ya kasance mai fafatawa a kusa da shi don maye gurbin Michel Camdessus a matsayin shugaban Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Amato ya sake zama firayim minista daga watan Afrilun 2000 zuwa Mayun 2001. Ya inganta gasa a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma kare al'umma. Baya ga gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki, ya ci gaba da gyare-gyaren siyasa da na cibiyoyi, yana ƙoƙarin magance raunin zartarwa da kuma rarrabuwar kawuna a majalisar dokoki. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2001, shugabannin [[Tarayyar Turai]] a Majalisar Turai da ke Laeken sun naɗa Amato da tsohon Firayim Ministan Belgium Jean-Luc Dehaene a matsayin Mataimakan Shugabanni na Yarjejeniyar kan Makomar Turai don taimakawa tsohon Shugaban Faransa [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] wajen tsara sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turai. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na girmamawa na Ƙasashen Waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corte costituzionale - |url=https://www.cortecostituzionale.it/actionBiografia.do?lingua=EN&codice_giudice=124 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.cortecostituzionale.it}}</ref> <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> Amato ya kasance ɗan Majalisar Dattawa mai wakiltar mazabar Grosseto a Tuscany daga 2001 zuwa 2006. A shekarar 2006, an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Wakilai don jerin Bishiyar Zaitun, kuma an naɗa shi Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida a gwamnatin Romano Prodi mai hagu-da-gefe. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tun daga shekarar 2010, yana kuma jagorantar azuzuwan karawa juna sani na gaba a fannin [http://sog.luiss.it/programs/mipa/ digiri na biyu a fannin harkokin jama'a na kasa da kasa] na [http://www.sog.luiss.it Makarantar Gwamnati ta LUISS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710155033/https://sog.luiss.it/ |date=2019-07-10 }} . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2013, Shugaba Giorgio Napolitano ya naɗa Amato a matsayin alkali a Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Italiya, inda ya yi aiki tun daga lokacin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corte costituzionale - |url=https://www.cortecostituzionale.it/actionBiografia.do?lingua=EN&codice_giudice=124 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.cortecostituzionale.it}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, Amato ya tsaya takarar Shugaban Kotun Tsarin Mulki, amma ya sha kaye a zagaye na biyu na kaɗa ƙuri'a a kan Mario Rosario Morelli wanda ya sami ƙuri'u tara, yayin da Giancarlo Coraggio ya sami ƙuri'u biyar, Amato kuma ya sami ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corte costituzionale - |url=https://www.cortecostituzionale.it/actionBiografia.do?lingua=EN&codice_giudice=124 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.cortecostituzionale.it}}</ref> Daga baya Morelli ya naɗa shi Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corte costituzionale - |url=https://www.cortecostituzionale.it/actionBiografia.do?lingua=EN&codice_giudice=124 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.cortecostituzionale.it}}</ref> Coraggio ya tabbatar da shi a wannan matsayin wanda ya zama shugaban ƙasa a watan Disamba na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2020 |title=Constitutional Court: the judge Giancarlo Coraggio, elected with the unanimity of votes, will be in charge until 22 January 2022 |url=https://www.agenziagiornalisticaopinione.it/lancio-dagenzia/corte-costituzionale-nomine-il-giudice-giancarlo-coraggio-eletto-presidente-allunanimita-rimarra-in-carica-fino-al-28-gennaio-2022/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |language=Italian }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Amato tana da aure da Diana Vincenzi, farfesa a fannin shari'ar iyali a Jami'ar Rome. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Elisa da Lorenzo, da kuma jikoki biyar, Giulia, Marco, Simone, Elena da Irene. Ya zuwa watan Satumba na 2020, Amato memba ce a Cibiyar Aspen ta Italiya. == Aikin Adalci na Duniya == Giuliano Amato yana aiki a matsayin Shugaba Mai Daraja na Aikin Shari'a na Duniya . Shirin Shari'a na Duniya yana aiki ne don jagorantar wani yunƙuri na duniya da fannoni daban-daban don ƙarfafa [[Dokokin doka|Tsarin Shari'a]] don haɓaka al'ummomin da ke da dama da daidaito. <ref name="WJP">{{Cite web |title=Honorary Chairs |url=http://worldjusticeproject.org/honorary-chairs |access-date=17 April 2011 |website=The World Justice Project}}</ref> == Shugaban Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna == A shekarar 2012, an naɗa Giuliano Amato a matsayin Shugaban Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna . A matsayinsa na ɗalibi na Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna (yana halartar Kwalejin Medico-Giuridico mai suna na Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, wanda a yau ake kira Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna ), ya kasance yana hulɗa da jami'ar sosai, inda a da yake jagorantar Ƙungiyar Tsoffin Ɗaliban Sant'Anna . An naɗa shi a matsayin Shugaban Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2012 ta Majalisar Dattawa ta Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna, kuma bisa ga umarnin Minista Francesco Profumo na Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Jami'o'i da Bincike (Italiya) . Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna bayan an naɗa shi a Kotun Tsarin Mulki a watan Satumbar 2013. == Ra'ayoyin Kai == A shekarar 2011, Amato ya bayyana cewa kirkirar Italiya ba ta da goyon bayan ingantaccen aiki wajen tsara ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. Ya yi imanin cewa tana da rawar da za ta taka a nan gaba wajen rashin bege da kuma ma'anar asalin ƙasa, haka kuma ba a kammala ta gaba ɗaya ba ta hanyar da ta dace da ainihinta. Wannan rashin ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙiyayya ga [[Kyamar Baki|baƙi]] da kuma asalin yanki da ake zargi, kamar ƙungiyar Lega Nord . <ref name="Storicamente,11_7">{{Cite journal |last=De Bernardi |first=Alberto |year=2011 |title=Senza futuro è difficile avere un passato |trans-title=Without Future It Could Be Difficult to Have A Past |url=https://storicamente.org/giuliano_amato_150 |url-status=live |journal=Storicamente |language=it |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.1473/stor89 |issn=1825-411X |oclc=8539642109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202045638/https://storicamente.org/giuliano_amato_150 |archive-date=2 December 2017}} via – [https://archive.today/20200912175946/https://doaj.org/article/5ba0de0e207a4edd9f7fe74e593c0315 DOAJ].</ref> Amato yana ganin cewa ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye a Kudancin Italiya bayan 1861 wani motsi ne na rashin adalci da rashin bin doka wanda ba za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'i na tawaye na ƙiyayya ga ƙasa ba; duk da haka, sojoji da jami'an Rundunar Sojojin Borbonic waɗanda suka shiga wannan motsi ba za a iya bayyana su a matsayin masu cin amanar Italiya mai ci gaba ba. Hakanan ba abin yarda ba ne cewa Tafiyar Dubu ta iya haifar da haɗa Kudancin Italiya cikin Masarautar Sardinia da kanta, yayin da manyan tushe na siyasa da al'adu suka kasance ta hanyar ayyukan masana kamar Francesco Mario Pagano da Vincenzo Cuoco suka samar a shekarun 1790. <ref name="Storicamente,11_7"/> Idan bai yi imani da cewa asalin ƙasa koyaushe wani abu ne mafi mahimmanci fiye da na ƙasa ko na ƙasa ba, Amato ya yi imani da tsarin asalin ƙasa mai matakai da yawa da Alberto Banti ya gabatar ta hanyar da asalin Turai ke ƙarfafa asalin Italiya ko da suna zaune da aiki a ƙasar waje. A cewarsa, ana kiyaye asalin Italiya a kowace ƙasa da ya kamata su je. <ref name="Storicamente,11_7" /> == Tarihin zaɓe == === Zaɓen farko bayan zaɓe === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right" ! colspan="5" |Babban zaɓen 2001 ( S ): Tuscany — Grosseto |- ! colspan="2" | Ɗan takara ! Haɗin gwiwa ! Kuri'u ! % |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Centre-left coalition}}" | | align="left" | '''Giuliano Amato''' | align="left" | Bishiyar Zaitun | 83,805 | 48.1 |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Centre-right coalition}}" | | align="left" | Franco Mugnai | align="left" | Gidan 'Yanci | 73,921 | 42.4 |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Other}}" | | colspan="2" align="left" | Wasu | 16,437 | 9.5 |- | colspan="3" align="left" | '''Jimilla''' | '''174,163''' | '''100.0''' |} == Daraja == * {{ITA}}: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (23 December 2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corte costituzionale - |url=https://www.cortecostituzionale.it/actionBiografia.do?lingua=EN&codice_giudice=124 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.cortecostituzionale.it}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ab8zt5rtwr08ch5knfe764hp4eif2k 0 134528 827142 776233 2026-04-27T13:14:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Galerie Max Hetzler''' wani gallery ne na fasahar zamani tare da wurare a Berlin, Paris da London. == Tarihi == An kafa Galerie Max Hetzler a Stuttgart a shekara ta 1974.<ref name="art-agenda">{{Cite web |title="REMEMBER EVERYTHING: 40 Years Galerie Max Hetzler" {{pipe}} Art Agenda |url=http://art-agenda.com/reviews/remember-everything-40-years-galerie-max-hetzler/ |access-date=2014-04-15 |publisher=art-agenda.com |archive-date=2014-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713052100/http://art-agenda.com/reviews/remember-everything-40-years-galerie-max-hetzler/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1981, tashar ta gabatar da nune-nunen farko na Martin Kippenberger da Albert Oehlen. A shekara ta 1983 tashar ta koma Cologne, cibiyar fasahar zamani a Jamus a lokacin, kuma ta bi wani shirin tare da wasu manyan masu fasahar Jamus da Amurka daga 80s.<ref name="art-agenda" /> Daga 1989 har zuwa 1992, Max Hetzler ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Luhring Augustine Gallery kan kafa Luhring Augustine Hetzler a Los Angeles. Yankin murabba'in mita 4,500 (mita murabba'i 420) yana cikin wani gini da aka gyara a 1330 4th Street a Santa Monica. Max Hetzler ya koma Berlin a 1993, inda ya kaddamar da sarari a Charlottenburg a 1994. A shekara mai zuwa, an buɗe sarari na biyu a Zimmerstraße, kusa da Checkpoint Charlie. Wannan nan da nan ya zama babban tashar, inda nune-nunen masu zane-zane daga tsararraki daban-daban suka faru. A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, Max Hetzler ya haɗu da sojoji tare da Wata-linkid="20" href="./Jeffrey_Deitch" id="mwIw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jeffrey Deitch">Jeffrey Deitch da Anthony d'Offay don saka hannun jari sosai a Bikin ƙirar Jeff Koons's Celebration a Kudancin California da ke Carlson & Company (ciki har da jerin Balloon Dog da Moon), [1] kuma daga baya, a Arnold, kamfanin Frankfurt.[2] Dillalan sun ba da kuɗin aikin a wani ɓangare ta hanyar sayar da ayyuka ga masu tarawa kafin a ƙirƙira su.[3] A shekara ta 2006, Galerie Max Hetzler ta buɗe sarari a cikin tsohuwar masana'antar fitila, Osram-Höfe a cikin bikin aure, wanda ya zama babban tashar a shekara ta 2009. 1,600 sqm na wannan sararin masana'antu ya shirya shirye-shiryen solo na [[Mona Hatoum]], Marepe, Beatriz Milhazes, Ernesto Neto, [[Frank Nitsche]], Michael Raedecker, Bridget Riley, Rebecca Warren, Toby Ziegler da sauransu, da kuma nuna rukuni.<ref name="artinfo">{{Cite web |title=Max Hetzler on His Gallery's 40 Years and Opening a Paris Outpost {{pipe}} Berlin Art Brief {{pipe}} ARTINFO.com |url=http://blogs.artinfo.com/berlinartbrief/2013/11/16/max-hetzler-on-his-gallery%E2%80%99s-40-years-and-opening-a-paris-outpost/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228200221/http://blogs.artinfo.com/berlinartbrief/2013/11/16/max-hetzler-on-his-gallery%E2%80%99s-40-years-and-opening-a-paris-outpost/ |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |access-date=2014-04-15 |publisher=blogs.artinfo.com}}</ref> A cikin 2013 tashar ta yi bikin cika shekaru 40 tare da wasan kwaikwayon rukuni "Ka tuna komai" ciki har da duk masu zane-zane da ke wakiltar yanzu kamar Glenn Brown, André Butzer, Rineke Dijkstra, Günther Förg, [[Mona Hatoum]], Jeff Koons, Vera Lutter, Marepe, Beatriz Milhazes, Ernesto Neto, Frank Nitsche, Albert Oehlen, Yves Oppenheim, Richard Phillips, Michael Raedecker, Bridget Riley, Thomas Struth, Warren, Christopher Wool da Rebecca Ziegler.<ref name="art-agenda"/>&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist|3}} 5mbujd13rii0eh9kfa3079bdsm2ugrs 0 135426 827092 820473 2026-04-27T12:32:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 827092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stefanos Stefanopoulos''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]; 3 ga Yulin 1898 - 4 ga Oktoba 1982) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka daga 1965 zuwa 1966. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Stefanopoulos a Pyrgos, Elis . Ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan harkokin waje a lokacin gwamnatin Alexandros Papagos. Har ma ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin Firayim Minista na kwana daya bayan rasuwarsa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1955. : 331 {{Rp|331}} A ranar 17 ga Satumba 1965, ya zama Firayim Minista na Girka a lokacin Iouliana, wanda masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da 'yan jam'iyyar Center Union suka goyi bayan. Da yake bai iya samun amincewar kuri'un majalisa ba, gwamnatinsa ta fadi a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1966. Ya kasance daga siyasa yayin da gwamnatin soja ta Girka ta yi mulki daga 1967 har zuwa 1974. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo cikin siyasa ta hanyar kafa jam'iyya ta dama, amma ya kasa a zabe shi a shekarar 1977. Ya mutu daga matsalolin zuciya da numfashi, yana da shekaru 84, a [[Athens]]. : 332 {{Rp|332}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j2e3de4bmumaw1xhd1wj2bp2t7wptfz 827093 827092 2026-04-27T12:32:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 827093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stefanos Stefanopoulos''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]; 3 ga Yulin 1898 - 4 ga Oktoba 1982) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka daga 1965 zuwa 1966. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Stefanopoulos a Pyrgos, Elis . Ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan harkokin waje a lokacin gwamnatin Alexandros Papagos. Har ma ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin Firayim Minista na kwana daya bayan rasuwarsa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1955. : 331 {{Rp|331}} A ranar 17 ga Satumba 1965, ya zama Firayim Minista na Girka a lokacin Iouliana, wanda masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da 'yan jam'iyyar Center Union suka goyi bayan. Da yake bai iya samun amincewar kuri'un majalisa ba, gwamnatinsa ta fadi a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1966. Ya kasance daga siyasa yayin da gwamnatin soja ta Girka ta yi mulki daga 1967 har zuwa 1974. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo cikin siyasa ta hanyar kafa jam'iyya ta dama, amma ya kasa a zabe shi a shekarar 1977. Ya mutu daga matsalolin zuciya da numfashi, yana da shekaru 84, a [[Athens]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ffhl0ph5s2zuhfediu6mbd0u7fhelrj 827094 827093 2026-04-27T12:33:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 827094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stefanos Stefanopoulos''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]; 3 ga Yulin 1898 - 4 ga Oktoba 1982) ɗan siyasan Girka ne, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka daga 1965 zuwa 1966. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Stefanopoulos a Pyrgos, Elis . Ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan harkokin waje a lokacin gwamnatin Alexandros Papagos. Har ma ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin Firayim Minista na kwana daya bayan rasuwarsa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1955. A ranar 17 ga Satumba 1965, ya zama Firayim Minista na Girka a lokacin Iouliana, wanda masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da 'yan jam'iyyar Center Union suka goyi bayan. Da yake bai iya samun amincewar kuri'un majalisa ba, gwamnatinsa ta fadi a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1966. Ya kasance daga siyasa yayin da gwamnatin soja ta Girka ta yi mulki daga 1967 har zuwa 1974. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo cikin siyasa ta hanyar kafa jam'iyya ta dama, amma ya kasa a zabe shi a shekarar 1977. Ya mutu daga matsalolin zuciya da numfashi, yana da shekaru 84, a [[Athens]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a6v2complzbakhwhc4oshf5f6wu3id7 827095 827094 2026-04-27T12:33:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 827095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stefanos Stefanopoulos''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]; 3 ga Yulin 1898 - 4 ga Oktoba 1982) ya kasance ɗan siyasan Girka ne, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka daga 1965 zuwa 1966. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Stefanopoulos a Pyrgos, Elis . Ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan harkokin waje a lokacin gwamnatin Alexandros Papagos. Har ma ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin Firayim Minista na kwana daya bayan rasuwarsa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1955. A ranar 17 ga Satumba 1965, ya zama Firayim Minista na Girka a lokacin Iouliana, wanda masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da 'yan jam'iyyar Center Union suka goyi bayan. Da yake bai iya samun amincewar kuri'un majalisa ba, gwamnatinsa ta fadi a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1966. Ya kasance daga siyasa yayin da gwamnatin soja ta Girka ta yi mulki daga 1967 har zuwa 1974. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo cikin siyasa ta hanyar kafa jam'iyya ta dama, amma ya kasa a zabe shi a shekarar 1977. Ya mutu daga matsalolin zuciya da numfashi, yana da shekaru 84, a [[Athens]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j8scct49kkmvvpg1hv40a3nm99ufs53 827096 827095 2026-04-27T12:34:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 827096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stefanos Stefanopoulos''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girkanci]]; 3 ga Yulin 1898 - 4 ga Oktoba 1982) ya kasance ɗan siyasan Girka ne, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Girka daga 1965 zuwa 1966. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Stefanopoulos a Pyrgos, Elis . Ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan harkokin waje a lokacin gwamnatin Alexandros Papagos. Har ma ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin Firayim Minista na kwana daya bayan rasuwarsa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1955. A ranar 17 ga Satumba 1965, ya zama Firayim Minista na Girka a lokacin Iouliana, wanda masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da 'yan jam'iyyar Center Union suka goyi bayan. Da yake bai iya samun amincewar kuri'un majalisa ba, gwamnatinsa ta fadi a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1966. Ya kasance daga siyasa yayin da gwamnatin soja ta Girka ta yi mulki daga 1967 har zuwa 1974. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo cikin siyasa ta hanyar kafa jam'iyya ta dama, amma ya kasa a zabe shi a shekarar 1977. Ya mutu daga matsalolin zuciya da numfashi, yana da shekaru 84, a [[Athens]]. == Manazarta == {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lpqn66jo401u53723etp9t7ee2cip61 0 137102 827425 792858 2026-04-28T10:29:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hilke MacIntyre''' 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce da ke zaune kuma tana aiki a St Andrews, Scotland. Ta girma kusa da [[Kiel]] kuma ta yi karatun gine-gine a can. Ayyukan MacIntyre sun haɗa da yanke lino, zane-zane da tukwane. An nuna ayyukanta a bukukuwan fasaha kamar Bikin Fasaha na Pittenweem, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayward |first=Joel |date=12 November 2018 |title=The Pittenweem Arts Festival: An Interview with Barbara Fleming |url=http://www.transpositions.co.uk/the-pittenweem-arts-festival-an-interview-with-barbara-fleming/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630184219/http://www.transpositions.co.uk/the-pittenweem-arts-festival-an-interview-with-barbara-fleming/ |archive-date=30 June 2022 |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=Transpositions |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Routledge |first=John |date=7 November 2008 |title=East Neuk Open Studio Weekends |url=https://www.theskinny.co.uk/things-to-do/heads-up/east-neuk-open-studio-weekends |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104234745/https://www.theskinny.co.uk/things-to-do/heads-up/east-neuk-open-studio-weekends |archive-date=4 November 2021 |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=[[The Skinny (magazine)|The Skinny]] |language=en}}</ref> da aka yi amfani da su wajen tallata bikin East Neuk <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2014 |title=Arts News |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/arts_ents/13145139.arts-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309014456/https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/arts_ents/13145139.arts-news/ |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=[[Herald Scotland]] |language=en |issn=0965-9439}}</ref> kuma an sayar da su a cikin gidajen adana kayan fasaha na zamani daban-daban, <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hilke Macintyre - Exhibitions |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Hilke-Macintyre/D41A2A3AA36F79D7/Exhibitions |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Mutual Art |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hilke Macintyre - About |url=https://www.morningsidegallery.co.uk/artists/hilke-macintyre/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707102802/https://www.morningsidegallery.co.uk/artists/hilke-macintyre/ |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=Morningside Gallery |language=en-US}}</ref> ciki har da Gallery Q a Dundee, <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=David |date=24 November 2020 |title=Versatile Hilke MacIntyre Leads Gallery Q Dundee's Winter Exhibition |url=https://artmag.co.uk/versatile-hilke-macintyre-leads-gallery-q-dundees-winter-exhibition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627054506/https://artmag.co.uk/versatile-hilke-macintyre-leads-gallery-q-dundees-winter-exhibition/ |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=Art Mag |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hilke MacIntyre |url=https://www.galleryq.co.uk/artist/hilke-mcintyre/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Gallery Q |language=en-US |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828213507/https://www.galleryq.co.uk/artist/hilke-mcintyre/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Leeds Craft and Design Gallery, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Hilke MacIntyre - Solo Print Exhibition |url=https://www.craftcentreleeds.co.uk/hilke-macintyre-print-exhibition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230309015215/https://www.craftcentreleeds.co.uk/hilke-macintyre-print-exhibition |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=The Craft Centre and Design Gallery |language=en}}</ref> Edinburgh Printmakers da Royal Scottish Academy <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hilke MacIntyre - Works |url=https://www.rsaannualexhibition.org/artists/1024-hilke-macintyre/works/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=RSA Annual Online |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hilke MacIntyre |url=https://www.dryredpress.com/collections/printmakers-and-illustrators-hilke-macintyre-artist |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Dry Red Press |archive-date=2021-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104124809/https://www.dryredpress.com/collections/printmakers-and-illustrators-hilke-macintyre-artist |url-status=dead }}</ref> . Ana iya ganin ayyukanta a kan marufi na gin Eden Mill da ke St Andrews [1] [2] da kuma nau'ikan fulawa na Doves Farm, [3] da kuma a wurin da ake kira Waid Academy, Anstruther [4] An haɗa ta a cikin tarin jigogi da aka buga kamar The Printmakers's Cat ' [5] da kuma Edinburgh Art Book . [6] [ wanda ba tushen asali ba ne ake buƙata ] MacIntyre ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane don tarin waƙoƙi, ciki har da Tale of the Crail Whale: And Other Poems tare da Gordon Ian Jarvie [7] [8] da Waƙoƙi Goma game da Maza da Mata don Candlestick Press . [9] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tmrix54yedci4nuoqvrgos87qk8cf1l 0 137348 827293 812832 2026-04-27T20:50:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827293 wikitext text/x-wiki Panos Papalambros masanin kimiyya ne na Girkanci na Amurka '''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panos Y. Papalambros - Google Scholar Citations |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jzoEPNQAAAAJ&hl=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720224237/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jzoEPNQAAAAJ&hl=en |archive-date=2020-07-20 |access-date=2018-05-22 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>''' wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa kan inganta ƙira <ref>{{Cite web |title=Profiles |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&mauthors=label:design_optimization |access-date=2018-05-22 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> na samfuran da tsarin rikitarwa, da kuma jagorancinsa wajen inganta bincike da ilimin injiniya na canzawa, gami da kafa Kimiyya ta Zane <ref>{{Cite web |title=Profiles |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&mauthors=label:design_science |access-date=2018-05-22 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> a matsayin horo na kimiyya mai tsauri. Shi Farfesa ne Emeritus na Injiniyan inji a Jami'ar Michigan, Ann Arbor, inda aka san shi a matsayin Farfesa Emeritus na Jami'ar James B. Angell da kuma Farfesa Emerutus na Injiniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Regents name nine Distinguished University Professors |url=http://www.ur.umich.edu/update/archives/130718/dup |access-date=2018-05-21 |website=www.ur.umich.edu }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Panos Papalambros {{!}} Mechanical Engineering |url=https://me.engin.umich.edu/people/faculty/panos-papalambros |access-date=2018-05-21 |website=me.engin.umich.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Gine-gine da Shirye-shiryen Birane; Farfesa na Fasaha da Zane; da Farfesa da kuma kafa Shugaban Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Zane , Kwalejin Injiniya, a Jami'ar Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panos Papalambros |url=https://stamps.umich.edu/people/detail/panos_papalambros |access-date=2018-05-21 |website=stamps.umich.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Panos Papalambros |url=http://isd.engin.umich.edu/people/panos-papalambros |access-date=2018-05-21 |website=isd.engin.umich.edu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shi memba ne na Kwalejin Injiniya ta Kasa . == Littattafai == [http://ode.engin.umich.edu/research.html Za'a iya samun jerin wuraren bincike da ya yi aiki a nan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808233706/http://ode.engin.umich.edu/research.html |date=2018-08-08 }} a nan gudummawar bincike na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da yankuna kamar Design for Crowdsourcing (Crowdreviewing), Design for Market Preference, Data-Driven Modeling for Design and Systems Design. Tare da D.J. Wilde, Papalambros ya hada hannu da daidaitattun littafin koyarwa ka'idojin ƙirar ƙira: ƙira da ƙididdiga (1988, 2000, 2017) wanda ke nuna ma'amala tsakanin ƙirar ƙirar ƙera a matsayin matsalar yanke shawara da algorithms na ƙididdiga wanda zai ba mai aiki damar warware waɗannan matsalolin ƙirar ƙwarewa cikin nasara. A lokacin hidimarsa ta 2008-2012 a matsayin Editan Fasaha a Babban Jami'in Zane na Injiniya (Transactions of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME), Papalambros ya ba da shawarar fadada ikon ƙirar injiniya don ƙunshe da ka'idoji daga kimiyyar halayyar, gudanarwa, da talla don tallafawa da haɓaka yanke shawara na injiniya. Ya ci gaba da wannan bayar da shawarwari a cikin hidimarsa a matsayin Edita a Babban [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/design-science Jaridar Kimiyya ta Design] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Panos Y. Papalambros - Google Scholar Citations |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jzoEPNQAAAAJ&hl=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720224237/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jzoEPNQAAAAJ&hl=en |archive-date=2020-07-20 |access-date=2018-05-22 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2015 a matsayin haɗin gwiwar The Design Society da Cambridge University Press.  &nbsp; == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Papalambros kuma ta girma a Patras, Girka. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Athens a 1974 (Injiniyan Injiniya da Lantarki), ya ci gaba da karatun digiri a [[Jami'ar Stanford]], inda ya sami MS (1976) da PhD (1979) a Injiniyan Injin, Sashen Zane. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Papalambros ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a matsayin memba na bangaren injiniya. A lokacin da yake aiki a Michigan ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Injiniyan Injiniya (1992-98, 2007-08) [1] kuma a matsayin darektan kafa dakunan gwaje-gwaje da cibiyoyin bincike: Kyakkyawan Design Laboratory (1980-); Cibiyar Simulation ta Ford (1992-94); Cibiyar Binciken Motar (1994-2003); da Cibiyar Bishirin Hadin Gizo ta Janar Motors (1998-2002). A lokacin 2006-2011 ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kafa da kuma darektan Jami'ar Michigan Interdisciplinary Design Science Doctoral Program. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Design (2017-19) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Panos Y. Papalambros - Google Scholar Citations |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jzoEPNQAAAAJ&hl=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720224237/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jzoEPNQAAAAJ&hl=en |archive-date=2020-07-20 |access-date=2018-05-22 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q1tavfztoiy6hl893imnjo83upb7e07 0 138287 827070 827067 2026-04-27T12:23:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 827070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler ( Anna Gunn ), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. ( RJ Mitte ). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]] . Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman ( Aaron Paul ) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi [lower-alpha 1] yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga " Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface ". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader ( Dean Norris ), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ( [[Jonathan Banks]] ), Ed Galbraith ( Robert Forster ), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White." <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ktg3f42takdody20j8s290iybjbo2gy 827071 827070 2026-04-27T12:23:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 827071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler ( Anna Gunn ), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. ( RJ Mitte ). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]] . Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman ( Aaron Paul ) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi [lower-alpha 1] yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga " Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface ". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader ( Dean Norris ), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ([[Jonathan Banks]]), Ed Galbraith ( Robert Forster ), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White." <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 9772l7w9nw4s9i8eussvs1j8yfpyrj8 827072 827071 2026-04-27T12:23:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 827072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler ( Anna Gunn ), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. ( RJ Mitte ). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]] . Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman ( Aaron Paul ) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga " Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface ". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader ( Dean Norris ), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ([[Jonathan Banks]]), Ed Galbraith ( Robert Forster ), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White." <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} b34r8pkz1n93sqmeaetu0h4vbm0fuxz 827073 827072 2026-04-27T12:24:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 827073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler ( Anna Gunn ), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. ( RJ Mitte ). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]] . Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman ( Aaron Paul ) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga " Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface ". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader ( Dean Norris ), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ([[Jonathan Banks]]), Ed Galbraith ( Robert Forster ), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White." <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} jbqnx0mvml3q9cikhlvx76oxlr8eufm 827074 827073 2026-04-27T12:24:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 827074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler ( Anna Gunn ), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. ( RJ Mitte ). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]] . Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman ( Aaron Paul ) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga " Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface ". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader ( Dean Norris ), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ([[Jonathan Banks]]), Ed Galbraith (Robert Forster), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White." <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} g3lw2giyl2lg0u4ectq3nlwqgcu5qpy 827075 827074 2026-04-27T12:24:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 827075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler ( Anna Gunn ), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. ( RJ Mitte ). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]] . Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman ( Aaron Paul ) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga " Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface ". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader (Dean Norris), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ([[Jonathan Banks]]), Ed Galbraith (Robert Forster), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White." <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} bnw9hsekx9zvnao1nhtt8utpjlrwb6e 827076 827075 2026-04-27T12:25:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 827076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler ( Anna Gunn ), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. ( RJ Mitte ). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]] . Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga " Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface ". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader (Dean Norris), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ([[Jonathan Banks]]), Ed Galbraith (Robert Forster), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White." <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 4mwptjof8blmn3afe82fg3nqku792kn 827077 827076 2026-04-27T12:25:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 827077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler ( Anna Gunn ), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. (RJ Mitte). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]] . Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga " Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface ". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader (Dean Norris), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ([[Jonathan Banks]]), Ed Galbraith (Robert Forster), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White." <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 47w7mwh7hi0n19sp8f92hsmo2aqf401 827078 827077 2026-04-27T12:26:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 827078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler (Anna Gunn), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. (RJ Mitte). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]] . Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga " Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface ". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader (Dean Norris), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ([[Jonathan Banks]]), Ed Galbraith (Robert Forster), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White." <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 2ze7jgc62z34b9as8yigjgfrms61nmp 827079 827078 2026-04-27T12:26:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 827079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler (Anna Gunn), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. (RJ Mitte). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]] . Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga " Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface ". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader (Dean Norris), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ([[Jonathan Banks]]), Ed Galbraith (Robert Forster), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White."<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} fta1f5hkh0zs2ewg78szqsccu0mtdxg 827080 827079 2026-04-27T12:27:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 827080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler (Anna Gunn), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. (RJ Mitte). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]] . Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga "Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader (Dean Norris), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ([[Jonathan Banks]]), Ed Galbraith (Robert Forster), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White."<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} gvbhkvhup7khc7xuifo32td80wdw6n4 827081 827080 2026-04-27T12:27:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 827081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler (Anna Gunn), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. (RJ Mitte). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]]. Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga "Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader (Dean Norris), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ([[Jonathan Banks]]), Ed Galbraith (Robert Forster), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White."<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 2g24vv0ltom6ecgqal17h1rhffcigk1 827082 827081 2026-04-27T12:28:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 827082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Hartwell White Sr.''', wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Heisenberg''', jarumi ne na almara kuma babban jarumin shirin talabijin na [[Amurka]] ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . Bryan Cranston ne ya fito a matsayin jarumin. Walter ƙwararren masanin sinadarai ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfanin fasaha kafin ya karɓi kuɗin sa daga abokan aikinsa. Yayin da abokan aikinsa suka zama masu kuɗi, Walter ya zama malamin kimiyyar sinadarai na makarantar sakandare a Albuquerque, New Mexico, da kyar yake samun kuɗi tare da iyalinsa: matarsa, Skyler (Anna Gunn), da ɗansu, Walter Jr. (RJ Mitte). A farkon shirin, kwana ɗaya bayan cikarsa shekaru 50, an gano yana da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|cutar kansar huhu]] [[Matakan Ciwon daji|ta mataki na uku]]. Bayan wannan gano, Walter ya yanke shawarar kera da sayar da methamphetamine tare da tsohon ɗalibinsa Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul) don tabbatar da tsaron kuɗin iyalinsa bayan mutuwarsa. Saboda ƙwarewarsa, "maganin blue meth" na Walter ya fi tsabta fiye da kowace kasuwa, kuma an ja shi cikin harkar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A matsayin jarumin da ya saba da jarumi yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, Walter ya zama mai rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi, yayin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri shirin, Vince Gilligan, ya so ya juya daga "Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface". Ya ɗauki sunan da aka fi sani da "Heisenberg", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mutum a cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Kudu maso Yammacin duniya . Walter yana fama da kula da iyalinsa yayin da yake ɓoye shigarsa cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi daga surukinsa, Hank Schrader (Dean Norris), wakilin Hukumar Tilasta Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi . Kodayake jami'an AMC da farko sun yi jinkirin jefa Cranston saboda rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin Malcolm a Tsakiya, Gilligan ya jefa shi bisa ga rawar da ya taka a baya a cikin shirin The X-Files " Drive ", wanda Gilligan ya rubuta. Cranston ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙirar halinsa, gami da labarin Walter, halayensa, da kuma yanayin jikinsa. Wasan kwaikwayo na Walter da Cranston sun sami yabo mai yawa, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton Walter a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman talabijin mafi shahara da aka taɓa ƙirƙira. Cranston ya lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda huɗu don Fitaccen Jarumi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Drama, uku daga cikinsu a jere. Shi ne mutum na farko da ya lashe kyautar Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, Primetime Emmy, da Screen Actors Guild Award saboda rawar da ya taka. Cranston ya sake bayar da gudummawa a cikin wani fim mai suna ''Breaking Bad'' {{'}} sequel, ''El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie'', kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe ta jerin shirye-shiryen ''Better Call Saul'', wanda ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka fito a duka ukun, tare da Jesse Pinkman, Mike Ehrmantraut ([[Jonathan Banks]]), Ed Galbraith (Robert Forster), da Austin Ramey (Todd Terry). == Ra'ayi da ƙirƙira == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Tony Soprano, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ''Breaking Bad'', Vince Gilligan, yana son babban jaruminsa ya zama jarumi wanda ya zama abokin hamayya a tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Klosterman |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Bad Decisions |url=http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192914/http://grantland.com/features/bad-decisions/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> ko kuma kamar yadda ya bayyana, yana mai da Mr. Chips zuwa Scarface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=July 13, 2011 |title='Breaking Bad': Dark Side of the Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/breaking-bad-dark-side-dream-210786 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2011 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar James Gandolfini (wanda ya fito a matsayin Soprano) a 2013, Gilligan ya ce, "Ba tare da Tony Soprano ba, da babu Walter White."<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Vince Gilligan: Without Tony Soprano There Would Be No Walter White |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/james-gandolfini-death-vince-gilligan-574556 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Gilligan yana buƙatar wannan hali ya shiga cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa wanda zai sa shi neman zaɓuɓɓuka masu haɗari da kuma haifar da ƙarin ayyukan aikata laifuka. Ganin cewa tushen ''Breaking Bad'' ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin barkwanci cewa shi da abokin aikinsa marubucin ''The X-Files'' Thomas Schnauz sun fito da cewa suna tuƙi a cikin abin hawa na nishaɗi da yin methamphetamine, Gilligan ya mai da Walter malamin ilmin sunadarai, wanda, har zuwa farkon wasan kwaikwayon, ba zai taɓa karya doka ba. Gilligan ya yi wa Cranston aiki ne bisa ga yin aiki tare da shi a cikin " Drive " daga ''The X-Files'', wanda Gilligan ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci. Cranston ya yi mummunan rashin lafiya wanda ya kama Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) a matsayin garkuwa. Gilligan ya ce dole ne halin ya kasance mai banƙyama da tausayi a lokaci guda, kuma "Bryan kaɗai ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin hakan, wanda zai iya yin wannan dabarar. Kuma dabara ce. Ban san yadda yake yin ta ba." Jami'an AMC da farko sun ƙi zaɓen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, bayan sun san Cranston kawai a matsayin babban hali Hal a cikin jerin barkwanci ''Malcolm in the Middle'' kuma sun tuntuɓi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo John Cusack da Matthew Broderick game da rawar. Lokacin da dukansu suka ƙi, an shawo kan shugabannin su jefa Cranston bayan sun ga shirin ''X-Files'' . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} fh95fz3cilrfu65axl811s4ycrqo7am 0 139323 827427 793365 2026-04-28T10:37:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hindi Olympiad Foundation''' (HOF) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a [[New Delhi]], [[Indiya]]. An kafa shi a cikin 2018, tushe yana aiki don inganta harshen Hindi ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ilimi da al'adu a matakin ƙasa da na duniya.<ref>https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/education/news/hindi-olympiad-foundation-has-brought-new-opportunities-for-students-heres-how-to-take-advantage-369549</ref> Ƙungiyar tana mai da hankali kan ƙarfafa ilmantarwa na harshe, karatu da rubutu na dijital, da kuma shiga cikin ilimi tsakanin ɗaliban makaranta, tare da jaddadawa kan ilmantarwa mai gasa fiye da tsarin karatun makaranta.<ref>https://indianembassyusa.gov.in/News?id=249939</ref> == Tarihi da manufofi == Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, Gidauniyar Olympiad ta Hindi ta yi niyyar tallafawa ci gaba da karɓar yaren Hindi. An kuma tsara ayyukanta don samar da ɗalibai da malamai da dandamali waɗanda suka haɗu da ƙwarewar harshe, kerawa, da ci gaban ilimi.<ref>https://www.patrika.com/bhilwara-news/there-will-be-competition-in-every-school-to-make-hindi-language-popular-19573039</ref> == Shirye-shirye da shirye-shirye == == Wasannin Olympics na Hindi na Duniya == I'''nternational Hindi Olympiad''' ("'IHO"') jarrabawar shekara-shekara ce da tushe ke gudanarwa ga ɗalibai daga aji 1 zuwa 12. Ana gudanar da gasar Olympics a matakai uku: * Matsayin makaranta * Matsayin yanki * Matsayin ƙasa da ƙasa<ref>https://www.hindiolympiad.com/about-us</ref> An yi niyyar gasar ne don tantance ƙwarewar harshen Hindi da fahimta yayin inganta shiga cikin ilimi a yankuna daban-daban.<ref>https://www.indembassybern.gov.in/section/news/international-hindi-olympiad-2024-and-amrit-kumbh-samman-2024-by-hindi-olympiad-foundation/</ref> == Amrit Kumbh Samman == '''Amrit Kumbh Samman''' ("'AKS"') gasa ce ta shekara-shekara da aka shirya don shugabannin makaranta da malamai. Shirin yana ba malamai dandamali don nuna aikin fasaha da kirkira.  <ref>https://eoilima.gov.in/news_detail.php?newsid=585</ref> Ana gudanar da AKS a karkashin tsarin Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav da Amrit Kaal.<ref>https://cgibirmingham.gov.in/news/display/2483</ref> == Sanarwa == Shirye-shiryen Gidauniyar Olympiad ta Hindi sun sami amincewa daga cibiyoyin kamar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Ma'aikatu ta Tsaro, da hukumomin ilimi ciki har da Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta Tsakiya (CBSE) da Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan.<ref>https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/story-students-shine-at-international-hindi-olympiad-2025-cab-inter-college-achievements-201767121762085.html</ref><ref>https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/shiv-shakti-school-promising-in-hindi-olympiad-bilaspur-hp-news-c-19-1-60460-2023-02-15</ref> == Wanda ya kafa == Gidauniyar Olympiad ta Hindi ta kafa ta '''Hemlata''' wanda ke aiki a matsayin wanda kuma ya kafa ta kuma mai shirya ta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jaipur-hindi-olympiad-exam-will-be-held-for-the-first-time-in-rajasthan-children-will-be-honored-at-national-level-8672711.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-01-30 |archive-date=2024-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208083303/https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jaipur-hindi-olympiad-exam-will-be-held-for-the-first-time-in-rajasthan-children-will-be-honored-at-national-level-8672711.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category: Kungiyoyi]] [[Category: Kungiyoyi Masu Zaman Kansu]] 5k9adgffznprig28u7y27n5nwlk2ks3 0 139704 827430 791007 2026-04-28T11:03:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Holly René Barnard ƙwararriyar masaniyar ƙasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma Farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder . Tana nazarin yadda ciyayi ke shafar yanayin da hanyoyin rafuka ke ciki. A shekarar 2020, an ba Barnard tallafin dala miliyan 7 na Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa don kafa wani Critical Zone Observatory a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Barnard ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin gandun daji da yanayin halittu a Jami'ar Washington, inda ta yi aiki tare da Tom Hinckley da Linda Brubaker. Bayan an yi mata wahayi zuwa ga yin aiki a kimiyyar muhalli, Barnard ta koma Jami'ar Jihar Colorado don yin aiki don samun digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan gandun daji, inda ta yi aiki a kan ilimin halittar bishiyoyi tare da Michael Ryan da Dan Binckley, masu ba ta shawara. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MEET A LEAF: HOLLY BARNARD |url=http://www.aguecohydrology.org/2/post/2018/11/meet-a-leaf-holly-barnard.html |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=AGU Ecohydrology |language=en}}</ref> An fara gabatar da Barnard ga hanyoyin muhalli yayin da take aiki a dakunan gwaje-gwajen bincikensu. Bayan kammala karatunta, Barnard ta yi aiki a fannin ba da shawara kan muhalli, inda ta kammala gwajin ruwan ƙasa da na saman ruwa. Ƙungiyar Ecological Society of America ta ba ta takardar shedar zama masanin kimiyyar muhalli a shekarar 2004. <ref> name=":3">{{Cite web |title=McDonnell's Hillslope and Watershed Hydrology Lab, Oregon State University |url=http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/fe/watershd/holly.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807220344/http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/fe/watershd/holly.php |archive-date=2017-08-07 |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=www.cof.orst.edu}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe Barnard ta shiga Jami'ar Jihar Oregon a matsayin ɗalibi na digiri na uku, inda ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar Jeffrey J. McDonnell da Barbara J. Bond a wani shirin tallafin Ford Foundation . Ta yi nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin amfani da ruwa a ciyayi, ilimin ruwa da yanayi. A matsayinta na daliba ta digiri na biyu, an zaɓi Barnard don shiga cikin shirin ƙasa na 'yan tsiraru masu fafutukar neman nasara a fannin kimiyyar tsarin duniya (MS PHDs), wanda ya tallafa mata ta halarci taron shekara-shekara na American Geophysical Union . A shekara ta 2009 an naɗa Barnard a matsayin ƙwararren digiri na uku na Minority Postdoctoral Fellow, wanda ya ba ta damar shiga Jami'ar Wyoming don nazarin asarar ruwa daga ciyayi na daji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award#0805714 - NSF Minority Postdoctoral Research Fellowship for FY2008 |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0805714 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref> == Bincike da aiki == Barnard ta yi ƙoƙarin fahimtar yadda ciyayi ke shafar kwararar ruwa da kuma yadda kwararar ruwa ke shafar ayyukan ciyayi a tsaunuka. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Holly R. Barnard (SHE/They) {{!}} People {{!}} INSTAAR {{!}} CU-Boulder |url=https://instaar.colorado.edu/people/print/151/ |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=instaar.colorado.edu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta yi nazarin da'irar aljanu na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] ta amfani da haɗin gwiwar binciken gwaji da ƙirar kwamfuta. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-22 |title=Solving the ecological mystery of Africa's fairy circles |url=https://www.colorado.edu/today/2017/08/22/solving-ecological-mystery-africas-fairy-circles |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=CU Boulder Today |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2017 ta ziyarci [[Namibiya|Namibia]] tare da ƙungiyar bincike ta mata, inda ta gudanar da jerin gwaje-gwaje a hamadar Namib don fahimtar asalinsu sosai. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan aikin, Barnard da abokan aikinta sun nuna cewa dabbobin kiwo suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da da'irori. <ref name=":1" /> Ta yi bincike kan [[Tasirin canjin yanayi|tasirin sauyin yanayi]] ga dazuzzukan coniferous ta hanyar nazarin musayar carbon dioxide tsakanin dazuzzuka da yanayi. <ref>Binkley, D., Stape, J.L., Ryan, M.G., Barnard, H.R., and Fownes, J. (2002). "[https://www.nrel.colostate.edu/assets/nrel_files/labs/ryan-lab/pubs/Binkley_etal_2002_Ecosystems.pdf Age-related Decline in Forest Ecosystem Growth: An IndividualTree, Stand-Structure Hypothesis]." Ecosystems 5: 58-57.</ref> A Colorado, Barnard yana da hannu a shirin ilimi da wayar da kan [[Cibiyar hadin gwiwa don Bincike a Kimiyya ta Muhalli|jama'a na Cibiyar Bincike a Kimiyyar Muhalli]] (CIRES), wanda ke neman ƙarfafa ilimin muhalli da tallafawa tsararrun masu binciken kimiyya na gaba a horo don ayyukan da za su taimaka wajen dorewa. <ref>Binkley, D., Stape, J.L., Ryan, M.G., Barnard, H.R., and Fownes, J. (2002). "[https://www.nrel.colostate.edu/assets/nrel_files/labs/ryan-lab/pubs/Binkley_etal_2002_Ecosystems.pdf Age-related Decline in Forest Ecosystem Growth: An IndividualTree, Stand-Structure Hypothesis]." Ecosystems 5: 58-57.</ref> A shekarar 2020, an ba Barnard kyautar dala miliyan 7 ta Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa don kafa Jami'ar Colorado Boulder Critical Zone Observatory. Cibiyar lura tana neman fahimtar yadda ciyayi, ruwa da duwatsu ke canzawa a cikin yanayin halittu masu saurin gobara da fari na Yammacin Tekun Amurka . <ref>{{Cite thesis}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ƙoƙarin, Barnard ya ƙirƙiro na'urori masu araha, ƙarancin ƙarfi, masu sauƙin haɗawa waɗanda za su iya auna hasken rana mai aiki da hasken rana (PAR). <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award#0805714 - NSF Minority Postdoctoral Research Fellowship for FY2008 |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0805714 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref> Ana iya haɗa hanyar sadarwa ta abin da ake kira ''PARduinos'' a faɗin ƙasa, yana ba da ma'aunin PAR akai-akai kuma yana ba Barnard da abokan aikinsa damar yin kwaikwayon girman bishiyoyi. <ref>Binkley, D., Stape, J.L., Ryan, M.G., Barnard, H.R., and Fownes, J. (2002). "[https://www.nrel.colostate.edu/assets/nrel_files/labs/ryan-lab/pubs/Binkley_etal_2002_Ecosystems.pdf Age-related Decline in Forest Ecosystem Growth: An IndividualTree, Stand-Structure Hypothesis]." Ecosystems 5: 58-57.</ref> == Na Kai == Barnard yana amfani da kalmomin "she/they". <ref name=":4"/> Barnard yana jin daɗin waje, gami da ayyuka kamar "hawa, hawa keke a kan hanya, yin tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara da kuma ɗagawa ''.'' " <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MEET A LEAF: HOLLY BARNARD |url=http://www.aguecohydrology.org/2/post/2018/11/meet-a-leaf-holly-barnard.html |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=AGU Ecohydrology |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.aguecohydrology.org/2/post/2018/11/meet-a-leaf-holly-barnard.html "MEET A LEAF: HOLLY BARNARD"]. ''AGU Ecohydrology''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-10</span></span>.</cite></ref>'' ''Tana kuma jin daɗin yin lokaci mai kyau tare da dabbobinta da kuma abokin zamanta. <ref name=":0" /> == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Renée Brooks |first=J. |last2=Barnard |first2=Holly R. |last3=Coulombe |first3=Rob |last4=McDonnell |first4=Jeffrey J. |date=2009-12-20 |title=Ecohydrologic separation of water between trees and streams in a Mediterranean climate |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo722 |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=100–104 |doi=10.1038/ngeo722 |issn=1752-0894 |s2cid=13069081 |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite journal |last=McDowell |first=N. |last2=Barnard |first2=H. |last3=Bond |first3=B. |last4=Hinckley |first4=T. |last5=Hubbard |first5=R. |last6=Ishii |first6=H. |last7=Köstner |first7=B. |last8=Magnani |first8=F. |last9=Marshall |first9=J. |last10=Meinzer |first10=F. |last11=Phillips |first11=N. |date=2002-06-01 |title=The relationship between tree height and leaf area: sapwood area ratio |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-0904-x |journal=Oecologia |language=en |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=12–20 |bibcode=2002Oecol.132...12M |doi=10.1007/s00442-002-0904-x |issn=1432-1939 |pmid=28547290 |s2cid=18777347 |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite journal |last=Barnard |first=H. R. |last2=Ryan |first2=M. G. |date=2003 |title=A test of the hydraulic limitation hypothesis in fast-growing Eucalyptus saligna |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01046.x |journal=Plant, Cell & Environment |language=en |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1235–1245 |bibcode=2003PCEnv..26.1235B |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01046.x |issn=1365-3040 |url-access=subscription}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jtd4uoej0mv0153unasugaucs5hs1on 0 140360 827212 812671 2026-04-27T15:29:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{databox}} Giselle Corbie-Smith likita ce 'yar Amurka wacce ita ce Farfesa mai daraja ta Kenan a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar North Carolina . Tana aiki a matsayin Darakta a Cibiyar Binciken Daidaito ta Lafiya ta UNC da kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Cibiyar Kirkire-kirkire ta Karkara. An zabe ta a Kwalejin Magunguna ta Kasa a shekarar 2018. Bincikenta ya yi la'akari da bambancin launin fata a fannin kiwon lafiya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Corbie-Smith ba ta fahimci cewa tana son zama likita tun tana ƙarama ba, amma ta yi aikin sa kai a asibitin da ke yankinta tun tana ƙarama. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Research with the People: Serving the underserved {{!}} UNC Health Talk |url=https://healthtalk.unchealthcare.org/heart-of-the-matter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216221445/https://healthtalk.unchealthcare.org/heart-of-the-matter/ |archive-date=2020-02-16 |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=healthtalk.unchealthcare.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta ma'aikaciyar jinya ce. <ref name=":0" /> Daga ƙarshe ta yi karatun [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] da [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]] a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1986. <ref name=":0" /> A lokacin shekararta ta ƙarshe a kwaleji, ta yanke shawarar cewa tana son yin aikin likitanci, amma ba ta yi jarrabawar shiga Kwalejin Likitanci ba (MCAT), kuma tana son samun kuɗi. <ref name=":0" /> Ta yi shekara guda tana aiki a Hukumar Ilimi ta Brooklyn da kuma dakin gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta. <ref name=":0" /> Ta koma Kwalejin Likitanci ta Albert Einstein don Likitanci na Likitanci (MD), wanda ta kammala a shekarar 1991. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Giselle Corbie-Smith |url=https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/116898/ |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=Yale School of Medicine |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=6-2-2011: Medicine Grand Rounds {{!}} Einstein/Montefiore Department of Medicine {{!}} Albert Einstein College of Medicine |url=http://www.einstein.yu.edu/departments/medicine/medicine.aspx?id=30172 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028083805/http://www.einstein.yu.edu/departments/medicine/medicine.aspx?id=30172 |archive-date=2015-10-28 |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.einstein.yu.edu}}</ref> Lokacin da take shekara ta uku a makarantar likitanci, Corbie-smith ta fahimci muhimmancin dangantakar likita da marasa lafiya . <ref name=":0" /> Kwalejin Likitanci ta Albert Einstein tana cikin Bronx, kuma Corbie-Smith ta fahimci yadda abubuwan zamantakewa ke shafar lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa ta mutane. <ref name=":0" /> Ma'aikaciyar likitanci ce a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Yale . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Corbie-Smith ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga lacca daga Nicole Lurie don yin bincike kan bambance-bambancen lafiya . <ref name=":0" /> Bayan laccar, ta fara fahimtar bambance-bambancen lafiya a fannin likitancinta, kuma ta lura cewa marasa lafiya baƙar fata ba su sami irin ganewar asali ko magani kamar takwarorinsu fararen fata waɗanda ke da irin waɗannan alamun ba. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title="Class Action," Emory Medicine, Spring 2000 |url=http://www.whsc.emory.edu/_pubs/em/2000spring/class.html |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.whsc.emory.edu}}</ref> A shekarar 1998 ta shiga Jami'ar Emory don digiri na biyu a fannin binciken asibiti, kuma ta gudanar da karatun ɗabi'a na asibiti a Cibiyar Ɗabi'a a Manufofin Jama'a da Ƙwarewa. <ref name=":2" /> == Bincike da aiki == A shekara ta 2000, Corbie-Smith ta shiga Makarantar Magunguna ta UNC . Lokacin da ta isa [[North Carolina]], ta fahimci cewa akwai babban bambanci a fannin samar da kiwon lafiya ga mutanen da ke yankunan karkara daga ƙananan kabilu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNC professor elected to National Academy of Medicine |url=https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2018/10/national-academy |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=The Daily Tar Heel}}</ref> Corbie-Smith ta jagoranci Project GRACE (Growing, Reaching, Provocating for Change and Empowerment), wani babban shiri na dakatar da yaduwar cutar kanjamau wanda ya shafi membobin al'ummomin Nash da Edgecombe County . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corbie-Smith |first=Giselle |last2=Adimora |first2=Adaora A. |last3=Youmans |first3=Selena |last4=Muhammad |first4=Melvin |last5=Blumenthal |first5=Connie |last6=Ellison |first6=Arlinda |last7=Akers |first7=Aletha |last8=Council |first8=Barbara |last9=Thigpen |first9=Yolanda |last10=Wynn |first10=Mysha |last11=Lloyd |first11=Stacey W. |date=2011 |title=Project GRACE: a staged approach to development of a community-academic partnership to address HIV in rural African American communities |journal=Health Promotion Practice |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1177/1524839909348766 |issn=1524-8399 |pmc=3063323 |pmid=20685913}}</ref> Ta yi nazarin dalilin da ya sa mutane daga ƙananan kabilu ba za su iya shiga gwaje-gwajen likita da kuma wajibai na ɗabi'a da ke tattare da ɗaukar mutanen da ba su da isasshen kulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Giselle Corbie-Smith |url=https://unclineberger.org/directory/giselle-corbie-smith/ |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=UNC Lineberger |language=en-US}}</ref> Corbie-Smith ta gano cewa wariyar launin fata da rashin yarda da likita suna haifar da jinkiri ga mazan Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka wajen samun damar yin gwajin rigakafi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical mistrust impacts African American men's preventive health, but racism also matters |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190807105640.htm |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna cewa mata masu ƙarancin tallafin zamantakewa suna da haɗarin mutuwa da wuri da kashi 20% na [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]] fiye da mata masu cibiyoyin tallafi na zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women with more social support are less likely to die prematurely |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190221130254.htm |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> Corbie-Smith wani ɓangare ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Fassara da Nazarin Asibiti ta North Carolina, inda take jagorantar Albarkatun Ilimi na Al'umma don Ayyukan Tallafin Karatu (CARES). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Research with the People: Serving the underserved {{!}} UNC Health Talk |url=https://healthtalk.unchealthcare.org/heart-of-the-matter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216221445/https://healthtalk.unchealthcare.org/heart-of-the-matter/ |archive-date=2020-02-16 |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=healthtalk.unchealthcare.org |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200216221445/https://healthtalk.unchealthcare.org/heart-of-the-matter/ "Research with the People: Serving the underserved | UNC Health Talk"]. ''healthtalk.unchealthcare.org''. Archived from [https://healthtalk.unchealthcare.org/heart-of-the-matter/ the original] on 2020-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> CARES tana haɗa kai da masu samar da kiwon lafiya tare da membobin al'umma a North Carolina don ƙoƙarin gano mafita ga ƙalubalen kiwon lafiya na gida. <ref name=":0" /> === Sabis na ilimi === A shekarar 2013, an naɗa Corbie-Smith a matsayin Farfesa Mai Daraja na Kenan a Jami'ar North Carolina da ke Chapel Hill, kuma ta zama Daraktan kafa Cibiyar Bincike kan Daidaito a Lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 AAMC Minority Faculty Leadership Development Seminar |url=http://www.cvent.com/events/2018-aamc-minority-faculty-leadership-development-seminar/event-summary-3ad24b4c71744da6af7faca8e8546231.aspx?lang=en |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.cvent.com |language=en}}</ref> Ita memba ce a Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Provost ta UNC kan Tallafin Karatu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-09-20 |title=PT Final Report |url=https://academicpersonnel.unc.edu/files/2018/02/PT-Final-Report-092016.pdf |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=UNC }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Shugabar Ƙungiyar Magungunan Cikin Gida ta Janar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Council {{!}} sgim.org |url=https://www.sgim.org/about-us/leadership/council |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.sgim.org}}</ref> An naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Karkara a Jami'ar North Carolina da ke Chapel Hill a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Giselle Corbie-Smith, MD, MSc |url=https://www.med.unc.edu/medicine/directory/giselle-corbie-smith-md-msc/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Department of Medicine |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE, GISELLE CORBIE-SMITH, MD, MSc |url=https://www.med.unc.edu/socialmed/wp-content/uploads/sites/462/2019/10/Corbie-Smith-_CV_6.19.19.pdf |access-date=March 24, 2021}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar James E. Bryan ta Jami'ar North Carolina ta 2007 a Chapel Hill <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corbie-Smith honored by Society of General Internal Medicine - Translational Science Newsroom |url=https://news.tracs.unc.edu/index.php/translational-news/nc-tracs-news/744-corbie-smith-honored-by-society-of-general-internal-medicine |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=news.tracs.unc.edu}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025}}</ref> * Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Ƙasa na 2008 a Binciken Bambancin Lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=LRP Awardee Videos |url=https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/about/legislative-info/clips/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123080827/http://nimhd.nih.gov/about/legislative-info/clips/ |archive-date=November 23, 2016 |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=NIMHD |language=en}}</ref> * Jami'ar North Carolina ta 2013 a Chapel Hill Ofishin Provost Engaged Scholarship Award don haɗin gwiwar al'umma da jami'a * Kyautar Herbert W. Nickens ta Ƙungiyar Magungunan Cikin Gida ta 2016 * Zaɓaɓɓen memba na Kwalejin Magunguna ta Ƙasa ta 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Academy of Medicine Elects 85 New Members |url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10152018 |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www8.nationalacademies.org |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Sabis ta Jami'ar North Carolina ta 2019 a Chapel Hill ta Edward Kidder Graham <ref>{{Cite web |title='We have grown better together': UNC and Chapel Hill celebrate years of collaboration |url=https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2019/10/university-day-1014 |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=The Daily Tar Heel}}</ref> == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Corbie-Smith |first=Giselle |last2=Thomas |first2=Stephen B. |last3=Williams |first3=Mark V. |last4=Moody-Ayers |first4=Sandra |date=September 1999 |title=Attitudes and beliefs of african americans toward participation in medical research |journal=[[Journal of General Internal Medicine]] |language=en |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=537–546 |doi=10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.07048.x |issn=0884-8734 |pmc=1496744 |pmid=10491242}} * {{Cite journal |last=Corbie-Smith |first=Giselle |last2=Thomas |first2=Stephen B. |last3=St. George |first3=Diane Marie M. |date=2002-11-25 |title=Distrust, Race, and Research |journal=[[Archives of Internal Medicine]] |language=en |volume=162 |issue=21 |pages=2458–63 |doi=10.1001/archinte.162.21.2458 |issn=0003-9926 |pmid=12437405 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Corbie-Smith |first=Giselle |date=1999 |title=The Continuing Legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Considerations for Clinical Investigation |journal=[[The American Journal of the Medical Sciences]] |volume=317 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9629(15)40464-1 |pmid=9892266}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qtpkxw20vdfexazczx7i9jie15tzbwn 0 140756 827344 795960 2026-04-27T23:16:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television|image=|caption=|alt_name=|genre=Reality television<br />Talent show<br />Religion|creator=|developer=|writer=|director=|presenter=Irfan Hakim|judges=Various|theme_music_composer=|composer=|country=[[Indonesia]]|language=Indonesian<br />Arabic|num_seasons=13|num_episodes=387|executive_producer=Adam Sugriwo (2013–2014)<br />Saptono (2015–2018)|producer=Erwin A. Y. Raja (2013–2014)<br />M. Zaedi Bafadal (2015–2020)|location=[[Jakarta]]|cinematography=|editor=|camera=[[Multi-camera]]|runtime=120 minutes|company=[[Media Nusantara Citra]]|network=[[RCTI]]|first_aired={{start date|2013|7|8|}}|last_aired=present|related=|opentheme=|endtheme=}}{{Reflist}} '''''Hafiz Indonesia''''' wani shirin bincike ne na addini wanda aka watsa akan RCTI a lokacin Ramadan . Wannan taron yana daya daga cikin manyan shirye-shiryen RCTI wanda ke nuna ikon yara na karantawa da haddace jerin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].<ref name="hafizid">{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2014 |title=HAFIZ INDONESIA 2014 |url=http://www.rcti.tv/program/view/105/HAFIZ-INDONESIA-2014#.U_lTzd9d6V4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811221709/http://www.rcti.tv/program/view/105/HAFIZ-INDONESIA-2014#.U_lTzd9d6V4 |archive-date=2014-08-11 |access-date=2014-08-24 |website=RCTI |publisher=}}</ref> Shirin ya sami lambar yabo daga Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Indonesia a matsayin ''Shirin Acara Ramadan'' (Turanci: Shirin Ramadan Mafi Kyawu) a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Program Terbaik Ramadan 1435 H/2014 |url=https://www.kpi.go.id/old/index.php/lihat-terkini/38-dalam-negeri/32225-program-terbaik-ramadan-1435-h-2014 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=KOMISI PENYIARAN INDONESIA – Jadikan Penyiaran Indonesia yang Sehat, Bermanfaat, dan Bermartabat |language=id-id }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hafiz Indonesia ta lashe lambar yabo ta Panasonic Gobel Awards don "Tsarin Yara Mafi Kyawu" na shekaru 2 a jere (2014 da 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2014 |title=Program Hafidz Indonesia Raih Panasonic Gobel Awards |url=https://www.syaamilquran.com/program-hafidz-indonesia-raih-panasonic-gobel-awards-2014-04-07/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Syaamil Quran |language=id}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2015 |title=Hafiz Indonesia Sering Mendapatkan Penghargaan : Okezone Celebrity |url=https://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2015/08/01/206/1188861/hafiz-indonesia-sering-mendapatkan-penghargaan |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Okezone |language=id-ID}}</ref> == Lokaci == An gudanar da kakar wasa ta farko ta Hafiz Indonesia a shekarar 2013. An nuna wasan kwaikwayon a kowace Litinin zuwa Jumma'a a 14:30 WIB (2:30 na yamma) daga 8 ga Yuli, 2013, zuwa 6 ga Agusta, 2013. Wanda ya lashe Hafiz Indonesia 2013 shine Hilya . <ref name="hafizid"/> Lokaci na biyu na Hafiz Indonesia ana watsa shi kowace rana a 14:00-16:00 WIB (2:00 pm - 4:00 pm) a lokacin Ramadan 1435/Yuli 2014. Da yake zuwa tare da sabon tsari, yara 32 daga ko'ina cikin Indonesia sun nuna ikon su na haddace da karanta ayoyin Alkur'ani ta hanyar matakai 5, wato: * Mataki na Salamah (ji), (2013-2019) * Mataki Ikhtirah (ji), (2020-yanzu) * Mataki Muqadimah (gabatarwa), (2013-2020) * Mataki na Ta'aruf (gabatarwa), (2021-yanzu) * Mataki na Izaalah (kawar da), * Mataki Syafa'at (wildcard), * Mataki na Musabaqah (ƙwallon ƙafa) * Mataki Wisuda Akbar (Id) /The Grand Graduation (Eng) (babban karshe). A wannan kakar wasan kwaikwayon ya shirya shi ne Irfan Hakim tare da alƙalai huɗu, wato [[Sheikh Aliyu Jaber|Syeikh Ali Jaber]], Farfesa Dr. Nasaruddin Umar, Farfesa Dokta Amir Faishol Fath, da Lulu Susanti.<ref name="hafizid"/> Mafi kyawun hafiz a cikin 2014 ya samo asali ne daga wani mai shekaru 6 daga Bangka mai suna Musa, wanda daga baya ya zama sananne da {{Lang|id|Musa Hafiz kecil}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2014 |title=Musa, Hafiz Cilik Indonesia Yang Bikin Ulama Saudi Tercengang |url=http://www.kapanlagi.com/intermezzone/musa-hafiz-cilik-indonesia-yang-bikin-ulama-saudi-tercengang-593b8d.html |access-date=2014-08-24 |website=Kapanlagi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2014 |title=Hafiz Cilik Musa Juga Hafal Hadist Arba'in Imam Nawawi |url=http://bangka.tribunnews.com/2014/04/12/hafiz-cilik-musa-juga-hafal-hadist-arbain-imam-nawawi |access-date=2014-08-24 |website=Tribunnews}}</ref> An ci gaba da taron a jere a cikin 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 da 2019. Gabaɗaya, kowane kakar yana da tsarin sunan Hafiz Indonesia [shekara], misali Hafiz Indonesia 2018. A cikin 2020, an san zagaye na sauraro da ''Ikhtirah'' kuma babu zagaye na Intercession. An watsa zagaye na Wildcard 1 rana bayan ''Ikhtirah'' 4. Tun daga shekara ta 2017, an gabatar da Jury na Nabila Abdul Rahim Bayan . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusup |first=Dede |date=April 4, 2022 |title=Profil dan Biodata Nabila Abdul Rahim Bayan, Juri Hafiz Indonesia 2022: Umur, Pendidikan, Akun Sosial Media – Banten Raya |url=https://www.bantenraya.com/citizen/pr-1273138352/profil-dan-biodata-nabila-abdul-rahim-bayan-juri-hafiz-indonesia-2022-umur-pendidikan-akun-sosial-media |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.bantenraya.com |language=id}}</ref> === Jerin lokutan === ''Hafiz Indonesia'' == Alƙalai == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! rowspan="2" |Shekaru ! rowspan="2" |Lokaci ! rowspan="2" |Masu gabatar da shirye-shirye ! colspan="6" |Alƙalai |- !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 |- |2013 |1 | rowspan="13" |Irfan Hakim |Bashtiar Nasir | rowspan="4" |Lulu Susanti |Cecep Maulana |Riza Muhammad ! rowspan="7" |N/A ! rowspan="7" |N/A |- |2014 |2 | rowspan="5" |[[Sheikh Aliyu Jaber|Sheikh Ali Jaber]] | rowspan="10" |Amir Faishol Fath |Nasaruddin Umar |- |2015 |3 ! rowspan="3" |N/A |- |2016 |4 |- |2017 |5 | rowspan="9" |Nabila Abdul Rahim Bayan |- |2018 |6 |Syekh Abdul Karim Al-Makki |- |2019 |7 |Bashtiar Nasir |Habib Nabil Al Musawwa |- |2020 |8 | rowspan="2" |Syekh Ahmad Al- Misry |Syekh Abdul Karim Al-Makki |[[Sheikh Aliyu Jaber|Sheikh Ali Jaber]] |Syekh Thyazen Al Hakimi |- |2021 |9 ! rowspan="3" |N/A ! rowspan="3" |N/A ! rowspan="4" |N/A |- |2022 |10 | rowspan="3" |Syekh Hussein Jaber |- |2023 |11 |- |2024 |12 | rowspan="2" |Dennis Lim |{{Center|Ustadz Kasif Heer}} |Lulu Susanti |- |2025 |13 |Abi Amir Faishol Fath !Da'ad Latif !Taufiqurrahman !Subki Al-Bughury |} == Wadanda suka ci nasara == === Masu cin nasara daga lokutan === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%" ! rowspan="2" |Years ! colspan="5" |Champions |- ! style="background:gold;" |{{Color|black|1}}st ! style="background:silver;" |{{Color|black|2}}nd ! style="background:#a97142;" |{{Color|black|3}}rd ! style="background:#0096ff;" |{{Color|black|4}}th ! style="background:RGB(125,223,125);" |{{Color|black|5}}th |- !2013 |Hilya {{Flag|Jakarta}} |Farid {{Flag|Lampung}} |Rifa {{Flag|Jakarta}} |Raihan {{Flag|Central Java}} |  |- !2014 |Musa {{Flag|Bangka Belitung}} |Aza {{Flag|Jambi}} |Fu’adi {{Flag|West Nusa Tenggara}} |Denisa {{Flag|West Java}} |Abiw {{Flag|West Java}} |- !2015 |Aulia {{Flag|Central Java}} |Askar {{Flag|Aceh}} |Miftah {{Flag|Aceh}} |Neneng {{Flag|West Java}} |Hafizh {{Flag|North Sumatra}} |- !2016 |Ahsani {{Flag|West Java}} |Desofwa {{Flag|West Java}} |Unaysa {{Flag|Yogyakarta}} |Aja Naken {{Flag|North Sumatra}} |Aidah {{Flag|West Sumatra}} |- !2017 |Ahmad {{Flag|Central Java}} |Enri {{Flag|North Maluku}} |Kamil {{Flag|Central Java}} |Zahra {{Flag|West Java}} |Farhan {{Flag|North Sumatra}} |- !2018 |Aida {{Flag|East Java}} | style="background:Pink" |Muslim {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} |Aisyah {{Flag|South Sumatra}} |Wahib {{Flag|South Sulawesi}} |Rais {{Flag|East Kalimantan}} |- !2019 |Annisa {{Flag|Riau}} |Humaira {{Flag|Riau}} |Zuhrah {{Flag|South Sulawesi}} |Arim {{Flag|East Java}} |Naja {{Flag|West Nusa Tenggara}} |- !2020 |Afiqah {{Flag|North Kalimantan}} |Azka {{Flag|Jakarta}} |Icha {{Flag|East Java}} |Ahmad {{Flag|Southeast Sulawesi}} | style="background:Pink" |Ula {{Flag|Egypt}} |- !2021 |Aqeelah {{Flag|East Java}} |Rayyan {{Flag|Jambi}} |Khansa {{Flag|Bangka Belitung Islands}} |Yusuf {{Flag|Aceh}} |Fawwaz {{Flag|South Sumatra}} |- !2022 | style="background:Pink" |Lukman {{Flag|New Zealand}} |Nadhif {{Flag|East Java}} |Billy {{Flag|Jakarta}} |Hanny {{Flag|South Sumatra}} |Haura {{Flag|East Kalimantan}} |- !2023 |Akil {{Flag|Riau}} | style="background:Pink" |Sulaiman {{Flag|Egypt}} |Kautsar {{Flag|Central Java}} |Ibam {{Flag|South Sumatra}} |Hasna {{Flag|Riau Islands}} |- !2024 |Gibran {{Flag|North Sumatra}} |Yukiko {{Flag|West Java}} |Arfan {{Flag|Riau Islands}} |Calvin {{Flag|West Java}} |Zubair {{Flag|East Java}} |- !2025 |Yasmin {{Flag|East Java}} | style="background:Pink" |Naufal {{Flag|Australia}} |Izzah {{Flag|North Maluku}} |Mora {{Flag|East Java}} | style="background:Pink" |Hamzah {{Flag|Egypt}} |- !2026 | | | | | |} === Wadanda suka lashe gasar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%" ! rowspan="2" |Shekaru ! colspan="6" |Sashe |- !Afshah !Ajwad !Aqwa !Ahfadz !Ajmal !Akram |- |2017 |Farhan |Enri |Kamil |Ahmad |Zahra |  |- |2018 |Aida |Aisha |Wahib |Hamza |Kayla |  |- |2019 |Salwaa |Arim |Naja |Annisa |Humaira |  |- |2020 |Filza |Hanif |Azka |Hafidz |Afiqah |Ahmad |- |2021 |Rayyan |Aqeelah |Khansa |Yusuf |Fawwaz |Ainun |- |2022 |Lukman |Shasha |Billy |Hanny |Haura |Hanny |- |2023 |Asma |Nadia Inara |Akil |Hafizhah |Farid |Kautsar |- |2024 |Gibran |Yukiko |Arfan |Zayyan |Azka |Calvin |- |2025 |Hamza |Yasmin |Jirgin ruwa |Aly |Izzah |Mora |- |2026 | | | | | | |} ==== Bayani ==== * Wanda ya lashe kakar 2013 kawai ya shiga cikin manyan hudu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Merah |first=Jaket |date=August 13, 2013 |title=Pemenang Wisuda Akbar Hafidz Indonesia 2013 |url=https://shemurie.wordpress.com/2013/08/13/pemenang-wisuda-akbar-hafidz-indonesia-2013/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Baiti Jannati |language=id |via=[[WordPress.com]]}}</ref> * Nasarar Lukman a 2022 ta nuna ƙarshen prefix A a matsayin mai nasara a cikin shekaru 7 da suka gabata (2015-2021), kuma shine shekarar farko da mai nasara na farko baƙo ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasin |first=Nur |title=Profil Biodata Lukman Pemenang Juara 1 Hafiz Indonesia 2022: IG Instagram, Umur, Asal Negara Mana |url=https://mediablitar.pikiran-rakyat.com/hiburan/pr-324396956/profil-biodata-lukman-pemenang-juara-1-hafiz-indonesia-2022-ig-instagram-umur-asal-negara-mana |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=mediablitar.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id}}</ref> * Yasmin shine zakara na farko na Hafiz Indonesia wanda kuma mutum ne mai nakasa. * Hanny ita ce ta farko da ta shiga tare da masu cin nasara 2 a lokaci guda (Ahfadz & Akram) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yulisa |first=Lutfi |title=Profil Biodata Hanny Peserta Hafiz Indonesia 2022 Hafal 30 Juz Lengkap Umur, Arti Nama dan Asal |url=https://metrolampungnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/religi/pr-1364150837/profil-biodata-hanny-peserta-hafiz-indonesia-2022-hafal-30-juz-lengkap-umur-arti-nama-dan-asal |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=metrolampungnews.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=InfoPublik – Hanny Virginia Anggraini, Putri Asal Muara Enim Juara 4 Hafiz Indonesia 2022 |url=https://infopublik.id/kategori/nusantara/667722/hanny-virginia-anggraini-putri-asal-muara-enim-juara-4-hafiz-indonesia-2022 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=infopublik.id |language=id}}</ref> * Ahsani, Ahmad, da Annisa sune masu cin nasara na Hafiz Indonesia tare da 30 Alƙalai na haddace Alkur'ani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahsani, Hafiz Cilik Indonesia yang Harumkan Nama Bangsa di Kancah Internasional |url=https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2016/08/19/ahsani-hafiz-cilik-indonesia-yang-harumkan-nama-bangsa-di-kancah-internasional |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Tribunnews.com |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmad asal tegal jadi juara 1 Hafiz Indonesia 2017 RCTI, Enri juara ke-2 dan Kamil juara ke-3 |url=http://hiburan.lintas.info/2017/06/ahmad-asal-tegal-jadi-juara-1-hafiz.html |access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2020 |title=Kisah Hidup Ahmad dan Kamil, Bocah 'Google Al-Quran' dari Indonesia, Pernah Jadi Pengemis |url=https://www.indozone.id/news/N4snaz4/kisah-hidup-ahmad-dan-kamil-bocah-google-al-quran-dari-indonesia-pernah-jadi-pengemis |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=indozone.id |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |date=January 21, 2018 |title=Juara Hafiz Indonesia 2019, Bupati Bengkalis Beri Apresiasi kepada Annisa dan Humaira |url=https://www.riaumandiri.co/read/detail/70914/juara-hafiz-indonesia-2019-bupati-bengkalis-beri-apresiasi-kepada-annisa-dan-humaira |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=riaumandiri |language=id}}</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="5%" |Shekara ! width="5%" |Kyautar ! width="5%" |Sashe ! width="5%" |Sakamakon |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |'''[[Anugerah Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia 2014]]''' |Shirin Yara Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |'''[[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2014|Kyautar Gobel ta Panasonic ta 2014]]''' |Shirin Yara| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |'''[[Panasonic Gobel Awards 2015|Kyautar Gobel ta Panasonic 2015]]''' |Shirin Yara da Ayyuka| {{Won}} |- |'''[[Penghargaan Program Siaran Ramadhan 2015|Shirin nunawa Siaran Ramadan 2015]]''' |Nunin Talent| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |'''[[Indonesian Television Awards 2017|Kyautar Talabijin ta Indonesia ta 2017]]''' |Shirye-shiryen Ramadan da suka fi shahara| {{Won}} |- |'''[[Anugerah Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia 2017]]''' |Shirin Yara Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |'''[[Indonesian Television Awards 2018|Kyautar Talabijin ta Indonesia ta 2018]]''' |Shirye-shiryen Ramadan da suka fi shahara| {{Won}} |- |'''[[Anugerah Syiar Ramadhan 1439 H|Anugerah Syiar Ramadan 1439 H]]''' |Binciken Kwarewa| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |'''[[Indonesian Television Awards 2019|Kyautar Talabijin ta Indonesia ta 2019]]''' |Shirye-shiryen Ramadan da suka fi shahara| {{Won}} |- |'''[[Anugerah Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia 2019]]''' |Shirin Yara Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |2020 |'''[[Indonesian Television Awards 2020|Kyautar Talabijin ta Indonesia 2020]]''' |Shirin Ramadan da ya fi shahara ba tare da wasan kwaikwayo ba| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |'''[[Indonesian Television Awards 2021|Kyautar Talabijin ta Indonesia 2021]]''' |Shirin Ramadan da ya fi shahara ba tare da wasan kwaikwayo ba| {{Won}} |- |'''[[Anugerah Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia 2021]]''' |Shirin Yara Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |'''[[Anugerah Syiar Ramadan 2022]]''' |Taron baiwa| {{Won}} |- |'''[[Indonesian Television Awards 2022|Kyautar Talabijin ta Indonesia 2022]]''' |Shirin Ramadan da ya fi shahara ba tare da wasan kwaikwayo ba| {{Won}} |- |2023 |'''[[Indonesian Television Awards 2023|Kyautar Talabijin ta Indonesiya ta 2023]]''' |Shirin Ramadan da ya fi shahara ba tare da wasan kwaikwayo ba| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |'''[[Anugerah Syiar Ramadan 2024]]''' |Binciken Kwarewa Mafi Kyawu| rowspan="2" {{Won}} |- |'''[[Indonesian Television Awards 2024|Kyautar Talabijin ta Indonesiya ta 2024]]''' | rowspan="2" |Shirin Ramadan da ya fi shahara ba tare da wasan kwaikwayo ba |- |2025 |'''[[Indonesian Television Awards 2025|Kyautar Talabijin ta Indonesia ta 2025]]''' | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Hafiz Indonesiaa kanFacebook guv3zcgvebg8u92bod5976q453q6r30 0 141052 827254 812803 2026-04-27T17:16:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Grace Lee Boggs''' (27 ga Yuni, 1915 - 5 ga Oktoba, 2015) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka, mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, masanin falsafa, kuma [[Feminism|mai rajin kare hakkin mata]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackman |first=Michael |date=October 5, 2015 |title=Grace Lee Boggs dead at 100 |url=http://www.metrotimes.com/Blogs/archives/2015/10/05/grace-lee-boggs-dead-at-100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007230852/http://www.metrotimes.com/Blogs/archives/2015/10/05/grace-lee-boggs-dead-at-100 |archive-date=7 Oct 2015 |access-date=October 5, 2015 |website=[[Metro Times]]}}</ref> An san ta da shekarunta na haɗin gwiwa a siyasance da [[C. L. R. James|CLR James]] da Raya Dunayevskaya a shekarun 1940 da 1950. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aguirre |first=Adalberto Jr. |last2=Lio |first2=Shoon |date=2008 |title=Spaces of Mobilization: The Asian American/Pacific Islander Struggle for Social Justice |journal=Social Justice |series=Asian American & Pacific Islander Population Struggles for Social Justice |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=1–17 |jstor=29768485}}</ref> A shekarun 1960, ita da mijinta, James Boggs, sun ɗauki alkiblar siyasa ta kansu, suna mai da hankali kan haƙƙin jama'a da 'Yancin Baƙar fata, 'Yan Asalin Amurka, da sauran ƙungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewa. A shekarar 1998 ta rubuta littattafai huɗu, ciki har da tarihin rayuwarta. A shekarar 2011, har yanzu tana da shekaru 95 a duniya, ta rubuta littafi na biyar, ''The Next American Revolution: Sustainable Activism for the Twenty-First Century'', tare da Scott Kurashige, wanda [[Jami'ar California Press]] ta buga. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin babbar jigo a cikin ƙungiyoyin ' yan asalin Asiya, Black Power, da [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Civil Rights]] . == Iyali da yarantaka == === Rayuwar farko === An haifi Boggs Grace Lee Chin a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1915, a Providence, Rhode Island, a saman gidan abincin mahaifinta. Sunanta na kasar Sin Yu Ping (玉平), ma'ana Jade Peace. Ita 'yar Chin Lee ce (1870–1965) da matarsa ta biyu, Yin Lan Ng. Iyayenta duka asali daga Taishan, Guangdong, a daular Qing ta kasar Sin . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Boggs|1998}}</ref> 'Yan uwan Boggs sun hada da 'yar'uwa daya, Katherine, da 'yan'uwa hudu: Edward, Philip, Robert, da Harry. Chin Lee da Yin Lan Ng sun yi hijira daga kasar Sin zuwa birnin [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]] na kasar Amurka a shekarar 1911. A farkon aikinta, Boggs ta fassara ayyukan Karl Marx kuma ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyi da dama na masu ra'ayin hagu, ciki har da Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata, Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Gurguzu, da kuma ƙungiyar Trotskyist . Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da masu juyin juya hali kamar CLR James da Raya Dunayevskaya a cikin nazarin harshe mai rikitarwa, tana kwatanta Tarayyar Soviet a cikin kalmomi daban-daban kamar " ƙasa da ma'aikata " ko "tsarin jari-hujja na jiha ". === Ilimi === A kan tallafin karatu, Boggs ta ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Barnard ta Jami'ar Columbia, inda ra'ayin Darwin game da juyin halitta ya yi mata tasiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boggs |first=Grace Lee |date=2014-04-05 |title=My Philosophic Journey |url=https://conversationsthatyouwillneverfinish.wordpress.com/2014/04/05/my-philosophic-journey-by-grace-lee-boggs/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=The Boggs Blog |language=en}}</ref> Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1935 sannan a shekarar 1940 ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa daga Kwalejin Bryn Mawr, inda ta yi karatu tare da Paul Weiss kuma ta rubuta rubutunta na digiri a kan George Herbert Mead . === Haɗin gwiwa da James Boggs === A shekarar 1953, Grace Lee Boggs ta auri James Boggs, wani ɗan fafutukar siyasa kuma ma'aikacin mota na Amurka. Sun yi aure na tsawon shekaru 40 har zuwa mutuwar James Boggs a shekarar 1993. Tare suka buga littattafai, littattafai, kuma suka kafa [[National Organization for an American Revolution|Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Amurka]] (NOAR). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kendi |first=Ibram X. |date=2016-11-15 |title=In Love and Struggle: A New Book on James and Grace Lee Boggs |url=https://www.aaihs.org/in-love-and-struggle-a-new-book-on-james-and-grace-lee-boggs/ |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=AAIHS |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Walter P. Reuther Library James and Grace Lee Boggs Papers |url=http://reuther.wayne.edu/node/2310 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705010151/http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/node/2310 |archive-date=5 Jul 2010 |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=reuther.wayne.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2015 |title=Iconic rebel Grace Lee Boggs dead at 100 |url=http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2015/oct/09/iconic-rebel-grace-lee-boggs-dead-100/ |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=amsterdamnews.com}}</ref> An yi hira da shi ta hannun [[Ibram X. Kendi]] game da tarihin rayuwarsa ta haɗin gwiwa, Stephen M. Ward ya bayyana cewa tare, Grace Lee Boggs da James Boggs "sun gina haɗin gwiwa mai ɗorewa wanda a lokaci guda ya kasance na aure, na ilimi, da na siyasa. Haɗin gwiwa ne na gaske na daidaito, abin mamaki ba kawai saboda haɗin kai na musamman ko tsawon rayuwarsa ba, har ma da ikonsa na ci gaba da samar da tunani da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na masu fafutuka." <ref name=":0"/> == Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka == Tana fuskantar manyan matsaloli a duniyar ilimi a shekarun 1940, ta ɗauki aiki mai ƙarancin albashi a ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Chicago Falsafa. Sakamakon fafutukar da suke yi kan haƙƙin masu haya, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta hagu mai juyin juya hali, wacce aka san ta da matsayinta na Sansanin Uku game da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda take gani a matsayin mai haɗaka da gwamnati . A wannan lokacin, ta fara hanyar da za ta bi har tsawon rayuwarta: mai da hankali kan gwagwarmaya a cikin al'ummar Baƙar fata-Amurka. Ta haɗu da [[C. L. R. James|CLR James]] a lokacin wata tattaunawa ta tattaunawa a [[Chicago]] kuma ta ƙaura zuwa New York. Ta haɗu da masu fafutuka da yawa da kuma masana al'adu kamar marubuciya Richard Wright da ɗan rawa Katharine Dunham . Ta kuma fassara da yawa daga cikin kasidu a cikin Littafin [[Karl Marx]] na ''Tattalin Arziki da Falsafa na 1844'' a karon farko. Ba da daɗewa ba ta shiga Johnson-Forest Tendency wanda James, Raya Dunayevskaya da Lee ke jagoranta. Sun fi mai da hankali kan ƙungiyoyin da aka ware kamar mata, mutanen launin fata da matasa, da kuma karya ra'ayin jam'iyyar da ke kan gaba. Ta yi rubutu ga Johnson-Forest Tendency a ƙarƙashin sunan jam'iyyar '''Ria Stone''' . Yayin da suke aiki a matsayin wata al'ada ta Ma'aikata, sun sake komawa Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Socialist na ɗan lokaci kafin su bar Trotskyist gaba ɗaya, suka kafa Kwamitin Buga Wasiku a 1951. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell, C |year=2017 |title=In Love and Struggle: The Revolutionary Lives of James and Grace Lee Boggs by Stephen M. Ward (review) |journal=Labour / Le Travail |publisher=Project MUSE |volume=80 |pages=343–346 |doi=10.1353/llt.2017.0069 |s2cid=149313553}}</ref> Ta auri ma'aikacin mota ɗan Afirka-Amurka kuma mai fafutukar siyasa James Boggs a 1953. A wannan shekarar ita da James suka ƙaura zuwa [[Detroit]], inda suka ci gaba da mai da hankali kan fafutukar [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kare haƙƙin jama'a]] da kuma fafutukar kare haƙƙin baƙar fata . Kamar yadda masanin kimiyya Brian Doucet ya bayyana a hirarsa da Boggs a shekarar 2014: "Zama a Detroit ya rinjayi tunanin Boggs game da rawar da ke takawa wajen sarrafa kansa, da kuma wariyar launin fata." Boggs ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar siyasa ta Detroit Asian a shekarar 1970. <ref name="extraordinarily92">{{Cite journal |last=Juan |first=Karín Aguilar-San |date=2015 |title='We Are Extraordinarily Lucky to Be Living in These Times': A Conversation with Grace Lee Boggs |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=92–123 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.36.2.0092 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.36.2.0092 |s2cid=161727837}}</ref> Lokacin da CLR James da Raya Dunayevskaya suka rabu a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 zuwa Kwamitin Buga Wasiku karkashin jagorancin James da News and Letters karkashin jagorancin Dunayevskaya, Grace da James sun goyi bayan Kwamitin Buga Wasiku wanda James ya yi ƙoƙarin ba da shawara yayin da yake gudun hijira a Birtaniya. A shekarar 1962, Boggses sun rabu da James suka ci gaba da Kwamitin Buga Wasiku tare da Lyman Paine da [[Freddy Paine]], yayin da magoya bayan James, kamar Martin Glaberman, suka ci gaba a matsayin sabuwar ƙungiya idan ba ta daɗe ba, Fuskantar Gaskiya . Ana iya ganin ra'ayoyin da suka kafa tushen rabuwar 1962 kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin littafin James Boggs, ''The American Revolution: Shafuka daga Littafin Rubutu na Ma'aikata Baƙar fata'' . Grace ba ta yi nasarar ƙoƙarin shawo kan [[Malcolm X]] ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a 1964 ba. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Boggs ta rubuta littattafai da dama, ciki har da ''Juyin Juya Hali da Juyin Halitta a ƙarni na Ashirin'' tare da mijinta kuma ta mai da hankali kan fafutukar al'umma a Detroit inda ta zama sananniyar mai fafutuka. A shekarar 1979, Grace Lee Boggs da mijinta James Boggs sun ba da gudummawa wajen kafa [[National Organization for an American Revolution]] (NOAR). <ref name=":1"/> A cikin gabatarwar wata tattaunawa mai zurfi, wata daliba [[Karín Aguilar-San Juan]] ta bayyana wani bangare na fafutukar Boggs: "Kodayake ta yi imanin cewa rashin daidaito tsakanin launin fata da jinsi zai buƙaci gwagwarmaya koyaushe, Grace ta dage cewa fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ba za ta haifar da canje-canje masu yawa a cikin al'umma da babban yanayin juyin halittar ɗan adam ke buƙata ba." Ta ci gaba da bayyana cewa "hanyar siyasa" ta Boggs an "jagoranci ta ne ta hanyar nazarinta na canjin duniya da na tarihi, tare da shiga kowace rana a cikin da kuma lura da gwagwarmayar mutane a matakin farko." A cikin wannan hirar, Boggs ta tattauna dangantakarta da gadonta na 'yan asalin Asiya, gogewarta da ƙungiyar Black Power, da sauran batutuwa da yawa. <ref name="extraordinarily92"/> Ta kafa Detroit Summer, wani shiri na matasa masu al'adu daban-daban, a shekarar 1992, kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da dama. Bugu da ƙari, gidan Boggs da ke Detroit shi ma yana aiki a matsayin hedikwatar Cibiyar Boggs don Kula da Jagorancin Al'umma. Abokan Grace Lee da James Boggs ne suka kafa Cibiyar Boggs a farkon shekarun 1990 kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar ayyukan al'umma, shirya ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a a cikin gida da kuma ƙasa baki ɗaya. <ref name="On Being with Krista Tippett">{{Cite web |title=Grace Lee Boggs – A Century in the World |url=http://www.onbeing.org/program/becoming-detroit/transcript/5836 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905174253/http://www.onbeing.org/program/becoming-detroit/transcript/5836 |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=September 3, 2015 |website=On Being with Krista Tippett}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Grace Lee Boggs ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2015, tana da shekaru 100. Wani rahoto da aka fitar a jaridar The New York Times ya ruwaito cewa Boggs "ya yi yakin kwarin gwiwa ga kare hakkin jama'a, aiki, mata, muhalli da sauran dalilai tsawon shekaru saba'in tare da imani mara misaltuwa cewa adalcin juyin juya hali yana gab da kusantowa." Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya fitar da sanarwa game da mutuwar Bogg, yana yaba wa aikinta na Detroit da kuma "jagorancinta a cikin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a, ga ra'ayoyinta waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci mu duka mu yi rayuwa mai ma'ana." Ya ƙara da cewa Boggs "ta fahimci ikon tsara al'umma a cikin zuciyarta". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-05 |title=Statement by the President on the Passing of Grace Lee Boggs |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/10/05/statement-president-passing-grace-lee-boggs |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=whitehouse.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Gado == === Daraja === * A shekarar 1999, an shigar da Boggs cikin [[Gidan shahararrun Mata na Kasa|zauren shahararru na mata na ƙasa]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boggs, Grace Lee |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/book/grace-lee-boggs/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=National Women's Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> * A shekarar 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE JAMES & GRACE LEE BOGGS SCHOOL - DIY Detroit |url=http://cargocollective.com/diydetroit/THE-JAMES-GRACE-LEE-BOGGS-SCHOOL#:~:text=Founded%20by%20Julia%20Putnam.,school%20opened%20in%20September%202013. |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=cargocollective.com}}</ref> An buɗe Makarantar James da Grace Lee Boggs a Detroit, Michigan. Makarantar Boggs tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji na kindergarten zuwa aji takwas, kuma daga cikin muhimman ɗabi'unta akwai tunani mai zurfi, haɗin gwiwa, da kuma ƙudurin kai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission & Core Ideology |url=https://www.boggsschool.org/mission-core-ideology |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=Boggs Educational Center |language=en |archive-date=2022-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128003629/http://www.boggsschool.org/mission-core-ideology |url-status=dead }}</ref> * A shekarar 2014, Cibiyar Adalci ta Jama'a da aka buɗe kwanan nan a Cibiyar Jami'a ta Sabuwar Makaranta an sanya mata suna Cibiyar Baldwin Rivera Boggs bayan masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam Boggs, [[James Baldwin]], da Sylvia Rivera . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Talia |date=2015-12-24 |title=Students Seek More Support From the University in an Effort to Maintain a Socially Just Identity |url=http://www.newschoolfreepress.com/2015/12/24/students-seek-more-support-from-the-university-in-an-effort-to-maintain-a-socially-just-identity/ |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=The New School Free Press |language=en-US}}</ref> * A shekarar 2014, an shigar da Boggs cikin Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Michigan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission for Women to recognize Grace Lee Boggs, Gloria House and Ghassan Kridli |url=https://umdearborn.edu/news/commission-women-recognize-grace-lee-boggs-gloria-house-and-ghassan-kridli |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=University of Michigan-Dearborn |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Fayil:Grace_Lee_Boggs_We_Follow_The_Path_Less_Traveled_The_City_at_The_Crossroads_of_History.jpg|thumb| Hoton Mike Alewitz na Grace Lee Boggs a cikin jerin zane-zanen "We Follow the Path Less Traveled The City at The Crossroads of History".]] Boggs ya sami digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Michigan, Kwalejin Wooster, Kwalejin Kalamazoo da Jami'ar Jihar Wayne. === Wakilci a kafofin watsa labarai === * ''Cikin Soyayya Da Gwagwarmaya: Rayuwar Juyin Juya Halin James da Grace Lee Boggs'' na Stephen M. Ward (Jami'ar North Carolina Press, 2016) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kendi |first=Ibram X. |date=November 15, 2016 |title=In Love And Struggle: A New Book On James And Grace Lee Boggs |url=https://www.aaihs.org/in-love-and-struggle-a-new-book-on-james-and-grace-lee-boggs/ |access-date=August 13, 2025 |website=AAIHA}}</ref> * ''Muna Nan: 'Yan Asalin Asiya 30 da 'Yan Tsibirin Pacific Masu Kwarin gwiwa waɗanda suka tsara Ƙasar Amurka'' (na Naomi Hirahana) (Philadelphia: Running Press Kids, 2022 ==== Tarihin Rayuwa ==== * Juyin Juya Halin Amurka: Juyin Halittar Grace Lee Boggs, wani shirin gaskiya na tarihin rayuwar Lee Boggs na 2013, wanda Grace Lee ta jagoranta. ==== Wani ==== * A cikin fim ɗin ''Barry'' (2016), wani fim na wasan kwaikwayo game da shekarun [[Barack Obama]] a Jami'ar Columbia, Marion Kodama Yue ce ta fito a cikinsa. ==== Takaitaccen Bayani ==== Sauran littattafanta sun haɗa da Juyin Juya Hali da Juyin Halitta a ƙarni na Twentieth (1974, tare da James Boggs), Women and the Movement to Build a New America (1977), Living for Change: An Autobiography (1998), da kuma The Next American Revolution: Sustainable Activism for the Twenty-First Century (2011, tare da Scott Kurashige). == Littattafan tarihi == === Littattafai === * ''George Herbert Mead: Masanin Falsafa na Mutum na Jama'a'' (New York) : King's Crown Press, 1945) * [https://www.marxists.org/archive/james-clr/works/1947/invading/ ''Ƙungiyar 'Yan Gurguzu Masu Mamayewa''] (tare da CLR James da Raya Dunayevskaya) (1947) * ''Tsarin Jari-hujja na Jiha da Juyin Juya Halin Duniya'' (tare da CLR James da Raya Dunayevskaya) (1950). * ''Fuskantar Gaskiya'' (tare da CLR James da Cornelius Castoriadis ). (Detroit: Wasiƙa, 1958). * ''Juyin Juya Hali da Juyin Halitta a Karni na Ashirin'' (tare da James Boggs). (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974). * ''Mata da Ƙungiyar Gina Sabuwar Amurka'' (Detroit: Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, 1977). * [[Fayil:Grace_Lee_Boggs_autographing_her_latest_book_at_the_Chinese_Cultural_Center.jpg|thumb| Grace Lee Boggs ta rubuta "Rayuwa don Sauyi" a Cibiyar Al'adu ta China]] ''Tattaunawa a Maine: Binciken Makomar Al'ummarmu'' (tare da James Boggs, Freddy Paine, da Lyman Paine). (Boston: South End Press, 1978). * ''Sharuɗɗan Zaman Lafiya: Tambaya: Tsaro, Dimokuraɗiyya, Ilimin Halittu, Tattalin Arziki, Al'umma'' (Washington DC: Expro Press, 1991) * ''[[iarchive:livingforchangea0000bogg|Rayuwa don Sauyi: Tarihin Rayuwa]]'' (Minneapolis: Jami'ar Minnesota Press, 1998). * [https://books.google.com/books?id=gQeeFbcOeqkC ''Juyin Juya Halin Amurka na Gaba: Gwagwarmayar Dorewa don ƙarni na Ashirin da Ɗaya''] (tare da Scott Kurashige). (Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 2011) === Hira da bayyanar === * A shekarar 2005, Boggs ya yi jawabi a taron kan fafutuka, nazarin ƙabilanci, ƙasashen waje da kuma bayan haka da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Northwestern . Jawabin wanda daga baya aka sake buga shi a cikin ''CR: Sabon Nazarin Shekaru'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boggs |first=Grace Lee |date=2006 |title=Nothing Is More Important than Thinking Dialectically |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/26/article/209740 |journal=CR: The New Centennial Review |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1353/ncr.2007.0001 |issn=1539-6630 |s2cid=143895630 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * A shekarar 2012, an cire jawabinta da [[Angela Davis]] a ɗakin wasan Pauley da ke Jami'ar California mai taken "On Revolution: A Conversation Between Grace Lee Boggs and Angela Davis" a cikin mujallar ''Race, Poverty, and the Environment'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boggs |first=Grace Lee |date=2012 |title=Reimagine Everything |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41806667 |journal=Race, Poverty & the Environment |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=44–45 |issn=1532-2874 |jstor=41806667}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tarihin 'Yan Amurkan China a Metro Detroit * Revolutionary Action Movement § Max Stanford == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ax3kjdzzlfln8rfjmrp0tr3uglcqbk5 0 141141 827433 796986 2026-04-28T11:46:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rawar '''Hop-tu-naa''' wata rawa ce ta gargajiya ta Manx da ke da alaƙa da bukukuwan hop-tu-naa da ke kusa da 31 ga Oktoba a [[Isle of Man|Tsibirin Man]] . Rawar ce mai sauƙi ga kowace ƙungiya ta masu rawa biyu. Rawar tana da suna tare da bukukuwan da kuma waƙoƙin da rawan ke da alaƙa da su. == Bayani == Rawar da ake yi a jere tana da sassa biyu, kowannensu ya ƙunshi sanduna takwas na kiɗa. Kashi na farko ya ƙunshi 'yan rawa biyu suna yin Manx Reel Step; 'matakai uku na gudu suna kiyaye ƙafafun kusa da ƙasa da tsalle a bugun huɗu yana girgiza ƙafar kyauta a gaban idon sawu da ɗan bugun ciki.' Kashi na biyu na rawan ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ma'aurata biyu suna yin ta a jere don ƙirƙirar baka don sauran su wuce. Bayan karo na uku, ma'auratan na biyu sun saki hannayensu don ba wa ma'auratan farko damar shiga ta gaba don sake jagorantar ɓangaren farko na rawan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hop-tu-naa: Hollantide Dance |url=http://www.culturevannin.im/media//media%20-%20Customs%20and%20traditions/Hop%20tu%20Naa/Hop-tu-naa%20dance%20instructions.pdf |access-date=19 October 2017 |website=Culture Vannin}}</ref> Ana yin rawar ne bisa waƙar hop-tu-naa, wacce Mona Douglas ta fara bugawa da cikakken tsari. A yau, an fi ɗaukar waƙar daga rubutunta a cikin ''Rinkaghyn Vannin'' ko ''Kiaull yn Theay'', waɗanda Colin Jerry ne ya yi duka biyun. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Mona_Douglas_Five_Manx_Folk_Dances.jpg|thumb|Rawar Manx ta Mona Douglas Five]] Mona Douglas ce ta tattara wannan rawa daga yaran da ta haɗu da su a kan hanya a Laxey . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Broderick |first=George |date=2004 |title=Mona Douglas and her Dances |url=http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/~stephen/chiollaghbooks/MD_SEMINAR.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=“Completed and Restored to Use”: Revival and Dissemination of Manx Folklore and Tradition during the Twentieth Century |pages=111–113 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124083549/http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/%7Estephen/chiollaghbooks/MD_SEMINAR.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2013 |access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref> Kamar yadda Douglas ya lura da sauran rawa, yana yiwuwa an tattara wannan rawa daga yara domin an riƙe ta a matsayin wasan yara maimakon a matsayin rawar gargajiya. Ba a san ranar da aka tattara ta ba, amma an fara ambaton ta a matsayin an kammala ta kuma an tattara ta a cikin ''Rawar Manx Folk'' da aka buga a 1936. An fara buga ta a cikin ''Rawar Manx Folk Soul Seven'' . Rubuce-rubucen Douglas game da rawar sun ba da bayanai daban-daban game da yanayin rawar. Rubuce-rubucenta da aka buga sun nuna cewa an yi ta ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin gwanon Hollantide ta hanyar Douglas dauke da fitilun turnip, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Douglas |first=Mona |date=1937 |title=Manx Folk Dances: Their Notation and Revival |url=http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/~stephen/chiollaghbooksfirstseries/CBPOD02S.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the English Folk Dance Society |volume=III |issue=2 |pages=110–116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607144545/http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/~stephen/chiollaghbooksfirstseries/CBPOD02S.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref> amma wasu bayanan da ta yi magana game da alaƙar da ke tsakaninta da kuma barin turnips da sauran kayan lambu a ƙofar maƙwabta. Sauran bayanan da Douglas bai wallafa ba sun nuna cewa an yi rawar a wasu lokutan da ba a yi a hop-tu-naa ba, kamar a Mheillea, yanke ciyawa da kuma cin abincin dare a jirgin ruwa. An yi bayanin yadda ake yin watsi da waɗannan sauran amfani da rawan tare da la'akari da buƙatar Douglas ya sanya wa rawa marar suna suna lokacin bugawa: <blockquote>Ganin cewa ana amfani da rawa mai sauƙi ta jerin gwano [hop-tu-naa] don kowace jerin gwano kuma ba ta da alaƙa da takamaiman al'adar kalanda ɗaya. Duk da haka, idan ana buƙatar buga waƙa, da an riga an yanke hukunci a kanta, kuma a matsayin al'adar kalanda da aka sani za ta ba wa rawa ƙarin aminci na tarihi, da alama ya dace a amince da wannan ɓangaren rawan don dalilai na bugawa.</blockquote>Rubuce-rubucen Douglas sun yi nuni ga wani nau'in rawa 'wanda ya ɗan bambanta' wanda Philip Leighton Stowell ya tattara. Duk da haka, babu wani bayani game da wannan rawa da aka sani a cikin wallafe-wallafen Leighton Stowell ko kuma jaridun da ba a buga ba. == Amfani na zamani == Rawar tana ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da aka fi yi a yau a Tsibirin Man. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sauƙinta, wanda ke ba da damar koyar da yara a makarantun Manx tun suna ƙanana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manx Heritage Foundation - manx Dance Resources |url=https://wiki1.sch.im/wiki/pages/A376S796G/Manx_Heritage_Foundation_-_Manx_Dance_resources.html |access-date=19 October 2017 |website=Manx Curriculum Wiki }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana iya ganinta a bainar jama'a a matsayin rawar da Ceilis on the Isle of Man ya shahara, da kuma a yawancin tarurrukan al'umma da aka shirya a faɗin Tsibirin Man don hop-tu-naa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hop-tu-naa: A traditional celebration in Maughold |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDeM6DJga20 |access-date=19 October 2017 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Haka kuma ana iya ganinta a wasannin rawa da ƙungiyoyin rawa da yawa na Tsibirin suka yi. == Manazarta == drif5skecehv5qwp5ml0xqz2fwxar1x 0 141638 827154 798892 2026-04-27T14:13:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gillian Bowser''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar muhalli ce ta namun daji ta Amurka, masanin kimiyya, kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar Colorado . Aikinta ya fi mayar da hankali kan sauyin yanayi tare da mai da hankali kan masu yin fure da kuma kimiyyar 'yan ƙasa . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Bowser a birnin New York ga ɗan Afirka-Amurka mai adana fina-finai Pearl Bowser da kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a LeRoy Bowser. Tun tana ƙarama, ta kasance memba na Ranger Rick 's Nature Club. <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bowser |first=Gillian |title=#BlackInNature |url=https://cbs.umn.edu/sites/cbs.umn.edu/files/migrated-files/downloads/RCN%20DIversity%20panel%202020%20_%20Gillian%20Bowser.pdf}}</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta LaGuardia ta Fasaha a matsayin babbar jami'ar fasaha, inda ta kammala digiri a fannin zane-zane tare da mai da hankali kan zane-zane na likitanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CSU Water Experts: Gillian Bowser, PhD. |url=https://watercenter.colostate.edu/view/water-experts-2/entry/2897/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |archive-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221032619/https://watercenter.colostate.edu/view/water-experts-2/entry/2897/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta sami digirin BS daga Jami'ar Northwestern, digirin MS daga Jami'ar Vermont, da digirin Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Missouri . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gillian Bowser |url=https://newsmediarelations.colostate.edu/contacts/gillian-bowser/#:~:text=Bowser%20earned%20her%20B.S.,D.}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gillian_bowser_Yellowstone_fire.jpg|thumb|Bowser a lokacin Gobarar Yellowstone ta 1988]] Bowser ta fara aiki a Yellowstone National Park a matsayin ɗalibar kwaleji, inda daga ƙarshe ta zama ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar namun daji . <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Communication Series: Dr. Gillian Bowser, Research Scientist |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/climate-change-communication-dr-gillian-bowser-research-scientist.htm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nps.gov/articles/climate-change-communication-dr-gillian-bowser-research-scientist.htm "Climate Change Communication Series: Dr. Gillian Bowser, Research Scientist"].</cite></ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2021 |title=Crowd-Sourcing Data Sets: Using Citizen Science to Protect National Parks from Climate Change |url=https://www.fulbrightprogram.org/gillian-bowser/ |access-date=26 February 2026 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208123514/https://www.fulbrightprogram.org/gillian-bowser/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance a wurin a lokacin [[Wutar Yellowstone ta 1988|gobarar a 1988.]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellowstone's Photo Collection: Fighting Forest Fires in 1988 |url=https://www.nps.gov/features/yell/slidefile/fire/fightingff88/page.htm}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a [[Gidan shakatawa na Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Shakatawa ta Ƙasa]] a Grand Teton National Park, Joshua Tree National Park, Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, da kuma hedikwatar da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] Bowser ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Amurka daga 2011 zuwa 2012 kuma memba na AAAS na Kimiyya da Injiniya a 2022. <ref> name=":3">{{Cite web |title=In the Rocky Mountain West: STPF Alum Combine Academia and Scipol |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/rocky-mountain-west-stpf-alum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.aaas.org/news/rocky-mountain-west-stpf-alum "In the Rocky Mountain West: STPF Alum Combine Academia and Scipol"].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 AAAS Fellows |url=https://www.aaas.org/page/2022-fellows-0}}</ref> Ta kasance ƙwararren Fulbright a 2014 a [[Peru]], inda ta yi nazarin alamun sauyin yanayi a Huascaran National Park . <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2021 |title=Crowd-Sourcing Data Sets: Using Citizen Science to Protect National Parks from Climate Change |url=https://www.fulbrightprogram.org/gillian-bowser/ }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.fulbrightprogram.org/gillian-bowser/ "Crowd-Sourcing Data Sets: Using Citizen Science to Protect National Parks from Climate Change"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208123514/https://www.fulbrightprogram.org/gillian-bowser/ |date=2024-12-08 }}. 7 July 2021.</cite></ref> Bowser ƙwararriya ce a fannin tantance muhalli a fannin hasashen muhalli na Duniya [[Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|na Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta halarci taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi, kuma shugaba ce a ɓangaren Binciken Yanayi na Ƙasa na Shirin Binciken Sauyin Duniya na Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=People of Color Environmental Professionals Database: Gillian Bowser |url=https://environmental-professionals-of-color.yale.edu/person/bowser-gillian}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Communication Series: Dr. Gillian Bowser, Research Scientist |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/climate-change-communication-dr-gillian-bowser-research-scientist.htm}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=In the Rocky Mountain West: STPF Alum Combine Academia and Scipol |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/rocky-mountain-west-stpf-alum}}</ref> A halin yanzu ita ce memba a kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Halittu ta Duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=Executive Committee Member (2023-2026): Gillian BOWSER |url=https://iubs.org/about-us/executive-committee-member-2023-2026-gillian-bowser/}}</ref> A matsayinta na mai bincike, Bowser ta yi karatun elk da bison a wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Yellowstone, da kuma masu yin pollinators a wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa a faɗin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2017 |title=Calling scientists of all colors |url=https://www.snexplores.org/article/calling-scientists-all-colors}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, tana mai da hankali kan yadda sauyin yanayi ke shafar masu yin pollinators da alamun muhalli na sauyin yanayi. Tana haɓaka kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa a matsayin kayan aiki don bin diddigin canje-canjen muhalli, musamman don fahimtar tasirin sauyin yanayi a wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da wuraren kariya. <ref name=":0"/> Ita mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin tsiraru ne a STEM, kuma babbar mai bincike ce ta Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa wadda aka ba da kuɗinta don aikin Fieldwork Inspiring Expanded Leadership for Diversity (FIELD) wanda ke aiki don rage shingayen ayyukan filin ƙasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bowser |first=Gillian |title=#BlackInNature |url=https://cbs.umn.edu/sites/cbs.umn.edu/files/migrated-files/downloads/RCN%20DIversity%20panel%202020%20_%20Gillian%20Bowser.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBowser">Bowser, Gillian. [https://cbs.umn.edu/sites/cbs.umn.edu/files/migrated-files/downloads/RCN%20DIversity%20panel%202020%20_%20Gillian%20Bowser.pdf "#BlackInNature"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists push against barriers to diversity in the field sciences |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-push-against-barriers-diversity-field-sciences}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIELD Project |url=https://field.berkeley.edu}}</ref> == Littattafai masu mahimmanci == * Muhalli, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (2019). [https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/27539 Hasashen Muhalli na Duniya—GEO-6: Duniya mai lafiya, mutane masu lafiya.] ''Nairobi'' . DOI 10.1017/9781108627146. * Cooper, CB, Hawn, CL, Larson, LR, Parrish, JK, Bowser, G., Cavalier, D., Dunn, RR, Haklay, M. (Muki), Gupta, KK, Jelks, NO, Johnson, VA, Katti, M., Leggett, Z., Wilson, OR, & Wilson, S. (2021). [https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10356881 Haɗawa cikin kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa: Matsalar sake yin alama.] ''Kimiyya'', ''372'' (6549), 1386–1388. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6487</nowiki> * Shinbrot, XA, Wilkins, K., Gretzel, U., & Bowser, G. (2019). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X19300646 Buɗe damar jagoranci mai dorewa ga mata: Ra'ayin gudummawa da ƙalubale ga mata a cikin ci gaba mai ɗorewa.] ''Ci gaban Duniya'', ''119'', 120–132. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.03.009</nowiki> * Morales, N., Bisbee O'Connell, K., McNulty, S., Berkowitz, A., Bowser, G., Giamellaro, M., & Miriti, MN (2020). [https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bes2.1742 Haɓaka haɗa kai a cikin gogewar fannin muhalli: Bincike da shawo kan shingen da ke tattare da al'adar ƙwararru.] ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America'', ''101'' (4), e01742. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/bes2.1742</nowiki> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] o66b047e08zmei0um3daqnjebatn64o 0 142504 827277 801676 2026-04-27T19:57:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Guillaume Leduey''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1989) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guillame Leduey. le sculpteur |url=http://guillaumeleduey.artblog.fr/p/profil/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617220035/http://guillaumeleduey.artblog.fr/p/profil/ |archive-date=June 17, 2018 |access-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref> [[ilimin harsuna|masanin harshe]] ne na Faransa kuma mai magana da harsuna da yawa daga [[Le Havre]], Faransa, <ref name="juneau2">{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2010 |title=Native Eyak language may have a follower |url=http://juneauempire.com/stories/062910/sta_662959548.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208081553/http://juneauempire.com/stories/062910/sta_662959548.shtml |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=October 19, 2012 |publisher=juneauempire}}</ref> <ref name="alaskamagazine">{{Cite web |title=Frenchman Last Hope For Eyak |url=http://www.alaskamagazine.com/article/76/8/october_from_ketchikan_to_barrow |access-date=October 19, 2012 |website=Alaska magazine |archive-date=October 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006031856/http://www.alaskamagazine.com/article/76/8/october_from_ketchikan_to_barrow |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma mai zane-zane ne. <ref name="iipdigital2">{{Cite web |last=Kyle Hopkins |date=November 2, 2010 |title=Preserving Alaska's Native Languages – One Word at a Time |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2010/10/20101022140121aidan6.388491e-02.html |access-date=May 8, 2016 |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013080828/http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2010/10/20101022140121aidan6.388491e-02.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An san Leduey da nazarin [[Eyak language|Harshen Eyak]] da ya ƙare da kuma shiga cikin kamfen ɗin don farfado da Eyak.<ref name="ktuu2">{{Cite web |last=Rhonda McBride |date=July 25, 2010 |title=Eyak language finds new speaker from unlikely upbringing |url=http://articles.ktuu.com/2010-07-25/eyak_24129152 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127073438/http://articles.ktuu.com/2010-07-25/eyak_24129152 |archive-date=January 27, 2013 |access-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref> Leduey mai magana da harsuna da yawa ne, kuma yana iya magana da harshe biyar ban da Eyak: <ref name="juneau">{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2010 |title=Native Eyak language may have a follower |url=http://juneauempire.com/stories/062910/sta_662959548.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208081553/http://juneauempire.com/stories/062910/sta_662959548.shtml |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=October 19, 2012 |publisher=juneauempire}}</ref> Faransanci, Turanci, Jamusanci, Sinanci, Georgian da wasu Lithuanian. <ref name="wsj">{{Cite web |last=JIM CARLTON |date=August 10, 2010 |title=In Alaska, a Frenchman Fights to Revive the Eyak's Dead Tongue |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704499604575407862950503190 |access-date=May 8, 2016 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Leduey ya zama mai sha'awar yaren Eyak mai mutuwa bayan ya koyi game da mai magana da shi na ƙarshe, [[Marie Smith Jones]], a Intanet.<ref name="ktuu">{{Cite web |last=Rhonda McBride |date=July 25, 2010 |title=Eyak language finds new speaker from unlikely upbringing |url=http://articles.ktuu.com/2010-07-25/eyak_24129152 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127073438/http://articles.ktuu.com/2010-07-25/eyak_24129152 |archive-date=January 27, 2013 |access-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref> A shekara 12 ko 13 ya ba da umarnin rubutun Eyak, kayan sauti da DVDs kuma ya fara nazarin shi.<ref name="juneau" /><ref name="iipdigital">{{Cite web |last=Kyle Hopkins |date=November 2, 2010 |title=Preserving Alaska's Native Languages – One Word at a Time |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2010/10/20101022140121aidan6.388491e-02.html |access-date=May 8, 2016 |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013080828/http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2010/10/20101022140121aidan6.388491e-02.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Leduey ta shiga cikin sadarwa ta imel tare da Majalisar Tsaro ta Eyak, wacce ke gudanar da aikin adana harshe na Eyak da Laura Bliss Spaan, mai shirya fina-finai na koyon DVDs, <ref name="wsj"/> kuma ta sadu da ita lokacin da ta ziyarci Faransa. Daga baya, Leduey ya tuntubi Michael E. Krauss, kuma a watan Yulin 2010 ya ziyarci Cordova, Alaska, ƙasar kakannin Eyak, don samun umarni da ƙarin horo a Eyak.<ref name="juneau"/><ref name="ktuu"/> A karkashin taimakon ilimi na Krauss, Leduey ya fara nazarin labarun Eyak.<ref name="juneau" /> Tare da Krauss, Bliss Spaan da Majalisar Tsaro ta Eyak suna aiki don farfado da Eyak ta hanyar buga kalmomin Eyak da jimloli a shafukan yanar gizo kamar Facebook da Twitter da kuma taimaka wa Eyaks nazarin yarensu.<ref name="iipdigital"/> A lokacin ziyararsa zuwa Alaska, Leduey ya kuma yi nazarin al'adun Eyak, gami da na abinci.<ref name="wsj" /><ref name="wsj" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] ejm0duvfbtdat71wb9qq2k7pdh3pekq 0 143387 827420 804137 2026-04-28T09:15:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Helen Elaine Maguire''' <ref>{{London Gazette|date=22 July 2024}}</ref> (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1977) 'yar siyasa ce ta jam'iyyar Democrat ta Burtaniya wacce ta kasance 'yar majalisar dokoki (MP) ga Epsom da Ewell tun daga shekarar 2024. Kafin ta shiga siyasa, Maguire ta yi aiki a rundunar sojojin Burtaniya tare da ' yan sandan Royal Military kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tara kuɗi da kuma mai koyar da motsa jiki. == Rayuwar farko da aiki == Maguire ta yi karatun Faransanci da Jamusanci a jami'a. Ta sami aikin jami'inta daga Kwalejin Sojoji ta Royal Military Academy Sandhurst . <ref name="50:50">{{Cite web |title=Helen Maguire |url=https://5050parliament.co.uk/about-us/bitesize-facilitators-party-ambassadors/helen-maguire/ |access-date=9 July 2024 |publisher=50:50 Parliament |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228050132/https://5050parliament.co.uk/about-us/bitesize-facilitators-party-ambassadors/helen-maguire/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayinta na tsohuwar Kyaftin a ' Yan sandan Royal Military, ta yi aiki a Bosnia a cikin aikin Rundunar Tsaro, da kuma a Iraki don taimakawa wajen sake gina 'Yan sandan Iraki da kuma samar da tallafin 'yan sanda a fagen yaki da ta'addanci ga sojojin ƙasa. Bayan barin aikin soja, Maguire ta yi aiki a matsayin mai koyar da motsa jiki ta kashin kanta kuma ta kafa kamfanin motsa jiki. Ta zama mai karɓar kuɗi a shekarar 2016 kuma daga baya ta gudanar da kasuwancin ba da shawara kan tara kuɗi. <ref name="50:50"/> Maguire ta sami lambar yabo ta British Empire (BEM) a bikin karramawar ranar haihuwa ta 2023 saboda ayyukan da ta yi wa al'umma a Claygate, Surrey (a mazabar Esher da Walton da ke makwabtaka da ita. Tana zaune a Surrey tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta 3. == Aikin majalisar dokoki == Maguire ya lashe kujerar Epsom da Ewell a babban zaɓen 2024 da ƙuri'u 20,674 (kashi 37.9 cikin ɗari), inda ya sami rinjayen kuri'u 3,686 akan ɗan takarar Conservative na biyu. [1] [2] A baya, Chris Grayling, ɗan Conservative ne ya riƙe wannan kujera, wanda ya sanar a watan Oktoban 2023 cewa ba zai sake tsayawa takara ba. [3] A ranar 18 ga Satumba, Shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal Democrat, Ed Davey, ya naɗa Maguire a matsayin kakakin jam'iyyar na tsaro a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Frontbench . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Self |first=Josh |date=18 September 2024 |title=Ed Davey unveils new Liberal Democrat frontbench |url=https://www.politics.co.uk/news/2024/09/18/ed-davey-unveils-new-liberal-democrat-frontbench/ |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=Politics.co.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] c17u5lncr9nnjjmeyhr5m06kdg0runq 0 143481 827083 804356 2026-04-27T12:29:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 827083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Penelope_Jessel.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Penelope Jessel]] '''Dame Penelope Jessel''' DBE (née a Blackwell; 2 ga Janairu 1920 - 2 ga Disamba 1996) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Burtaniya . == Bayani == An haife ta '''Penelope Blackwell''', 'yar mawallafi Sir Basil Blackwell da Marion Christine Soans. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Dragon, Oxford, Makarantar St Leonards, St Andrews, Fife, Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London . A shekarar 1940 ta auri ɗan jarida Robert George Jessel. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, 'yan jarida David Jessel da Stephen Jessel . Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1954. An naɗa ta a matsayin mace don ayyukan siyasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1987. == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Daga 1940 zuwa 1941 Jessel ta yi aiki a Oxford House, London. Ta shiga cikin Auxiliary Territorial Service, tana aiki daga 1941 zuwa 1943. Ta kasance malamar Kwalejin William Temple daga 1956 zuwa 1962. A 1965 ta buga ''Owen na Uppingham'' . Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Kwalejin Plater, a Oxford daga 1968 zuwa 1984. == Aikin siyasa == Jessel ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Hall Green na Birmingham a babban zaɓen 1964. Ta kuma fafata a zaɓen maye gurbin Birmingham Hall Green na 1965. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Banbury na Oxfordshire a babban zaɓen 1966. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Petersfield na Hampshire a babban zaɓen 1970. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Wellingborough na Northamptonshire a duka zaɓen 1974. Ba ta sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki ba. [1] Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Liberal daga 1970 zuwa 1972. Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Oxford . Ta kasance Shugabar Amintattu, na Cibiyar John Stuart Mill . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1985 zuwa 1988. [2] === Tarihin zaɓe === {{Election box begin||title=[[1964 United Kingdom general election|General Election 1964]]: Birmingham, Hall Green<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|title=UK General Election results October 1964|date=15 October 1964|work=Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources|publisher=Politics Resources|accessdate=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920182059/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|archive-date=20 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box turnout|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}}{{Election box begin||title=[[1965 Birmingham Hall Green by-election]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] rptbbe3gv94tfpoe42m68odwjpb3moj 827084 827083 2026-04-27T12:29:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 827084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Penelope_Jessel.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Penelope Jessel]] '''Dame Penelope Jessel''' DBE (née a Blackwell; 2 ga Janairu 1920 - 2 ga Disamba 1996) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jam'iyyar Liberal ta [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] . == Bayani == An haife ta '''Penelope Blackwell''', 'yar mawallafi Sir Basil Blackwell da Marion Christine Soans. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Dragon, Oxford, Makarantar St Leonards, St Andrews, Fife, Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London . A shekarar 1940 ta auri ɗan jarida Robert George Jessel. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, 'yan jarida David Jessel da Stephen Jessel . Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1954. An naɗa ta a matsayin mace don ayyukan siyasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1987. == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Daga 1940 zuwa 1941 Jessel ta yi aiki a Oxford House, London. Ta shiga cikin Auxiliary Territorial Service, tana aiki daga 1941 zuwa 1943. Ta kasance malamar Kwalejin William Temple daga 1956 zuwa 1962. A 1965 ta buga ''Owen na Uppingham'' . Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Kwalejin Plater, a Oxford daga 1968 zuwa 1984. == Aikin siyasa == Jessel ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Hall Green na Birmingham a babban zaɓen 1964. Ta kuma fafata a zaɓen maye gurbin Birmingham Hall Green na 1965. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Banbury na Oxfordshire a babban zaɓen 1966. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Petersfield na Hampshire a babban zaɓen 1970. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Wellingborough na Northamptonshire a duka zaɓen 1974. Ba ta sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki ba. [1] Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Liberal daga 1970 zuwa 1972. Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Oxford . Ta kasance Shugabar Amintattu, na Cibiyar John Stuart Mill . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1985 zuwa 1988. [2] === Tarihin zaɓe === {{Election box begin||title=[[1964 United Kingdom general election|General Election 1964]]: Birmingham, Hall Green<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|title=UK General Election results October 1964|date=15 October 1964|work=Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources|publisher=Politics Resources|accessdate=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920182059/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|archive-date=20 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box turnout|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}}{{Election box begin||title=[[1965 Birmingham Hall Green by-election]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] ry3wiu41k3mkdsjc8l9snt1bain5jxc 827085 827084 2026-04-27T12:29:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 827085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Penelope_Jessel.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Penelope Jessel]] '''Dame Penelope Jessel''' DBE (née a Blackwell; 2 ga Janairu 1920 - 2 ga Disamba 1996) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jam'iyyar Liberal ta [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]]. == Bayani == An haife ta '''Penelope Blackwell''', 'yar mawallafi Sir Basil Blackwell da Marion Christine Soans. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Dragon, Oxford, Makarantar St Leonards, St Andrews, Fife, Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London . A shekarar 1940 ta auri ɗan jarida Robert George Jessel. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, 'yan jarida David Jessel da Stephen Jessel . Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1954. An naɗa ta a matsayin mace don ayyukan siyasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1987. == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Daga 1940 zuwa 1941 Jessel ta yi aiki a Oxford House, London. Ta shiga cikin Auxiliary Territorial Service, tana aiki daga 1941 zuwa 1943. Ta kasance malamar Kwalejin William Temple daga 1956 zuwa 1962. A 1965 ta buga ''Owen na Uppingham'' . Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Kwalejin Plater, a Oxford daga 1968 zuwa 1984. == Aikin siyasa == Jessel ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Hall Green na Birmingham a babban zaɓen 1964. Ta kuma fafata a zaɓen maye gurbin Birmingham Hall Green na 1965. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Banbury na Oxfordshire a babban zaɓen 1966. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Petersfield na Hampshire a babban zaɓen 1970. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Wellingborough na Northamptonshire a duka zaɓen 1974. Ba ta sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki ba. [1] Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Liberal daga 1970 zuwa 1972. Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Oxford . Ta kasance Shugabar Amintattu, na Cibiyar John Stuart Mill . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1985 zuwa 1988. [2] === Tarihin zaɓe === {{Election box begin||title=[[1964 United Kingdom general election|General Election 1964]]: Birmingham, Hall Green<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|title=UK General Election results October 1964|date=15 October 1964|work=Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources|publisher=Politics Resources|accessdate=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920182059/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|archive-date=20 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box turnout|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}}{{Election box begin||title=[[1965 Birmingham Hall Green by-election]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] l6neit836533q1mcyzglnzs3ln5zbk5 827086 827085 2026-04-27T12:30:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 827086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Penelope_Jessel.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Penelope Jessel]] '''Dame Penelope Jessel''' DBE (née a Blackwell; 2 ga Janairu 1920 - 2 ga Disamba 1996) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jam'iyyar Liberal ta [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]]. == Bayani == An haife ta '''Penelope Blackwell''', 'yar mawallafi Sir Basil Blackwell da Marion Christine Soans. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Dragon, Oxford, Makarantar St Leonards, St Andrews, Fife, Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta [[Landan|London]] . A shekarar 1940 ta auri ɗan jarida Robert George Jessel. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, 'yan jarida David Jessel da Stephen Jessel . Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1954. An naɗa ta a matsayin mace don ayyukan siyasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1987. == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Daga 1940 zuwa 1941 Jessel ta yi aiki a Oxford House, London. Ta shiga cikin Auxiliary Territorial Service, tana aiki daga 1941 zuwa 1943. Ta kasance malamar Kwalejin William Temple daga 1956 zuwa 1962. A 1965 ta buga ''Owen na Uppingham'' . Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Kwalejin Plater, a Oxford daga 1968 zuwa 1984. == Aikin siyasa == Jessel ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Hall Green na Birmingham a babban zaɓen 1964. Ta kuma fafata a zaɓen maye gurbin Birmingham Hall Green na 1965. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Banbury na Oxfordshire a babban zaɓen 1966. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Petersfield na Hampshire a babban zaɓen 1970. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Wellingborough na Northamptonshire a duka zaɓen 1974. Ba ta sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki ba. [1] Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Liberal daga 1970 zuwa 1972. Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Oxford . Ta kasance Shugabar Amintattu, na Cibiyar John Stuart Mill . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1985 zuwa 1988. [2] === Tarihin zaɓe === {{Election box begin||title=[[1964 United Kingdom general election|General Election 1964]]: Birmingham, Hall Green<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|title=UK General Election results October 1964|date=15 October 1964|work=Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources|publisher=Politics Resources|accessdate=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920182059/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|archive-date=20 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box turnout|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}}{{Election box begin||title=[[1965 Birmingham Hall Green by-election]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 21rhwe4tooxnb9u1wvj20dbhkhqa52w 827087 827086 2026-04-27T12:30:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 827087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Penelope_Jessel.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Penelope Jessel]] '''Dame Penelope Jessel''' DBE (née a Blackwell; 2 ga Janairu 1920 - 2 ga Disamba 1996) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jam'iyyar Liberal ta [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]]. == Bayani == An haife ta '''Penelope Blackwell''', 'yar mawallafi Sir Basil Blackwell da Marion Christine Soans. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Dragon, Oxford, Makarantar St Leonards, St Andrews, Fife, Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta [[Landan|London]] . A shekarar 1940 ta auri ɗan jarida Robert George Jessel. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, 'yan jarida David Jessel da Stephen Jessel. Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1954. An naɗa ta a matsayin mace don ayyukan siyasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1987. == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Daga 1940 zuwa 1941 Jessel ta yi aiki a Oxford House, London. Ta shiga cikin Auxiliary Territorial Service, tana aiki daga 1941 zuwa 1943. Ta kasance malamar Kwalejin William Temple daga 1956 zuwa 1962. A 1965 ta buga ''Owen na Uppingham'' . Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Kwalejin Plater, a Oxford daga 1968 zuwa 1984. == Aikin siyasa == Jessel ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Hall Green na Birmingham a babban zaɓen 1964. Ta kuma fafata a zaɓen maye gurbin Birmingham Hall Green na 1965. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Banbury na Oxfordshire a babban zaɓen 1966. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Petersfield na Hampshire a babban zaɓen 1970. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Wellingborough na Northamptonshire a duka zaɓen 1974. Ba ta sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki ba. [1] Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Liberal daga 1970 zuwa 1972. Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Oxford . Ta kasance Shugabar Amintattu, na Cibiyar John Stuart Mill . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1985 zuwa 1988. [2] === Tarihin zaɓe === {{Election box begin||title=[[1964 United Kingdom general election|General Election 1964]]: Birmingham, Hall Green<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|title=UK General Election results October 1964|date=15 October 1964|work=Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources|publisher=Politics Resources|accessdate=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920182059/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|archive-date=20 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box turnout|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}}{{Election box begin||title=[[1965 Birmingham Hall Green by-election]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 6vshmr2myq7sueqn527m9kekwmq4a91 827088 827087 2026-04-27T12:31:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 827088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Penelope_Jessel.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Penelope Jessel]] '''Dame Penelope Jessel''' DBE (née a Blackwell; 2 ga Janairu 1920 - 2 ga Disamba 1996) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jam'iyyar Liberal ta [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]]. == Bayani == An haife ta '''Penelope Blackwell''', 'yar mawallafi Sir Basil Blackwell da Marion Christine Soans. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Dragon, Oxford, Makarantar St Leonards, St Andrews, Fife, Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta [[Landan|London]] . A shekarar 1940 ta auri ɗan jarida Robert George Jessel. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, 'yan jarida David Jessel da Stephen Jessel. Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1954. An naɗa ta a matsayin mace don ayyukan siyasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1987. == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Daga 1940 zuwa 1941 Jessel ta yi aiki a Oxford House, London. Ta shiga cikin Auxiliary Territorial Service, tana aiki daga 1941 zuwa 1943. Ta kasance malamar Kwalejin William Temple daga 1956 zuwa 1962. A 1965 ta buga ''Owen na Uppingham''. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Kwalejin Plater, a Oxford daga 1968 zuwa 1984. == Aikin siyasa == Jessel ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Hall Green na Birmingham a babban zaɓen 1964. Ta kuma fafata a zaɓen maye gurbin Birmingham Hall Green na 1965. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Banbury na Oxfordshire a babban zaɓen 1966. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Petersfield na Hampshire a babban zaɓen 1970. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Wellingborough na Northamptonshire a duka zaɓen 1974. Ba ta sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki ba. [1] Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Liberal daga 1970 zuwa 1972. Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Oxford . Ta kasance Shugabar Amintattu, na Cibiyar John Stuart Mill . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1985 zuwa 1988. [2] === Tarihin zaɓe === {{Election box begin||title=[[1964 United Kingdom general election|General Election 1964]]: Birmingham, Hall Green<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|title=UK General Election results October 1964|date=15 October 1964|work=Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources|publisher=Politics Resources|accessdate=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920182059/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|archive-date=20 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box turnout|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}}{{Election box begin||title=[[1965 Birmingham Hall Green by-election]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 2dars0yxnr1dwxkr93pkvnds34j04u6 827089 827088 2026-04-27T12:31:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 827089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Penelope_Jessel.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Penelope Jessel]] '''Dame Penelope Jessel''' DBE (née a Blackwell; 2 ga Janairu 1920 - 2 ga Disamba 1996) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jam'iyyar Liberal ta [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]]. == Bayani == An haife ta '''Penelope Blackwell''', 'yar mawallafi Sir Basil Blackwell da Marion Christine Soans. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Dragon, Oxford, Makarantar St Leonards, St Andrews, Fife, Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta [[Landan|London]] . A shekarar 1940 ta auri ɗan jarida Robert George Jessel. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, 'yan jarida David Jessel da Stephen Jessel. Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1954. An naɗa ta a matsayin mace don ayyukan siyasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1987. == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Daga 1940 zuwa 1941 Jessel ta yi aiki a Oxford House, [[Landan|London]]. Ta shiga cikin Auxiliary Territorial Service, tana aiki daga 1941 zuwa 1943. Ta kasance malamar Kwalejin William Temple daga 1956 zuwa 1962. A 1965 ta buga ''Owen na Uppingham''. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Kwalejin Plater, a Oxford daga 1968 zuwa 1984. == Aikin siyasa == Jessel ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Hall Green na Birmingham a babban zaɓen 1964. Ta kuma fafata a zaɓen maye gurbin Birmingham Hall Green na 1965. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Banbury na Oxfordshire a babban zaɓen 1966. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Petersfield na Hampshire a babban zaɓen 1970. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Wellingborough na Northamptonshire a duka zaɓen 1974. Ba ta sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki ba. [1] Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Liberal daga 1970 zuwa 1972. Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Oxford . Ta kasance Shugabar Amintattu, na Cibiyar John Stuart Mill . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1985 zuwa 1988. [2] === Tarihin zaɓe === {{Election box begin||title=[[1964 United Kingdom general election|General Election 1964]]: Birmingham, Hall Green<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|title=UK General Election results October 1964|date=15 October 1964|work=Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources|publisher=Politics Resources|accessdate=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920182059/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|archive-date=20 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box turnout|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}}{{Election box begin||title=[[1965 Birmingham Hall Green by-election]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 3oo7kfcgws4e1lx7v304lc812p6zry6 827090 827089 2026-04-27T12:31:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 827090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Penelope_Jessel.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Penelope Jessel]] '''Dame Penelope Jessel''' DBE (née a Blackwell; 2 ga Janairu 1920 - 2 ga Disamba 1996) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jam'iyyar Liberal ta [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]]. == Bayani == An haife ta '''Penelope Blackwell''', 'yar mawallafi Sir Basil Blackwell da Marion Christine Soans. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Dragon, Oxford, Makarantar St Leonards, St Andrews, Fife, Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta [[Landan|London]] . A shekarar 1940 ta auri ɗan jarida Robert George Jessel. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, 'yan jarida David Jessel da Stephen Jessel. Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1954. An naɗa ta a matsayin mace don ayyukan siyasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1987. == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Daga 1940 zuwa 1941 Jessel ta yi aiki a Oxford House, [[Landan|London]]. Ta shiga cikin Auxiliary Territorial Service, tana aiki daga 1941 zuwa 1943. Ta kasance malamar Kwalejin William Temple daga 1956 zuwa 1962. A 1965 ta buga ''Owen na Uppingham''. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Kwalejin Plater, a Oxford daga 1968 zuwa 1984. == Aikin siyasa == Jessel ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Hall Green na Birmingham a babban zaɓen 1964. Ta kuma fafata a zaɓen maye gurbin Birmingham Hall Green na 1965. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Banbury na Oxfordshire a babban zaɓen 1966. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Petersfield na Hampshire a babban zaɓen 1970. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Wellingborough na Northamptonshire a duka zaɓen 1974. Ba ta sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki ba. [1] Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Liberal daga 1970 zuwa 1972. Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Oxford . Ta kasance Shugabar Amintattu, na Cibiyar John Stuart Mill . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1985 zuwa 1988. === Tarihin zaɓe === {{Election box begin||title=[[1964 United Kingdom general election|General Election 1964]]: Birmingham, Hall Green<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|title=UK General Election results October 1964|date=15 October 1964|work=Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources|publisher=Politics Resources|accessdate=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920182059/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|archive-date=20 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box turnout|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}}{{Election box begin||title=[[1965 Birmingham Hall Green by-election]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 0h6sfpacxu9hhq7onvxq7rlojdzdtrm 827091 827090 2026-04-27T12:32:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 827091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Penelope_Jessel.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Penelope Jessel]] '''Dame Penelope Jessel''' DBE (née a Blackwell; 2 ga Janairu 1920 - 2 ga Disamba 1996) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jam'iyyar Liberal ta [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]]. == Bayani == An haife ta '''Penelope Blackwell''', 'yar mawallafi Sir Basil Blackwell da Marion Christine Soans. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Dragon, Oxford, Makarantar St Leonards, St Andrews, Fife, Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta [[Landan|London]] . A shekarar 1940 ta auri ɗan jarida Robert George Jessel. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, 'yan jarida David Jessel da Stephen Jessel. Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1954. An naɗa ta a matsayin mace don ayyukan siyasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1987. == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Daga 1940 zuwa 1941 Jessel ta yi aiki a Oxford House, [[Landan|London]]. Ta shiga cikin Auxiliary Territorial Service, tana aiki daga 1941 zuwa 1943. Ta kasance malamar Kwalejin William Temple daga 1956 zuwa 1962. A 1965 ta buga ''Owen na Uppingham''. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Kwalejin Plater, a Oxford daga 1968 zuwa 1984. == Aikin siyasa == Jessel ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Hall Green na Birmingham a babban zaɓen 1964. Ta kuma fafata a zaɓen maye gurbin Birmingham Hall Green na 1965. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Banbury na Oxfordshire a babban zaɓen 1966. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Petersfield na Hampshire a babban zaɓen 1970. Ta kasance 'yar takarar Liberal a sashin Wellingborough na Northamptonshire a duka zaɓen 1974. Ba ta sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki ba. [1] Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Liberal daga 1970 zuwa 1972. Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Oxford . Ta kasance Shugabar Amintattu, na Cibiyar John Stuart Mill . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1985 zuwa 1988. === Tarihin zaɓe === {{Election box begin||title=[[1964 United Kingdom general election|General Election 1964]]: Birmingham, Hall Green<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|title=UK General Election results October 1964|date=15 October 1964|work=Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources|publisher=Politics Resources|accessdate=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920182059/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge64/i03.htm|archive-date=20 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box turnout|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}}{{Election box begin||title=[[1965 Birmingham Hall Green by-election]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box candidate with party link|}} {{Election box majority|}} {{Election box hold with party link|}} {{End}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] pu6khn5ix4dzjxayddw79mvlz8s45ok 0 143686 827342 804886 2026-04-27T22:56:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadijat Gatayeva''' (wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Hadizhat Gataeva''' ko '''Khadijad Gataeva''' ) 'yar fafutukar [[Taimako na jin kai|kare hakkin bil'adama]] ce ta [[Musulmi|Musulmi ']] yar Chechnya wadda tare da mijinta Malik suka kula da wasu marayun yaƙi na Grozny . Yawanci ana kiranta da '''Hadijat''' . Gatayeva da 'ya'yanta suna ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi magana a fim ɗin shirin gaskiya na shekarar 2005 mai suna ''The 3 Rooms of Melancholia'' ( ''[[:fi:Melancholian 3 huonetta|Melancholian 3 huonetta]]'' ) wanda Pirjo Honkasalo ya shirya, wanda tun daga lokacin yake ci gaba da hulɗa da ita. Hadijat kuma ita ce mai taken " mala'ika " a cikin littafin " ''Angel of Grozny: Orphans of a Forgotten War"'' na Åsne Seierstad . == Tarihin Rayuwa == Gatayeva, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramar ma'aikaciyar jinya ga sojojin 'yan aware a Yaƙin Chechen na Farko, ta buɗe gidan marayu na wucin gadi ga yaran da ke kan tituna a shekarar 1996. Bayan fara Yaƙin Chechen na Biyu a shekarar 1999, na tsawon lokaci ta kula da gidan marayunta a wani sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a jamhuriyar Ingushetia da ke makwabtaka da ita; an tilasta mata komawa Grozny da aka lalata bayan an katse wutar lantarki da ruwa daga sansanin bayan hawan Murat Zyazikov a shekarar 2002. Daga ƙarshe, ta ƙaura daga Rasha zuwa Kaunas da ke [[Lithuania]] . A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2008, an ruwaito cewa Gatayeva ta "ɓace" bayan da 'yan sandan Lithuania suka kama ta da mijinta a Kaunas bisa tuhumar da ba a fayyace ba. A ranar 7 ga Janairun 2010, 'yan sandan Finland suka kama Gatayeva da mijinta. An kama su ne bisa ga sammacin kama su na Turai daga Lithuania. Kafin kama su, Gatayeva da mijinta sun nemi [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|mafakar siyasa]] a [[Finland]] . An ba da mafakar siyasa ga hukumomin Lithuania a watan Mayun 2012. == Manazarta == <ref>Rescuer of Chechen orphans missing after arrest in Lithuania, ''Helsingin Sanomat'', 24.10.2008</ref> <ref>Rescuer of Chechen orphans missing after arrest in Lithuania, ''Helsingin Sanomat'', 24.10.2008</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105052720/http://www.amina.com/article/child_rep1.html Marayun Grozny da yaƙi ya taurare suna ƙoƙarin sake zama yara], ''The Globe and Mail'', 1996 * [http://pangaea.org/street_children/russia/grozny.htm Yaran Grozny na Yaƙi suna fatan samun Kwanaki Masu Kyau], Reuters, 26 Disamba 1997 * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/oct99/orphans06.htm Marayu na Yaƙi Ɗaya Yanzu Suna Fuskantar Wani], ''Jaridar Washington Post'', 6 ga Oktoba, 1999 * [http://listserv.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=JUSTWATCH-L;Mer2Hw;20020506164651-0400 Marayu da aka yi wa yaƙin Chechen sun cika da kyauta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505133707/https://listserv.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=JUSTWATCH-L;Mer2Hw;20020506164651-0400 |date=2021-05-05 }}, ''Toronto Star'', 5 ga Mayu, 2002 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616025625/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3465804.ece Marubuciya Asne Seierstad ta shiga jahannama tare da mala'ikan Grozny], ''Jaridar Sunday Times'', Maris 2, 2008 * [http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/groznys-lost-boys/2008/03/21/1205602658064.html Yaran Grozny da suka ɓace], ''Jaridar The Sydney Morning Herald'', Maris 22, 2008 * [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_/ai_n24974124 Mafaka ga marayun da guguwar Chechen ta Rasha ta shafa], ''Jaridar Independent'', Maris 28, 2008 * [http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2008/04/20/story32082.asp Shaida ga tsoro]{{Dead link|date=May 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''The Post'', 20 ga Afrilu, 2008 [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1fhytc91q7axjyhf9d79gedejbzx45i 0 143913 827335 805437 2026-04-27T22:04:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} Edit Doron (Ibraniyawa; 9 ga Afrilu, 1951 - 27 ga Maris, 2019) masanin kimiyya ne na Isra'ila wanda ya kware a ilimin harshe. == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Doron a Urushalima. Mahaifinta ya yi hijira daga [[Turkiyya]] zuwa Mandate Palestine na Burtaniya a 1935, bayan an kori iyalinsa daga gidansu a Gallipoli . An haifi mahaifiyarta ne a Mandate Palestine na Burtaniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Idit Doron |url=https://israel-prize.education.gov.il/israel-prize-recipients/pras-israel-catalog/idit-doron/ |website=Israel Prize |language=he }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Ibrananci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=הוקרה ופרסים |url=https://www.leyada.net/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D-2/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=בית הספר התיכון ליד האוניברסיטה |language=he-IL}}</ref> kuma daga baya ta kammala BA da MA a lissafi a Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Urushalima. <ref name=":0"/> Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin harshe daga Jami'ar Texas a Austin a shekarar 1983. Daga 1984 zuwa 1985 ta gudanar da wata kungiya ta post-doctoral a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-13 |title=LINGUIST List 30.2022: All: Obituary: Edit Doron (1951-2019) |url=https://linguistlist.org/issues/30/30-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514050837/https://linguistlist.org/issues/30/30-2022.html |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |access-date=2019-05-14 |website=The LINGUIST List |language=en}}</ref> Doron ya mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2019, yana da shekaru 67. == Ayyuka == Doron farfesa ne a Sashen Harshe da Harshe, Cibiyar Mahimmanci da Cognition a Kwalejin Humanities a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima . [1] Binciken Doron a cikin ilimin harshe gabaɗaya yana mai da hankali musamman kan Ibrananci, Larabci, Aramaic, Turanci da Faransanci. Ta wallafa labarai da yawa a kan dubawa na semantics, morphology da syntax.[2] Doron ya kasance Shugaban Ƙungiyar Isra'ila don ilimin harshe daga 2008 zuwa 2010. Ta yi aiki a matsayin co-direkta na hadin gwiwar Jami'ar Ibrananci da Jami'ar Tel-Aviv tsarin tsarin Linguistics PhD. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edit Doron's Memo |url=http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~edit/ |access-date=2019-05-14 |website=pluto.huji.ac.il}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] jpvc7zgyffezdmqjje0mvrou4lcogso 0 143985 827155 805642 2026-04-27T14:24:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gina Dent''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1966) farfesa ce 'yar Amurka a fannin Nazarin Mata a UC Santa Cruz . Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar sashen bambancin ra'ayi, daidaito, da kuma haɗa kai a Sashen Bil Adama a UC Santa Cruz. [1] Ta rubuta tare da haɗin gwiwar littafin Abolition. Feminism na 2022. Yanzu. tare da abokiyar zamanta, [[Angela Davis]] ; Erica Meiners ; da Beth Richie . == Ilimi == Dent ta sami digirin BA a fannin Adabin Kwatanta daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gina Dent |url=https://ppfp.ucop.edu/info/fellowship-recipients/fellows-pages/dent-gina.html |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=ppfp.ucop.edu |language=en}}</ref> da kuma digirin MA da PhD a fannin Adabin Turanci da Kwatanta daga Jami'ar Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=CJTC — Steering Committee |url=http://cjtc.ucsc.edu/sc_ginaDent.html |access-date=2017-11-18 |website=cjtc.ucsc.edu}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Politics: Gina Dent |url=https://politics.ucsc.edu/faculty/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=ginadent |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=politics.ucsc.edu |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Dent yana nan a halin yanzu farfesa ce a fannin nazarin mata, tarihin sani, da kuma nazarin shari'a a sashen ilimin ɗan adam a Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=People {{!}} Gina Dent {{!}} The Heyman Center for the Humanities at Columbia University |url=http://heymancenter.org/people/gina-dent/ |access-date=2017-11-18 |website=heymancenter.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2"/> A shekarar 2019, ta sami lambar yabo ta Dizikes saboda koyarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rappaport |first=Scott |title=Feminist studies professor Gina Dent receives Dizikes Award for teaching in Humanities |url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/06/humanities-dizikes-awards.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=UC Santa Cruz News |language=en}}</ref> Abubuwan da take sha'awa a bincike sun haɗa da [[Nazarin baƙar fata|nazarin Afirka]], ka'idar shari'a, da al'adun jama'a. <ref name=":2"/> Ita ce editan ''Baƙar fata Al'adu Mai Farin Ciki'' (1992). <ref name=":0"/> An sanya wa wannan tarin suna a matsayin ''Mafi Kyawun Littafin Muryar Ƙauye na Shekara'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Popular Culture |url=https://thenewpress.com/books/black-popular-culture |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=The New Press |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Dent ta yi aiki a cikin tawagarta zuwa [[Falasdinu|Falasɗinu]], kuma tana fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Popular Culture |url=https://thenewpress.com/books/black-popular-culture |website=The New Press}}</ref> Ana nemanta a duniya a matsayin mai magana da kuma mai koyarwa kan Baƙar fata 'Yan Mata da kuma kawar da tsattsauran ra'ayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aydemir |first=Murat |date=2018-04-13 |title=Gina Dent: The Idea of Africa |url=https://www.nica-institute.com/gina-dent-the-idea-of-africa/ |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=Netherlands Institute for Cultural Analysis (NICA) |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gina Dent |url=https://egs.edu/biography/gina-dent/ |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=The European Graduate School |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Lecture with Professor Gina Dent |url=http://iraas.columbia.edu/Event/public-lecture-professor-gina-dent |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=iraas.columbia.edu }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-16 |title=Destacadas activistas feministas visitaron Cárcel Distrital |url=https://periodismopublico.com/destacadas-activistas-feministas |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=periodismopublico.com |publisher=Periodismo Público |language=es}}</ref> Tana da 'yan wasa biyu masu zuwa littattafai, ''Kurkuku a matsayin Iyaka da Sauran Makaloli'' da kuma ''Anchored to the Real: Black Literature in the Wake of Anthropology,'' wanda Duke University Press za ta buga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=People {{!}} Gina Dent {{!}} The Heyman Center for the Humanities at Columbia University |url=http://heymancenter.org/people/gina-dent/ |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=heymancenter.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gina Dent - The European Graduate School |url=http://egs.edu/faculty/gina-dent |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=egs.edu |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=PUBLIC LECTURE with Professor Gina Dent {{!}} IRAAS Institute for Research in African-American Studies |url=http://iraas.columbia.edu/Event/public-lecture-professor-gina-dent |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=iraas.columbia.edu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dent ya rubuta tare da haɗin gwiwar littafin ''[[Abolition. Feminism. Now.|Abolition.]]'' ''[[Abolition. Feminism. Now.|Feminism na 2022. Yanzu.]]'' tare da Angela Davis, Erica Meiners, da Beth Richie, wanda ke jayayya don hangen nesa na kawar da fursunoni na mata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Amna A. |date=2022-06-28 |title=Long and Variegated Struggles: On 'Abolition. Feminism. Now.' |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/long-and-variegated-struggles-on-abolition-feminism-now/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=Kitana |date=2022-07-21 |title=What Is Abolition Feminism and Why Do We Need It Now? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/what-is-abolition-feminism-and-why-do-we-need-it-now/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Non Profit News {{!}} Nonprofit Quarterly |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya zuwa 2020 , Dent tana zaune tare da abokin tarayya, masanin mata kuma mai fafutuka [[Angela Davis|Angela Y. Davis]] . <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Nelson |date=October 19, 2020 |title=Angela Davis Still Believes America Can Change |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/10/19/t-magazine/angela-davis.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Black History Month • Angela Davis {{!}} Know the Past • Shape the Future |url=https://www.wbbjtv.com/2023/02/20/black-history-month-angela-davis/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=WBBJ TV |language=en-US}}</ref> Tare, sun ba da shawara don kawar da 'yan sanda da kurkuku, ta amfani da manufar kawar da mata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Constantino |first=Annika |date=2020-10-28 |title=Angela Davis, Gina Dent discuss abolition as 'a politic and a practice' |url=https://www.dailycal.org/2020/10/27/angela-davis-gina-dent-discuss-abolition-as-a-politic-and-a-practice/ |access-date=2021-12-29 |website=The Daily Californian |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == Tushe: <ref name=":2"/> * Edita, ''Al'adun Baƙar fata Masu Farin Ciki'' . Seattle: Bay Press, 1992; New York: New Press, 1999. * " Michael Joo ", a cikin Elaine Kim da Margo Machida, editoci, ''Sabbin Magana/Gogewa: Batutuwan 'Yan Asiya na Amurka a cikin Fasahar gani ta Zamani'' . Berkeley: Jami'ar California Press. 2003 * Marubuciya tare da mai ba da shawara [[Angela Davis|Angela Y. Davis]], <ref name=":1"/> "Kurkuku a Matsayin Iyaka: Tattaunawa kan Jinsi, Duniya da Hukunci", ''Alamomi: Mujallar Mata a Al'adu da Al'umma'', Vol. 26, No. 4; Lokacin bazara na 2001. * "Labarin New York", kasida kan kasidar baje kolin ''Haɗawa/Ballewa'' . Graz, Austria. 1997. * Jack Salzman, David Lionel Smith, da Cornel West (masu gyara), "Rita Dove" da "Jamaica Kincaid" (tarihin rayuwar adabi) a cikin ''Encyclopedia of African American Al'adu da Tarihi'', New York: Takardar Karatu ta Macmillan. 1996. * "Matsayin Mishan" a cikin Rebecca Walker (ed.), ''Don Ka Kasance Gaskiya: Faɗin Gaskiya da Sauya Fuskar Mace'' . New York: Anchor/Doubleday. 1995. * "Kabila da Wariyar Launin Fata: Taron Karawa Juna Sani", ''Rubutun Zamantakewa'' . Vol. 42. Bazara, 1995 * == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4nxzyu5hgx5zks08jcyuuoba623v246 0 144392 827159 806722 2026-04-27T14:48:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pilar de Zubiaurre''' (Garai, Basque Country (Spain), 1884 - [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] City, Mexico, 1970) ya kasance mai basira ne na Basque, marubuci, pianist, kuma dillalin fasaha da kuma manajan wanda ya zauna a gudun hijira a Mexico sama da shekaru talatin sakamakon yakin basasar Spain . An haifi Zubiaurre ne a cikin iyali mai arziki. Mahaifinta, Valentín María de Zubiaurre, ya kasance malami na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Mutanen Espanya, yayin da 'yan uwanta Ramón da {{Interlanguage link|Valentín de Zubiaurre|es}}, sanannun masu zane ne waɗanda suka gudanar da nune-nunen a duk duniya.[es] Zubiaurre ta auri Ricardo Gutiérrez Abascal, sanannen mai sukar fasaha wanda aka sani da sunan "Juan de la Encina". == Rayuwa da ayyukan al'adu == Zubiaurre ta taka rawa sosai a al'adun Spain a lokacin shekarun 1910 zuwa 1930. Shi ya sa [[Iker González-Allende]], editan ayyukanta, ta kira ta "mace ta Zamanin '98" da kuma "mace ta zamani". Zubiaurre tana ɗaya daga cikin masu tallata mujallar ''Hermes: Revista del País Vasco (1917–1922)'' . A shekarun 1910 ta shirya tarurrukan al'adu a ɗakin zane-zane na 'yan uwanta da ke [[Madrid]] . Waɗannan tarurrukan, waɗanda ake kira "Asabar Zubiaurres", wasu daga cikin masana da masu fasaha mafi dacewa a wancan lokacin sun halarci su, kamar Manuel de Falla, José Ortega y Gasset, Diego Rivera da Juan Ramón Jiménez . Zubiaurre kuma ita ce manajan 'yan uwanta kurame guda biyu, waɗanda zane-zanensu ta taimaka wajen sayarwa da tallata su ta hanyar shirya nune-nunen ƙasa da ƙasa. Ta kuma shiga cikin kafa da haɓaka ƙungiyar Lyceum Club Femenino, ƙungiyar al'adu ta mata ta farko a Spain, wacce María de Maeztu ke shugabanta. A gaskiya ma, ta riƙe matsayin darektan Sashen Adabi na Lyceum daga 1928 zuwa 1932, tana shirya gabatarwa a bainar jama'a daga masana Sipaniya da na ƙasashen waje. A Lyceum, ta zama abokiyar kud da kud da marubuta mata, ciki har da Ernestina de Champourcín da Concha Méndez . Ta kuma kasance abokiyar Federico García Lorca, wanda ya sadaukar da waƙarsa mai suna "Tres ciudades" ("Birni Uku"). A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain, Zubiaurre da mijinta sun bi Gwamnatin Republican mai dimokuradiyya zuwa Valencia, inda suka zauna a Casa de la Cultura (Gidan Al'adu) tare da sauran masana masu ra'ayin hagu. Ta bar Spain godiya ga Lázaro Cárdenas, shugaban Mexico, wanda ya ba mijinta da sauran masana 'yan Spain mukamai a cibiyar al'adu ta La Casa de España, wacce daga baya aka kira ta El Colegio de México . A kan hanyarta ta zuwa gudun hijira, Zubiaurre ta yanke shawarar yin kwana tara a New York, inda, tare da Zenobia Camprubí da Juan Ramón Jiménez, ta ziyarci wurare da dama masu ban sha'awa kamar Hispanic Society of America da Jami'ar Columbia . Zubiaurre ta koma Spain a shekarar 1951, daga baya kuma, a shekarar 1955, ta yi tafiya zuwa Spain tare da mijinta. Tun daga shekarar 1964, Zubiaurre ta yi tafiya zuwa Spain sau ɗaya a shekara, har sai da ta mutu a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1970 a Mexico. == Ayyuka == Zubiaurre ta buga labarai da dama a cikin mujallu da jaridu. A shekarar 1909, ta buga wasu labarai da ke tallata muhimmancin fasaha a cikin jaridar 'yan kishin ƙasa ta Basque ''[[Bizkaitarra]]'' a ƙarƙashin sunan "Hulda de Garay". Ta kuma buga labarai 16 a cikin mujallar ''[[Euzko Deya: La voz de los vascos en México]]'' tsakanin 1944 da 1958 ta amfani da sunan "Landabarrenako Damia" ("The Lady of Landabarrena", sunan gidan danginta a ƙasar Basque). Sunan sashen Zubiaurre a cikin ''Euzko Deya'', "Evocación," yana nuna yanayin labaran. A cikin dukkansu, marubucin ya tuna yanayin ƙasa, al'adu, da mutanen da ta bari a ƙasar Basque a cikin mamaki. Zubiaurre ta kuma rubuta littafin tarihin rayuwarta tsakanin 1913 da 1943, inda ta nuna rayuwarta ta al'adu mai aiki, goyon bayanta ga Jamhuriyar Spain ta Biyu, ra'ayoyinta na siyasa na 'yan hagu da na Basque a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain, da kuma wahalar da ta sha a lokacin hijira. Iker González-Allende ne ya tattara labaran Zubiaurre da littafin tarihin rayuwarsa a cikin wani littafi mai suna ''Evocaciones: Artículos y diario (1909–1958)'' . == Littattafai == * ''[https://www.academia.edu/1903482/Pilar_de_Zubiaurre._Evocaciones._Art%C3%ADculos_y_diario_1909-1958_._Edition_transcription_introduction_and_notes_by_Iker_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Allende Evocaciones. Articulos y diario (1909-1958)]'' . Iker González-Allende ne ya gyara shi. Donostia : Saturraran, 2009. * ''[http://tamesisbooks.com/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=14480 Epistolario de Pilar de Zubiaurre (1906-1970)]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' . Iker González-Allende ne ya gyara shi. Woodbridge: Tamesis, 2014. [https://www.academia.edu/8730103/Epistolario_de_Pilar_de_Zubiaurre_1906-1970_ Tebur na Abubuwan ciki] == Duba kuma == * Ricardo Gutiérrez Abascal == Manazarta == * Iker González-Allende: " [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlangspanish/33/ Pilar de Zubiaurre: entre el cometa y la sombra] ". A cikin ''abubuwan ban mamaki?'' ''La mujer vasca en el exilio de 1936'' . Ed. [[José Ramón Zabala]] . Donostia: Saturraran, 2007, shafi na 409–437. * Iker González-Allende: " [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlangspanish/97/ El adiós del exiliado: Las rutas de la memoria en Pilar de Zubiaurre] ." A cikin ''El exilio republicano de 1939 y la segunda generación'' . Ed. [[Manuel Aznar Soler]] da [[José Ramón López García]] . [[Sevilla]] : Renacimiento, 2012, shafi na 1052–1058. * Iker González-Allende: “ [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlangspanish/98/ Matsalolin Fitowar Mata da Alaƙa da Littattafan Transatlantic a cikin Aikin Pilar de Zubiaurre] .” A cikin ''Hispania: Mujallar da aka keɓe ga koyar da Sifaniyanci da Fotigal'' 95.2 (2012), shafuka 211–26. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1884]] lu2ogwkqtseplnwzaqr69ecvgj4ac1y 0 144510 827405 807026 2026-04-28T09:01:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Heinrich Arnhold''', a cikin cikakke Heinrich Gustav Arnhold (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1885, a Dresden; ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1935, a Dresder) ya kasance ɗan bankin Jamus, mai tarawa, mai tallafawa da Esperantist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lins |first=Ulrich |date=2006 |title=Ulrich Lins: Heinrich Arnhold. Ein vergessener Pionier. In: Esperanto aktuell 2006/1, S. 8f |journal=Esperanto Aktuell |pages=8}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == Arnhold ya fito ne daga dangin banki na Dresden; Georg Arnhold shi ne mahaifinsa, Max Arnhold kawunsa. Dukansu sun gina Arnhold Brothers a cikin babban banki mai zaman kansa a Saxony. Ya girma ne ta hanyar matsayi na tsakiya da kuma yanayin ci gaba na gidan iyayensa. A shekara ta 1907 ya halarci taron zaman lafiya na duniya na 16 a [[München|Munich]] tare da mahaifinsa, mai kula da Ƙungiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Jamus. Bertha Suttner ce ta yi wahayi, ya koyi Esperanto tun yana ƙarami. Malamin sa shi ne mawakiyar Dresden Esperanto Marie Hankel . A shekara ta 1908 ya kasance daya daga cikin masu shirya taron Esperanto na 4 a Dresden . Daga 1911 zuwa 1914 ya kasance shugaban farko na Saxon Esperanto Federation, daga 1912 kuma mai ba da kuɗi na Jamusanci Esperanto Federation. Heinrich Arnhold ya yi karatun shari'a kuma ya sami digirin digirinsa a fannin shari'a daga [[Jami'ar Leipzig]] a 1908. Ya shiga bankin a matsayin abokin tarayya a 1910. A shekara ta 1914 ya auri Lisa, mai suna Mattersdorff (1890-1972), kuma daga dangin banki na Dresden. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyar: Ruth, daga baya ta auri Steiner (1914-2001), Sigrid, daga baya ya auri Edwards († kafin 1992), Rainer († 1993), Esther, daga baya suka auri Seligmann (1918 - Mayu 5, 2000), da Heinrich-Hartmut (Henry H. Arnhold). Gidan iyali a kan Tiergartenstraße wuri ne na taruwa da kuma shafin yanar gizon Arnhold. A cikin 1927, Arnhold yana da lambun gidan da Erwin Barth ya sake tsarawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-30 |title=Architekturmuseum der TU Berlin |url=https://architekturmuseum.ub.tu-berlin.de/index.php?p=51 |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=Architekturmuseum Berlin}}</ref> Heinrich da Lisa Arnhold sun gina tarin fasahar zamani da kuma, tare da ƙarfafawa daga saka hannun jari na iyali a masana'antar yumbu da yumbu, tarin yumbu na Meissen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Henry Arnhold's Meissen Palace: Celebrating a Collector {{!}} The Frick Collection |url=https://www.frick.org/press/henry_arnhold%E2%80%99s_meissen_palace_celebrating_collector |access-date=2022-02-24 |website=www.frick.org}}</ref> Lokacin da Nazis suka hau mulki a 1933, an tsananta wa Arnhold, iyalinsa da kasuwancinsa saboda al'adun Yahudawa. Da farko ya yi ƙoƙari ya kare kansa daga farkon tsanantawa ga Yahudawa bisa doka da kuma ta hanyar korafe-korafe. Arnhold ya sha wahala daga bugun jini a cikin 1934 da 1935, sakamakon haka ya mutu. Daga baya aka gane mutuwarsa da alaƙa da tsanantawar Nazi da Yahudawa. Matarsa Lisa, tare da taimakon surukinta Kurt Arnhold, ta sami nasarar ceton iyalin da tarin kayan kwalliya, da farko zuwa Switzerland sannan ta hanyar Portugal da Brazil zuwa Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-22 |title=Lost Art Internet Database - Jüdische Sammler und Kunsthändler (Opfer nationalsozialistischer Verfolgung und Enteignung) - Arnhold, Lisa |url=http://www.lostart.de/Content/051_ProvenienzRaubkunst/DE/Sammler/A/Arnhold,%20Lisa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622190416/http://www.lostart.de/Content/051_ProvenienzRaubkunst/DE/Sammler/A/Arnhold,%20Lisa.html |archive-date=22 June 2017 |access-date=2022-01-30 |website= |quote=Arnhold, Lisa;Lebensdaten geb. 1890, gest. 1972;Beruf Bankier;Angehörige;Arnhold, Heinrich, gest. 1935;Adresse Dresden;Firmensitz, -name, -gründung Zugehörig zur Bankiersfamilie Bankhaus Gebrüder Arnhold, waren Mehrheitseigner der Bank Adler, 1931 Interessengemeinschaft mit Bankhaus S. Bleichröder eingegangen.;Schicksal Flüchtete Ende 1936 in die Schweiz. 1938 Emigration in die USA.;Sammlung Die Sammlung enthielt Möbel, Leuchter, Plastiken und Silber.;Enteignung Lisa Arnhold begann bereits im November 1935 Teile ihrer Sammlung ins Ausland zu bringen. Lieferte viel in Galerie Fischer/ Zürich ein, dortige Auktionen 1940, 41, 42. Erlöse der Versteigerungen gingen an Gebr. Arnhold & S. Bleichröder in New York.;Quelle Tisa Franicisi, Esther, Heuss, Anja, Kreis, Georg, "Fluchtgut – Raubgut. Der Transfer von Kulturgütern in und über die Schweiz 1933 – 1945 und die Frage der Restitution", Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, 1, Chronos-Verlag, Zürich 2001, S. 134, 160, 161.}}</ref> == Kyauta == Dan Arnhold, Henry H. Arnhold ya tsere wa Norway da Jamus ta mamaye zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1941. A can, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya yi aiki a cikin leken asiri na sojojin kasar a matsayin daya daga cikin Ritchie Boys . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Henry H. Arnhold, transatlantic bride-builder and friend of the GHI, passes away at the age 96 |url=https://www.ghi-dc.org/news-show/henryarnhold |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=www.ghi-dc.org}}</ref> Bayan yaƙin ya shiga iyalin Arnhold da S. Bleichroeder na New York yanzu; ya zama shugaban da ba shugaban zartarwa ba a cikin shekarun 1970s. Tun daga shekara ta 2001, dan Henry Arnhold ya sauƙaƙa lacca da jerin tattaunawa da aka shirya tare da Kwalejin Amurka a Berlin ta Dresden Heritage e.V. da ake kira Lisa da Heinrich Arnhold Lecture . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liliane Weissberg Presents Inaugural Lisa and Heinrich Arnhold Lecture in the Arts, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden {{!}} Germanic Languages and Literatures |url=https://germanic.sas.upenn.edu/news/liliane-weissberg-presents-inaugural-lisa-and-heinrich-arnhold-lecture-arts-staatliche |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=germanic.sas.upenn.edu |archive-date=2022-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130025546/https://germanic.sas.upenn.edu/news/liliane-weissberg-presents-inaugural-lisa-and-heinrich-arnhold-lecture-arts-staatliche |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abubuwan da ke faruwa suna faruwa sau biyu a shekara. == Manazarta == seudmrsp8z0tqr7qq0iwma3bt8uclz8 0 144960 827151 808247 2026-04-27T14:01:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gift Johnbull (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1991) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, mai ba da shawara kan ci gaba, kuma [[Senior Special Adviser|Babban Mai ba da shawara na Musamman]] ga [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] kan Haɗin Kai na Al'umma don yankin Kudu maso Kudu. An san ta da shirya siyasa, shirye-shiryen karfafa aikin gona, da kuma bayar da shawarwari ga mata da matasa a cikin gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godsknow Pereye |date=20 February 2025 |title=Gift Johnbull: Championing South-South engagement in Tinubu’s administration |url=https://thesun.ng/gift-johnbull-championing-south-south-engagement-in-tinubus-administration/ |access-date=14 August 2025 |website=The Sun Nigeria – News |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Gift Johnbull a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1991 a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, kuma ta girma a [[Effurun]], [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]]. Tana da digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya a fannin Kimiyyar Muhalli da Gudanar da albarkatu daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Najeriya da kuma Jagoran Kimiyya a cikin Dabarun da Gudanarwa na Tsaro daga [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] . A halin yanzu tana neman digiri na biyu a cikin rikice-rikice, Tsaro, da Nazarin dabarun a Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a da Dimokuradiyya ta Kasa, Abuja . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=How Gift is driving community engagement in South South Nigeria |url=https://guardian.ng/news/how-gift-is-driving-community-engagement-in-south-south-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Kasancewar siyasa da fafutukar jama'a === Johnbull ya sami shahara a matsayin mai shirya siyasa ta hanyar shirye-shiryen shiga cikin jama'a, gami da kamfen ɗin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a na "Get Your PVC" a [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]]. Ta yi aiki a manyan kwamitocin siyasa a lokacin zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa na [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] da kuma tsarin zabar wakilai. Ta taka rawa a kungiyoyin farar hula da yawa, ciki har da a matsayin mai kula da Aspire Young Women Forum, inda ta jagoranci shirye-shiryen karfafawa ga matasa mata. Ta kuma shiga cikin taron matasa na APC Progressive a cikin 2021, inda ta tattara mahalarta sama da 3,000. === Naɗa shi a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Musamman === A cikin 2023, an nada Johnbull a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban Najeriya kan Al'umma na yankin Kudu-Kudancin. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da inganta tattaunawa tsakanin hukumomin tarayya da al'ummomin ƙauyuka, da kuma tabbatar da wakilci na ƙungiyoyi masu warewa. Ta ƙaddamar da manyan shirye-shirye guda biyu: Community Voices, dandalin ra'ayi na kowane wata a fadin 123 LGAs; da kuma Project Earn From The Soil, shirin karfafa aikin gona biliyan 10 da ke da niyya ga kananan manoma, mata, da matasa sama da 500,000 a fadin jihohi shida na Kudu. Ya zuwa Maris 2025, Johnbull ya ba da rahoton sama da manoma 100,000 da ke shiga cikin shuka-shuka ta hanyar hadin gwiwar noma, suna mai da hankali kan amfanin gona kamar cassava, masara, shinkafa, da dabino mai.[1] Shirin yana inganta aikin gona na hadin gwiwa, ajiyar sanyi mai amfani da hasken rana, da haɗin kasuwa. Ta kuma ba da shawarar sabunta saka hannun jari a cikin samar da man dabino a matsayin direba na ci gaban tattalin arziki da samar da aiki a Kudu-Kudancin. == Sanarwa == An san Johnbull a cikin "Masu Jagora 100 a Afirka" kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa don aikinta na jin kai da ci gaban al'umma, gami da Kyautar Jarumi ta Unsung da Kyautar Mai ba da shawara na Al'umma na Shekara. == Dubi kuma == * [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Siyasa ta Najeriya]] * [[Mata a Najeriya|Mata a cikin siyasar Najeriya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] oc56pscyi15lvtphs8dj7yxi4mzn7my 0 145279 827218 809211 2026-04-27T15:35:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Gisèle_Ndaya_Luseba_-_2022_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Gisèle Ndaya Luseba a shekarar 2022.]] '''Gisèle Ndaya Luseba''' 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Congo]]. Ita ce shugabar jam'iyyar siyasa ta [[Convention of Unified Labor Democrats|Convention of Unified Labour Democrats]] (CDTU), kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Dynafec.<ref>{{cite news | title=RDC: l'Actualité de la semaine, vue par Gisèle Ndaya Luseba | lang=fr | url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2021/03/27/rdc-lactualite-de-la-semaine-vue-par-gisele-ndaya-luseba }}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, 2021 ta maye gurbin Béatrice Lomeya a matsayin Ministar Jinsi, Iyali da Yara a majalisar ministocin Lukonde.<ref name=Lokale>{{cite news | newspaper=Actualite DC | author=Prisca Lokale | title=RDC : Gisèle Ndaya Luseba s'engage à « poursuivre le travail accompli » par Béatrice Lomey | date=28 April 2021 | url=https://actualite.cd/2021/04/28/rdc-gisele-ndaya-luseba-sengage-poursuivre-le-travail-accompli-par-beatrice-lomeya | access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Gisèle Ndaya Luseba ta kammala karatunta a fannin tallatawa daga [[ISC Kinshasa]], kuma tana da wani digiri a fannin ilimin tauhidi. Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki na tallatawa, kuma ƙwararriya ce a fannin gudanar da jam'iyyun siyasa a Jami'ar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|UN]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2021 |title=Gisèle Ndaya une activiste engagée à la tête du ministère du Genre, Famille et Enfant |url=https://rdcnewslive.net/2021/04/14/gisele-ndaya-une-activiste-engagee-a-la-tete-du-ministere-du-genre-famille-et-enfant/ |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=RD.Congo News }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2020 an sanar da takardar digirinta na uku, "Matsayin mata a cibiyoyin siyasa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo: yanayin rayuwa ko gaskiya?". <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2020 |title=PhD defense Announcement <nowiki>|</nowiki> Annonce de soutenance de thèse |url=http://www.eidir.org/phd-defense-announcement-annonce-de-soutenance-de-these-2/ |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=European Institute of Diplomacy and International Relations}}</ref> Tana da aure da wani babban alkali. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2015 |title=Gisèle Ndaya Luseba aux commandes de la CDTU |url=https://7sur7.cd/gisele-ndaya-luseba-aux-commandes-de-la-cdtu |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=7sur7.cd}}</ref> An naɗa Ndaya a matsayin Ministar Jinsi, Iyali da Yara a watan Afrilun 2021. A watan Yunin 2021, an gudanar da wani taron Afirka kan daidaiton jinsi a [[Kinshasa]]. A watan Yulin 2021, bayan [[Generation Equality Forum|taron daidaiton jinsi]] da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kira a [[Faris|Paris]], Ndaya da [[Julienne Lusenge]] sun jagoranci tawagar matan Afirka da suka sanar da sakamakon taron Kinshasa, wani buri na shekaru goma da aka tsara ga matan Afirka, wato sanarwar Kinshasa.<ref>{{cite news | author=Abdul Rashid Thomas | title=African women propose a 10-year plan for gender equality in Africa | date=3 July 2021 | newspaper=Sierra Leone Telegraph | url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/african-women-propose-a-10-year-plan-for-gender-equality-in-africa/ | access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hbec7qt92odkw2zhhj7pf7bwbh44b2j 0 145513 827383 809881 2026-04-28T05:38:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Totoro''' ko '''Totoró''' yare ne na Barbacoan wanda ake magana a kudu maso yammacin [[Kolombiya|Colombia]], a cikin [[Cauca Department|Sashen Cauca]] ta mutanen Totoró, waɗanda suka ƙidaya kusan mutane 1,000.{{Sfn|Curnow|Liddicoat|1998}} Harshen ya ƙare a shekara ta 2016, tare da masu magana hudu da aka sani a shekarar 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did you know Totoró is dormant? |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3495 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Endangered Languages |language=en |archive-date=2025-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708075508/https://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3495 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rarraba == Totoro, tare da [[Harshen Guambiano|Guambiano]] da [[Harshen Coconucan|Harshen Coconuco]] da ya ƙare, sun zama rukuni na yaruka Barbacoan. Wadannan nau'ikan harsuna wani lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin yaren yaren Coconucan guda ɗaya. A cikin iyalin Barbacoan, Coconucan da Awa Pit sun zama reshen arewacin ta. == Manazarta == o235xj1iog3zg3mbyo4moxr0ubgvga2 0 145573 827156 810065 2026-04-27T14:25:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Marie Grosso''' tsohuwar jami'ar tsaro ce ta Amurka kuma Laftanar Janar ta [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]] mai ritaya kuma tsohuwar Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Harkokin Tsoffin Sojoji kan Albarkatun Dan Adam da Gudanarwa/Ayyuka, Tsaro da Shiri daga 2021 zuwa 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gina Grosso - Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs |url=https://www.va.gov/opa/bios/bio_grosso.asp |access-date=2026-03-16 |archive-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202182821/https://www.va.gov/opa/bios/bio_grosso.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> A Rundunar Sojan Sama, Grosso ta yi aiki a ƙarshe a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Ma'aikata, Ma'aikata da Ayyuka ( A1 ), hedikwatar Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka daga Oktoba 2015 zuwa Oktoba 2018. Janar Grosso ta shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama a shekarar 1986 a matsayin Jami'ar Horar da Jami'an Ajiye Motoci ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Carnegie-Mellon, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Ta rike mukamai da dama na kwamanda da ma'aikata a tsawon aikinta. A matsayinta na jami'ar ma'aikata, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai nazarin ayyuka, mai nazarin shirye-shiryen ma'aikata, Ma'aikatan Sama da Ofishin Sakataren Tsaro, Babban Daraktan Kwamandan Ma'aikata da Ma'aikata, Daraktan Ofishin Gudanarwa na Kanar na Sojojin Sama, Darakta, Ma'aikata, Tsari da Albarkatu, da kuma Daraktan Manufofin Gudanar da Sojoji. Rangadin kwamandojin nata sun hada da Sashen Rundunar Soja na Hedikwata, Jirgin Sama na Sojoji, Rundunar Tallafawa Ofishin Jakadancin, kwamandan Rukunin Horar da Sojoji na Farko na Rundunar Sojan Sama, da kuma a matsayin Kwamandan Rundunar Sojan Sama na 87 a Rundunar Sojan Sama McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, NJ. Kafin aikinta na yanzu, ita ce Darakta ta Rigakafin Cin Zarafin Jima'i ta Rundunar Sojan Sama (SAPR), Ofishin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata, Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka, Washington, DC Janar Grosso ita ce shugabar ma'aikata mace ta farko a tarihin Rundunar Sojan Sama. [1] Tana auren Kanar (USAF, Ret) Brian O'Connor, tsohon matukin jirgin sama na C-17 Globemaster III . [1] == Ilimi da horo == [[Fayil:Grosso_Promotion_151116-F-FC975-107.jpg|thumb|Tsohon Kanar na Rundunar Sojan Sama Brian O'Connor, Dakta Camille Grosso, da kuma tsohon Laftanar Kanar Gerry Grosso sun taimaka wajen ganin an nada sabon Laftanar Janar Gina Grosso a lokacin bikin karin girmanta a Pentagon a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2015.]] * Makarantar Sakandare ta Annandale ta 1982, Annandale, Va. * 1986 Digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya, Lissafi da Gudanar da Masana'antu, Jami'ar Carnegie-Mellon, Pittsburgh, Pa. * 1992 Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci, Kwalejin William da Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. * Makarantar Jami'an Rundunar Sojoji ta 1993, Maxwell AFB, Ala. * Kwalejin Sojojin Sama da Ma'aikata ta 1997, Taro * 1999 Digiri na biyu a fannin tsaron ƙasa da nazarin dabaru, Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa da Ma'aikata, Newport, RI * Kwalejin Yaƙin Sama ta 2000, Taro * 2004 Fellow, Cibiyar Harkokin Ƙasa da Ƙasashen Duniya ta Weatherhead, [[Jami'ar Harvard]], [[Boston|Boston, Mass.]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] odqy135mik0z45y3f0c7utkzqcnpl9u 0 145740 827116 810553 2026-04-27T12:44:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 827116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci. <ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia, <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003. <ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref> <ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013. <ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke). <ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."&nbsp;... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban." <ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki, <ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 [3] kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. [4] Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2382it1om1dp595mad6h4h6a2abczzb 827117 827116 2026-04-27T12:44:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 827117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia, <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003. <ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref> <ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013. <ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke). <ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."&nbsp;... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban." <ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki, <ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 [3] kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. [4] Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bufjqbrzapegsqvsv7ot9ra37hb1u1h 827118 827117 2026-04-27T12:45:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 827118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003. <ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref> <ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013. <ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke). <ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."&nbsp;... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban." <ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki, <ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 [3] kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. [4] Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q168dydjt55bpa76hia4v292kfgm510 827119 827118 2026-04-27T12:45:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 827119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003. <ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref> <ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013. <ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke). <ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."&nbsp;... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban." <ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki, <ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 [3] kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. [4] Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] czzybq1kkv81986i8tld4h8qp57x53f 827120 827119 2026-04-27T12:45:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 827120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003.<ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013. <ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke). <ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."&nbsp;... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban." <ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki, <ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 [3] kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. [4] Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] luzd5m15kjvxm4wta37s7hkjavrvazo 827121 827120 2026-04-27T12:45:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 827121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003.<ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013.<ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke). <ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."&nbsp;... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban." <ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki, <ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 [3] kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. [4] Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r8x7xnfk8684ax8thfrk5di3vobhti0 827122 827121 2026-04-27T12:46:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 827122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003.<ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013.<ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke).<ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."&nbsp;... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban." <ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki, <ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 [3] kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. [4] Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mxao44f7nh94thyc4nusy7ao85761p2 827123 827122 2026-04-27T12:46:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 827123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003.<ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013.<ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke).<ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban."<ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki, <ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 [3] kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. [4] Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dsor1geq2c9tn8jpzezq3lyjdha578x 827124 827123 2026-04-27T12:46:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 827124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003.<ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013.<ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke).<ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban."<ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki,<ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 [3] kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. [4] Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0rnlr8fch2nlxxdrsonfxv94yai5bh2 827125 827124 2026-04-27T12:47:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 827125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003.<ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013.<ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke).<ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban."<ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki,<ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. [4] Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2yoyqth9i3s6n1ii2upwooobel8o182 827126 827125 2026-04-27T12:47:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 827126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003.<ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013.<ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke).<ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban."<ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki,<ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat. <ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] efthevc09bzgy2rftlf1lxmnvgx5067 827127 827126 2026-04-27T12:47:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 827127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003.<ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013.<ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke).<ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban."<ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki,<ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat.<ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] badgcngrveghs4icsmtqfyxfuuh13qh 827128 827127 2026-04-27T12:48:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 827128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003.<ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013.<ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke).<ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban."<ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki,<ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat.<ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin [[Amurka]], Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1x6npze5cu072iayd8cwes5b59c6ha0 827129 827128 2026-04-27T12:48:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 827129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003.<ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013.<ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ "Gina Ortiz Jones"]. ''U.S. Department of Defense''.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke).<ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban."<ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki,<ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat.<ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin [[Amurka]], Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rj7w73vdvze8zd628kbhabegpnztxav 0 145888 827200 810984 2026-04-27T15:25:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gisela Mama Abbam''' FRSA 'yar kasuwa ce ta Ghana da Burtaniya da ke aiki a bangarorin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a wacce ta mai da hankali kan Masana'antar kiwon lafiya. Ita ce shugabar baki ta farko ta Babban Kwamitin Magunguna, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2022 |title=Gisela Abbam appointed Chair of the GPhC &#124; General Pharmaceutical Council |url=https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/news/gisela-abbam-appointed-chair-gphc |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=www.pharmacyregulation.org}}</ref> kuma ita ce shugabar baƙar fata ta farko ta Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=A final sit-down with outgoing Chair, Gisela Abbam |url=https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/blog/final-sit-down-with-gisela-abbam |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=British Science Association}}</ref> Ita memba ce ta kwamitin Bar Standards Board, kwamishina a Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Kasa da kuma Babban Darakta a Revvity .<ref name="LoC">{{Cite web |title=Commissioners |url=https://nationalpreparednesscommission.uk/about/commissioners/ |website=National Preparedness Commission}}</ref> Ita ce tsohon Babban Darakta na Duniya a Janar Electric kuma mai ba da shawara a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa ta Kasa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Abbam ta yaba wa danginta kamar kawunta Hon. [[Alex Quaison-Sackey]] da Aunt Mabel Dove a matsayin farkon abin koyi. == Ayyuka == Abbam Babban Darakta ne na Duniya kuma Shugaban Babban Kwamitin Magunguna, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: Gisela Abbam |url=https://www.independentpharmacist.co.uk/interviews/interview-gisela-abbam |website=www.independentpharmacist.co.uk}}</ref> Burtaniya. Ta kuma kasance Shugabar Kungiyar Kimiyya ta Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2021 |title=Black History Month: Diversity in STEM with Gisela Abbam |url=https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/blog/black-history-month-diversity-in-stem-with-gisela-abbam |website=British Science Association}}</ref> Sauran allon da take aiki sun hada da Bar Standards Board Everywoman da [[Kujera|Cibiyar]] Briyah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/embed/A-V1B1H3cTU |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2022 |title=Gisela Abbam - everywoman in Technology Awards |url=https://www.everywoman.com/everywoman-in-technology-awards/judges/gisela-abbam/}}</ref> Ita memba ce ta kwamitin Longitude Prize . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Longitude Committee |url=https://amr.longitudeprize.org/governance/ |website=Longitude Prize}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da hadin gwiwar [[Gwamnati|gwamnatoci]], [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Second WHO Global Forum on Medical Devices: Priority Medical Devices for Universal Health Coverage 22–24 November 2013 Geneva, Switzerland |url=https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/medical-devices/second-global-forum-of-medical-devices/second-who-global-forum-on-medical-devices-priority-medical-devices-for-universal-health-coverage-22---24-november-2013-geneva-switzerland.pdf?sfvrsn=a88e43c9_3&download=true}}</ref> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Bankin Duniya da sauran hukumomi don inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararren masani ne a cikin hanyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya, ta rubuta takardu sama da 50 a kan batutuwan Manufofin jama'a daban-daban, kuma mai magana ce da ake nema don taron kasa da kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black History Month 2023 |url=https://stbedessch.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/document/Black-History-Month-2023.pdf?t=1696852581?ts=1696928414}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership Practitioners Forum Report 2017 |url=https://uploads.concordia.net/2017/04/20183924/GPW-Partnership-Practitioners-Forum-Report-.pdf |publisher=Global Partnership Week}}</ref> Abbam ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa ta Kasa a farkon aikinta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2006 |title=NICE Public Health Programme Guidance Behaviour Change {{!}} 4th meeting of the Programme Development Group |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph6/documents/programme-development-group-meeting-4-minutes2 |website=nice.org.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, ta shiga Janar Electric Healthcare, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rajendra Pratap |date=2 September 2017 |title=Report on the 5th Government Industry Dialogue on Digital Health, Medical Devices & Interoperability |url=https://www.slideshare.net/rajendrapgupta/report-on-the-5th-government-industry-dialogue-on-digital-health-medical-devices-interoperability}}</ref> inda ta kasance shugabar harkokin gwamnati da manufofi ta farko a Burtaniya da Ireland. Daga baya ta zama Babban Darakta na Duniya na farko don Harkokin Gwamnati da Manufofin Kula da Lafiya ta Janar kuma ta kafa Sashen a duniya. Ita ce ke da alhakin dabarun al'amuran gwamnati da manufofi ga GE Healthcare, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Industry engagement: A visit from Gisela Abbam, GE Healthcare |url=https://business.leeds.ac.uk/research-ctie/dir-record/research-blog/867/industry-engagement-a-visit-from-gisela-abbam-ge-healthcare |website=business.leeds.ac.uk |publisher=Faculty of Business}}</ref> sashin kasuwanci na GE na dala biliyan 18 wanda ke ba da Fasahar kiwon lafiya ga abokan ciniki a cikin kasashe sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2019 |title=Spotlight on Leaders in Global Health: Gisela Abbam |url=https://leadwithstephanie.com/blog/spotlight-on-leaders-in-global-health-gisela-abbam/ |website=leadwithstephanie.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO compendium of innovative health technologies for low-resource settings |url=https://ses.sp.bvs.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/who-technologies.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Gisela ta jagoranci ci gaban kasuwanci kuma ta fara fiye da fam biliyan 1 sabon damar kasuwanci a cikin shekaru biyar. A shekara ta 2009, ta fara kuma ta jagoranci kamfen ɗin ganewar asali a Burtaniya tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa. Wannan an yi niyya ne ga 'Yan majalisa kuma ya haifar da samun damar kai tsaye don ganowa ta hanyar likitoci da sauransu tare da samun goyon bayan [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] na lokacin, [[David Cameron]]. Ita ce shugabar kafa kungiyar Global Diagnostic Imaging, Healthcare IT & Radiation Therapy Trade Association (DITTA) <ref>{{Cite web |title=not found |url=https://www.globalditta.org/fileadmin/user_upload/News_and_events/2016/DITTA_session_%40_UICC_2_nov._2016_.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118052659/https://www.globalditta.org/fileadmin/user_upload/News_and_events/2016/DITTA_session_@_UICC_2_nov._2016_.pdf |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=July 29, 2025 |website=www.globalditta.org}}</ref> Global Health Working Group, wacce ke wakiltar kamfanoni sama da 600 kuma tana mai da hankali kan aiki tare da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=APEC-GHSA Policy Forum on Infection Control Infrastructure (download) |url=https://www.koshic.org/board/download.php?code=notice2&num=2805&comm= |access-date=July 29, 2025 |website=www.koshic.org}}</ref> da Bankin Duniya. A shekara ta 2016, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane 14 da aka zaba don aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya da Matsayin Makomar Amurka - wani rahoto ga Gwamnatin Trump mai shigowa ta Cibiyar Kimiyya, Injiniya da Magunguna ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuster |first=Valentin |last2=Frazer |first2=Jendayi |last3=Snair |first3=Megan |last4=Vedanthan |first4=Rajesh |last5=Dzau |first5=Victor |last6=Frazer |first6=Jendayi |last7=Fuster |first7=Valentin |last8=Abbam |first8=Gisela |last9=Batson |first9=Amie |last10=Burkle |first10=Frederick |last11=Chin |first11=Lynda |last12=Fernald |first12=Lia Haskin |last13=Ferguson |first13=Stephanie |last14=Lamptey |first14=Peter |last15=Laxminarayan |first15=Ramanan |date=December 26, 2017 |title=The Future Role of the United States in Global Health: Emphasis on Cardiovascular Disease |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=70 |issue=25 |pages=3140–3156 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.009 |pmid=29198877 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta kasance wani muhimmin bangare na tawagar da ta samu nasarar tattauna Manufofin kasuwanci a [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|WTO]] kan kawar da haraji a kan manyan na'urorin kiwon lafiya don ba da damar samun dama ga marasa lafiya a cikin ƙasashe 80. Ta kasance Darakta na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Jami'in Kamfanin Abt Associates, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2023 |title=Webinar: What is the role of small businesses in promoting health and well-being |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/global-business-school-health/events/2023/may/webinar-what-role-small-businesses-promoting-health-and-well-being |website=Global Business School for Health |access-date=March 18, 2026 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118052652/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/global-business-school-health/events/2023/may/webinar-what-role-small-businesses-promoting-health-and-well-being |url-status=dead }}</ref> ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin bincike na duniya 20 da manyan masu kirkiro na ci gaban kasa da kasa 40. Ta kasance zartarwa ta farko a cikin matsayinta na hudu na ƙarshe kuma tana samun nasara wajen ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka da kuma sanya su a kasuwanci. Ta kuma ba da laccoci a Kwalejin Jami'ar London . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2023 |title=Webinar: What is the role of small businesses in promoting health and well-being |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/global-business-school-health/events/2023/may/webinar-what-role-small-businesses-promoting-health-and-well-being |access-date=18 March 2026 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118052652/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/global-business-school-health/events/2023/may/webinar-what-role-small-businesses-promoting-health-and-well-being |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma baƙo ta ba da lacca a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Leeds . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Industry engagement: A visit from Gisela Abbam, GE Healthcare |url=https://business.leeds.ac.uk/research-ctie/dir-record/research-blog/867/industry-engagement-a-visit-from-gisela-abbam-ge-healthcare}}</ref> A matsayinta na Shugabar BSA, ta jagoranci mayar da hankali kan kimiyyar kiwon lafiya da kuma sa jama'a suyi la'akari da shaidar kimiyya dangane da su a lokacin COVID.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=A final sit-down with outgoing Chair, Gisela Abbam |url=https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/blog/final-sit-down-with-gisela-abbam}}</ref> A matsayinta na Shugabar Majalisar Janar Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) mai kula da Pharmacy tana da alhakin jagorancin dabarun da shugabanci na 92,000 da masu sana'a na kantin magani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us - overview &#124; General Pharmaceutical Council |url=https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/about-us}}</ref> Ta dauki bakuncin taron zagaye a duk faɗin ƙasar don shiga cikin sana'a da sauraron damuwarsu. Ta ƙaddamar da sabon dabarun shekaru 5 a Gidan Majalisar a watan Yunin, 2025 tare da Steve Race MP da Stephen Kinnock MP da Ministan Jiha na Kulawa. Ita ce mai kafa Trustee na The Dove Foundation for Global Change, wata ƙungiya mai ba da agaji da ke aiki tare da gwamnatoci da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tsara manufofin da za a iya aiwatarwa, yayin da kuma gudanar da shirye-shiryen ƙasa don al'ummomi.[1] Ana mayar da hankali a yanzu akan inganta sakamakon ga mata da 'yan mata da aka kafa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Aunty Mabel Dove na Abbam, wanda 'yar Abbam, Tiffany Dove-Abbam ke gudanarwa.[2] == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * Fellow na Royal Society of Arts * Baƙar fata na Burtaniya na Kasuwanci na shekara * Mace mai ban sha'awa ta samar da kyakkyawar Duniya ga Duka ta Taron Tattalin Arziki na Mata * Mata 100 da za a Kula don FTSE 350 Index Boards by Cranfield * Jakadan Goodwill na Duniya * Mai girmamawa na Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Burtaniya <ref name="bsahonfellow">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-16 |title=Alom Shaha, Gisela Abbam and Tom Crick named British Science Association Honorary Fellows |url=https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/News/alom-shaha-gisela-abbam-and-tom-crick-named-british-science-association-honorary-fellows |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=British Science Association}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2bv526ai0h6uehjjpxrkvbpcrp9a7ra 0 146138 827135 811761 2026-04-27T12:53:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 827135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Musulunci da Makomar Tolerance: Tattaunawa''''' wani littafi ne na 2015 tsakanin marubucin Amurka Sam Harris da mai fafutuka na Burtaniya Maajid Nawaz . Daga baya aka daidaita littafin a cikin fim din fim din mai taken.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam & The Future of Tolerance |url=https://islamandthefutureoftolerance.com/ |access-date=9 October 2019 |website=islamandthefutureoftolerance.com}}</ref> == Abinda ke ciki == Littafin yana cikin tsarin tattaunawa, kuma yana nuna musayar tsakanin Harris, [[Mulhidanci|mai musun wanzuwar Allah]] kuma mai sukar addini, da Nawaz, mai fafutukar Islama wanda ya zama mai fafutuka. Harris ya yi jayayya cewa koyarwar Islama tana da haɗari yayin da Nawaz ke kare Islama ta hanyar jayayya cewa waɗannan koyarwar haɗari sun kauce wa al'ada. Nawaz ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa kamar kowane addini, Islama tana buɗewa don sake fasalin kuma za ta sami matsayinta a cikin duniyar duniya.<ref name="Goodreads">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance |publisher=Goodreads}}</ref> An buga littafin ne tare da manufar inganta tattaunawa mai wuya game da Islama ba tare da "sake shiga cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi ko caricature ba".<ref name="Goodreads">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance |publisher=Goodreads}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance "Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue"]. Goodreads.</cite></ref> Littafin ya kuma bincika bambance-bambance tsakanin addinin Islama da akidar Islama. == Karɓar baƙi == The Economist, a cikin bita, ya kira shi "gajeren tattaunawa amma mai zurfi" kuma ya lura cewa "a wasu lokuta, Mista Nawaz yana da gaskiya sosai". Ya ci gaba da cewa Nawaz ya yarda cewa Musulmai masu gyara kamar kansa 'yan tsiraru ne, amma ya nace cewa Musulmai ma 'yan tsirarun ne saboda yawancin Musulmai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ne. Bayan lura da kashi na 'yan Islama na siyasa, masu sassaucin ra'ayi, da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin al'ummar musulmi, da kuma hango yiwuwar nasarar masu sassaucinni ra'ayi dangane da goyon bayan da suke samu daga masu ra'ayi masu ra'ayinsu, The Economist ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "babban tsari" kuma ya ce "babu abin mamaki ga Mista Harris yana da shakku".<ref name="Economist" /><ref name="Economist" /> New Statesman ya kira shi "wani abu na unicorn" kuma ya yaba da littafin don tattauna "Islama da jihadi daga tarihin da kuma kusurwar falsafa, ba tare da wata alama ta motsin rai ko koyarwa ba. " Brian Stewart a cikin National Review ya kuma kimanta shi da kyau, yana bayyana shi "mai tayar da hankali da lalata" kuma yabon marubutan don "yi son samar da hasken wuta". <ref name="National Review">{{Cite web |last=Brian Stewart |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book?target=author&tid=5037 |publisher=National Review}}</ref> Publishers Weekly kuma ya ba da bita mai kyau, yana mai lura da cewa "Harris, yana kula da halinsa mai tayar da hankali, yana yin tambayoyi kuma yana jefa ultimatums a cikin jagorancin Nawaz, wanda ya amsa da kyau da amsawa mai kyau da tunani wanda zai sanar da kuma wahayi."<ref name="pw-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-674-08870-2 |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> A cewar masanin kimiyya mai hankali Steven Pinker, "Wannan tattaunawa mai gaskiya da basira shine kyakkyawan bincike na batutuwan ilimi da ɗabi'a da ke ciki" A cikin New York Journal of Books, Tara Sonenshine na dā, "Amsar, ya kammala, Tol, nan gaba, nan gaba zai ba da tunani, nan gaba da kuma ya nuna cewa nan gaba gaba gaba ba za su ba za su iya ba da tunani ba da tunani"<ref name="sonenshine-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |last=Sonenshine |first=Tara |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/islam-and |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606230310/https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/islam-and |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=New York Journal of Books}}</ref><ref name="sonenshine-harris-nawaz" /> A cikin wani bita da aka riga aka buga, Kirkus Reviews ya rubuta, "Ƙarin ra'ayoyi na iya sa wannan tattaunawar ta fi ƙima, amma masu karatu da ra'ayi na gwiwoyi game da Islama za su koyi abubuwa da yawa. " <ref name="kirkus-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sam-harris/islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref> Binciken ga The New York Times, marubucin Kanada Irshad Manji ya rubuta, ""A baya-baya ya bayyana rikice-rikice da yawa da ke addabar tattaunawar jama'a game da Islami. " Ya rubuta, "Harris yana da gaskiya cewa masu sassaucin ra'ayi dole ne su kawo karshen shiruwarsu game da addinin su game da wannan dalili na addini a bayan wannan ma'azin Musulmi mai yawa ya saurin kai ga masu sassaucinni ta'a nan ya saurin Musulmi ya saurin saurin kai sau biyu ba za su yi amfani da yawa ba za su saurin kai wani abu mai yawa ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manji |first=Irshad |author-link=Irshad Manji |date=3 November 2015 |title='Islam and the Future of Tolerance' and 'Not in God's Name' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/books/review/islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance-and-not-in-gods-name.html |access-date=13 August 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> == Fim din == [[Fayil:The_Muslim_Ban_(excerpt_from_'Islam_and_the_Future_of_Tolerance'.webm|thumb|Janairu 2017 Fim mai nunawa Sam Harris a kan Musulmai masu sassaucin ra'ayi]] An saki wani shirin na wannan taken, wanda ke mai da hankali kan tattaunawa tsakanin Harris da Nawaz, kuma ya haɗa da ganawa da Douglas Murray da [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Billigton |date=26 November 2018 |title='Islam and the Future of Tolerance' Documentary |url=https://www.firstshowing.net/2018/official-us-trailer-for-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance-documentary/ |publisher=firstshowing.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == pdtdesyger4tubtzkzwwtq07yqrbgs6 827136 827135 2026-04-27T12:54:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 827136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Musulunci da Makomar Tolerance: Tattaunawa''''' wani littafi ne na 2015 tsakanin marubucin Amurka Sam Harris da mai fafutuka na Burtaniya Maajid Nawaz . Daga baya aka daidaita littafin a cikin fim din fim din mai taken.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam & The Future of Tolerance |url=https://islamandthefutureoftolerance.com/ |access-date=9 October 2019 |website=islamandthefutureoftolerance.com}}</ref> == Abinda ke ciki == Littafin yana cikin tsarin tattaunawa, kuma yana nuna musayar tsakanin Harris, [[Mulhidanci|mai musun wanzuwar Allah]] kuma mai sukar addini, da Nawaz, mai fafutukar Islama wanda ya zama mai fafutuka. Harris ya yi jayayya cewa koyarwar Islama tana da haɗari yayin da Nawaz ke kare Islama ta hanyar jayayya cewa waɗannan koyarwar haɗari sun kauce wa al'ada. Nawaz ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa kamar kowane addini, Islama tana buɗewa don sake fasalin kuma za ta sami matsayinta a cikin duniyar duniya.<ref name="Goodreads">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance |publisher=Goodreads}}</ref> An buga littafin ne tare da manufar inganta tattaunawa mai wuya game da Islama ba tare da "sake shiga cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi ko caricature ba".<ref name="Goodreads">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance |publisher=Goodreads}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance "Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue"]. Goodreads.</cite></ref> Littafin ya kuma bincika bambance-bambance tsakanin addinin Islama da akidar Islama. == Karɓar baƙi == The Economist, a cikin bita, ya kira shi "gajeren tattaunawa amma mai zurfi" kuma ya lura cewa "a wasu lokuta, Mista Nawaz yana da gaskiya sosai". Ya ci gaba da cewa Nawaz ya yarda cewa Musulmai masu gyara kamar kansa 'yan tsiraru ne, amma ya nace cewa Musulmai ma 'yan tsirarun ne saboda yawancin Musulmai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ne. Bayan lura da kashi na 'yan Islama na siyasa, masu sassaucin ra'ayi, da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin al'ummar musulmi, da kuma hango yiwuwar nasarar masu sassaucinni ra'ayi dangane da goyon bayan da suke samu daga masu ra'ayi masu ra'ayinsu, The Economist ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "babban tsari" kuma ya ce "babu abin mamaki ga Mista Harris yana da shakku".<ref name="Economist" /><ref name="Economist" /> New Statesman ya kira shi "wani abu na unicorn" kuma ya yaba da littafin don tattauna "Islama da jihadi daga tarihin da kuma kusurwar falsafa, ba tare da wata alama ta motsin rai ko koyarwa ba. " Brian Stewart a cikin National Review ya kuma kimanta shi da kyau, yana bayyana shi "mai tayar da hankali da lalata" kuma yabon marubutan don "yi son samar da hasken wuta".<ref name="National Review">{{Cite web |last=Brian Stewart |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book?target=author&tid=5037 |publisher=National Review}}</ref> Publishers Weekly kuma ya ba da bita mai kyau, yana mai lura da cewa "Harris, yana kula da halinsa mai tayar da hankali, yana yin tambayoyi kuma yana jefa ultimatums a cikin jagorancin Nawaz, wanda ya amsa da kyau da amsawa mai kyau da tunani wanda zai sanar da kuma wahayi."<ref name="pw-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-674-08870-2 |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> A cewar masanin kimiyya mai hankali Steven Pinker, "Wannan tattaunawa mai gaskiya da basira shine kyakkyawan bincike na batutuwan ilimi da ɗabi'a da ke ciki" A cikin New York Journal of Books, Tara Sonenshine na dā, "Amsar, ya kammala, Tol, nan gaba, nan gaba zai ba da tunani, nan gaba da kuma ya nuna cewa nan gaba gaba gaba ba za su ba za su iya ba da tunani ba da tunani"<ref name="sonenshine-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |last=Sonenshine |first=Tara |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/islam-and |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606230310/https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/islam-and |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=New York Journal of Books}}</ref><ref name="sonenshine-harris-nawaz" /> A cikin wani bita da aka riga aka buga, Kirkus Reviews ya rubuta, "Ƙarin ra'ayoyi na iya sa wannan tattaunawar ta fi ƙima, amma masu karatu da ra'ayi na gwiwoyi game da Islama za su koyi abubuwa da yawa. " <ref name="kirkus-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sam-harris/islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref> Binciken ga The New York Times, marubucin Kanada Irshad Manji ya rubuta, ""A baya-baya ya bayyana rikice-rikice da yawa da ke addabar tattaunawar jama'a game da Islami. " Ya rubuta, "Harris yana da gaskiya cewa masu sassaucin ra'ayi dole ne su kawo karshen shiruwarsu game da addinin su game da wannan dalili na addini a bayan wannan ma'azin Musulmi mai yawa ya saurin kai ga masu sassaucinni ta'a nan ya saurin Musulmi ya saurin saurin kai sau biyu ba za su yi amfani da yawa ba za su saurin kai wani abu mai yawa ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manji |first=Irshad |author-link=Irshad Manji |date=3 November 2015 |title='Islam and the Future of Tolerance' and 'Not in God's Name' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/books/review/islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance-and-not-in-gods-name.html |access-date=13 August 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> == Fim din == [[Fayil:The_Muslim_Ban_(excerpt_from_'Islam_and_the_Future_of_Tolerance'.webm|thumb|Janairu 2017 Fim mai nunawa Sam Harris a kan Musulmai masu sassaucin ra'ayi]] An saki wani shirin na wannan taken, wanda ke mai da hankali kan tattaunawa tsakanin Harris da Nawaz, kuma ya haɗa da ganawa da Douglas Murray da [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Billigton |date=26 November 2018 |title='Islam and the Future of Tolerance' Documentary |url=https://www.firstshowing.net/2018/official-us-trailer-for-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance-documentary/ |publisher=firstshowing.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == d1z001ds788qjinx82c1hw5j05c5fta 827137 827136 2026-04-27T12:54:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 827137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Musulunci da Makomar Tolerance: Tattaunawa''''' wani littafi ne na 2015 tsakanin marubucin Amurka Sam Harris da mai fafutuka na Burtaniya Maajid Nawaz . Daga baya aka daidaita littafin a cikin fim din fim din mai taken.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam & The Future of Tolerance |url=https://islamandthefutureoftolerance.com/ |access-date=9 October 2019 |website=islamandthefutureoftolerance.com}}</ref> == Abinda ke ciki == Littafin yana cikin tsarin tattaunawa, kuma yana nuna musayar tsakanin Harris, [[Mulhidanci|mai musun wanzuwar Allah]] kuma mai sukar addini, da Nawaz, mai fafutukar Islama wanda ya zama mai fafutuka. Harris ya yi jayayya cewa koyarwar Islama tana da haɗari yayin da Nawaz ke kare Islama ta hanyar jayayya cewa waɗannan koyarwar haɗari sun kauce wa al'ada. Nawaz ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa kamar kowane addini, Islama tana buɗewa don sake fasalin kuma za ta sami matsayinta a cikin duniyar duniya.<ref name="Goodreads">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance |publisher=Goodreads}}</ref> An buga littafin ne tare da manufar inganta tattaunawa mai wuya game da Islama ba tare da "sake shiga cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi ko caricature ba".<ref name="Goodreads">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance |publisher=Goodreads}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance "Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue"]. Goodreads.</cite></ref> Littafin ya kuma bincika bambance-bambance tsakanin addinin Islama da akidar Islama. == Karɓar baƙi == The Economist, a cikin bita, ya kira shi "gajeren tattaunawa amma mai zurfi" kuma ya lura cewa "a wasu lokuta, Mista Nawaz yana da gaskiya sosai". Ya ci gaba da cewa Nawaz ya yarda cewa Musulmai masu gyara kamar kansa 'yan tsiraru ne, amma ya nace cewa Musulmai ma 'yan tsirarun ne saboda yawancin Musulmai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ne. Bayan lura da kashi na 'yan Islama na siyasa, masu sassaucin ra'ayi, da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin al'ummar musulmi, da kuma hango yiwuwar nasarar masu sassaucinni ra'ayi dangane da goyon bayan da suke samu daga masu ra'ayi masu ra'ayinsu, The Economist ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "babban tsari" kuma ya ce "babu abin mamaki ga Mista Harris yana da shakku".<ref name="Economist" /><ref name="Economist" /> New Statesman ya kira shi "wani abu na unicorn" kuma ya yaba da littafin don tattauna "Islama da jihadi daga tarihin da kuma kusurwar falsafa, ba tare da wata alama ta motsin rai ko koyarwa ba. " Brian Stewart a cikin National Review ya kuma kimanta shi da kyau, yana bayyana shi "mai tayar da hankali da lalata" kuma yabon marubutan don "yi son samar da hasken wuta".<ref name="National Review">{{Cite web |last=Brian Stewart |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book?target=author&tid=5037 |publisher=National Review}}</ref> Publishers Weekly kuma ya ba da bita mai kyau, yana mai lura da cewa "Harris, yana kula da halinsa mai tayar da hankali, yana yin tambayoyi kuma yana jefa ultimatums a cikin jagorancin Nawaz, wanda ya amsa da kyau da amsawa mai kyau da tunani wanda zai sanar da kuma wahayi."<ref name="pw-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-674-08870-2 |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> A cewar masanin kimiyya mai hankali Steven Pinker, "Wannan tattaunawa mai gaskiya da basira shine kyakkyawan bincike na batutuwan ilimi da ɗabi'a da ke ciki" A cikin New York Journal of Books, Tara Sonenshine na dā, "Amsar, ya kammala, Tol, nan gaba, nan gaba zai ba da tunani, nan gaba da kuma ya nuna cewa nan gaba gaba gaba ba za su ba za su iya ba da tunani ba da tunani"<ref name="sonenshine-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |last=Sonenshine |first=Tara |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/islam-and |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606230310/https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/islam-and |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=New York Journal of Books}}</ref><ref name="sonenshine-harris-nawaz" /> A cikin wani bita da aka riga aka buga, Kirkus Reviews ya rubuta, "Ƙarin ra'ayoyi na iya sa wannan tattaunawar ta fi ƙima, amma masu karatu da ra'ayi na gwiwoyi game da Islama za su koyi abubuwa da yawa."<ref name="kirkus-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sam-harris/islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref> Binciken ga The New York Times, marubucin Kanada Irshad Manji ya rubuta, ""A baya-baya ya bayyana rikice-rikice da yawa da ke addabar tattaunawar jama'a game da Islami. " Ya rubuta, "Harris yana da gaskiya cewa masu sassaucin ra'ayi dole ne su kawo karshen shiruwarsu game da addinin su game da wannan dalili na addini a bayan wannan ma'azin Musulmi mai yawa ya saurin kai ga masu sassaucinni ta'a nan ya saurin Musulmi ya saurin saurin kai sau biyu ba za su yi amfani da yawa ba za su saurin kai wani abu mai yawa ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manji |first=Irshad |author-link=Irshad Manji |date=3 November 2015 |title='Islam and the Future of Tolerance' and 'Not in God's Name' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/books/review/islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance-and-not-in-gods-name.html |access-date=13 August 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> == Fim din == [[Fayil:The_Muslim_Ban_(excerpt_from_'Islam_and_the_Future_of_Tolerance'.webm|thumb|Janairu 2017 Fim mai nunawa Sam Harris a kan Musulmai masu sassaucin ra'ayi]] An saki wani shirin na wannan taken, wanda ke mai da hankali kan tattaunawa tsakanin Harris da Nawaz, kuma ya haɗa da ganawa da Douglas Murray da [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Billigton |date=26 November 2018 |title='Islam and the Future of Tolerance' Documentary |url=https://www.firstshowing.net/2018/official-us-trailer-for-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance-documentary/ |publisher=firstshowing.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == pg7se4ihhz64hh0e0h8t80gn7r6lee4 827138 827137 2026-04-27T12:54:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 827138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Musulunci da Makomar Tolerance: Tattaunawa''''' wani littafi ne na 2015 tsakanin marubucin Amurka Sam Harris da mai fafutuka na Burtaniya Maajid Nawaz . Daga baya aka daidaita littafin a cikin fim din fim din mai taken.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam & The Future of Tolerance |url=https://islamandthefutureoftolerance.com/ |access-date=9 October 2019 |website=islamandthefutureoftolerance.com}}</ref> == Abinda ke ciki == Littafin yana cikin tsarin tattaunawa, kuma yana nuna musayar tsakanin Harris, [[Mulhidanci|mai musun wanzuwar Allah]] kuma mai sukar addini, da Nawaz, mai fafutukar Islama wanda ya zama mai fafutuka. Harris ya yi jayayya cewa koyarwar Islama tana da haɗari yayin da Nawaz ke kare Islama ta hanyar jayayya cewa waɗannan koyarwar haɗari sun kauce wa al'ada. Nawaz ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa kamar kowane addini, Islama tana buɗewa don sake fasalin kuma za ta sami matsayinta a cikin duniyar duniya.<ref name="Goodreads">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance |publisher=Goodreads}}</ref> An buga littafin ne tare da manufar inganta tattaunawa mai wuya game da Islama ba tare da "sake shiga cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi ko caricature ba".<ref name="Goodreads">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance |publisher=Goodreads}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance "Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue"]. Goodreads.</cite></ref> Littafin ya kuma bincika bambance-bambance tsakanin addinin Islama da akidar Islama. == Karɓar baƙi == The Economist, a cikin bita, ya kira shi "gajeren tattaunawa amma mai zurfi" kuma ya lura cewa "a wasu lokuta, Mista Nawaz yana da gaskiya sosai". Ya ci gaba da cewa Nawaz ya yarda cewa Musulmai masu gyara kamar kansa 'yan tsiraru ne, amma ya nace cewa Musulmai ma 'yan tsirarun ne saboda yawancin Musulmai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ne. Bayan lura da kashi na 'yan Islama na siyasa, masu sassaucin ra'ayi, da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin al'ummar musulmi, da kuma hango yiwuwar nasarar masu sassaucinni ra'ayi dangane da goyon bayan da suke samu daga masu ra'ayi masu ra'ayinsu, The Economist ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "babban tsari" kuma ya ce "babu abin mamaki ga Mista Harris yana da shakku".<ref name="Economist" /><ref name="Economist" /> New Statesman ya kira shi "wani abu na unicorn" kuma ya yaba da littafin don tattauna "Islama da jihadi daga tarihin da kuma kusurwar falsafa, ba tare da wata alama ta motsin rai ko koyarwa ba. " Brian Stewart a cikin National Review ya kuma kimanta shi da kyau, yana bayyana shi "mai tayar da hankali da lalata" kuma yabon marubutan don "yi son samar da hasken wuta".<ref name="National Review">{{Cite web |last=Brian Stewart |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book?target=author&tid=5037 |publisher=National Review}}</ref> Publishers Weekly kuma ya ba da bita mai kyau, yana mai lura da cewa "Harris, yana kula da halinsa mai tayar da hankali, yana yin tambayoyi kuma yana jefa ultimatums a cikin jagorancin Nawaz, wanda ya amsa da kyau da amsawa mai kyau da tunani wanda zai sanar da kuma wahayi."<ref name="pw-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-674-08870-2 |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> A cewar masanin kimiyya mai hankali Steven Pinker, "Wannan tattaunawa mai gaskiya da basira shine kyakkyawan bincike na batutuwan ilimi da ɗabi'a da ke ciki" A cikin New York Journal of Books, Tara Sonenshine na dā, "Amsar, ya kammala, Tol, nan gaba, nan gaba zai ba da tunani, nan gaba da kuma ya nuna cewa nan gaba gaba gaba ba za su ba za su iya ba da tunani ba da tunani"<ref name="sonenshine-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |last=Sonenshine |first=Tara |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/islam-and |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606230310/https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/islam-and |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=New York Journal of Books}}</ref><ref name="sonenshine-harris-nawaz" /> A cikin wani bita da aka riga aka buga, Kirkus Reviews ya rubuta, "Ƙarin ra'ayoyi na iya sa wannan tattaunawar ta fi ƙima, amma masu karatu da ra'ayi na gwiwoyi game da Islama za su koyi abubuwa da yawa."<ref name="kirkus-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sam-harris/islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref> Binciken ga The New York Times, marubucin Kanada Irshad Manji ya rubuta, ""A baya-baya ya bayyana rikice-rikice da yawa da ke addabar tattaunawar jama'a game da Islami. " Ya rubuta, "Harris yana da gaskiya cewa masu sassaucin ra'ayi dole ne su kawo karshen shiruwarsu game da addinin su game da wannan dalili na addini a bayan wannan ma'azin Musulmi mai yawa ya saurin kai ga masu sassaucinni ta'a nan ya saurin Musulmi ya saurin saurin kai sau biyu ba za su yi amfani da yawa ba za su saurin kai wani abu mai yawa ba."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manji |first=Irshad |author-link=Irshad Manji |date=3 November 2015 |title='Islam and the Future of Tolerance' and 'Not in God's Name' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/books/review/islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance-and-not-in-gods-name.html |access-date=13 August 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> == Fim din == [[Fayil:The_Muslim_Ban_(excerpt_from_'Islam_and_the_Future_of_Tolerance'.webm|thumb|Janairu 2017 Fim mai nunawa Sam Harris a kan Musulmai masu sassaucin ra'ayi]] An saki wani shirin na wannan taken, wanda ke mai da hankali kan tattaunawa tsakanin Harris da Nawaz, kuma ya haɗa da ganawa da Douglas Murray da [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Billigton |date=26 November 2018 |title='Islam and the Future of Tolerance' Documentary |url=https://www.firstshowing.net/2018/official-us-trailer-for-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance-documentary/ |publisher=firstshowing.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == d72l7w1cqrreinph1rlgcoxn19iov1q 827139 827138 2026-04-27T12:54:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 827139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Musulunci da Makomar Tolerance: Tattaunawa''''' wani littafi ne na 2015 tsakanin marubucin Amurka Sam Harris da mai fafutuka na Burtaniya Maajid Nawaz . Daga baya aka daidaita littafin a cikin fim din fim din mai taken.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam & The Future of Tolerance |url=https://islamandthefutureoftolerance.com/ |access-date=9 October 2019 |website=islamandthefutureoftolerance.com}}</ref> == Abinda ke ciki == Littafin yana cikin tsarin tattaunawa, kuma yana nuna musayar tsakanin Harris, [[Mulhidanci|mai musun wanzuwar Allah]] kuma mai sukar addini, da Nawaz, mai fafutukar Islama wanda ya zama mai fafutuka. Harris ya yi jayayya cewa koyarwar Islama tana da haɗari yayin da Nawaz ke kare Islama ta hanyar jayayya cewa waɗannan koyarwar haɗari sun kauce wa al'ada. Nawaz ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa kamar kowane addini, Islama tana buɗewa don sake fasalin kuma za ta sami matsayinta a cikin duniyar duniya.<ref name="Goodreads">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance |publisher=Goodreads}}</ref> An buga littafin ne tare da manufar inganta tattaunawa mai wuya game da Islama ba tare da "sake shiga cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi ko caricature ba".<ref name="Goodreads">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance |publisher=Goodreads}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25151238-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance "Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue"]. Goodreads.</cite></ref> Littafin ya kuma bincika bambance-bambance tsakanin addinin Islama da akidar Islama. == Karɓar baƙi == The Economist, a cikin bita, ya kira shi "gajeren tattaunawa amma mai zurfi" kuma ya lura cewa "a wasu lokuta, Mista Nawaz yana da gaskiya sosai". Ya ci gaba da cewa Nawaz ya yarda cewa Musulmai masu gyara kamar kansa 'yan tsiraru ne, amma ya nace cewa Musulmai ma 'yan tsirarun ne saboda yawancin Musulmai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ne. Bayan lura da kashi na 'yan Islama na siyasa, masu sassaucin ra'ayi, da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin al'ummar musulmi, da kuma hango yiwuwar nasarar masu sassaucinni ra'ayi dangane da goyon bayan da suke samu daga masu ra'ayi masu ra'ayinsu, The Economist ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "babban tsari" kuma ya ce "babu abin mamaki ga Mista Harris yana da shakku".<ref name="Economist" /><ref name="Economist" /> New Statesman ya kira shi "wani abu na unicorn" kuma ya yaba da littafin don tattauna "Islama da jihadi daga tarihin da kuma kusurwar falsafa, ba tare da wata alama ta motsin rai ko koyarwa ba. " Brian Stewart a cikin National Review ya kuma kimanta shi da kyau, yana bayyana shi "mai tayar da hankali da lalata" kuma yabon marubutan don "yi son samar da hasken wuta".<ref name="National Review">{{Cite web |last=Brian Stewart |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book?target=author&tid=5037 |publisher=National Review}}</ref> Publishers Weekly kuma ya ba da bita mai kyau, yana mai lura da cewa "Harris, yana kula da halinsa mai tayar da hankali, yana yin tambayoyi kuma yana jefa ultimatums a cikin jagorancin Nawaz, wanda ya amsa da kyau da amsawa mai kyau da tunani wanda zai sanar da kuma wahayi."<ref name="pw-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-674-08870-2 |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> A cewar masanin kimiyya mai hankali Steven Pinker, "Wannan tattaunawa mai gaskiya da basira shine kyakkyawan bincike na batutuwan ilimi da ɗabi'a da ke ciki" A cikin New York Journal of Books, Tara Sonenshine na dā, "Amsar, ya kammala, Tol, nan gaba, nan gaba zai ba da tunani, nan gaba da kuma ya nuna cewa nan gaba gaba gaba ba za su ba za su iya ba da tunani ba da tunani"<ref name="sonenshine-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |last=Sonenshine |first=Tara |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/islam-and |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606230310/https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/islam-and |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=New York Journal of Books}}</ref><ref name="sonenshine-harris-nawaz" /> A cikin wani bita da aka riga aka buga, Kirkus Reviews ya rubuta, "Ƙarin ra'ayoyi na iya sa wannan tattaunawar ta fi ƙima, amma masu karatu da ra'ayi na gwiwoyi game da Islama za su koyi abubuwa da yawa."<ref name="kirkus-harris-nawaz">{{Cite web |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sam-harris/islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref> Binciken ga The New York Times, marubucin Kanada Irshad Manji ya rubuta, ""A baya-baya ya bayyana rikice-rikice da yawa da ke addabar tattaunawar jama'a game da Islami. " Ya rubuta, "Harris yana da gaskiya cewa masu sassaucin ra'ayi dole ne su kawo karshen shiruwarsu game da addinin su game da wannan dalili na addini a bayan wannan ma'azin Musulmi mai yawa ya saurin kai ga masu sassaucinni ta'a nan ya saurin Musulmi ya saurin saurin kai sau biyu ba za su yi amfani da yawa ba za su saurin kai wani abu mai yawa ba."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manji |first=Irshad |author-link=Irshad Manji |date=3 November 2015 |title='Islam and the Future of Tolerance' and 'Not in God's Name' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/books/review/islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance-and-not-in-gods-name.html |access-date=13 August 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> == Fim din == [[Fayil:The_Muslim_Ban_(excerpt_from_'Islam_and_the_Future_of_Tolerance'.webm|thumb|Janairu 2017 Fim mai nunawa Sam Harris a kan Musulmai masu sassaucin ra'ayi]] An saki wani shirin na wannan taken, wanda ke mai da hankali kan tattaunawa tsakanin Harris da Nawaz, kuma ya haɗa da ganawa da Douglas Murray da [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Billigton |date=26 November 2018 |title='Islam and the Future of Tolerance' Documentary |url=https://www.firstshowing.net/2018/official-us-trailer-for-islam-and-the-future-of-tolerance-documentary/ |publisher=firstshowing.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == h8dbp19xmkh09lnqqidi55j8icolhnx 0 146232 827371 812034 2026-04-28T04:14:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''Cholón''' (Spanish), wanda aka fi sani da ''Seeptsá'' da ''Tsinganes'', yare ne na Peru . An yi magana da shi a kusa da Uchiza, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cholon {{!}} The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America |url=https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla:283737 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=ailla.utexas.org |archive-date=2024-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225151840/https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla:283737 |url-status=dead }}</ref> daga Tingo María zuwa Valle a cikin kwarin Huallaga na yankunan Huanuco da San Martín. <ref name="Ethnologue22-Peru">{{Cite web |date=2019 |editor-last=Eberhard |editor-first=David M. |editor2-last=Simons |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor3-last=Fennig |editor3-first=Charles D. |title=Peru languages |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PE/languages |website=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |publisher=[[SIL International]] |edition=22nd}}</ref> A baya an yi tunanin cewa yaren ya ƙare amma an gano mai magana da asali a cikin 2021, a birnin Juanjuí. [[Martha Pérez Valderrama]] an yi imanin cewa ita ce mai magana da ya rage na Cholón.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pérez Valderrama, Martha {{!}} The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America |url=https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla%3A283747 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=ailla.utexas.org}}</ref> Koyaya, dan uwanta Clemente ma yana magana da Cholón, kuma ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai ƙarin masu magana a yankin. Duk da masu magana da suka dace na ƙarshe da suka mutu a cikin shekarun 1990, masu magana na yanzu na iya samar da taƙaitaccen matani, ba a iyakance su ga kalmomi da jimloli ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Rojas-Berscia |first=Luis Miguel |last2=Pérez Valderrama |first2=Martha |last3=Tangoa Pérez |first3=Susy Caroly |last4=García García |first4=Luis Gonzalo |date=2023-09-17 |title=La última canción: al encuentro de memorias del seeptsá entre Cachicoto y Juanjuí |url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/296955/296955.pdf |journal=Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica |volume=15 |doi=10.26512/rbla.v15i1.47149 |issn=2317-1375}}</ref>{{Sfn|Adelaar|2004}} == Fasahar sauti == Saboda furcin Mutanen Espanya da aka yi amfani da shi don fassara Cholon, kayan sautin sa ba shi da tabbas. Wadannan su ne ƙoƙari na fassara su. === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | !Labari !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Gishiri |- align="center" ! colspan="2" |Hanci |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" |Dakatar da !<small>ba tare da murya ba</small> |p |t | |k |ʔ |- align="center" !<small>murya</small> | (b~β) | (d) | |g | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" |Rashin lafiya | |ts |tʃ | | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" |Fricative | (f) |s |ʃ |x |h |- align="center" ! colspan="2" |Mai motsi | | (r) | | | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" |Hanyar gefen | |l |ʎ | | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" |Kusanci |w | |j | | |} Ana samun wakoki a cikin (ƙuƙwalwa) ne kawai a cikin kalmomin aro. /g/ na musamman ne ga kalma ɗaya, {{Lang|cht|pangala}} 'turkey na gandun daji'. [h] da [ʃ] ana nazarin su a matsayin allophones na /x/ da /s/, bi da bi. === Sautin sautin === Sautin sun yi kama da Mutanen Espanya {{IPA|[a e~ɪ i o~ʊ u]}}. == Harshen harshe == Cholon ya bambanta jinsi na namiji da na mace a cikin [[Grammatical person|mutum na biyu]]. Wato, mutum yana amfani da siffofi daban-daban don "ku" dangane da ko mutum yana magana da namiji ko mace: == Manazarta == kgby12heieq6ukhlwy1d52hlosnpugj 0 146292 827286 812166 2026-04-27T20:15:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gülşara''' Kazakh An haife ta a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1965) 'yar siyasa ce ta Kazakhstan wacce a halin yanzu ta fito daga yankin Kyzylorda tun daga ranar 28 ga Maris 2020. Kafin haka, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Mazhilis daga 16 ga Agusta 2019 zuwa 27 ga Maris 2020, Mataimakiyar Firayim Minista ta Kazakhstan sau biyu daga 25 ga Fabrairu 2019 zuwa 20 ga Agusta 2019 da kuma daga 28 ga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa 11 ga Nuwamba 2014. Ta kuma kasance Sakatariyar Jiha ta Kazakhstan daga 11 ga Nuwamba 2014 zuwa 25 ga Fabrairu 2019 kuma Ministar Aiki da Kare Jama'a na Jama'a daga 4 ga Maris 2009 zuwa 24 ga Satumba 2012. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === An haifi Äbdıqalyqova a ƙauyen Solo Tyube. A shekarar 1987, ta kammala karatunta daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Jambyl ta Haske da Masana'antar Abinci, inda ta yi karatun tattalin arziki. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Абдыкаликова Гульшара Наушаевна |url=https://kapital.kz/dossier/abdykalikova-gulshara |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=kapital.kz}}</ref> A shekarar 2005, Äbdıqalyqova ta sami damar shiga fannin kimiyyar tattalin arziki a kan taken digirinta na farko " ''Capitalization of fansho asusu: Problems and prospects (misalan NPFs of the Republic of Kazakhstan)"'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Абдыкаликова Гульшара Наушаевна |url=https://kapital.kz/dossier/abdykalikova-gulshara |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=kapital.kz}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kapital.kz/dossier/abdykalikova-gulshara "Абдыкаликова Гульшара Наушаевна"]. </cite></ref> === Sana'a === Daga shekarar 1987, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban mai duba, shugabar Sashen Kare Hakkin Jama'a na Yankin Kyzylorda. A shekarar 1994, Äbdıqalyqova ta zama mai ba da shawara ga Kwamitin Koli na Tarayyar Soviet ta Kazakhstan . <ref name=":0"/> Bayan rushewarta a shekarar 1995, ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Aiki da Kare Jama'a ta Jama'a a matsayin shugabar sashen, mataimakiyar shugaban sashen, shugaban kula da fansho, mataimakiyar darakta a Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jama'a, darektan Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jama'a da Taimakon Jama'a, darektan Ma'aikatar Kula da Fansho da Kula da Adadin Kuɗi. A watan Maris na 2003, Äbdıqalyqova ta zama Mataimakiyar Ministar Aiki da Kare Jama'a ta Jama'a. Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar Hukumar Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa ta JSC a watan Disamba na 2005. An sake naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Minista a watan Oktoba na 2006. Daga Oktoba na 2007 zuwa Janairu na 2008, Äbdıqalyqova ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Gudanarwa na Ma'aikatar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Абдыкаликова Гульшара Наушаевна |url=https://finance.kz/person/abdykalikova_gulshara_naushaevna-1096 |website=finance.kz}}</ref> A watan Janairu na 2008, an naɗa ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Kazakhstan kuma shugabar Hukumar Kula da Mata da Iyali da Tsarin Jama'a ta Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Shugaban Ƙasa. <ref name=":0"/> A ranar 4 ga Maris 2009, Äbdıqalyqova ta zama Ministan Kwadago da Kare Jama'a na Jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-04 |title=О назначении Абдыкаликовой Г.Н. министром труда и социальной защиты населения Республики Казахстан |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U090000758_ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=adilet.zan.kz}}</ref> har sai da ta sake zama mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban ƙasa a watan Satumba na 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-26 |title=Абдыкаликова назначена советником президента - председателем Нацкомиссии по делам женщин и семейно-демографической политике |url=https://www.kt.kz/rus/state/abdikalikova_naznachena_sovetnikom_prezidenta_predsedatelem_nackomissii_po_delam_zhenshtin_i_semejnodemograficheskoj_politike_1153561255.html |website=www.kt.kz}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2013, aka naɗa Äbdıqalyqova a matsayin Mataimakiyar Firayim Minista na Kazakhstan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-29 |title=Gulshara Abdykalikova appointed Deputy Prime-Minister of Kazakhstan |url=https://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/gulshara-abdykalikova-appointed-deputy-prime-minister-of-24372/ |website=en.tengrinews.kz}}</ref> Ta yi wannan matsayin har zuwa lokacin da ta zama Sakatariyar Jiha ta Kazakhstan a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-12 |title=Abdykalikova appointed as State Secretary of Kazakhstan |url=https://kaztag.kz/en/news/abdykalikova-appointed-as-state-secretary-of-kazakhstan |website=kaztag.kz}}</ref> Daga 25 ga Fabrairu zuwa 20 ga Agusta, 2019, Äbdıqalyqova ta sake yin aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Firayim Minista kafin a sauke ta daga mukaminta ta zama memba na Mazhilis . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-25 |title=Gulshara Abdykalikova gets new appointment |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/article/3501841 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=www.inform.kz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nazira Kozhanova |date=2019-08-22 |title=Berdibek Saparbayev replaces Gulshara Abdykalikova as Kazakh Deputy Prime Minister |url=https://astanatimes.com/2019/08/berdibek-saparbayev-replaces-gulshara-abdykalikova-as-kazakh-deputy-prime-minister/ |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=astanatimes.com}}</ref> Daga nan, aka zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Ɗakin Zaure kan Ci gaban Al'adu da Al'adu a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Мадина Мамырханова |date=2019-09-04 |title=Гульшара Абдыкаликова возглавила комитет Мажилиса |url=https://kursiv.kz/news/otstavki-i-naznacheniya/2019-09/gulshara-abdykalikova-vozglavila-komitet-mazhilisa |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=kursiv.kz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-04 |title=Гульшара Абдыкаликова возглавила комитет мажилиса по социально-культурному развитию |url=https://inbusiness.kz/ru/last/gulshara-abdykalikova-vozglavila-komitet-mazhilisa-po-socialno-kulturnomu-razvitiyu |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=inbusiness.kz}}</ref> Daga ranar 28 ga Maris, 2020, zuwa 7 ga Afrilu, 2022, Äbdıqalyqova ita ce akimin Yankin Kyzylorda, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko a Kazakhstan da ta riƙe irin wannan matsayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=INFORM.KZ |date=2020-03-28 |title=Gulshara Abdykalikova to head Kyzylorda region |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/article/3630403 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=www.inform.kz |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Гульшара Абдыкаликова покинула пост акима Кызылординской области |url=https://rus.azattyq-ruhy.kz/politics/35099-gulshara-abdykalikova-pokinula-post-akima-kyzylordinskoi-oblasti |website=rus.azattyq-ruhy.kz}}</ref> Tun daga ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2022, Gülşara Äbdıqalyqova ta kasance abokin hulɗar kasuwanci a fannin kula da albarkatun ɗan adam na JSC NC KazMunayGas. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Гульшара Абдыкаликова получила новую должность в столице |url=https://exk.kz/news/133584/ghulshara-abdykalikova-poluchila-novuiu-dolzhnost-v-stolitsie |website=exk.kz}}</ref> == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] khr4d1y5f3dnwa5uvlyu9w12d1qk0ah 0 146442 827398 812654 2026-04-28T07:51:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hayati binti Haji Mohd Salleh''' (ko kuma kawai '''Hayati Salleh''' ) <ref name="Grandossi 27.8.2017">{{Cite web |last=Grandossi |first=Eve |date=27 August 2017 |title=Brunei, ¿una fábrica de felicidad? &#124; Reportajes &#124; MG Magazine |url=http://www.magazinedigital.com/historias/reportajes/brunei-una-fabrica-felicidad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413235154/http://www.magazinedigital.com/historias/reportajes/brunei-una-fabrica-felicidad |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=www.magazinedigital.com |language=es}}</ref> alkali ce a Brunei kuma babbar lauya mace ta farko a Brunei, wacce ta yi aiki daga 2009 zuwa 2018. Ita ce kuma alkali mace ta farko a Brunei, haka kuma ita ce alkali mace ta farko a Babbar Kotun Koli a Brunei . Ita ce kuma mace ta farko 'yar asalin Brunei 'yar asalin Malay da aka kira zuwa ga Lauyan Ingila . <ref name="Inspire Apr-Jun 2014" /> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-02-02 |title=Datin Seri Paduka Hjh. Hayati |url=https://inspirebn.wordpress.com/datin-hjh-hayati/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=YES Inspire {{!}} Magazines |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography:HER EXCELLENCY MRS HAYATI SALLEH ATTORNEY GENERAL BRUNEI DARUSSALAM |url=http://www.iap-association.org/Conferences/Annual-Conferences/Programme-16th-Annual-IAP-Conference,-Seoul-2011/AC16_P4_Bio_Hayati_Salleh-(1).aspx }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2008 |title=Princess Hjh Masna presents eight women with special achievement awards |url=http://www.sultanate.com/news_server/2008/20_aug_2.html |access-date=2017-12-15 |publisher=sultanate.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berhormat |first=Yang |date=2018 |title=DATIN SERI PADUKA HAJAH HAYATI BINTI POKSDSP HAJI MOHD SALLEH ATTORNEY GENERAL |url=https://www.agc.gov.bn/AGC%20Images/downloads/speech/IWD2018.pdf |website=KEY NOTE SPEECH AT INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY EVENT (2018): ‘PRESS FOR PROGRESS’}}</ref> Baya ga ayyukanta na shari'a, tana aiki a kwamitoci da dama, kamar Kwamitin Gyaran Dokoki, Majalisar Ilimi ta Ƙasa, da kuma "Badan Perencana Kemajuan Jangka Panjang," wanda aka ɗora wa alhakin tsara dabarun ci gaba na dogon lokaci na Brunei da kuma kula da aiwatar da shi. Haka kuma tana aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin aiki na Dokar Ƙwarewar Shari'a. == Ilimi == Makarantar Malay ta Raja Isteri Fatimah (SMRIF), Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Raja Isteri (STPRI), da Kwalejin Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien da ke Brunei ne suka samar da ilimin farko ga Hayati. Bayan ta sami tallafin karatu na Gwamnatin Brunei a shekarar 1974, ta ci gaba da kammala karatunta na 'A' a Kwalejin Exeter ta Karatu a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], daga karshe ta sami digirin farko na Fasaha ( Law ) daga Jami'ar Exeter a shekarar 1979. Ta zama [[Barrister|lauya mai]] lasisi a Lincoln's Inn a shekarar 1980. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Datin Hayati |url=https://www.bruneiresources.com/profiles/datin_hayati.html |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=Program Book BIMP-EAGA}}</ref> == Sana'a == Hayati ta fara aiki a matsayin [[Lauya|lauya mai kare hakkin]] jama'a da kuma mataimakiyar mai gabatar da kara a zauren babban lauya. Daga nan ta koma Sashen Shari'a na Jiha inda ta yi aiki a matsayin majistare kafin ta zama babban majistare kuma mataimakiyar babban magatakarda na Kotun Koli, babban magatakarda kuma alkali na kotun tsakiya, da kuma kwamishinan shari'a na Kotun Koli. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami irin wannan girmamawa lokacin da [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] ya naɗa ta a matsayin Alkalin Babbar Kotu a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2001. <ref name=":1"/> A ranar 4 ga Agustan 2009, ta sake zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin Babban Lauya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sultanate - News {{!}} Negara Brunei Darussalam {{!}} Sultan appoints first Bruneian Chief Justice |url=http://www.sultanate.com/news_server/2009/5_aug_1.html |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=www.sultanate.com}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Mayun 2010, an ɗaga wannan matsayin zuwa matsayin Minista. <ref name=":0"/> Ta kasance memba a majalisar ministoci a cikin sauye-sauyen 2005, 2010, <ref name="Ubaidillah 30.10.2022">{{Cite web |last=Masri |first=Ubaidillah |date=30 May 2010 |title=HM reshuffles Cabinet, appoints first woman deputy minister &#124; The BT Archive |url=https://btarchive.org/news/national/2010/05/30/hm-reshuffles-cabinet-appoints-first-woman-deputy-minister |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719130135/https://btarchive.org/news/national/2010/05/30/hm-reshuffles-cabinet-appoints-first-woman-deputy-minister |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=btarchive.org}}</ref> 2015, da 2018. Ita ce ke da alhakin kula da aiwatar da [[Shari'a|dokokin shari'a]] a Brunei. Ga tsarin shari'a na Brunei, aiwatar da Dokar Dokokin Shari'a ta 2013 yana wakiltar babban ci gaba. Samar da adalci daidai da tsarin doka shine babban burin dokar shari'a. Laifukan laifuka galibi suna ƙarƙashin ikon kotunan farar hula da kotunan addini. Dokar Shari'a ta ba kotunan shari'a ikon sauraron shari'o'in da suka shafi laifukan da suka shafi [[Musulunci]], kamar shan giya mai maye, rashin bayar da ''[[zakka]]'' ( sadaka ), ko rashin girmama Ramadan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-30 |title=Datin Seri Paduka Hayati Salleh, Attorney General, on the introduction of sharia legal principles: Viewpoint - Asia 2014 - Oxford Business Group |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/articles-interviews/maintaining-stability-datin-seri-paduka-hayati-salleh-attorney-general-on-the-introduction-of-sharia-legal-principles-viewpoint |access-date=2023-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bisa buƙatar Datin Hayati, Farfesa Cao Jianming ya ziyarci Brunei don kasuwanci daga 24 zuwa 26 ga Nuwamba 2017. Lauyan Jama'a na Kotun Koli da kuma Babban Lauyan Gwamnati na Brunei sun sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa bayan sun amince da ƙara haɓaka sadarwa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ofisoshin masu gabatar da ƙara biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Delegation of the Supreme People's Procuratorate of China Visited Brunei |url=http://bn.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zwgx/201711/t20171127_10118574.htm |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=bn.china-embassy.gov.cn}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Janairu 2018, shugaban ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Brunei Darussalam, On Hung Zheng, ya ziyarci Datin Hayati a ginin lauyoyi. Sun yi magana game da batutuwan da suka shafi juna, ciki har da hanyoyin inganta ayyukan shari'a a Brunei Darussalam da kuma hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Attorney General, Law Society President hold fruitful talks – Law Society of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://bruneilawsociety.com/2018/01/25/attorney-general-law-society-president-hold-fruitful-talks/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Agusta 2018, Mai Martaba ya amince da nadin Dato Hairol Arni a matsayin Babban Lauya domin maye gurbin Datin Hayati bisa ga umarnin Sarkin Brunei. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-10 |title=Pelantikan peguam negara dan pegawai kanan » Media Permata Online |url=https://mediapermata.com.bn/pelantikan-peguam-negara-dan-pegawai-kanan/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=Pelantikan peguam negara dan pegawai kanan |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Datin Hayati ita ce babbar 'yar aristocrat kuma ɗan siyasa, ''Pehin Orang Kaya Shahbandar'' Dato Seri Paduka Salleh . <ref name=":0"/> == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == A ranar 15 ga Yuli 1999, an ba ta lambar yabo ta ''Datin Paduka'', wacce aka kuma yi mata lakabi da ''Yang Berhormat'' ( Mai Girma ). Daga baya aka ɗaukaka mata lambar yabo zuwa ga ''Datin Seri Paduka'' a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2011. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=HM 65th Birthday Awards |url=http://bruneiresources.blogspot.com/2011/07/hm-65th-birthday-awards.html |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=HM 65th Birthday Awards}}</ref> A tsawon aikinta, Hayati ta sami lambobin yabo kamar haka: <ref name=":1"/> === Kyaututtuka === * Gaisuwa ga lambar yabo ta Brunei Women Achievers Award (wanda Asia Inc Forum ta bayar; 2008) <ref name=":0"/> === Daraja === An ba Hayati waɗannan kyaututtukan: * [[Fayil:First_Class_of_the_Order_of_Seri_Paduka_Mahkota_Brunei_(SPMB).svg|50x50px]] Order na Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei First Class (SPMB; 15 Yuli 2011) - ''Datin Seri Paduka'' ; <ref name=":3"/> * [[Fayil:Second_Class_of_the_Order_of_Seri_Paduka_Mahkota_Brunei_(DPMB).svg|50x50px]] Odar Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei Ajin Na Biyu (DPMB; 15 Yuli 1999) - ''Datin Paduka'' * [[Fayil:Meritorious_Service_Medal_(PJK).svg|50x50px]] Lambar Yabo ta Sabis (PJK) * [[Fayil:Excellent_Service_Medal_(PIKB).svg|50x50px]] Kyakkyawan Lambar Sabis (PIKB) * [[Fayil:Long_Service_Medal_(PKL).svg|50x50px]] Lamba Mai Dogon Aiki (PKL) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4xjay3bs9k83a038c7a0xj454ot6c2t 0 146558 827407 813333 2026-04-28T09:10:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Helen Kezie Nwoha''' '[[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] ce, mai kare hakkin dan adam kuma mai fafutukar zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kezie-Nwoha |first=Helen |date=2022-10-10 |title=Women and Grassroots Peacebuilding in South Sudan |url=https://peacenews.com/women-and-grassroots-peacebuilding-in-south-sudan/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Peace News Network |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce Babban Darakta a Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Mata ta Duniya, ƙungiyar da aka fi sani da Isis Women's International Cross Cultural Exchange (Isis-WICCE). Cibiyar tana mai da hankali kan inganta haƙƙin mata. A matsayinta, Helen ta sadu da 'yan mata na yanki kuma ta raba ra'ayoyi game da inganta jinsi da zaman lafiya ga mata da 'yan matan da ke cikin rikici . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helen Kezie-Nwoha |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/people/helen-kezie-nwoha |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=The London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricanFeminism |date=2019-06-28 |title=What Feminist Peace Means in Changing Contexts of Conflicts - African Feminism (AF) |url=https://africanfeminism.com/what-feminist-peace-means-in-changing-contexts-of-conflicts/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Helen ta gudanar da kulawar shugabancinta kuma ta shiga cikin shirya tarurruka masu mahimmanci kamar "Situation Room in Election Efficacy" don ba da shawara ga adalci a cikin karfafa mata da kuma hadawa a cikin siyasa a duka ƙasashe da na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Situation Rooms and their Efficacy in Elections – Citizen Connect |url=https://citizenconnect.us/event/situation-rooms-and-their-efficacy-in-elections/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=citizenconnect.us}}</ref> == Ilimi == Helen ta bi digiri na Masters a cikin Jima'i da Ci gaban Duniya . Har ila yau, tana da Digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci da kuma Bachelors of Science a cikin Zoology tare da kwarewar sama da shekaru 20 tana aiki a kan 'yancin mata da batutuwan jinsi.[5] == Ayyuka == Helen ta wallafa wallafe-wallafe 12 game da maganganun jinsi na yanki. Tana da kwarewar sama da shekaru 20 tana aiki a kan 'yancin mata, jinsi, gina zaman lafiya, warware rikice-rikice da shugabanci. Ta jagoranci shirye-shiryen bayar da shawarwari, shirye-shirye a matakin yanki da na duniya. Helen tana da asali a cikin bincike, tara kuɗi da ci gaban ƙungiyoyi kuma tana cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na Cibiyar Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Mata a Uganda . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Situation Rooms and their Efficacy in Elections – Citizen Connect |url=https://citizenconnect.us/event/situation-rooms-and-their-efficacy-in-elections/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=citizenconnect.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHRDN-U Structure – Women Human Rights Defenders Network Uganda |url=https://www.whrdnuganda.org/whrdn-u-structure/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Helen ita ce shugabar Gender Is My Agenda Campaign (GIMAC), cibiyar sadarwa ta kungiyoyi sama da 55 da ke ba da shawara don haɓaka jinsi a Tarayyar Afirka. Ita memba ce ta Cibiyar Mata Masu Tsakanin Afirka, kuma memba ce ta Majalisar Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu ta Tarayyar Afirka (ECOSSOC) Kungiyar Ba da Shawara kan Mata, Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FemWise-Africa |url=https://globalwomenmediators.org/femwise-africa/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=GLOBAL WOMEN MEDIATORS |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic, Social & Cultural Council (ECOSOCC) {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/about/ecosocc |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=au.int |archive-date=2023-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616145312/https://au.int/en/about/ecosocc |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=35th Gender is My Agenda Campaign (GIMAC) Civil Society Gender Pre-Summit. {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/newsevents/20200203/35th-gender-my-agenda-campaign-gimac-civil-society-gender-pre-summit |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=au.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kezie-Nwoha |first=Helen |date=2022-10-10 |title=Women and Grassroots Peacebuilding in South Sudan |url=https://peacenews.com/women-and-grassroots-peacebuilding-in-south-sudan/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Peace News Network |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi Har ila yau == * [[Jennifer Adighije]] * [[Aisha Sulaiman Achimugu]] * [[Farida Kabir]] * [[Joy Odiete|Farin Ciki]] == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] autxuxyo5zkwfde7yscy1l2c261em22 0 146649 827215 813894 2026-04-27T15:32:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gisèle Bedan''' (an haife ta 5 Bangui, 1966) 'yar siyasa ce daga [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]. Ta kasance Ministar Ilimi ta Ƙasa, Ilimi mafi girma da Binciken Kimiyya daga shekarun 2014 zuwa 2015, tana aiki a gwamnatoci biyu. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Bedan a shekarar 1966 a Bangui. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-02-03 |title=Gisèle Bedan, d'un lycée de la région parisienne au ministère centrafricain de l'Éducation |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/165837/politique/gis-le-bedan-d-un-lyc-e-de-la-r-gion-parisienne-au-minist-re-centrafricain-de-l-ducation/ |access-date=2020-02-05 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya kuma mahaifiyarta malama ce.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1996, Bedan ta kafa makarantar 'low cost' ga matasa a Bangui, wacce ta gudanar har zuwa shekara ta 2012.<ref name=":0"/> Ta yi aiki a ilimi a Faransa a shekarar 2013 a makarantar sakandare ta Rostand, Paris. Ita ce mamba ta kafa kungiyar League for Education, Science and Culture in Africa (LESCA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Entretien de Vincent Peillon, ministre de l'éducation nationale avec Gisèle Bedan, ministre de l'éducation nationale, de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique de la République Centrafricaine |url=https://www.education.gouv.fr/cid77052/entretien-de-vincent-peillon-avec-gisele-bedan-ministre-en-republique-centrafricaine.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205172330/https://www.education.gouv.fr/cid77052/entretien-de-vincent-peillon-avec-gisele-bedan-ministre-en-republique-centrafricaine.html |archive-date=2020-02-05 |access-date=2020-02-05 |website=Ministère de l'Éducation nationale et de la Jeunesse |language=fr}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An naɗa Bedan a matsayin Ministar Ilimi a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 2014, don aiki a gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista Andre Nzapayeké. Shugaba Catherine Samba-Panza ne ya naɗa ta. A lokacin da take aiki ta yi aiki tare da [[UNESCO]] don gina sabon cibiyar al'adu ga matasa a Gundumar Bangui ta 4, inda ta kafa harsashin tushe tare da Darakta Janar Irina Bokova. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-16 |title=Central African Youth: a force for reconciliation and peace |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/central-african-youth-force-reconciliation-and-peace-0 |access-date=2020-02-05 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> Ta nemi dala miliyan 15.5 na kuɗaɗen don tallafawa ilimi a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A New Education Strategy in the Central African Republic |url=https://www.globalpartnership.org/blog/new-education-strategy-central-african-republic |access-date=2020-02-05 |website=www.globalpartnership.org |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014 ta halarci taron koli na duniya na mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Ministerial Roundtable – Global Summit of Women |url=https://globewomen.org/globalsummit/index.php/sample-page/ministerial-roundtable/ |access-date=2020-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance daga cikin tawagar gwamnati wacce ta sami Yuro miliyan 5 don horar da sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Millions d'euros pour l'Education |url=https://cf.ambafrance.org/5-Millions-d-euros-pour-l |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926152915/https://cf.ambafrance.org/5-Millions-d-euros-pour-l |archive-date=2020-09-26 |access-date=2020-02-05 |website=La France en République centrafricaine |language=fr}}</ref> Ta yi magana game da buƙatar ilimi, musamman a cikin ƙasashe marasa kwanciyar hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-27 |title=7 milliards de voisins - Global partnership for education: éducation dans les pays fragiles: où en est-on ? |url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/emission/20140627-global-partnership-for-education-education-pays-fragiles-est-on |access-date=2020-02-05 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Bedan ta kuma shiga cikin ayyukan diflomasiyya a matsayin minista, gami da jagorantar tattaunawa game da nuna bambanci ga sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya daga Chadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-15 |title=La Centrafrique ne mènera pas une campagne contre le Tchad |url=https://cameroonvoice.com/news/2014/04/15/la-centrafrique-ne-menera-pas-une-campagne-contre-le-tchad/ |access-date=2020-02-05 |website=Cameroonvoice |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2020-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205172331/https://cameroonvoice.com/news/2014/04/15/la-centrafrique-ne-menera-pas-une-campagne-contre-le-tchad/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan ya shafi magance tashin hankali a kan ƙungiyoyi ba da agaji na ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamba/ACAP |first=Sébastien |title=La ministre Mme Gisèle Bédan, porte parole du gouvernement rassure les acteurs humanitaires que leur sécurité serait garantie |url=https://www.acap.cf/La-ministre-Mme-Gisele-Bedan-porte-parole-du-gouvernement-rassure-les-acteurs-humanitaires-que-leur-securite-serait_a5915.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205172330/https://www.acap.cf/La-ministre-Mme-Gisele-Bedan-porte-parole-du-gouvernement-rassure-les-acteurs-humanitaires-que-leur-securite-serait_a5915.html |archive-date=2020-02-05 |access-date=2020-02-05 |website=AGENCE CENTRAFRICAINE DE PRESSE- République Centrafricaine, Bangui |language=fr}}</ref> Matsayin Bedan a matsayin Minista da farko Mahamat Kamoun ne ya sabunta shi, amma a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2015, lokacin da Kamoun ya kafa gwamnatinsa ta biyu an yi watsi da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centrafrique : l'ancienne Ministre de l'Éducation Madame Gisèle Bedan en colère contre "les ténèbres" |url=http://www.corbeaunews.ca/centrafrique-lancienne-ministre-de-leducation-madame-gisele-bedan-en-colere-contre-les-tenebres/}}</ref> Bedan ta yi iƙirarin cewa an tilasta mata ta yi murabus saboda barazanar mutuwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Centrafrique : l'ancienne Ministre de l'Éducation Madame Gisèle Bedan en colère contre " les ténèbres " |url=http://dabealvi.over-blog.com/2019/01/centrafrique-l-ancienne-ministre-de-l-education-madame-gisele-bedan-en-colere-contre-les-tenebres.html}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta yi iƙirarin cewa 'ba za a iya sarrafawa ba' saboda cin hanci da rashawa.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mjv9sv52xr00zxqtu2vkqdziy50twqd 0 146712 827432 814276 2026-04-28T11:18:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Honorine Flore Lydie Magba''' jami'ar diflomasiyya ce ta Jamhuriyar [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]]. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar jakadanci a [[Amurka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Department of State - Diplomatic List |url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Diplomatic-Book-Spring-2020.pdf |website=state.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Central African Republic government structure and political parties. {{!}} CountryReports - CountryReports |url=https://www.countryreports.org/country/CentralAfricanRepublic/government.htm |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=www.countryreports.org}}</ref> Ta kasance jakadiya a [[Ivory Coast]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=Diplomatie : les fonctionnaires de l'ambassade de la Centrafrique à Abidjan, vidés le 30 juin prochain |url=https://afrikipresse.fr/diplomatie-les-fonctionnaires-de-lambassade-de-la-centrafrique-a-abidjan-vides-le-30-juin-prochain/ |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=Afrikipresse |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rédaction |first=La |date=2019-11-14 |title=Côte-d'Ivoire: Cinq nouveaux Ambassadeurs présentent leurs Lettres de créance au président Ouattara |url=https://www.connectionivoirienne.net/2019/11/15/cote-divoire-cinq-nouveaux-ambassadeurs-presentent-leurs-lettres-de-creance-au-president-ouattara/ |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=Connectionivoirienne.net |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=COTE D'IVOIRE : CONSEIL DES MINISTRES DU 6 FÉVRIER 2019 |url=https://pagesafrik.info/cote-divoire-conseil-des-ministres-du-6-fevrier-2019/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214135943/http://pagesafrik.info/cote-divoire-conseil-des-ministres-du-6-fevrier-2019/ |archive-date=February 14, 2019 |website=pagesafrik.info}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=YECLO.com |date=2019-02-07 |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Communiqué du conseil des ministres du mercredi 6 février 2019 |url=https://www.yeclo.com/cote-divoire-communique-du-conseil-des-ministres-du-mercredi-6-fevrier-2019/ |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=YECLO.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Lydie Flore Magba Jakada Ni-wani-misali-da-wuri-shugaban-taɓawa-taɓaka-taɓata-taɓaya-taɓana-mata-tafiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya Afriquematin.net. 2020 * {{Cite web |last=Centrafrique |first=Corbeaunews |date=2020-07-18 |title=RCA : Madame Honorine Lydie MAGBA , l'ambassadrice de la RCA en Côte d'Ivoire répond au ministre centrafricain des Affaires étrangères, madame Sylvie Baïpo Temon - Corbeau News Centrafrique ou si b il LPP Corbeau News Centrafrique ou si b il LPP |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.com/rca-madame-honorine-lydie-magba-lambassadrice-de-la-rca-en-cote-divoire-repond-au-ministre-centrafricain-des-affaires-etrangeres-madame-sylvie-baipo-temon/ |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=Corbeau News Centrafrique ou si b il LPP |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0ynyhanux5a5fhi7c1lz601dmrgudiu 0 146830 827260 814886 2026-04-27T17:22:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Grace Tsitsi Mutandiro''' jami'ar diflomasiyya ce daga [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe,]] wacce ta kasance Kwamishinar Hukumar Ayyukan Jama'a har zuwa watan Nuwamba 2020. Ta kuma kasance Jakadiyar [[Austriya|Austria,]] a lokaci guda tana aiki tare da naɗi a [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech,]] da [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]], kuma ta kasance wakiliyar dindindin ta Zimbabwe, a Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya (IAEA), [[Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka|Ƙungiyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Laifuka da Magunguna]] (UNODC), Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Masana'antu ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNIDO) da kuma Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Ƙungiyar Yarjejeniyar Hana Gwajin Makamashi ta Nukiliya (CTBTO). Ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Sakatariya na Filaye da Matsugunan Karkara tun daga shekarar 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe set to lose $20 million – The Herald |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/zimbabwe-set-to-lose-20-million/amp/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=www.herald.co.zw}}</ref> sannan ta zama Sakatariya ta Muhalli, Ruwa da Yanayi daga shekarun 2017 zuwa 2018. <ref name="PSC">{{Cite web |title=Public Service Commission |url=http://www.psc.gov.zw/structure.html |access-date=30 April 2020 |website=Public Service Commission }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Ambassador Grace Tsitsi Mutandiro - Commissioner |url=https://www.legistorm.com/lobbying/download_filing_pdf/1530222.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=www.legistorm.com}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a ofisoshin jakadancin Zimbabwe, da ke [[Faransa|Faransa,]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]], bi da bi. Ta kasance mataimakiya ta musamman ga Babban Sakataren Shugaban ƙasa da Majalisar Ministoci kuma Darakta a wannan ofishin daga shekarun 1997 zuwa 2003. <ref name=":0"/> Mutandiro ta sami digirin farko na Gudanarwa a Jami'ar Rhodesia (wanda yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Zimbabwe), a shekarar 1979 da kuma digirin farko na Shari'a a [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]], a shekarar 2002. <ref name="UNIS">{{Cite web |title=New Permanent Representative of Zimbabwe Presents Credentials |url=http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/en/pressrels/2005/unisbio741.html |access-date=30 April 2020 |website=UNIS |publisher=UN}}</ref> <ref name="PSC"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1c0m6cleemd2a4in1acr3xgodzrpfz2 0 146834 827327 814906 2026-04-27T21:48:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gwendoline Noreen Chomba Konie''' (9 ga Oktoba 1938 - 14 ga Maris 2009) mawakiya ce [[Zambiya|ta Zambia]], jami'ar diflomasiyya kuma 'yar siyasa. Ita ce jakadiyar Zambia, a Scandinavia, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da [[Jamus]]. Ta kafa jam'iyyarta a shekarar 2000 kuma ta tsaya takarar zama Shugabar Zambia, a shekarar 2001. Lokacin da ta rasu an yi mata jana'iza ta gwamnati. == Rayuwa == An haifi Konie a shekarar 1938 a [[Lusaka]] a yankin da a da ake kira Arewacin Rhodesia kuma yanzu ita ce Zambia. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Cardiff da ke Cardiff, Wales da kuma Jami'ar Amurka da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], Amurka.<ref name="Kinnear2011">{{cite book|author=Karen L. Kinnear|title=Women in Developing Countries: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIjxVimxO_wC&pg=PA320|date=22 July 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-426-9|page=159}}</ref> Ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Warwick.<ref name=gender>[http://www.genderlinks.org.za/article/gwendoline-chomba-konie-2012-06-05 Gwendoline Chomba Konie – Zambia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311104735/http://www.genderlinks.org.za/article/gwendoline-chomba-konie-2012-06-05 |date=2016-03-11 }}, GenderLinks.org.za</ref> A shekarar 1962, Sir Evelyn Dennison Hone, Gwamna Janar na Arewacin Rhodesia, ya zaɓe ta don zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasarta. Ta tuntuɓi [[Kenneth Kaunda]] kafin ta amince.<ref name="Morgan1984">{{cite book|author=Robin Morgan|title=Sisterhood is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVHA9YVC6GQC&pg=PA742|year=1984|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=978-1-55861-160-3|pages=742–744}}</ref> Daga nan ta yi horo a Ofishin Harkokin Waje kuma ta zama Jakadiyar Zambia, da kuma Mai Riƙon Iko na Musamman a [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]] da [[Finland]] daga shekarun 1974 zuwa 1977. Daga shekarun 1977 ta kasance Wakiliyar Dindindin ta ƙasar a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. A shekarar 1979 ta zama Sakatariya na Dindindin na Ma'aikatar Yawon Buɗe Ido ta Zambia. <ref name="Morgan1984" /> Bayan da Kenneth Kaunda ta rasa mulki, Shugaba Frederick Chiluba ya riƙe ta a matsayin jakadiya har zuwa shekara ta 1997. Ta kasance Jakadiyar Zambia, a Jamus.<ref name=iol2000>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/party-led-by-woman-a-first-for-zambia-1.48366 Party led by woman a first for Zambia], 28 August 2000, iol.co.za, Retrieved 2 February 2016</ref> A shekara ta 2001, ta kasance 'yar takara a babban zaɓen Zambia na shekarar 2001, don zama Shugabar Zambia. Ta tsaya takarar Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party wacce ta kafa a watan Agusta na shekarar 2000 don mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi mata da yara.<ref name=iol2000/><ref name="Karatnycky2001">{{cite book|author=Adrian Karatnycky|title=Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 2000-2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNkDl2uqNaUC&pg=PA594|date=June 2001|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-7658-0101-2|page=594}}</ref> An kaɗa kuri'u miliyan ɗaya ga 'yan takara goma sha ɗaya a zaɓen. Biyu daga cikin 'yan takarar mata ne. Konie ta sami kuri'u sama da 10,000 kuma aka zaɓi Levy Mwanawasa.<ref name=iol2000/><ref name="Karatnycky2001"/> Konie ma mawakiya ce. Wakarta mai suna "In the Fist of your Hatred" an saka ta a cikin ''Littafin Wakokin Afirka na Zamani na Penguin'' a shekarar 2007. Wakar ta yi suka ga girman kai na maza.<ref name="Moore2007">{{cite book|author=Gerald Moore|title=The Penguin Book of Modern African Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUaaA9JxaRoC&pg=PT589|date=30 August 2007|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-191290-5|page=399}}</ref> Ta rasu a Asibitin MKP Trust da ke [[Lusaka]] a shekarar 2009 kuma an yi mata jana'iza ta ƙasa.<ref name=seath>[https://www.lusakatimes.com/2009/03/15/gwendoline-konie-dies/ Gwendoline Konie Dies], 15 March 2009, ''Lusaka Times'', Retrieved 2 February 2016</ref> Shugaba Rupiah Banda ta ce rana ce da za a yi makokin rasuwarta kuma Kenneth Kaunda ta lura da hannunta a kafa Zambia bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya.<ref name=kaunda>[http://maravi.blogspot.co.uk/2009/03/reflecting-on-gwendoline-konies-life.html Reflecting on Gwendoline Konie's life], Kenneth Kaunda, March 2009, Retrieved 2 February 2016</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] tg8y7u23xrrugoglbbipc5shjcwzu3i 0 146918 827396 815469 2026-04-28T07:05:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haslina Taib''' ' yar kasuwa ce 'yar ƙasar Brunei wacce ita ce Babbar Jami'ar Dynamik Technologies, wani kamfanin fasahar sadarwa da ke [[Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]], tun daga watan Afrilun 2007. An kuma san Haslina da yin aiki a matsayin Shugabar Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Kasuwanci ta ASEAN (ASEAN BAC). Kafin ta riƙe wannan matsayi, an kuma naɗa ta a matsayin memba ta Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Kasuwanci ta APEC (2010–2016). == Ilimi == Haslina tana da digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] da [[Jami'ar Cranfield]] . Haka kuma memba ce a Ƙungiyar Masu Ba da Shaidar Lissafi . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ASEAN BAC Brunei Haslina Taib |url=https://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/web/content/1119?unique=43fba61ec499058babc81c97a9065f99a58f6c43 |website=ASEAN BAC Brunei}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kafin ta shiga Dynamik Technologies, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakar |first=Rasidah Hj Abu |date=2018-10-31 |title=BAG Networks rebrands as Dynamik Technologies after buyout |url=http://thescoop.co/2018/10/31/bag-networks-rebrands-as-dynamik-technologies-after-buyout/ |access-date= |website=The Scoop |language=en-GB}}</ref> Haslina ta yi hulɗa da kamfanoni kamar KPMG, Panel Kerr Foster, Andersen, WPP, Hill Knowlton Europe, da kuma Dorchester Group of Companies a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ASEAN BAC Brunei Haslina Taib |url=https://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/web/content/1119?unique=43fba61ec499058babc81c97a9065f99a58f6c43 |website=ASEAN BAC Brunei}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/web/content/1119?unique=43fba61ec499058babc81c97a9065f99a58f6c43 "ASEAN BAC Brunei Haslina Taib"]. ''ASEAN BAC Brunei''.</cite></ref> === Dynamik Technologies === A ƙarƙashin Dynamik Technologies, Haslina ta jagoranci aiwatar da ayyukan sauya fasalin dijital na ƙasa da dama, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-30 |title=Haslina Taib, CEO, BAG Networks: Interview - Asia 2014 - Oxford Business Group |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/articles-interviews/obg-talks-to-haslina-taib-ceo-bag-networks-interview |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ta gabatar da AKREDI, wani dandamali na ASEAN Digital Certifications, kuma ta ba da shawarar fasahohin zamani kamar fintech, blockchain, da ƙananan lambobi a Brunei Darussalam. Bugu da ƙari, Haslina ta kasance mai himma wajen haɓaka masana'antar ICT ta ƙasar ta hanyar horar da ƙwararru a sassa masu zaman kansu, haɓaka waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri a fannin masana'antu, da ƙarfafa ilimin STEM ga matasa tare da shirye-shirye kamar "Yara Za Su Iya Rubuta Lambobi". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brunei Kids Can Code {{!}} Our Communities {{!}} Dynamik Technologies |url=https://www.dynamiktechnologies.com.bn/our-communities/brunei-kids-can-code/ |access-date= |website=Dynamik Home {{!}} Dynamik Technologies Sdn Bhd |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sauran kasuwanci === Haslina ta wakilci Brunei a matsayin Shugabar Taron Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari na ASEAN na 2021 a matsayin memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Kasuwanci ta ASEAN. Ita kuma memba ce a Majalisar Jami'ar Brunei Darussalam, Majalisar Dokokin Lissafi ta Brunei Darussalam, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brunei Darussalam Accounting Standards Council Members |url=https://bdasc.mofe.gov.bn/SitePages/Council-Members.aspx |website=Brunei Darussalam Accounting Standards Council |access-date=2026-03-29 |archive-date=2024-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916025401/https://bdasc.mofe.gov.bn/SitePages/Council-Members.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma Shugabar Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Canjin Dijital ta ASEAN. == Ganewa da kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Mata Masu Nasara a Bangarorin Kamfanoni ta Brunei (2010) * Kyaututtukan 'Yan Kasuwa Masu Kyau don Kyaututtukan Kasuwancin Asiya Pacific (2010) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Pacific Enterprise Awards Hall of Fame 2010 |url=https://apea.asia/brunei/hall-of-fame-br-2010/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205032330/https://apea.asia/brunei/hall-of-fame-br-2010/ |archive-date=2024-12-05 |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=Asia Pacific Enterprise Awards}}</ref> * Mata 50 Mafi Tasiri a Brunei a Brunei ta Inspire (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |title=50 Most Influential Women Brunei by Inspire |url=https://inspirebn.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/inspire-2nd-issue-lr.pdf |website=Inspire Magazine Brunei}}</ref> * Manyan Alamomin LinkedIn 50 Masu Ban Sha'awa a Brunei (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brunei's 50 Most Inspiring LinkedIn Icons of 2021 |url=https://thebruneian.news/2022/01/03/bruneis-50-most-inspiring-linkedin-icons-2021/ |website=The Bruneian News}}</ref> * Shugabar Mata ta Asiya (Agusta 2022) * Kyauta ta Musamman ta Cambodia (Nuwamba 2022) * Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa Mafi Kwarin gwiwa a Asiya (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Haslina Taib Wins Asia's Most Inspiring Executives 2022 {{!}} ACES Awards |url=https://www.acesawards.com/stories/leadership/haslina-taib/ |access-date= |website=www.acesawards.com |archive-date=2024-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241013064352/https://www.acesawards.com/stories/leadership/haslina-taib/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qtt3agwrc6t2cx0h9629dn6bauwpvrs 0 147043 827351 816199 2026-04-28T01:10:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haley McGee''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Kanada, marubuciya kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo da ke zaune a [[Landan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Haley McGee |url=http://www.haleymcgee.ca/about |publisher=Haley McGee}}</ref> McGee an fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Dorothy Skerritt, mataimakin [[Nikola Tesla]] a cikin Doctor Who episode "Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror". An kuma san ta da wasan kwaikwayon kanta, kwanan nan Age Is A Feeling da The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale . == ''Shekaru Jin Jin Jin'' == McGee ta 2022 show ya fara ne a Edinburgh Festival kuma ya lashe Fringe First Award. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Scotsman Fringe Awards: this year's Edinburgh festival prize-winners |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/edinburgh-festivals/scotsman-fringe-awards-this-years-edinburgh-festival-prize-winners-3818569 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.scotsman.com |language=en}}</ref> Yana ba da labarin rayuwar mutum guda ɗaya daga ranar haihuwar 25 har zuwa mutuwa. An ba da labarin gaba ɗaya a cikin mutum na biyu kuma ya haɗa da sassan labarin reshe bisa ga zaɓin masu sauraro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=Age Is a Feeling review – an astonishing dive into the future |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/aug/10/age-is-a-feeling-review-haley-mcgee-summerhall-edinburgh |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Nunin ya fara ne a Edinburgh a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2022, kuma ya ci gaba a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Soho a London daga 6 ga Satumba 2022 har zuwa 11 ga Maris 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGee |first=Haley |date=2022-08-02 |title='This show is starting to live under my fingernails': the road to Edinburgh fringe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/aug/02/haley-mcgee-edinburgh-fringe-age-is-a-feeling |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Age Is A Feeling |url=https://sohotheatre.com/shows/age-is-a-feeling/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Soho Theatre |language=en-GB}}</ref> An zabi wannan yanki don Kyautar Olivier a shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Haley McGee’s Age is a Feeling nominated for an Olivier Award |url=https://www.morgangreencreatives.com/news-items/haley-mcgees-age-is-a-feeling-nominated-for-an-olivier-award |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Morgan Green Creatives |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fergus Morgan na Scotsman ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin "kyakkyawan aiki da kuma mai hankali, rubuce-rubuce mai basira, cike da basira da kuma hikima mai ban mamaki daga wani wanda ke da shekaru 36 kawai. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingenthron |first=Blair |title=Haley McGee's AGE IS A FEELING Wins Fringe First Award |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/scotland/article/Haley-McGees-AGE-IS-A-FEELING-Wins-Fringe-First-Award-20220826 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> == ''Sayar da Tsohon Aboki Yard'' == McGee ta 2018 solo show ya gayyaci masu sauraro su darajar abubuwa takwas, kowannensu kyauta daga tsohon saurayi.<ref> name="ex-boyfriend-guardian">{{Cite web |last=Wiegand |first=Chris |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale: can you put a price on sentimental value? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/nov/27/the-ex-boyfriend-yard-sale-haley-mcgee |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> McGee ta bayyana cewa wahayi zuwa ga wasan kwaikwayon shine samun kanta cikin bashi bayan ta koma London, kuma tana buƙatar yin aiki game da waɗanne abubuwa ya kamata a sayar don biyan bashin ta.<ref name="ex-boyfriend-guardian" /> McGee ta haɓaka wasan kwaikwayon tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Melanie Frances, masanin lissafi da mai zane-zane na dijital wanda ya taimaka wajen haɓaka tsari wanda ya haɗa da shigarwa kamar "ƙididdigar dangantaka", ya auna lokacinta tare da kowane tsohon a kan sikelin ɗaya zuwa goma, "yadda suka sa ka dariya, rabo na nishaɗi zuwa baƙin ciki da kuma yadda jima'i yake da kyau". McGee ya bayyana yadda aka samo tsari yayin da wasan kwaikwayon ke gudana. An daidaita wasan kwaikwayon a cikin littafi wanda aka buga a watan Mayu 2021 ta Penguin Random House Canada <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2014 |title=Daily Deals: HarperCollins acquires Alex Light's YA novel from Wattpad; Doubleday picks up Haley McGee's The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/daily-deals-harpercollins-acquires-alex-lights-ya-novel-from-wattpad-doubleday-picks-up-haley-mcgees-the-ex-boyfriend-yard-sale/}}</ref> da Hodder &amp;amp; Stougton a Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ex Boyfriend Yard Sale |url=https://www.foyles.co.uk/witem/biography/the-exboyfriend-yard-sale,haley-mcgee-9781529391497 |publisher=Foyles}}</ref> McGee McGee kuma ya haɓaka wannan ra'ayi a cikin jerin sauti, The Cost of Love, tsarin kwasfan fayiloli da aka saki a lokaci guda tare da littafin. == Ƙalubalen Ƙwarewa na Rana 14 == A lokacin [[Rufewar COVID-19|COVID-19 Lockdown]] na lokacin rani na 2020, McGee ya haɓaka kuma ya jagoranci ƙalubalen ƙwarewar rana 14, shirin da aka tsara don ba da damar masu fasaha su kasance masu kirkira a lokacin da wuraren aikin kirkira suka kasance a rufe. Shirin ya kai ga masu sauraro na kan layi sama da 1000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-22 |title='What even is theatre now?': the fringe artists left out in the cold |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/may/22/what-even-is-theatre-now-the-fringe-artists-left-out-in-the-cold-covid-19 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sumi |first=Glenn |date=2020-06-06 |title=Meet the brains behind the 14-Day Creative Quarantine Challenge |url=https://nowtoronto.com/lifestyle/education/haley-mcgee-14-day-creative-quarantine-challenge |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=NOW Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * Oh My Irma (2011) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-15 |title=Oh My Irma: An Edinburgh Fringe Review |url=https://www.ayoungertheatre.com/edinburgh-fringe-review-oh-my-irma-never-mind-the-noise-hill-street-theatre/ |publisher=A Younger Theatre}}</ref> * ''Yanayi Yanayi'' (2013) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynn Slotkin |date=2013-12-14 |title=DANNY AND THE DEEP BLUE SEA and WEATHER THE WEATHER |url=http://slotkinletter.com/?s=weather+the+weather |publisher=The Slotkin Letter}}</ref> * ''Ina yin hakan a gare ku'' (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Glen Sumi |date=2017-05-05 |title=I'm Doing This For You is cause for celebration |url=https://nowtoronto.com/stage/theatre/i-m-doing-this-for-you-is-cause-for-celebration/ |publisher=Now Toronto }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ''Ma'aikacin Jama'a'' (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Public Servant |url=http://www.commonbootstheatre.ca/public-servant/ |publisher=Common Boots Theatre }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Tsohon Abokin Yard Sale (2018) <ref name="ex-boyfriend-guardian">{{Cite web |last=Wiegand |first=Chris |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale: can you put a price on sentimental value? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/nov/27/the-ex-boyfriend-yard-sale-haley-mcgee |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWiegand2018">Wiegand, Chris (27 November 2018). </cite></ref> * ''Shekaru Yana da Jin'' Jin Jin (2022) A cikin 2022, McGee ta kasance mai tseren karshe don Kyautar Offies don wasan kwaikwayonta na solo Age Is a Feeling, ta sami karbuwa a cikin Mafi kyawun Ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Offies 2022 Finalists – Age Is a Feeling |url=https://www.offies.london/2022-finalists/age-is-a-feeling |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=Offies.London}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2009 |''Labaran Birane'' |Bethany Dickson |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, labarin: "Hamuran Iyali" |- |2015 |''Asirin Murdoch'' |Susan Trent |Jerin talabijin, fasalin: "Pipe Dreamzzz" |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |''Ka rufe ido'' |Haley |Gajeren fim |- |''Star Ocean: Anamnesis'' |Mystina |Wasan bidiyo, wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin ''Haylee'' McGee |- |2020 |''Dokta Wanene'' |Dorothy Skerritt |Jerin talabijin, labarin: "Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror" |- |2023 |''Ƙaunar Har ila yau'' |PR Lady |Fim mai tsawo |- | |''Ganuwar'' | |Gajeren fim |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] aa8bctl2gqm33knxbsvp6xn1ycvtth0 0 147119 827232 816447 2026-04-27T15:45:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Gladys Shields Pyle''' (4 ga Oktoba, 1890){{Spaced en dash}} Maris 14, 1989) ta kasance malamar makaranta, 'yar siyasa kuma mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ba tare da an naɗa ta a matsayinta ba a baya; ita ce kuma 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] kuma ita ce 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko daga South Dakota. Bugu da ƙari, ita ce 'yar majalisar dattawa mace ta farko daga wajen kudu. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Gladys Shields Pyle a Huron, South Dakota a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1890, 'yar John L. Pyle da Mamie Shields Pyle, kuma ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'yansu huɗu, <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}</ref> 'yan mata uku da ɗa ɗaya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=October 19, 1993 |title=Huron Plainsman Newspaper Archives |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/huron-plainsman-oct-19-1993-p-6/ |access-date=December 23, 2018 |website=newspaperarchive.com |page=6 |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifinta lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Lauyan South Dakota kuma mahaifiyarta babbar mai rajin [[Zaɓen Mata|kare haƙƙin jama'a]] ce a jihar. Iyalin sun zauna a wani gida da John ya gina, <ref> name=":6">{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}</ref> sun ci gaba da zama a can bayan mutuwarsa sakamakon zazzabin typhoid a 1902. John da Mamie sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Kwalejin Huron, wadda Gladys ta halarta. <ref name=":5" /> A lokacin da take ɗaliba, Gladys ta fafata a muhawara tare da 'yan uwanta mata. Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1911, <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ "PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives"]. ''history.house.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=March 2, 1995 |title=Mamie Shields Pyle - |url=https://plaza.las.iastate.edu/directory/mamie-shields-pyle/ |access-date=December 23, 2018 |website=Plaza of Heroines |language=en}}</ref> ta kuma ƙaura zuwa Chicago don halartar Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Amurka da Jami'ar Chicago . <ref> name=":6">{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf "Dakota Images"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''sdhspress.com''. 1989<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Farkon aikina == Pyle ta yi aiki a fannin ilimi daga 1912 zuwa 1920. <ref> name=":6">{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Dakota Images |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=sdhspress.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-19-2/dakota-images-gladys-pyle/vol-19-no-2-dakota-images-gladys-pyle.pdf "Dakota Images"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''sdhspress.com''. 1989<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan ta koyar da harshen Latin da kuma ilimin zamantakewa na tsawon shekaru biyu a Huron, ta zama shugabar makarantun gwamnati na Wessington . Gladys, mahaifiyarta Mamie, da 'yan'uwa mata biyu sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar mata ta 'Yancin Zaɓe kuma sun saba shirya tarurruka na ƙungiyar 'Yan Zaɓe ta Mata ta gida a gidansu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gamradt |first=Crystal J. |date=July 25, 1999 |title=Biographical Note: Gladys Pyle |url=https://www.sdstate.edu/sdsu-archives-and-special-collections/incredible-gladys-pyle-collection |website=Incredible Gladys Pyle Collection |publisher=South Dakota State University |access-date=March 31, 2026 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194056/https://www.sdstate.edu/sdsu-archives-and-special-collections/incredible-gladys-pyle-collection |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pyle ta zama lakcara a ƙungiyar <ref name=":6" /> kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas da Ohio don yin jawabai da gabatar da jawabai. <ref name=":7" /> A shekarar 1922, ta tsaya takarar kujera a Majalisar Wakilai ta South Dakota . Bayan ta kasa samun tikitin takara ta hanyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|'yan Republican]] na Beadle County, Pyle ta fafata a zaben fidda gwani na 'yan Republican na Independent, wanda da alama ta sha kaye, amma ta yi nasarar kalubalantar sakamakon. A babban zaben, ita ce ta fi samun kuri'u a kujerun Majalisar Wakilai uku, kuma an zabe ta a kan tikitin 'yan Republican biyu. <ref name=":7" /> A shekarar 1923 ta zama mace ta farko a Majalisar Wakilai ta jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gevik |first=Brian |title=Personalities: Gladys Pyle - A Woman of &quot;Firsts&quot; in Politics and Government |url=http://listen.sdpb.org/post/personalities-gladys-pyle-woman-firsts-politics-and-government |access-date=December 24, 2018 |website=listen.sdpb.org |language=en}}</ref> An sake zabenta a shekarar 1924, kuma ta yi aiki daga 1923 zuwa 1927. Baya ga matsayinta na ɗan lokaci a majalisar dokoki, an kuma nada Pyle ta zama Mataimakiyar Sakataren Harkokin Jahar South Dakota . == Sakataren Harkokin Waje == A shekarar 1926, Pyle ta kasance wacce ta yi nasarar zama 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje na South Dakota . An sake zaɓenta a shekarar 1928, inda ta samu ƙuri'u fiye da yadda aka taɓa ba wa kowane ɗan takara a kowane mukami a jihar, kuma ta yi aiki daga 1927 zuwa 1931. A shekarar 1930, ta kasance 'yar takarar neman takarar gwamna a jam'iyyar Republican. [1] Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani, inda ta samu kusan kashi daya bisa uku na kuri'un. Tunda babu wani dan takara da ya sami kashi 35% da ake bukata a karkashin dokar South Dakota, gasar ta koma taron jam'iyyar Republican, inda wakilai za su zabi wanda za a zaba daga cikin 'yan takara biyar da ke kan kuri'ar fidda gwani. Pyle ta jagoranci kuri'u na hudu, da na shida zuwa goma sha daya, inda ta kara yawan kuri'unta a kowace kuri'a, sai dai babban asarar kuri'u da aka samu a kuri'ar takwas yayin da take gab da shiga zaben. A lokacin kuri'ar 12, Shugaban Taro ya dakatar da kiran zaben kuma bayan sa'o'i uku, 'yan takara maza uku sun nuna goyon bayansu ga Warren E. Green, wacce ta tsaya takara a zaben fidda gwani da kusan kashi 7.5% na kuri'un kuma wacce ta lashe zaben lokacin da aka ci gaba da kiran zaben. Pyle ta amince da shan kaye cikin sauri ba tare da nuna adawa ko zargi ba amma ba ta amince da Green ba har sai bayan lokacin shigar da kara a matsayin mai zaman kansa ya kare. Daga baya ta nuna rashin jin dadinta lokacin da ta nuna ba za ta sake neman mukamin siyasa na jam'iyya ba. Pyle ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na Hukumar Tsaron Jiha daga 1931 zuwa 1933. Yayin da take ci gaba da harkokinta na siyasa, Pyle ta kuma zama mai himma a harkar inshorar rai, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili ga kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na New York da kuma Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na Northwestern Mutual . Bugu da ƙari, an zaɓe ta shugabar Ƙungiyar Masu Inshorar Rayuwa ta Huron, kuma ta kasance mai himma a Ƙungiyar Masu Inshorar Rayuwa ta Ƙasa. <ref name="National_Life" /> == Sanatan Amurka == [[Fayil:Gladys_Shields_Pyle_Gets_lame_duck_appointment_to_Senate._Washington,_D.C.,_November_28,_1938._Elected_to_fill_the_unexpired_term_of_Senator_Herbert_E._Hitchcock_of_South_Dakota,_arrived_at_the_Capitol_LCCN2016874427_(cropped).tif|thumb|327x327px|Pyle a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1938, a lokacin ɗan gajeren wa'adinta na Majalisar Dattawa]] A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1938, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar jam'iyyar Republican zuwa Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, inda ta lashe sama da kashi 58% na ƙuri'un kuma ta sami ƙarin ƙuri'u 8,500 fiye da wanda ya lashe zaɓe na biyu mafi girma a duk faɗin jihar. Pyle ta sami mafi girman kaso na ƙuri'un 'yan takarar Republican waɗanda ba sa kan mulki kuma ta biyu mafi girma na ƙuri'u ga duk 'yan takarar Republican a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a zaɓen 1938. An zaɓi Pyle don cike gurbin da mutuwar Peter Norbeck ta haifar. Norbeck ya mutu a watan Disamba na 1936, wanda ya ba gwamnan South Dakota damar naɗa wanda zai maye gurbinsa, kuma ya naɗa ɗan Democrat Herbert E. Hitchcock . <ref name=":4" /> Hitchcock ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na ɗan takarar Democrat na cikakken wa'adi, kuma Chan Gurney ɗan Republican ne ya lashe zaɓen. <ref name=":4" /> Saboda ya rasa takarar 'yan Democrat, wani abu da ya faru a dokar South Dakota ya tilasta wa Hitchcock ya sauka daga mulki bayan zaben Nuwamba 1938, wanda zai haifar da gurbi kafin wa'adin Gurney ya fara a watan Janairu 1939. <ref name=":4" /> Domin cike gurbin watanni biyu, 'yan Republican na South Dakota sun yi nasarar yin zabe na musamman saboda jita-jitar cewa Shugaba [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] zai kira wani zaman Majalisa na musamman kafin Janairu. <ref name=":4" /> Dokar jiha ta hana Gurney bayyana a kuri'ar raba gardama sau biyu, don haka bai sami damar tsayawa takara a zaben na musamman ba. <ref name=":4" /> Sakamakon waɗannan yanayi da kuma rashin tabbas a cikin doka, Jam'iyyar Republican ta yi nasara a kan Pyle, duk da alƙawarin da ta yi na cewa ba za ta sake neman wani mukami na siyasa ba, don tsayawa takara a zaɓen na musamman, wani ɓangare saboda shahararta a jihar, kuma wani ɓangare saboda tana da suna cewa ba za su ba da albarkatu da yawa ga kamfen ɗin zaɓe na musamman ba. Ta yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Sabuwar Yarjejeniya, tana jayayya cewa shirin bai yi nisa ba don taimaka wa mutanen South Dakota. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PYLE, Gladys {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ |access-date=June 3, 2017 |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/PYLE,-Gladys-(P000581)/ "PYLE, Gladys | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives"]. ''history.house.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar da Gurney ta lashe zaɓen cikakken wa'adi, Pyle ta kayar da ɗan Democrat JT McCullen Sr. a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, inda ta sami maki kusan kashi 6 cikin ɗari a gaban wanda ya lashe zaɓen ofis na gaba mafi girma a jihar. <ref name=":4" /> An biya Pyle kuɗin hidimarta ta Majalisar Dattawa kuma an ba ta izinin ɗaukar ma'aikata, amma Majalisar ba ta cikin zaman kuma ba a taɓa rantsar da ita ba. Bayan zaɓen, Pyle ta yi tafiya zuwa Washington, DC da kuɗinta, tare da mahaifiyarta da mataimakiya ɗaya. <ref name=":0"/> Ba a kira wani zama na musamman ba, don haka Pyle ba ta sami damar yin wani aiki na Majalisar Dattawa ba kafin wa'adinta ya ƙare. Ta raba ofishin Majalisar Dattawa da Thomas M. Storke, wani sanata na wucin gadi da aka naɗa daga [[California]], kuma ta shafe lokacinta a Washington tana fafutukar neman amincewar hukumomin tarayya, ciki har da Hukumar Gudanar da Ci Gaban Ayyuka da Ofishin Harkokin Indiya don amincewa da ayyuka a South Dakota. <ref name=":4" /> == Daga baya aiki == A watan Janairun 1939, Pyle ta koma harkar inshorarta, kuma ta ci gaba da shiga cikin ayyukan gwamnati sosai. <ref name=":0"/> A shekarar 1940, ta zama mace ta farko da ta gabatar da jawabin takarar shugaban kasa a wani babban taron kasa, tana magana a madadin dan takara Harland J. Bushfield . Baya ga sake fara aikinta a harkar inshorar rai, Pyle ita ce mai kula da yara maza biyu marayu kuma tana kula da gonar iyalinta mai fadin eka 640 kusa da Huron. Ta kasance memba na Hukumar Agaji da Gyaran Gida ta South Dakota daga 1943 zuwa 1957. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f9oq560fx9sv4ma4ms1l00y8myfe55v 3 147502 827152 818262 2026-04-27T14:10:50Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Zurellialite]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Zurel]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Zurellialite|Zurellialite]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Zurel|Zurel]]" 818262 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zurellialite! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zurellialite|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) h58kcpecg6y5wcmpsp7n1n4cv8hhkdw 0 147551 827134 818448 2026-04-27T12:53:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 827134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kimiyya da fasaha a Ukraine''' suna da ci gaban zamani da asalin tarihi a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19 kuma suna da alaƙa, da farko, da Kwalejin Kyiv Mohyla, Jami'ar Kyiv da Jami'ar Kharkiv. Kafa babban cibiyar bincike ta Ukraine, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Ukraine, a cikin 1918 ta [[Vladimir Vernadsky|Volodymyr Vernadsky]] ta nuna muhimmiyar mahimmanci a ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha na kasar. Kimiyya ta sararin samaniya ta Ukraine ta ci gaba da sauri bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tare da [[Sergei Korolev|Korolyov]] da Chelomey suna jagorantar roket da ci gaban sararin samaniya a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a lokacin Space Race. Ukraine ta kasance a matsayi na 66 a cikin Global Innovation Index a cikin 2025, daga 57th a cikin 2023, da 49th a cikin 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/ukraine |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref> == Shahararrun mutane == [[Fayil:AL-31FN.jpg|right|thumb|Saturn AL-31 iyali ne na injunan turbofan na soja, wanda Lyulka ya haɓaka a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]]] * Mikhail Ostrogradsky (1801 - 1862), masanin lissafi da aka sani da Divergence theorem da rashin daidaituwa na Ostrogradosky, da sauran sakamakon. * Mykhaylo Maksymovych (1804 - 1873), masanin tsire-tsire, masanin tarihi, masanin harshe, masanin ilimin lissafi, shugaban farko na Jami'ar Kyiv. * Vladimir Betz (1834 - 1894), masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin ilimin histology. Dubi tantanin halitta na Betz. * [[Elie Metchnikoff|Ilya Mechnikov]] (1845 - 1916), masanin ilimin dabbobi, ya ba da kyautar Nobel ta 1908 a fannin ilimin lissafi ko magani "don nuna godiya ga aikin su kan rigakafi". * Ivan Puluj (1845 - 1918), masanin kimiyyar lissafi, mai kirkiro. Mai haɓaka na farko na amfani da X-rays don hotunan likita. * Ivan Horbachevsky (1854 - 1942), masanin sunadarai. Dubi Xanthine oxidase. * [[Vladimir Vernadsky|Volodymyr Vernadsky]] (1863 - 1945), masanin ilimin ma'adinai da masanin ilimin ƙasa, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ukraine. * Georgy Voronoy (1868 - 1908), masanin lissafi. Dubi zane na Voronoi. * Stephen Timoshenko (1878 - 1972), injiniya. Dubi Ka'idar Timoshenko. * Ivan Schmalhausen (1884 - 1963), masanin ilimin juyin halitta, masanin ilimin dabbobi, ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a ci gaban juyin halitta na zamani. * [[Igor Sikorsky]] (1889 - 1972), majagaba na jirgin sama. * Mikhail Kravchuk (kuma Krawtchouk) (1892 - 1942), masanin lissafi. Dubi Kravchuk polynomials, Kravchuk matrix. * Valery Glivenko (1896 - 1940), masanin lissafi. Dubi Glivenko-Cantelli theorem, Glivenko's theorem, glivenko-Stone theorem. * [[Yuri Kondratyuk]] (1897 - 1942), masanin lissafi, injiniya. Ya kirkiro Lunar Orbit Rendezvous na farko da aka sani. * Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900 - 1975), masanin kwayoyin halitta, masanin ilimin juyin halitta. Dubi samfurin Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller . * George Kistiakowsky (1900 - 1982), farfesa a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Harvard wanda ya shiga cikin aikin Manhattan kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya na Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower. * Olexander Smakula (1900 - 1983), masanin kimiyyar lissafi. Mai kirkirar rigakafin ruwan tabarau mai nunawa wanda ya dogara da tsangwama ta gani. * Aleksandr Markevich (1905 - 1999), masanin ilimin dabbobi, masanin ilimin kwayar cuta, wanda ya kafa makarantun Ukrainian na ilimin kwayar cutar da ilimin dabbobi. * Oleg Antonov (1906 - 1984), mai tsara jirgin sama, kuma shugaban farko na Antonov - sanannen kamfanin jirgin sama a duniya a Ukraine. * [[Sergei Korolev|Sergei Korolyov]] (1907 - 1966), masanin kimiyyar roka, babban mai tsara Shirin sararin samaniya na Soviet. Dubi Voskhod, Vostok, Soyuz. * [[Valentin Glushko]] (1908 - 1989), masanin kimiyyar roka. Dubi RD-214, RD-270, NPO Energomash . * Arkhip Lyulka (1908 - 1984), injiniyan injiniya. Dubi Lyulka AL-21, Saturn AL-31, NPO Saturn. * Nikolay Bogolyubov (1909 - 1992), masanin lissafi kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda aka sani da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ka'idar filin lissafi, injiniyoyin lissafi na gargajiya da na lissafi, da ka'idar tsarin ƙarfi. * Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy (1909 - 2001), injiniya, jagorar mai haɓaka Shirin jirgin sararin samaniya na Buran. * Nikolai Amosov (1913 - 2002), likita, likitan zuciya, mai kirkiro. * Olexiy Ivakhnenko (1913 - 2007), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta, masanin lissafi. Dubi Hanyar rukuni na sarrafa bayanai. * Vladimir Chelomey (1914 - 1984), masanin kimiyyar roka. Dubi roket din Proton. * Borys Paton (1918), masanin injiniya, shugaban dogon lokaci na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Ukraine. * Vladimir Marchenko (1922-2026), masanin lissafi. Dubi Rarrabawar Marchenko-Pastur. * Victor Glushkov (1923 - 1982), wanda ya kafa fasahar bayanai a Tarayyar Soviet, kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa cybernetics. * Plato Kostiuk (1924 - 2010), masanin ilimin lissafi, masanin ilimin jijiyoyi, masanin kimiyyar lantarki, kuma masanin kimiwyar halittu. * Anatoliy Skorokhod (1930 - 2011), masanin lissafi. Dubi Skorokhod integral, Skorokrod sarari, Skorakhod's embedding theorem. * Oleksandr Sharkovsky (1936), masanin lissafi. Dubi Ka'idar Sharkovskii. * Leonid Pastur (1937), masanin lissafi. Dubi Rarrabawar Marchenko-Pastur. * Leonid Levin (1948), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta, masanin lissafi. Dubi Cook-Levin theorem (NP-Cikakken NP Matsalar gamsarwa ta boolean). * Rostislav Grigorchuk (1953), masanin lissafi. Dubi Kungiyar Grigorchuk. * Vladimir Drinfeld (1954), masanin lissafi. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Fields a shekarar 1990. Dubi rukuni na Quantum, daidaitattun Drinfeld-Sokolov-Wilson. * Yury Gogotsi (1961), masanin sunadarai. * Maryna Viazovska (1984), masanin lissafi, ta warware Matsalar kunshe-kunshe a cikin girman 8, kuma, tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu, a cikin girman 24.&nbsp;&nbsp; * Maurice Goldhaber (1911-2011), masanin kimiyyar lissafi, ya ƙayyade ƙarancin neutrinos. === Gyara zuwa tsarin shari'a don kimiyya da fasaha, 2015-2019 === Tun daga shekara ta 2015, gwamnati ta sake fasalin gudanar da tsarin kirkire-kirkire na kasa. An soke Hukumar Kimiyya, Innovation da Bayanai ta Jiha, tare da canja wurin duk ayyukan da suka shafi tsara manufofi ga Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya, kodayake wasu ma'aikatu da hukumomi suma suna ba da kuɗin jihar ga takamaiman ayyukan.<ref name="UNE">{{Cite book|edition=T.}}</ref> An canza tsarin shari'ar Ukraine sosai a ƙarshen 2015 tare da karɓar sabbin dokoki da ke ƙarfafa tallafin ma'aikata ga tsarin kirkire-kirkire na ƙasa. Dokar Ayyukan Kimiyya da Fasaha (2015) ta sanya Majalisar Kasa don Ci gaban Kimiyya da Tattalin Arziki a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Ministoci. An ba da alhakin majalisa don tabbatar da hadin gwiwar wakilai daga al'ummar kimiyya, hukumomin jihohi da bangaren kasuwanci a shirye-shirye da aiwatar da manufofin jihar da suka shafi.<ref name="UNE2">{{Cite book|edition=T.}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Asusun Bincike na Kasa (2015) ya maye gurbin Asusun Bishara na Jiha, wanda ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya. Babban aikin sabon asusun shine samar da tallafin gasa don bincike na asali da aikace-aikace. An kuma ba da izinin asusun don tallafawa ci gaban gwaji da kirkire-kirkire a wuraren da suka fi dacewa.<ref name="UNE">{{Cite book|edition=T.}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mqqwz9m7pz76of9eyxzm8mrnhrrh3p9 0 147559 827279 818465 2026-04-27T20:05:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827279 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Jirgin karkashin kasa na Guiyang Metro tsarin sufuri ne mai sauri a birnin Guiyang, lardin Guizhou, kasar Sin. Ana gudanar da shi kuma ana yi masa lakabi da Guiyang Urban Railway Transit ('''GYURT'''). Wani ɗan gajeren ɓangaren arewacin Layin 1 ya buɗe a ranar 28 ga Disamba 2017, tare da cikakken layin shiga aiki a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2018. <ref name="gzdsw">{{Cite web |title=贵阳，地铁来了！ |url=http://news.gzdsw.com/gz/2018/1123/99960.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200855/http://news.gzdsw.com/gz/2018/1123/99960.html |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=news.gzdsw.com}}</ref> Layin 2 ya buɗe a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2021.<ref name="xinhua202104">{{Cite web |title=贵阳轨道交通2号线4月28日全线开通运营 |url=http://www.gz.xinhuanet.com/2021-04/26/c_1127378070.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426113938/http://www.gz.xinhuanet.com/2021-04/26/c_1127378070.htm |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |quote=轨道交通2号线开通初期运营后，贵阳市有2条地铁线路开通运营，全网线路长度增加到75.7公里，其中，1号线35.1公里，2号线40.6公里}}</ref> Layin 3 ya buɗe a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2023 . <ref name="chinanews202312">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2023 |title=贵阳轨道交通3号线正式开通运营 |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2023/12-16/10129835.shtml |publisher=中国新闻网}}</ref> Layin S1 ya buɗe a ranar 28 ga Disamba 2024. Layin T2, layin tram, ma ana ginawa.<ref name="open202301">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=贵阳地铁3号线一期、S1线一期、T2线一期建成投用时间 |url=http://news.gog.cn/system/2023/01/09/018297540.shtml |quote=确保2023年3号线一期建成投用，2024年S1线一期、T2线一期建成投用}}</ref><ref name="gywb1">{{Cite web |title=贵阳有轨电车T2线正式开工 |url=https://wb.gywb.cn/ipaper/gywb/html/2020-04/01/content_5752.htm |publisher=贵阳晚报 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Farashin Farashin Farashi == Ana ƙayyade farashi bisa ga nisan da aka yi tafiya, tare da matsakaicin farashi na RMB 8, da kuma mafi ƙarancin farashi na NMB 2. Yara a ƙarƙashin mita 1.3 a tsawo suna tafiya kyauta, yayin da wasu yara ke biyan rabin farashi. Mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 70 suna jin daɗin tafiye-tafiye kyauta a kan sufuri na jama'a a Guiyang. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tsakanin !Tafiya !Bayani |- |< 4km |RMB 2 | |- |4 - 12 km (4km ba a haɗa shi ba) |RMB 3 / 4 |RMB +1 ga kowane kilomita 4 da aka yi tafiya bayan kilomita 4 na farko (idan ƙarin nisan bai kai cikakken farashi na kilomita 4 ba zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa ta RMB 1) |- |12 - 24 km (12km ba a haɗa su ba) |RMB 5 / 6 |RMB +1 ga kowane kilomita 6 bayan tafiya kilomita 12 na farko (idan ƙarin nisan bai kai cikakken farashi na kilomita 6 ba zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa da RMB 1) |- |> 24km |RMB 7 / 8 |RMB +1 ga kowane kilomita 8 bayan kilomita 24 na farko da aka yi tafiya (idan ƙarin nisan bai kai cikakken farashi na kilomita 8 ba zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa ta RMB 1) |} == Kayan aiki == Lines 1, 2, 3, S1 suna amfani da motoci 6 Type-B jiragen kasa da CRRC Nanjing Puzhen ta ƙera. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ThinkCMF |title=贵阳市城市轨道交通有限公司 |url=http://www.gyurt.com/index.php/article/content/id/1319 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117154105/http://www.gyurt.com/index.php/article/content/id/1319 |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.gyurt.com}}</ref> Layin Tram Line T2 zai yi amfani da trams na roba wanda Kamfanin BYD ya ƙera (kamar Layin 1 (Pingshan SkyShuttle) a Shenzhen) <ref>{{Cite web |last=ThinkCMF |title=贵阳市有轨电车示范线（T2线一期工程）环境影响评价信息第二次公示-贵阳城市轨道交通 |url=http://www.gyurt.com/system/2020/05/29/030503375.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024114927/http://www.gyurt.com/system/2020/05/29/030503375.shtml |archive-date=2020-10-24 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.gyurt.com}}</ref> == Lines a cikin aiki == [[Fayil:Guiyang_Urban_Rail_Transit_Map.png|center|thumb|1131x1131px|Taswirar Guiyang Metro]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="cell-padding:1.5; font-size:96%; text-align:center;" ! data-sort-type="text" style="width:120px;" |Layin ! colspan="2" class="unsortable" style="width:450px; line-height:1.05" |Tashoshin (Gundumar) <br /> !Farawa !Sabon Ƙarin<br /> ! style="line-height:1.05" |Tsawon kilomita<br /><small>km</small> ! style="line-height:1.05" |Tashoshin |- | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | 1  | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''[[Douguan station|Douguan]]''' (Guanshanhu) <br /> | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''[[Xiaomeng Industrial Park station|Gidan Masana'antu na Xiaomeng]]''' (Huaxi) <br /> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |2017 | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |2019 | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |35.11<ref name="xh201812">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-01 |title=贵阳市轨道交通1号线全线正式开通初期运营 |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-12/01/c_1123794055.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025091521/http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-12/01/c_1123794055.htm |archive-date=October 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-01 |title=贵阳轨道交通1号线全线开通运营 全长35.11公里设25座车站 |url=http://app.myzaker.com/news/article.php?pk=5c026a1f1bc8e0343c000390}}</ref> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |25 |- | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | 2  | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''[[North Baiyun Road station|Hanyar Arewacin Baiyun]]''' (Baiyun) <br /> | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''[[Zhongxing Road station (Guiyang Metro)|Hanyar Zhongxing]]''' (Nanming) <br /> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |2021 | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |40.6<ref name="xinhua202104"/> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |32 |- | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | 3  | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''[[Luowan station|Luowan]]''' (Wudang) <br /> | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''[[Tongmuling station|Tongmuling]]''' (Huaxi) <br /> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |2023 | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |43.03<ref name="chinanews202312"/> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |29 |- | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | S1  | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''Wangchengpo''' (Nanming) <br /> | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''Zaojiaoba''' (Qingzhen) <br /> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |2024 | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |30.3 | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |13 |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="5" style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |'''Jimillar''' | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |'''149.0''' | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |'''99''' |} === Layin 1 === [[Fayil:Exit_A_of_XiaoMeng_Industrial_Park_Station.jpg|alt=Exit A of XiaoMeng Industrial Park Station|thumb|Fitarwa A na Tashar Masana'antu ta XiaoMeng]] An amince da layin 1 don ginawa a ranar 6 ga Mayu 2013, kuma an amince da shi don tsari a shekarar 2006. Layin ya ratsa Gundumomin Guanshanhu, Yunyan, Nanming da Huaxi. Layin ya ratsa Kogin Nanming sau biyu kuma ya haɗa yankin tsakiyar gari da wasu gundumomi da ke kusa. Tashoshin layin sune Xiaohe Depot da Guanshanhu Depot. Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na layin dogo yana amfani da layin sama. Layi na 1 yana tafiya arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu. === Layin 2 === Layin 2 yana da kilomita 40.6 tare da tashoshin 32, <ref name="gy2">{{Cite web |title=官宣！贵阳地铁2号线全线试运行，票价及站名公布（附换乘攻略） |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/LyzoZA4JzgvbRcTdW7RF2w |access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref> ciki har da tashoshi 30 na karkashin kasa da tashososhi 2 masu tsawo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-29 |title=贵阳地铁2号线试运行 部分市民代表参加试乘体验 |url=http://news.gog.cn/system/2020/12/29/017804381.shtml |access-date=2026-04-04 |archive-date=2021-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416044127/http://news.gog.cn/system/2020/12/29/017804381.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Layin 2 yana gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu maso gabas. An buɗe shi a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 2021. <ref name="xinhua202104"/>&nbsp; === Layin 3 === Mataki na farko na Layi na 3 yana da tsawon kilomita 43.03 kuma yana da tashoshi 29. Layi na 3 yana gudana daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu. An buɗe shi a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2023.<ref name="chinanews202312"/>&nbsp; === Layin S1 === Sashe na farko na Layin S1 ya buɗe a cikin 2024. Yana da tsawon kilomita 30.32, <ref name="gys1">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=贵阳市轨道交通S1线正式开工！ |url=http://www.ddcpc.cn/detail/rongmei/common/11515115020278.html }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> gami da sashin karkashin kasa mai nisan kilomita 22.64 da kuma sashin da ke da nisan kilomita 7.68. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=刚刚，贵阳轨道交通S1线正式开工！ |url=http://jgz.app.todayguizhou.com/news/news-news_detail-news_id-11515115020268.html}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Lines da ake ginawa == Sashe na farko na layin tram Line T2 yana cikin gini. Zai kasance 10.92 km a tsawon, tare da tashoshin 13, ta amfani da fasahar BYD SkyShuttle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=正公示！贵阳有轨电车T2线一期工程计划8月开工！13座车站公布→ |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_7787494}}</ref><ref name="tram">{{Cite web |title=贵阳市有轨电车示范线（T2线一期工程） 首次环境影响评价信息公开 |url=http://www.gyurt.com/system/2020/02/28/030367174.shtml |publisher=贵阳轨道交通 |access-date=2026-04-04 |archive-date=2020-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527111528/http://www.gyurt.com/system/2020/02/28/030367174.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana sa ran bude shi a cikin 2025.&nbsp; == Ci gaban nan gaba == Lines 4, S2, S3, S4, da Layin G1 wanda ke wucewa ta Sabon Yankin Gui'an, suna cikin matakin tsarawa.<ref name="guiyang201607">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-11 |title=贵阳市城市轨道交通远景年线网规划图 |url=http://www.guiyang.gov.cn/ztzl/gygdjt/ghp/gyscsgdjtyjnxwght/20160711/i1064960.html }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tsarin metro * Jirgin kasa na birane a kasar Sin == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q380syaauspjlna0vaw9cvxmirmvri2 0 148431 827429 824660 2026-04-28T10:58:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} '''''Hokum''''' fim ne mai ban tsoro na allahntaka na 2026 wanda Damian McCarthy ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din Adam Scott, Peter Coonan, David Wilmot, Florence Ordesh, Michael Patric, Will O'Connell, Brendan Conroy, da Austin Amelio. ''Hokum'' ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai da talabijin na Kudu maso Yamma a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2026, kuma Neon ya shirya za a sake shi a Amurka a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2026. Fim din ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu sukar. == Farko == Wani marubuci ya yi tafiya zuwa wani yanki mai nisa na Ireland don yada toka na iyayensa da suka mutu, ba tare da sanin cewa gidan da ya hayar zai iya zama mai wahala ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Feb 2025 |title=Severance star Adam Scott in new supernatural horror to be filmed in West Cork |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsandculture/arid-41570134.html |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Irish Examiner}}</ref> == Yan Wasa == * Adam Scott a matsayin Ohm Bauman * Peter Coonan a matsayin Mugun * David Wilmot a matsayin Jerry * Florence Ordesh a matsayin Fiona * Will O"Connell a matsayin Alby * Michael Patric a matsayin Fergal * Brendan Conroy * Austin Amelio * Ezra Carlisle * Mallory Adams == Fitarwa == Damian McCarthy ne ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din. Image Nation, Tailored Films da Spooky Pictures ne suka samar da shi tare da masu samarwa ciki har da Roy Lee da Steven Schneider da Derek Dauchy, Ruth Treacy, Julianne Forde da Mairtín de Barra. Yana da goyon baya daga Screen Ireland. Adam Scott ne ke jagorantar simintin, kuma ya hada da Peter Coonan da David Wilmot . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=Feb 6, 2025 |title=Adam Scott to Lead Supernatural Horror 'Hokum' From 'Oddity' Director Damian McCarthy (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/adam-scott-horror-hokum-oddity-director-damian-mccarthy-1236298698/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> Babban daukar hoto ya faru ne a West Cork a Ireland a watan Fabrairu da Maris na shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Esther |date=16 March 2025 |title=Ireland is the 'place to be' right now for moviemakers as cameras roll all over the country |url=https://m.sundayworld.com/showbiz/movies/ireland-is-the-place-to-be-right-now-for-moviemakers-as-cameras-roll-all-over-the-country/a1779700909.html# |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Sunday World}}</ref> == Saki == A watan Agustan 2025, Neon ya sami haƙƙin duniya ga fim ɗin, yana kula da tallace-tallace na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na shekara ta 2025.Hokum ya fara ne a SXSW a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2026, kuma za a sake shi a Amurka a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hokum - SXSW |url=https://schedule.sxsw.com/2026/films/2249934?_gl=1*1ftusiz*_gcl_au*MTg5MzUzMjk1LjE3NzAyNDI3ODUuMTg1OTk4MzI5Ni4xNzcwMjQyOTg2LjE3NzAyNDI5ODU.*_ga*MTcwMjA5NzA2Ny4xNzcwMjQyNzg4*_ga_RLXXHDCCN4*czE3NzAyNDI3ODckbzEkZzEkdDE3NzAyNTAyNDIkajE4JGwwJGgw |access-date=February 5, 2026 |website=[[South by Southwest]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Numbers - Theatrical Release Schedule Changes for the Week Ending November 30, 2025 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/release-schedule-changes/2025/11/30 |access-date=November 28, 2025 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DiVincenzo |first=Alex |date=December 2, 2025 |title='Hokum' – Neon Sets May Release Date for Adam Scott Horror Movie from 'Oddity' Director |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3919780/hokum-neon-sets-may-release-date-for-adam-scott-horror-movie-from-oddity-director/ |access-date=December 2, 2025 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]}}</ref> Front Row Filmed Entertainemnt za ta fitar da fim din kwana daya da ta gabata a Gabas ta Tsakiya a ranar 30 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hokum |url=https://www.frontrowent.com/movie/hokum/ |access-date=April 19, 2026 |website=Front Row Filmed Entertainment |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Karɓuwa == A na Rotten Tomatoes, kashi 97% na sake dubawa 29 suna da kyau. Yarjejeniyar shafin yanar gizon ta karanta: "Labarin gidan da aka saba da shi wanda ya wadata da al'adun yanayi da kuma girgizar lokaci, ya kara karfafa marubucin-darakta Damian McCarthy a matsayin masanin tsoro na zamani. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hokum |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hokum |access-date=March 30, 2026 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]]}}</ref> Metacritic, wanda ke amfani da , ya ba fim din kashi 79 daga cikin 100, bisa ga masu sukar 10, yana nuna "yawanci".<ref>{{cite Metacritic |id=hokum |title=Hokum Reviews |type=movie |access-date=March 30, 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|tt35672862}} khocrs17h4ynwyacsw6yj1e4nn9q430 0 148552 827345 826188 2026-04-27T23:32:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 827345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haile Gerima''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1946) 'yar fim ce ta Habasha wacce ke zaune da aiki a Amurka. Shi ne babban memba na ƙungiyar fina-finai ta L.A. Rebellion, wanda aka fi sani da Makarantar Black Filmmakers ta Los Angeles . Tun daga shekara ta 1975, Haile ya kasance farfesa a fannin fina-finai a [[Jami'ar Howard]] da ke Washington, DC. An fi saninsa da ''[[Sankofa (fim)|Sankofa]]'' (1993), wanda ya lashe kyaututtuka biyu. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Gerima kuma ta girma a [[Gondar]], Habasha . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=J. Lorand Matory}}</ref> Mahaifinsa dan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya yi tafiya a fadin karkara na Habasha yana shirya wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Ya kasance muhimmiyar tasiri ta farko. Ya tattauna tasirin da ba a sani ba na wakilcin mulkin mallaka a fim din da ya yi masa tun yana yaro:<blockquote>... Yayinda muke yara, mun yi ƙoƙari mu yi abubuwan da muka gani a fina-finai. Mun kasance muna wasa da cowboys da Indiyawa a cikin duwatsu da ke kusa da Gondar... Mun yi rawar wadannan jarumawa, tare da 'yan cowboys da suka ci Indiyawa. Ba mu san Indiyawa ba kuma ba mu taɓa son Indiyawa su ci nasara ba. Ko da a cikin fina-finai na Tarzan, ayyukan jarumin za mu kasance cikakke kuma mu bi labarin daga ra'ayinsa, gaba ɗaya a cikin tsarin labarin. Duk lokacin da 'yan Afirka suka shiga bayan Tarzan, za mu yi ihu, muna ƙoƙarin gargadi da shi cewa 'sun' suna zuwa. " </blockquote>Gerima ta yi hijira zuwa Chicago, Amurka a 1967 don nazarin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shiga cikin karatun wasan kwaikwayo a makarantar Goodman School of Drama a Birnin Chicago. Ya sadu da Teshome Gabriel a [[Maine (Tarayyar Amurka)|Maine]] yayin da yake koyar da Amharic ga masu sa kai na Peace Corps. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jacqueline Stewart}}</ref> Kamar yadda ya bayyana wa ''Los Angeles Times'': "Lokacin da nake girma, ina so in yi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo - bai taba faruwa a gare ni ba zan iya zama mai shirya fina-finai saboda an haife ni a fina-fakka na Hollywood wanda ya kwantar da ni don zama mai biyayya. Gwamnatin Habasha ba ta karfafa ko tallafa masa yin fim ba. " Ya ji an iyakance shi da gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya yi murabus, in ji Francoise Pfaff, zuwa "aikin da ke da iko a cikin wasannin Yammacin Turai. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haile Gerima {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/film-and-television-biographies/haile-gerima |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1970, ya koma California don halartar Jami'ar California inda ya sami digiri na farko da na biyu a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haile Gerima {{!}} UCLA Film & Television Archive |url=https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/la-rebellion/haile-gerima |access-date=September 6, 2018 |website=www.cinema.ucla.edu |language=en |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906161752/https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/la-rebellion/haile-gerima |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙarni na sabbin masu shirya fina-finai baƙar fata waɗanda aka fi sani da Makarantar Masu shirya fina-fiinai ta Los Angeles, tare da Charles Burnett (Mai kisan Sheep), Jamaa Fanaka (Penitentiary), Ben Caldwell (''Ni da ni''), Larry Clark da Julie Dash (Daughters of the Dust). == Ayyukan fim == === Shekaru na 1970 === A lokacin da Haile ya kammala karatu a shekara ta 1976, ya yi fina-finai hudu: Hour Glass (1972); Child of Resistance (1972); ''Bush Mama'' (1976); da ''[[harvest: 3,000 Years (fim)|Mirt Sost Shi Amit]]'' (wanda aka fi sani da ''Girbi: Shekaru 3,000''; 1976) Gerima's 1976 ''Bush Mama'' shine labarin Dorothy da mijinta T.C., tsohon soja na Vietnam wanda ya yi tsammanin maraba da jarumi a dawowarsa. An kama shi kuma an ɗaure shi saboda laifin da bai aikata ba. Duniya ce ta jin daɗi, rashin aikin yi na kullum, da kuma fidda rai. Yana magance batutuwan wariyar launin fata, zalunci na 'yan sanda, da talauci; jigogi da suka kasance masu dacewa a yau. Don samar da ''[[harvest: 3,000 Years (fim)|Mirt Sost Shi Amit]]'' (Abin ''Girbi: Shekaru 3,000'') Haile ya koma asalinsa Habasha. Labari ne na dangin manoma matalauta waɗanda suka kasance a cikin tsarin aiki mai banƙyama, cin zarafi, da kuma tsarin aiki. Fim dinsa Wilmington 10 - USA 10,000 (1978) ya binciki wariyar launin fata da gazawar tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka a Amurka ta hanyar nazarin tarihin baƙar fata tara da fari daya wanda aka sani da Wilmington Ten. === Shekaru na 1980 === Gerima ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba da kuma dan asalin Detroit, Shirikiana Aina yayin da take halartar [[Jami'ar Howard]]. Sun yi aure a lokacin da take UCLA . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jacqueline Stewart}}</ref> Ayyukan rayuwar baƙar fata a cikin birane a Amurka ana bincika su a cikin Ashes and Embers na sa'o'i biyu (1982), labarin wani baƙar fata mai rikitarwa da rashin jin daɗi na Yaƙin Vietnam. Haile ya tattauna fim dinsa Ashes and Embers a cikin wata hira, "wanda aka gabatar tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ARRAY, sake haihuwar bikin fina-finai na Afirka ta Amurka (AFFRM) " a Cibiyar Schomburg. Ya bayyana cewa Hollywood ta samar da "mulkin kama-karya na Anglo-Saxon da al'adu da ke cikin manyan fina-finai [wannan] ya yi mulki. " Wanda ya amsa "tare da alhakin [masu shirya fina-fakka] suna da harshen fina-fallace saboda harshe, ya zo cikin fina-falance. Afirka wannan magana ita ce Senega, Burkina Faso da dai sauransu. <ref name=":0" /> " Gerima ya yi wadannan fina-finai don girmama gwagwarmayar kakanninsa da kuma sanya sunayen da aka sani a duk tarihin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.hailegerima.com/ |access-date=June 1, 2017 |website=Haile Gerima |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Fim din Haile yana nuna manufar ainihi da 'yancin kai.<ref name=":1" /> Ya so ya yi amfani da aikinsa a matsayin ruwan tabarau mai mahimmanci don ci gaban mutum da ci gaban kirkira.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan Winter: Sterling Brown (1985) fim ne game da sanannen mawaki na baƙar fata na Amurka. === Shekarun 1990 === Gerima watakila an fi saninta da marubuci, furodusa, da kuma darektan ''[[Sankofa (fim)|Sankofa]]'' (1993). Wannan labari mai ban mamaki na juriya ta Afirka ga bautar ya sami yabo na duniya: an ba shi lambar yabo ta farko a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a Milan, Italiya; Mafi kyawun Cinematography a bikin fina na Afirka da talabijin na Ouagadougou (FESPACO); kuma an zabi shi don Golden Bear a bikin fina'a na duniya na 43 na Berlin . <ref name="Berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Berlinale: 1993 Programme |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1993/02_programm_1993/02_Programm_1993.html |access-date=May 30, 2011 |website=berlinale.de}}</ref> Fim din ya gabatar da mummunan hoto na bautar Afirka. An bayyana labarin ta hanyar idanun Mona, wata mace ta zamani wacce ruhohi shuka mallake ta kuma suka kai ta baya a matsayin Shola, bawa a gidan gonar Lafayette a Louisiana. Imperfect Journey (1994), wanda [[BBC]] ta ba da umarni, ya binciki farfadowar siyasa da tunanin mutanen Habasha bayan cin zarafin siyasa ko "ta'addanci" na gwamnatin soja ta Mengistu Haile Mariam. Mai shirya fim din ya ba da shawarar tambayoyi game da jagorancin gwamnati mai zuwa da kuma nufin mutane wajen kirkirar cibiyoyin da ke tabbatar da 'yancinsu. Adwa: An African Victory (1999) wasan kwaikwayo ne na tarihin [[Yaƙin Adwa|Yaƙin 1896]], wanda ya kammala yakin da mutanen Habasha suka haɗu don kayar da sojojin Italiya. === ''Teza'' === Fim din Gerima na baya-bayan nan shine ''[[Teza (fim)|Teza]]'' (2008). An kafa shi a Habasha da Jamus, fim din ya ba da labarin dawowar wani masanin Habasha zuwa ƙasar haihuwarsa a lokacin mulkin Marxist na Mengistu Haile Mariam da kuma amincewa da kansa da rashin iko a rushewar mutanensa da dabi'un zamantakewa. Bayan shekaru da yawa da ya yi karatun likitanci a Jamus, Anberber ya koma Habasha kawai don ya sami ƙasar ƙuruciyarsa ta maye gurbin rikici. Mafarkinsa na yin amfani da sana'arsa don inganta lafiyar Habashawa ya rushe ta hanyar rundunar soja da ke amfani da masana kimiyya don nasu manufofin siyasa. Neman ta'aziyya daga gidansa na ƙauye, Anberber bai sami mafaka daga tashin hankali ba. Ta'aziyya da tunanin matasansa ke bayarwa an maye gurbinsa da sauri da dakarun soja da 'yan tawaye. Anberber yana buƙatar yanke shawara ko yana so ya jimre da damuwa ko ya haɗa rayuwa daga raguwa da ke kewaye da shi. == Kasuwancin Kasuwanci == Ya kafa ''Sankofa'', kantin sayar da littattafai, cafe da cibiyar fim, wanda ke 2714 Georgia Avenue NW, Washington, DC. Yana kai tsaye a fadin titin daga Jami'ar Howard. Don samun karin 'yancin kai, Haile da matarsa Sirikiana Aina (wanda kuma mai shirya fina-finai ne) a cikin 1984 sun kafa Mypheduh Films Inc., kamfanin rarraba fina-fakka na kasafin kuɗi, masu zaman kansu. Sun dogara da wannan don fim dinsa Sankofa . == Hotunan fina-finai == * 1972 - ''Gilashin Sa'a'' * 1972 - ''[[Child of Resistance (film)|Yaron Tsayayya]]'' * 1976 - ''Bush Mama'' * 1976 - L'Abin Girbi 3 da aka fi sani da ''[[harvest: 3,000 Years (fim)|Girbi: Shekaru 3,000]]'') * 1978 - ''Wilmington 10 - Amurka 10,000'' * 1982 - ''[[Ashes and Embers|Ashes da Embers]]'' * 1985 - Bayan Winter: Sterling Brown''[[After Winter: Sterling Brown|Bayan hunturu: Sterling Brown]]'' * 1993 - ''[[Sankofa (fim)|Sankofa]]'' * 1994 - ''[[Imperfect Journey|Tafiyar da ba ta da cikakke]]'' * 1999 - Austinwa ''[[Adwa (fim)|Adwa - Nasarar Afirka]]'' * 2009 - Tashin (''[[Teza (fim)|Teza]]) '' == Ƙarin karantawa == * Cham, Mbye Baboucar (1984). "Art and Ideology in the Work of Sembene Ousmane and Haile Gerima. "Presence Africaine: Revue Culturelle du Monde Noir / Cultural Review of the Negro World, vol. 129, No. 1, shafi na 79-91. * Alexander, George, da Janet Hill, eds. (2003). ''Dalilin da ya sa muke yin fina-finai: Masu yin fina-fiinai na baƙar fata suna magana game da sihirin fina-fakka''. New York: Harlem Moon. * Tekletsadik Belachew <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Steven W. |date=2023-08-10 |title=Tekletsadik Belachew. Stories from the Fireplace: Theological Meditations on Haile Gerima's Cinema. Bamenda, Cameroon: Langaa Research & Publishing Common Initiative Group, 2022. 384 pp. Recommendations. Appendices. Bibliographies. Index. $48.00. Paper. ISBN: 978-9956-552-75-7. |journal=African Studies Review |language=en |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=833–835 |doi=10.1017/asr.2023.49 |issn=0002-0206 |doi-access=free}}</ref> (2022). Labarai daga Wutar Wutar: Tunanin tauhidi a kan Fim din Haile Gerima Langaa <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Books Collective: Stories from the Fireplace |url=https://www.africanbookscollective.com/books/stories-from-the-fireplace |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.africanbookscollective.com}}</ref> RPCIG, Kamaru<ref>{{Cite web |last=Belachew |first=Tekletsadik |date=2021-11-23 |title=Stories from the Fireplace |url=https://www.langaa-rpcig.net/stories-from-the-fireplace/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Langaa Research and Publishing Common Initiative Group |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2018. "Matattu suna Magana da Rayayyu: Alamar Addini da Al'adu a cikin fina-finai na Amharic na Haile Gerima. " A cikin Cine-Ethiopia: Tarihi da Siyasa na Fim a cikin Ƙarƙashin Afirka. Editoci, Michael Thomas, Alessandro Jedlowski da Aboneh Ashagre . Jami'ar Jihar Michigan Press. Shafi na 67 zuwa 91 * 2017. "IMPERFECT JOURNEY, IMPERFECT CINEMA: 'A fast, 'zinging' harbi tsoratar da baboon!"" Afirka Development/Afrique et Développement, Vol. 42, No. 2. Bayani na Musamman a kan 'Emergence' a kan allo da kuma kan mataki / Lamba na musamman a kan: "Emergence" a kan allo (2017), shafuffuka 121 - 150. Ana samun sa don saukewa kyauta a kan layi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Belachew |first=Tekletsadik |date=2017 |title=Imperfect Journey, Imperfect Cinema "A fast, 'zinging' shot scares the baboon!" |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/view/190285 |journal=Africa Development |language=en |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=121–150 |issn=0850-3907}}</ref> * 2013. "The Genius of an African Storyteller: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography of Work on and by Haile Gerima," a cikin Black Camera: An International Film Journal . Jirgin sama na 4: 2 (Spring 2013): 144-162. Bloomington: Jami'ar Indiana Press. Bayani na Musamman a kan: "Kusawa akan TEZA". shafi na 25. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Belachew |first=Tekletsadik |date=2013 |title=The Genius of an African Storyteller: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography of Work on and by Haile Gerima |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.4.2.144 |journal=Black Camera |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=144–162 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.4.2.144 |issn=1536-3155 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.4.2.144 |s2cid=144248521 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Nominations da bambance-bambance == A cikin aikinsa, Haile ya sami kyaututtuka da bambance-bambance da yawa a bukukuwan fina-finai. * 1976 - Babban kyautar / Silver Leopard don ''[[harvest: 3,000 Years (fim)|Girbi: Shekaru 3,000]]''- Locarno * 1982 - Kyautar Grand Prix don ''Ashes da Embers''-Lisbon International Film Festival * 1983 - Kyautar FIPRESCI Film Critics don ''Ashes da Embers''-Berlin International Film Festival * Kyakkyawan samarwa ''Ashes da Embers'', London Film Festival * 1984 - Bikin girmamawa na De la Rochelle, Faransa * 1987 - Tsawon Metrage De Fiction-Lambar Birnin Algiers don Ashes and Embers''Ashes da Embers'' * 1993 - Kyautar Cinematography mafi kyau ga ''Sankofa'', FESPACO, Burkina Faso * 2003 - Kyautar Rayuwa ta Rayuwa, bikin Fim na Independence na Shekara na huɗu, Washington DC * 2003 - Kyautar Rayuwa ta Rayuwa, 4th Annual Independence Film Festival, Washington DC * 2008 - Bikin Fim na Venice Kyautar Juri ta Musamman da Golden Osella don Mafi Kyawun Fim - ''Teza'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Teza |url=https://asac.labiennale.org/attivita/cinema/112270 |access-date=28 May 2024 |publisher=Venice Biennale}}</ref> * 2009 - Kyautar juri a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 18 Innsbruck / Austria - ''Teza'' * 2009 - Golden Stallion na Yennenga a bikin FESPACO na Afirka - ''Teza'' * 2009 - Kyautar Dioraphte Fim din Hubert Bals a cikin mafi girman masu sauraro a bikin fina-finai na Rotterdam * 2009 - Golden Tanit / Kyautar Fim mafi kyau don "tawali'u da basira", Mafi kyawun Kiɗa (Jorga Mesfin Vijay Ayers), Mafi kyawun Cinematography (Mario Massini), Mafi kyawun Fim (Haile Gerima), Mafi kyawun Mai ba da tallafi Abeye Tedla a bikin Fim na Carthage / Tunisia don ''Teza'' * 2009 - Golden Unicorn da Mafi kyawun Fim a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Amiens / Faransa Faransa don ''Teza'' * 2009 - Kyautar Darajar Dan Adam a Bikin Fim na Thessaloniki a Girka don ''Teza'' * 2009 - Zaɓin hukuma a bikin fina-finai na Toronto don ''Teza'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] twd130vhwjwzn7xnwfuw8fnrk1aq89d 0 148587 827261 826972 2026-04-27T17:36:13Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 827261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Domkat Yah Bali''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1940 - ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2020) ya kasance Janar ɗin [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] mai [[Military star ranking|taurari huɗu]], wanda ya kasance Ministan Tsaro da Shugaban Ma'aikatan Tsaro daga shekarar 1984 zuwa shekara ta 1990, kuma memba na Babban Kwamitin Sojoji na shekarar 1984-1985, da kuma Majalisar Sojojin Sojoji ta shekarar 1985-1990. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bali a garin Langtang, dake [[Jihar Plateau]] ga iyalin Hassan Bali Tabut da Yinkat Bali . Ya yi karatun firamare a Mban, Langtang kuma daga shekarar 1955 zuwa shekara ta 1960, ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta lardin a Kuru . Ya halarci [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Horar da Sojojin Najeriya]] daga Afrilu zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 1961. Daga watan Disambar shekarar 1961 zuwa watan Disambar shekarar 1963, ya halarci Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, inda ya sami kwamishinsa a matsayin mataimakin a shekarar 1964.<ref>{{cite book|author=Armed Forces Ruling Council (Nigeria)|title=Profiles of Members of the Armed Forces Ruling Council|publisher=Federal Ministry of Information & Culture|orig-year=1990|year=1992|page=13}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bali ya zama kyaftin bayan shekara guda a shekarar 1965. A shekara ta 1966, ya kasance kwamandan batir kuma a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]], ya kasance kwamandalin runduna. An sanya shi a matsayin babban jami'i a shekarar 1968. Tsakanin shekarar 1970 da shekara ta 1971, Bali ya kasance kwamandan, Corps of Artillery kuma daga baya ya zama Colonel a Division na biyu na Infantry a Ibadan . <ref>{{cite web|title=Past Commandants|url=https://www.nigerianafcsc.org/site/acfmdispx.php?id=45|website=Armed Forces Command and Staff College Jaji|access-date=20 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301052946/https://www.nigerianafcsc.org/site/acfmdispx.php?id=45|archive-date=1 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>A shekara ta 1973, an tura shi zuwa [[Akure]] a matsayin kwamandan Brigade na 9th Infantry, ya kasance babban janar na sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta 1975, kwamandan Corps of Artillery a shekara ta 1976 kuma a shekara ta 1978, shi ne GOC na Rukunin Sojoji na Farko, Kaduna . Kafin ya zama Ministan Tsaro a shekarar 1984, ya kasance Kwamandan Kwamandan Sojojin Najeriya da Kwalejin Ma'aikata daga shekarar 1981 zuwa shekara ta 1983 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Commandants |url=https://www.nigerianafcsc.org/site/acfmdispx.php?id=45 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301052946/https://www.nigerianafcsc.org/site/acfmdispx.php?id=45 |archive-date=1 March 2016 |access-date=20 February 2016 |website=Armed Forces Command and Staff College Jaji}}</ref> kuma daga baya darektan horar da sojoji da ayyukan. Ya yi murabus daga aikin gwamnati a watan Janairun shekarar 1990. Ya kasance Shugaban HFP Injiniya, masu gina Victoria Garden City, Legas Najeriya. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, ƴan majalisa na Tarok ne suka zaba shi karkashin jagorancin Madakin Langtang, HRH Daniel Lamda Bongtur don cin nasarar Lt. Hrm. Edward Cirdap Zhattau (ba da daɗewa ba) a matsayin Ponzhi Tarok, babban mai mulkin mutanen Tarok na jihar tsaunuka. Ya auri Esther Bali malamin ilimi kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Nanna da Ponfa. == Mutuwa == Bali ta mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2020. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] 0zwq8oy2stpqm9nllotdbf8rci34o5t 3 148622 827146 2026-04-27T13:23:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Kuskure */ sabon sashe 827146 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kuskure == Sannu da aiki @[[User:Walanpase|Walanpase]] da alama bako ne kai anan, idan zaka kirkiri mukala ka tabbatar kana da gamsassun hujjoji. a shawarce maimakon kirkira kai tsaye ka dinga fassara daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Domin koyon aiki ziyarci shafin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] ko kayi mun magana ta [[Tattaunawar user:Pharouqenr]]. bissalam [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 13:23, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) q12y5tmcjnbdj97rykj6y7nhayrseb5 827307 827146 2026-04-27T21:24:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827307 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kuskure == Sannu da aiki @[[User:Walanpase|Walanpase]] da alama bako ne kai anan, idan zaka kirkiri mukala ka tabbatar kana da gamsassun hujjoji. a shawarce maimakon kirkira kai tsaye ka dinga fassara daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Domin koyon aiki ziyarci shafin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] ko kayi mun magana ta [[Tattaunawar user:Pharouqenr]]. bissalam [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 13:23, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Walanpase! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Walanpase|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) ju419hdfyh4g6zi5ihzcvvqdm7g29wf 3 148623 827153 2026-04-27T14:10:50Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Zurellialite]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Zurel]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Zurellialite|Zurellialite]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Zurel|Zurel]]" 827153 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Zurel]] 4n1uy06weevvqug86tjpf34we0krpfg 0 148624 827168 2026-04-27T15:07:14Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330652364|Acalypha ciliata]]" 827168 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu, <ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani . '' == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, Pakistan, Indiya da Sri Lanka. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == ljtl0p7axkdzpxmzfjvpfxyw47tfogv 827169 827168 2026-04-27T15:12:48Z Muktee1494 26992 added infobox 827169 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu, <ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani . '' {{Databox}} == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, Pakistan, Indiya da Sri Lanka. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == iarw6c79df79bamacn4kzb57gb0or92 827408 827169 2026-04-28T09:11:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 827408 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu,<ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani . '' {{Databox}} == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, Pakistan, Indiya da Sri Lanka. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == jlgmxa732exnab6rxelswfmi8j30tif 827409 827408 2026-04-28T09:11:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 827409 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu,<ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani. '' {{Databox}} == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, Pakistan, Indiya da Sri Lanka. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == her7jl5ur0q8573jbbhfjpc82d5h53t 827410 827409 2026-04-28T09:11:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 827410 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu,<ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani. '' {{Databox}} == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, Pakistan, Indiya da Sri Lanka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == hqxzjcqp56f1lkqzpm9bdj9qsscmkg9 827411 827410 2026-04-28T09:11:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 827411 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu,<ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani. '' {{Databox}} == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, [[Pakistan]], Indiya da Sri Lanka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == qrj9sxc1tgm85mji5w4ics13bvhz891 827412 827411 2026-04-28T09:12:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 827412 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu,<ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani. '' {{Databox}} == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, [[Pakistan]], [[Indiya]] da Sri Lanka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == cmnnleakkv1tsd6gznezh485t1c7h50 827413 827412 2026-04-28T09:12:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 827413 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu,<ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani. '' {{Databox}} == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, [[Pakistan]], [[Indiya]] da [[Sri Lanka]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == 5m4h9hrxp8j27vq25tnjfqxt9gnx6bt 827414 827413 2026-04-28T09:12:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 827414 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu,<ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani. '' {{Databox}} == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, [[Pakistan]], [[Indiya]] da [[Sri Lanka]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == 8ych88skqme5gss1i9p90wkwx2i1bdx 827415 827414 2026-04-28T09:13:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 827415 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu,<ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani. '' {{Databox}} == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, [[Pakistan]], [[Indiya]] da [[Sri Lanka]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} hzy1eoydw1at6hcrc36ml13kuud6tug 827416 827415 2026-04-28T09:13:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 827416 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu,<ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani. == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, [[Pakistan]], [[Indiya]] da [[Sri Lanka]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} jv2ntabdqzott6w18qg2hxnmrdxefbb 827417 827416 2026-04-28T09:14:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 827417 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu,<ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani. == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, [[Pakistan]], [[Indiya]] da [[Sri Lanka]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} djz1lf805w6oihl0jxzuhz5wxxsp4sh 827418 827417 2026-04-28T09:14:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 827418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Acalypha ciliata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu,<ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani. == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, [[Pakistan]], [[Indiya]] da [[Sri Lanka]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} kavbnkk9q0ibsbeb4lsr925lkol5szn 827419 827418 2026-04-28T09:14:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 827419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Acalypha ciliata''' nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu,<ref>P. M. Goode, FAO Food and nutrition paper 42(1) (1989), Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. {{ISBN|92-5-102713-7}}</ref> ko kuma a ciyar da shi ga dabbobi. A Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ana amfani da shi a matsayin shukar magani.'' == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha ciliata'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da tsakiyar Afirka. Hakanan yana faruwa a Larabawa ta wurare masu zafi, [[Pakistan]], [[Indiya]] da [[Sri Lanka]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hx7eet8h7sl6s4mvcfcbl8ymdd52vh8 0 148625 827171 2026-04-27T15:14:30Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330652388|Acalypha fruticosa]]" 827171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox|image=Acalypha fruticosa W IMG 3174.jpg|display_parents=2|genus=Acalypha|species=fruticosa|authority=[[Forssk.]]}} '''''Acalypha fruticosa''''' nau'in shukar fure ne a cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Gabas da Kudancin Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu. Hakanan shuka ce mai mahimmanci ga tumaki. A Gabashin Afirka da Kudancin Afirka ana amfani da ita azaman shukar magani . A arewacin Kenya, ana yin sandunan kibiya da murfin busassun zuma daga tushe. Daga busassun ganye ana yin shayi a Habasha. == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Ana samun Acalypha fruticosa a Gabas da sassan kudancin Afirka, banda yankin tsakiyar Afirka mai danshi. Haka kuma yana faruwa a yankunan Larabawa masu zafi, kudancin Indiya, Sri Lanka da Myanmar.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=CJB |first=CJB, DSIC, Cyrille Chatelain - |title=CJB - Search Africa |url=https://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/recherche.php |access-date=2017-08-04 |website=www.ville-ge.ch}}</ref> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727190618/http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?h=M4&t=Acalypha&p=Acalypha+fruticosa#Synonyms PROTA4U akan ''Acalypha fruticosa''] 2x9rq789qmule377eusy7r2mrgvwiwm 827173 827171 2026-04-27T15:15:02Z Muktee1494 26992 827173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox|image=Acalypha fruticosa W IMG 3174.jpg|display_parents=2|genus=Acalypha|species=fruticosa|authority=[[Forssk.]]}} '''''Acalypha fruticosa''''' nau'in shukar fure ne a cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Yana yaduwa sosai a Gabas da Kudancin Afirka inda ake cin sa a matsayin kayan lambu. Hakanan shuka ce mai mahimmanci ga tumaki. A Gabashin Afirka da Kudancin Afirka ana amfani da ita azaman shukar magani . A arewacin Kenya, ana yin sandunan kibiya da murfin busassun zuma daga tushe. Daga busassun ganye ana yin shayi a Habasha. {{Databox}} == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Ana samun Acalypha fruticosa a Gabas da sassan kudancin Afirka, banda yankin tsakiyar Afirka mai danshi. Haka kuma yana faruwa a yankunan Larabawa masu zafi, kudancin Indiya, Sri Lanka da Myanmar.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=CJB |first=CJB, DSIC, Cyrille Chatelain - |title=CJB - Search Africa |url=https://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/recherche.php |access-date=2017-08-04 |website=www.ville-ge.ch}}</ref> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727190618/http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?h=M4&t=Acalypha&p=Acalypha+fruticosa#Synonyms PROTA4U akan ''Acalypha fruticosa''] dzw3x2ygakh02etqyejcv73pm3xcqsm 0 148626 827181 2026-04-27T15:16:58Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330652393|Acalypha integrifolia]]" 827181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox|image=|display_parents=2|genus=Acalypha|species=integrifolia|authority=[[Willd.]]}} ''Acalypha integrifolia nau'in shukar fure ne a cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Ana amfani da shi a gida azaman shukar magani . Ana shan kayan ƙanshi na ganye don magance tsutsotsi na hanji'' == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha integrifolia'' tana faruwa a Madagascar, Reunion da Mauritius. Yana da yawa a yau. == wasu == Wannan shukar shuka ce mai masaukin baki ta malam buɗe ido mai suna Neptis dumetorum . == Nassoshi == 6fqa6gllvhxxdb6crd9y0c25sfz5vxp 827185 827181 2026-04-27T15:18:13Z Muktee1494 26992 827185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Acalypha integrifolia nau'in shukar fure ne a cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . Ana amfani da shi a gida azaman shukar magani . Ana shan kayan ƙanshi na ganye don magance tsutsotsi na hanji'' == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha integrifolia'' tana faruwa a Madagascar, Reunion da Mauritius. Yana da yawa a yau. == wasu == Wannan shukar shuka ce mai masaukin baki ta malam buɗe ido mai suna Neptis dumetorum . == Nassoshi == 59j06zc9hbujdmuo857c3ua3apqem9d 0 148627 827191 2026-04-27T15:20:09Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330652404|Acalypha ornata]]" 827191 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha ornata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . A [[Afirka]] ana amfani da shi sosai a matsayin shukar magani . Ana amfani da tushe a matsayin zare don saƙa kwanduna. Ana cin ganyen a matsayin kayan lambu; ana ciyar da tsire-tsire ga dabbobin gida. A wani lokacin ana shuka Acalypha ornata a matsayin shukar ado''. == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Ana samun Acalypha ornata a ko'ina cikin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, sai dai yawancin Yammacin Afirka da kuma tsakiyar Afirka mai danshi''. == Nassoshi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130115002253/http://alltheplants.com/ ''Duk Tsirrai''] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == hwsgyywltvcwpndyezkbhengn2g383p 827192 827191 2026-04-27T15:20:36Z Muktee1494 26992 827192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Acalypha ornata nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . A [[Afirka]] ana amfani da shi sosai a matsayin shukar magani . Ana amfani da tushe a matsayin zare don saƙa kwanduna. Ana cin ganyen a matsayin kayan lambu; ana ciyar da tsire-tsire ga dabbobin gida. A wani lokacin ana shuka Acalypha ornata a matsayin shukar ado''. == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Ana samun Acalypha ornata a ko'ina cikin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, sai dai yawancin Yammacin Afirka da kuma tsakiyar Afirka mai danshi''. == Nassoshi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130115002253/http://alltheplants.com/ ''Duk Tsirrai''] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == t12fxzae4mo9u967489zcov79ju8yuc 0 148628 827194 2026-04-27T15:24:19Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330652408|Acalypha psilostachya]]" 827194 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha psilostachya nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . A Gabashin [[Afirka]] ana amfani da shi azaman shukar magani''. == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Ana samun Acalypha psilostachya a duk faɗin Gabashin Afirka kuma a kudancin Afirka yana faruwa a [[Malawi]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Angola]] .'' == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191019/http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?h=M4&t=Acalypha&p=Acalypha+psilostachya#Synonyms PROTA4U akan ''Acalypha psilostachya''] 33fukighwbe4tbmukv0ipd42gqwzubx 827197 827194 2026-04-27T15:24:50Z Muktee1494 26992 827197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Acalypha psilostachya nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . A Gabashin [[Afirka]] ana amfani da shi azaman shukar magani''. == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Ana samun Acalypha psilostachya a duk faɗin Gabashin Afirka kuma a kudancin Afirka yana faruwa a [[Malawi]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Angola]] .'' == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191019/http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?h=M4&t=Acalypha&p=Acalypha+psilostachya#Synonyms PROTA4U akan ''Acalypha psilostachya''] mpsci16y69ydqae418qqtw8bfnuepx5 0 148629 827206 2026-04-27T15:27:40Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330652430|Acalypha villicaulis]]" 827206 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Acalypha villicaulis nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . A [[Afirka]] ta wurare masu zafi, ana amfani da shi sosai a matsayin shukar magani'' . == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha villicaulis'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da yankin tsakiyar Afirka mai danshi. == Ma'ana iri ɗaya == * ''Acalypha brachiata'' C.Krauss * ''Acalypha petiolaris'' Hochst. misali C.Krauss * ''Acalypha senensis'' Klotzsch == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191042/http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?h=M4&t=Acalypha&p=Acalypha+villicaulis#Synonyms PROTA4U akan ''Acalypha villicaulis''] 4k2lsdn4408g2f6jhh7lzn4r3e8h3zk 827208 827206 2026-04-27T15:28:16Z Muktee1494 26992 827208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Acalypha villicaulis nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin tsirrai na Euphorbiaceae . A [[Afirka]] ta wurare masu zafi, ana amfani da shi sosai a matsayin shukar magani'' . == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acalypha villicaulis'' yana faruwa a duk faɗin Afirka ta wurare masu zafi, ban da yankin tsakiyar Afirka mai danshi. == Ma'ana iri ɗaya == * ''Acalypha brachiata'' C.Krauss * ''Acalypha petiolaris'' Hochst. misali C.Krauss * ''Acalypha senensis'' Klotzsch == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191042/http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?h=M4&t=Acalypha&p=Acalypha+villicaulis#Synonyms PROTA4U akan ''Acalypha villicaulis''] s0omadjivqs902gdpazd1b1z8gk7ljg 0 148630 827213 2026-04-27T15:31:18Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306188377|Achyranthes aspera]]" 827213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Achyranthes aspera at Kadavoor.jpg|taxon=Achyranthes aspera|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]}} '''''Achyranthes aspera''''' (sunaye gama gari: '''chaff-flower''', '''prickly chaff flower''', '''devil's horsewhip''', Sanskrit: '''अपामार्ग ''apāmārga''''' ) nau'in shuka ne a cikin dangin Amaranthaceae . Ana yaɗuwa a ko'ina cikin duniyar wurare masu zafi. Ana iya samunsa a wurare da yawa yana girma a matsayin nau'in da aka gabatar da kuma ciyawa gama gari. Nau'i ne mai mamayewa a wasu yankuna, gami da mahalli da yawa [[Jerin tsibirai a cikin Tekun Pacific|na Tsibirin Pacific]] . == Bayani == * Halin: daji, mai ɗorewa, tsayi. * Tushen: herbaceous amma katako a ƙasa, tsaye, reshe, cylindrical, mai ƙarfi, mai kusurwa, mai gashi, mai tsayi, nodes da internodes suna da kyau, kore amma violet ko pink a nodes. * Bishiyoyi: reshe da cauline, mai sauƙi, exstipulate, akasin decussate, petiolate, ovate ko obovate, duka, mai tsayi ko acuminate, gashi a ko'ina, unicostate reticulate. * Inflorescence: wani spike tare da furanni da aka shirya a kan dogon peduncle. * Fure: bracteate, bracteolate, bracteoles biyu, ya fi guntu fiye da perianth, bushe, membranous da na ci gaba, sessile, cikakke, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous, karami, spinescent, kore. * Bracts: ovate, persistent, awned. * Perianth: ya ƙunshi 5 tepals, polyphyllous, imbricate ko quincuncial, kore, ovate zuwa oblong, persistent. * Androecium: wanda ya ƙunshi 10 stamens, daga cikinsu 5 suna da kyau kuma 5 suna da sikelin, fimbriated, sterile staminodes, dukansu suna canzawa tare da juna, masu amfani da juna suna da antiphyllous, monadelphous, filaments dan kadan sun haɗu a tushe, dithecous, dorsifixed ko versatile, introrse. * Gynoecium: yana da bicarpellary, syncarpous, mafi girma, unilocular, ovule daya, basal placentation, style guda da filiform, stigma capitate. * 'Ya'yan itace: mai tsayi mai tsayi * Tsire-tsire: endospermic tare da embryo mai laushi, 2 mm tsawo, baƙar fata mai laushi. * Lokacin furewa da 'ya'yan itace: Satumba zuwa Afrilu == Amfani == [[Fayil:Achyranthes_aspera.jpg|thumb|Furanni da kuma tushen hirsute]] Ruwan wannan shukar sinadari ne mai ƙarfi don haɗakar filastar bango, a cewar Samarāṅgaṇa Sūtradhāra, wanda wani rubutu ne na Sanskrit da ke magana game da Śilpaśāstra (ƙa'idodin Hindu na fasaha da gini). === Maganin gargajiya === An yi amfani da ''A. aspera'' a [[Maganin gargajiya|magungunan gargajiya]], kamar a Ostiraliya a ƙarni na 19. <ref name="Maiden 1889">{{Cite book}}</ref> Littafin 1889 mai suna ''The Useful Native Plants of Australia'' ya rubuta cewa an sami wannan shukar "a duk yankunan wurare masu zafi da kuma wurare masu zafi na tsohuwar duniya. Ana ba da ganyen a Indiya idan akwai ciwon [[Kumburi|dropsy]] . Ana ba da iri a cikin hydrophobia, da kuma idan akwai cizon maciji, da kuma a cututtukan ido da fata. Ana yin ƙwanƙolin fure, waɗanda aka shafa da ɗan sukari, a cikin su, kuma ana ba wa mutanen da karnukan suka cije. Ganyen, waɗanda aka ɗauka sabo aka rage su zuwa ɓawon burodi, ana ɗaukar su magani mai kyau idan aka shafa su a waje ga cizon [[kunama]] . Tokar shukar tana samar da adadi mai yawa na potassium, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen wanke tufafi. Ƙanƙolin fure yana da suna a Indiya (Oude) na kariya daga kunama, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana gurgunta shi. (Drury.)" == Sinadaran sinadarai == ''Achyranthes aspera'' yana ɗauke da saponins triterpenoid waɗanda ke da oleanolic acid a matsayin aglycone . Ecdysterone, wani hormone mai narkewar kwari, da kuma dogayen alcohols ana samun su a cikin ''Achyranthes aspera'' . == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Achyranthes_aspera_5.jpg|alt=Opposite leaf arrangement and seeds attached to long peduncle. India| Tsarin ganyen da ke gabansa da kuma iri da aka haɗa a kan dogon peduncle. Indiya Fayil:Akatam_(Tamil-_ஆகாடம்)_(8234180889).jpg|alt=Tangle of long peduncles ("Devil's horsewhips") with sharp seeds makes walking through thickets difficult. India.| Yin amfani da dogayen layukan dogayen layuka ("Dullolin dawaki na Shaidan") tare da tsaba masu kaifi yana sa tafiya ta cikin daji ya zama da wahala. Indiya. Fayil:Achyranthes_aspera_(Puntallana)_01_ies.jpg|alt=Pink flowers of Achyranthes aspera. Puntallana, La Palma, Canary Islands| Furanni masu ruwan hoda na ''Achyranthes aspera'' . Puntallana, La Palma, Tsibirin Canary Fayil:Starr-130116-9449-Achyranthes_aspera_var_aspera-spiny_seeds_stuck_to_gloves-Stable_Rd_Spreckelsville-Maui_(24577960963).jpg|alt=Sharp seeds adherent to glove. Maui, Hawaii| Iri masu kaifi da ke manne da safar hannu. Maui, Hawaii </gallery> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{WestAfricanPlants|Achyranthes aspera}} 5rotli96payo41pphcopvk64nr69qn2 827214 827213 2026-04-27T15:31:54Z Muktee1494 26992 827214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Achyranthes aspera''''' (sunaye gama gari: '''chaff-flower''', '''prickly chaff flower''', '''devil's horsewhip''', Sanskrit: '''अपामार्ग ''apāmārga''''' ) nau'in shuka ne a cikin dangin Amaranthaceae . Ana yaɗuwa a ko'ina cikin duniyar wurare masu zafi. Ana iya samunsa a wurare da yawa yana girma a matsayin nau'in da aka gabatar da kuma ciyawa gama gari. Nau'i ne mai mamayewa a wasu yankuna, gami da mahalli da yawa [[Jerin tsibirai a cikin Tekun Pacific|na Tsibirin Pacific]] . == Bayani == * Halin: daji, mai ɗorewa, tsayi. * Tushen: herbaceous amma katako a ƙasa, tsaye, reshe, cylindrical, mai ƙarfi, mai kusurwa, mai gashi, mai tsayi, nodes da internodes suna da kyau, kore amma violet ko pink a nodes. * Bishiyoyi: reshe da cauline, mai sauƙi, exstipulate, akasin decussate, petiolate, ovate ko obovate, duka, mai tsayi ko acuminate, gashi a ko'ina, unicostate reticulate. * Inflorescence: wani spike tare da furanni da aka shirya a kan dogon peduncle. * Fure: bracteate, bracteolate, bracteoles biyu, ya fi guntu fiye da perianth, bushe, membranous da na ci gaba, sessile, cikakke, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous, karami, spinescent, kore. * Bracts: ovate, persistent, awned. * Perianth: ya ƙunshi 5 tepals, polyphyllous, imbricate ko quincuncial, kore, ovate zuwa oblong, persistent. * Androecium: wanda ya ƙunshi 10 stamens, daga cikinsu 5 suna da kyau kuma 5 suna da sikelin, fimbriated, sterile staminodes, dukansu suna canzawa tare da juna, masu amfani da juna suna da antiphyllous, monadelphous, filaments dan kadan sun haɗu a tushe, dithecous, dorsifixed ko versatile, introrse. * Gynoecium: yana da bicarpellary, syncarpous, mafi girma, unilocular, ovule daya, basal placentation, style guda da filiform, stigma capitate. * 'Ya'yan itace: mai tsayi mai tsayi * Tsire-tsire: endospermic tare da embryo mai laushi, 2 mm tsawo, baƙar fata mai laushi. * Lokacin furewa da 'ya'yan itace: Satumba zuwa Afrilu == Amfani == [[Fayil:Achyranthes_aspera.jpg|thumb|Furanni da kuma tushen hirsute]] Ruwan wannan shukar sinadari ne mai ƙarfi don haɗakar filastar bango, a cewar Samarāṅgaṇa Sūtradhāra, wanda wani rubutu ne na Sanskrit da ke magana game da Śilpaśāstra (ƙa'idodin Hindu na fasaha da gini). === Maganin gargajiya === An yi amfani da ''A. aspera'' a [[Maganin gargajiya|magungunan gargajiya]], kamar a Ostiraliya a ƙarni na 19. <ref name="Maiden 1889">{{Cite book}}</ref> Littafin 1889 mai suna ''The Useful Native Plants of Australia'' ya rubuta cewa an sami wannan shukar "a duk yankunan wurare masu zafi da kuma wurare masu zafi na tsohuwar duniya. Ana ba da ganyen a Indiya idan akwai ciwon [[Kumburi|dropsy]] . Ana ba da iri a cikin hydrophobia, da kuma idan akwai cizon maciji, da kuma a cututtukan ido da fata. Ana yin ƙwanƙolin fure, waɗanda aka shafa da ɗan sukari, a cikin su, kuma ana ba wa mutanen da karnukan suka cije. Ganyen, waɗanda aka ɗauka sabo aka rage su zuwa ɓawon burodi, ana ɗaukar su magani mai kyau idan aka shafa su a waje ga cizon [[kunama]] . Tokar shukar tana samar da adadi mai yawa na potassium, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen wanke tufafi. Ƙanƙolin fure yana da suna a Indiya (Oude) na kariya daga kunama, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana gurgunta shi. (Drury.)" == Sinadaran sinadarai == ''Achyranthes aspera'' yana ɗauke da saponins triterpenoid waɗanda ke da oleanolic acid a matsayin aglycone . Ecdysterone, wani hormone mai narkewar kwari, da kuma dogayen alcohols ana samun su a cikin ''Achyranthes aspera'' . == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Achyranthes_aspera_5.jpg|alt=Opposite leaf arrangement and seeds attached to long peduncle. India| Tsarin ganyen da ke gabansa da kuma iri da aka haɗa a kan dogon peduncle. Indiya Fayil:Akatam_(Tamil-_ஆகாடம்)_(8234180889).jpg|alt=Tangle of long peduncles ("Devil's horsewhips") with sharp seeds makes walking through thickets difficult. India.| Yin amfani da dogayen layukan dogayen layuka ("Dullolin dawaki na Shaidan") tare da tsaba masu kaifi yana sa tafiya ta cikin daji ya zama da wahala. Indiya. Fayil:Achyranthes_aspera_(Puntallana)_01_ies.jpg|alt=Pink flowers of Achyranthes aspera. Puntallana, La Palma, Canary Islands| Furanni masu ruwan hoda na ''Achyranthes aspera'' . Puntallana, La Palma, Tsibirin Canary Fayil:Starr-130116-9449-Achyranthes_aspera_var_aspera-spiny_seeds_stuck_to_gloves-Stable_Rd_Spreckelsville-Maui_(24577960963).jpg|alt=Sharp seeds adherent to glove. Maui, Hawaii| Iri masu kaifi da ke manne da safar hannu. Maui, Hawaii </gallery> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{WestAfricanPlants|Achyranthes aspera}} 2qi5p5i4lgopkjfh3fwm35j2iywcnjt 0 148631 827216 2026-04-27T15:33:04Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317642820|Acokanthera oblongifolia]]" 827216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Acokanthera oblongifolia (fruits) 01.JPG|image_caption=|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author= Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title= ''Acokanthera oblongifolia'' |volume=2019 |article-number= e.T141549206A149506107 |doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T141549206A149506107.en |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref>|genus=Acokanthera|species=oblongifolia|authority=([[Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter|Hochst.]]) [[George Bentham|Benth.]] & [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] ''ex'' [[Benjamin Daydon Jackson|B.D.Jacks.]]<ref name=WCSP>{{cite web |url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=2164 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919095516/http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=2164 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |title=''Acokanthera oblongifolia'' |work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] (WCSP) |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] }}</ref>|synonyms=*''Acokanthera spectabilis'' <small>([[Otto Wilhelm Sonder|Sond.]]) Hook.f.</small> *''Carissa oblongifolia'' <small>[[Hochst.]]</small> *''Carissa spectabilis'' <small>([[Otto Wilhelm Sonder|Sond.]]) [[Marcel Pichon|Pichon]]</small> *''Jasminonerium oblongifolium'' <small>([[Hochst.]]) [[Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small> *''Toxicophlaea spectabilis'' <small>Sond.</small>|synonyms_ref=<ref name=WCSP/>}} '''''Acokanthera oblongifolia''''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''African wintersweet''', '''dune poison bush''', '''Hottentot's poison''' plant, '''poison arrow plant''' ko '''wintersweet''' ) shuka ce da ke cikin dangin Apocynaceae . <ref name="POWO">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |title=Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77164695-1 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref> <ref name="COL">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |title=Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/9FRH |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=Catalogue of Life |publisher=Species 2000}}</ref> Yana girma a matsayin bishiya mai koren kore ko ƙaramin itace har zuwa {{Convert|6|m}} tsayi. Furannin sa masu ƙamshi suna da farin corolla mai launin ruwan hoda. 'Ya'yan itacen suna da launin shunayya idan sun nuna. Wurin zama na busasshen daji ne da kuma dazuzzuka na bakin teku. Ana amfani da ''Acokanthera oblongifolia'' a cikin maganin gargajiya na Afirka don cizon maciji, ƙaiƙayi da tsutsotsi na ciki. An yi amfani da shukar a matsayin gubar kibiya . Nau'in ya samo asali ne daga [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref name="Med" /> == Tsarin Haraji == An fara bayyana shi a shekarar 1844 ta hannun Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter a matsayin ''Carissa oblongifolia,'' an sake sanya shi a shekarar 1876 ga dangin ''Acokanthera'', na George Bentham da Joseph Hooker, <ref name="hooker">{{Cite journal |last=Bentham, G. |last2=Hooker, J.D. |date=1876 |title=Apocynaceae |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/657858 |journal=Genera Plantarum :ad Exemplaria Imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus Servata Definita |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=696}}</ref> amma ba daidai ba, kuma a ƙarshe, a shekarar 1895, Benjamin Daydon Jackson ya buga shi a matsayin ''Acokanthera oblongifolia'' . == Nassoshi == l3sk6drskou3z9d13u2xejmui7qmskx 827217 827216 2026-04-27T15:33:35Z Muktee1494 26992 827217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Acokanthera oblongifolia''''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''African wintersweet''', '''dune poison bush''', '''Hottentot's poison''' plant, '''poison arrow plant''' ko '''wintersweet''' ) shuka ce da ke cikin dangin Apocynaceae . <ref name="POWO">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |title=Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77164695-1 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref> <ref name="COL">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |title=Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/9FRH |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=Catalogue of Life |publisher=Species 2000}}</ref> Yana girma a matsayin bishiya mai koren kore ko ƙaramin itace har zuwa {{Convert|6|m}} tsayi. Furannin sa masu ƙamshi suna da farin corolla mai launin ruwan hoda. 'Ya'yan itacen suna da launin shunayya idan sun nuna. Wurin zama na busasshen daji ne da kuma dazuzzuka na bakin teku. Ana amfani da ''Acokanthera oblongifolia'' a cikin maganin gargajiya na Afirka don cizon maciji, ƙaiƙayi da tsutsotsi na ciki. An yi amfani da shukar a matsayin gubar kibiya . Nau'in ya samo asali ne daga [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref name="Med" /> == Tsarin Haraji == An fara bayyana shi a shekarar 1844 ta hannun Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter a matsayin ''Carissa oblongifolia,'' an sake sanya shi a shekarar 1876 ga dangin ''Acokanthera'', na George Bentham da Joseph Hooker, <ref name="hooker">{{Cite journal |last=Bentham, G. |last2=Hooker, J.D. |date=1876 |title=Apocynaceae |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/657858 |journal=Genera Plantarum :ad Exemplaria Imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus Servata Definita |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=696}}</ref> amma ba daidai ba, kuma a ƙarshe, a shekarar 1895, Benjamin Daydon Jackson ya buga shi a matsayin ''Acokanthera oblongifolia'' . == Nassoshi == k3xu6rhewd3dvunwdb3arkf9qv4iwru 0 148632 827219 2026-04-27T15:36:02Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347752537|Acokanthera schimperi]]" 827219 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Acokanthera schimperi''''', bishiyar guba ta kibiya, wacce take cikin dangin Apocynaceae, ƙaramin itace ne da aka samo asali daga gabas da tsakiyar [[Afirka]] da kuma [[Yemen]] . == Amfani == Ana amfani da bawon itace, itace da saiwar ''Acokanthera schimperi'' a matsayin muhimmin sinadari na gubar kibiya a [[Afirka]] . Duk sassan shuka suna dauke da [[acovenoside A]] da ouabaïne, wadanda glycosides ne na zuciya . Ana iya cin 'ya'yan itacensa, kuma ana cin su ne a matsayin abincin yunwa . Idan suka nuna suna da zaki amma kuma suna da ɗan ɗaci. 'Ya'yan itacen da ba su nuna ba sun haifar da guba ta bazata domin suna da guba sosai. Beran da aka yi wa laƙabi yana yaɗa gubar shukar a kan gashinsa kuma ya zama guba. Ana kuma amfani da shi a magungunan gargajiya na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gebre-Mariam |first=T |last2=Neubert |first2=R |last3=Schmidt |first3=P. C. |last4=Wutzler |first4=P |last5=Schmidtke |first5=M |year=2006 |title=Antiviral activities of some Ethiopian medicinal plants used for the treatment of dermatological disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=104 |issue=1–2 |pages=182–7 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.071 |pmid=16233967}}</ref> A Habasha, misali, ana amfani da ganyen ''Acokanthera schimperi'' a gargajiyance don magance [[Shawara|jaundice]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tewari |first=Devesh |last2=Mocan |first2=Andrei |last3=Parvanov |first3=Emil D |last4=Sah |first4=Archana N |last5=Nabavi |first5=Seyed M |last6=Huminiecki |first6=Lukasz |last7=Ma |first7=Zheng Feei |last8=Lee |first8=Yeong Yeh |last9=Horbańczuk |first9=Jarosław O |last10=Atanasov |first10=Atanas G |year=2017 |title=Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part I |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=8 |pages=518 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2017.00518 |pmc=5559545 |pmid=28860989 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acokanthera schimperi'' ya fito ne daga [[Eritrea]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DR Congo]] . Shi ne kawai nau'in jinsin da ke faruwa a wajen [[Afirka]], a kudancin [[Yemen]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Acokanthera schimperi |url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/recherche.php |access-date=2017-08-07 |website=www.ville-ge.ch}}</ref> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://archive.today/20121211223501/http://www.ars-grin.gov/~sbmljw/cgi-bin/taxon.pl?411730 Bayanin Acokanthera schimperi daga NPGS/GRIN] * [http://www.prota4u.org/ Bayanin Acokanthera schimperi daga PROTA4U] 9hs7v64pprb8wq8993h144ovu7syvxq 827220 827219 2026-04-27T15:36:46Z Muktee1494 26992 827220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Acokanthera schimperi''''', bishiyar guba ta kibiya, wacce take cikin dangin Apocynaceae, ƙaramin itace ne da aka samo asali daga gabas da tsakiyar [[Afirka]] da kuma [[Yemen]] . == Amfani == Ana amfani da bawon itace, itace da saiwar ''Acokanthera schimperi'' a matsayin muhimmin sinadari na gubar kibiya a [[Afirka]] . Duk sassan shuka suna dauke da [[acovenoside A]] da ouabaïne, wadanda glycosides ne na zuciya . Ana iya cin 'ya'yan itacensa, kuma ana cin su ne a matsayin abincin yunwa . Idan suka nuna suna da zaki amma kuma suna da ɗan ɗaci. 'Ya'yan itacen da ba su nuna ba sun haifar da guba ta bazata domin suna da guba sosai. Beran da aka yi wa laƙabi yana yaɗa gubar shukar a kan gashinsa kuma ya zama guba. Ana kuma amfani da shi a magungunan gargajiya na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gebre-Mariam |first=T |last2=Neubert |first2=R |last3=Schmidt |first3=P. C. |last4=Wutzler |first4=P |last5=Schmidtke |first5=M |year=2006 |title=Antiviral activities of some Ethiopian medicinal plants used for the treatment of dermatological disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=104 |issue=1–2 |pages=182–7 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.071 |pmid=16233967}}</ref> A Habasha, misali, ana amfani da ganyen ''Acokanthera schimperi'' a gargajiyance don magance [[Shawara|jaundice]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tewari |first=Devesh |last2=Mocan |first2=Andrei |last3=Parvanov |first3=Emil D |last4=Sah |first4=Archana N |last5=Nabavi |first5=Seyed M |last6=Huminiecki |first6=Lukasz |last7=Ma |first7=Zheng Feei |last8=Lee |first8=Yeong Yeh |last9=Horbańczuk |first9=Jarosław O |last10=Atanasov |first10=Atanas G |year=2017 |title=Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part I |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=8 |pages=518 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2017.00518 |pmc=5559545 |pmid=28860989 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yaɗuwar yanki == ''Acokanthera schimperi'' ya fito ne daga [[Eritrea]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DR Congo]] . Shi ne kawai nau'in jinsin da ke faruwa a wajen [[Afirka]], a kudancin [[Yemen]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Acokanthera schimperi |url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/recherche.php |access-date=2017-08-07 |website=www.ville-ge.ch}}</ref> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://archive.today/20121211223501/http://www.ars-grin.gov/~sbmljw/cgi-bin/taxon.pl?411730 Bayanin Acokanthera schimperi daga NPGS/GRIN] * [http://www.prota4u.org/ Bayanin Acokanthera schimperi daga PROTA4U] jprxpm9zobwtmyheoawcapabghzdgl0 0 148633 827226 2026-04-27T15:40:01Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291889629|Agathosma betulina]]" 827226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Agathosma betulina''''' (wanda a da ake kira ''Barosma betulina'' ) shuka ce mai fure a cikin dangin Rutaceae, wacce aka fi sani da tsaunukan ƙasa na yammacin [[Afirka ta Kudu]], inda take faruwa kusa da rafuffuka a cikin mazaunin fynbos . == Bayani == Itace ce da ba ta taɓa yin fure ba, tana girma har zuwa {{Convert|2|m}} tsayi. Ganyayyaki suna da akasin haka, zagaye, kimanin {{Convert|20|mm}} dogaye da faɗi, masu sheƙi, da ƙamshi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moolla |first=A. |last2=Viljoen |first2=A.M. |date=2008-10-28 |title='Buchu' – Agathosma betulina and Agathosma crenulata (Rutaceae): A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874108003966 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=119 |issue=3 |pages=413–419 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.036 |issn=0378-8741 |pmid=18725278 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Furannin suna da fari ko ruwan hoda mai haske, tare da furanni biyar; ' [['ya'yan itace|ya'yan itacen]] ƙashi ne mai sassa biyar wanda ke rabewa don fitar da tsaba. == Asalin Ma'anar == An san shi da sunan da aka fi sani da '''ganyen zagaye buchu''' . Shuke-shuken ''Agathosma crenulata'' (wanda a da ''Barosma crenulata'' yake) ana kiransa da ganyen oval buchu, kuma an yi amfani da shi don dalilai iri ɗaya. Duk da haka, biyun sun bambanta ta hanyar sinadarai; misali, ''A. betulina'' ya ƙunshi quercetin-dimethyl ether-glucoside, yayin da ''A. crenulata'' bai ƙunshi ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mavimbela |first=Thandazile |last2=Viljoen |first2=Alvaro |last3=Vermaak |first3=Ilze |date=2014-05-01 |title=Differentiating between Agathosma betulina and Agathosma crenulata – A quality control perspective |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214786114000096 |journal=Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=e8–e14 |doi=10.1016/j.jarmap.2014.04.002 |issn=2214-7861 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Amfani == Tsire-tsire na daji na wannan nau'in har yanzu suna da yawa amma ana girbe su da sauri fiye da yadda za su iya haifuwa. Barazanar ƙarancin su ya haifar da ƙoƙarin noma su. Ana amfani da mai mai mahimmanci da abubuwan da aka samo daga ganyen a matsayin dandano ga shayi, alewa, da giya da aka sani da buchu brandy a Afirka ta Kudu. Manyan sinadarai guda biyu na man ''A. betulina'' sune isomentone da diosphenol. An ce ruwan yana da ɗanɗano kamar blackcurrant . == Maganin gargajiya == 'Yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu suna amfani da wannan shukar a matsayin maganin gargajiya ga cututtuka daban-daban, ciki har da [[Ciwon filin fitsari|cututtukan mafitsara.]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=BUCHU: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews |url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-180/buchu |access-date=2021-04-15 |website=www.webmd.com |language=en}}</ref> Mazauna Holland a zamanin da sun yi amfani da Agathosma betulina da aka fi sani da buchu don yin tincture na brandy. Har yanzu ana amfani da tincture ɗin a yau. == Nassoshi == * [http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/agathoscren.htm ''A. crenulata'' da ''A. betulina''] * [[Ben-Erik Van Wyk|Van Wyk, Ben-Erik]] (2005). ''Tsire-tsire na Abinci na Duniya'' . Portland Oregon: Timber Press, Inc. * Lis-Balchin M., Hart S. da Simpson E. (2001). Buchu ( ''Agathosma betulina'' da ''A. crenulata'', Rutaceae) mai mahimmanci mai: aikin su na pharmacological a kan guinea-alade ileum da antimicrobial aiki a kan microorganisms. ''J Pharm.'' 53 (4): 579-82. qccoecy62huljci4oleszwu7o9369kx 827228 827226 2026-04-27T15:40:28Z Muktee1494 26992 827228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Agathosma betulina''''' (wanda a da ake kira ''Barosma betulina'' ) shuka ce mai fure a cikin dangin Rutaceae, wacce aka fi sani da tsaunukan ƙasa na yammacin [[Afirka ta Kudu]], inda take faruwa kusa da rafuffuka a cikin mazaunin fynbos . == Bayani == Itace ce da ba ta taɓa yin fure ba, tana girma har zuwa {{Convert|2|m}} tsayi. Ganyayyaki suna da akasin haka, zagaye, kimanin {{Convert|20|mm}} dogaye da faɗi, masu sheƙi, da ƙamshi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moolla |first=A. |last2=Viljoen |first2=A.M. |date=2008-10-28 |title='Buchu' – Agathosma betulina and Agathosma crenulata (Rutaceae): A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874108003966 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=119 |issue=3 |pages=413–419 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.036 |issn=0378-8741 |pmid=18725278 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Furannin suna da fari ko ruwan hoda mai haske, tare da furanni biyar; ' [['ya'yan itace|ya'yan itacen]] ƙashi ne mai sassa biyar wanda ke rabewa don fitar da tsaba. == Asalin Ma'anar == An san shi da sunan da aka fi sani da '''ganyen zagaye buchu''' . Shuke-shuken ''Agathosma crenulata'' (wanda a da ''Barosma crenulata'' yake) ana kiransa da ganyen oval buchu, kuma an yi amfani da shi don dalilai iri ɗaya. Duk da haka, biyun sun bambanta ta hanyar sinadarai; misali, ''A. betulina'' ya ƙunshi quercetin-dimethyl ether-glucoside, yayin da ''A. crenulata'' bai ƙunshi ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mavimbela |first=Thandazile |last2=Viljoen |first2=Alvaro |last3=Vermaak |first3=Ilze |date=2014-05-01 |title=Differentiating between Agathosma betulina and Agathosma crenulata – A quality control perspective |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214786114000096 |journal=Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=e8–e14 |doi=10.1016/j.jarmap.2014.04.002 |issn=2214-7861 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Amfani == Tsire-tsire na daji na wannan nau'in har yanzu suna da yawa amma ana girbe su da sauri fiye da yadda za su iya haifuwa. Barazanar ƙarancin su ya haifar da ƙoƙarin noma su. Ana amfani da mai mai mahimmanci da abubuwan da aka samo daga ganyen a matsayin dandano ga shayi, alewa, da giya da aka sani da buchu brandy a Afirka ta Kudu. Manyan sinadarai guda biyu na man ''A. betulina'' sune isomentone da diosphenol. An ce ruwan yana da ɗanɗano kamar blackcurrant . == Maganin gargajiya == 'Yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu suna amfani da wannan shukar a matsayin maganin gargajiya ga cututtuka daban-daban, ciki har da [[Ciwon filin fitsari|cututtukan mafitsara.]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=BUCHU: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews |url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-180/buchu |access-date=2021-04-15 |website=www.webmd.com |language=en}}</ref> Mazauna Holland a zamanin da sun yi amfani da Agathosma betulina da aka fi sani da buchu don yin tincture na brandy. Har yanzu ana amfani da tincture ɗin a yau. == Nassoshi == * [http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/agathoscren.htm ''A. crenulata'' da ''A. betulina''] * [[Ben-Erik Van Wyk|Van Wyk, Ben-Erik]] (2005). ''Tsire-tsire na Abinci na Duniya'' . Portland Oregon: Timber Press, Inc. * Lis-Balchin M., Hart S. da Simpson E. (2001). Buchu ( ''Agathosma betulina'' da ''A. crenulata'', Rutaceae) mai mahimmanci mai: aikin su na pharmacological a kan guinea-alade ileum da antimicrobial aiki a kan microorganisms. ''J Pharm.'' 53 (4): 579-82. fj0l6ukqe6yvbu33t5t9393t5sr6ih5 0 148634 827231 2026-04-27T15:44:52Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332548915|Alchornea floribunda]]" 827231 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Alchornea floribunda''''' shuka ce da aka samo asali daga Afirka mai zafi. An san shukar a yankin da ''Niando'' . <ref name="DrDukes">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Duke's Database |url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125202/https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/79 |archive-date=2018-01-22 |access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> == Bayani == ''Alchornea floribunda'' babban itace ne mai tsayi wanda ke girma zuwa daji mai nisan {{Convert|4.5|m|ft|0}} tsayi. <ref name="UTP">{{Cite web |title=''Alchornea floribunda'' |url=http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Alchornea+floribunda |access-date=2015-08-02 |website=Useful Tropical Plants}}</ref> == Amfani == Wannan shuka tana da amfani da yawa na gargajiya. Wani lokaci ana dafa ganyen kuma ana cin su a matsayin kayan lambu kuma ana iya cin su da nama ko kifi a matsayin maganin guba. Haka kuma ana amfani da su a matsayin maganin matsalolin kwai da cututtukan ciki. Ana amfani da kayan ƙanshi na busassun ganye don magance gudawa kuma ana niƙa ganyen don inganta warkar da raunuka. Ana amfani da busassun ganyen da kuma ɓawon tushen fibrous a madadin taba. Ana amfani da garin tushen tushe sosai a maganin gargajiya a matsayin abin sha mai motsa rai da kuma motsa jiki. <ref name="UTP" /> Ana amfani da wannan shukar ne ta hanyar birai wajen yin kayan aikin kama tururuwa a [[Ajiyar Fajal na Dja|yankin Dja Faunal]] da ke kudu maso gabashin Kamaru. Dabbobin suna farautar bishiyar a cikin dajin suna yin gajerun sanduna. Ana amfani da sanduna masu kauri kusan rabin mita don haƙa da kuma dagula tudun tururuwa, kuma ana saka sanduna masu sirara masu sassauƙa don tururuwa masu fushi su hau. Sannan birai suna dibar tururuwa suna manne da sandunan kamun kifinsu a bakinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deblauwe, Isra |last2=Guislain, Patrick |last3=Dupain, Jef |last4=Van Elsacker, Linda |year=2006 |title=Use of a tool-set by ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' to obtain termites (''Macrotermes'') in the periphery of the Dja Biosphere Reserve, southeast Cameroon |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=1191–1196 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20318 |pmid=17096418 |s2cid=23421447}}</ref> == Kwayoyin halitta == Abubuwan da ke cikin ''Alchornea floribunda'' sun haɗa da Alchorneine, [[Alchorneinone]], Alkaloids, Anthranilic acid, Gentisinic acid, [[Isoalchorneine]] da Yohimbine . <ref name="DrDukes">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Duke's Database |url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125202/https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/79 |archive-date=2018-01-22 |access-date=2018-01-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125202/https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/79 "Dr. Duke's Database"]. </cite></ref> == Duba kuma == * Tsire-tsire masu cutar psychedelic == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://entheology.com/plants/alchornea-floribunda-alan-root/ Alchornea floribunda – Alan Root] Archived a cikin bayanan Entheology.com. qu3r8wg0w128jko8y01dq5vt7yfgfna 827233 827231 2026-04-27T15:45:19Z Muktee1494 26992 827233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Alchornea floribunda''''' shuka ce da aka samo asali daga Afirka mai zafi. An san shukar a yankin da ''Niando'' . <ref name="DrDukes">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Duke's Database |url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125202/https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/79 |archive-date=2018-01-22 |access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> == Bayani == ''Alchornea floribunda'' babban itace ne mai tsayi wanda ke girma zuwa daji mai nisan {{Convert|4.5|m|ft|0}} tsayi. <ref name="UTP">{{Cite web |title=''Alchornea floribunda'' |url=http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Alchornea+floribunda |access-date=2015-08-02 |website=Useful Tropical Plants}}</ref> == Amfani == Wannan shuka tana da amfani da yawa na gargajiya. Wani lokaci ana dafa ganyen kuma ana cin su a matsayin kayan lambu kuma ana iya cin su da nama ko kifi a matsayin maganin guba. Haka kuma ana amfani da su a matsayin maganin matsalolin kwai da cututtukan ciki. Ana amfani da kayan ƙanshi na busassun ganye don magance gudawa kuma ana niƙa ganyen don inganta warkar da raunuka. Ana amfani da busassun ganyen da kuma ɓawon tushen fibrous a madadin taba. Ana amfani da garin tushen tushe sosai a maganin gargajiya a matsayin abin sha mai motsa rai da kuma motsa jiki. <ref name="UTP" /> Ana amfani da wannan shukar ne ta hanyar birai wajen yin kayan aikin kama tururuwa a [[Ajiyar Fajal na Dja|yankin Dja Faunal]] da ke kudu maso gabashin Kamaru. Dabbobin suna farautar bishiyar a cikin dajin suna yin gajerun sanduna. Ana amfani da sanduna masu kauri kusan rabin mita don haƙa da kuma dagula tudun tururuwa, kuma ana saka sanduna masu sirara masu sassauƙa don tururuwa masu fushi su hau. Sannan birai suna dibar tururuwa suna manne da sandunan kamun kifinsu a bakinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deblauwe, Isra |last2=Guislain, Patrick |last3=Dupain, Jef |last4=Van Elsacker, Linda |year=2006 |title=Use of a tool-set by ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' to obtain termites (''Macrotermes'') in the periphery of the Dja Biosphere Reserve, southeast Cameroon |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=1191–1196 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20318 |pmid=17096418 |s2cid=23421447}}</ref> == Kwayoyin halitta == Abubuwan da ke cikin ''Alchornea floribunda'' sun haɗa da Alchorneine, [[Alchorneinone]], Alkaloids, Anthranilic acid, Gentisinic acid, [[Isoalchorneine]] da Yohimbine . <ref name="DrDukes">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Duke's Database |url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125202/https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/79 |archive-date=2018-01-22 |access-date=2018-01-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125202/https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/79 "Dr. Duke's Database"]. </cite></ref> == Duba kuma == * Tsire-tsire masu cutar psychedelic == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://entheology.com/plants/alchornea-floribunda-alan-root/ Alchornea floribunda – Alan Root] Archived a cikin bayanan Entheology.com. gav8396t4ao2p6nik1rl175463qdw72 0 148635 827235 2026-04-27T15:50:49Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319839849|Aloe buettneri]]" 827235 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Aloe buettneri''''' nau'in shuka ne mai tsami a cikin dangin Asphodelaceae . Ana samunsa a Yammacin Afirka kuma an san shi da amfaninsa na magani. == Bayani == ''Aloe buettneri'' shuka ce mai daɗi da ganye mai kauri da nama da aka shirya a cikin rosette . Ganyen suna girma har zuwa 40-80&nbsp;Tsawon santimita, 8–9&nbsp;Faɗin santimita. Ganyen suna da gefuna ta hanyar haƙoran da aka haɗa da juna da kuma waɗanda ba su da juna, kuma suna haɗuwa don samar da tushe mai kama da kwan fitila a ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda hakan ya sa shukar ta yi kama da ba ta da tushe. An shirya furanni a cikin wani yanki mai laushi. Shukar tana ɗauke da rassan har zuwa 12 tare da kwararan fitila waɗanda suka bambanta a launi daga kore-rawaya, lemu, ko ja mara haske. == Halittar Halitta da kuma kiwo == Adadin ƙwayoyin halittar ''Aloe buettneri'' shine 2n=14. Banda ''[[Alobera (aloe vera)|Aloe vera]]'', dukkan nau'ikan ''Aloe'', gami da ''Aloe buettneri'', an jera su ta CITES, kuma cinikin tsire-tsire da sassan tsire-tsire yana da iyaka. Akwai tsire-tsire da yawa da ke cikin tarin tsire-tsire masu zaman kansu amma babu wata alama da ke nuna cewa nau'in yana fuskantar barazanar zama a daji. == Rarrabawa == Tsarin halitta na ''Aloe buettneri'' galibi yana da Savannas na Yammacin Afirka musamman [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya]] da [[Togo]], duk da haka, an same shi har zuwa Tsakiya da Kudancin [[Afirka]] a ƙasashe kamar [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Malawi]] . Ya fi girma a waɗannan wurare masu dumi da bushewa. Girman ''Aloe buettneri'' yana haɗuwa da girman ''Aloe schweinfurthii'', wanda, tare da ''Aloe buettneri'', galibi ana kiransa ''Aloe barteri'' Baker. == Amfani == === Magani === Ana iya amfani da ganyen ''Aloe buettneri'' a waje kuma ana kyautata zaton suna taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin fata kamar ƙonewa, raunuka, cizon kwari, ciwon tsutsotsi na Guinea da kuma vitiligo. A Burkina Faso, ana shan ganyen busasshe na foda don magance zazzabin cizon sauro, yayin da a [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] da [[Togo|Togo,]] ana amfani da tushen don wannan dalili. Ana maganin rheumatism da tokar ganye. <ref name="Burkill, H.M. 1995" /> === Dabbobin dabbobi === A [[Najeriya]], ana ba shanu ruwan ganyen a matsayin maganin hana kamuwa da cuta. === Kayayyaki da bincike === Ruwan hydro-alcohol na ''Aloe buettneri'' A. Berger yana da maganin kumburi, maganin gyambo da kuma maganin raunuka a cikin tafin beraye. Ruwan methanol yana nuna aiki ''a cikin jiki'' akan helminthiasis da nau'in ''Nippostrongylus'' ke haifarwa a cikin beraye. == Duba kuma == * Maganin ganye * Tsire-tsire masu tsami * Tsire-tsire masu magani == Nassoshi == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == nxcxxmfp1lu73psjk2hbmp4kxcxoh6m 827236 827235 2026-04-27T15:51:27Z Muktee1494 26992 827236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Aloe buettneri''''' nau'in shuka ne mai tsami a cikin dangin Asphodelaceae . Ana samunsa a Yammacin Afirka kuma an san shi da amfaninsa na magani. == Bayani == ''Aloe buettneri'' shuka ce mai daɗi da ganye mai kauri da nama da aka shirya a cikin rosette . Ganyen suna girma har zuwa 40-80&nbsp;Tsawon santimita, 8–9&nbsp;Faɗin santimita. Ganyen suna da gefuna ta hanyar haƙoran da aka haɗa da juna da kuma waɗanda ba su da juna, kuma suna haɗuwa don samar da tushe mai kama da kwan fitila a ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda hakan ya sa shukar ta yi kama da ba ta da tushe. An shirya furanni a cikin wani yanki mai laushi. Shukar tana ɗauke da rassan har zuwa 12 tare da kwararan fitila waɗanda suka bambanta a launi daga kore-rawaya, lemu, ko ja mara haske. == Halittar Halitta da kuma kiwo == Adadin ƙwayoyin halittar ''Aloe buettneri'' shine 2n=14. Banda ''[[Alobera (aloe vera)|Aloe vera]]'', dukkan nau'ikan ''Aloe'', gami da ''Aloe buettneri'', an jera su ta CITES, kuma cinikin tsire-tsire da sassan tsire-tsire yana da iyaka. Akwai tsire-tsire da yawa da ke cikin tarin tsire-tsire masu zaman kansu amma babu wata alama da ke nuna cewa nau'in yana fuskantar barazanar zama a daji. == Rarrabawa == Tsarin halitta na ''Aloe buettneri'' galibi yana da Savannas na Yammacin Afirka musamman [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya]] da [[Togo]], duk da haka, an same shi har zuwa Tsakiya da Kudancin [[Afirka]] a ƙasashe kamar [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Malawi]] . Ya fi girma a waɗannan wurare masu dumi da bushewa. Girman ''Aloe buettneri'' yana haɗuwa da girman ''Aloe schweinfurthii'', wanda, tare da ''Aloe buettneri'', galibi ana kiransa ''Aloe barteri'' Baker. == Amfani == === Magani === Ana iya amfani da ganyen ''Aloe buettneri'' a waje kuma ana kyautata zaton suna taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin fata kamar ƙonewa, raunuka, cizon kwari, ciwon tsutsotsi na Guinea da kuma vitiligo. A Burkina Faso, ana shan ganyen busasshe na foda don magance zazzabin cizon sauro, yayin da a [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] da [[Togo|Togo,]] ana amfani da tushen don wannan dalili. Ana maganin rheumatism da tokar ganye. <ref name="Burkill, H.M. 1995" /> === Dabbobin dabbobi === A [[Najeriya]], ana ba shanu ruwan ganyen a matsayin maganin hana kamuwa da cuta. === Kayayyaki da bincike === Ruwan hydro-alcohol na ''Aloe buettneri'' A. Berger yana da maganin kumburi, maganin gyambo da kuma maganin raunuka a cikin tafin beraye. Ruwan methanol yana nuna aiki ''a cikin jiki'' akan helminthiasis da nau'in ''Nippostrongylus'' ke haifarwa a cikin beraye. == Duba kuma == * Maganin ganye * Tsire-tsire masu tsami * Tsire-tsire masu magani == Nassoshi == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == hgg8tx7fftmn8f17appz3ohit6c01ln 0 148636 827237 2026-04-27T15:57:36Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318108339|Aloiampelos commixta]]" 827237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Aloiampelos commixta''''' shuka ce mai fure a cikin dangin Asphodelaceae . <ref name="KewPOWO">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |title=Aloiampelos commixta (A.Berger) Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77125501-1 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref> Ana kiranta da '''aloe na Table Mountain''', kuma shuka ce mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano wanda ke da yawa a yankin Cape Peninsula, Afirka ta Kudu. A dabi'ance tana faruwa ne kawai a kan tsaunukan Table, a cikin birnin [[Cape Town]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=PlantZAfrica.com article on '''''Aloe commixta''''', by SANBI. |url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/aloecommixta.htm}}</ref> == Bayani == ''Aloiampelos commixta'' shuka ce mai rarrafe da tsayi da yawa, wacce aka fi sani da Peninsula rambling aloe. Wannan "shuka mai lafazi" ba kasafai yake kaiwa sama da {{Convert|1|m|ft}} tsayi, domin siririyar gangar jikinta tana yaduwa a ƙasa da kuma kan duwatsu. Furannin ''Aloiampelos suna fitowa'' a ƙarshen hunturu (Agusta da Satumba). Furanni masu kauri suna fitowa, suna ɗauke da furanni masu launin ja waɗanda suka buɗe zuwa furanni masu yawa, masu haske da launin ruwan kasa. A cikin mazauninsa na halitta a cikin ciyayin fynbos na Table Mountain, [[Sha huda|tsuntsayen rana]] da ƙudan zuma suna yin furen furanninsa. Ganyen suna da kauri, masu nama kuma an raba su daidai gwargwado a kan wani ƙaramin tushe, tare da ratsi kore na musamman a kan ƙananan rassan . Ganyen suna da yawa kamar 200.&nbsp;tsawon mm, tare da ƙananan haƙoran fari a gefunan. Ana iya gane ''A. commixta'' cikin sauƙi ta hanyar ganyayyakinsa madaidaiciya, faɗi, masu laushi (waɗanda ba sa komawa ƙasa, kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran nau'ikan ''Aloiampelos'' da yawa), ta hanyar siririn tushe mai faɗi, da kuma ta hanyar raceme mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki na furanninsa. Musamman ma, furanninsa sun fi na sauran nau'ikan halittar girma, kuma an haɗa su wuri ɗaya a saman raceme . [[Fayil:1_Aloe_commixta_Cape_Peninsula_Mountains_Cape_Town_1.jpg|thumb|A cikin yanayin da yake rayuwa]] Ita ce ta musamman ta dangin aloe na [[Cape Town]], wannan nau'in na asali ne (kuma yana da alaƙa da Cape Peninsula ). A cikin wannan ƙaramin nau'in halitta, ''Aloiampelos commixta'' ya fi yawa a yankin tsakiyar Peninsula, a yankin da ke kewaye da Kommetjie, Kalk Bay, Fishhoek, Simonstown da Miller's Point (kodayake ƙananan mutane ne, suna zaune a wasu wurare a kan sarkar Table Mountain). Wannan ƙaramin shuka mai kyau kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin aloe uku kawai da danginsu waɗanda suka fito daga birnin [[Cape Town]] (sauran sune aloe fynbos da aloe sabulu ). A cikin wurin da yake zaune, yana da ƙarfi sosai, kuma yana jure sanyi da wuta. Sauran nau'ikan halittar sun haɗa da babban ''Aloiampelos striatula'' na tsaunukan Gabashin Cape da ''Aloiampelos juddii'', wani ƙaramin nau'in halitta wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba wanda ke da iyaka da wasu ƙananan bishiyoyin dutse a gona kusa da [[Cape Agulhas]] . == Barazana da kiyayewa == [[Fayil:23_Aloe_commixta_-_Silvermine_Cape_Town.jpg|right|thumb|A cikin Sandstone Fynbos na Peninsula]] Wannan nau'in da ke fuskantar barazanar ya takaita ne ga ƙaramin yanki, kewaye da unguwannin gari a tsakiyar birnin mai mutane miliyan 3.5. Duk da haka, yawancin shuke-shuken da aka sani suna cikin wurin shakatawa na Table Mountain National Park (TMNP) kuma wurin zama mai tsayi, wanda ba za a iya isa gare shi ba yawanci yana da tsayi da duwatsu da ba za a iya amfani da shi don noma ko ci gaba ba. Babban barazanar da ke tattare da wannan nau'in ta fito ne daga shuke-shuken baƙi masu mamayewa - babban abu daga cikin waɗannan "Rooikrans" ( <nowiki><i id="mwZQ">Acacia cyclops</i></nowiki> ) daga Ostiraliya wanda, har zuwa kwanan nan, ya rufe gangaren Cape Peninsula. Wuraren Shakatawa na Ƙasa na Afirka ta Kudu yanzu sun shawo kan wannan annoba kuma yankin yana komawa ga shuke-shuken halitta a hankali. Duk da haka, share ciyawar zai buƙaci a ci gaba da bin diddigin ta, in ba haka ba, acacia mai tsananin mamayewa za su dawo da sauri su sake rufe waɗannan gangaren, suna haifar da halakar ''Aloiampelos'' (da sauran halittu masu rai). Wata ƙaramar barazana ta taso ne daga ƙaruwar zirga-zirgar mutane a yankin. Tsire-tsire suna kwance a ƙasa, har ma da ɗan ƙaramin tattakewa da mutane ke yi yana kashe su. Haka kuma suna cikin haɗari daga taruwar mutane ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ta hanyar masu tattara shuke-shuke. An lissafa wannan shuka a matsayin mai rauni (VU) a cikin Jerin Bayanan Ja na Duniya na IUCN, wanda ya ba da rahoton cewa a halin yanzu akwai ɗimbin tsire-tsire ɗari kacal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aloe commixta A.Berger |url=http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=2206-58}}</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:6_-_Aloe_commixta_-_inflorescence_-_Cape_Town.jpg|thumb|Wani samfurin noma a lambun fynbos na [[Cape Town]]]] [[Fayil:Aloe_commixta_-_Table_Mountain_Aloe_-_Inflorescence_detail_4.jpg|right|thumb|Launin furanni na iya bambanta tsakanin ja-orange da rawaya mai haske.]] Wannan shukar tana bunƙasa a yanayin ruwan sama na hunturu da na [[Cape Town|Cape]], wanda ya dace da shi sosai. Don haka yana da wuya a noma a wajen yanayin Bahar Rum, kuma ba ya yin kyau a yankunan zafi ko ruwan sama na lokacin rani. Yana iya rayuwa a yawancin nau'ikan ƙasa - banda tuddan yashi na bakin teku. Duk da haka, a cikin mazauninsa na halitta, yawanci yana girma a cikin yashi mai ɗan acidic. Ba kamar yawancin membobin ƙabilar Aloeae ba, yana jure wa ɗan ƙaramin inuwa mai haske. An daidaita shi da yanayin [[Cape Town]], a zahiri yana girma sosai a lambunan Cape Town, kuma yana da kyau sosai yana yaɗuwa a kan baranda na bango na dutse, ko kuma yana yawo a kan gangaren duwatsu da duwatsu. Yana samar da furanni masu ban mamaki, masu haske kamar lemu ko rawaya a lokacin hunturu. Wannan ya sa ya zama shuka mai amfani don ƙara launi ga lambun a lokacin shekara lokacin da yawancin sauran tsire-tsire ba sa fure. Idan rassan da suka yaɗu suka yi tsayi da yawa kuma suka lalace, ya fi kyau a datse shukar nan take (wannan yana kwaikwayon tasirin wutar daji a wurin da take zaune). Shukar za ta sake girma da girma fiye da da, kuma za a iya sake dasa yankewar wannan shuka mai daraja (ko kuma a ba wa masu tattara shuke-shuke). Yankan (truncheons) kuma hanya ce mafi sauƙi ta yaɗa ''Aloiampelos commixta'' . Bari yankan ya bushe na ƴan kwanaki, sannan kawai a saka su cikin ƙasa mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana da furanni maza da mata a kan kowace shuka, amma shuka ɗaya ba ta da 'ya'ya. Iri suna tsiro a cikin inuwar rabin inuwar, a cikin sanyi (25-35)&nbsp;°C), yashi mai tsafta, mai ɗan acidic. == Amfani na gargajiya == [[Khoekhoe|Khoi]], waɗanda suka fi tsufa a Cape, sun san wannan shukar kuma sun yi amfani da ita wajen magani. Daga baya, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsire-tsire na farko da Kamfanin Dutch East India ya noma a cikin ''" Lambunan Kamfanin "'' . Sinadaran da ake kyautata zaton suna da alhakin ingancin maganin shukar sune sinadaran da aka sani da aloin (daga ruwan 'ya'yan itace) da kuma polysaccharides masu rikitarwa da glycoproteins (daga ɓawon). == Duba kuma == * Bambancin halittu na Cape Town * Fihirisa: Fynbos - ''matsuguni da nau'ikan halittu'' . * Tebur Mountain National Park == Nassoshi == sgc5r7wy54lp1ipdcjsfv839j2y1hax 827238 827237 2026-04-27T15:58:01Z Muktee1494 26992 827238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Aloiampelos commixta''''' shuka ce mai fure a cikin dangin Asphodelaceae . <ref name="KewPOWO">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |title=Aloiampelos commixta (A.Berger) Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77125501-1 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref> Ana kiranta da '''aloe na Table Mountain''', kuma shuka ce mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano wanda ke da yawa a yankin Cape Peninsula, Afirka ta Kudu. A dabi'ance tana faruwa ne kawai a kan tsaunukan Table, a cikin birnin [[Cape Town]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=PlantZAfrica.com article on '''''Aloe commixta''''', by SANBI. |url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/aloecommixta.htm}}</ref> == Bayani == ''Aloiampelos commixta'' shuka ce mai rarrafe da tsayi da yawa, wacce aka fi sani da Peninsula rambling aloe. Wannan "shuka mai lafazi" ba kasafai yake kaiwa sama da {{Convert|1|m|ft}} tsayi, domin siririyar gangar jikinta tana yaduwa a ƙasa da kuma kan duwatsu. Furannin ''Aloiampelos suna fitowa'' a ƙarshen hunturu (Agusta da Satumba). Furanni masu kauri suna fitowa, suna ɗauke da furanni masu launin ja waɗanda suka buɗe zuwa furanni masu yawa, masu haske da launin ruwan kasa. A cikin mazauninsa na halitta a cikin ciyayin fynbos na Table Mountain, [[Sha huda|tsuntsayen rana]] da ƙudan zuma suna yin furen furanninsa. Ganyen suna da kauri, masu nama kuma an raba su daidai gwargwado a kan wani ƙaramin tushe, tare da ratsi kore na musamman a kan ƙananan rassan . Ganyen suna da yawa kamar 200.&nbsp;tsawon mm, tare da ƙananan haƙoran fari a gefunan. Ana iya gane ''A. commixta'' cikin sauƙi ta hanyar ganyayyakinsa madaidaiciya, faɗi, masu laushi (waɗanda ba sa komawa ƙasa, kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran nau'ikan ''Aloiampelos'' da yawa), ta hanyar siririn tushe mai faɗi, da kuma ta hanyar raceme mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki na furanninsa. Musamman ma, furanninsa sun fi na sauran nau'ikan halittar girma, kuma an haɗa su wuri ɗaya a saman raceme . [[Fayil:1_Aloe_commixta_Cape_Peninsula_Mountains_Cape_Town_1.jpg|thumb|A cikin yanayin da yake rayuwa]] Ita ce ta musamman ta dangin aloe na [[Cape Town]], wannan nau'in na asali ne (kuma yana da alaƙa da Cape Peninsula ). A cikin wannan ƙaramin nau'in halitta, ''Aloiampelos commixta'' ya fi yawa a yankin tsakiyar Peninsula, a yankin da ke kewaye da Kommetjie, Kalk Bay, Fishhoek, Simonstown da Miller's Point (kodayake ƙananan mutane ne, suna zaune a wasu wurare a kan sarkar Table Mountain). Wannan ƙaramin shuka mai kyau kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin aloe uku kawai da danginsu waɗanda suka fito daga birnin [[Cape Town]] (sauran sune aloe fynbos da aloe sabulu ). A cikin wurin da yake zaune, yana da ƙarfi sosai, kuma yana jure sanyi da wuta. Sauran nau'ikan halittar sun haɗa da babban ''Aloiampelos striatula'' na tsaunukan Gabashin Cape da ''Aloiampelos juddii'', wani ƙaramin nau'in halitta wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba wanda ke da iyaka da wasu ƙananan bishiyoyin dutse a gona kusa da [[Cape Agulhas]] . == Barazana da kiyayewa == [[Fayil:23_Aloe_commixta_-_Silvermine_Cape_Town.jpg|right|thumb|A cikin Sandstone Fynbos na Peninsula]] Wannan nau'in da ke fuskantar barazanar ya takaita ne ga ƙaramin yanki, kewaye da unguwannin gari a tsakiyar birnin mai mutane miliyan 3.5. Duk da haka, yawancin shuke-shuken da aka sani suna cikin wurin shakatawa na Table Mountain National Park (TMNP) kuma wurin zama mai tsayi, wanda ba za a iya isa gare shi ba yawanci yana da tsayi da duwatsu da ba za a iya amfani da shi don noma ko ci gaba ba. Babban barazanar da ke tattare da wannan nau'in ta fito ne daga shuke-shuken baƙi masu mamayewa - babban abu daga cikin waɗannan "Rooikrans" ( <nowiki><i id="mwZQ">Acacia cyclops</i></nowiki> ) daga Ostiraliya wanda, har zuwa kwanan nan, ya rufe gangaren Cape Peninsula. Wuraren Shakatawa na Ƙasa na Afirka ta Kudu yanzu sun shawo kan wannan annoba kuma yankin yana komawa ga shuke-shuken halitta a hankali. Duk da haka, share ciyawar zai buƙaci a ci gaba da bin diddigin ta, in ba haka ba, acacia mai tsananin mamayewa za su dawo da sauri su sake rufe waɗannan gangaren, suna haifar da halakar ''Aloiampelos'' (da sauran halittu masu rai). Wata ƙaramar barazana ta taso ne daga ƙaruwar zirga-zirgar mutane a yankin. Tsire-tsire suna kwance a ƙasa, har ma da ɗan ƙaramin tattakewa da mutane ke yi yana kashe su. Haka kuma suna cikin haɗari daga taruwar mutane ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ta hanyar masu tattara shuke-shuke. An lissafa wannan shuka a matsayin mai rauni (VU) a cikin Jerin Bayanan Ja na Duniya na IUCN, wanda ya ba da rahoton cewa a halin yanzu akwai ɗimbin tsire-tsire ɗari kacal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aloe commixta A.Berger |url=http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=2206-58}}</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:6_-_Aloe_commixta_-_inflorescence_-_Cape_Town.jpg|thumb|Wani samfurin noma a lambun fynbos na [[Cape Town]]]] [[Fayil:Aloe_commixta_-_Table_Mountain_Aloe_-_Inflorescence_detail_4.jpg|right|thumb|Launin furanni na iya bambanta tsakanin ja-orange da rawaya mai haske.]] Wannan shukar tana bunƙasa a yanayin ruwan sama na hunturu da na [[Cape Town|Cape]], wanda ya dace da shi sosai. Don haka yana da wuya a noma a wajen yanayin Bahar Rum, kuma ba ya yin kyau a yankunan zafi ko ruwan sama na lokacin rani. Yana iya rayuwa a yawancin nau'ikan ƙasa - banda tuddan yashi na bakin teku. Duk da haka, a cikin mazauninsa na halitta, yawanci yana girma a cikin yashi mai ɗan acidic. Ba kamar yawancin membobin ƙabilar Aloeae ba, yana jure wa ɗan ƙaramin inuwa mai haske. An daidaita shi da yanayin [[Cape Town]], a zahiri yana girma sosai a lambunan Cape Town, kuma yana da kyau sosai yana yaɗuwa a kan baranda na bango na dutse, ko kuma yana yawo a kan gangaren duwatsu da duwatsu. Yana samar da furanni masu ban mamaki, masu haske kamar lemu ko rawaya a lokacin hunturu. Wannan ya sa ya zama shuka mai amfani don ƙara launi ga lambun a lokacin shekara lokacin da yawancin sauran tsire-tsire ba sa fure. Idan rassan da suka yaɗu suka yi tsayi da yawa kuma suka lalace, ya fi kyau a datse shukar nan take (wannan yana kwaikwayon tasirin wutar daji a wurin da take zaune). Shukar za ta sake girma da girma fiye da da, kuma za a iya sake dasa yankewar wannan shuka mai daraja (ko kuma a ba wa masu tattara shuke-shuke). Yankan (truncheons) kuma hanya ce mafi sauƙi ta yaɗa ''Aloiampelos commixta'' . Bari yankan ya bushe na ƴan kwanaki, sannan kawai a saka su cikin ƙasa mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana da furanni maza da mata a kan kowace shuka, amma shuka ɗaya ba ta da 'ya'ya. Iri suna tsiro a cikin inuwar rabin inuwar, a cikin sanyi (25-35)&nbsp;°C), yashi mai tsafta, mai ɗan acidic. == Amfani na gargajiya == [[Khoekhoe|Khoi]], waɗanda suka fi tsufa a Cape, sun san wannan shukar kuma sun yi amfani da ita wajen magani. Daga baya, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsire-tsire na farko da Kamfanin Dutch East India ya noma a cikin ''" Lambunan Kamfanin "'' . Sinadaran da ake kyautata zaton suna da alhakin ingancin maganin shukar sune sinadaran da aka sani da aloin (daga ruwan 'ya'yan itace) da kuma polysaccharides masu rikitarwa da glycoproteins (daga ɓawon). == Duba kuma == * Bambancin halittu na Cape Town * Fihirisa: Fynbos - ''matsuguni da nau'ikan halittu'' . * Tebur Mountain National Park == Nassoshi == kmyfb50gjrtukw492el2g1jzzny5x6h 0 148637 827239 2026-04-27T16:01:34Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287043952|Amaranthus dubius]]" 827239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Amaranthus dubius''''', '''alayyafo ja''', '''alayyafo na kasar Sin''', ( simplified Chinese ), '''spleen amaranth''', '''hon-toi-moi''', '''yin choy''', '''hsien tsai''', or '''Arai keerai''' ( {{Lang|ta|அரைக்கீரை}} ) nau'in shuka ne. Yana cikin dangin Amaranthaceae masu mahimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki. Wannan shukar ta samo asali ne daga Kudancin Amurka, Mexico, da Yammacin Indiya, duk da haka; an fara samunta a ko'ina cikin duniya. Wannan nau'in ya samo asali ne a Faransa da Jamus kuma an samar da shi ta hanyar halitta ko kuma ya mamaye yankuna masu zafi da kuma wurare masu zafi na Amurka (Florida da Hawaii), Afirka, Asiya, Ostiraliya da Pacific. == Bayani == Yawanci yana girma zuwa {{Convert|80|–|120|cm}} . Yana da nau'ikan kore da ja, da kuma wasu masu launuka iri-iri. Ba a iya bambanta nau'in kore da ''[[Rukuɓu|Amaranthus viridis]]'' ba. Yana fure daga lokacin rani zuwa faɗuwa a wurare masu zafi, amma yana iya yin fure a duk shekara a yanayin zafi. Nau'i ne mai rashin kunya, yawanci ana samunsa a wuraren shara ko wuraren da ba a cika samun su ba. Ana ɗaukar ''Amaranthus dubius'' a matsayin allopolyploid mai karkacewa a cikin siffarsa. Yana da kusanci sosai da ''Amaranthus spinosus'' da sauran nau'ikan ''Amaranthus'' . == Kamar abinci == Ana daraja wannan nau'in a matsayin kayan lambu mai ganye a duk faɗin Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma Afirka. Ana iya cin sa danye a cikin thoran ko kuma a dafa shi a cikin [[curry]] da [[Pakora|bhajis]] . A [[Uganda]], ana dafa shi da albasa, tumatir da miyar gyada. == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010203149/http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Amaranthus+dubius&RF=Webdisplay PROTAbase akan ''Amaranthus dubius''] * c9ngtyux897taspbqcedp99simzjoen 827240 827239 2026-04-27T16:02:03Z Muktee1494 26992 827240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Amaranthus dubius''''', '''alayyafo ja''', '''alayyafo na kasar Sin''', ( simplified Chinese ), '''spleen amaranth''', '''hon-toi-moi''', '''yin choy''', '''hsien tsai''', or '''Arai keerai''' ( {{Lang|ta|அரைக்கீரை}} ) nau'in shuka ne. Yana cikin dangin Amaranthaceae masu mahimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki. Wannan shukar ta samo asali ne daga Kudancin Amurka, Mexico, da Yammacin Indiya, duk da haka; an fara samunta a ko'ina cikin duniya. Wannan nau'in ya samo asali ne a Faransa da Jamus kuma an samar da shi ta hanyar halitta ko kuma ya mamaye yankuna masu zafi da kuma wurare masu zafi na Amurka (Florida da Hawaii), Afirka, Asiya, Ostiraliya da Pacific. == Bayani == Yawanci yana girma zuwa {{Convert|80|–|120|cm}} . Yana da nau'ikan kore da ja, da kuma wasu masu launuka iri-iri. Ba a iya bambanta nau'in kore da ''[[Rukuɓu|Amaranthus viridis]]'' ba. Yana fure daga lokacin rani zuwa faɗuwa a wurare masu zafi, amma yana iya yin fure a duk shekara a yanayin zafi. Nau'i ne mai rashin kunya, yawanci ana samunsa a wuraren shara ko wuraren da ba a cika samun su ba. Ana ɗaukar ''Amaranthus dubius'' a matsayin allopolyploid mai karkacewa a cikin siffarsa. Yana da kusanci sosai da ''Amaranthus spinosus'' da sauran nau'ikan ''Amaranthus'' . == Kamar abinci == Ana daraja wannan nau'in a matsayin kayan lambu mai ganye a duk faɗin Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma Afirka. Ana iya cin sa danye a cikin thoran ko kuma a dafa shi a cikin [[curry]] da [[Pakora|bhajis]] . A [[Uganda]], ana dafa shi da albasa, tumatir da miyar gyada. == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010203149/http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Amaranthus+dubius&RF=Webdisplay PROTAbase akan ''Amaranthus dubius''] * kzyr0pys60e5ke7lp30vdwiul8gol9v 0 148638 827241 2026-04-27T16:05:05Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332332920|Amaranthus hybridus]]" 827241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox|image=Amarant grün.jpg|status={{TNCStatus}}|status_system=TNC|genus=Amaranthus|species=hybridus|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|synonyms={{collapsible list | {{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | * ''Amaranthus aureus'' Moq. * ''Amaranthus batalleri'' Sennen * ''Amaranthus bellardii'' Moq. * ''Amaranthus berchtholdii'' Moq. * ''Amaranthus catechu'' Moq. * ''Amaranthus caudatus'' Baker & Clarke * ''Amaranthus chlorostachys'' Willd. * ''Amaranthus eugenii'' Sennen * ''Amaranthus flavescens'' Moq. * ''Amaranthus hecticus'' Willd. * ''Amaranthus incurvatus'' Trimen ex Gren. & Gord. * ''Amaranthus intermedius'' Guss. ex Moq. * ''Amaranthus laetus'' Willd. * ''Amaranthus laxiflorus'' Comelli ex Pollini * ''Amaranthus neglectus'' Moq. * ''Amaranthus nepalensis'' Moq. * ''Amaranthus paniculatus'' var. ''sanguineus'' Regel * ''Amaranthus patulus'' f. ''multispiculatus'' (Sennen) Priszter * ''Amaranthus patulus'' var. ''multispiculatus'' Sennen * ''Amaranthus pseudoretroflexus'' (Thell.) Almq. * ''Amaranthus quitensis'' Kunth * ''Amaranthus retroflexus'' var. ''chlorostachys'' A. Gray * ''Amaranthus retroflexus'' var. ''hybridus'' A. Gray * ''Amaranthus retroflexus'' subsp. ''quitensis'' (Kunth) O.Bolòs & Vigo * ''Amaranthus spicatus'' Rchb. * ''Amaranthus timeroyi'' Jord. ex Moq. * ''Amaranthus trivialis'' Rota * ''Galliaria hybrida ''(L.) Nieuwl. }} }}|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=amaranthus+hybridus|title=The Plant List}}</ref>}} '''''Amaranthus hybridus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''kore amaranth''', '''siririn amaranth''', '''santsi amaranth''', '''santsi pigweed''', ko '''ja amaranth''', nau'in shukar fure ne na shekara-shekara. Nau'i ne mai ciyawa da ake samu a yawancin Arewacin Amurka kuma an shigar da shi Turai da Eurasia. == Bayani == [[Fayil:Amaranthushybridus.jpg|left|thumb|409x409px|''Amaranthus hybridus'']] ''Amaranthus hybridus'' yana tsiro daga ɗan gajeren tushen taproot kuma yana iya kaiwa tsawon mita 2.5. Itace ce mai ƙyalli ko kuma mai walƙiya . == Rarrabawa == Asalin ''Amaranthus hybridus'' shuka ce ta farko a gabashin [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] . An ruwaito cewa an same ta a kowace jiha banda [[Wyoming]], [[Utah]], da [[Alaska]] . Haka kuma ana samunta a larduna da yawa na [[Kanada]], da kuma a wasu sassan [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], West Indies, Central America, da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] . An samar da ita a wurare da yawa da ke da yanayi mai zafi. Tana girma a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da wuraren da ke da matsala. == Tsarin Haraji == Yana da matuƙar bambancin ra'ayi, kuma ana kyautata zaton sauran nau'ikan ''Amaranthus'' da yawa sun kasance masu haɗakar halitta ko kuma sun samo asali ne daga ''A. hybridus'' . == A matsayin ciyawa == Duk da cewa ana iya sarrafa shi cikin sauƙi kuma ba shi da gasa sosai, ana gane shi a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa ga amfanin gona na Arewacin Amurka. == Amfani == Ana iya cin iri da ganyen da aka dafa. An yi amfani da shukar don abinci da magani ta ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin Amurka da dama da kuma a [[Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka|fannin maganin gargajiya na Afirka]] . Tana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da ake amfani da su a matsayin ''Quelite quintonil'' a kasuwannin abinci na Mexico. Tana da ƙarancin aikin ƙwayoyin cuta, amma tana ɗauke [[Phytochemical|da sinadarai]] masu kyau na hana cutar kansa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romero-Benavides |first=Juan Carlos |last2=Guaraca-Pino |first2=Evelyn |last3=Duarte-Casar |first3=Rodrigo |last4=Rojas-Le-Fort |first4=Marlene |last5=Bailon-Moscoso |first5=Natalia |date=December 2023 |title=Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and Amaranthus hybridus L.: Ancestral Andean Food Security and Modern Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity |journal=Pharmaceuticals |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=1728 |doi=10.3390/ph16121728 |issn=1424-8247 |pmc=10747716 |pmid=38139854 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Commons category-inline}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?290,294,303 Maganin Jepson da Manual] * [http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/amaranthus_hybridus.htm Hotuna daban-daban na kore amaranth] Archived * [http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Amaranthus+hybridus Ethnobotany] mnaoyl97mpyfsnldxieomk1oh4c1dy3 827242 827241 2026-04-27T16:05:48Z Muktee1494 26992 827242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Amaranthus hybridus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''kore amaranth''', '''siririn amaranth''', '''santsi amaranth''', '''santsi pigweed''', ko '''ja amaranth''', nau'in shukar fure ne na shekara-shekara. Nau'i ne mai ciyawa da ake samu a yawancin Arewacin Amurka kuma an shigar da shi Turai da Eurasia. == Bayani == [[Fayil:Amaranthushybridus.jpg|left|thumb|409x409px|''Amaranthus hybridus'']] ''Amaranthus hybridus'' yana tsiro daga ɗan gajeren tushen taproot kuma yana iya kaiwa tsawon mita 2.5. Itace ce mai ƙyalli ko kuma mai walƙiya . == Rarrabawa == Asalin ''Amaranthus hybridus'' shuka ce ta farko a gabashin [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] . An ruwaito cewa an same ta a kowace jiha banda [[Wyoming]], [[Utah]], da [[Alaska]] . Haka kuma ana samunta a larduna da yawa na [[Kanada]], da kuma a wasu sassan [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], West Indies, Central America, da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] . An samar da ita a wurare da yawa da ke da yanayi mai zafi. Tana girma a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da wuraren da ke da matsala. == Tsarin Haraji == Yana da matuƙar bambancin ra'ayi, kuma ana kyautata zaton sauran nau'ikan ''Amaranthus'' da yawa sun kasance masu haɗakar halitta ko kuma sun samo asali ne daga ''A. hybridus'' . == A matsayin ciyawa == Duk da cewa ana iya sarrafa shi cikin sauƙi kuma ba shi da gasa sosai, ana gane shi a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa ga amfanin gona na Arewacin Amurka. == Amfani == Ana iya cin iri da ganyen da aka dafa. An yi amfani da shukar don abinci da magani ta ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin Amurka da dama da kuma a [[Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka|fannin maganin gargajiya na Afirka]] . Tana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da ake amfani da su a matsayin ''Quelite quintonil'' a kasuwannin abinci na Mexico. Tana da ƙarancin aikin ƙwayoyin cuta, amma tana ɗauke [[Phytochemical|da sinadarai]] masu kyau na hana cutar kansa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romero-Benavides |first=Juan Carlos |last2=Guaraca-Pino |first2=Evelyn |last3=Duarte-Casar |first3=Rodrigo |last4=Rojas-Le-Fort |first4=Marlene |last5=Bailon-Moscoso |first5=Natalia |date=December 2023 |title=Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and Amaranthus hybridus L.: Ancestral Andean Food Security and Modern Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity |journal=Pharmaceuticals |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=1728 |doi=10.3390/ph16121728 |issn=1424-8247 |pmc=10747716 |pmid=38139854 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Commons category-inline}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?290,294,303 Maganin Jepson da Manual] * [http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/amaranthus_hybridus.htm Hotuna daban-daban na kore amaranth] Archived * [http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Amaranthus+hybridus Ethnobotany] bh0ip4nnx3auqrs8ug3a3wtkkv6kcud 0 148639 827243 2026-04-27T16:08:10Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347652612|Amaranthus spinosus]]" 827243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Amaranthus spinosus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''spiny amaranth''', '''spiny pigweed''', '''prickly amaranth''' ko '''thorny amaranth''', shuka ce da ta samo asali daga wurare masu zafi na Amurka, amma tana nan a yawancin nahiyoyi a matsayin nau'in da aka fara amfani da shi kuma wani lokacin ciyawa ce mai cutarwa . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yana iya zama mummunan ciyawar noman [[shinkafa]] a [[Asiya]] . == Bayani == ''Amaranthus spinosus'' shuka ce ta fure a cikin dangin dicot na Amaranthaceae . Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sunan nau'in, ''A. spinosus'' yana da ƙwanƙwasa a kan furanni da ƙasusuwan da ke kan ƙusoshin. Furanni kore ne, ba su da furanni, kuma suna da ƙwanƙwasa masu ƙarewa da na axillary. Furanni maza suna ƙarewa yayin da furannin mata suke da tushe. Ganyayyaki masu ƙwaya ko rhombic-ovate suna canzawa tare da dogayen petioles. == Amfani == === Amfani da rini === A yaren Khmer, ana kiransa ''pti banlar'' kuma a yaren Vietnam {{Lang|vi|dền}} kuma a tarihi ana amfani da tokarsa a matsayin [[rini]] mai launin toka. === Amfani da abinci === [[Fayil:Phat_phak_khom.jpg|thumb|''Phat phak khom'' abinci ne da aka soya a ƙasar Thailand daga ƙananan rassan ''Amaranthus spinosus'' . Ana soya wannan nau'in da ƙwai da naman alade da aka niƙa.]] Kamar nau'ikan halittu da dama masu alaƙa, ''A. spinosus'' shuka ce mai daraja a Afirka. A kudancin Mozambique ana kiranta mboa kuma abinci ne ga mutane da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa A Brazil ana kiranta da "caruru de porco", ana amfani da ita a dafa ta ko a ƙara ta a cikin shirye-shiryen taliya mai gishiri, kamar angu ( <small>[[:pt:Angu|pt]]</small> ) kuma ya fi yawa a cikin yankunan ciki na ƙasar. Ana kuma daraja ta a cikin abincin Thai, inda ake kiranta ''phak khom'' ( Thai ). A cikin Tamil, ana kiransa ''mullik keerai'' . Yana yiwuwa yayi kama da Sanskrit ''taṇḍulīyaka'' . Ana amfani da shi azaman abinci a [[Filipin|Philippines]], inda ake kira ''kulitis'' . Ganyen wannan shukar, wanda aka sani da ''massaagu'' a cikin [[Harshen Maldivian|yaren Maldives]], an yi amfani da shi a cikin abincin [[Maldives]] . A Mexico, yana cikin nau'in da aka yiwa lakabi da ''quelite quintonil'' a kasuwannin Mexico. A Bengali ana kiransa ''katanote'' (কাটানটে). A Manipuri, ana kiransa ''chengkrook'' kuma ana amfani da shi azaman abinci a soya da kuma a cikin miya da aka haɗa da wasu kayan lambu. A Mauritius ana kiransa ''brède malbar'' . Tsuntsaye masu raira waƙa da yawa suna cin iri. === Maganin gargajiya === A cikin [[maganin gargajiya]] na [[Indiya]], ana amfani da tokar 'ya'yan ''Amaranthus spinosus'' don magance [[Shawara|jaundice]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tewari |first=Devesh |last2=Mocan |first2=Andrei |last3=Parvanov |first3=Emil D |last4=Sah |first4=Archana N |last5=Nabavi |first5=Seyed M |last6=Huminiecki |first6=Lukasz |last7=Ma |first7=Zheng Feei |last8=Lee |first8=Yeong Yeh |last9=Horbańczuk |first9=Jarosław O |last10=Atanasov |first10=Atanas G |year=2017 |title=Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part I |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=8 |page=518 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2017.00518 |pmc=5559545 |pmid=28860989 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (June 2018)">Ana buƙatar ambaton likita</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An yi amfani da ruwan da aka samo daga tushensa da ganyensa a matsayin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a Vietnam. == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == 2qloj290kpx91okdun8lqfb79z15wfd 827244 827243 2026-04-27T16:08:36Z Muktee1494 26992 827244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Amaranthus spinosus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''spiny amaranth''', '''spiny pigweed''', '''prickly amaranth''' ko '''thorny amaranth''', shuka ce da ta samo asali daga wurare masu zafi na Amurka, amma tana nan a yawancin nahiyoyi a matsayin nau'in da aka fara amfani da shi kuma wani lokacin ciyawa ce mai cutarwa . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yana iya zama mummunan ciyawar noman [[shinkafa]] a [[Asiya]] . == Bayani == ''Amaranthus spinosus'' shuka ce ta fure a cikin dangin dicot na Amaranthaceae . Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sunan nau'in, ''A. spinosus'' yana da ƙwanƙwasa a kan furanni da ƙasusuwan da ke kan ƙusoshin. Furanni kore ne, ba su da furanni, kuma suna da ƙwanƙwasa masu ƙarewa da na axillary. Furanni maza suna ƙarewa yayin da furannin mata suke da tushe. Ganyayyaki masu ƙwaya ko rhombic-ovate suna canzawa tare da dogayen petioles. == Amfani == === Amfani da rini === A yaren Khmer, ana kiransa ''pti banlar'' kuma a yaren Vietnam {{Lang|vi|dền}} kuma a tarihi ana amfani da tokarsa a matsayin [[rini]] mai launin toka. === Amfani da abinci === [[Fayil:Phat_phak_khom.jpg|thumb|''Phat phak khom'' abinci ne da aka soya a ƙasar Thailand daga ƙananan rassan ''Amaranthus spinosus'' . Ana soya wannan nau'in da ƙwai da naman alade da aka niƙa.]] Kamar nau'ikan halittu da dama masu alaƙa, ''A. spinosus'' shuka ce mai daraja a Afirka. A kudancin Mozambique ana kiranta mboa kuma abinci ne ga mutane da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa A Brazil ana kiranta da "caruru de porco", ana amfani da ita a dafa ta ko a ƙara ta a cikin shirye-shiryen taliya mai gishiri, kamar angu ( <small>[[:pt:Angu|pt]]</small> ) kuma ya fi yawa a cikin yankunan ciki na ƙasar. Ana kuma daraja ta a cikin abincin Thai, inda ake kiranta ''phak khom'' ( Thai ). A cikin Tamil, ana kiransa ''mullik keerai'' . Yana yiwuwa yayi kama da Sanskrit ''taṇḍulīyaka'' . Ana amfani da shi azaman abinci a [[Filipin|Philippines]], inda ake kira ''kulitis'' . Ganyen wannan shukar, wanda aka sani da ''massaagu'' a cikin [[Harshen Maldivian|yaren Maldives]], an yi amfani da shi a cikin abincin [[Maldives]] . A Mexico, yana cikin nau'in da aka yiwa lakabi da ''quelite quintonil'' a kasuwannin Mexico. A Bengali ana kiransa ''katanote'' (কাটানটে). A Manipuri, ana kiransa ''chengkrook'' kuma ana amfani da shi azaman abinci a soya da kuma a cikin miya da aka haɗa da wasu kayan lambu. A Mauritius ana kiransa ''brède malbar'' . Tsuntsaye masu raira waƙa da yawa suna cin iri. === Maganin gargajiya === A cikin [[maganin gargajiya]] na [[Indiya]], ana amfani da tokar 'ya'yan ''Amaranthus spinosus'' don magance [[Shawara|jaundice]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tewari |first=Devesh |last2=Mocan |first2=Andrei |last3=Parvanov |first3=Emil D |last4=Sah |first4=Archana N |last5=Nabavi |first5=Seyed M |last6=Huminiecki |first6=Lukasz |last7=Ma |first7=Zheng Feei |last8=Lee |first8=Yeong Yeh |last9=Horbańczuk |first9=Jarosław O |last10=Atanasov |first10=Atanas G |year=2017 |title=Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part I |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=8 |page=518 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2017.00518 |pmc=5559545 |pmid=28860989 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (June 2018)">Ana buƙatar ambaton likita</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An yi amfani da ruwan da aka samo daga tushensa da ganyensa a matsayin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a Vietnam. == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == pntw0xrbxkrpn5tucytnwltoowkabvi 0 148640 827245 2026-04-27T16:12:31Z Muktee1494 26992 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295532755|Asystasia gangetica]]" 827245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Asystasia gangetica''''' nau'in shuka ne a cikin dangin Acanthaceae . An fi saninsa da '''violet na kasar Sin''', '''coromandel''' ko '''creeping foxglove''' . A [[Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu,]] ana iya kiran wannan shukar '''asystasia''' kawai. <ref name="Pooley">Pooley, E. (1998). ''A Field Guide to Wild Flowers; KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Region''. {{ISBN|0-620-21500-3}}.</ref> [[Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_in_Hyderabad_W_IMG_4769.jpg|thumb|Daga [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, Indiya]]]] == Bayani == [[Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_Govindoo.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin tsirrai na ''Asystasia gangetica'' .]] Wannan shukar ciyawa ce mai yaduwa ko kuma rufin ƙasa, tana kaiwa 600&nbsp;tsayin mm <ref name="Pooley" /> ko har zuwa mita 1 idan an tallafa shi. Tushen yana da sauƙi a kan ƙusoshin. <ref name="SANBI" /> Ganyen suna da sauƙi <ref name="SANBI" /> kuma akasin haka. <ref name="Australia" /> 'Ya'yan itacen suna da ƙusoshi masu fashewa waɗanda ke fara launin kore, amma suna bushewa zuwa launin ruwan kasa bayan buɗewa. <ref name="Australia" /> == Ƙananan nau'ikan == * ''A. g. gangetica'', yana da mafi girma (30–40)&nbsp;(fure masu launin shuɗi ko shuɗi) masu tsayi mm. * ''A.g. micrantha'' <small>(Nees) Ensermu</small>, yana da ƙarami (har zuwa 25)&nbsp;tsawon mm. <ref name="Australia" /> ) furanni fari masu alamun shunayya a ƙasan lebe. <ref name="Pooley" /> == Rarrabawa == Yaɗuwa a ko'ina cikin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|Tsohuwar]] [[Tsohuwar Duniya|Duniyar Yamma]], kuma an shigar da shi cikin [[Amurka|ƙasashen Amurka]] masu zafi da [[Hawaii]], inda aka canza shi zuwa yanayi na halitta. An gabatar da nau'ikan wannan shuka guda biyu zuwa [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] inda ''A. g. micrantha'' ke cikin Jerin Faɗakarwar Muhalli na Ƙasa kuma dole ne a bayar da rahotonsa idan an same shi. Ba a san ainihin nau'in da aka samo ba, <ref name="Australia" /> amma akwai yiwuwar ''A. g. gangetica'' ya takaita ga Asiya, kuma ''A. g. micrantha'' ya takaita ga Afirka. == Kwaikwayo == Ernest Akamine (1947) <ref name="Akamine 1947">{{Cite journal |last=Akamine |first=Ernest |date=1947 |title=Germination of Asystasia gangetica L. Seed with Special Reference to the Effect of Age on the Temperature Requirement for Germination |url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/22/4/603.citation |journal=Plant Physiology |series=4 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=603–607 |doi=10.1104/pp.22.4.603 |pmc=405899 |pmid=16654128 |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> ya gano cewa babu wata hanyar bacci da ke aiki a cikin tsaba, waɗanda suka fito cikin 'yanci bayan kwanaki 135 bayan an kore su daga shuke-shuken da suka girma. Samar da furanni na iya farawa da wuri kamar kwanaki 40 bayan tsiro, tare da haɓaka iri yana farawa bayan kwanaki 57, wanda ke sauƙaƙa samar da iri mai rai cikin ƙasa da kwanaki 72. <ref name="Sahid, I. B. & Shukor, J. A. 1998">{{Cite journal |last=Sahid |first=I. B |last2=Shukor, J. A |date=1998 |title=Effects of water stress, shading and clipping on growth and development of Asystasia gangetica |journal=Plant Protection Quarterly |series=3 |volume=13 |pages=140–142}}</ref> Sannan ana fitar da tsaban cikin sauri bayan sun nuna ta hanyar retinacula (wanda aka nuna a hoto).<gallery> Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_seed_head.jpg|alt=Asystasia gangetica seed head| Kan iri na ''Asystasia gangetica'' </gallery> == Amfani == A wasu sassan Afirka, ana cin ganyen a matsayin kayan lambu kuma ana amfani da shi azaman maganin ganye a [[Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka|maganin gargajiya na Afirka]] . Ana amfani da ganyen a sassa da yawa na [[Najeriya]] a matsayin [[Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka|maganin gargajiya na Afirka]] don magance [[Cutar Asthma|asma]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akah |first=P.A. |last2=Ezike |first2=A.C. |last3=Nwafor |first3=S.V. |last4=Okoli |first4=C.O. |last5=Enwerem |first5=N.M. |year=2003 |title=Evaluation of the anti-asthmatic property of Asystasia gangetica leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=25–36 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00227-7 |pmid=14522429}}</ref> Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman shukar ado . == Muhimmancin Muhalli == Wannan shuka ce mai mahimmanci ga ƙudan zuma, [[Malam buɗe littafi|malam buɗe ido]] da sauran kwari. <ref name="Pooley" /> A [[kudancin Afirka]] akwai aƙalla nau'ikan malam buɗe ido bakwai da ƙwari waɗanda ke amfani da ''A. g. micrantha'' a matsayin shukar abinci ta tsutsa; ''Junonia oenone'', ''Junonia hierta'', ''Junonia natalica'', ''Junonia terea'', ''Protogoniomorpha parhassus'', ''Hypolimnas misippus'' <ref>Williams, M. (1994). ''Butterflies of Southern Africa; A Field Guide''. {{ISBN|1-86812-516-5}}.</ref> da ''Microplexia costimaculalis'' . Girman ''A. g. micrantha'' a yankunan zafi <ref name="SANBI" /> ya sa ya zama ciyawa wadda za ta iya murƙushe wasu shuke-shuke [[Nau'in muhali na asali|na asali]] inda aka shigar da shi. == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:AsystasiaGangetiaWhiteAtSahajaSiddhaBuchiReddypalem.jpg|alt=Asystasia Gangetia White @ SahajaSiddha BuchiReddypalem, Nellore district, Andhra pradesh, India.| Asystasia Gangetia White @ SahajaSiddha BuchiReddypalem, gundumar Nellore, Andhra pradesh, Indiya. Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_12_05_2010.JPG|alt=From Amanzimtoti, South Africa.| Daga Amanzimtoti, Afirka ta Kudu. Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_in_Hyderabad_W_IMG_4773.jpg|alt=From Hyderabad, India.| Daga Hyderabad, Indiya. Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_in_Hyderabad_W_IMG_4774.jpg|alt=From Hyderabad, India.| Daga Hyderabad, Indiya. Fayil:Ara_Songsang_2.jpg|alt=Found in Malaysia| An samo shi a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] Fayil:Ara_Songsang.jpg|alt=Asystasia gangetica in Malaysia| ''Asystasia gangetica'' a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_(Chinese_Violet)_Anna_Bay,_NSW,_Australia.jpg|alt=Asystasia gangetica Anna Bay, NSW, Australia| ''Asystasia gangetica'' Anna Bay, NSW, Ostiraliya Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_Gold_Coast.jpg|alt=Asystasia gangetica smothering rainforest understory. Gold Coast, QLD, Australia| ''Asystasia gangetica'' tana shaƙar dajin da ke ƙarƙashin dajin. Gold Coast, QLD, Ostiraliya Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_along_Bukit_Juru_Trail_within_Hutan_Simpanan_Kekal_Bukit_Juru_in_Kampung_Kuala_Juru,_SPT_District_20240915_094132.jpg|alt=A. gangetica in Penang| ''A. gangetica'' a Penang </gallery> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == kqgwmzozo3ls62yb4i8dyw488alf2tr 827246 827245 2026-04-27T16:12:54Z Muktee1494 26992 827246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Asystasia gangetica''''' nau'in shuka ne a cikin dangin Acanthaceae . An fi saninsa da '''violet na kasar Sin''', '''coromandel''' ko '''creeping foxglove''' . A [[Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu,]] ana iya kiran wannan shukar '''asystasia''' kawai. <ref name="Pooley">Pooley, E. (1998). ''A Field Guide to Wild Flowers; KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Region''. {{ISBN|0-620-21500-3}}.</ref> [[Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_in_Hyderabad_W_IMG_4769.jpg|thumb|Daga [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, Indiya]]]] == Bayani == [[Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_Govindoo.jpg|left|thumb|Misalin tsirrai na ''Asystasia gangetica'' .]] Wannan shukar ciyawa ce mai yaduwa ko kuma rufin ƙasa, tana kaiwa 600&nbsp;tsayin mm <ref name="Pooley" /> ko har zuwa mita 1 idan an tallafa shi. Tushen yana da sauƙi a kan ƙusoshin. <ref name="SANBI" /> Ganyen suna da sauƙi <ref name="SANBI" /> kuma akasin haka. <ref name="Australia" /> 'Ya'yan itacen suna da ƙusoshi masu fashewa waɗanda ke fara launin kore, amma suna bushewa zuwa launin ruwan kasa bayan buɗewa. <ref name="Australia" /> == Ƙananan nau'ikan == * ''A. g. gangetica'', yana da mafi girma (30–40)&nbsp;(fure masu launin shuɗi ko shuɗi) masu tsayi mm. * ''A.g. micrantha'' <small>(Nees) Ensermu</small>, yana da ƙarami (har zuwa 25)&nbsp;tsawon mm. <ref name="Australia" /> ) furanni fari masu alamun shunayya a ƙasan lebe. <ref name="Pooley" /> == Rarrabawa == Yaɗuwa a ko'ina cikin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|Tsohuwar]] [[Tsohuwar Duniya|Duniyar Yamma]], kuma an shigar da shi cikin [[Amurka|ƙasashen Amurka]] masu zafi da [[Hawaii]], inda aka canza shi zuwa yanayi na halitta. An gabatar da nau'ikan wannan shuka guda biyu zuwa [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] inda ''A. g. micrantha'' ke cikin Jerin Faɗakarwar Muhalli na Ƙasa kuma dole ne a bayar da rahotonsa idan an same shi. Ba a san ainihin nau'in da aka samo ba, <ref name="Australia" /> amma akwai yiwuwar ''A. g. gangetica'' ya takaita ga Asiya, kuma ''A. g. micrantha'' ya takaita ga Afirka. == Kwaikwayo == Ernest Akamine (1947) <ref name="Akamine 1947">{{Cite journal |last=Akamine |first=Ernest |date=1947 |title=Germination of Asystasia gangetica L. Seed with Special Reference to the Effect of Age on the Temperature Requirement for Germination |url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/22/4/603.citation |journal=Plant Physiology |series=4 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=603–607 |doi=10.1104/pp.22.4.603 |pmc=405899 |pmid=16654128 |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> ya gano cewa babu wata hanyar bacci da ke aiki a cikin tsaba, waɗanda suka fito cikin 'yanci bayan kwanaki 135 bayan an kore su daga shuke-shuken da suka girma. Samar da furanni na iya farawa da wuri kamar kwanaki 40 bayan tsiro, tare da haɓaka iri yana farawa bayan kwanaki 57, wanda ke sauƙaƙa samar da iri mai rai cikin ƙasa da kwanaki 72. <ref name="Sahid, I. B. & Shukor, J. A. 1998">{{Cite journal |last=Sahid |first=I. B |last2=Shukor, J. A |date=1998 |title=Effects of water stress, shading and clipping on growth and development of Asystasia gangetica |journal=Plant Protection Quarterly |series=3 |volume=13 |pages=140–142}}</ref> Sannan ana fitar da tsaban cikin sauri bayan sun nuna ta hanyar retinacula (wanda aka nuna a hoto).<gallery> Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_seed_head.jpg|alt=Asystasia gangetica seed head| Kan iri na ''Asystasia gangetica'' </gallery> == Amfani == A wasu sassan Afirka, ana cin ganyen a matsayin kayan lambu kuma ana amfani da shi azaman maganin ganye a [[Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka|maganin gargajiya na Afirka]] . Ana amfani da ganyen a sassa da yawa na [[Najeriya]] a matsayin [[Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka|maganin gargajiya na Afirka]] don magance [[Cutar Asthma|asma]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akah |first=P.A. |last2=Ezike |first2=A.C. |last3=Nwafor |first3=S.V. |last4=Okoli |first4=C.O. |last5=Enwerem |first5=N.M. |year=2003 |title=Evaluation of the anti-asthmatic property of Asystasia gangetica leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=25–36 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00227-7 |pmid=14522429}}</ref> Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman shukar ado . == Muhimmancin Muhalli == Wannan shuka ce mai mahimmanci ga ƙudan zuma, [[Malam buɗe littafi|malam buɗe ido]] da sauran kwari. <ref name="Pooley" /> A [[kudancin Afirka]] akwai aƙalla nau'ikan malam buɗe ido bakwai da ƙwari waɗanda ke amfani da ''A. g. micrantha'' a matsayin shukar abinci ta tsutsa; ''Junonia oenone'', ''Junonia hierta'', ''Junonia natalica'', ''Junonia terea'', ''Protogoniomorpha parhassus'', ''Hypolimnas misippus'' <ref>Williams, M. (1994). ''Butterflies of Southern Africa; A Field Guide''. {{ISBN|1-86812-516-5}}.</ref> da ''Microplexia costimaculalis'' . Girman ''A. g. micrantha'' a yankunan zafi <ref name="SANBI" /> ya sa ya zama ciyawa wadda za ta iya murƙushe wasu shuke-shuke [[Nau'in muhali na asali|na asali]] inda aka shigar da shi. == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:AsystasiaGangetiaWhiteAtSahajaSiddhaBuchiReddypalem.jpg|alt=Asystasia Gangetia White @ SahajaSiddha BuchiReddypalem, Nellore district, Andhra pradesh, India.| Asystasia Gangetia White @ SahajaSiddha BuchiReddypalem, gundumar Nellore, Andhra pradesh, Indiya. Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_12_05_2010.JPG|alt=From Amanzimtoti, South Africa.| Daga Amanzimtoti, Afirka ta Kudu. Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_in_Hyderabad_W_IMG_4773.jpg|alt=From Hyderabad, India.| Daga Hyderabad, Indiya. Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_in_Hyderabad_W_IMG_4774.jpg|alt=From Hyderabad, India.| Daga Hyderabad, Indiya. Fayil:Ara_Songsang_2.jpg|alt=Found in Malaysia| An samo shi a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] Fayil:Ara_Songsang.jpg|alt=Asystasia gangetica in Malaysia| ''Asystasia gangetica'' a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_(Chinese_Violet)_Anna_Bay,_NSW,_Australia.jpg|alt=Asystasia gangetica Anna Bay, NSW, Australia| ''Asystasia gangetica'' Anna Bay, NSW, Ostiraliya Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_Gold_Coast.jpg|alt=Asystasia gangetica smothering rainforest understory. Gold Coast, QLD, Australia| ''Asystasia gangetica'' tana shaƙar dajin da ke ƙarƙashin dajin. Gold Coast, QLD, Ostiraliya Fayil:Asystasia_gangetica_along_Bukit_Juru_Trail_within_Hutan_Simpanan_Kekal_Bukit_Juru_in_Kampung_Kuala_Juru,_SPT_District_20240915_094132.jpg|alt=A. gangetica in Penang| ''A. gangetica'' a Penang </gallery> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == 9dk5uvoj69rb8jukiy1jcclb357fjf1 0 148641 827258 2026-04-27T17:22:02Z Pretty Fulani 44366 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343657568|Ruwan]]" 827258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwan''' (Sinhala) sunan Sri Lanka ne wanda zai iya zama. * Ruwan Chathuranga (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Sri Lanka * Ruwan Herath (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Sri Lanka * Ruwan Kalpage (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Sri Lanka * Ruwan Ranatunga (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), ɗan siyasan Sri Lanka * Ruwan Wijewardene (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975), ɗan siyasan Sri Lanka * Jeewaka Ruwan Kulatunga, babban janar na Sojojin Sri Lanka * Chaminda Ruwan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979), 'yar wasan cricket ta Sri Lanka * Dilip Ruwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991), mai tsere na Sri Lanka * Sammika Ruwan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1985), 'yar wasan cricket ta Sri Lanka 1bv0f6wbmfl8qcu90jlbrdz6btueup9 827259 827258 2026-04-27T17:22:27Z Pretty Fulani 44366 827259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ruwan''' (Sinhala) sunan Sri Lanka ne wanda zai iya zama. * Ruwan Chathuranga (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Sri Lanka * Ruwan Herath (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Sri Lanka * Ruwan Kalpage (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Sri Lanka * Ruwan Ranatunga (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), ɗan siyasan Sri Lanka * Ruwan Wijewardene (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975), ɗan siyasan Sri Lanka * Jeewaka Ruwan Kulatunga, babban janar na Sojojin Sri Lanka * Chaminda Ruwan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979), 'yar wasan cricket ta Sri Lanka * Dilip Ruwan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991), mai tsere na Sri Lanka * Sammika Ruwan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1985), 'yar wasan cricket ta Sri Lanka dl98damey760e1z6hzjorqypllji1ef 0 148642 827264 2026-04-27T18:20:12Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317025632|Maud Jamison]]" 827264 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maud Powell Jamison''' (14 Janairu 1890 - 18 Yuni 1974) 'yar Amurka ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Maud Powell Jamison (14 January 1890-18 June 1974) Biography |url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Jamison_Maud |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.lva.virginia.gov}}</ref> Ta shiga [[Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa]] a 1916, kuma ta shirya don tallafawa zaben mata, wanda ya haifar da kama mutane da yawa da kuma yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku sau huɗu. <ref name=":1" /> Tare da [[Alice Paul]], shugabar Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa, Jamison da sauransu sun yi zanga-zanga a gaban Fadar White House don matsa wa Shugaba Woodrow Wilson ya goyi bayan zaɓen mata daga 1917 zuwa 1919. <ref name=":1" /> == Rayuwa == Ta girma a Norfolk, Virginia . Tun daga shekarar 1909, ta koyar a makarantun gwamnati na Norfolk . Ta shiga ƙungiyar Equal Suffrage League of Virginia . A shekarar 1915, ta kuma shiga [[Kungiyar Majalisa don Zaɓin Mata|ƙungiyar Congressional Union for Women Suffrage]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Maud Powell Jamison (14 January 1890-18 June 1974) Biography |url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Jamison_Maud |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.lva.virginia.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Jamison_Maud "Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Maud Powell Jamison (14 January 1890-18 June 1974) Biography"]. ''www.lva.virginia.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1916, ta koma Washington, DC, don yin aikin sa-kai ga Jam'iyyar Mata ta Ƙasa . A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1917, an kama ta tana zanga-zangar nuna adawa da Fadar White House . [1] A ranar 28 ga Agusta, an kama ta, aka kuma yanke mata hukuncin zaman gidan Occoquan Workhouse na tsawon kwanaki 30. A ranakun 6 ga Oktoba, da 8 ga Oktoba, 1917, an sake kama ta. A watan Oktoba, 1918, ta mamaye Majalisar Dokokin Amurka . [2] Ta ƙaura zuwa Topeka, Kansas, inda ta auri John Earl Thomas, a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1921. A shekarun 1930, ta ƙaura zuwa San Gabriel, California . Ta rasu a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1974, a [[Los Angeles]] <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Maud Powell Jamison (14 January 1890-18 June 1974) Biography |url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Jamison_Maud |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.lva.virginia.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Jamison_Maud "Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Maud Powell Jamison (14 January 1890-18 June 1974) Biography"]. ''www.lva.virginia.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] s684nbs7gplhdjtzd6c6kar9kvnc8yw 827265 827264 2026-04-27T18:20:32Z Sardeeq 39275 827265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maud Powell Jamison''' (14 Janairu 1890 - 18 Yuni 1974) 'yar Amurka ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Maud Powell Jamison (14 January 1890-18 June 1974) Biography |url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Jamison_Maud |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.lva.virginia.gov}}</ref> Ta shiga [[Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa]] a 1916, kuma ta shirya don tallafawa zaben mata, wanda ya haifar da kama mutane da yawa da kuma yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku sau huɗu. <ref name=":1" /> Tare da [[Alice Paul]], shugabar Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa, Jamison da sauransu sun yi zanga-zanga a gaban Fadar White House don matsa wa Shugaba Woodrow Wilson ya goyi bayan zaɓen mata daga 1917 zuwa 1919. <ref name=":1" /> == Rayuwa == Ta girma a Norfolk, Virginia . Tun daga shekarar 1909, ta koyar a makarantun gwamnati na Norfolk . Ta shiga ƙungiyar Equal Suffrage League of Virginia . A shekarar 1915, ta kuma shiga [[Kungiyar Majalisa don Zaɓin Mata|ƙungiyar Congressional Union for Women Suffrage]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Maud Powell Jamison (14 January 1890-18 June 1974) Biography |url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Jamison_Maud |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.lva.virginia.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Jamison_Maud "Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Maud Powell Jamison (14 January 1890-18 June 1974) Biography"]. ''www.lva.virginia.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1916, ta koma Washington, DC, don yin aikin sa-kai ga Jam'iyyar Mata ta Ƙasa . A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1917, an kama ta tana zanga-zangar nuna adawa da Fadar White House . [1] A ranar 28 ga Agusta, an kama ta, aka kuma yanke mata hukuncin zaman gidan Occoquan Workhouse na tsawon kwanaki 30. A ranakun 6 ga Oktoba, da 8 ga Oktoba, 1917, an sake kama ta. A watan Oktoba, 1918, ta mamaye Majalisar Dokokin Amurka . [2] Ta ƙaura zuwa Topeka, Kansas, inda ta auri John Earl Thomas, a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1921. A shekarun 1930, ta ƙaura zuwa San Gabriel, California . Ta rasu a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1974, a [[Los Angeles]] <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Maud Powell Jamison (14 January 1890-18 June 1974) Biography |url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Jamison_Maud |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.lva.virginia.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Jamison_Maud "Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Maud Powell Jamison (14 January 1890-18 June 1974) Biography"]. ''www.lva.virginia.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] p0usge5d4zc403g3x7r8wqgora2i3fa 0 148643 827269 2026-04-27T19:13:19Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314490742|Lucinda Evans]]" 827269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucinda Collette Evans''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1972) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce kuma mai fafutukar mata a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vivier |first=Tyler |date=2019-10-16 |title=This is the only South African to be chosen as one of the BBC top 100 Women of 2019! |url=https://www.goodthingsguy.com/people/sa-bbc-100-women/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=Good Things Guy |language=en-ZA}}</ref> An san ta da jagorantar zanga-zangar kasa da kasa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin masu magana a zanga-zambe na ''#AmINext'' a waje da majalisar dokokin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da ke kira ga matakin gwamnati game da tashin hankali na jinsi da Kisan mata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Payne |first=Suné |date=17 September 2019 |title=IN THEIR OWN WORDS: #AMINEXT ACTIVISTS: 'You will not moer us today': Lucinda Evans to police at the #AmINext Parliament protest |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-09-18-you-will-not-moer-us-today-lucinda-evans-to-police-at-the-aminext-parliament-protest/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WATCH: Here's what being a BBC top 100 woman means to Lucinda Evans {{!}} IOL News |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/watch-heres-what-being-a-bbc-top-100-woman-means-to-lucinda-evans-35544116 |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2019-10-23 |title=Lucinda Evans is one of BBC's 100 Most Influential Women in the World |url=https://www.colouredsa.co.za/ck/lucinda-evans-is-one-of-bbcs-100-most-influential-women-in-the-world |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=Coloured South Africa |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lucinda Evans makes BBC's top 100 women list |url=https://www.dailyvoice.co.za/news/lucinda-evans-makes-bbcs-top-100-women-list-35184197 |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=www.dailyvoice.co.za |language=en}}</ref> == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Evans a Gundumar shida, Cape Town, kuma an sake komawa Lavender Hill sakamakon Dokar Yankin Ƙungiya lokacin da take da shekaru biyar. A lokacin da take da shekaru tara, ta yanke shawarar yin aiki a ci gaban al'umma, kuma ta fara aikin sa kai ga Asibitin Red Cross a farkon shekarun rayuwarta. Bayan kammala karatunta daga [[Cape Town College of Education|Kwalejin Ilimi ta Cape Town]] a shekarar 1996, ta yi aikin al'umma tare da mai da hankali kan tashin hankali na jinsi da [[Rigakafin cutar kanjamau / AIDS|Rigakafin cutar kanjamau]] a KwaZulu-Natal, Gabashin Cape da Beaufort West, inda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bude sabis na farko na asibiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ust |first=Homeabout |last2=FunDza |first2=C'sCONTACTHELP © 2019 |title=Lucinda Evans – Healing her Hood {{!}} FunDza |url=https://live.fundza.mobi/home/library/non-fiction-articles-profiles/lucinda-evans-healing-her-hood/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2019-10-23 |title=Lucinda Evans is one of BBC's 100 Most Influential Women in the World |url=https://www.colouredsa.co.za/ck/lucinda-evans-is-one-of-bbcs-100-most-influential-women-in-the-world |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=Coloured South Africa |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Taimako == A shekara ta 2008, bayan ta sake shaida wani mutum yana cin zarafin matarsa a kan titin budewa, a ƙarshe ta yanke shawarar fara kungiyarta mai zaman kanta [[Philisa Abafazi Bethu]]; "Philisa Abafazi Belhu" ita ce [[Harshen Xhosa|isiXhosa]] kuma tana nufin "Ka warkar da Matamu". A cikin ƙungiyarta, Lucinda Evans tana tallafawa wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na gida, [[fyade]], da cin zarafin kowane irin. Duk da yake ta fara mayar da hankali kan tallafawa mata da yara, Philisa Abafazi Bethu yanzu tana aiki tare da maza, mutanen da ba na biyu ba, da dukan iyalai. Evans ta fara kungiyar ta a shekara ta 2008 a cikin ɗakinta da garage a Lavender Hill; da farko tare da ƙungiyar tallafi ga mata da shirin bayan makaranta ga yara. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Philisa Abafazi Bethu ta girma cikin sauri don bayar da ba kawai kungiyoyin tallafin mata da shirye-shiryen bayan makaranta ga yara ba, amma kuma tana da rukuni don tsofaffi da aka wulakanta, ƙungiyar matasa, mai adana jariri, asibitin shari'a, mafaka ta mata, da kuma gida mai aminci ga membobin LGBTQIA + waɗanda suka sha wahala daga tashin hankali na jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.philisaabafazi.org/ |website=philisaabafazi.org}}</ref> Dukkanin gidaje masu aminci a halin yanzu sune kawai mafaka na gaggawa a yankin da ke karɓar mutane ba tare da la'akari da launi na fata ba, asalin zamantakewa, yanayin kiwon lafiya ko jaraba. A cikin 2017, Lucinda Evans da tawagarta sun taimaka wa dangin mai shekaru 13 mai suna Rene Roman, ta hanyar ba su goyon baya da kuma taimaka musu wajen neman 'yarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lavender Hill woman among world's most influential |url=https://www.capetownetc.com/news/lavender-hill-woman-among-worlds-most-influential/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=www.capetownetc.com}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta kafa ƙungiyar bincike a madadin mai shekaru 13 wanda ke fita a kai a kai lokacin da yara da mata suka ɓace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search group formed after teen's murder |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/search-group-formed-after-murder-20170327}}</ref> A sakamakon ci gaba da tashin hankali ga mata da yara da kuma karuwar ayyuka ga masu gwagwarmaya, Evans yana aiki tare da ma'aikatan zamantakewa da yawa waɗanda ke ba da shawara na yau da kullun ga mutane daga Lavender Hill da al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Tun daga 2020, ayyukan Philisa Abafazi Bethu - ban da mafakar mata - duk suna ƙarƙashin laima na Cibiyar Iyali ta Philisa Abafemisa Bethu a Steenberg.<ref>{{Cite web |title='This will become a sacred space' - Philisa Abafazi Bethu opens family centre |url=https://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/402863/this-will-become-a-sacred-space-philisa-abafazi-bethu-opens-family-centre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Philisa Abafazi Bethu Family Centre launches in Retreat to support victims of gender-based violence - Peninsula Beverage Co. (Pty) Ltd |url=https://www.peninsulabeverage.co.za/news-events/philisa-abafazi-bethu-family-centre-launches-in-retreat-to-support-victims-of-gender-based-violence-1/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020 |title=THE INTERVIEW: A space of healing and hope: Philisa Abafazi Bethu's new family centre in Retreat |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-14-a-space-of-healing-and-hope-philisa-abafazi-bethus-new-family-centre-in-retreat/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2020 |title=Philisa Abafazi Bethu opens family centre |url=https://www.southernmail.co.za/news/philisa-abafazi-bethu-opens-family-centre-172d3aaa-6060-4d4b-b194-1b10e8dd5ef6}}</ref> Lucinda Evans ta kasance mai aiki a siyasa game da [[Rikicin jima'i a Afirka ta Kudu|cin zarafin jima'i]] da Kisan mata duk rayuwarta kuma ta fara kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan zanga-zangar da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu. Misali, ita ce mai farawa da kuma mai tsara "Biliyan daya da ke tasowa a Afirka ta Kudu" <ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa Archives |url=https://www.onebillionrising.org/category/locations/south-africa/}}</ref> kuma ta taimaka wajen fara aikin zanga-zangar "Shin ni na gaba? / #amInext?" <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2019 |title=IN THEIR OWN WORDS: #AMINEXT ACTIVISTS: 'You will not moer us today': Lucinda Evans to police at the #AmINext Parliament protest |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-09-18-you-will-not-moer-us-today-lucinda-evans-to-police-at-the-aminext-parliament-protest/}}</ref> inda mutane daga ko'ina cikin kasar suka nuna rashin amincewa da karuwar tashin hankali na jima'i a Afirka ta kudu. == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == * An zabi Evans kwanan nan don mukamin kwamishinan yara a Yammacin Cape . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-21 |title=Local activist makes BBC 100 Women 2019 list |url=https://www.vocfm.co.za/local-activist-makes-bbc-100-women-2019-list/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=Voice of the Cape |language=en-GB}}</ref> * A shekara ta 2016, an girmama ta da Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur daga jakadan [[Faransa]] a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2019-10-23 |title=Lucinda Evans is one of BBC's 100 Most Influential Women in the World |url=https://www.colouredsa.co.za/ck/lucinda-evans-is-one-of-bbcs-100-most-influential-women-in-the-world |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=Coloured South Africa |language=en-ZA}}</ref> * A cikin 2019, an lasafta ta daya daga cikin Mata 100 na BBC.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vivier |first=Tyler |date=2019-10-16 |title=This is the only South African to be chosen as one of the BBC top 100 Women of 2019! |url=https://www.goodthingsguy.com/people/sa-bbc-100-women/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=Good Things Guy |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jomv3kphl8ku9ndp7xidjv90u7a8s1i 0 148644 827272 2026-04-27T19:17:28Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342154152|Dawn Cavanagh]]" 827272 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Dawn Cavanagh''' (23 Maris 1962) 'yar gwagwarmayar [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ce, [[marubuci]] kuma mai fafutuka mata.<ref name="unngls">{{Cite web |title=Patricia Dawn Cavanagh - UN-NGLS |url=https://www.unngls.org/IMG/docx/DAWN_CAVANAGH.docx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318103915/https://www.unngls.org/IMG/docx/DAWN_CAVANAGH.docx |archive-date=18 March 2023 |access-date=29 November 2017 |publisher=United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Cavanagh a ranar 23 ga Maris 1962. Ta halarci [[Fairvale Senior Secondary School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Fairvale]] a Wentworth, KwaZulu-Natal, kuma ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Natal]] tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin zamantakewa a shekarar 1982. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] a 1996 kuma ta yi karatu don digiri na biyu a karatun ci gaba daga Jami'an Natal . <ref name="unngls">{{Cite web |title=Patricia Dawn Cavanagh - UN-NGLS |url=https://www.unngls.org/IMG/docx/DAWN_CAVANAGH.docx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318103915/https://www.unngls.org/IMG/docx/DAWN_CAVANAGH.docx |archive-date=18 March 2023 |access-date=29 November 2017 |publisher=United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Cavanagh ta kasance mai aiki a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a fannonin daidaito ga kiwon lafiya, gwagwarmayar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], haƙƙin mata, haƙƙin jima'i da haƙƙin haihuwa. Ta yi aiki a kan ayyukan Adalci na zamantakewa da ci gaba a cikin al'ummomin gida da kuma yankuna da na duniya.<ref name="cooper">{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Meghan |date=November 2011 |title=Preventing the gendered reproduction of citizenship: the role of social movements in South Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306010 |journal=Gender & Development |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=357–370 |doi=10.1080/13552074.2011.625634 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, ta yi aiki ga Forum for the Empowerment of Women da Coalition of African Lesbians, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-07 |title=10 vozes femininas poderosas na luta por direitos iguais pelo mundo |url=https://claudia.abril.com.br/noticias/mulheres-a-frente-da-luta-por-direitos-iguais/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CLAUDIA |language=pt-BR}}</ref> kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kuma yi aiki ga Oxfam da kuma [[Masu Kare Ƴancin Jama'a|Masu kare hakkin bil'adama]], Akina Mama wa Afrika da Cibiyar Jagorancin Mata a [[Namibiya|Namibia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2019 |title=Re-orienting and strengthening the journey of feminist and transformational leadership at the African Women's Leadership Institute |url=https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/re-orienting-and-strengthening-the-journey-of-feminist-and-transformational-leadership-at-the-african-womens-leadership-institute/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Akina Mama wa Afrika |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lesbian empowerment programme - Women's Leadership Centre |url=https://www.wlc-namibia.org/projects/lesbian-empowerment-programme |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.wlc-namibia.org}}</ref> Ta taimaka wajen kafa Coalition of African [[Maɗigo|lesbian]] a shekara ta 2004 <ref name=":1" /> kuma ta zama darakta a shekara ta 2010. A cikin 2014, Cavanagh ya kafa shirin Masakhane ([[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]] don "Ku zo, bari mu sami ƙarfi tare") tare da LSVD na Jamus don samar da ingantaccen hanyar sadarwa da karfafawa ga mata masu jima'i da masu canza launin fata a Afirka ta kudu da Sahara. Cavanagh ya kuma yi aiki tare da AWID.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2012 |title=Ongoing Dilemmas: Religion, Fundamentalisms and Human Rights panel session - 12th AWID Forum |url=https://www.awid.org/news-and-analysis/ongoing-dilemmas-religion-fundamentalisms-and-human-rights-panel-session-12th |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=AWID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-20 |title=The Right To Autonomy Over Our Bodies And Loves: The Resolution On Human Rights, Sexual Orientation And Gender Identity Furthers Dialogue |url=https://sxpolitics.org/around-the-web-148/9908 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Sexuality Policy Watch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marler |first=Isabel |date=26 September 2016 |title=12 Activists Who Will Make You Hopeful For Feminist Futures |url=https://wunrn.com/2016/09/12-activists-who-will-make-you-hopeful-for-feminist-futures/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=WUNRN |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * "Rashin jadawalin Beijing a cikin Tekun 'Sabon Magani' ga cutar kanjamau da cutar kanjamauyyar cuta" (2005), a cikin ''Agenda: Karfafa Mata don Daidaita Jima'i.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cavanagh |first=Dawn |date=2005 |title=Losing the Beijing Agenda in the Sea of 'New Solutions' to HIV and AIDS |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066563 |journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity |issue=64 |pages=17–20 |issn=1013-0950 |jstor=4066563}}</ref> * REFLECT na OTHER: Shekaru biyar na gina Gidauniyar Al'umma tare da mutanen LGBTIQ a Kudancin Afirka Binciken waje (2019) (tare da Hope Chigudu) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] mvh1o6r52p38nl3pjo57vinmg8bp3cg 0 148645 827273 2026-04-27T19:18:27Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1272799660|Venitia Govender]]" 827273 wikitext text/x-wiki Venitia Govender 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ce [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam]]. Ta shiga cikin [[bincike]], lobbying da bayar da shawarwari, saka idanu da kalubalantar ingantawa da kare haƙƙoƙi a yankin [[Kudancin Afirka]] sama da shekaru 20. A cikin shekarun 1980 ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Durban-Westville . A farkon shekarun da suka gabata, a lokacin da tashin hankali ya yi yawa a lokacin sauyawa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ta tsara kungiyar sa ido kan tashin hankali mai zaman kanta, Peace Action . Ita ce mai kula da farko na 'yan sanda da fursunoni na 'yanci (POPCRU) sannan kuma mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Sakatariyar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Gauteng. Venitia ya shafe shekaru uku a matsayin Darakta na Kasa na [[Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam]] kafin ya zama [[Independent consultant|mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa]] kan batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam, shugabanci da samar da zaman lafiya, yana aiki a duk yankin [[Kudancin Afirka]]. A wannan lokacin ta shirya rahotanni na kwata-kwata game da "yanayin inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kariya" a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], da kuma bita na kwata na kwata game da rawar da aiwatar da umarnin cibiyoyin haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Kudancin Afirka. A cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata Venitia ta shiga cikin sake kafa alaƙar hadin kai tsakanin [[Zimbabwe]] da Afirka ta Kudu bayan iyakokin jagoranci kuma a cikin wannan damar ta daidaita [[Save Zimbabwe (ƙungiya)|Yakin Ceto Zimbabwe]] da kuma kwanan nan Yakin Dimokuradiyya na Swaziland. A cikin shekaru 18 da suka gabata, ta tara cibiyar sadarwa da bayanai daban-daban da yawa (duka mutum da ƙungiyoyi) a matakan farar hula da [[gwamnati]] a [[Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kudancin Afirka|SADC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-06 |title=Besøg fra Zimbabwe |url=https://stiffkitten.wordpress.com/2010/04/06/bes%c3%b8g-fra-zimbabwe/ |access-date=2019-07-17 |website=Kenworthy News Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-15 |title=How do we solve Zimbabwe’s problems? |url=https://stiffkitten.wordpress.com/2010/04/15/how-do-we-solve-zimbabwes-problems/ |access-date=2019-07-17 |website=Kenworthy News Media |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dlal7q59bf39eycrm4mb9s9ir2oggsf 0 148646 827274 2026-04-27T19:33:54Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343228216|Sheila Tlou]]" 827274 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tlou_1110.jpg|thumb|Sheila Tlou]] '''Farfesa Sheila Dinotshe Tlou''' ma'aikaciyar jinya ce a Botswana kuma malamar aikin jinya, wacce ta ƙware a fannin cutar kanjamau/AIDS da lafiyar mata. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Lafiya ta Botswana daga 2004 zuwa 2008. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 2005 |title=Nurse leader heads health ministry in Botswana |journal=International Nursing Review |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=10–11 |doi=10.1111/j.1466-7657.2004.00412_5.x |issn=0020-8132 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PTlou ta kuma yi aiki kan batutuwan da suka shafi albarkatun ɗan adam don haɓaka tsarin lafiya da lafiya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Alliance Champion Professor Sheila Tlou |url=https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/about/spec_advocates/sheilatlou/en/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=WHO}}</ref> == Ilimi == Tlou ta girma a Botswana. Ta halarci makarantar da malaman addini 'yan Irish ke koyarwa—tana da baiwar harsuna da wasan kwaikwayo, wanda hakan ya motsa burinta na yin aiki a Hollywood. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UIC Nursing alum one of '100 Most Influential African Women' {{!}} College of Nursing {{!}} University of Illinois at Chicago |url=https://nursing.uic.edu/news-stories/uic-nursing-alum-one-of-100-most-influential-african-women/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=nursing.uic.edu}}</ref> Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin aikin jinya a Jami'ar Dillard a shekarar 1974. A shekarar 2014 ta sami digirin girmamawa daga ɗalibanta. Tlou ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia, Amurka, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Ilimi (ta mai da hankali kan Manhaja da Koyarwa a Kimiyyar Lafiya). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Sheila Tlou, Director, UNAIDS Regional Support Team for East and Southern Africa |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/regions/easternandsouthernafrica/rstdirectorforeasternandsouthernafrica/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617015854/http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/regions/easternandsouthernafrica/rstdirectorforeasternandsouthernafrica/ |archive-date=2011-06-17 |access-date=2011-06-12}}</ref> Tana kuma da digiri na biyu a fannin aikin jinya daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka. Ta yi digiri na uku a fannin aikin jinya a fannin lafiyar al'umma da kuma difloma a fannin batutuwan jinsi, a Jami'ar Illinois da ke Chicago a shekarar 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2003 |title=African KILP Fellows: Dr Sheila Tlou |url=http://www.wkkf.org/default.aspx?tabid=68&CID=-1&ProjCID=376&ProjID=15&TID=1044&NID=32&LanguageID=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005306/http://www.wkkf.org/default.aspx?tabid=68&CID=-1&ProjCID=376&ProjID=15&TID=1044&NID=32&LanguageID=0 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2006-08-09 |publisher=W. K. Kellogg foundation}}</ref> == Sana'a == Tlou ta koyar a [[Jami'ar Botswana]] tun daga shekarar 1980. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Alliance Champion Professor Sheila Tlou |url=https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/about/spec_advocates/sheilatlou/en/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=WHO}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/about/spec_advocates/sheilatlou/en/ "WHO | Alliance Champion Professor Sheila Tlou"]. ''WHO''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Daga 1994 zuwa 1996 ta kasance shugabar sashen ilimin jinya, ta zama farfesa a fannin jinya a 1999, kuma daga 2002 zuwa 2004 ita ce mai kula da cutar kanjamau ta jami'ar. <ref name="database">{{Cite web |title=Professor Sheila Dinotshe Tlou |url=http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/17609.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814043829/http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/17609.html |archive-date=2006-08-14 |access-date=2006-08-08 |website=Contemporary Africa Database |publisher=<!--[http://africacentre.org.uk/--> The Africa Centre, London}}</ref> Tlou ta wakilci Botswana a taron duniya na huɗu kan mata a shekarar 1995 a birnin Beijing. A shekarar 2002 an naɗa ta a cikin wata ƙungiya ta musamman [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan 'yan mata, mata, da HIV/AIDS a kudancin Afirka. Ta kuma ba da shawara ga UNAIDS, Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsayin Mata da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] . Ta halarci tarurrukan ilmantarwa na al'umma na duniya don Cibiyar Gwaje-gwajen Rigakafin HIV. Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru bakwai a matsayin darektan yanki na UNAIDS na Gabas da Kudancin Afirka, inda ta ba da jagoranci da fafutukar siyasa don mayar da martani ga AIDS a ƙasashen Afirka 21. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UIC Nursing alum one of '100 Most Influential African Women' {{!}} College of Nursing {{!}} University of Illinois at Chicago |url=https://nursing.uic.edu/news-stories/uic-nursing-alum-one-of-100-most-influential-african-women/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=nursing.uic.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nursing.uic.edu/news-stories/uic-nursing-alum-one-of-100-most-influential-african-women/ "UIC Nursing alum one of '100 Most Influential African Women' | College of Nursing | University of Illinois at Chicago"]. ''nursing.uic.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ta nuna Precious Ramotswe, jarumar jerin littattafan Alexander McCall Smith 's ''The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency'', a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na amateur, kuma a wani lokaci an ambaci ta a cikin rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin zaɓi mai yiwuwa don nuna Mma Ramotswe a cikin daidaitawar fina-finan Hollywood da ake samarwa a halin yanzu. A halin yanzu Tlou ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar Nursing Now Global Campaign da kuma ƙungiyar rigakafin cutar HIV ta duniya. Yanzu Global Campaign na da nufin ɗaga matsayin da kuma martabar aikin jinya don kare lafiyar duniya. Ƙungiyar rigakafin cutar HIV ta duniya ta samo asali ne daga buƙatar magance gibin da kuma ƙaruwar sabbin kamuwa da cuta, duk da nasarar da aka samu a magani da kulawa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UIC Nursing alum one of '100 Most Influential African Women' {{!}} College of Nursing {{!}} University of Illinois at Chicago |url=https://nursing.uic.edu/news-stories/uic-nursing-alum-one-of-100-most-influential-african-women/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=nursing.uic.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nursing.uic.edu/news-stories/uic-nursing-alum-one-of-100-most-influential-african-women/ "UIC Nursing alum one of '100 Most Influential African Women' | College of Nursing | University of Illinois at Chicago"]. ''nursing.uic.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce kuma shugabar jami'ar Botswana Open University (BOU), wacce shugaban ƙasar Botswana, Dr. EK Mokgweetsi Masisi, ya ba ta mukami daga watan Mayu na 2021 zuwa Afrilu na 2026. Farfesa Tlou ya maye gurbin Dr. PHK Kedikilwe, wanda ya yi ritaya a matsayin Chancellor a ƙarshen 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Professor Sheila Tlou is the new BOU Chancellor |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/31338/news/professor-sheila-tlou-is-the-new-bou-chancellor/ |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Prof. Sheila Tlou appointed Chancellor- BOU |url=https://thepatriot.co.bw/prof-sheila-tlou-appointed-chancellor-bou/ |access-date=2021-06-03 |website=The Patriot On Sunday |language=en-US}}</ref> Tlou tana auren Farfesa Thomas Tlou, masanin tarihin [[Botswana]] . == Mukaman da aka riƙe == Bayan babban zaɓen watan Oktoba na 2004, an naɗa Tlou a matsayin Ministar Lafiya a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2004. Bayan ta sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana (BDP) a Palapye, an kore ta daga Majalisar Ministoci a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2008, lokacin da Ian Khama ya hau mulki a matsayin Shugaba. == Rigakafin cutar kanjamau da kuma maganinta == Yawancin ayyukan Tlou sun mayar da hankali kan batutuwan jinsi da kuma cutar kanjamau/AIDS a kudancin Afirka. Ba wa mata, musamman matan aure, damar yin shawarwari da abokin tarayya don yin jima'i lafiya yana da babban sakamako ga yaduwar cutar kanjamau. Tlou ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin mata na asali da kuma kamfen na ƙasa don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau a Botswana. Ta kuma yi aiki mai yawa wajen rage kyamar cutar kanjamau da kuma taimaka wa mutanen da ke ɗauke da cutar kanjamau su jure rayuwarsu. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Anna Reynvaan ta watan Mayu na 2002, kuma ta ba da lacca mai kyau (Netherlands) * Satumba 2002 Umarnin Shugaban Ƙasa (Botswana) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-10-04 |title=Batswana celebrate 36th anniversary |url=http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20021004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210152448/http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20021004 |archive-date=10 February 2005 |access-date=2006-08-10 |website=Daily News Online |publisher=Government of Botswana}}</ref> * Lambar yabo ta Florence Nightingale ta 2003 ( [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya]] ) <ref name="database">{{Cite web |title=Professor Sheila Dinotshe Tlou |url=http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/17609.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814043829/http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/17609.html |archive-date=2006-08-14 |access-date=2006-08-08 |website=Contemporary Africa Database |publisher=<!--[http://africacentre.org.uk/--> The Africa Centre, London}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060814043829/http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/17609.html "Professor Sheila Dinotshe Tlou"]. ''Contemporary Africa Database''. The Africa Centre, London. Archived from [http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/17609.html the original] on 14 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite></ref> * Kyautar Gimbiya Srinagarinda ta 2014 * 2017 Christiane Reimann Awards * Kyautar Gimbiya Muna Al Hussein ta 2018 == Ayyuka == Tlou babban editan littafin nazari ne ga mutanen da ke aiki a fannin cutar kanjamau/AIDS a Afirka: *   Wasu ayyukan da aka zaɓa: *   * {{Cite journal |last=Tlou |first=Sheila D. |last2=Norr |first2=K.F. |last3=McElmurry |first3=B.J. |last4=Moeti |first4=M. |date=November–December 1992 |title=AIDS prevention for women: a community-based approach |journal=Nursing Outlook |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=250–256 |pmid=1461755}} * {{Cite book|ref=etal}} * {{Citation|last=European Commission}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tlou |first=Sheila |last2=Ingstad |first2=Benedicte |last3=Bruuns |first3=Frank J. |date=December 1997 |title=Aids and the elderly Tswana: The concept of pollution and consequences for AIDS prevention |journal=[[Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=357–372 |doi=10.1023/A:1006501414850 |pmid=14617925 |s2cid=26857143}} * {{Citation|last=Antonino Zichichi}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tlou |first=Sheila |display-authors=etal |date=November 2001 |title=Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1: Meeting of World Federation of Scientists in Erice, Italy, August 2001. Joint Working Group Report of AIDS and Infectious Diseases PMP, and Mother and Child Health PMP |journal=[[Acta Paediatrica]] |volume=90 |issue=11 |pages=1337–1339 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2001.tb01585.x |s2cid=73276077}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tlou |first=Sheila |last2=Lindsey |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Hirschfeld |first3=Miriam |date=May–June 2003 |title=Home-based care in Botswana: Experiences of older women and young girls |journal=[[Health Care for Women International]] |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=486–501 |doi=10.1080/07399330390199384 |pmid=12851169 |s2cid=25217406}} * Tlou, Sheila D. (1998). "Outcomes of a community-based HIV/AIDS education programme in Botswana". Southern African Journal of Gerontology. 7 (2): 23-26. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |date=2001-07-07 |title=Five Minutes with: Sheila Tlou, on HIV in Africa |url=http://www.nurseweek.com/5min/tlou.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130080733/http://www.nurseweek.com/5min/tlou.html |archive-date=2013-01-30 |access-date=2006-08-09 |website=NurseWeek |publisher=Nursing Spectrum}} *   [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hk7lr3xmwl7yhrb64kd7140pal2d1g7 827275 827274 2026-04-27T19:34:29Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 827275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Tlou_1110.jpg|thumb|Sheila Tlou]] '''Farfesa Sheila Dinotshe Tlou''' ma'aikaciyar jinya ce a Botswana kuma malamar aikin jinya, wacce ta ƙware a fannin cutar kanjamau/AIDS da lafiyar mata. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Lafiya ta Botswana daga 2004 zuwa 2008. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 2005 |title=Nurse leader heads health ministry in Botswana |journal=International Nursing Review |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=10–11 |doi=10.1111/j.1466-7657.2004.00412_5.x |issn=0020-8132 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PTlou ta kuma yi aiki kan batutuwan da suka shafi albarkatun ɗan adam don haɓaka tsarin lafiya da lafiya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Alliance Champion Professor Sheila Tlou |url=https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/about/spec_advocates/sheilatlou/en/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=WHO}}</ref> == Ilimi == Tlou ta girma a Botswana. Ta halarci makarantar da malaman addini 'yan Irish ke koyarwa—tana da baiwar harsuna da wasan kwaikwayo, wanda hakan ya motsa burinta na yin aiki a Hollywood. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UIC Nursing alum one of '100 Most Influential African Women' {{!}} College of Nursing {{!}} University of Illinois at Chicago |url=https://nursing.uic.edu/news-stories/uic-nursing-alum-one-of-100-most-influential-african-women/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=nursing.uic.edu}}</ref> Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin aikin jinya a Jami'ar Dillard a shekarar 1974. A shekarar 2014 ta sami digirin girmamawa daga ɗalibanta. Tlou ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia, Amurka, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Ilimi (ta mai da hankali kan Manhaja da Koyarwa a Kimiyyar Lafiya). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Sheila Tlou, Director, UNAIDS Regional Support Team for East and Southern Africa |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/regions/easternandsouthernafrica/rstdirectorforeasternandsouthernafrica/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617015854/http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/regions/easternandsouthernafrica/rstdirectorforeasternandsouthernafrica/ |archive-date=2011-06-17 |access-date=2011-06-12}}</ref> Tana kuma da digiri na biyu a fannin aikin jinya daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka. Ta yi digiri na uku a fannin aikin jinya a fannin lafiyar al'umma da kuma difloma a fannin batutuwan jinsi, a Jami'ar Illinois da ke Chicago a shekarar 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2003 |title=African KILP Fellows: Dr Sheila Tlou |url=http://www.wkkf.org/default.aspx?tabid=68&CID=-1&ProjCID=376&ProjID=15&TID=1044&NID=32&LanguageID=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005306/http://www.wkkf.org/default.aspx?tabid=68&CID=-1&ProjCID=376&ProjID=15&TID=1044&NID=32&LanguageID=0 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2006-08-09 |publisher=W. K. Kellogg foundation}}</ref> == Sana'a == Tlou ta koyar a [[Jami'ar Botswana]] tun daga shekarar 1980. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Alliance Champion Professor Sheila Tlou |url=https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/about/spec_advocates/sheilatlou/en/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=WHO}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/about/spec_advocates/sheilatlou/en/ "WHO | Alliance Champion Professor Sheila Tlou"]. ''WHO''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Daga 1994 zuwa 1996 ta kasance shugabar sashen ilimin jinya, ta zama farfesa a fannin jinya a 1999, kuma daga 2002 zuwa 2004 ita ce mai kula da cutar kanjamau ta jami'ar. <ref name="database">{{Cite web |title=Professor Sheila Dinotshe Tlou |url=http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/17609.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814043829/http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/17609.html |archive-date=2006-08-14 |access-date=2006-08-08 |website=Contemporary Africa Database |publisher=<!--[http://africacentre.org.uk/--> The Africa Centre, London}}</ref> Tlou ta wakilci Botswana a taron duniya na huɗu kan mata a shekarar 1995 a birnin Beijing. A shekarar 2002 an naɗa ta a cikin wata ƙungiya ta musamman [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan 'yan mata, mata, da HIV/AIDS a kudancin Afirka. Ta kuma ba da shawara ga UNAIDS, Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsayin Mata da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] . Ta halarci tarurrukan ilmantarwa na al'umma na duniya don Cibiyar Gwaje-gwajen Rigakafin HIV. Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru bakwai a matsayin darektan yanki na UNAIDS na Gabas da Kudancin Afirka, inda ta ba da jagoranci da fafutukar siyasa don mayar da martani ga AIDS a ƙasashen Afirka 21. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UIC Nursing alum one of '100 Most Influential African Women' {{!}} College of Nursing {{!}} University of Illinois at Chicago |url=https://nursing.uic.edu/news-stories/uic-nursing-alum-one-of-100-most-influential-african-women/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=nursing.uic.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nursing.uic.edu/news-stories/uic-nursing-alum-one-of-100-most-influential-african-women/ "UIC Nursing alum one of '100 Most Influential African Women' | College of Nursing | University of Illinois at Chicago"]. ''nursing.uic.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ta nuna Precious Ramotswe, jarumar jerin littattafan Alexander McCall Smith 's ''The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency'', a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na amateur, kuma a wani lokaci an ambaci ta a cikin rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin zaɓi mai yiwuwa don nuna Mma Ramotswe a cikin daidaitawar fina-finan Hollywood da ake samarwa a halin yanzu. A halin yanzu Tlou ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar Nursing Now Global Campaign da kuma ƙungiyar rigakafin cutar HIV ta duniya. Yanzu Global Campaign na da nufin ɗaga matsayin da kuma martabar aikin jinya don kare lafiyar duniya. Ƙungiyar rigakafin cutar HIV ta duniya ta samo asali ne daga buƙatar magance gibin da kuma ƙaruwar sabbin kamuwa da cuta, duk da nasarar da aka samu a magani da kulawa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UIC Nursing alum one of '100 Most Influential African Women' {{!}} College of Nursing {{!}} University of Illinois at Chicago |url=https://nursing.uic.edu/news-stories/uic-nursing-alum-one-of-100-most-influential-african-women/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=nursing.uic.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nursing.uic.edu/news-stories/uic-nursing-alum-one-of-100-most-influential-african-women/ "UIC Nursing alum one of '100 Most Influential African Women' | College of Nursing | University of Illinois at Chicago"]. ''nursing.uic.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce kuma shugabar jami'ar Botswana Open University (BOU), wacce shugaban ƙasar Botswana, Dr. EK Mokgweetsi Masisi, ya ba ta mukami daga watan Mayu na 2021 zuwa Afrilu na 2026. Farfesa Tlou ya maye gurbin Dr. PHK Kedikilwe, wanda ya yi ritaya a matsayin Chancellor a ƙarshen 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Professor Sheila Tlou is the new BOU Chancellor |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/31338/news/professor-sheila-tlou-is-the-new-bou-chancellor/ |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Prof. Sheila Tlou appointed Chancellor- BOU |url=https://thepatriot.co.bw/prof-sheila-tlou-appointed-chancellor-bou/ |access-date=2021-06-03 |website=The Patriot On Sunday |language=en-US}}</ref> Tlou tana auren Farfesa Thomas Tlou, masanin tarihin [[Botswana]] . == Mukaman da aka riƙe == Bayan babban zaɓen watan Oktoba na 2004, an naɗa Tlou a matsayin Ministar Lafiya a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2004. Bayan ta sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana (BDP) a Palapye, an kore ta daga Majalisar Ministoci a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2008, lokacin da Ian Khama ya hau mulki a matsayin Shugaba. == Rigakafin cutar kanjamau da kuma maganinta == Yawancin ayyukan Tlou sun mayar da hankali kan batutuwan jinsi da kuma cutar kanjamau/AIDS a kudancin Afirka. Ba wa mata, musamman matan aure, damar yin shawarwari da abokin tarayya don yin jima'i lafiya yana da babban sakamako ga yaduwar cutar kanjamau. Tlou ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin mata na asali da kuma kamfen na ƙasa don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau a Botswana. Ta kuma yi aiki mai yawa wajen rage kyamar cutar kanjamau da kuma taimaka wa mutanen da ke ɗauke da cutar kanjamau su jure rayuwarsu. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Anna Reynvaan ta watan Mayu na 2002, kuma ta ba da lacca mai kyau (Netherlands) * Satumba 2002 Umarnin Shugaban Ƙasa (Botswana) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-10-04 |title=Batswana celebrate 36th anniversary |url=http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20021004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210152448/http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20021004 |archive-date=10 February 2005 |access-date=2006-08-10 |website=Daily News Online |publisher=Government of Botswana}}</ref> * Lambar yabo ta Florence Nightingale ta 2003 ( [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya]] ) <ref name="database">{{Cite web |title=Professor Sheila Dinotshe Tlou |url=http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/17609.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814043829/http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/17609.html |archive-date=2006-08-14 |access-date=2006-08-08 |website=Contemporary Africa Database |publisher=<!--[http://africacentre.org.uk/--> The Africa Centre, London}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060814043829/http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/17609.html "Professor Sheila Dinotshe Tlou"]. ''Contemporary Africa Database''. The Africa Centre, London. Archived from [http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/17609.html the original] on 14 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite></ref> * Kyautar Gimbiya Srinagarinda ta 2014 * 2017 Christiane Reimann Awards * Kyautar Gimbiya Muna Al Hussein ta 2018 == Ayyuka == Tlou babban editan littafin nazari ne ga mutanen da ke aiki a fannin cutar kanjamau/AIDS a Afirka: *   Wasu ayyukan da aka zaɓa: *   * {{Cite journal |last=Tlou |first=Sheila D. |last2=Norr |first2=K.F. |last3=McElmurry |first3=B.J. |last4=Moeti |first4=M. |date=November–December 1992 |title=AIDS prevention for women: a community-based approach |journal=Nursing Outlook |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=250–256 |pmid=1461755}} * {{Cite book|ref=etal}} * {{Citation|last=European Commission}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tlou |first=Sheila |last2=Ingstad |first2=Benedicte |last3=Bruuns |first3=Frank J. |date=December 1997 |title=Aids and the elderly Tswana: The concept of pollution and consequences for AIDS prevention |journal=[[Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=357–372 |doi=10.1023/A:1006501414850 |pmid=14617925 |s2cid=26857143}} * {{Citation|last=Antonino Zichichi}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tlou |first=Sheila |display-authors=etal |date=November 2001 |title=Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1: Meeting of World Federation of Scientists in Erice, Italy, August 2001. Joint Working Group Report of AIDS and Infectious Diseases PMP, and Mother and Child Health PMP |journal=[[Acta Paediatrica]] |volume=90 |issue=11 |pages=1337–1339 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2001.tb01585.x |s2cid=73276077}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tlou |first=Sheila |last2=Lindsey |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Hirschfeld |first3=Miriam |date=May–June 2003 |title=Home-based care in Botswana: Experiences of older women and young girls |journal=[[Health Care for Women International]] |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=486–501 |doi=10.1080/07399330390199384 |pmid=12851169 |s2cid=25217406}} * Tlou, Sheila D. (1998). "Outcomes of a community-based HIV/AIDS education programme in Botswana". Southern African Journal of Gerontology. 7 (2): 23-26. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |date=2001-07-07 |title=Five Minutes with: Sheila Tlou, on HIV in Africa |url=http://www.nurseweek.com/5min/tlou.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130080733/http://www.nurseweek.com/5min/tlou.html |archive-date=2013-01-30 |access-date=2006-08-09 |website=NurseWeek |publisher=Nursing Spectrum}} *   [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] khn0wxeok4wbyybkd3a8jc06t37h0wz 0 148647 827282 2026-04-27T20:10:20Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350664689|Lydia Komape-Ngwenya]]" 827282 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Makwena Lydia Komape-'''Ngwenya'''''' (née Ngwenya; 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1935 - 11 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2023), wanda aka fi sani da '''Lydia Kompe''', 'yar siyasa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, mai fafutuka, kuma mai sana'a. Ta wakilci [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka]] a Majalisar Dinkinobho daga 1994 zuwa 2009 kuma a Majalisar Dokokin Lardin Limpopo daga 2009 zuwa 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Cyril Ramaphosa accords activist Lydia Komape-Ngwenya Special Provincial Official Funeral Category 2 &#124; South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/president-cyril-ramaphosa-accords-activist-lydia-komape-ngwenya-special |website=www.gov.za}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Mmakwena Lydia Komape-Ngwenya |url=https://www.ancvl.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Orbituary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404193608/https://www.ancvl.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Orbituary.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-04}}</ref> Yaron manoma masu haya a Arewacin Transvaal, Komape-Ngwenya ya tashi zuwa matsayi na siyasa a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mata kalilan a cikin Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Metal da Allied. A shekara ta 1986, ta koma yankunan karkara na Transvaal, inda ta yi aiki ga [[Black Sash]] kuma ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Karkara don jawo hankali ga batutuwan mata a cikin tattaunawar kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata. Ta shiga Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu bayan karshen wariyar launin fata.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Mmakwena Lydia Komape-Ngwenya |url=https://www.ancvl.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Orbituary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404193608/https://www.ancvl.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Orbituary.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-04}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Komape-Ngwenya a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1935 <ref name=":02">{{Cite magazine|url-status=}}</ref> a cikin karkara Matlala, ƙauyen da ke kusa da Pietersburg a tsohuwar Transvaal. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Lydia Komape-Ngwenya (1935–) |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/lydia-komape-ngwenya-1935 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=The Presidency}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin yara bakwai, Komape-Ngwenya daga baya ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "ɗan manomi"; ta girma a gonar Ofishin Jakadancin Lutheran na gida, inda mahaifinta ya kasance dikon kuma ya kiwon dabbobi da dankali.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1935-10-23 |title=Lydia Kompe (née Ngwenya) |url=https://ourconstitution.wethepeoplesa.org/lydia-kompe-nee-ngwenya/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Our Constitution |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyalinta da sauran masu haya sun rasa hakkinsu na ƙasa a cikin 1950 a ƙarƙashin tsarin inganta wariyar launin fata.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Kodayake mahaifiyar Komape-Ngwenya ta koma [[Johannesburg]] don neman aikin gida, mahaifinta ba shi da aiki kuma iyalin suna ƙara talauci. A shekara ta 1954, bayan kammala Standard Eight (ƙasa goma), Komape-Ngwenya ya bar makaranta don neman aiki a wani karamin gari.<ref name=":3" /> Daga baya ta koma Johannesburg, inda, bayan aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida a Hyde Park kuma a matsayin mai taimakawa a asibiti, ta sami aikin masana'antu.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=April 1994 |title=Lydia Kompe: Fighting for Rural Rights |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/lydia-kompe-fighting-rural-rights-speak-april-1994-johannesburg |journal=SPEAK |pages=5–7 |access-date=14 September 2016 |via=South African History Online}}</ref> == Ayyuka da gwagwarmayar karkara == Yayinda yake aiki a masana'antar Heinemann Electric a wajen Alexandra, kungiyar Metal and Allied Workers' Union (MAWU) ta dauki Komape-Ngwenya a shekarar 1974. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Lydia Komape-Ngwenya (1935–) |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/lydia-komape-ngwenya-1935 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=The Presidency}}</ref> An zabe ta a matsayin mai kula da shagon a shekara ta 1976 kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta taimaka wajen shirya yajin aiki don hadin kai tare da masu zanga-zangar a cikin [[Tashin hankali na Soweto]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1935-10-23 |title=Lydia Kompe (née Ngwenya) |url=https://ourconstitution.wethepeoplesa.org/lydia-kompe-nee-ngwenya/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Our Constitution |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan yajin aikin, an kori Komape-Ngwenya da sauran masu kula da shagon, kuma a shekarar 1977 MAWU ta hayar da ita a matsayin mai shirya kungiyar kwadago ta cikakken lokaci.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> A lokacin, Komape-Ngwenya ita ce kadai mace mai shirya kungiyar, kuma daga baya ta yi tunani game da yunkurin da ta yi na tsayayya da [[Wariyar Jinsi|nuna bambancin jinsi]] da ta fuskanta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=April 1994 |title=Lydia Kompe: Fighting for Rural Rights |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/lydia-kompe-fighting-rural-rights-speak-april-1994-johannesburg |journal=SPEAK |pages=5–7 |access-date=14 September 2016 |via=South African History Online}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=LaNasa |first=Peter |date=12 June 2015 |title=The Rise of Women's Trade Unionism in South Africa |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908023912/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa |archive-date=8 September 2017 |access-date=26 September 2016 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Misali, don kalubalanci zaton cewa za ta kasance da alhakin ayyukan gida a ofishin, ta tsara jerin sunayen ayyukan gida ga maza. Bugu da kari, Komape-Ngwenya ta yi jayayya cewa 'yan ƙungiyar maza ba su damu da matsalolin da mata ma'aikatan ke fuskanta ba; ta ce [[Hutun iyaye]] lamari ne mai ban sha'awa wanda mata ke samun goyon bayan maza, saboda maza suna fatan a ba su izinin iyaye kuma "suna hutu da hutawa daga aiki".<ref name=":2" /> A matsayinta na mai shirya taron, Komape-Ngwenya ta yi kira ga wasu batutuwan mata, kamar su hada mata masu tsabtace dare da kuma tsayayyar da su ga cin zarafin jima'i na masu kula da su. <ref name=":12" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1935-10-23 |title=Lydia Kompe (née Ngwenya) |url=https://ourconstitution.wethepeoplesa.org/lydia-kompe-nee-ngwenya/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Our Constitution |language=en-US}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin ƙungiyar ta, a cikin 1978, an nemi Komape-Ngwenya ta kafa reshen Transvaal na Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU, har zuwa lokacin da ke zaune a Natal); ta ci gaba da aiki a TGWU har zuwa 1985.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Lydia Komape-Ngwenya (1935–) |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/lydia-komape-ngwenya-1935 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=The Presidency}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1935-10-23 |title=Lydia Kompe (née Ngwenya) |url=https://ourconstitution.wethepeoplesa.org/lydia-kompe-nee-ngwenya/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Our Constitution |language=en-US}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ta shiga cikin kafa Tarayyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu a 1979 - kuma musamman wajen kafa kwamitin mata na tarayyar - kuma daga baya Majalisa ta Kwadago na Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":4" /> A shekara mai zuwa, Komape-Ngwenya ya koma yankunan karkara na Transvaal kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin cikakken lokaci na Kwamitin Ayyukan Karkara na Transbaal na [[Black Sash]], wanda a lokacin aka mayar da hankali kan tallafawa wadanda aka tilasta cirewa. Bisa ga kwarewarta tare da kwamitin, Komape-Ngwenya ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Karkara a shekarar 1986. Wannan motsi ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar masu fafutuka kuma ya kasance sanannen murya a cikin Tattaunawa don kawo karshen wariyar launin fata; a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, motsi ya tsayayya da shawarwari don cire jagorancin gargajiya daga ka'idojin [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin jinsi]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=April 1994 |title=Lydia Kompe: Fighting for Rural Rights |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/lydia-kompe-fighting-rural-rights-speak-april-1994-johannesburg |journal=SPEAK |pages=5–7 |access-date=14 September 2016 |via=South African History Online}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1935-10-23 |title=Lydia Kompe (née Ngwenya) |url=https://ourconstitution.wethepeoplesa.org/lydia-kompe-nee-ngwenya/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Our Constitution |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa bayan wariyar launin fata == === Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa === A cikin Babban zaben 1994, an zabi Komape-Ngwenya don wakiltar [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka]] (ANC) a [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]]. An sake zabar ta zuwa karin wa'adi a 1999 da 2004, tana wakiltar Mazabar Limpopo.<ref name=":02">{{Cite magazine|url-status=}}</ref> Daga baya ta kwatanta ƙaura zuwa Cape Town don zuwa majalisa tare da kwarewarta ta baya ta bar 'ya'yanta su yi aiki a Johannesburg, tana cewa, "Ya kasance ci gaba da rayuwata a matsayin Ma'aikacin ƙaura. Yanzu kawai ina yin wannan saboda mutanen da suka sanya ni a can. Ya bambanta da baya lokacin da aka tilasta ni ta hanyar yanayi ya bar' ya'yanta. " A lokacin wa'adin ta na farko a cikin majalisa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=COSATU mourns the passing of Comrade Lydia Komape-Ngwenya |url=https://mediadon.co.za/2023/10/13/cosatu-mourns-the-passing-of-comrade-lydia-komape-ngwenya/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=COSATU |language=en-US}}</ref> Komape-Ngwenya ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Kula da Aikin Gona da Harkokin Kasa, wanda a cikin wannan damar ta shiga cikin aiwatar da Dokar Maido da Hakkin Kasa, babban bangare na dokar sake fasalin ƙasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2013 |title=Lydia Kompe |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/lydia-kompe |access-date=14 September 2016 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Daga baya ta ce, yayin tattaunawa game da Dokar, "Zan iya magana daga gogewa game da muhimmancin da aka haɗa mata a cikin wannan dokar. " Ta kuma kasance memba na Kwamitin Kulawa na hadin gwiwa kan Inganta Ingancin Rayuwa da Matsayin Mata kuma ta goyi bayan wucewar Dokar Kulawa don ba da amincewar doka ga auren al'ada. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2012 |title=Lydia Kompe-Ngwenya – South Africa |url=http://genderlinks.org.za/driversofchange/lydia-kompe-2012-06-06/ |access-date=14 September 2016 |website=Gender Links}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Majalisar dokoki ta Limpopo === Bayan babban zaben shekara ta 2009, Komape-Ngwenya ya bar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa don ɗaukar kujerar ANC a Majalisar Dokokin Limpopo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2009 |title=Limpopo MPLs elected April 22 |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/limpopo-mpls-elected-april-22 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Politicsweb |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi wa'adi biyu a can, ta sake samun zabe a shekarar 2014, kuma ta yi ritaya bayan Babban zaben 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Makwena Lydia Ngwenya |url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/ms-makwena-lydia-ngwenya/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=People's Assembly |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Komape-Ngwenya tana da yara uku masu girma, dukansu sun horar da su zama malamai.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=April 1994 |title=Lydia Kompe: Fighting for Rural Rights |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/lydia-kompe-fighting-rural-rights-speak-april-1994-johannesburg |journal=SPEAK |pages=5–7 |access-date=14 September 2016 |via=South African History Online}}</ref> An haifi ɗanta na farko a shekara ta 1956 kuma ta yi aure a shekara ta 1958. Daga baya ta bayyana aurenta a matsayin mara farin ciki, wani bangare saboda matsin da dokokin wucewa da talauci suka haifar. A shekara ta 1973, Komape-Ngwenya ta bar mijinta, ta dauki 'ya'yanta. A wannan lokacin ne Komape-Ngwenya ya zama sananne da "Lydia Kompe": bayan da ta yi aure da Lydia Komape, ta sami takardar shaidar da aka ƙirƙira, a ƙarƙashin sunan Lydia Kompe, wanda ya bayyana ta a matsayin mai Launi maimakon baƙar fata kuma saboda haka ya ba ta damar tserewa daga wasu dokokin wucewa.<ref name=":3" /> == Mutuwa == Komape-Ngwenya ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2023. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-21 |title=Komape-Ngwenya laid to rest in Tsimanyane village, Limpopo |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/komape-ngwenya-laid-to-rest-in-tsimanyane-village-limpopo/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=SABC News |language=en-US}}</ref> An binne ta a Tsimanye, ƙauyen da ke kusa da Groblersdal a Limpopo, kuma ta sami jana'izar hukuma ta musamman wacce Firayim Minista Stan Mathabatha da Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na ANC Maropene Ramokgopa suka yi jawabi.<ref name=":6" /> == Daraja == A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, Shugaba Kgalema Motlanthe ya ba Komape-Ngwenya lambar yabo ta Luthuli a cikin tagulla saboda "rashin kai ga haƙƙin ma'aikata, karfafa mata na karkara da kuma 'yancin mutanenmu".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2009 |title=F Chikane unveils names of recipients of National Orders |url=https://www.gov.za/f-chikane-unveils-names-recipients-national-orders |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=South African Government}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bp1v9ps69yihhsm1oobfhe7f41uxgr0 0 148648 827283 2026-04-27T20:11:14Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333837670|Ishtar Lakhani]]" 827283 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ishtar Lakhani''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1985) 'yar gwagwarmayar mata ce daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wacce aikinta ke mai da hankali kan batutuwan Adalci na zamantakewa, musamman haƙƙin ma'aikatan jima'i. A cikin 2020 [[BBC]] ta kara da ita a cikin jerin Mata 100. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Lakhani a shekara ta 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huisman |first=Biénne |date=2020-09-03 |title=Maverick Citizen Friday Activist: Ishtar Lakhani: An activist working to create the world of our dreams |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-09-04-ishtar-lakhani-an-activist-working-to-create-the-world-of-our-dreams/ |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> Ta halarci [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] kuma ta sami MA a Anthropology daga can.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishtar Lakhani BIO |url=https://www.justlabs.org/ishtar-lakhani |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103183528/https://www.justlabs.org/ishtar-lakhani |archive-date=3 November 2022 |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=JustLabs |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan Lakhani sun fito ne daga daidaita cibiyar sadarwa ta kare hakkin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ga wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i - One in Nine Campaign - zuwa yin sandwich na juyin juya hali a Love and Revolution, kantin sayar da littattafai, shagon kofi da kuma sararin al'umma da ta kafa a [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-09 |title=Ishtar Lakhani |url=https://c4aa.org/about/ishtar-lakhani |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=The Center for Artistic Activism |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga 2014 zuwa 2019 ta kasance manajan kare hakkin dan adam na Kungiyar Ilimi da Advocacy Working Group (SWEAT), wata kungiya da ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishtar Lakhani |url=https://namati.org/network/member/ishtarlakhani/ |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=Namati |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=South African human rights activist on BBC influential list |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sunday-tribune/news/south-african-human-rights-activist-on-bbc-influential-list-d3983c32-813a-4b58-8992-5226b08fd586 |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewa don karfafa hanyoyin da suke amfani da su wajen kare hakkin dan adam.<ref name=":0" /> Creativity shine mabuɗin alamar gwagwarmayarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=The Human Rights Defender: Ishtar Lakhani |url=https://freethevaccine.org/2020/09/21/the-human-rights-defender-ishtar-lakhani/ |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=Free the Vaccine for COVID-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi a duk duniya don bunkasa kamfen ɗin bayar da shawarwari don haƙƙin ma'aikatan jima'i a Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin cin gashin kai da mutunci a Kudancin Afirka, magance Islamophobia a Sri Lanka da haɓaka mulkin mallaka a ƙasashe da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The fight for "fun"damental rights for sex workers in South Africa |url=https://www.openglobalrights.org/the-fight-for-fundamental-rights-for-sex-workers-in-south-africa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121141834/https://www.openglobalrights.org/the-fight-for-fundamental-rights-for-sex-workers-in-south-africa/ |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-03 |website=OpenGlobalRights |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Lakhani ya yi aiki a kan kamfen ɗin Free the Vaccine, wanda Cibiyar Ayyukan Ayyuka da Jami'o'in Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM) suka tsara. Wannan kamfen ɗin yana da niyyar tabbatar da cewa allurar rigakafin [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID19]] tana da farashi mai kyau, ana samun ta ga kowa kuma kyauta a lokacin isar da shi.<ref name=":1" /> == Kyaututtuka == Lakhani ta kasance a cikin jerin mata 100 mafi tasiri na BBC na 2019, jerin sunayen lambar yabo wanda ake bugawa kowace shekara. Lakhani ta kasance a cikin jerin Mail da Guardian Top 200 Matasan Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-14 |title=200 Young South Africans: Civil Society |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-06-14-200-young-south-africans-civil-society/ |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Kamfen ɗin Ɗaya cikin Tara An adana shi {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0day74dtgycap2rvgmitlc31biusywg 0 148649 827284 2026-04-27T20:12:42Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350870053|Anne McClintock]]" 827284 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Anne McClintock''' marubuciya ce, masanin mata kuma masanin ilimin jama'a wanda ya wallafa ko'ina kan batutuwan jima'i, kabilanci, mulkin mallaka, da kishin kasa; al'adun gargajiya da na gani, daukar hoto, talla da ka'idar al'adu. Kasuwanci da kuma rikice-rikice a cikin hali, aikinta yana bincika alaƙar jinsi, kabilanci, da ikon aji a cikin mulkin mallaka na zamani, wanda ya haɗa da Victorian da Birtaniya na zamani zuwa Afirka ta Kudu ta zamani, Ireland, da Amurka. Tun daga shekara ta 2015, McClintock ya kasance Farfesa A. Barton Hepburn a Jami'ar Princeton. Ya zuwa 2022, ta gudanar da alƙawari na hadin gwiwa a cikin Shirin Jima'i da Jima'a da Cibiyar Muhalli ta High Meadows . Tana da alaƙa da Sashen Turanci da Cibiyar Effron don Nazarin Amurka. <ref name="Princeton">{{Cite web |title=Anne McClintock — Gender and Sexuality Studies |url=http://gss.princeton.edu/anne-mcclintock |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320143019/https://gss.princeton.edu/anne-mcclintock |archive-date=20 March 2022 |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> A baya, McClintock ta kasance Simone de Beauvoir [[Farfesa]] na [[Nazarin Ingilishi|Turanci]] da Nazarin Mata da Jima'i a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison inda ta koyar daga 1999 zuwa 2015.<ref name="UW–Madison">{{Cite web |title=University of Wisconsin–Madison Faculty Bio |url=http://www.english.wisc.edu/faculty/mcclintock.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805173733/http://www.english.wisc.edu/faculty/mcclintock.html |archive-date=5 August 2009 |access-date=2009-08-28}}</ref> Kafin Wisconsin, ta koyar a Jami'ar Columbia da Jami'ar New York. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Anne McClintock ga iyayen Irish da Scottish a [[Harare|Harare, Zimbabwe]] . Iyayenta sun koma [[Afirka ta Kudu]], inda McClintock ya girma a lokacin da aka yi [[Internal resistance to apartheid|yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata]]. McClintock ta halarci [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] inda ta sami BA a Falsafa da Ingilishi a shekarar 1976. A shekara ta 1979, ta sami M Phil a cikin Harshe daga Jami'ar Cambridge . McClintock ta sami digirinta na PhD a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a Jami'ar Columbia a shekarar 1989. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == === Littattafai === * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Imperial Leather: Race, Jima'i da Jima'a a Gasar mulkin mallaka .'' New York: Routledge. . ** -- -- (2018, Portuguese) Couro Imperial: Raza, Jima'i da Jima'a A cikin mulkin mallaka. Plinio Dentzien ne ya fassara shi. Brazil: Editora da Unicamp. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0893-5|<bdi>978-85-268-0893-5</bdi>]].{{ISBN|978-85-268-0893-5}}&nbsp; {{ISBN|9780415908900}} * -- -- (1997). Dangerous Liaisons: Jima'i, Al'umma da Ra'ayoyin Postcolonial, tare da Ella Shohat da Aamir Mufti. Minnesota: Jami'ar Minnesota Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780816626496</nowiki>. * -- -- -- (Mai zuwa) Ghosts marasa damuwa: Daga Yakin Har abada zuwa Rashin Yanayi 1860-2015. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. === Babi a cikin littattafai === * -- -- (1994). "Talla da wariyar launin fata na kayan masarufi. " A cikin ''Labaran Matafiya,'' wanda George Robertson, Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis, da Tim Putnam suka shirya, 128-52. London: Routledge. * -- -- (1996). "'Babu Tsawon Lokaci a Sama ta Nan gaba': Jima'i, Kabilanci da Ƙasashen Waje. " ''Kasancewa na kasa. '' A Reader, wanda Geoff Eley da Ronald Suny suka shirya, 260-85. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * -- -- (1999). "Fanon and Gender Agency. " A cikin Rethinking Fanon: The Continuing Dialogue, edited by Nigel C. Gibson, 66-81. New York: Routledge, * -- -- (2005). "Soft-Soaping Empire: Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Tallace-tallace na Masarauta". A Reader, wanda Mariam Fraser da Monica Greco suka shirya, 271-276. New York: Routledge. * -- -- (2008). "Jima'i, Kabilanci da Jima'i a Gasar mulkin mallaka: Manufar Ci Gaban. " A cikin The Development Reader, wanda Sharad Chari da Stuart Corbridge suka shirya, 99-116. New York: Routledge. * -- -- (2009). "Paranoid Empire: Specters from Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib. " A cikin ''Jihohin Gaggawa,'' wanda Russ Castronovo da Susan Gillman suka shirya, 69-87. Durham, North Carolina: Jami'ar North Carolina Press. * -- -- (2018). "Ghostscapes from the Forever War. " A cikin Nature's Nation: American Art and Environment, wanda Karl Kusserow da Alan Braddock suka shirya, 272-290. New Haven da London: Yale University Press. * -- -- (2023). "The Future is Now," a cikin ''Haɗin gwiwa: Tarihin Hoto'' mai yiwuwa, eds. Ariella Azoulay, Wendy Ewald, Susan Meiselas, Leigh Raiford da Laura Wexler. London: Thames & Hudson. === Labaran jarida da mujallu === * -- -- (1984). "'Asirin da ba za a iya furta su ba': The Ideology of Landscape a cikin Conrad's Heart of Darkness. " Midwestern Modern Language Association 17: 38-53. * -- -- (1986). "Babu Sunayen Baya: Rabuwa da Magana da Tarihi a cikin Derrida's Le dernier Mot du Racisme. "Binciken ''Bincike Mai Muhimmanci'' 13: 140-54. * -- -- (1987). "''Azikwelwa'' (Ba za mu yi tafiya ba): Siyasa da Daraja a cikin Black African Poetry. "''Bincike Mai Muhimmanci'' 13 no. 3: 597-623. * -- -- (1988). "Maidens, Maps and Mines: The Reinvention of Patriarchy in Colonial South Africa. " ''Kudancin'' ''Atlantic Quarterly'' 87: 13-30. * -- -- (1990). "The Very House of Difference: Race, Jender and the Politics of South African Women's Narrative". Social Text 25: 196-226. [[doi:10.2307/466247.|https://doi.org/10.2307/466247.]] * -- -- (1991). "The Scandal of the Whorearchy." ''Canji'' 53: 92-99. * -- -- (1992). "Screwing the System. Jima'i Aiki, Race da Shari'a." ''Yankin 2'' Batun Musamman: Feminism da Postmodernism 19: 70-95. * -- -- (1992). "Mala'ika na Ci gaba. Rashin haɗari na Kalmar Post-Colonialism," ''Rubutun Jama'a'' 18: 84-98. * -- -- (1993). "The Return of Female Fetishism and the Fiction of the Phallus". ''Sabbin Tsarin'' 6: 7-18. * -- -- (1993). "Family Feuds. Jima'i, Ƙasa da Iyali," ''Binciken Mata'' 44: 61-80. * -- -- (1993). "Mace don Umurni: Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Ikon Jima'i," ''Rubutun Jama'a'' 34: 95-114. * -- -- (2010). "Yin amfani da rikicin man fetur na Gulf". 24 Yuni 2010. https://www.counterpunch.org/2010/06/24/militarizing-the-gulf-oil-crisis/ * -- -- (2010). "Bayan toshewar kafofin watsa labarai a cikin Gulf." Truthout. 4 ga watan Agusta 2010. https://truthout.org/articles/behind-the-media-blockade-in-the-gulf/ * -- -- (2010). "Slow Violence and the BP Coverups." Counterpunch. 23 ga watan Agusta 2010. https://www.counterpunch.org/2010/08/23/slow-violence-and-the-bp-coverups/ * -- -- (2011). "Haɗin kai a Madison: zanga-zangar jama'a ta Wisconsin". Guernica / Mujallar Fasaha da Siyasa. 28 Fabrairu 2011. http://www.guernicamag.com/anne_mcclintock_solidarity_in/ * -- -- (2011). "Wisconsin: wani Epochal Standoff." Guernica / A Magazine of Arts and Politics. 15 ga Maris, 2011. http://www.guernicamag.com/blog/anne_mcclintock_wisconsin_an_e/ * -- -- (2012). "Hanyar da ta fi dacewa don Ma'amala da ''Māshi''. " The Mail and Guardian (Afirka ta Kudu). 1 ga Mayu, 2012. [http://mg.co.za/article/2012-05-31-the-best-way-to-deal-with-the-spear http://mg.co.za/ labarin/2012-05-31-mafi kyawun hanyar-zuwa-da-ƙaddamarwa-da-maki] * -- -- (2012). "Too Big to See With the Naked Eye." Guernica / A Magazine of Arts and Politics, 20 Disamba 2012. http://www.guernicamag.com/daily/anne-mcclintock-too-big-to-see-with-the-naked-eye * -- -- (2014). "Ghosting na Imperial da Bala'i na Kasa: Masu cin abinci daga Hiroshima da Kasar Indiya a cikin Yakin da ta'addanci," ''PMLA'' 129 no. 4: 819-29. * -- -- (2017). "Wane ne ke jin tsoron Title IX?" Jacobin Magazine, 24 ga Oktoba 2017. [https://jacobin.com/2017/10/title-ix-betsy-devos-doe-colleges-assault-dear-colleague https://jacobin.com/2017/10/title-ix-betsy-devos-doe-kolleagues-assault-dear-colleague] * -- -- (2020). "Matasa na Ƙarshe a Isle de Jean Charles, Canjin Yanayi na Tsibirin Yana Nishawa". 12 Fabrairu 2020. [https://www.teenvogue.com/story/isle-de-jean-charles-louisiana-juliette-brunet https://www.teenvogue.com/story/isle-de-jean-charles-Louisiana-juliette-brunet] * -- -- (2020). "Monster: Fugue in Fire and Ice." e-flux Architecture, 1 Yuni 2020. https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/oceans/331865/monster-a-fugue-in-fire-and-ice/ * -- -- (2021). "Ghost Forest Atlas of a Drowning World," Fitowa ta Musamman, e-flux Architecture, 19 Janairu 2021. https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/accumulation/440704/ghost-forest-atlas-of-a-drowning-world/ == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == {{Authority control}} *   *   [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] h3wkcx4fxoul3fksl63hjkbixy83qdc 0 148650 827285 2026-04-27T20:14:08Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341169862|Bertha Mkhize]]" 827285 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Bertha Mkhize''' (6 Yuni 1889 - 3 Oktoba 1981) malamar Afirka ta Kudu ce, wacce ta sami 'yanci na doka a matsayin feme da ke gudanar da kasuwanci da kanta. Yayin da gwamnati ta fara aiwatar da wariyar launin fata a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 da farkon shekarun 1950, ta shiga kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyin mata, inda ta jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da manufofin gwamnati. An kama ta sau biyu saboda wadannan ayyukan kuma an tuhume ta a karo na biyu da cin amana, amma ba a same ta da laifi game da zarge-zargen ba. Lokacin da aka tilasta mata barin kasuwancin ta, ta zama majagaba a cikin [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]], ta rungumi koyarwar daidaito ga dukan mutane. Ta yi aiki don kafa al'ummomin Bahá'í ashirin da takwas a KwaZulu-Natal . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Nhlumba Bertha Mkhize a ranar 6 ga Yuni 1889 a Embo, kusa da Umkomaas a cikin Colony na Natal ga Mashobane Mkhize, direban shanu.{{Sfn|''The Baháʼí World''|1986}}{{Sfn|South African History Online|17 February 2011}} A kusa da shekaru hudu, mahaifin Mkhize ya mutu kuma iyalin suka koma Inanda, inda ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta Inanda. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai na farko na makarantar 'yan mata. Bayan kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare, ta ci gaba da kammala karatu daga [[Makarantar sakandare ta Ohlange|Makarantar Sakandare ta Ohlange]].{{Sfn|South African History Online|17 February 2011}}{{Sfn|Mnyandu|2010}} == Ayyuka == A cikin 1907, Mkhize ya fara koyarwa a Inanda Seminary kuma ya kasance a can na shekaru hudu masu zuwa. Yayinda take koyarwa, ta dauki darussan gyaran gyare-gyare don koyon ƙwarewar.{{Sfn|Mnyandu|2010}} A cikin 1909, an 'yantar da ita bisa doka. Shirin ya buƙaci ta bayyana a gaban majistare tare da takardar da aka sanya hannu daga masu kula da ita wanda ya ba ta damar gudanar da al'amuranta ba tare da amincewar danginta ba. Wannan hanya ce mai ban mamaki ga matan Zulu a lokacin kuma ta ba ta damar zama gidaje ko bude kasuwancin ta.{{Sfn|''The Baháʼí World''|1986}} A shekara ta 1911, ta bar aikin koyarwa kuma ta koma [[Durban]] inda ta shiga aikin [[Mai sutura|gyaran tufafi]] tare da ɗan'uwanta. {{Sfn|South African History Online|17 February 2011}}{{Sfn|Mnyandu|2010}} Ta ci gaba da sha'awar karatu da rubutu, tana aiki a cibiyar yara na shekaru ashirin da biyar. Ta kuma yi magana game da matakai masu zalunci da aka yi amfani da su don lalata haƙƙin mutane, kamar 'yanci dabbobinsu ko tilasta musu da masu su shiga cikin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙarƙashin ikon sarrafa [[typhus]].{{Sfn|''The Baháʼí World''|1986}} A lokacin da aka shirya ta, Mkhize ta shiga kungiyar mata ta African National Congress (ANCWL) kuma ta shiga cikin batutuwan kare hakkin mata, ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar a cikin 1931 da 1936 game da bukatun mata don samun izinin tafiye-tafiye. Ta kuma shiga Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Masana'antu da Kasuwanci, tana yakin neman zabe game da dokar hana fita, ƙananan albashi, da sauran ƙuntatawa na aiki.{{Sfn|South African History Online|17 February 2011}} A farkon shekarun 1950s, Majalisar dokoki ta wariyar launin fata ta zartar da jerin dokoki masu hanawa wanda ke buƙatar mata su bar birane a cikin awanni 72 ko su zauna tare da mutumin da ke da izinin zama na dindindin. Tun a farkon 1950, an gudanar da zanga-zangar sabbin dokoki waɗanda suka rage motsi na kyauta a cikin birane a duk faɗin ƙasar. Mkhize ya jagoranci zanga-zangar a Durban a watan Maris na shekara ta 1950.{{Sfn|South African History Online|30 March 2011}} A shekara ta 1952, ta haɗu da wasu mata 500 don yin tafiya a Majalisar Birnin Durban . An san shi da Kamfen na Defiance, a batun doka ce da ke buƙatar mata su sami izinin tafiya. Mkhize ta yi magana don karkatar da ƙuntatawa, {{Sfn|''The Baháʼí World''|1986}} {{Sfn|South African History Online|17 February 2011}} kuma saboda tawaye ta ta kwashe watanni da yawa a kurkuku.{{Sfn|Mnyandu|2010}} Saboda matan sun yi nasara wajen matsawa gwamnati, Mkhize da sauransu sun fahimci cewa ci gaba da kungiya za ta ci gaba da manufar su. Don haka, sun kirkiro Tarayyar Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu (FEDSAW). Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin matan da suka halarci taron kafa a shekara ta 1954 kuma an zaba ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan shugaban kasa tare da Florence Matomela, Lillian Ngoyi, da Gladys Smith .{{Sfn|South African History Online|17 February 2011}} Sun tsara Yarjejeniyar Mata, wacce ta yi kira ga 'yanci na duniya ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, da kuma daidaito a fannonin' yancin jama'a, haƙƙin cikin gida, aiki da albashi.{{Sfn|South African History Online|30 March 2011}} Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Mkhize ya zama Shugaban ANCWL, wanda ya gudanar da zanga-zangar jama'a a watan Agustan 1956 don nuna ƙarfin adawar mata ga sabon aiwatar da dokokin wucewar mata.{{Sfn|South African History Online|17 February 2011}} Tare da sauran shugabannin ƙungiyar mata, an kama Mkhize saboda cin amana a tsakiyar dare a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1956. An zargi matan, wadanda suka hada da wasu masu gwagwarmaya kamar Frances Baard, Helen Joseph, Lillian Ngoyi, da Annie Silinga da makirci don hambarar da gwamnati. Shari'ar ta dauki shekaru hudu da rabi, wanda ya haifar da hukuncin da ba shi da laifi ga dukkan mata 156 da aka kama a wannan hari na dare.{{Sfn|South African History Online|30 March 2011}} A shekara ta 1958, an gabatar da Mkhize ga [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]] kuma ya shiga kungiyar a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1959. Sakon hadin kai ga dukkan mutane ya yi daidai da imanin kanta kuma ta zama mai aiki a cikin coci.{{Sfn|''The Baháʼí World''|1986}} Ta ci gaba da gudanar da kasuwancin ta a Durban, amma a cikin 1965 Majalisar Birnin Durban ta tilasta rufe dukkan kasuwancin Afirka kuma ta cire masu mallakar su daga yankin.{{Sfn|South African History Online|17 February 2011}} Ta yi aiki sosai a Natal da [[Zulu language|Zulu]]_District_Municipality" id="mwhA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Zululand District Municipality">Zululand na tsawon shekaru biyar a madadin Bangaskiyar Bahá'í sannan ta zauna a Gezinsila a Eshowe a matsayin majagaba. Tare da sauran malamai na Bahá'í, Mkhize tana da alhakin kafa ikilisiyoyi ashirin da takwas a yankin. A shekara ta 1968, an zabe ta don aiki a matsayin wakili a Majalisar Ruhaniya ta Kudu da Yammacin Afirka kuma ta yi aiki na shekara guda. Ta fassara matani da yawa na bangaskiya zuwa Zulu. Bayan shekaru tara, lafiyarta ta fara kasawa a 1975, amma ta kasance a matsayinta har zuwa 1978, lokacin da ta ba da gidanta ga bangaskiya kuma ta koma Inanda.{{Sfn|''The Baháʼí World''|1986}}{{Sfn|Mnyandu|2010}} == Mutuwa da gado == Mkhize ta mutu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 1981 a Inanda kuma ana tunawa da ita saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin 'yancin mata. An sake sunan wata titi a Durban don girmama ta a shekara ta 2010.{{Sfn|Mnyandu|2010}} An shigar da wani mutum-mutumi mai girman Mkhize wanda Cristina Salvoldi ta kirkira a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa a Tshwane kusa da [[Johannesburg]] a cikin 2017. {{Sfn|National Heritage Project|2017}} == Dubi kuma == * Bangaskiyar Bahá'í a Afirka ta Kudu == Bayani == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Manazarta == === Bayani === {{Reflist|30em}} === Bayanan littattafai ===  {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1981]] h23g7ssrknu1g066lf09hz6loglyzns 0 148651 827288 2026-04-27T20:21:46Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347564080|Gaositwe Chiepe]]" 827288 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe''' (20 ga Oktoba 1922 - 26 ga Janairu 2025) ɗan siyasan Motswana ne kuma ɗan diflomasiyya tare da Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana . <ref name=":1" /> Ta kasance babban kwamishinan kasar ta a Ingila da Najeriya kuma jakada a Jamus ta Yamma, Faransa, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, da Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai.<ref name=":9" /> Ta kasance Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Botswana a shekarar 1977, kuma a shekarar 1984, ta zama Ministan Harkokin Waje.<ref name=":6" /> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi daga 1994 zuwa 1999 .<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":11" /> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Chiepe a yankin da ake kira [[Tsaro na Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]] (yanzu [[Botswana]] ) a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1922, ga Moruti Tibe Chiepe da ST Chiepe (née Sebina). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Index Ch |url=https://www.rulers.org/indexc2.html |access-date=15 September 2017 |website=www.rulers.org}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/gaositwe-chiepe.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe |url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=biography.yourdictionary.com}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya mutu a lokacin ƙuruciyarta kuma danginta sun so ta bar makaranta ta yi aure, Mahaifiyarta ta dage cewa ta ci gaba da karatu don ci gaba da karatunta. <ref name=":6" /> Daga baya Chiepe ta danganta nasarar aikinta da dagewar mahaifiyarta cewa ta sami ilimi. <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1 January 2011 |editor-last=Akyeampong |editor-first=Emmanuel K. |editor2-last=Gates |editor2-first=Henry Louis |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-books/21 |journal=History Faculty Book Gallery |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 |isbn=9780195382075 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":8" /> == Ilimi == Chiepe ta yi makarantar firamare a Serowe kuma daga ƙarshe ta tafi Cibiyar Ilimi ta Tiger Kloof, Afirka ta Kudu, don karatun sakandare, bayan ta sami tallafin karatu a matsayin ɗalibi mafi kyau a ƙasar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe |url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=biography.yourdictionary.com}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1 January 2011 |editor-last=Akyeampong |editor-first=Emmanuel K. |editor2-last=Gates |editor2-first=Henry Louis |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-books/21 |journal=History Faculty Book Gallery |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 |isbn=9780195382075 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ta halarci [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]], wacce ita ma take a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], inda ta sami digirin farko a fannin kimiyya da kuma difloma ta farko a fannin ilimi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe |url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=biography.yourdictionary.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://biography.yourdictionary.com/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe "Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe"]. ''biography.yourdictionary.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ "Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe"]. ''Weekend Post''. 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1958, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Bristol da ke Burtaniya. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Dream big: 7 famous female Bristol Alumni you should know |url=https://epigram.org.uk/2019/03/08/dream-big-7-famous-female-bristol-alumni-you-should-know/ |access-date=1 October 2019 |website=Epigram}}</ref> Takardar digirin digirgir ɗinta mai taken "Binciken Matsalolin Ilimi Mai Kyau a Karewar Bechuanaland a Hasken Nazarin Kwatancen Matsaloli Masu Kama da Haka a Matakin Farko na Ilimi a Turanci da kuma Ci gaban Ilimi a Yugoslavia da [[Uganda]] ." <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/gaositwe-chiepe.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> An ba ta digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Depaul, Amurka. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe |url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=biography.yourdictionary.com}}</ref> Chiepe ta fara aikinta a Gwamnatin Kare Bechuanaland a Ma'aikatar Ilimi kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Afirka biyu na farko da aka naɗa a matsayin shugaban gudanarwa (Jami'ar Ilimi) a gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=Derek |date=2015 |title=My Life in Botswana, and Observation of the Society from 1971 to 2005 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024311 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=47 |pages=135–139 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024311}}</ref> Chiepe ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama jami'ar ilimi a Botswana. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/gaositwe-chiepe.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Chiepe ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama 'yar majalisar ministoci a Botswana (1974) bayan ta zama 'yar majalisar da aka zaɓa musamman. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Dr Gaositwe Chiepe KNO, PH, PMS - Ducere Global Business School |url=https://ducere.education/faculty/dr-gaositwe-chiepe-kno-ph-pms/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=ducere.education}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204502/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=www.parliament.gov.bw}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> An zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa daga mazabar Serowe ta Kudu a gundumar Tsakiya ta Botswana a zaɓen maye gurbi a shekarar 1977. <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2" /> An naɗa ta a matsayin babbar kwamishina a Burtaniya da [[Najeriya]] kuma jakadiya a [[Yammacin Jamus]], [[Faransa]], [[Denmark]], Norway, Sweden, da Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai daga 1970 zuwa 1974. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2007 |title=Mmegi Online :: Along came Gaositwe |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=15&dir=2009/August/Friday28 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Dr Gaositwe Chiepe KNO, PH, PMS - Ducere Business School |url=https://www.ducere.edu.au/faculty/dr-gaositwe-chiepe-kno-ph-pms/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=www.ducere.edu.au}}</ref> A lokacin da take a matsayin Babbar Kwamishina a Burtaniya, ta jagoranci lacca ta biyar ta tunawa da Caroline Haslett a Royal Society of Arts . <ref name=":8" /> Letitia Obeng, wacce a lokacin Daraktar Cibiyar Bincike ta Ruwan Kasa ta Ghana ta yi jawabi a kan 'Gina Ƙasa da Matar Afirka'. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Woman Engineer |url=http://www2.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/research/wes/WES_Vol_11.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132655/http://www2.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/research/wes/WES_Vol_11.html |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=1 October 2019 |website=www2.theiet.org}}</ref> Daga 1974 zuwa 1977, Chiepe ta kasance Ministar Ciniki da Masana'antu. Daga 1977 zuwa 1984, ta kasance Ministar Ma'adinai da Albarkatun Ƙasa. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2007 |title=Mmegi Online :: Along came Gaositwe |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=15&dir=2009/August/Friday28 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> A 1982 Chiepe ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Girmamawa ta Ƙungiyar Kalahari Conservation Society (KCS). <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 1984, Chiepe ta zama Ministar Harkokin Waje (Ministar Harkokin Waje), inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa 1994. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/gaositwe-chiepe.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=Derek |date=2015 |title=My Life in Botswana, and Observation of the Society from 1971 to 2005 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024311 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=47 |pages=135–139 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024311}}</ref> Daga 1994 zuwa 1999, ta kasance Ministar Ilimi. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2007 |title=Mmegi Online :: Along came Gaositwe |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=15&dir=2009/August/Friday28 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> Chiepe ta yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a 1999 bayan kusan shekaru 30 tana da manyan mukamai. <ref name=":5" /> A shekarar 2013, ta kasance babbar mai jawabi a bikin ranar tsofaffi ta duniya na Botswana da aka gudanar a wurin ajiyar namun daji na Mokolodi, tana mai cewa "Muna son mu zama 'tsofaffi a fannin shawara da kuma matasa a fannin aiki."&nbsp;... Bari mu, a matsayinmu na tsofaffi, kada a mayar da mu dinosaurs, amma mu yi amfani da iliminmu da hikimarmu da muka samu don ƙara dacewarmu da tsawon rai a cikin al'umma, har ma da ƙara hulɗa tsakanin tsararraki, don cike gibin da ke <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/gaositwe-chiepe.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 October 2013 |title=Sunday Standard |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/donocot-turns-us-the-elderly-into-dinosaurs-dr-chiepe/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Sunday Standard}}</ref> . == Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa == A watan Oktoban 2022, Chiepe ta cika shekaru 100. A martanin da ta mayar, Majalisar Ministocin Botswana ta kira wani taro domin girmama Chiepe tsawon rayuwarta ta yi wa ƙasar hidima. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lebanna |first=Pako |date=26 October 2022 |title=Chiepe national recognition mooted |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/69887 |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=[[Daily News Botswana]]}}</ref> Chiepe ta rasu a gidanta a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2025, tana da shekaru 102. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathala |first=Sharon |date=28 January 2025 |title=Dr Chiepe died peacefully at her home – Family |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/dr-chiepe-died-peacefully-at-her-home-family/news |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=[[Mmegi]]}}</ref> == Ganewa == An ba Chiepe [[Presidential Order of Merit|lambar yabo ta Shugaban ƙasa]] da kuma [[Presidential Order of Meritorious Service|lambar yabo ta Shugaban ƙasa]] (Botswana), <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2007 |title=Mmegi Online :: Along came Gaositwe |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=15&dir=2009/August/Friday28 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> kuma Sarkin Sweden ya naɗa ta a matsayin Kwamandan Tauraron Sarauta na Polar . A bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwa ta 1960, an naɗa ta a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|Memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1 January 2011 |editor-last=Akyeampong |editor-first=Emmanuel K. |editor2-last=Gates |editor2-first=Henry Louis |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-books/21 |journal=History Faculty Book Gallery |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 |isbn=9780195382075 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Dr Gaositwe Chiepe KNO, PH, PMS - Ducere Business School |url=https://www.ducere.edu.au/faculty/dr-gaositwe-chiepe-kno-ph-pms/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=www.ducere.edu.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2009 |title=Mmegi Online :: UB Honours Dr Chiepe |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=191&dir=2009/October/Monday12/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> Ta sami digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Bristol da ke Birtaniya, <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/gaositwe-chiepe.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref> Jami'ar De Paul da ke Amurka <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> da [[Jami'ar Fort Hare|Fort Hare]] da ke [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . A shekarar 2009, [[Jami'ar Botswana]] ta ba ta digirin girmamawa na shari'a saboda kyakkyawan aikinta a ci gaban ƙasar. <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1 January 2011 |editor-last=Akyeampong |editor-first=Emmanuel K. |editor2-last=Gates |editor2-first=Henry Louis |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-books/21 |journal=History Faculty Book Gallery |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 |isbn=9780195382075 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Takardar Karatu (Ph.D.) Jami'ar Bristol, 1957. ''Bincike Kan Matsalolin Ilimi Mai Kyau a Kariyar Bechuana: Dangane da Nazarin Kwatancen Matsaloli Masu Kama da Haka a Matakin Farko na Ilimi a Turanci da kuma Ci gaban Ilimi a Yugoslavia da Uganda'' . * Chiepe, GKT (1973). "Ci gaba a Botswana". ''Harkokin Afirka'' . 72. 319–322. . * Rensburg, Patrick & Chiepe, G. (Afrilu 1996). "Rundunar Sojojin Botswana, 1965–1995". ''Ilimi tare da Samarwa'' '''11''' (2): 81–90. == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen mata na farko da suka riƙe mukaman siyasa a Afirka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [http://www.bookrags.com/biography/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe/ Tarihin Rayuwa akan Rubunan Littattafai] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{S-start}} {{S-off}} {{Succession box|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Botswana)|Foreign Minister of Botswana]]}} {{S-end}}{{Authority control}}{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ogwd2lszjv44y090hhw7kqe06zikjxp 827289 827288 2026-04-27T20:22:32Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 827289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe''' (20 ga Oktoba 1922 - 26 ga Janairu 2025) ɗan siyasan Motswana ne kuma ɗan diflomasiyya tare da Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana . <ref name=":1" /> Ta kasance babban kwamishinan kasar ta a Ingila da Najeriya kuma jakada a Jamus ta Yamma, Faransa, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, da Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai.<ref name=":9" /> Ta kasance Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Botswana a shekarar 1977, kuma a shekarar 1984, ta zama Ministan Harkokin Waje.<ref name=":6" /> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi daga 1994 zuwa 1999 .<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":11" /> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Chiepe a yankin da ake kira [[Tsaro na Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]] (yanzu [[Botswana]] ) a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1922, ga Moruti Tibe Chiepe da ST Chiepe (née Sebina). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Index Ch |url=https://www.rulers.org/indexc2.html |access-date=15 September 2017 |website=www.rulers.org}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/gaositwe-chiepe.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe |url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=biography.yourdictionary.com}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya mutu a lokacin ƙuruciyarta kuma danginta sun so ta bar makaranta ta yi aure, Mahaifiyarta ta dage cewa ta ci gaba da karatu don ci gaba da karatunta. <ref name=":6" /> Daga baya Chiepe ta danganta nasarar aikinta da dagewar mahaifiyarta cewa ta sami ilimi. <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1 January 2011 |editor-last=Akyeampong |editor-first=Emmanuel K. |editor2-last=Gates |editor2-first=Henry Louis |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-books/21 |journal=History Faculty Book Gallery |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 |isbn=9780195382075 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":8" /> == Ilimi == Chiepe ta yi makarantar firamare a Serowe kuma daga ƙarshe ta tafi Cibiyar Ilimi ta Tiger Kloof, Afirka ta Kudu, don karatun sakandare, bayan ta sami tallafin karatu a matsayin ɗalibi mafi kyau a ƙasar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe |url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=biography.yourdictionary.com}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1 January 2011 |editor-last=Akyeampong |editor-first=Emmanuel K. |editor2-last=Gates |editor2-first=Henry Louis |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-books/21 |journal=History Faculty Book Gallery |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 |isbn=9780195382075 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ta halarci [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]], wacce ita ma take a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], inda ta sami digirin farko a fannin kimiyya da kuma difloma ta farko a fannin ilimi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe |url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=biography.yourdictionary.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://biography.yourdictionary.com/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe "Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe"]. ''biography.yourdictionary.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ "Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe"]. ''Weekend Post''. 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1958, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Bristol da ke Burtaniya. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Dream big: 7 famous female Bristol Alumni you should know |url=https://epigram.org.uk/2019/03/08/dream-big-7-famous-female-bristol-alumni-you-should-know/ |access-date=1 October 2019 |website=Epigram}}</ref> Takardar digirin digirgir ɗinta mai taken "Binciken Matsalolin Ilimi Mai Kyau a Karewar Bechuanaland a Hasken Nazarin Kwatancen Matsaloli Masu Kama da Haka a Matakin Farko na Ilimi a Turanci da kuma Ci gaban Ilimi a Yugoslavia da [[Uganda]] ." <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/gaositwe-chiepe.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> An ba ta digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Depaul, Amurka. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe |url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=biography.yourdictionary.com}}</ref> Chiepe ta fara aikinta a Gwamnatin Kare Bechuanaland a Ma'aikatar Ilimi kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Afirka biyu na farko da aka naɗa a matsayin shugaban gudanarwa (Jami'ar Ilimi) a gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=Derek |date=2015 |title=My Life in Botswana, and Observation of the Society from 1971 to 2005 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024311 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=47 |pages=135–139 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024311}}</ref> Chiepe ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama jami'ar ilimi a Botswana. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/gaositwe-chiepe.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Chiepe ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama 'yar majalisar ministoci a Botswana (1974) bayan ta zama 'yar majalisar da aka zaɓa musamman. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Dr Gaositwe Chiepe KNO, PH, PMS - Ducere Global Business School |url=https://ducere.education/faculty/dr-gaositwe-chiepe-kno-ph-pms/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=ducere.education}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204502/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=www.parliament.gov.bw}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> An zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa daga mazabar Serowe ta Kudu a gundumar Tsakiya ta Botswana a zaɓen maye gurbi a shekarar 1977. <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2" /> An naɗa ta a matsayin babbar kwamishina a Burtaniya da [[Najeriya]] kuma jakadiya a [[Yammacin Jamus]], [[Faransa]], [[Denmark]], Norway, Sweden, da Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai daga 1970 zuwa 1974. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Gaositwe Keagakwa Tibe Chiepe {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2007 |title=Mmegi Online :: Along came Gaositwe |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=15&dir=2009/August/Friday28 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Dr Gaositwe Chiepe KNO, PH, PMS - Ducere Business School |url=https://www.ducere.edu.au/faculty/dr-gaositwe-chiepe-kno-ph-pms/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=www.ducere.edu.au}}</ref> A lokacin da take a matsayin Babbar Kwamishina a Burtaniya, ta jagoranci lacca ta biyar ta tunawa da Caroline Haslett a Royal Society of Arts . <ref name=":8" /> Letitia Obeng, wacce a lokacin Daraktar Cibiyar Bincike ta Ruwan Kasa ta Ghana ta yi jawabi a kan 'Gina Ƙasa da Matar Afirka'. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Woman Engineer |url=http://www2.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/research/wes/WES_Vol_11.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132655/http://www2.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/research/wes/WES_Vol_11.html |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=1 October 2019 |website=www2.theiet.org}}</ref> Daga 1974 zuwa 1977, Chiepe ta kasance Ministar Ciniki da Masana'antu. Daga 1977 zuwa 1984, ta kasance Ministar Ma'adinai da Albarkatun Ƙasa. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2007 |title=Mmegi Online :: Along came Gaositwe |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=15&dir=2009/August/Friday28 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> A 1982 Chiepe ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Girmamawa ta Ƙungiyar Kalahari Conservation Society (KCS). <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 1984, Chiepe ta zama Ministar Harkokin Waje (Ministar Harkokin Waje), inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa 1994. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/gaositwe-chiepe.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=Derek |date=2015 |title=My Life in Botswana, and Observation of the Society from 1971 to 2005 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024311 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=47 |pages=135–139 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024311}}</ref> Daga 1994 zuwa 1999, ta kasance Ministar Ilimi. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2007 |title=Mmegi Online :: Along came Gaositwe |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=15&dir=2009/August/Friday28 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> Chiepe ta yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a 1999 bayan kusan shekaru 30 tana da manyan mukamai. <ref name=":5" /> A shekarar 2013, ta kasance babbar mai jawabi a bikin ranar tsofaffi ta duniya na Botswana da aka gudanar a wurin ajiyar namun daji na Mokolodi, tana mai cewa "Muna son mu zama 'tsofaffi a fannin shawara da kuma matasa a fannin aiki."&nbsp;... Bari mu, a matsayinmu na tsofaffi, kada a mayar da mu dinosaurs, amma mu yi amfani da iliminmu da hikimarmu da muka samu don ƙara dacewarmu da tsawon rai a cikin al'umma, har ma da ƙara hulɗa tsakanin tsararraki, don cike gibin da ke <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/gaositwe-chiepe.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 October 2013 |title=Sunday Standard |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/donocot-turns-us-the-elderly-into-dinosaurs-dr-chiepe/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Sunday Standard}}</ref> . == Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa == A watan Oktoban 2022, Chiepe ta cika shekaru 100. A martanin da ta mayar, Majalisar Ministocin Botswana ta kira wani taro domin girmama Chiepe tsawon rayuwarta ta yi wa ƙasar hidima. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lebanna |first=Pako |date=26 October 2022 |title=Chiepe national recognition mooted |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/69887 |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=[[Daily News Botswana]]}}</ref> Chiepe ta rasu a gidanta a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2025, tana da shekaru 102. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathala |first=Sharon |date=28 January 2025 |title=Dr Chiepe died peacefully at her home – Family |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/dr-chiepe-died-peacefully-at-her-home-family/news |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=[[Mmegi]]}}</ref> == Ganewa == An ba Chiepe [[Presidential Order of Merit|lambar yabo ta Shugaban ƙasa]] da kuma [[Presidential Order of Meritorious Service|lambar yabo ta Shugaban ƙasa]] (Botswana), <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2007 |title=Mmegi Online :: Along came Gaositwe |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=15&dir=2009/August/Friday28 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> kuma Sarkin Sweden ya naɗa ta a matsayin Kwamandan Tauraron Sarauta na Polar . A bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwa ta 1960, an naɗa ta a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|Memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1 January 2011 |editor-last=Akyeampong |editor-first=Emmanuel K. |editor2-last=Gates |editor2-first=Henry Louis |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-books/21 |journal=History Faculty Book Gallery |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 |isbn=9780195382075 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Dr Gaositwe Chiepe KNO, PH, PMS - Ducere Business School |url=https://www.ducere.edu.au/faculty/dr-gaositwe-chiepe-kno-ph-pms/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=www.ducere.edu.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2009 |title=Mmegi Online :: UB Honours Dr Chiepe |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=191&dir=2009/October/Monday12/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> Ta sami digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Bristol da ke Birtaniya, <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/gaositwe-chiepe.html |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref> Jami'ar De Paul da ke Amurka <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Gaositwe Chiepe |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/25773/columns/celebrating-our-heroes-and-heroines-dr-gaositwe-chiepe/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> da [[Jami'ar Fort Hare|Fort Hare]] da ke [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . A shekarar 2009, [[Jami'ar Botswana]] ta ba ta digirin girmamawa na shari'a saboda kyakkyawan aikinta a ci gaban ƙasar. <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1 January 2011 |editor-last=Akyeampong |editor-first=Emmanuel K. |editor2-last=Gates |editor2-first=Henry Louis |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-books/21 |journal=History Faculty Book Gallery |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 |isbn=9780195382075 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Takardar Karatu (Ph.D.) Jami'ar Bristol, 1957. ''Bincike Kan Matsalolin Ilimi Mai Kyau a Kariyar Bechuana: Dangane da Nazarin Kwatancen Matsaloli Masu Kama da Haka a Matakin Farko na Ilimi a Turanci da kuma Ci gaban Ilimi a Yugoslavia da Uganda'' . * Chiepe, GKT (1973). "Ci gaba a Botswana". ''Harkokin Afirka'' . 72. 319–322. . * Rensburg, Patrick & Chiepe, G. (Afrilu 1996). "Rundunar Sojojin Botswana, 1965–1995". ''Ilimi tare da Samarwa'' '''11''' (2): 81–90. == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen mata na farko da suka riƙe mukaman siyasa a Afirka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [http://www.bookrags.com/biography/gaositwe-keagakwa-tibe-chiepe/ Tarihin Rayuwa akan Rubunan Littattafai] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{S-start}} {{S-off}} {{Succession box|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Botswana)|Foreign Minister of Botswana]]}} {{S-end}}{{Authority control}}{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] blj7gm5p4cevbrrqjcnuigl8vvt6344 0 148652 827290 2026-04-27T20:32:07Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350453703|Unity Dow]]" 827290 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Unity Dow''' ( née '''aka haifa''' a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959) lauya ce a [[Botswana|Motswana]] [ Bayani na 1 ], marubuciya, [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam]] kuma 'yar majalisa ce ta [[Kgatleng West]] tun daga Nuwamba 2024. Ta taba yin aiki a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun Botswana da kuma a ma'aikatun gwamnatin Botswana daban-daban. An haife ta a [[Tsaro na Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]] ga wata mai dinki da manomi, wacce ta dage sai 'ya'yansu sun sami ilimi, Dow ta girma a wani ƙauyen karkara na gargajiya kafin a fara amfani da zamani. Ta sami digirin shari'a a shekarar 1983 daga Jami'ar Botswana da Swaziland, kodayake ta kammala karatunta a Swaziland da Jami'ar Edinburgh, Scotland, saboda Botswana ba ta da makarantar shari'a a lokacin. Bayan kammala karatunta, Dow ta bude kamfanin lauyoyi na farko na mata gaba daya a Botswana kuma a shekarar 1997 ta zama mace ta farko da aka nada a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun kasar. A lokacin da take kara, Dow ta shiga cikin shari'o'i uku na tarihi a Botswana. A shekarar 1992, ita ce mai shigar da kara a shari'ar shari'a mai muhimmanci, ''Unity Dow da Babban Lauya'', wadda ta kawo karshen wariyar jinsi a dokokin kasa na kasar da a da ba ta ba wa yara damar samun kasa daga uwayensu da suka yi aure ba. Shari'ar ta jawo hankalin Dow a duniya kuma ta haifar da sauye-sauye da dama wadanda suka kawar da bambancin jinsi a dokokin kasa a fadin Afirka. A shekarar 2006, a matsayinta na alkali mai kula da shari'ar ''Roy Sesana da Sauransu da Gwamnatin Botswana'', Dow ta yanke hukunci kan matakin gwamnati na hana [[Mutanen San|'yan asalin Basarwa]] zama da farauta a [[Rikicin ƙasa na kakanninmu a Botswana|filayen kakanninsu]], wanda hakan ya tilasta musu sake tsugunar da su a wajen Kalahari Namun Daji na Tsakiya . Ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne gwamnati ta dawo da ayyukan yau da kullun, ta bar Basarwa ta koma ƙasar ta kuma sami izinin farauta, da kuma biyan diyya ga wadanda aka tilasta musu ƙaura idan suka zabi kada su koma. A shekarar 2014, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya ga LEGABIBO ('Yan Madigo, Luwadi & Maza Biyu na Botswana) a shari'arsu don yin rijistar ƙungiyarsu da Ma'aikatar Rijistar Farar Hula da Ƙasa kuma ta sami nasarar samun hukuncin gwamnati na ba da damar yin rijistar ƙungiyar. An fara zaɓen Dow a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a shekarar 2014, lokacin da Shugaba Ian Khama ya zaɓe ta a matsayin zaɓaɓɓiyar 'yar majalisa. An fara naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministar Ilimi kuma a shekarar 2015 ta zama Ministar Ilimi da Ci gaban Ƙwarewa. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Asali, Ministar Kayayyakin more rayuwa da Ci gaban Gidaje, da Ministar Harkokin Ƙasa da Haɗin gwiwa, kafin ta zama mai riƙe da muƙamin a 2020. Ta yi aiki a kwamitoci da kwamitoci na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, tana tantance aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Kenya]], [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasɗinu]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Saliyo]] . A shekarar 2000, Dow ta fara buga littattafai, galibi tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan zamantakewa da shari'a da tasirinsu ga jinsi da tsarin iko. Ayyukan sun yi nazari kan ayyukan zamantakewa da cin zarafi ta hanyar cin zarafi, tashin hankali, da danne haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ta sami yabo da girmamawa da yawa saboda aikinta na jin kai, gami da Legion of Honour a 2010. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Unity Diswai a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1959, a Mochudi, Gundumar Kgatleng, [[Botswana]] (wanda a lokacin shine [[Tsaro na Bechuanaland|Kariyar Bechuanaland]] ), {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} ga iyaye Phiri da Maefshane Diswai (wanda aka fi sani da Moses da Ellen Diswai), zuriyar mutanen [[Mutanen San|Mosarwa]] 'yan asalin ƙasar kuma membobin ƙabilar BaKgatla. [ 5 ] [ Bayani na 2 ] Ƙauyen karkara da ta girma a ciki ba shi da hanyoyi masu shimfidawa, wutar lantarki ko ruwan famfo. Babu waya kuma ba ta ga firiji ba sai lokacin da take matashiya, ba ta kuma ga talabijin ba sai da ta kai shekara ashirin. {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} {{Sfn|Ellis|2012}} Mahaifiyarta ma'aikaciyar dinki ce, wadda take iya karatu da rubutu a [[Harshen Tswana|SeTswana]], amma ba Turanci ba. {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2007}} {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} Mahaifinta, wanda ke aiki a ƙaramin gona, yana magana da karanta Turanci. {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} {{Sfn|Narloch|2012}} Lokacin da mahaifinta yake makaranta, ya sami tallafin karatu don halartar [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]], amma an ba wa ɗan sarkin tallafin karatu maimakon haka. Ga iyayenta biyu, ilimi ya zama abin fifiko kuma shida daga cikin 'ya'yansu bakwai sun kammala karatun jami'a. {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} Darussansu na Yamma ba su da yawa a Botswana da ke karkara a lokacin. {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2007}} Diswai ta kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a Mochudi. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Botswana da Swaziland . {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Ellis|2012}} Saboda babu makarantar lauya a Botswana a lokacin, a ƙarƙashin shirin taimakon Birtaniya ta halarci jami'a a [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] kuma ta kammala karatun shekaru biyu a Scotland, a Jami'ar Edinburgh, kafin ta sami digirin farko na shari'a a 1983 daga Jami'ar Botswana da Swaziland. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} == Doka da fafutuka == === Farkon aikin (1983–1991) === [[Fayil:Unity_Dow_-_PopTech_2011_-_Camden_Maine_USA_-_6266756376.jpg|thumb|Unity Dow]] Diswai ta cancanci zama lauya a shekarar 1983 kuma ta fara aiki a ɗakin [[Attorney-General of Botswana|Babban Lauyan Botswana]] a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara a [[Gaborone]] . Ta auri wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka, Peter Nathan Dow, a ranar 7 ga Maris 1984. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Mochudi, tare da 'ya'yansu uku. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} A shekarar 1986, Dow ta shiga aikin sirri wanda ya ƙware a fannin shari'ar laifuka, inda ta buɗe kamfanin Dow Malakaila, kamfanin lauyoyi na farko da ya ƙunshi mata gaba ɗaya a ƙasar. A wannan shekarar, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar mata ta farko a Botswana [[Emang Basadi]] (Tsaya Tsaye ga Mata). A shekarar 1988, an canza sunan kamfanin zuwa Dow Lesetedi and Company. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} A wannan shekarar, ta haɗu da kafa ƙungiyar Mata da Shari'a a Kudancin Afirka (WLSA) don fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata da yara ta hanyar shari'a. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} Daga 1988 zuwa 1991, Dow ta gudanar da bincike ga WLSA, inda ta taimaka wajen kammala wani bincike na yanki kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ga mata a ƙasashe shida maƙwabta. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2007}} A shekarar 1990, ta taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Mata ta Metlhaetsile don haɓaka ilimi kan haƙƙin mata a ƙarƙashin doka. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} A shekarar 1990, Dow ta shigar da ƙara a Babbar Kotun Botswana don ƙalubalantar dokar ƙasa ta Botswana . {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} A ƙarƙashin Dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta 1984, yara marasa aure ne kawai za su iya samun ƙasa ta hanyar mahaifiyarsu. {{Sfn|Quansah|1992}} Yayin da aka haifi 'ya'yanta biyu daga cikin uku tare da Peter bayan aurensu, ba a ɗauke su a matsayin 'yan Batswana ba. {{Sfn|Beyani|1994}} Saboda tsoron cewa akwai yiwuwar lokacin da izinin zama na Peter ya ƙare a 1992, iyalinta za a iya tilasta musu ƙaura ko su rabu, Dow ta fara shari'ar Unity Dow da Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, tana zargin cewa Dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta nuna wariya kuma ta saɓa wa haƙƙinta na guje wa hukunci mai wulaƙanci da rashin tausayi. Kotun ta ga Dow ta amince da cewa dokar ta shafi zaɓin 'yancinta na wanda za ta aura, kuma za ta iya tilasta mata rabuwa da iyalinta idan ba a sabunta izinin zama na mijinta da 'ya'yanta ba, kuma ta nuna wariya. {{Sfn|Coldham|1992}} === Matsayin tsakiya (1991–2009) === Dow ta ɗauki hutun shekaru biyu daga aikin lauyanta a shekarar 1991 don shari'ar, kuma a wannan lokacin, ta haɗu ta kafa Makarantar Firamare ta Baobobob a Gaborone da kuma Hukumar Tallafawa Masu Yaƙi da Cututtuka ta AIDS. {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} {{Sfn|Columbia Law School|2009}} Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da WLSA daga 1992 zuwa 1994, {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} yayin da ake jiran ɗaukaka ƙarar shari'arta. A lokacin ɗaukaka ƙarar, ''Babban Lauya da Unity Dow'', jihar ta yi jayayya cewa wariya ga mata tana da kariya daga tanadin kundin tsarin mulki don kiyaye al'adun gargajiya na Botswana, wanda al'umma ce ta uba . {{Sfn|Beyani|1994}} {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} Babban Lauya ya kuma musanta cewa Dow tana da tsayayye, yana mai cewa ita da kanta ba ta sami wata illa ba. {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} [[Kotun daukaka kara|Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara]], ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaban Alƙali Austin Amissah, ta kammala da cewa wariyar jinsi ta saɓa wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki kuma al'adar gargajiya ba za ta iya shawo kan tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulki na daidaiton kariya a ƙarƙashin doka ba, ko kuma wajibai da Botswana ke da su a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda suka sanya hannu a kansu. {{Sfn|Beyani|1994}} {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} Dangane da batun tsayawa takara, kotun ta gano cewa dole ne ta tabbatar da cewa akwai yiwuwar doka ta cutar da ita, ba wai ta yi hakan ba, kuma rabuwa da iyalinta zai zama abin wulakanci da rashin tausayi. {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} A cikin hukuncin rinjaye uku zuwa biyu, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta tabbatar da hukuncin Babbar Kotun tare da ɗan gyare-gyare, tana mai bayyana Sashe na 4 da 5 na Dokar 'Yan Kasa ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} Sakamakon wannan hukunci mai muhimmanci, a shekarar 1995 an gyara Dokar 'Yan Kasa don kawar da bambancin jinsi wajen mallakar kasa a Botswana. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Manby|2010}} Wannan hukunci ya zama tushen da ƙungiyoyin mata a duk faɗin Afirka suka matsa lamba don a canza dokokin ƙasarsu da kuma kawar da bambancin jinsi, wanda ya haifar da kusan rabin ƙasashen Afirka suka yi wa dokokin ƙasa kwaskwarima nan da shekarar 2010. {{Sfn|Pailey|2020}} {{Sfn|Manby|2010}} Daga 1994 zuwa 1998, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ga Mata ta Metlhaetsile kuma a lokacin ta buga ''The Citizenship Case'' a 1995, tana ba da cikakken bayani game da shari'arta. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} A shekarar 1996, ta yi aiki a kan wata shari'a da ta shafi kula da yara wanda ya haifar da gyare-gyare ga dokokin tallafi, kuma a shekarar 1997 ta gabatar da ƙara kan cutar mata da aka yi wa duka, tana mai la'akari da waɗannan a matsayin manyan batutuwa ga mata. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|Davis|2014}} A wannan shekarar, an naɗa Dow a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun Botswana, kuma ta fara yi wa kotun hidima a watan Janairun 1998. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} Naɗin nata ya kasance karo na farko da aka naɗa mace don yin aiki a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} A shekara ta 2004, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani aiki na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don sake duba aikace-aikacen cikin gida na haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata na duniya a [[Saliyo]] tare da [[Charlotte Abaka]], tsohuwar shugabar [[Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata|Kwamitin Kawar da Wariya ga Mata]] ; {{Sfn|Division for the Advancement of Women|2004}} Feride Acar, shugabar kafa shirin nazarin jinsi da mata na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Gabas ta Tsakiya, a [[Ankara]], Turkiyya; {{Sfn|Division for the Advancement of Women|2004}} {{Sfn|Bianet|2019}} [[Dorcas Coker-Appiah]], lauya 'yar Ghana kuma wacce ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Jinsi da Takardun Haƙƙin Dan Adam da ke [[Accra]] ; {{Sfn|Division for the Advancement of Women|2004}} {{Sfn|Bowman|2019}} da kuma 'yar Afirka ta Kudu, [[Tiyanjana Maluwa]], farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania . {{Sfn|Division for the Advancement of Women|2004}} An zabi Dow a matsayin kwamishina na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya a shekarar 2004 kuma aka sake zabenta a matsayin kwamishina a shekarar 2009. {{Sfn|Lazaroff|2012}} A shekarar 2006, an zabe ta don ta yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya tare da kwamishinoni shida da suka dawo da kuma sabbin membobi uku, ciki har da kanta, Vojin Dimitrijević na [[Serbiya|Serbia]] da Raji Sourani na [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasdinu]] . {{Sfn|Palestinian Centre for Human Rights|2006}} Dow shine alkalin da ke jagorantar shari'ar, tare da Maruping Dibotelo da [[Mphaphi Phumaphi]], a shari'ar ''[[Roy Sesana and Others v. the Government of Botswana|Roy Sesana da Sauransu da Gwamnatin Botswana]]'' da aka gabatar a Babbar Kotun a shekarar 2002 da mutanen Basarwa {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} (wani lokacin ana kiransu da mutanen daji na Kalahari) {{Sfn|Columbia Law School|2009}} {{Sfn|Davis|2014}} game da korarsu daga [[Rikicin ƙasa na kakanninmu a Botswana|filayen kakanninsu]] a Tsakiyar Kalahari na Namun daji . {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} [[Roy Sesana|Sesana]] da [[Keiwa Setlhobogwa]] sun gabatar da karar a madadin wasu masu kara 241 lokacin da Gwamnatin Botswana ta dakatar da samar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar, ta ki samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da sufuri ga yaran makaranta, ta dakatar da rarraba abinci ga marayu da talakawa, sannan ta yi yunkurin tilasta wa Basarwa daga matsugunansu. Sun gyara shari'arsu don ta hada da kin amincewa da Ma'aikatar Namun Daji da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Kasa don ba su damar shiga wurin ajiyar ba tare da izini ba ko kuma bayar da lasisin namun daji na musamman a gare su. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Bayan zaman sauraren ƙara na tsawon shekaru huɗu, a shekara ta 2006, Dow ta yanke hukuncin cewa dakatar da ayyukan da kuma tilasta wa Basarwa ƙaura ya zama keta haƙƙinsu na rayuwa wanda kundin tsarin mulki ya kare. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Ta ba da umarnin a dawo da ayyukan kuma a biya diyya ga waɗanda aka ƙaura kuma ba su da sha'awar komawa. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Dangane da batun lasisin wasanni, dukkan alkalai uku sun yarda cewa an hana su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, domin duk da cewa ba a tilasta wa Ma'aikatar Namun Daji ta bayar da izini ba, sun saba yin hakan; hana su yayin da a lokaci guda dakatar da rabon abinci, ya shafi ikon mutanen Basarwa na kula da kansu. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Dangane da batun izinin shiga wurin ajiyar, Dow ta gano cewa sun kawo cikas ga mutanen Basarwa wajen aiwatar da haƙƙinsu na 'yancin walwala. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Shari'ar, a cewar farfesa na shari'a Clement Ng'ong'ola, ita ce shawara ta farko a Botswana da ta amince da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa filayen kakanninsu. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} A shekara ta 2007, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na wata manufa ta musamman ta [[International Legal Assistance Consortium|Ƙungiyar Taimakon Shari'a ta Duniya]] don tantance tsarin shari'a na Rwanda da kuma tantance yadda ƙasar za ta iya fita daga rikicin da ta fuskanta a baya da kuma gyara tsarin shari'arta don tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ake tuhuma a shari'o'in [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|kisan kare dangi na 1994]] sun sami shari'a mai adalci. {{Sfn|Åhlund|2007}} {{Sfn|University of South Australia|2009}} Ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'in ƙarshe da ta jagoranci sun shafi ƙarin haraji na gwamnati kan giya. Dow ta jinkirta aiwatar da ƙarin kashi 30 cikin 100 kuma daga ƙarshe aka janye shari'ar. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} Ta yi ritaya daga benci a watan Afrilun 2009 don yin lacca a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington da Lee da ke Lexington, Virginia da Jami'ar Cincinnati da ke Ohio, kafin ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia da ke birnin New York. {{Sfn|Columbia Law School|2009}} {{Sfn|University of South Australia|2009}} === Daga baya aiki (2010 - yanzu) === A watan Fabrairun 2010, Dow ta kafa kamfanin shari'a na Dow & Associates kuma a wannan watan ne Shugaban Kenya ya rantsar da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin alkalan Kotun Tsare-tsare Mai Zaman Kanta ta Tsarin Mulki don taimakawa aiwatar da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya. {{Sfn|NSW Bar Association|2011}} {{Sfn|Davis|2014}} A shekarar 2011, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kwamishinan Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya. {{Sfn|Crowe|2011}} A wannan shekarar Dow ta fara aiki tare da [[Ricki Kgositau]] da wani mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam game da rashin iya samun katunan shaida tare da jinsi da ya dace. {{Sfn|Camminga|2020}} A lokacin a Botswana babu wata hanyar doka da za ta sa mutanen da suka canza haƙƙin ɗan adam su daidaita alamomin jinsi a kan takardun hukuma. Lokacin da masu fafutuka suka tuntuɓi ofishin rajista na farar hula da na ƙasa don canza takardunsu, an shawarce su da su sami umarnin kotu. {{Sfn|Camminga|2020}} Sun nemi Dow don taimaka musu, kuma ita ma ta tuntuɓi Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kudancin Afirka don taimakawa da tallafin shari'a da tallafin kuɗi. {{Sfn|Camminga|2020}} Domin tabbatar da cewa za a yi shari'ar adalci, da kuma kawar da yiwuwar rasa shari'ar, an yanke shawara don kafa misali ga haƙƙin LGBT a shari'ar da ba ta da haɗarin cutarwa da kuma jinkirta shari'o'in da ke nuna alamun jinsi. {{Sfn|Camminga|2020}} [ Bayani na 3 ] Don haka, Dow ta wakilci ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta LEGABIBO ('Yan Madigo, Luwadi & Maza Biyu na Botswana) a shari'arsu don yin rijistar ƙungiyarsu da Ma'aikatar Rijistar Farar Hula da ta Ƙasa. Daraktan sashen da kuma Ministan Kwadago da Harkokin Cikin Gida Edwin Batshu, sun ƙi yin rijistar ƙungiyar bisa dalilin cewa ayyukan luwadi haramun ne a gundumar. Dow ta yi jayayya cewa ƙin yin rijistar ƙungiyar ya keta haƙƙin 'yancin yin hulɗa da jama'a kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa shari'ar ba game da 'yancin yin jima'i ba ce, amma ko membobin za su iya tattarawa da raba bayanansu tare. {{Sfn|Mokwape|2014a}} A cikin 2014, Mai Shari'a Terrence Rannowane na Babbar Kotun ya yanke hukuncin cewa ƙin yin rijistar ƙungiyar da kuma ba su damar yin taro ya saɓa wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki, Sashe na 3, 12, da 13, waɗanda suka ba da 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki, 'yancin yin ƙungiya, da kuma 'yancin yin taro bi da bi. {{Sfn|Mokwape|2014b}} [ Bayani 4 ] [[Fayil:Unity_Dow_and_Macsuzy_Mondon,_September_2015.jpg|alt=Photograph of two seated women, attended by two witnesses standing beside them, signing documents on a table.|thumb|Ministoci Dow da [[Macsuzy Mondon]] (Seychelles) suna rattaba hannu kan takardar fahimtar juna don shirin musayar malamai, 2015]] A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2012, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta naɗa Dow a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararru uku masu zaman kansu don gudanar da wani bincike kan yadda matsugunan Yammacin Kogin Jordan na Isra'ila ke shafar Falasdinawa. {{Sfn|Lazaroff|2012}} A wannan shekarar, ta yanke shawarar shiga siyasa ta kuma shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana . {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2012a}} Ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2014 na Gundumar Yammacin Mochudi, amma ta sha kaye a zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa . {{Sfn|Basimanebotlhe|2014}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2014, Shugaba Ian Khama na Botswana ya zaɓi Dow, tare da wasu 'yan takara shida, a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen ɗan majalisa na musamman. Tare da Kenneth Matambo, Kitso Mokaila, da Eric Molale, ta lashe zaɓen kuma aka naɗa ta Mataimakin Ministan Ilimi a Gwamnati. {{Sfn|Motsamai|2014}} {{Sfn|Mosikare|2014}} A watan Fabrairun 2015, Khama ta naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ilimi da Ci Gaban Ƙwarewa, inda ta maye gurbin Mokgweetsi Masisi, Mataimakin Shugaban Botswana mai ci. {{Sfn|Piet|2015}} A lokacin da take aiki a Ma'aikatar, Dow ta kafa wani shiri na horar da malamai daga [[Seychelles]] a Botswana da kuma tura malaman Batswana zuwa ƙasashen waje don taimakawa Seychelles game da ƙarancin malamai. {{Sfn|Philo|Bonnelame|2015}} Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa Satumba 2016, lokacin da aka yi wani sauyi a majalisar ministoci, aka naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Asali. {{Sfn|''Mmegi''|2016b}} Bayan Khama ta sauka daga mukamin shugaba a watan Maris na 2018, Shugaba mai jiran gado Masisi ya mayar da Dow daga Ilimi zuwa mukamin Ministar Kayayyakin more rayuwa da Ci gaban Gidaje. {{Sfn|Mwakideu|2018}} {{Sfn|Gabathuse|2018}} A ranar 20 ga Yunin 2018, a wani sauye-sauye na majalisar ministoci, an nada ta Ministar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da Haɗin Kai, inda ta sauya matsayinta a fannin Kayayyakin more rayuwa da gidaje tare da Vincent Tina Seretse, wacce ta rike harkokin kasashen duniya a baya. {{Sfn|Morupisi|2018}} Masisi ta lashe shugabancin kasa a babban zaben 2019 kuma ta sake nada Dow a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da Haɗin Kai a majalisar dokoki ta 12 ta Botswana. {{Sfn|''Mmegi''|2019}} Tare da 'ya'yanta mata Cheshe da Natasha, Dow ta bude Kwalejin Dow a Mochudi, gundumar Kgatleng a watan Janairun 2020. Makarantar mai zaman kanta tana ba da ilimin firamare da sakandare. {{Sfn|Luebering|2020}} A watan Agusta na 2020, Dow ta ajiye aikinta kuma Lemogang Kwape ta maye gurbinsa a wani sauye-sauye na majalisar ministoci. {{Sfn|Motlhoka|2020}} {{Sfn|Gabathuse|2020}} Dow ya ce game da wannan mataki, "A matsayinka na minista, galibi kana magana ne game da fayil ɗinka. Amma ' yan majalisar dokoki na baya-bayan nan suna ba ka 'yancin yin tambayoyi game da batutuwa daban-daban na muradun ƙasa. Iyakance kawai shine matsayin jam'iyyata kan wani batu da aka bayar". {{Sfn|Motlhoka|2020}} == Rubutu == A shekara ta 2000, lokacin da Dow ta fara buga labaran almara, marubutan Batswana kaɗan ne suka samar da ayyukan da suka isa ga masu sauraro a wajen Botswana. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} [ Bayanan kula 5 ] Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan hakan shine adawar da shugabannin Batswana suka nuna wa Birtaniya don haɗa yankinsu da na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ya haifar da juriya ga [[Pan-Africanism]] da kuma rashin saka hannun jari a cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa da ci gaban ilimi na ƙasar. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Duk ayyukanta na almara da na almara sun haɗa batutuwan zamantakewa da shari'a da tasirinsu ga jinsi da tsarin iko. {{Sfn|Davis|2014}} {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Kowanne daga cikin ayyukan Dow yana bincika ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito a dangantakar iko da kuma haifar da [[Tashin hankali na gida|tashin hankali ga mata]], cin zarafin yara, [[HIV AIDS a Afirka|rikicin AIDS]], da rashin daidaiton jinsi . {{Sfn|Jenkins|2012}} Halayenta suna amfani da hankali don tsayayya da al'ada mara hankali amma suna tunatar da mai karatu muhimmancin al'adar gargajiya. {{Sfn|Jenkins|2012}} Da littafinta na farko, ''Far and Beyon′'' (2000), Dow ta mayar da hankali kan babban jigon annobar cutar kanjamau da tasirin tashin hankali ga iyalai, musamman yadda mata da ke zaune a cikin al'umma mai kabilanci ke jure wa iyalai marasa uba saboda barnar da ta haifar a yankunan karkara na Botswana. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Ta binciko iyakokin da al'adu, al'adu, da cibiyoyi suka sanya wa 'yan mata da mata ta hanyar amfani da tsarin maza. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} A cikin labarin, Mara, wata uwa mara ilimi da iyawarta ta kula da kanta, ta riga ta sami miji ɗaya da 'ya'ya maza biyu sun mutu sakamakon cutar kanjamau, wani miji ya yashe ta, kuma abokin tarayya na uku ya ci zarafinta. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Mara ta danganta mutuwar 'ya'yanta maza ga wani maƙiyi da aka ɓoye kuma tana neman amsoshi daga mai duba . Kodayake 'yarta, Mosadi (ma'ana mace), wanda aka sani da Mosa, da ɗanta da ya rage, Stan, ba su yi imanin cewa al'adun mai duba za su bayyana dalilin da ya sa 'yan'uwansu suka mutu ba, suna bin bukukuwan da aka tsara. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Lokacin da Mosa ta gano tana da juna biyu kuma mahaifin yaron ya yi watsi da ita, ta yanke shawarar yin zubar da ciki a ɓoye, maimakon ƙara wa mahaifiyarta nauyi. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} A ƙoƙarinta na warkar da iyalinta, Mosa ta kimanta ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda ke raba maza da mata da kuma ɗaga matsayin maza, tana koya wa mata su yi watsi da laifukansu. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Ta ci gaba da kasancewa da aminci ga iyalinta da al'adunta, ta koyi ƙin amincewa da halaye masu laifi a cikin al'ummarta. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Ta wannan hanyar, Dow ta bincika yadda shagala da shiru game da kurakurai a cikin al'umma ke haifar da rudani a akida da kuma cin zarafin marasa ƙarfi ta hanyar waɗanda suka fi ƙarfi. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} [[Fayil:Unity_Dow_-_PopTech_2011_-_Camden_Maine_USA_-_6266756376.jpg|alt=Photograph of asmiling African woman wearing a grey tweed jacket over a white v-necked blouse with a purple scarf and beaded necklace around her neck.|thumb|Dow, 2011]] Irin waɗannan jigogi da aka ɗauka a cikin littafin Dow na biyu, ''The Screaming of the Innocent'' (2001), wanda kuma ya yi nazari kan ƙarfafa mata a cikin ƙasar da ke cike da cin hanci da rashawa na 'yan sanda, kisan kai na al'ada, sirrin hukumomi, da shiru na zamantakewa. [ {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Ta hanyar bincika al'adar ''dipheko'', kisan wani don girbe gabobin jikinsu don sihirin sa'a da wadata, Dow ya nuna yadda masu kuɗi da ƙarfi ke farautar mutanen karkara marasa ilimi da kuma siyan shiru na hukumomi. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} A cikin littafin, an kashe wata ƙaramar yarinya a cikin daji kusa da ƙauyenta kuma 'yan sanda da manyan maza na yankinta sun danne bayanai game da lamarin. An ɓoye yankewar jikinta a cikin littafin a matsayin alamar nuna rashin amincewa da irin waɗannan ayyuka a cikin al'umma gabaɗaya. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Jarumar, Amantle Bokaa, wacce ke kammala hidimarta ta ƙasa (wanda aka sani a Botswana a matsayin Tirelo Sechaba), ta gano tufafi masu zubar da jini a cikin kabad na asibitin da aka tura ta. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Tufafin mallakar wani wanda aka yi wa fyade ne a baya, amma lokacin da aka gabatar wa mutanen ƙauyen sun farkar da cewa an ɓoye musu gaskiyar lamarin. Bokaa, saboda mutanen ƙauyen sun yi imanin cewa ba za a gan ta a cikin mummunan yanayin da hukumomi ke ɗauka ba, an zaɓe ta don ta yi magana da 'yan sanda a madadin mutanen ƙauyen. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Saboda ita mace ce kuma yarinya, za ta yi kama da ba ta da ƙarfi, amma iliminta, wanda ya koya mata dabarun magance adawa da kuma tambayar imani, ya ba ta iko da kwarin gwiwa don ƙalubalantar dokar shiru da shingayen zamantakewa da ke kan hanyarta. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} {{Sfn|Ngom|2018}} Aikin Dow ba wai kawai ya jawo hankali kan dangantakar iko ba, har ma da mummunan kisan kai na al'ada da kisan mata . {{Sfn|Ngom|2018}} Ta bayyana a sarari imaninta cewa mata za su zama masu haifar da canje-canje a manufofi don kawo ƙarshen irin waɗannan ayyuka. {{Sfn|Ngom|2018}} An fara fitar da ''Far da Beyon′'' a Botswana sannan daga baya aka buga su a Ostiraliya. An fara buga littafin ''The Screaming of the Innocent'' a Ostiraliya kuma aka sake buga shi a Afirka ta Kudu a 2003. An buga littafinta na uku, ''Juggling Truths'', a wannan shekarar a Ostiraliya kuma aka sake shi a shekara mai zuwa a Afirka ta Kudu. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Dow ta sake tantance ayyukan al'adu masu muni da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa tare da dabarun yaƙi da su. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Duk da cewa ta yi bincike a baya kan al'ummar Afirka da batutuwan da suka haifar da adawa da zamani na Yamma da al'adun gargajiya na gida, aikin ya mayar da hankali kan daidaita ayyukan da suka dace da kyawawan ayyuka marasa kyau a cikin al'adun gida. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Ta amfani da halin Monei, wata ƙaramar yarinya da ke zaune a ƙauyen ƙauye, Dow ta yi nazarin al'adun baki da kuma amfani da tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi a matsayin hanyar da za a sanya jagororin ɗabi'a da kuma iko a kan zamantakewa ga yara. {{Sfn|M'Raiji|2017}} Littafin ya yi tambayoyi game da batutuwa kamar imani cewa kashe ƙadangaren mai lura yana haifar da guguwa mai ƙarfi, cewa yin abota da wani da [[Zabaya|zabiya]] zai kawo sa'a, ko kuma shan fitsarin bijimi zai taimaka wa mutum ya koyi yin busa. Ya kuma haɗa da labaran wani dodo namiji wanda ya haɗiye yara da kuma wani firist wanda ke cin zarafin ƙananan 'yan mata. Jigogin da ke cikin labarin sun haɗa ''Juggling Truths'' da littattafan Dow guda biyu na farko kuma suna nuna cewa 'yan mata da mata suna iya haɓaka ƙarfinsu ta hanyar ilimi da tunani mai zaman kansa. {{Sfn|M'Raiji|2017}} {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Dow ta kusanci nazarinta game da sarkakiyar zamantakewa ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, tana gane cewa babu mafita mai sauƙi. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} ''Juggling Truths'' ta kasance wacce aka zaɓa don Kyautar Percy FitzPatrick a cikin rukunin matasa a 2006. {{Sfn|Jenkins|2012}} Littafin Dow na shekarar 2007 ''mai suna The Heavens May Fall'' ya yi magana ne game da asalin mutane da ke canzawa daga al'umma ta gargajiya zuwa duniyar zamani da ta dunkule. A idanun Dow, al'umma tana canzawa koyaushe; sakamakon haka, al'ada, jinsi, asali, harshe, gina zamantakewa, da cibiyoyi suna da sauƙin fahimta. {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} Wani tunani na rayuwar Dow, labarin ya ba da labarin sauyawa daga hanyoyin da ba a shimfida su ba zuwa bututun ruwa na cikin gida da kuma yadda arzikin lu'u-lu'u ya samar da damar samun ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da kayayyakin more rayuwa. {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} Littafin ya sadaukar da kansa ga 'ya'yanta uku, yana mai sake nanata yadda ra'ayoyi game da su suka canza, domin su 'yan Afirka ne, amma kuma suna da wani yanayi mai rikitarwa saboda mahaifinsu ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne. A lokacin da labarin ya bayyana, da al'umma za ta gan su a matsayin baƙi. {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} Labarin ya ba da labarin Naledi, wanda aka haifa kafin zamanin zamani na Botswana kuma ya faru ne a lokacin da Dow ta ƙalubalanci dokar ƙasa. {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} A matsayinta na lauya, Naledi tana wakiltar mata da yara masu rauni waɗanda ke buƙatar sulhu ko taimakon shari'a. Ta ɗauki shari'ar wata matashiya da aka yi wa fyaɗe kuma ta fallasa haɗin gwiwar tsarin shari'a wanda maza suka mamaye, wanda ya yi watsi da shari'ar ba tare da an yi zaman sauraren ƙara ba. Duk da cewa ba a warware shari'ar ba, an umarci wanda ake tuhuma da ya yi gwajin cutar kanjamau, saboda an yi wa wanda aka yi wa fyaden ba tare da kariya ba, {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} wanda ke nuna canje-canje a cikin al'umma da kuma rashin sassauci. Mace ba ta ba wa wanda ake tuhuma gata ko iko na guje wa gwajin a ƙasar da tsarin shari'a ke da kariya don haɗawa da kariya ga mata ba, {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} duk da cewa tsarin shari'a ya gaza Naledi a ƙarshe. {{Sfn|Jenkins|2012}} Dow ta ba da gudummawa ga littafin ''Schicksal Afrika'' (Fate of Africa) wanda tsohon shugaban ƙasar Jamus [[Horst Köhler]] ya tattara a shekarar 2010, wanda ya tattara ayyukan marubuta sanannu. {{Sfn|Wiegmann|2010}} Rubutunta ya mayar da hankali kan mulkin mallaka da rashin yarda da Afirka ta samu saboda hikimarta. {{Sfn|Schamburek|2010}} A wannan shekarar, ta kuma buga littafin ''Saturday Is for Funerals'' tare da Max Essex, farfesa [[Jami'ar Harvard|a Harvard]] kuma mai bincike kan cutar kanjamau. An rubuta littafin ne a matsayin tattaunawa tsakanin Dow da Essex. Ta fara kowane babi, tana ba da labarin gaskiya game da mutumin da cutar kanjamau ta shafa, wanda kuma sharhin Essex game da gwaji, magungunan hana kamuwa da cutar, da mafita ga matsayin Botswana a matsayin ƙasar da ke da mafi girman adadin cutar kanjamau a duniya. Duk da cewa Helen Epstein, masaniyar ilmin halittu kuma 'yar jarida wacce ke rubutu game da cutar kanjamau, {{Sfn|Starita|2008}} ta yi kuka cewa yawancin hanyoyin Essex suna buƙatar fasaha mai zurfi, ta ga labaran Dow sun burge ta kuma ta nuna sha'awar al'ummar Batswana don magance matsalarta da cutar cikin gaskiya da tausayi. {{Sfn|Epstein|2010}} Fetson Kalua, farfesa a fannin Nazarin Turanci a [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]], {{Sfn|Baker|2009}} ya kira Dow "marubucin almara mafi tasiri a Botswana a yau". {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == Dow ta sami kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da digirin girmamawa na shari'a daga Kwalejin Kenyon (Gambier, Ohio, 2001), Kwalejin Saint Michael (Colchester, Vermont, 2007), {{Sfn|University of South Australia|2009}} da Jami'ar Edinburgh (Edinburgh, Scotland, 2009). {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} An karrama ta saboda aikinta na kare hakkin dan adam tare da Kyautar William Brennan Human Rights Award (2003) na Jami'ar Rutgers da ke New Brunswick, New Jersey; Kyautar Phyllis N. Stern Distinguished Lectureship Award (2008) na [[International Council on Women's Health Issues|Majalisar Duniya kan Matsalolin Lafiyar Mata]] ; da Kyautar Fitattun Mata a Shari'a ta Duniya (2009) na Ƙungiyar Mata a Shari'a ta Duniya ta Amurka . {{Sfn|University of South Australia|2009}} {{Sfn|Tabak|2018}} Ta kuma kasance wacce aka zaɓa don baje kolin Mata Masu Sha'awar Canji na Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard (2014). {{Sfn|Harvard Law School|2014}} A ranar 14 ga Yuli 2010, jakadan Faransa a Botswana, [[Geneviève Iancu]], ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Legion of Honor . {{Sfn|Lory|2014}} An karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Global Nasara ta [[Middle East Excellence Award Institute|Cibiyar Ba da Lamuni ta Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ta Dubai saboda aikinta na samar da zaman lafiya da ci gaban bil'adama a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2012. {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2012b}} == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == === Ilimi === *   *   *   * {{Cite book|edition=Edward K.}} *   * {{Cite book|last=Horst Köhler}} * Dow, J. U. (2001). How the global informs the local: The Botswana citizenship case. ''Health Care for Women International'', ''22''(4), 319-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330120965 === Adabi === *   *   *   *   *   *   == Duba kuma == * Lauyoyi mata na farko a duniya == Bayanan kula == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Manazarta == === Ambato === {{Reflist|20em}} === Littattafan tarihi ===   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==   * {{YouTube|GRdNVmh3sJ8|Unity Dow: Rethinking Africa}} * Appearances on C-SPAN {{Foreign Ministers of Botswana}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4b9x5dpwyvvted5xjmvlwus1evt945c 0 148653 827291 2026-04-27T20:35:40Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350453703|Unity Dow]]" 827291 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Unity Dow''' ( née '''aka haifa''' a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959) lauya ce a [[Botswana|Motswana]] [ Bayani na 1 ], marubuciya, [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam]] kuma 'yar majalisa ce ta [[Kgatleng West]] tun daga Nuwamba 2024. Ta taba yin aiki a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun Botswana da kuma a ma'aikatun gwamnatin Botswana daban-daban. An haife ta a [[Tsaro na Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]] ga wata mai dinki da manomi, wacce ta dage sai 'ya'yansu sun sami ilimi, Dow ta girma a wani ƙauyen karkara na gargajiya kafin a fara amfani da zamani. Ta sami digirin shari'a a shekarar 1983 daga Jami'ar Botswana da Swaziland, kodayake ta kammala karatunta a Swaziland da Jami'ar Edinburgh, Scotland, saboda Botswana ba ta da makarantar shari'a a lokacin. Bayan kammala karatunta, Dow ta bude kamfanin lauyoyi na farko na mata gaba daya a Botswana kuma a shekarar 1997 ta zama mace ta farko da aka nada a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun kasar. A lokacin da take kara, Dow ta shiga cikin shari'o'i uku na tarihi a Botswana. A shekarar 1992, ita ce mai shigar da kara a shari'ar shari'a mai muhimmanci, ''Unity Dow da Babban Lauya'', wadda ta kawo karshen wariyar jinsi a dokokin kasa na kasar da a da ba ta ba wa yara damar samun kasa daga uwayensu da suka yi aure ba. Shari'ar ta jawo hankalin Dow a duniya kuma ta haifar da sauye-sauye da dama wadanda suka kawar da bambancin jinsi a dokokin kasa a fadin Afirka. A shekarar 2006, a matsayinta na alkali mai kula da shari'ar ''Roy Sesana da Sauransu da Gwamnatin Botswana'', Dow ta yanke hukunci kan matakin gwamnati na hana [[Mutanen San|'yan asalin Basarwa]] zama da farauta a [[Rikicin ƙasa na kakanninmu a Botswana|filayen kakanninsu]], wanda hakan ya tilasta musu sake tsugunar da su a wajen Kalahari Namun Daji na Tsakiya . Ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne gwamnati ta dawo da ayyukan yau da kullun, ta bar Basarwa ta koma ƙasar ta kuma sami izinin farauta, da kuma biyan diyya ga wadanda aka tilasta musu ƙaura idan suka zabi kada su koma. A shekarar 2014, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya ga LEGABIBO ('Yan Madigo, Luwadi & Maza Biyu na Botswana) a shari'arsu don yin rijistar ƙungiyarsu da Ma'aikatar Rijistar Farar Hula da Ƙasa kuma ta sami nasarar samun hukuncin gwamnati na ba da damar yin rijistar ƙungiyar. An fara zaɓen Dow a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a shekarar 2014, lokacin da Shugaba Ian Khama ya zaɓe ta a matsayin zaɓaɓɓiyar 'yar majalisa. An fara naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministar Ilimi kuma a shekarar 2015 ta zama Ministar Ilimi da Ci gaban Ƙwarewa. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Asali, Ministar Kayayyakin more rayuwa da Ci gaban Gidaje, da Ministar Harkokin Ƙasa da Haɗin gwiwa, kafin ta zama mai riƙe da muƙamin a 2020. Ta yi aiki a kwamitoci da kwamitoci na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, tana tantance aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Kenya]], [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasɗinu]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Saliyo]] . A shekarar 2000, Dow ta fara buga littattafai, galibi tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan zamantakewa da shari'a da tasirinsu ga jinsi da tsarin iko. Ayyukan sun yi nazari kan ayyukan zamantakewa da cin zarafi ta hanyar cin zarafi, tashin hankali, da danne haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ta sami yabo da girmamawa da yawa saboda aikinta na jin kai, gami da Legion of Honour a 2010. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Unity Diswai a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1959, a Mochudi, Gundumar Kgatleng, [[Botswana]] (wanda a lokacin shine [[Tsaro na Bechuanaland|Kariyar Bechuanaland]] ), {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} ga iyaye Phiri da Maefshane Diswai (wanda aka fi sani da Moses da Ellen Diswai), zuriyar mutanen [[Mutanen San|Mosarwa]] 'yan asalin ƙasar kuma membobin ƙabilar BaKgatla. [ 5 ] [ Bayani na 2 ] Ƙauyen karkara da ta girma a ciki ba shi da hanyoyi masu shimfidawa, wutar lantarki ko ruwan famfo. Babu waya kuma ba ta ga firiji ba sai lokacin da take matashiya, ba ta kuma ga talabijin ba sai da ta kai shekara ashirin. {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} {{Sfn|Ellis|2012}} Mahaifiyarta ma'aikaciyar dinki ce, wadda take iya karatu da rubutu a [[Harshen Tswana|SeTswana]], amma ba Turanci ba. {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2007}} {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} Mahaifinta, wanda ke aiki a ƙaramin gona, yana magana da karanta Turanci. {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} {{Sfn|Narloch|2012}} Lokacin da mahaifinta yake makaranta, ya sami tallafin karatu don halartar [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]], amma an ba wa ɗan sarkin tallafin karatu maimakon haka. Ga iyayenta biyu, ilimi ya zama abin fifiko kuma shida daga cikin 'ya'yansu bakwai sun kammala karatun jami'a. {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} Darussansu na Yamma ba su da yawa a Botswana da ke karkara a lokacin. {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2007}} Diswai ta kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a Mochudi. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Botswana da Swaziland . {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Ellis|2012}} Saboda babu makarantar lauya a Botswana a lokacin, a ƙarƙashin shirin taimakon Birtaniya ta halarci jami'a a [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] kuma ta kammala karatun shekaru biyu a Scotland, a Jami'ar Edinburgh, kafin ta sami digirin farko na shari'a a 1983 daga Jami'ar Botswana da Swaziland. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} == Doka da fafutuka == === Farkon aikin (1983–1991) === [[Fayil:Unity_Dow_-_PopTech_2011_-_Camden_Maine_USA_-_6266756376.jpg|thumb|Unity Dow]] Diswai ta cancanci zama lauya a shekarar 1983 kuma ta fara aiki a ɗakin [[Attorney-General of Botswana|Babban Lauyan Botswana]] a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara a [[Gaborone]] . Ta auri wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka, Peter Nathan Dow, a ranar 7 ga Maris 1984. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Mochudi, tare da 'ya'yansu uku. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} A shekarar 1986, Dow ta shiga aikin sirri wanda ya ƙware a fannin shari'ar laifuka, inda ta buɗe kamfanin Dow Malakaila, kamfanin lauyoyi na farko da ya ƙunshi mata gaba ɗaya a ƙasar. A wannan shekarar, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar mata ta farko a Botswana [[Emang Basadi]] (Tsaya Tsaye ga Mata). A shekarar 1988, an canza sunan kamfanin zuwa Dow Lesetedi and Company. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} A wannan shekarar, ta haɗu da kafa ƙungiyar Mata da Shari'a a Kudancin Afirka (WLSA) don fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata da yara ta hanyar shari'a. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} Daga 1988 zuwa 1991, Dow ta gudanar da bincike ga WLSA, inda ta taimaka wajen kammala wani bincike na yanki kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ga mata a ƙasashe shida maƙwabta. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2007}} A shekarar 1990, ta taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Mata ta Metlhaetsile don haɓaka ilimi kan haƙƙin mata a ƙarƙashin doka. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} A shekarar 1990, Dow ta shigar da ƙara a Babbar Kotun Botswana don ƙalubalantar dokar ƙasa ta Botswana . {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} A ƙarƙashin Dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta 1984, yara marasa aure ne kawai za su iya samun ƙasa ta hanyar mahaifiyarsu. {{Sfn|Quansah|1992}} Yayin da aka haifi 'ya'yanta biyu daga cikin uku tare da Peter bayan aurensu, ba a ɗauke su a matsayin 'yan Batswana ba. {{Sfn|Beyani|1994}} Saboda tsoron cewa akwai yiwuwar lokacin da izinin zama na Peter ya ƙare a 1992, iyalinta za a iya tilasta musu ƙaura ko su rabu, Dow ta fara shari'ar Unity Dow da Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, tana zargin cewa Dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta nuna wariya kuma ta saɓa wa haƙƙinta na guje wa hukunci mai wulaƙanci da rashin tausayi. Kotun ta ga Dow ta amince da cewa dokar ta shafi zaɓin 'yancinta na wanda za ta aura, kuma za ta iya tilasta mata rabuwa da iyalinta idan ba a sabunta izinin zama na mijinta da 'ya'yanta ba, kuma ta nuna wariya. {{Sfn|Coldham|1992}} === Matsayin tsakiya (1991–2009) === Dow ta ɗauki hutun shekaru biyu daga aikin lauyanta a shekarar 1991 don shari'ar, kuma a wannan lokacin, ta haɗu ta kafa Makarantar Firamare ta Baobobob a Gaborone da kuma Hukumar Tallafawa Masu Yaƙi da Cututtuka ta AIDS. {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} {{Sfn|Columbia Law School|2009}} Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da WLSA daga 1992 zuwa 1994, {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} yayin da ake jiran ɗaukaka ƙarar shari'arta. A lokacin ɗaukaka ƙarar, ''Babban Lauya da Unity Dow'', jihar ta yi jayayya cewa wariya ga mata tana da kariya daga tanadin kundin tsarin mulki don kiyaye al'adun gargajiya na Botswana, wanda al'umma ce ta uba . {{Sfn|Beyani|1994}} {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} Babban Lauya ya kuma musanta cewa Dow tana da tsayayye, yana mai cewa ita da kanta ba ta sami wata illa ba. {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} [[Kotun daukaka kara|Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara]], ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaban Alƙali Austin Amissah, ta kammala da cewa wariyar jinsi ta saɓa wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki kuma al'adar gargajiya ba za ta iya shawo kan tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulki na daidaiton kariya a ƙarƙashin doka ba, ko kuma wajibai da Botswana ke da su a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda suka sanya hannu a kansu. {{Sfn|Beyani|1994}} {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} Dangane da batun tsayawa takara, kotun ta gano cewa dole ne ta tabbatar da cewa akwai yiwuwar doka ta cutar da ita, ba wai ta yi hakan ba, kuma rabuwa da iyalinta zai zama abin wulakanci da rashin tausayi. {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} A cikin hukuncin rinjaye uku zuwa biyu, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta tabbatar da hukuncin Babbar Kotun tare da ɗan gyare-gyare, tana mai bayyana Sashe na 4 da 5 na Dokar 'Yan Kasa ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} Sakamakon wannan hukunci mai muhimmanci, a shekarar 1995 an gyara Dokar 'Yan Kasa don kawar da bambancin jinsi wajen mallakar kasa a Botswana. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Manby|2010}} Wannan hukunci ya zama tushen da ƙungiyoyin mata a duk faɗin Afirka suka matsa lamba don a canza dokokin ƙasarsu da kuma kawar da bambancin jinsi, wanda ya haifar da kusan rabin ƙasashen Afirka suka yi wa dokokin ƙasa kwaskwarima nan da shekarar 2010. {{Sfn|Pailey|2020}} {{Sfn|Manby|2010}} Daga 1994 zuwa 1998, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ga Mata ta Metlhaetsile kuma a lokacin ta buga ''The Citizenship Case'' a 1995, tana ba da cikakken bayani game da shari'arta. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} A shekarar 1996, ta yi aiki a kan wata shari'a da ta shafi kula da yara wanda ya haifar da gyare-gyare ga dokokin tallafi, kuma a shekarar 1997 ta gabatar da ƙara kan cutar mata da aka yi wa duka, tana mai la'akari da waɗannan a matsayin manyan batutuwa ga mata. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|Davis|2014}} A wannan shekarar, an naɗa Dow a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun Botswana, kuma ta fara yi wa kotun hidima a watan Janairun 1998. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} Naɗin nata ya kasance karo na farko da aka naɗa mace don yin aiki a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} A shekara ta 2004, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani aiki na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don sake duba aikace-aikacen cikin gida na haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata na duniya a [[Saliyo]] tare da [[Charlotte Abaka]], tsohuwar shugabar [[Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata|Kwamitin Kawar da Wariya ga Mata]] ; {{Sfn|Division for the Advancement of Women|2004}} Feride Acar, shugabar kafa shirin nazarin jinsi da mata na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Gabas ta Tsakiya, a [[Ankara]], Turkiyya; {{Sfn|Division for the Advancement of Women|2004}} {{Sfn|Bianet|2019}} [[Dorcas Coker-Appiah]], lauya 'yar Ghana kuma wacce ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Jinsi da Takardun Haƙƙin Dan Adam da ke [[Accra]] ; {{Sfn|Division for the Advancement of Women|2004}} {{Sfn|Bowman|2019}} da kuma 'yar Afirka ta Kudu, [[Tiyanjana Maluwa]], farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania . {{Sfn|Division for the Advancement of Women|2004}} An zabi Dow a matsayin kwamishina na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya a shekarar 2004 kuma aka sake zabenta a matsayin kwamishina a shekarar 2009. {{Sfn|Lazaroff|2012}} A shekarar 2006, an zabe ta don ta yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya tare da kwamishinoni shida da suka dawo da kuma sabbin membobi uku, ciki har da kanta, Vojin Dimitrijević na [[Serbiya|Serbia]] da Raji Sourani na [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasdinu]] . {{Sfn|Palestinian Centre for Human Rights|2006}} Dow shine alkalin da ke jagorantar shari'ar, tare da Maruping Dibotelo da [[Mphaphi Phumaphi]], a shari'ar ''[[Roy Sesana and Others v. the Government of Botswana|Roy Sesana da Sauransu da Gwamnatin Botswana]]'' da aka gabatar a Babbar Kotun a shekarar 2002 da mutanen Basarwa {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} (wani lokacin ana kiransu da mutanen daji na Kalahari) {{Sfn|Columbia Law School|2009}} {{Sfn|Davis|2014}} game da korarsu daga [[Rikicin ƙasa na kakanninmu a Botswana|filayen kakanninsu]] a Tsakiyar Kalahari na Namun daji . {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} [[Roy Sesana|Sesana]] da [[Keiwa Setlhobogwa]] sun gabatar da karar a madadin wasu masu kara 241 lokacin da Gwamnatin Botswana ta dakatar da samar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar, ta ki samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da sufuri ga yaran makaranta, ta dakatar da rarraba abinci ga marayu da talakawa, sannan ta yi yunkurin tilasta wa Basarwa daga matsugunansu. Sun gyara shari'arsu don ta hada da kin amincewa da Ma'aikatar Namun Daji da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Kasa don ba su damar shiga wurin ajiyar ba tare da izini ba ko kuma bayar da lasisin namun daji na musamman a gare su. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Bayan zaman sauraren ƙara na tsawon shekaru huɗu, a shekara ta 2006, Dow ta yanke hukuncin cewa dakatar da ayyukan da kuma tilasta wa Basarwa ƙaura ya zama keta haƙƙinsu na rayuwa wanda kundin tsarin mulki ya kare. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Ta ba da umarnin a dawo da ayyukan kuma a biya diyya ga waɗanda aka ƙaura kuma ba su da sha'awar komawa. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Dangane da batun lasisin wasanni, dukkan alkalai uku sun yarda cewa an hana su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, domin duk da cewa ba a tilasta wa Ma'aikatar Namun Daji ta bayar da izini ba, sun saba yin hakan; hana su yayin da a lokaci guda dakatar da rabon abinci, ya shafi ikon mutanen Basarwa na kula da kansu. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Dangane da batun izinin shiga wurin ajiyar, Dow ta gano cewa sun kawo cikas ga mutanen Basarwa wajen aiwatar da haƙƙinsu na 'yancin walwala. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Shari'ar, a cewar farfesa na shari'a Clement Ng'ong'ola, ita ce shawara ta farko a Botswana da ta amince da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa filayen kakanninsu. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} A shekara ta 2007, Dow ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na manufa ta musamman ta Kungiyar Taimako ta Shari'a ta Duniya don tantance tsarin shari'a na Rwanda da kuma kimanta yadda kasar za ta iya fitowa daga rikici-rikice da kuma sake farfado da tsarin shari'arta don tabbatar da cewa wadanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'o'in [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|Kisan kare dangi na 1994]] sun sami shari'a mai adalci.{{Sfn|Åhlund|2007}}{{Sfn|University of South Australia|2009}} Ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'in karshe da ta jagoranci ya shafi karuwar harajin gwamnati akan abin sha. Dow ya jinkirta aiwatar da karuwar kashi 30 cikin dari kuma an sauke shari'ar.{{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} Ta yi ritaya daga benci a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009 don yin lacca a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington da Lee a Lexington, Virginia da Jami'ar Cincinnati a Ohio, kafin ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Makarantar Dokoki ta Columbia a Birnin New York.{{Sfn|Columbia Law School|2009}}{{Sfn|University of South Australia|2009}} === Daga baya aiki (2010 - yanzu) === A watan Fabrairun 2010, Dow ta kafa kamfanin shari'a na Dow & Associates kuma a wannan watan ne Shugaban Kenya ya rantsar da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin alkalan Kotun Tsare-tsare Mai Zaman Kanta ta Tsarin Mulki don taimakawa aiwatar da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya. {{Sfn|NSW Bar Association|2011}} {{Sfn|Davis|2014}} A shekarar 2011, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kwamishinan Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya. {{Sfn|Crowe|2011}} A wannan shekarar Dow ta fara aiki tare da [[Ricki Kgositau]] da wani mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam game da rashin iya samun katunan shaida tare da jinsi da ya dace. {{Sfn|Camminga|2020}} A lokacin a Botswana babu wata hanyar doka da za ta sa mutanen da suka canza haƙƙin ɗan adam su daidaita alamomin jinsi a kan takardun hukuma. Lokacin da masu fafutuka suka tuntuɓi ofishin rajista na farar hula da na ƙasa don canza takardunsu, an shawarce su da su sami umarnin kotu. {{Sfn|Camminga|2020}} Sun nemi Dow don taimaka musu, kuma ita ma ta tuntuɓi Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kudancin Afirka don taimakawa da tallafin shari'a da tallafin kuɗi. {{Sfn|Camminga|2020}} Domin tabbatar da cewa za a yi shari'ar adalci, da kuma kawar da yiwuwar rasa shari'ar, an yanke shawara don kafa misali ga haƙƙin LGBT a shari'ar da ba ta da haɗarin cutarwa da kuma jinkirta shari'o'in da ke nuna alamun jinsi. {{Sfn|Camminga|2020}} [ Bayani na 3 ] Don haka, Dow ta wakilci ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta LEGABIBO ('Yan Madigo, Luwadi & Maza Biyu na Botswana) a shari'arsu don yin rijistar ƙungiyarsu da Ma'aikatar Rijistar Farar Hula da ta Ƙasa. Daraktan sashen da kuma Ministan Kwadago da Harkokin Cikin Gida Edwin Batshu, sun ƙi yin rijistar ƙungiyar bisa dalilin cewa ayyukan luwadi haramun ne a gundumar. Dow ta yi jayayya cewa ƙin yin rijistar ƙungiyar ya keta haƙƙin 'yancin yin hulɗa da jama'a kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa shari'ar ba game da 'yancin yin jima'i ba ce, amma ko membobin za su iya tattarawa da raba bayanansu tare. {{Sfn|Mokwape|2014a}} A cikin 2014, Mai Shari'a Terrence Rannowane na Babbar Kotun ya yanke hukuncin cewa ƙin yin rijistar ƙungiyar da kuma ba su damar yin taro ya saɓa wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki, Sashe na 3, 12, da 13, waɗanda suka ba da 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki, 'yancin yin ƙungiya, da kuma 'yancin yin taro bi da bi. {{Sfn|Mokwape|2014b}} [ Bayani 4 ] [[Fayil:Unity_Dow_and_Macsuzy_Mondon,_September_2015.jpg|alt=Photograph of two seated women, attended by two witnesses standing beside them, signing documents on a table.|thumb|Ministoci Dow da [[Macsuzy Mondon]] (Seychelles) suna rattaba hannu kan takardar fahimtar juna don shirin musayar malamai, 2015]] A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2012, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta naɗa Dow a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararru uku masu zaman kansu don gudanar da wani bincike kan yadda matsugunan Yammacin Kogin Jordan na Isra'ila ke shafar Falasdinawa. {{Sfn|Lazaroff|2012}} A wannan shekarar, ta yanke shawarar shiga siyasa ta kuma shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana . {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2012a}} Ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2014 na Gundumar Yammacin Mochudi, amma ta sha kaye a zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa . {{Sfn|Basimanebotlhe|2014}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2014, Shugaba Ian Khama na Botswana ya zaɓi Dow, tare da wasu 'yan takara shida, a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen ɗan majalisa na musamman. Tare da Kenneth Matambo, Kitso Mokaila, da Eric Molale, ta lashe zaɓen kuma aka naɗa ta Mataimakin Ministan Ilimi a Gwamnati. {{Sfn|Motsamai|2014}} {{Sfn|Mosikare|2014}} A watan Fabrairun 2015, Khama ta naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ilimi da Ci Gaban Ƙwarewa, inda ta maye gurbin Mokgweetsi Masisi, Mataimakin Shugaban Botswana mai ci. {{Sfn|Piet|2015}} A lokacin da take aiki a Ma'aikatar, Dow ta kafa wani shiri na horar da malamai daga [[Seychelles]] a Botswana da kuma tura malaman Batswana zuwa ƙasashen waje don taimakawa Seychelles game da ƙarancin malamai. {{Sfn|Philo|Bonnelame|2015}} Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa Satumba 2016, lokacin da aka yi wani sauyi a majalisar ministoci, aka naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Asali. {{Sfn|''Mmegi''|2016b}} Bayan Khama ta sauka daga mukamin shugaba a watan Maris na 2018, Shugaba mai jiran gado Masisi ya mayar da Dow daga Ilimi zuwa mukamin Ministar Kayayyakin more rayuwa da Ci gaban Gidaje. {{Sfn|Mwakideu|2018}} {{Sfn|Gabathuse|2018}} A ranar 20 ga Yunin 2018, a wani sauye-sauye na majalisar ministoci, an nada ta Ministar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da Haɗin Kai, inda ta sauya matsayinta a fannin Kayayyakin more rayuwa da gidaje tare da Vincent Tina Seretse, wacce ta rike harkokin kasashen duniya a baya. {{Sfn|Morupisi|2018}} Masisi ta lashe shugabancin kasa a babban zaben 2019 kuma ta sake nada Dow a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da Haɗin Kai a majalisar dokoki ta 12 ta Botswana. {{Sfn|''Mmegi''|2019}} Tare da 'ya'yanta mata Cheshe da Natasha, Dow ta bude Kwalejin Dow a Mochudi, gundumar Kgatleng a watan Janairun 2020. Makarantar mai zaman kanta tana ba da ilimin firamare da sakandare. {{Sfn|Luebering|2020}} A watan Agusta na 2020, Dow ta ajiye aikinta kuma Lemogang Kwape ta maye gurbinsa a wani sauye-sauye na majalisar ministoci. {{Sfn|Motlhoka|2020}} {{Sfn|Gabathuse|2020}} Dow ya ce game da wannan mataki, "A matsayinka na minista, galibi kana magana ne game da fayil ɗinka. Amma ' yan majalisar dokoki na baya-bayan nan suna ba ka 'yancin yin tambayoyi game da batutuwa daban-daban na muradun ƙasa. Iyakance kawai shine matsayin jam'iyyata kan wani batu da aka bayar". {{Sfn|Motlhoka|2020}} == Rubutu == A shekara ta 2000, lokacin da Dow ta fara buga labaran almara, marubutan Batswana kaɗan ne suka samar da ayyukan da suka isa ga masu sauraro a wajen Botswana. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} [ Bayanan kula 5 ] Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan hakan shine adawar da shugabannin Batswana suka nuna wa Birtaniya don haɗa yankinsu da na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ya haifar da juriya ga [[Pan-Africanism]] da kuma rashin saka hannun jari a cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa da ci gaban ilimi na ƙasar. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Duk ayyukanta na almara da na almara sun haɗa batutuwan zamantakewa da shari'a da tasirinsu ga jinsi da tsarin iko. {{Sfn|Davis|2014}} {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Kowanne daga cikin ayyukan Dow yana bincika ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito a dangantakar iko da kuma haifar da [[Tashin hankali na gida|tashin hankali ga mata]], cin zarafin yara, [[HIV AIDS a Afirka|rikicin AIDS]], da rashin daidaiton jinsi . {{Sfn|Jenkins|2012}} Halayenta suna amfani da hankali don tsayayya da al'ada mara hankali amma suna tunatar da mai karatu muhimmancin al'adar gargajiya. {{Sfn|Jenkins|2012}} Da littafinta na farko, ''Far and Beyon′'' (2000), Dow ta mayar da hankali kan babban jigon annobar cutar kanjamau da tasirin tashin hankali ga iyalai, musamman yadda mata da ke zaune a cikin al'umma mai kabilanci ke jure wa iyalai marasa uba saboda barnar da ta haifar a yankunan karkara na Botswana. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Ta binciko iyakokin da al'adu, al'adu, da cibiyoyi suka sanya wa 'yan mata da mata ta hanyar amfani da tsarin maza. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} A cikin labarin, Mara, wata uwa mara ilimi da iyawarta ta kula da kanta, ta riga ta sami miji ɗaya da 'ya'ya maza biyu sun mutu sakamakon cutar kanjamau, wani miji ya yashe ta, kuma abokin tarayya na uku ya ci zarafinta. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Mara ta danganta mutuwar 'ya'yanta maza ga wani maƙiyi da aka ɓoye kuma tana neman amsoshi daga mai duba . Kodayake 'yarta, Mosadi (ma'ana mace), wanda aka sani da Mosa, da ɗanta da ya rage, Stan, ba su yi imanin cewa al'adun mai duba za su bayyana dalilin da ya sa 'yan'uwansu suka mutu ba, suna bin bukukuwan da aka tsara. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Lokacin da Mosa ta gano tana da juna biyu kuma mahaifin yaron ya yi watsi da ita, ta yanke shawarar yin zubar da ciki a ɓoye, maimakon ƙara wa mahaifiyarta nauyi. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} A ƙoƙarinta na warkar da iyalinta, Mosa ta kimanta ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda ke raba maza da mata da kuma ɗaga matsayin maza, tana koya wa mata su yi watsi da laifukansu. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Ta ci gaba da kasancewa da aminci ga iyalinta da al'adunta, ta koyi ƙin amincewa da halaye masu laifi a cikin al'ummarta. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Ta wannan hanyar, Dow ta bincika yadda shagala da shiru game da kurakurai a cikin al'umma ke haifar da rudani a akida da kuma cin zarafin marasa ƙarfi ta hanyar waɗanda suka fi ƙarfi. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} [[Fayil:Unity_Dow_-_PopTech_2011_-_Camden_Maine_USA_-_6266756376.jpg|alt=Photograph of asmiling African woman wearing a grey tweed jacket over a white v-necked blouse with a purple scarf and beaded necklace around her neck.|thumb|Dow, 2011]] Irin waɗannan jigogi da aka ɗauka a cikin littafin Dow na biyu, ''The Screaming of the Innocent'' (2001), wanda kuma ya yi nazari kan ƙarfafa mata a cikin ƙasar da ke cike da cin hanci da rashawa na 'yan sanda, kisan kai na al'ada, sirrin hukumomi, da shiru na zamantakewa. [ {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Ta hanyar bincika al'adar ''dipheko'', kisan wani don girbe gabobin jikinsu don sihirin sa'a da wadata, Dow ya nuna yadda masu kuɗi da ƙarfi ke farautar mutanen karkara marasa ilimi da kuma siyan shiru na hukumomi. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} A cikin littafin, an kashe wata ƙaramar yarinya a cikin daji kusa da ƙauyenta kuma 'yan sanda da manyan maza na yankinta sun danne bayanai game da lamarin. An ɓoye yankewar jikinta a cikin littafin a matsayin alamar nuna rashin amincewa da irin waɗannan ayyuka a cikin al'umma gabaɗaya. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Jarumar, Amantle Bokaa, wacce ke kammala hidimarta ta ƙasa (wanda aka sani a Botswana a matsayin Tirelo Sechaba), ta gano tufafi masu zubar da jini a cikin kabad na asibitin da aka tura ta. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Tufafin mallakar wani wanda aka yi wa fyade ne a baya, amma lokacin da aka gabatar wa mutanen ƙauyen sun farkar da cewa an ɓoye musu gaskiyar lamarin. Bokaa, saboda mutanen ƙauyen sun yi imanin cewa ba za a gan ta a cikin mummunan yanayin da hukumomi ke ɗauka ba, an zaɓe ta don ta yi magana da 'yan sanda a madadin mutanen ƙauyen. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Saboda ita mace ce kuma yarinya, za ta yi kama da ba ta da ƙarfi, amma iliminta, wanda ya koya mata dabarun magance adawa da kuma tambayar imani, ya ba ta iko da kwarin gwiwa don ƙalubalantar dokar shiru da shingayen zamantakewa da ke kan hanyarta. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} {{Sfn|Ngom|2018}} Aikin Dow ba wai kawai ya jawo hankali kan dangantakar iko ba, har ma da mummunan kisan kai na al'ada da kisan mata . {{Sfn|Ngom|2018}} Ta bayyana a sarari imaninta cewa mata za su zama masu haifar da canje-canje a manufofi don kawo ƙarshen irin waɗannan ayyuka. {{Sfn|Ngom|2018}} An fara fitar da ''Far da Beyon′'' a Botswana sannan daga baya aka buga su a Ostiraliya. An fara buga littafin ''The Screaming of the Innocent'' a Ostiraliya kuma aka sake buga shi a Afirka ta Kudu a 2003. An buga littafinta na uku, ''Juggling Truths'', a wannan shekarar a Ostiraliya kuma aka sake shi a shekara mai zuwa a Afirka ta Kudu. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Dow ta sake tantance ayyukan al'adu masu muni da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa tare da dabarun yaƙi da su. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Duk da cewa ta yi bincike a baya kan al'ummar Afirka da batutuwan da suka haifar da adawa da zamani na Yamma da al'adun gargajiya na gida, aikin ya mayar da hankali kan daidaita ayyukan da suka dace da kyawawan ayyuka marasa kyau a cikin al'adun gida. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Ta amfani da halin Monei, wata ƙaramar yarinya da ke zaune a ƙauyen ƙauye, Dow ta yi nazarin al'adun baki da kuma amfani da tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi a matsayin hanyar da za a sanya jagororin ɗabi'a da kuma iko a kan zamantakewa ga yara. {{Sfn|M'Raiji|2017}} Littafin ya yi tambayoyi game da batutuwa kamar imani cewa kashe ƙadangaren mai lura yana haifar da guguwa mai ƙarfi, cewa yin abota da wani da [[Zabaya|zabiya]] zai kawo sa'a, ko kuma shan fitsarin bijimi zai taimaka wa mutum ya koyi yin busa. Ya kuma haɗa da labaran wani dodo namiji wanda ya haɗiye yara da kuma wani firist wanda ke cin zarafin ƙananan 'yan mata. Jigogin da ke cikin labarin sun haɗa ''Juggling Truths'' da littattafan Dow guda biyu na farko kuma suna nuna cewa 'yan mata da mata suna iya haɓaka ƙarfinsu ta hanyar ilimi da tunani mai zaman kansa. {{Sfn|M'Raiji|2017}} {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Dow ta kusanci nazarinta game da sarkakiyar zamantakewa ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, tana gane cewa babu mafita mai sauƙi. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} ''Juggling Truths'' ta kasance wacce aka zaɓa don Kyautar Percy FitzPatrick a cikin rukunin matasa a 2006. {{Sfn|Jenkins|2012}} Littafin Dow na shekarar 2007 ''mai suna The Heavens May Fall'' ya yi magana ne game da asalin mutane da ke canzawa daga al'umma ta gargajiya zuwa duniyar zamani da ta dunkule. A idanun Dow, al'umma tana canzawa koyaushe; sakamakon haka, al'ada, jinsi, asali, harshe, gina zamantakewa, da cibiyoyi suna da sauƙin fahimta. {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} Wani tunani na rayuwar Dow, labarin ya ba da labarin sauyawa daga hanyoyin da ba a shimfida su ba zuwa bututun ruwa na cikin gida da kuma yadda arzikin lu'u-lu'u ya samar da damar samun ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da kayayyakin more rayuwa. {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} Littafin ya sadaukar da kansa ga 'ya'yanta uku, yana mai sake nanata yadda ra'ayoyi game da su suka canza, domin su 'yan Afirka ne, amma kuma suna da wani yanayi mai rikitarwa saboda mahaifinsu ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne. A lokacin da labarin ya bayyana, da al'umma za ta gan su a matsayin baƙi. {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} Labarin ya ba da labarin Naledi, wanda aka haifa kafin zamanin zamani na Botswana kuma ya faru ne a lokacin da Dow ta ƙalubalanci dokar ƙasa. {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} A matsayinta na lauya, Naledi tana wakiltar mata da yara masu rauni waɗanda ke buƙatar sulhu ko taimakon shari'a. Ta ɗauki shari'ar wata matashiya da aka yi wa fyaɗe kuma ta fallasa haɗin gwiwar tsarin shari'a wanda maza suka mamaye, wanda ya yi watsi da shari'ar ba tare da an yi zaman sauraren ƙara ba. Duk da cewa ba a warware shari'ar ba, an umarci wanda ake tuhuma da ya yi gwajin cutar kanjamau, saboda an yi wa wanda aka yi wa fyaden ba tare da kariya ba, {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} wanda ke nuna canje-canje a cikin al'umma da kuma rashin sassauci. Mace ba ta ba wa wanda ake tuhuma gata ko iko na guje wa gwajin a ƙasar da tsarin shari'a ke da kariya don haɗawa da kariya ga mata ba, {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} duk da cewa tsarin shari'a ya gaza Naledi a ƙarshe. {{Sfn|Jenkins|2012}} Dow ta ba da gudummawa ga littafin ''Schicksal Afrika'' (Fate of Africa) wanda tsohon shugaban ƙasar Jamus [[Horst Köhler]] ya tattara a shekarar 2010, wanda ya tattara ayyukan marubuta sanannu. {{Sfn|Wiegmann|2010}} Rubutunta ya mayar da hankali kan mulkin mallaka da rashin yarda da Afirka ta samu saboda hikimarta. {{Sfn|Schamburek|2010}} A wannan shekarar, ta kuma buga littafin ''Saturday Is for Funerals'' tare da Max Essex, farfesa [[Jami'ar Harvard|a Harvard]] kuma mai bincike kan cutar kanjamau. An rubuta littafin ne a matsayin tattaunawa tsakanin Dow da Essex. Ta fara kowane babi, tana ba da labarin gaskiya game da mutumin da cutar kanjamau ta shafa, wanda kuma sharhin Essex game da gwaji, magungunan hana kamuwa da cutar, da mafita ga matsayin Botswana a matsayin ƙasar da ke da mafi girman adadin cutar kanjamau a duniya. Duk da cewa Helen Epstein, masaniyar ilmin halittu kuma 'yar jarida wacce ke rubutu game da cutar kanjamau, {{Sfn|Starita|2008}} ta yi kuka cewa yawancin hanyoyin Essex suna buƙatar fasaha mai zurfi, ta ga labaran Dow sun burge ta kuma ta nuna sha'awar al'ummar Batswana don magance matsalarta da cutar cikin gaskiya da tausayi. {{Sfn|Epstein|2010}} Fetson Kalua, farfesa a fannin Nazarin Turanci a [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]], {{Sfn|Baker|2009}} ya kira Dow "marubucin almara mafi tasiri a Botswana a yau". {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == Dow ta sami kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da digirin girmamawa na shari'a daga Kwalejin Kenyon (Gambier, Ohio, 2001), Kwalejin Saint Michael (Colchester, Vermont, 2007), {{Sfn|University of South Australia|2009}} da Jami'ar Edinburgh (Edinburgh, Scotland, 2009). {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} An karrama ta saboda aikinta na kare hakkin dan adam tare da Kyautar William Brennan Human Rights Award (2003) na Jami'ar Rutgers da ke New Brunswick, New Jersey; Kyautar Phyllis N. Stern Distinguished Lectureship Award (2008) na [[International Council on Women's Health Issues|Majalisar Duniya kan Matsalolin Lafiyar Mata]] ; da Kyautar Fitattun Mata a Shari'a ta Duniya (2009) na Ƙungiyar Mata a Shari'a ta Duniya ta Amurka . {{Sfn|University of South Australia|2009}} {{Sfn|Tabak|2018}} Ta kuma kasance wacce aka zaɓa don baje kolin Mata Masu Sha'awar Canji na Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard (2014). {{Sfn|Harvard Law School|2014}} A ranar 14 ga Yuli 2010, jakadan Faransa a Botswana, [[Geneviève Iancu]], ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Legion of Honor . {{Sfn|Lory|2014}} An karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Global Nasara ta [[Middle East Excellence Award Institute|Cibiyar Ba da Lamuni ta Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ta Dubai saboda aikinta na samar da zaman lafiya da ci gaban bil'adama a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2012. {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2012b}} == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == === Ilimi === *   *   *   * {{Cite book|edition=Edward K.}} *   * {{Cite book|last=Horst Köhler}} * Dow, J. U. (2001). How the global informs the local: The Botswana citizenship case. ''Health Care for Women International'', ''22''(4), 319-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330120965 === Adabi === *   *   *   *   *   *   == Duba kuma == * Lauyoyi mata na farko a duniya == Bayanan kula == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Manazarta == === Ambato === {{Reflist|20em}} === Littattafan tarihi ===   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==   * {{YouTube|GRdNVmh3sJ8|Unity Dow: Rethinking Africa}} * Appearances on C-SPAN {{Foreign Ministers of Botswana}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bs8vzjrcg4ycwlpbfykc60kvzbxb86p 827292 827291 2026-04-27T20:36:17Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 827292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Unity Dow''' ( née '''aka haifa''' a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959) lauya ce a [[Botswana|Motswana]] [ Bayani na 1 ], marubuciya, [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam]] kuma 'yar majalisa ce ta [[Kgatleng West]] tun daga Nuwamba 2024. Ta taba yin aiki a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun Botswana da kuma a ma'aikatun gwamnatin Botswana daban-daban. An haife ta a [[Tsaro na Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]] ga wata mai dinki da manomi, wacce ta dage sai 'ya'yansu sun sami ilimi, Dow ta girma a wani ƙauyen karkara na gargajiya kafin a fara amfani da zamani. Ta sami digirin shari'a a shekarar 1983 daga Jami'ar Botswana da Swaziland, kodayake ta kammala karatunta a Swaziland da Jami'ar Edinburgh, Scotland, saboda Botswana ba ta da makarantar shari'a a lokacin. Bayan kammala karatunta, Dow ta bude kamfanin lauyoyi na farko na mata gaba daya a Botswana kuma a shekarar 1997 ta zama mace ta farko da aka nada a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun kasar. A lokacin da take kara, Dow ta shiga cikin shari'o'i uku na tarihi a Botswana. A shekarar 1992, ita ce mai shigar da kara a shari'ar shari'a mai muhimmanci, ''Unity Dow da Babban Lauya'', wadda ta kawo karshen wariyar jinsi a dokokin kasa na kasar da a da ba ta ba wa yara damar samun kasa daga uwayensu da suka yi aure ba. Shari'ar ta jawo hankalin Dow a duniya kuma ta haifar da sauye-sauye da dama wadanda suka kawar da bambancin jinsi a dokokin kasa a fadin Afirka. A shekarar 2006, a matsayinta na alkali mai kula da shari'ar ''Roy Sesana da Sauransu da Gwamnatin Botswana'', Dow ta yanke hukunci kan matakin gwamnati na hana [[Mutanen San|'yan asalin Basarwa]] zama da farauta a [[Rikicin ƙasa na kakanninmu a Botswana|filayen kakanninsu]], wanda hakan ya tilasta musu sake tsugunar da su a wajen Kalahari Namun Daji na Tsakiya . Ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne gwamnati ta dawo da ayyukan yau da kullun, ta bar Basarwa ta koma ƙasar ta kuma sami izinin farauta, da kuma biyan diyya ga wadanda aka tilasta musu ƙaura idan suka zabi kada su koma. A shekarar 2014, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya ga LEGABIBO ('Yan Madigo, Luwadi & Maza Biyu na Botswana) a shari'arsu don yin rijistar ƙungiyarsu da Ma'aikatar Rijistar Farar Hula da Ƙasa kuma ta sami nasarar samun hukuncin gwamnati na ba da damar yin rijistar ƙungiyar. An fara zaɓen Dow a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a shekarar 2014, lokacin da Shugaba Ian Khama ya zaɓe ta a matsayin zaɓaɓɓiyar 'yar majalisa. An fara naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministar Ilimi kuma a shekarar 2015 ta zama Ministar Ilimi da Ci gaban Ƙwarewa. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Asali, Ministar Kayayyakin more rayuwa da Ci gaban Gidaje, da Ministar Harkokin Ƙasa da Haɗin gwiwa, kafin ta zama mai riƙe da muƙamin a 2020. Ta yi aiki a kwamitoci da kwamitoci na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, tana tantance aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Kenya]], [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasɗinu]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Saliyo]] . A shekarar 2000, Dow ta fara buga littattafai, galibi tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan zamantakewa da shari'a da tasirinsu ga jinsi da tsarin iko. Ayyukan sun yi nazari kan ayyukan zamantakewa da cin zarafi ta hanyar cin zarafi, tashin hankali, da danne haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ta sami yabo da girmamawa da yawa saboda aikinta na jin kai, gami da Legion of Honour a 2010. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Unity Diswai a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1959, a Mochudi, Gundumar Kgatleng, [[Botswana]] (wanda a lokacin shine [[Tsaro na Bechuanaland|Kariyar Bechuanaland]] ), {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} ga iyaye Phiri da Maefshane Diswai (wanda aka fi sani da Moses da Ellen Diswai), zuriyar mutanen [[Mutanen San|Mosarwa]] 'yan asalin ƙasar kuma membobin ƙabilar BaKgatla. [ 5 ] [ Bayani na 2 ] Ƙauyen karkara da ta girma a ciki ba shi da hanyoyi masu shimfidawa, wutar lantarki ko ruwan famfo. Babu waya kuma ba ta ga firiji ba sai lokacin da take matashiya, ba ta kuma ga talabijin ba sai da ta kai shekara ashirin. {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} {{Sfn|Ellis|2012}} Mahaifiyarta ma'aikaciyar dinki ce, wadda take iya karatu da rubutu a [[Harshen Tswana|SeTswana]], amma ba Turanci ba. {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2007}} {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} Mahaifinta, wanda ke aiki a ƙaramin gona, yana magana da karanta Turanci. {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} {{Sfn|Narloch|2012}} Lokacin da mahaifinta yake makaranta, ya sami tallafin karatu don halartar [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]], amma an ba wa ɗan sarkin tallafin karatu maimakon haka. Ga iyayenta biyu, ilimi ya zama abin fifiko kuma shida daga cikin 'ya'yansu bakwai sun kammala karatun jami'a. {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} Darussansu na Yamma ba su da yawa a Botswana da ke karkara a lokacin. {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2007}} Diswai ta kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a Mochudi. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Botswana da Swaziland . {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Ellis|2012}} Saboda babu makarantar lauya a Botswana a lokacin, a ƙarƙashin shirin taimakon Birtaniya ta halarci jami'a a [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] kuma ta kammala karatun shekaru biyu a Scotland, a Jami'ar Edinburgh, kafin ta sami digirin farko na shari'a a 1983 daga Jami'ar Botswana da Swaziland. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} {{Sfn|Daymond|Lenta|2004}} == Doka da fafutuka == === Farkon aikin (1983–1991) === [[Fayil:Unity_Dow_-_PopTech_2011_-_Camden_Maine_USA_-_6266756376.jpg|thumb|Unity Dow]] Diswai ta cancanci zama lauya a shekarar 1983 kuma ta fara aiki a ɗakin [[Attorney-General of Botswana|Babban Lauyan Botswana]] a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara a [[Gaborone]] . Ta auri wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka, Peter Nathan Dow, a ranar 7 ga Maris 1984. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Mochudi, tare da 'ya'yansu uku. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} A shekarar 1986, Dow ta shiga aikin sirri wanda ya ƙware a fannin shari'ar laifuka, inda ta buɗe kamfanin Dow Malakaila, kamfanin lauyoyi na farko da ya ƙunshi mata gaba ɗaya a ƙasar. A wannan shekarar, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar mata ta farko a Botswana [[Emang Basadi]] (Tsaya Tsaye ga Mata). A shekarar 1988, an canza sunan kamfanin zuwa Dow Lesetedi and Company. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} A wannan shekarar, ta haɗu da kafa ƙungiyar Mata da Shari'a a Kudancin Afirka (WLSA) don fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata da yara ta hanyar shari'a. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} Daga 1988 zuwa 1991, Dow ta gudanar da bincike ga WLSA, inda ta taimaka wajen kammala wani bincike na yanki kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ga mata a ƙasashe shida maƙwabta. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2007}} A shekarar 1990, ta taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Mata ta Metlhaetsile don haɓaka ilimi kan haƙƙin mata a ƙarƙashin doka. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} A shekarar 1990, Dow ta shigar da ƙara a Babbar Kotun Botswana don ƙalubalantar dokar ƙasa ta Botswana . {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} A ƙarƙashin Dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta 1984, yara marasa aure ne kawai za su iya samun ƙasa ta hanyar mahaifiyarsu. {{Sfn|Quansah|1992}} Yayin da aka haifi 'ya'yanta biyu daga cikin uku tare da Peter bayan aurensu, ba a ɗauke su a matsayin 'yan Batswana ba. {{Sfn|Beyani|1994}} Saboda tsoron cewa akwai yiwuwar lokacin da izinin zama na Peter ya ƙare a 1992, iyalinta za a iya tilasta musu ƙaura ko su rabu, Dow ta fara shari'ar Unity Dow da Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, tana zargin cewa Dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta nuna wariya kuma ta saɓa wa haƙƙinta na guje wa hukunci mai wulaƙanci da rashin tausayi. Kotun ta ga Dow ta amince da cewa dokar ta shafi zaɓin 'yancinta na wanda za ta aura, kuma za ta iya tilasta mata rabuwa da iyalinta idan ba a sabunta izinin zama na mijinta da 'ya'yanta ba, kuma ta nuna wariya. {{Sfn|Coldham|1992}} === Matsayin tsakiya (1991–2009) === Dow ta ɗauki hutun shekaru biyu daga aikin lauyanta a shekarar 1991 don shari'ar, kuma a wannan lokacin, ta haɗu ta kafa Makarantar Firamare ta Baobobob a Gaborone da kuma Hukumar Tallafawa Masu Yaƙi da Cututtuka ta AIDS. {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} {{Sfn|Columbia Law School|2009}} Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da WLSA daga 1992 zuwa 1994, {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} yayin da ake jiran ɗaukaka ƙarar shari'arta. A lokacin ɗaukaka ƙarar, ''Babban Lauya da Unity Dow'', jihar ta yi jayayya cewa wariya ga mata tana da kariya daga tanadin kundin tsarin mulki don kiyaye al'adun gargajiya na Botswana, wanda al'umma ce ta uba . {{Sfn|Beyani|1994}} {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} Babban Lauya ya kuma musanta cewa Dow tana da tsayayye, yana mai cewa ita da kanta ba ta sami wata illa ba. {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} [[Kotun daukaka kara|Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara]], ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaban Alƙali Austin Amissah, ta kammala da cewa wariyar jinsi ta saɓa wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki kuma al'adar gargajiya ba za ta iya shawo kan tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulki na daidaiton kariya a ƙarƙashin doka ba, ko kuma wajibai da Botswana ke da su a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda suka sanya hannu a kansu. {{Sfn|Beyani|1994}} {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} Dangane da batun tsayawa takara, kotun ta gano cewa dole ne ta tabbatar da cewa akwai yiwuwar doka ta cutar da ita, ba wai ta yi hakan ba, kuma rabuwa da iyalinta zai zama abin wulakanci da rashin tausayi. {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} A cikin hukuncin rinjaye uku zuwa biyu, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta tabbatar da hukuncin Babbar Kotun tare da ɗan gyare-gyare, tana mai bayyana Sashe na 4 da 5 na Dokar 'Yan Kasa ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. {{Sfn|Quansah|1993}} Sakamakon wannan hukunci mai muhimmanci, a shekarar 1995 an gyara Dokar 'Yan Kasa don kawar da bambancin jinsi wajen mallakar kasa a Botswana. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Manby|2010}} Wannan hukunci ya zama tushen da ƙungiyoyin mata a duk faɗin Afirka suka matsa lamba don a canza dokokin ƙasarsu da kuma kawar da bambancin jinsi, wanda ya haifar da kusan rabin ƙasashen Afirka suka yi wa dokokin ƙasa kwaskwarima nan da shekarar 2010. {{Sfn|Pailey|2020}} {{Sfn|Manby|2010}} Daga 1994 zuwa 1998, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ga Mata ta Metlhaetsile kuma a lokacin ta buga ''The Citizenship Case'' a 1995, tana ba da cikakken bayani game da shari'arta. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} A shekarar 1996, ta yi aiki a kan wata shari'a da ta shafi kula da yara wanda ya haifar da gyare-gyare ga dokokin tallafi, kuma a shekarar 1997 ta gabatar da ƙara kan cutar mata da aka yi wa duka, tana mai la'akari da waɗannan a matsayin manyan batutuwa ga mata. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|Davis|2014}} A wannan shekarar, an naɗa Dow a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun Botswana, kuma ta fara yi wa kotun hidima a watan Janairun 1998. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} Naɗin nata ya kasance karo na farko da aka naɗa mace don yin aiki a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} A shekara ta 2004, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani aiki na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don sake duba aikace-aikacen cikin gida na haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata na duniya a [[Saliyo]] tare da [[Charlotte Abaka]], tsohuwar shugabar [[Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata|Kwamitin Kawar da Wariya ga Mata]] ; {{Sfn|Division for the Advancement of Women|2004}} Feride Acar, shugabar kafa shirin nazarin jinsi da mata na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Gabas ta Tsakiya, a [[Ankara]], Turkiyya; {{Sfn|Division for the Advancement of Women|2004}} {{Sfn|Bianet|2019}} [[Dorcas Coker-Appiah]], lauya 'yar Ghana kuma wacce ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Jinsi da Takardun Haƙƙin Dan Adam da ke [[Accra]] ; {{Sfn|Division for the Advancement of Women|2004}} {{Sfn|Bowman|2019}} da kuma 'yar Afirka ta Kudu, [[Tiyanjana Maluwa]], farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania . {{Sfn|Division for the Advancement of Women|2004}} An zabi Dow a matsayin kwamishina na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya a shekarar 2004 kuma aka sake zabenta a matsayin kwamishina a shekarar 2009. {{Sfn|Lazaroff|2012}} A shekarar 2006, an zabe ta don ta yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya tare da kwamishinoni shida da suka dawo da kuma sabbin membobi uku, ciki har da kanta, Vojin Dimitrijević na [[Serbiya|Serbia]] da Raji Sourani na [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasdinu]] . {{Sfn|Palestinian Centre for Human Rights|2006}} Dow shine alkalin da ke jagorantar shari'ar, tare da Maruping Dibotelo da [[Mphaphi Phumaphi]], a shari'ar ''[[Roy Sesana and Others v. the Government of Botswana|Roy Sesana da Sauransu da Gwamnatin Botswana]]'' da aka gabatar a Babbar Kotun a shekarar 2002 da mutanen Basarwa {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} (wani lokacin ana kiransu da mutanen daji na Kalahari) {{Sfn|Columbia Law School|2009}} {{Sfn|Davis|2014}} game da korarsu daga [[Rikicin ƙasa na kakanninmu a Botswana|filayen kakanninsu]] a Tsakiyar Kalahari na Namun daji . {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} [[Roy Sesana|Sesana]] da [[Keiwa Setlhobogwa]] sun gabatar da karar a madadin wasu masu kara 241 lokacin da Gwamnatin Botswana ta dakatar da samar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar, ta ki samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da sufuri ga yaran makaranta, ta dakatar da rarraba abinci ga marayu da talakawa, sannan ta yi yunkurin tilasta wa Basarwa daga matsugunansu. Sun gyara shari'arsu don ta hada da kin amincewa da Ma'aikatar Namun Daji da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Kasa don ba su damar shiga wurin ajiyar ba tare da izini ba ko kuma bayar da lasisin namun daji na musamman a gare su. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Bayan zaman sauraren ƙara na tsawon shekaru huɗu, a shekara ta 2006, Dow ta yanke hukuncin cewa dakatar da ayyukan da kuma tilasta wa Basarwa ƙaura ya zama keta haƙƙinsu na rayuwa wanda kundin tsarin mulki ya kare. {{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Ta ba da umarnin a dawo da ayyukan kuma a biya diyya ga waɗanda aka ƙaura kuma ba su da sha'awar komawa. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Dangane da batun lasisin wasanni, dukkan alkalai uku sun yarda cewa an hana su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, domin duk da cewa ba a tilasta wa Ma'aikatar Namun Daji ta bayar da izini ba, sun saba yin hakan; hana su yayin da a lokaci guda dakatar da rabon abinci, ya shafi ikon mutanen Basarwa na kula da kansu. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Dangane da batun izinin shiga wurin ajiyar, Dow ta gano cewa sun kawo cikas ga mutanen Basarwa wajen aiwatar da haƙƙinsu na 'yancin walwala. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} Shari'ar, a cewar farfesa na shari'a Clement Ng'ong'ola, ita ce shawara ta farko a Botswana da ta amince da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa filayen kakanninsu. {{Sfn|Ng'ong'ola|2007}} A shekara ta 2007, Dow ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na manufa ta musamman ta Kungiyar Taimako ta Shari'a ta Duniya don tantance tsarin shari'a na Rwanda da kuma kimanta yadda kasar za ta iya fitowa daga rikici-rikice da kuma sake farfado da tsarin shari'arta don tabbatar da cewa wadanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'o'in [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|Kisan kare dangi na 1994]] sun sami shari'a mai adalci.{{Sfn|Åhlund|2007}}{{Sfn|University of South Australia|2009}} Ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'in karshe da ta jagoranci ya shafi karuwar harajin gwamnati akan abin sha. Dow ya jinkirta aiwatar da karuwar kashi 30 cikin dari kuma an sauke shari'ar.{{Sfn|Segwai|2008}} Ta yi ritaya daga benci a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009 don yin lacca a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington da Lee a Lexington, Virginia da Jami'ar Cincinnati a Ohio, kafin ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Makarantar Dokoki ta Columbia a Birnin New York.{{Sfn|Columbia Law School|2009}}{{Sfn|University of South Australia|2009}} === Daga baya aiki (2010 - yanzu) === A watan Fabrairun 2010, Dow ta kafa kamfanin shari'a na Dow & Associates kuma a wannan watan ne Shugaban Kenya ya rantsar da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin alkalan Kotun Tsare-tsare Mai Zaman Kanta ta Tsarin Mulki don taimakawa aiwatar da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya. {{Sfn|NSW Bar Association|2011}} {{Sfn|Davis|2014}} A shekarar 2011, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kwamishinan Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya. {{Sfn|Crowe|2011}} A wannan shekarar Dow ta fara aiki tare da [[Ricki Kgositau]] da wani mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam game da rashin iya samun katunan shaida tare da jinsi da ya dace. {{Sfn|Camminga|2020}} A lokacin a Botswana babu wata hanyar doka da za ta sa mutanen da suka canza haƙƙin ɗan adam su daidaita alamomin jinsi a kan takardun hukuma. Lokacin da masu fafutuka suka tuntuɓi ofishin rajista na farar hula da na ƙasa don canza takardunsu, an shawarce su da su sami umarnin kotu. {{Sfn|Camminga|2020}} Sun nemi Dow don taimaka musu, kuma ita ma ta tuntuɓi Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kudancin Afirka don taimakawa da tallafin shari'a da tallafin kuɗi. {{Sfn|Camminga|2020}} Domin tabbatar da cewa za a yi shari'ar adalci, da kuma kawar da yiwuwar rasa shari'ar, an yanke shawara don kafa misali ga haƙƙin LGBT a shari'ar da ba ta da haɗarin cutarwa da kuma jinkirta shari'o'in da ke nuna alamun jinsi. {{Sfn|Camminga|2020}} [ Bayani na 3 ] Don haka, Dow ta wakilci ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta LEGABIBO ('Yan Madigo, Luwadi & Maza Biyu na Botswana) a shari'arsu don yin rijistar ƙungiyarsu da Ma'aikatar Rijistar Farar Hula da ta Ƙasa. Daraktan sashen da kuma Ministan Kwadago da Harkokin Cikin Gida Edwin Batshu, sun ƙi yin rijistar ƙungiyar bisa dalilin cewa ayyukan luwadi haramun ne a gundumar. Dow ta yi jayayya cewa ƙin yin rijistar ƙungiyar ya keta haƙƙin 'yancin yin hulɗa da jama'a kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa shari'ar ba game da 'yancin yin jima'i ba ce, amma ko membobin za su iya tattarawa da raba bayanansu tare. {{Sfn|Mokwape|2014a}} A cikin 2014, Mai Shari'a Terrence Rannowane na Babbar Kotun ya yanke hukuncin cewa ƙin yin rijistar ƙungiyar da kuma ba su damar yin taro ya saɓa wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki, Sashe na 3, 12, da 13, waɗanda suka ba da 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki, 'yancin yin ƙungiya, da kuma 'yancin yin taro bi da bi. {{Sfn|Mokwape|2014b}} [ Bayani 4 ] [[Fayil:Unity_Dow_and_Macsuzy_Mondon,_September_2015.jpg|alt=Photograph of two seated women, attended by two witnesses standing beside them, signing documents on a table.|thumb|Ministoci Dow da [[Macsuzy Mondon]] (Seychelles) suna rattaba hannu kan takardar fahimtar juna don shirin musayar malamai, 2015]] A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2012, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta naɗa Dow a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararru uku masu zaman kansu don gudanar da wani bincike kan yadda matsugunan Yammacin Kogin Jordan na Isra'ila ke shafar Falasdinawa. {{Sfn|Lazaroff|2012}} A wannan shekarar, ta yanke shawarar shiga siyasa ta kuma shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana . {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2012a}} Ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2014 na Gundumar Yammacin Mochudi, amma ta sha kaye a zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa . {{Sfn|Basimanebotlhe|2014}} A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2014, Shugaba Ian Khama na Botswana ya zaɓi Dow, tare da wasu 'yan takara shida, a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen ɗan majalisa na musamman. Tare da Kenneth Matambo, Kitso Mokaila, da Eric Molale, ta lashe zaɓen kuma aka naɗa ta Mataimakin Ministan Ilimi a Gwamnati. {{Sfn|Motsamai|2014}} {{Sfn|Mosikare|2014}} A watan Fabrairun 2015, Khama ta naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ilimi da Ci Gaban Ƙwarewa, inda ta maye gurbin Mokgweetsi Masisi, Mataimakin Shugaban Botswana mai ci. {{Sfn|Piet|2015}} A lokacin da take aiki a Ma'aikatar, Dow ta kafa wani shiri na horar da malamai daga [[Seychelles]] a Botswana da kuma tura malaman Batswana zuwa ƙasashen waje don taimakawa Seychelles game da ƙarancin malamai. {{Sfn|Philo|Bonnelame|2015}} Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa Satumba 2016, lokacin da aka yi wani sauyi a majalisar ministoci, aka naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Asali. {{Sfn|''Mmegi''|2016b}} Bayan Khama ta sauka daga mukamin shugaba a watan Maris na 2018, Shugaba mai jiran gado Masisi ya mayar da Dow daga Ilimi zuwa mukamin Ministar Kayayyakin more rayuwa da Ci gaban Gidaje. {{Sfn|Mwakideu|2018}} {{Sfn|Gabathuse|2018}} A ranar 20 ga Yunin 2018, a wani sauye-sauye na majalisar ministoci, an nada ta Ministar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da Haɗin Kai, inda ta sauya matsayinta a fannin Kayayyakin more rayuwa da gidaje tare da Vincent Tina Seretse, wacce ta rike harkokin kasashen duniya a baya. {{Sfn|Morupisi|2018}} Masisi ta lashe shugabancin kasa a babban zaben 2019 kuma ta sake nada Dow a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da Haɗin Kai a majalisar dokoki ta 12 ta Botswana. {{Sfn|''Mmegi''|2019}} Tare da 'ya'yanta mata Cheshe da Natasha, Dow ta bude Kwalejin Dow a Mochudi, gundumar Kgatleng a watan Janairun 2020. Makarantar mai zaman kanta tana ba da ilimin firamare da sakandare. {{Sfn|Luebering|2020}} A watan Agusta na 2020, Dow ta ajiye aikinta kuma Lemogang Kwape ta maye gurbinsa a wani sauye-sauye na majalisar ministoci. {{Sfn|Motlhoka|2020}} {{Sfn|Gabathuse|2020}} Dow ya ce game da wannan mataki, "A matsayinka na minista, galibi kana magana ne game da fayil ɗinka. Amma ' yan majalisar dokoki na baya-bayan nan suna ba ka 'yancin yin tambayoyi game da batutuwa daban-daban na muradun ƙasa. Iyakance kawai shine matsayin jam'iyyata kan wani batu da aka bayar". {{Sfn|Motlhoka|2020}} == Rubutu == A shekara ta 2000, lokacin da Dow ta fara buga labaran almara, marubutan Batswana kaɗan ne suka samar da ayyukan da suka isa ga masu sauraro a wajen Botswana. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} [ Bayanan kula 5 ] Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan hakan shine adawar da shugabannin Batswana suka nuna wa Birtaniya don haɗa yankinsu da na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ya haifar da juriya ga [[Pan-Africanism]] da kuma rashin saka hannun jari a cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa da ci gaban ilimi na ƙasar. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Duk ayyukanta na almara da na almara sun haɗa batutuwan zamantakewa da shari'a da tasirinsu ga jinsi da tsarin iko. {{Sfn|Davis|2014}} {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Kowanne daga cikin ayyukan Dow yana bincika ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito a dangantakar iko da kuma haifar da [[Tashin hankali na gida|tashin hankali ga mata]], cin zarafin yara, [[HIV AIDS a Afirka|rikicin AIDS]], da rashin daidaiton jinsi . {{Sfn|Jenkins|2012}} Halayenta suna amfani da hankali don tsayayya da al'ada mara hankali amma suna tunatar da mai karatu muhimmancin al'adar gargajiya. {{Sfn|Jenkins|2012}} Da littafinta na farko, ''Far and Beyon′'' (2000), Dow ta mayar da hankali kan babban jigon annobar cutar kanjamau da tasirin tashin hankali ga iyalai, musamman yadda mata da ke zaune a cikin al'umma mai kabilanci ke jure wa iyalai marasa uba saboda barnar da ta haifar a yankunan karkara na Botswana. {{Sfn|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012}} {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Ta binciko iyakokin da al'adu, al'adu, da cibiyoyi suka sanya wa 'yan mata da mata ta hanyar amfani da tsarin maza. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} A cikin labarin, Mara, wata uwa mara ilimi da iyawarta ta kula da kanta, ta riga ta sami miji ɗaya da 'ya'ya maza biyu sun mutu sakamakon cutar kanjamau, wani miji ya yashe ta, kuma abokin tarayya na uku ya ci zarafinta. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Mara ta danganta mutuwar 'ya'yanta maza ga wani maƙiyi da aka ɓoye kuma tana neman amsoshi daga mai duba . Kodayake 'yarta, Mosadi (ma'ana mace), wanda aka sani da Mosa, da ɗanta da ya rage, Stan, ba su yi imanin cewa al'adun mai duba za su bayyana dalilin da ya sa 'yan'uwansu suka mutu ba, suna bin bukukuwan da aka tsara. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Lokacin da Mosa ta gano tana da juna biyu kuma mahaifin yaron ya yi watsi da ita, ta yanke shawarar yin zubar da ciki a ɓoye, maimakon ƙara wa mahaifiyarta nauyi. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} A ƙoƙarinta na warkar da iyalinta, Mosa ta kimanta ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda ke raba maza da mata da kuma ɗaga matsayin maza, tana koya wa mata su yi watsi da laifukansu. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Ta ci gaba da kasancewa da aminci ga iyalinta da al'adunta, ta koyi ƙin amincewa da halaye masu laifi a cikin al'ummarta. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Ta wannan hanyar, Dow ta bincika yadda shagala da shiru game da kurakurai a cikin al'umma ke haifar da rudani a akida da kuma cin zarafin marasa ƙarfi ta hanyar waɗanda suka fi ƙarfi. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} [[Fayil:Unity_Dow_-_PopTech_2011_-_Camden_Maine_USA_-_6266756376.jpg|alt=Photograph of asmiling African woman wearing a grey tweed jacket over a white v-necked blouse with a purple scarf and beaded necklace around her neck.|thumb|Dow, 2011]] Irin waɗannan jigogi da aka ɗauka a cikin littafin Dow na biyu, ''The Screaming of the Innocent'' (2001), wanda kuma ya yi nazari kan ƙarfafa mata a cikin ƙasar da ke cike da cin hanci da rashawa na 'yan sanda, kisan kai na al'ada, sirrin hukumomi, da shiru na zamantakewa. [ {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Ta hanyar bincika al'adar ''dipheko'', kisan wani don girbe gabobin jikinsu don sihirin sa'a da wadata, Dow ya nuna yadda masu kuɗi da ƙarfi ke farautar mutanen karkara marasa ilimi da kuma siyan shiru na hukumomi. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} A cikin littafin, an kashe wata ƙaramar yarinya a cikin daji kusa da ƙauyenta kuma 'yan sanda da manyan maza na yankinta sun danne bayanai game da lamarin. An ɓoye yankewar jikinta a cikin littafin a matsayin alamar nuna rashin amincewa da irin waɗannan ayyuka a cikin al'umma gabaɗaya. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Jarumar, Amantle Bokaa, wacce ke kammala hidimarta ta ƙasa (wanda aka sani a Botswana a matsayin Tirelo Sechaba), ta gano tufafi masu zubar da jini a cikin kabad na asibitin da aka tura ta. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Tufafin mallakar wani wanda aka yi wa fyade ne a baya, amma lokacin da aka gabatar wa mutanen ƙauyen sun farkar da cewa an ɓoye musu gaskiyar lamarin. Bokaa, saboda mutanen ƙauyen sun yi imanin cewa ba za a gan ta a cikin mummunan yanayin da hukumomi ke ɗauka ba, an zaɓe ta don ta yi magana da 'yan sanda a madadin mutanen ƙauyen. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} Saboda ita mace ce kuma yarinya, za ta yi kama da ba ta da ƙarfi, amma iliminta, wanda ya koya mata dabarun magance adawa da kuma tambayar imani, ya ba ta iko da kwarin gwiwa don ƙalubalantar dokar shiru da shingayen zamantakewa da ke kan hanyarta. {{Sfn|Lenta|2004}} {{Sfn|Ngom|2018}} Aikin Dow ba wai kawai ya jawo hankali kan dangantakar iko ba, har ma da mummunan kisan kai na al'ada da kisan mata . {{Sfn|Ngom|2018}} Ta bayyana a sarari imaninta cewa mata za su zama masu haifar da canje-canje a manufofi don kawo ƙarshen irin waɗannan ayyuka. {{Sfn|Ngom|2018}} An fara fitar da ''Far da Beyon′'' a Botswana sannan daga baya aka buga su a Ostiraliya. An fara buga littafin ''The Screaming of the Innocent'' a Ostiraliya kuma aka sake buga shi a Afirka ta Kudu a 2003. An buga littafinta na uku, ''Juggling Truths'', a wannan shekarar a Ostiraliya kuma aka sake shi a shekara mai zuwa a Afirka ta Kudu. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Dow ta sake tantance ayyukan al'adu masu muni da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa tare da dabarun yaƙi da su. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Duk da cewa ta yi bincike a baya kan al'ummar Afirka da batutuwan da suka haifar da adawa da zamani na Yamma da al'adun gargajiya na gida, aikin ya mayar da hankali kan daidaita ayyukan da suka dace da kyawawan ayyuka marasa kyau a cikin al'adun gida. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Ta amfani da halin Monei, wata ƙaramar yarinya da ke zaune a ƙauyen ƙauye, Dow ta yi nazarin al'adun baki da kuma amfani da tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi a matsayin hanyar da za a sanya jagororin ɗabi'a da kuma iko a kan zamantakewa ga yara. {{Sfn|M'Raiji|2017}} Littafin ya yi tambayoyi game da batutuwa kamar imani cewa kashe ƙadangaren mai lura yana haifar da guguwa mai ƙarfi, cewa yin abota da wani da [[Zabaya|zabiya]] zai kawo sa'a, ko kuma shan fitsarin bijimi zai taimaka wa mutum ya koyi yin busa. Ya kuma haɗa da labaran wani dodo namiji wanda ya haɗiye yara da kuma wani firist wanda ke cin zarafin ƙananan 'yan mata. Jigogin da ke cikin labarin sun haɗa ''Juggling Truths'' da littattafan Dow guda biyu na farko kuma suna nuna cewa 'yan mata da mata suna iya haɓaka ƙarfinsu ta hanyar ilimi da tunani mai zaman kansa. {{Sfn|M'Raiji|2017}} {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} Dow ta kusanci nazarinta game da sarkakiyar zamantakewa ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, tana gane cewa babu mafita mai sauƙi. {{Sfn|Gagiano|2004}} ''Juggling Truths'' ta kasance wacce aka zaɓa don Kyautar Percy FitzPatrick a cikin rukunin matasa a 2006. {{Sfn|Jenkins|2012}} Littafin Dow na shekarar 2007 ''mai suna The Heavens May Fall'' ya yi magana ne game da asalin mutane da ke canzawa daga al'umma ta gargajiya zuwa duniyar zamani da ta dunkule. A idanun Dow, al'umma tana canzawa koyaushe; sakamakon haka, al'ada, jinsi, asali, harshe, gina zamantakewa, da cibiyoyi suna da sauƙin fahimta. {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} Wani tunani na rayuwar Dow, labarin ya ba da labarin sauyawa daga hanyoyin da ba a shimfida su ba zuwa bututun ruwa na cikin gida da kuma yadda arzikin lu'u-lu'u ya samar da damar samun ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da kayayyakin more rayuwa. {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} Littafin ya sadaukar da kansa ga 'ya'yanta uku, yana mai sake nanata yadda ra'ayoyi game da su suka canza, domin su 'yan Afirka ne, amma kuma suna da wani yanayi mai rikitarwa saboda mahaifinsu ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne. A lokacin da labarin ya bayyana, da al'umma za ta gan su a matsayin baƙi. {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} Labarin ya ba da labarin Naledi, wanda aka haifa kafin zamanin zamani na Botswana kuma ya faru ne a lokacin da Dow ta ƙalubalanci dokar ƙasa. {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} A matsayinta na lauya, Naledi tana wakiltar mata da yara masu rauni waɗanda ke buƙatar sulhu ko taimakon shari'a. Ta ɗauki shari'ar wata matashiya da aka yi wa fyaɗe kuma ta fallasa haɗin gwiwar tsarin shari'a wanda maza suka mamaye, wanda ya yi watsi da shari'ar ba tare da an yi zaman sauraren ƙara ba. Duk da cewa ba a warware shari'ar ba, an umarci wanda ake tuhuma da ya yi gwajin cutar kanjamau, saboda an yi wa wanda aka yi wa fyaden ba tare da kariya ba, {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} wanda ke nuna canje-canje a cikin al'umma da kuma rashin sassauci. Mace ba ta ba wa wanda ake tuhuma gata ko iko na guje wa gwajin a ƙasar da tsarin shari'a ke da kariya don haɗawa da kariya ga mata ba, {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} duk da cewa tsarin shari'a ya gaza Naledi a ƙarshe. {{Sfn|Jenkins|2012}} Dow ta ba da gudummawa ga littafin ''Schicksal Afrika'' (Fate of Africa) wanda tsohon shugaban ƙasar Jamus [[Horst Köhler]] ya tattara a shekarar 2010, wanda ya tattara ayyukan marubuta sanannu. {{Sfn|Wiegmann|2010}} Rubutunta ya mayar da hankali kan mulkin mallaka da rashin yarda da Afirka ta samu saboda hikimarta. {{Sfn|Schamburek|2010}} A wannan shekarar, ta kuma buga littafin ''Saturday Is for Funerals'' tare da Max Essex, farfesa [[Jami'ar Harvard|a Harvard]] kuma mai bincike kan cutar kanjamau. An rubuta littafin ne a matsayin tattaunawa tsakanin Dow da Essex. Ta fara kowane babi, tana ba da labarin gaskiya game da mutumin da cutar kanjamau ta shafa, wanda kuma sharhin Essex game da gwaji, magungunan hana kamuwa da cutar, da mafita ga matsayin Botswana a matsayin ƙasar da ke da mafi girman adadin cutar kanjamau a duniya. Duk da cewa Helen Epstein, masaniyar ilmin halittu kuma 'yar jarida wacce ke rubutu game da cutar kanjamau, {{Sfn|Starita|2008}} ta yi kuka cewa yawancin hanyoyin Essex suna buƙatar fasaha mai zurfi, ta ga labaran Dow sun burge ta kuma ta nuna sha'awar al'ummar Batswana don magance matsalarta da cutar cikin gaskiya da tausayi. {{Sfn|Epstein|2010}} Fetson Kalua, farfesa a fannin Nazarin Turanci a [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]], {{Sfn|Baker|2009}} ya kira Dow "marubucin almara mafi tasiri a Botswana a yau". {{Sfn|Kalua|2010}} == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == Dow ta sami kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da digirin girmamawa na shari'a daga Kwalejin Kenyon (Gambier, Ohio, 2001), Kwalejin Saint Michael (Colchester, Vermont, 2007), {{Sfn|University of South Australia|2009}} da Jami'ar Edinburgh (Edinburgh, Scotland, 2009). {{Sfn|University of Edinburgh|2010}} An karrama ta saboda aikinta na kare hakkin dan adam tare da Kyautar William Brennan Human Rights Award (2003) na Jami'ar Rutgers da ke New Brunswick, New Jersey; Kyautar Phyllis N. Stern Distinguished Lectureship Award (2008) na [[International Council on Women's Health Issues|Majalisar Duniya kan Matsalolin Lafiyar Mata]] ; da Kyautar Fitattun Mata a Shari'a ta Duniya (2009) na Ƙungiyar Mata a Shari'a ta Duniya ta Amurka . {{Sfn|University of South Australia|2009}} {{Sfn|Tabak|2018}} Ta kuma kasance wacce aka zaɓa don baje kolin Mata Masu Sha'awar Canji na Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard (2014). {{Sfn|Harvard Law School|2014}} A ranar 14 ga Yuli 2010, jakadan Faransa a Botswana, [[Geneviève Iancu]], ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Legion of Honor . {{Sfn|Lory|2014}} An karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Global Nasara ta [[Middle East Excellence Award Institute|Cibiyar Ba da Lamuni ta Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ta Dubai saboda aikinta na samar da zaman lafiya da ci gaban bil'adama a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2012. {{Sfn|''Sunday Standard''|2012b}} == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == === Ilimi === *   *   *   * {{Cite book|edition=Edward K.}} *   * {{Cite book|last=Horst Köhler}} * Dow, J. U. (2001). How the global informs the local: The Botswana citizenship case. ''Health Care for Women International'', ''22''(4), 319-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330120965 === Adabi === *   *   *   *   *   *   == Duba kuma == * Lauyoyi mata na farko a duniya == Bayanan kula == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Manazarta == === Ambato === {{Reflist|20em}} === Littattafan tarihi ===   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==   * {{YouTube|GRdNVmh3sJ8|Unity Dow: Rethinking Africa}} * Appearances on C-SPAN {{Foreign Ministers of Botswana}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3rv4gehsjed55ecgqem7gw9gb8h3fux 3 148654 827301 2026-04-27T21:23:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827301 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, S k y r! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/S k y r|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) bdsl70te4wv4ay9lmaq9x6373cocksh 3 148655 827302 2026-04-27T21:23:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827302 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Faithchumds001! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Faithchumds001|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) ekmjnk9ytxa91jqsslb7lkh6sg8xw5q 3 148656 827303 2026-04-27T21:23:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827303 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ARoseThorn! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ARoseThorn|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) jz1bkyxdg2h3l97y723cd6rlfuq5cg9 3 148657 827304 2026-04-27T21:23:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827304 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pretty Fulani! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pretty Fulani|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) pjzv0mii8v3kjo974avy1ufotvjk4eg 3 148658 827305 2026-04-27T21:23:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827305 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mpns! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mpns|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) ey6ho4dos6t80cjh5r1ave20elnc9d0 3 148659 827306 2026-04-27T21:24:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827306 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Marcinekk2! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Marcinekk2|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) m3twnnkveibqdgd6aewfwtce2vdkkf6 3 148660 827308 2026-04-27T21:24:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827308 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, A loose necktie! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/A loose necktie|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) fxiqjj6x2l5nf4dy8pfwo83dap4xmwr 3 148661 827309 2026-04-27T21:24:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827309 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Thanhng120! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Thanhng120|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) hdcmd3h68b3wwb2131nnwkafgebpgzy 3 148662 827310 2026-04-27T21:24:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827310 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Eowrjfjdjdjr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Eowrjfjdjdjr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) dggslttqyqcs1nsxl8uds43ykl4xyt9 3 148663 827311 2026-04-27T21:24:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827311 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mister Rabbit 64! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mister Rabbit 64|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) byn1rjn3cm79x9i067qijb083q2my6h 3 148664 827312 2026-04-27T21:25:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827312 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Misicmoot! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Misicmoot|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) s0j6x1hdb8l7aebr0o8qdmizt8c76ih 3 148665 827313 2026-04-27T21:25:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827313 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Javersi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Javersi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) hyg5vh0ei7xhrzr2h69nb2v335trbbo 3 148666 827314 2026-04-27T21:25:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827314 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, CBMPET2001! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/CBMPET2001|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) nzke9itubahr5lic1n6yk9ri1fxlr6c 3 148667 827315 2026-04-27T21:25:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827315 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bosancica by MK! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bosancica by MK|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) o14941fgzuqhuvjhs1u2djti000680g 3 148668 827316 2026-04-27T21:25:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827316 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wikihellyahoo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wikihellyahoo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) 05wsmfszcfklbeyhasm9d85zv8tezya 3 148669 827317 2026-04-27T21:25:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827317 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BrazilianInBattleofVerdun! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BrazilianInBattleofVerdun|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) jcsxye2nj3ul50fh2jgr2v6gep7gxv7 3 148670 827318 2026-04-27T21:26:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 827318 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bature19! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bature19|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) lp7wmthvptmb2xlwr2tkcuh7chig3ns 0 148671 827332 2026-04-27T22:00:36Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314579342|Colette Solomon]]" 827332 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Colette Ursula''' Solomon mai binciken manufofin Afirka ta Kudu ce, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata kuma darakta na kungiyar mata mai zaman kanta Women on Farms Project (WFP). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Niémah |date=26 July 2023 |title=Four distinguished South Africans receive UCT hon docs |url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2023-07-26-four-distinguished-south-africans-receive-uct-hon-docs |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=[[University of Cape Town]] |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Solomon yana zaune a [[Windhoek]] kuma ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Western Cape . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Colette Solomon |url=https://www.worldbenchmarkingalliance.org/team/colette-solomon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054953/https://www.worldbenchmarkingalliance.org/team/colette-solomon/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=World Benchmarking Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana da digiri na PhD daga Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban, Jami'ar Sussex, <ref name=":1" /> don rubutun digiri na 2003 Giving women choices? : ci gaba da ci gaba da mata da bashi a Tamale, Arewacin Ghana. Ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Niémah |date=26 July 2023 |title=Four distinguished South Africans receive UCT hon docs |url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2023-07-26-four-distinguished-south-africans-receive-uct-hon-docs |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=[[University of Cape Town]] |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya == Solomon has undertaken policy research in Namibia, Malawi, Ethiopia and Ghana, focusing on the gendered implications and impact of rural development interventions,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Colette Solomon |url=https://www.worldbenchmarkingalliance.org/team/colette-solomon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054953/https://www.worldbenchmarkingalliance.org/team/colette-solomon/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=World Benchmarking Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref> whilst working at the Social Sciences Division of the Multi Disciplinary Research Centre, University of Namibia.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 2006, Soloman ya zama darektan Women on Farms Project (WFP), <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Colette Solomon |url=https://www.worldbenchmarkingalliance.org/team/colette-solomon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054953/https://www.worldbenchmarkingalliance.org/team/colette-solomon/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=World Benchmarking Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ke aiki tare da ma'aikatan gona mata waɗanda ke aiki a gonakin ruwan inabi a Yammacin Cape da Arewacin Cape a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma yana tallafa musu su fahimci da kuma aiwatar da hakkinsu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Snapshot series on stakeholder engagement |url=https://forumbhr2024.sched.com/event/1iIu0/snapshot-series-on-stakeholder-engagement-nothing-without-us-about-us-putting-rightsholders-representation-at-the-heart-of-human-rights-due-diligence-in-food-supply-chains |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=13th United Nations Forum on Business and Human Rights |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da Oxfam . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Duncan |date=26 March 2013 |title=Strikes, Spookytown, and a traumatic exit from feudalism: Women on Farms in South Africa {{!}} From Poverty to Power |url=https://frompoverty.oxfam.org.uk/strikes-spookytown-and-a-traumatic-exit-from-feudalism-women-on-farms-in-south-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054708/https://frompoverty.oxfam.org.uk/strikes-spookytown-and-a-traumatic-exit-from-feudalism-women-on-farms-in-south-africa/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=From Poverty to Power, Oxfam}}</ref> Tare da WFP, Solomon yana wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan da mata ma'aikatan gonaki suka fuskanta ga masu sauraro na ƙasa da na duniya, gami da mata da ke samun ƙasa da takwarorinsu na maza; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hlati |first=Okuhle |title=Women's rights in SA: 'Promises, but no action' |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/womens-rights-in-sa-promises-but-no-action-e58d5540-a366-4c31-9e3c-9a74c1d28791 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327073417/https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/womens-rights-in-sa-promises-but-no-action-e58d5540-a366-4c31-9e3c-9a74c1d28791 |archive-date=2022-03-27 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Independent Online (IOL) |language=en}}</ref> ana biyan su ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin albashi na doka da sauran keta dokar aiki; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maliti |first=Soyiso |date=15 July 2017 |title=Spike in illegal evictions at Western Cape farms |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/spike-in-illegal-evictions-at-western-cape-farms-10300536 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208235131/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/spike-in-illegal-evictions-at-western-cape-farms-10300536 |archive-date=2024-12-08 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Weekend Argus |language=en}}</ref> ma'aikatan yanayi da ke buƙatar albashi mai rai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gontsana |first=Mary-Ann |date=2018-01-30 |title=Unions fed-up with new minimum wage for farm workers - South Africa Today |url=https://southafricatoday.net/south-africa-news/unions-fed-up-with-new-minimum-wage-for-farm-workers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054832/https://southafricatoday.net/south-africa-news/unions-fed-up-with-new-minimum-wage-for-farm-workers/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=South Africa Today |language=en-US}}</ref> tsaro na gida; [4] damar samun ruwa da bayan gida a cikin gonakin inabi; [4] rashin kariya daga magungunan kashe cututtuka masu haɗari, [4] tasirin jinsi da kuma aikin gona; [4]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Human |first=Liezl |date=2022-10-31 |title=Farm workers march to Parliament to demand major reform |url=https://groundup.org.za/article/farm-workers-march-to-parliament-to-demand-agrarian-reform/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054753/https://groundup.org.za/article/farm-workers-march-to-parliament-to-demand-agrarian-reform/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=GroundUp News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-12 |title=Empowering women to curb hunger: Colette Solomon |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/radionational-breakfast/empowering-women-to-curb-hunger-corlette-solomon/4065416 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054803/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/radionational-breakfast/empowering-women-to-curb-hunger-corlette-solomon/4065416 |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=ABC listen |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Wuchold |first=Eva |date=2021-05-18 |title=Exploitation and Gender Discrimination in South Africa's Wine Mines |url=https://rosalux-geneva.org/de/exploitation-and-gender-discrimination-in-south-africas-wine-mines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054812/https://rosalux-geneva.org/de/exploitation-and-gender-discrimination-in-south-africas-wine-mines/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=[[Rosa Luxemburg Foundation]] |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baro |first=Joylean M. |date=2015-07-01 |title=A colonial hangover: big profits, massive exploitation in the Cape winelands |url=https://www.equaltimes.org/colonial-hangover-big-profits?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516003802/https://www.equaltimes.org/colonial-hangover-big-profits?lang=en |archive-date=2024-05-16 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Equal Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ishmail |first=Sukaina |date=16 October 2019 |title=World Food Day: Plight of farmworkers in the spotlight |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/world-food-day-plight-of-farmworkers-in-the-spotlight-35009501 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Cape Argus |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> A shekara ta 2015, Solomon ta yi adawa da ba da belin ga wanda ake zargi da aka kama dangane da kisan Deoline Demas, wata matashiya da ta sani ta hanyar Shirin Matasan Mata na WFP. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Booysen |first=Chevon |title=Teenage girl's murder suspect known to family |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/teenage-girls-murder-suspect-known-to-family-15778961 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221012834/https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/teenage-girls-murder-suspect-known-to-family-15778961 |archive-date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Cape Times |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin annobar COVID-19 Solomon ya yi kamfen don karuwar tallafin gwamnati ga mata manoma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Human |first=Liezl |date=2021-08-19 |title=R350-a-month Covid grant is too low, say speakers at Women on Farms meeting |url=https://groundup.org.za/article/r350-month-covid-grant-too-low-say-speakers-women-farms-meeting/?fbclid=IwAR0oerT3pI5jQ7y4pfyE_devRREAeJHdqMQmyvXVJrRSKFvUYJTH3LPA4B0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054828/https://groundup.org.za/article/r350-month-covid-grant-too-low-say-speakers-women-farms-meeting/?fbclid=IwAR0oerT3pI5jQ7y4pfyE_devRREAeJHdqMQmyvXVJrRSKFvUYJTH3LPA4B0 |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=GroundUp News |language=en}}</ref> An kama Solomon lokacin da yake zaune a hanya yana rera waƙoƙin zanga-zangar yayin zanga-zangar kin jinin korar da ke kusa da Simondium, Western Cape, a cikin 2020.[1] Ta bayyana a Kotun Majistare ta Paarl kan zargin cin zarafin jama'a, wanda aka soke.[2] Seeham Samaai, Daraktan Cibiyar Shari'a ta Mata, Afirka ta Kudu ta wakilce ta. Ta kuma yi magana game da korar da aka yi a gonaki ga ’yan majalisa a kwamitin nazarin tsarin mulki a shekarar 2018, [3] kuma ta ba da shaida a shari’ar shari’ar da aka yi wa manoman da aka kora.[4] A cikin 2023, Solomon ya kasance mai amincewa da kiran da kungiyoyin farar hula da yawa suka yi game da shawarwarin tsarin haraji na Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Kasa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Slack |first=Justin |date=2023-03-10 |title=Civil society calls on Parliament to support progressive taxation and halt proposed regressive measures |url=https://budgetjusticesa.org/media/progressive-taxation/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Budget Justice Coalition South Africa |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya kasance a wani yunkuri na ma'aikatan gona zuwa Majalisar da ke kira ga ganawa da Ministan Noma, Gyaran Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara Thoko Didiza don tattauna batutuwan tsaro na abinci, sake rarraba ƙasa da noma. Solomon ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar kan shawarar da Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Gyaran Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara suka yanke na watsar da alkawarin kawar da magungunan kashe kwari masu cutarwa a Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda aka haramta a [[Tarayyar Turai]] saboda haɗarin kiwon lafiya da muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Nicola |date=14 November 2024 |title=State accountability urged amid pesticide-related child deaths |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/state-accountability-urged-amid-pesticide-related-child-deaths-f0706e52-5b4e-4768-bb5c-b7ceb1c0b7d6 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Cape Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Payi |first=Bulelwa |date=2 September 2023 |title=UN official raps SA for continued use of banned toxic pesticides |url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/un-official-raps-sa-for-continued-use-of-banned-toxic-pesticides-4432cd8a-86ff-40d3-95e4-05d41ad01934 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221005747/https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/un-official-raps-sa-for-continued-use-of-banned-toxic-pesticides-4432cd8a-86ff-40d3-95e4-05d41ad01934 |archive-date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Weekend Argus |language=en}}</ref> Maganganunta game da yadda sauye-sauyen kore na Turai zai iya haifar da tasirin muhalli da na zamantakewa a Kudancin Duniya kungiyoyi irin su Gidauniyar SOLIDAR sun ambaci su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Just Transition: Not Just for (E)U |url=https://www.solidar.org/campaign/global-just-transition-not-just-for-eu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218101301/https://www.solidar.org/campaign/global-just-transition-not-just-for-eu/ |archive-date=2025-02-18 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=SOLIDAR Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Case Study {{!}} Exported Toxicity:The EU's Banned Pesticides in South Africa |url=https://www.solidar.org/publications-page/case-study-exported-toxicitythe-eus-banned-pesticides-in-south-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323230739/https://www.solidar.org/publications-page/case-study-exported-toxicitythe-eus-banned-pesticides-in-south-africa/ |archive-date=2025-03-23 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=SOLIDAR Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai da tarurruka == Solomon ya ba da gudummawa ga surori ga wallafe-wallafen, kamar su "The Many Faces of Feminism in Namibia" a cikin The Challenge of Local Feminisms (1993) tare da [[Dianne Hubbard]], da kuma shirya mata ma'aikata a cikin tattalin arzikin da ba a sani ba: Beyond the Weapons of the Weak (2013). Ta rubuta labarai ga kamfanin dillancin labarai na Afirka ta Kudu GroundUp . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Author: Colette Solomon |url=https://groundup.org.za/author/456/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220055244/https://groundup.org.za/author/456/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=GroundUp News |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2011, Solomon ta gabatar a taron kare zamantakewa don adalci na zamantakewa wanda aka gudanar a alma mater ta Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban a Brighton . A shekara ta 2024 ta gabatar da wani zaman kan sa hannun masu ruwa da tsaki, cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam da kuma yin aiki tuƙuru a cikin sarkar samar da abinci a taron 13 na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan Kasuwanci da' Yancin Dan Adam a [[Geneva]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Snapshot series on stakeholder engagement |url=https://forumbhr2024.sched.com/event/1iIu0/snapshot-series-on-stakeholder-engagement-nothing-without-us-about-us-putting-rightsholders-representation-at-the-heart-of-human-rights-due-diligence-in-food-supply-chains |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=13th United Nations Forum on Business and Human Rights |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g78sciogjex1tiddg7xmpwa9t6t9hpt 0 148672 827333 2026-04-27T22:01:50Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335688266|Demi-Leigh Tebow]]" 827333 wikitext text/x-wiki   Demi-Leigh Tebow (/ˈdɛmɪ liː ˈtiːboʊ/ DE-mee-LEE TEE-boh; An haife ta '''Nel-Peters'''; an haifi ta a ranar 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1995) ƴar Afirka ta Kudu ce, marubuciya, mai ba da shawara game da fataucin fataucin mutane, kuma mai riƙe da taken mai kyau wanda aka fi sani da lashe taken Miss Universe 2017. Ta lashe kambin Miss Afirka ta Kudu 2017, kuma ta biyu Miss Universe wanda ya lashe daga Afirka ta Kudu, bayan Margaret Gardiner, wacce ta lashe kambin Miss Universe 1978. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1995 a Sedgefield, Western Cape, ga Bennie Peters da Anne-Marie Steenkamp . <ref>{{Cite web |last=JK, Morne |date=27 March 2017 |title=Who is Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters |url=https://www.jacarandafm.com/news/entertainment/who-demi-leigh-nel-peters/ |publisher=Jacaranda FM}}</ref> Ta gano 'yar uwarta, Franje, wacce aka haifa tare da Cerebellar agenesis, a matsayin mafi mahimmancin mai motsawa a rayuwarta. Franje ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2019, yana da shekaru 13.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson, Amy |date=7 May 2019 |title=Tim Tebow's Fiancee's Sister Dies Suddenly At 13 From A Rare Condition |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/health-news/tim-tebows-fiancees-sister-dies-suddenly-at-13-from-a-rare-condition/ar-AAB2DmX?ocid=spartandhp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510055339/https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/health-news/tim-tebows-fiancees-sister-dies-suddenly-at-13-from-a-rare-condition/ar-AAB2DmX%3Focid%3Dspartandhp |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=Women's Health}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=15 Things You Should Know About Miss South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters |url=https://www.sapeople.com/2017/03/27/15-things-know-miss-south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters/ |publisher=SA People News}}</ref><ref name="Ghosh">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Sutrishna |date=27 November 2017 |title=Miss South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters beats Colombia and Jamaica to win Miss Universe 2017 |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/miss-south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters-beats-colombia-jamaica-win-miss-universe-2017-1648983 |access-date=27 November 2017 |website=International Business Times UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Nel-Peters ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma]] a watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, 'yan kwanaki kafin ta lashe gasar Miss Afirka ta Kudu ta shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Miss Universe Teaches Self-Defense After Getting Held at Gunpoint: 5 Things to Know |url=https://people.com/bodies/miss-universe-south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters-5-things-to-know/ |access-date=27 November 2017 |website=People.com}}</ref> Tana da ƙwarewa a [[Turanci]] da [[Afrikaans]].<ref name="CBS AP">{{Cite web |date=26 November 2017 |title=Miss South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters wins Miss Universe |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/miss-universe-2017-winner-miss-south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters/ |access-date=26 November 2017 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Bustle">{{Cite web |last=Denninger |first=Lindsay |date=26 November 2017 |title=Miss South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters Wins Miss Universe 2017 |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/miss-south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters-wins-miss-universe-2017-5553502 |publisher=Bustle}}</ref> Nel-Peters kuma ta lashe Kofin Miss Varsity 2015 kuma ta kasance Top 5 finalist a Miss Teen SA a 2010. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=15 Things You Should Know About Miss South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters |url=https://www.sapeople.com/2017/03/27/15-things-know-miss-south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters/ |publisher=SA People News}}</ref> == Wasanni == === Miss Afirka ta Kudu 2017 === Nel-Peters ta wakilci Yammacin Cape a gasar Miss Afirka ta Kudu 2017 a ranar 26 ga Maris 2017, wanda ta lashe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2024 |title=Meet Demi-Leigh Tebow, the beauty queen wife of former NFL star Tim Tebow |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/entertainment/article/3274733/meet-demi-leigh-tebow-wife-ex-nfl-star-tim-tebow-she-grew-small-town-south-africa-won-both-miss |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> A matsayinta na Miss Afirka ta Kudu, tana da 'yancin wakiltar Afirka ta Kudu a duka Miss World 2017 da Miss Universe 2017, amma tun lokacin da kwanakin wasannin biyu suka yi daidai, an tura ta ne kawai zuwa Miss Universe, wanda aka gudanar a [[Las Vegas|Las Vegas, Nevada]]. === Miss Universe 2017 === A zagaye na karshe Steve Harvey ya tambayi Nel-Peters, "Wane inganci ne a cikin kanka kuma ta yaya za ku yi amfani da wannan ingancin ga lokacinku a matsayin Miss Universe?" Ta ce: {{Blockquote|As a Miss Universe, you have to be confident in who you are as an individual. And Miss Universe is a woman that has overcome many fears, and by that she is able to help other women to overcome their fears. She is a woman that nothing is ever too much to ask for and I think that is exactly who I am.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/896303/miss-south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters-crowned-miss-universe-2017 |title=Miss South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters Crowned Miss Universe 2017 |work=E! Online |access-date=27 November 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>}} Lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da abin da ta yi tunanin shine mafi mahimmancin batun game da mata a wurin aiki, ta ce: {{Blockquote|In some places, women get paid 75% of what men earn for doing the same job, working the same hours — and I do not believe that this is right. I think we should have equal work for equal pay for women all over the world.<ref name="Moniuszko">{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2017/11/26/miss-south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters-crowned-miss-universe-2017/894556001/ |title=Miss South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters is crowned Miss Universe 2017 |last=Moniuszko |first=Sara M. |date=26 November 2017 |work=USA Today |access-date=27 November 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>}} Ta ci gaba da lashe gasar kuma ta lashe kambin Miss Universe 2017 ta hanyar mai rike da taken Iris Mittenaere . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2017 |title=South Africa's Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters wins Miss Universe 2017 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/life/11/27/17/south-africas-demi-leigh-nel-peters-wins-miss-universe-2017 |publisher=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Domirez |first=Darren |date=26 November 2017 |title=Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters wins first Miss Universe 2017 crown for Miss South Africa in 39 years |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/4646551/breaking-demi-leigh-nel-peters-wins-first-miss-universe-2017-crown-for-miss-south-africa-in-39-years/ |publisher=Inquisitr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Universe 2017 |url=http://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/fashion/south-africa-win-crowned-miss-universe-2017-shraddha-shahsidhar-missed-the-chance |access-date=27 November 2017 |website=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref> Nel-Peters ita ce ta biyu daga Afirka ta Kudu; Margaret Gardiner ta lashe Miss Universe 1978. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Feldman |first=Kate |date=26 November 2017 |title=Miss South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters named Miss Universe 2017 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters-named-universe-2017-article-1.3659285 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2017 |title=Miss South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters, Miss Universe 2017-2018 Winner: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know |url=http://heavy.com/entertainment/2017/11/miss-universe-20172018-winner-south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters/ |publisher=Heavy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Universe 2017: Crowning moments of Miss South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters in PHOTOS |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/miss-universe-2017-crowning-moments-miss-south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters-photos-750884 |access-date=27 November 2017 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> Nel-Peters ta ce a lokacin wani sashi a Miss Universe cewa tana so ta yi amfani da bitar kare kanta don taimakawa mata da yawa kamar yadda za ta iya.<ref name="Ghosh">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Sutrishna |date=27 November 2017 |title=Miss South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters beats Colombia and Jamaica to win Miss Universe 2017 |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/miss-south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters-beats-colombia-jamaica-win-miss-universe-2017-1648983 |access-date=27 November 2017 |website=International Business Times UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wannan ya samo asali ne daga wani abin da ya faru wata daya bayan an naɗa ta Miss Afirka ta Kudu, lokacin da aka sace ta a Hyde Park . Ta ba da maɓallan motarta amma masu satar mota sun tilasta mata shiga cikin motarta.<ref name="usmagazine.com">{{Cite web |date=26 November 2017 |title=Miss Universe 2017 Pageant: Who Won? |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/miss-universe-2017-pageant-who-won/ |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2017 |title=Miss South Africa Wins Miss Universe 2017 |url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/a13930389/miss-south-africa-demi-leigh-nel-peters-miss-universe-2017/ |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref> Ta buge daya daga cikinsu a makogwaro kuma ta yi nasarar guduwa ta sami taimako.<ref name="usmagazine.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss SA Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters in hijacking drama - IOL News |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/miss-sa-demi-leigh-nel-peters-in-hijacking-drama-9615042 |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2017 |title=I punched one of my attackers in the throat, says Miss SA on hijacking ordeal |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2017-06-08-i-punched-one-of-my-attackers-in-the-throat-says-miss-sa-on-hijacking-ordeal/ |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref> A matsayinta na Miss Universe, Nel-Peters ta ziyarci [[Filipin|Philippines]] (sau biyu), [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] (sau biyu, [[Tailan|Thailand]] (sau biyu)), [[Faransa]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] (sau biyu). Nel-Peters ta ƙare mulkinta a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2018 a [[Bangkok]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], kasar da ta karbi bakuncin gasar Miss Universe ta 67. Daga bisani ta naɗa Catriona Gray na [[Filipin|Philippines]] a matsayin magajinta. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Nel-Peters Kirista ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wismer |first=Faith |date=2025-05-30 |title=Defined By God: Finding My Identity in Christ |url=https://www.focusonthefamily.com/marriage/defined-by-god-finding-my-identity-in-christ/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Focus on the Family |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin mulkinta a matsayin Miss Universe 2017, Nel-Peters ta fara soyayya da Tim Tebow, tsohon kwararren dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka]] kuma tsohon kwararre dan wasan kwallon kwando na New York Mets. Nel-Peters da Tebow sun yi aure a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2019 a gonar iyalin Tebow a Jacksonville, Florida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steve Helling |last2=Lindsay Kimble |date=10 January 2019 |title=Tim Tebow Is Engaged to Former Miss Universe Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters |url=https://people.com/sports/tim-tebow-demi-leigh-nel-peters-engaged/ |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> Sun yi aure a ranar 20 ga Janairun 2020 a Franschhoek, Yammacin Cape, kimanin awa daya a wajen Cape Town.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2019 |title=5 Facts About Tim Tebow and Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters' Wedding Venue |url=https://www.wedding-spot.com/blog/tim-tebow-wedding-venue-facts-photos |access-date=23 January 2020 |website=wedding-spot.com |publisher=Wedding Spot Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2019 |title=Everything to Know About Tim Tebow's Wife-To-Be Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters |url=https://people.com/sports/who-is-tim-tebow-fiancee-demi-leigh-nel-peters/ |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=People}}</ref> == Bayanan littattafai ==       == Bayyanar fim == Ta bayyana a matsayin abin koyi a cikin lambar abu "Calendar Song" a cikin fim din 2024 ''Indiya 2'' . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{S-start}} {{S-ach}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Miss Universe]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=Timeless Beauty by Missosology}} {{S-aft}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Miss South Africa]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Miss South Africa|{{nowrap|Miss Universe}} <br /> South Africa]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-break}} {{S-end}} * [https://demileigh.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032335/http://www.misssa.co.za/current-reign/ Bayanan martaba na Nel-Peters a shafin yanar gizon Miss Afirka ta Kudu] {{Miss Universe 2017 delegates}}{{Miss Universe titleholders}}{{Miss Universe Organization titleholders|Year=2017|Miss Universe={{flagicon|South Africa}} '''Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters'''|Miss USA={{flagicon|District of Columbia}} [[Kára McCullough]]|Miss Teen USA={{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Sophia Dominguez-Heithoff]]}}{{Big Four Pageants titleholders|Year=2017|Miss Universe={{flagicon|South Africa}} '''Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters'''|Miss World={{flagicon|India}} [[Manushi Chhillar]]|Miss International={{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kevin Lilliana]]|Miss Earth={{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Karen Ibasco]]}}{{Miss South Africa winners in the Big Four pageants}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tebow, Demi-Leigh}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f1xcaumqpmicjbmyis3dj53z70ftbor 0 148673 827334 2026-04-27T22:03:18Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329449594|Nebila Abdulmelik]]" 827334 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nebila Abdulmelik''' 'yar gwagwarmayar mata ce ta Habasha. An san ta da jagorantar kamfen ɗin #JusticeforLiz wanda aka ƙaddamar don neman adalci ga yarinya 'yar Kenya mai shekaru 16 mai suna Liz wacce aka yi mata fyade a shekarar 2013. Nebila ta kasance manajan alakar kafofin watsa labarai a FEMNET, wata cibiyar da ke ba da shawara ga ci gaban mata a Afirka. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Nebila a [[Addis Ababa]], Habasha, ƙarama cikin 'yan'uwa mata uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One on One: Nebila Abdulmelik |url=https://www.femnet.org |access-date=2013-12-09}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya mutu lokacin da take da shekaru 13. A matsayinta na budurwa [[Musulmi]] ta asalin Harari, ta ce ta sha wahala daga nuna bambanci, wanda ya rinjayi ta zama mai fafutuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MARMIER |first=Anne-Marie |title=Nebila ABDULMELIK |url=https://www.dictionnaire-creatrices.com/fiche-nebila-abdulmelik |website=Le Dictionnaire universel des Créatrices}}</ref> Ta sami tallafin karatu don karatun sakandare a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma ta kammala karatu tare da MA a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles a Nazarin Afirka. == Ayyuka == Nebila ta ci gaba da aikinta a matsayin mai fafutuka da ke ba da shawara ga haƙƙin mata. Ta yi tafiya zuwa kasashe sama da 40 kuma ta yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da yawa. Ta yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata na Pan-African ciki har da FEMNET da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta hanyar Sakatariyar Gine-gine ta Gwamnatin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nebila Abdulmelik {{!}} Nelson Mandela School of Public Governance |url=http://www.mandelaschool.uct.ac.za/abdulmelik |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221202507/http://www.mandelaschool.uct.ac.za/abdulmelik |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=www.mandelaschool.uct.ac.za |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2013, ta ƙaddamar da takardar neman izini ta kan layi mai taken #JusticeforLiz biyo bayan fyade na Liz [wanda?] kuma takardar neman ta sami sa hannu sama da miliyan 2 da ke neman hukuncin kisa ga masu fyade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya teen gang rape case sparks outrage, protests |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/11/1/kenya-teen-gang-rapecasesparksoutrageprotests.html |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=america.aljazeera.com}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2013 an ruwaito wata yarinya 'yar Najeriya mai shekaru goma sha shida da aka sani da labarin "Liz" a karon farko a cikin jaridar kasar Kenya Daily Nation . A watan Yunin shekara ta 2013 maza shida ne suka yi wa Liz fyade wadanda daga baya suka jefa ta cikin gidan wanka kuma suka bar ta ta mutu. Liz ta tsira daga mummunan rauni kuma ta sami damar bayar da rahoton yanayinta ga ofishin 'yan sanda na yankin kuma ta sami nasarar ambaci sunayen uku daga cikin wadanda suka kai mata hari. Hukuncin da jami'an 'yan sanda suka ba Liz masu kai hari uku da ta iya ganewa shine su yi aiki a lambun kuma su yanke ciyawa a ofishin' yan sanda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#JusticeforLiz: Power and Privilege in Digital Transnational Women's Rights Activism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com |access-date=2015-02-19 |website=Taylor&Francis Online}}</ref> Da yake fushi da rashin adalci, Nebila ta yi barci a wannan dare. Wannan shi ne lokacin da ta kirkiro takardar neman izinin kan layi mai suna #JusticeforLiz wanda aka yi wa George Kimaiyo, wanda ya bukaci a kama masu aikata laifin nan da nan, da kuma horo ga jami'in 'yan sanda wanda ya kula da shari'ar Liz. Manufar farko ta korafin ita ce sa hannu 1,000. Sun hadu da wannan burin a cikin kwanaki biyu zuwa uku kuma adadin ya ninka sau biyu. Wannan korafin ya sami karin hankali fiye da yadda ake tsammani wanda ya haɗa da fasalin BBC don yin magana game da gwagwarmayar kan layi. A lokacin gajeren hira da rediyo Nebila ya ambaci cewa kodayake sun kai kuma sun wuce burin da aka yi niyya har yanzu bai isa ba. Ta bayyana cewa suna buƙatar buƙatar yin amfani da ƙarar kuma su kai sa hannu miliyan ɗaya wanda daga baya ya yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One on One: Nebila Abdulmelik |url=https://www.femnet.org |access-date=2013-12-09}}</ref>  A watan Agustan 2021, an lissafa ta a matsayin daya daga cikin mata bakwai masu gwagwarmayar Afirka waɗanda suka cancanci labarin [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] ta Global Citizen, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=7 Notable African Women Activists Who Deserve Wikipedia Pages |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/african-women-activists-wikipedia-wikigap/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Global Citizen |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa == A shekara ta 2009, Abdulmelik ya wallafa waka mai taken [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1tq8b4kk Uwar Afirka] a cikin mujallar da ake kira Uly: A Journal of African Studies . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Mother Africa |url=https://www.web.archive.org |website=California Digital Library |language=en}}</ref> Nebila kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan waka mai suna You Have Reached the Women . <ref>{{Cite web |title=You Have Reached the Women |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net |access-date=2017-07-27 |website=Agenda |language=en}}</ref> Nebila ita ce marubucin waka mai taken What's in a Name?<ref>{{Cite web |title=What’s in a Name? |url=https://www.povo.africa |access-date=2014-10-03 |website=POVO Journal People of Valid Opinion}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ntdxykcdsx9awpo0v65nm6itgeylo2k 0 148674 827336 2026-04-27T22:06:28Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341446873|Jeannine Mukanirwa]]" 827336 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Jeannine Mukanirwa</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |1965 (shekaru 60-61) <div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Kinshasa]], Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo</div>&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An san shi da&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Yunkurin kare hakkin mata da inganta zaman lafiya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yara | class="infobox-data" |2 |} {{Reflist|30em}} '''Jeannine Mukanirwa Tshimpambu''' 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce ta Kongo kuma mai ba da shawara kan zaman lafiya daga [[Bukavu]] a Kivu ta Kudu . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=International |first=Amnesty |date=2001-03-28 |title=DR Congo, Deadly conspiracies? |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1413682.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}</ref> An haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1965, a [[Kinshasa]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . Ta kafa ingantawa da tallafawa shirye-shiryen mata (PAIF). Ayyukanta na rashin kulawa sun tsara ƙungiyoyin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) da kuma bayan. Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan karfafa mata, kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, da inganta zaman lafiya. [[Amnesty International]] ta amince da ita saboda aikinta na kare hakkin mata da inganta zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ginetta Sagan Award |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/about-us/grants-and-awards/ginetta-sagan-award/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Amnesty International USA |language=en-US}}</ref> Tasirinta ya wuce al'ummomin yankin; ta kasance alama ce ta ƙarfin hali ga mata a yankunan rikici. Ta kasance wakilin gwagwarmayar mata na Kongo a lokacin mafi yawan tashin hankali a tarihin kasar. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Mukanirwa ta girma ne a babban birnin Kinshasa . Daga baya ta rayu a gabashin DR. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=February 2000 |title=Shibboleth Authentication Request |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2000/02/01/crackdown-civil-society-activists-eastern-congo |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=}}</ref> Ta shafe yawancin yarinta a Kivu ta Kudu da Goma . Wadannan yankuna suna da tasiri akai-akai daga kalubale na siyasa da rikice-rikicen da ba su taɓa hutawa ba.<ref name=":0" /> Kasancewa kewaye da rikici ya tsara ta. Ya ba ta kyakkyawar ma'anar adalci da kuma alhakin mutum na tsayawa ga mutanen da aka yi watsi da su ko kuma ba su da kyau. A lokacin da take ƙarama, an san ta da kasancewa mai faɗakarwa sosai kuma ba ta jin tsoron kalubalantar ayyukan rashin adalci, musamman idan an ba da su ga 'yan mata. Ta tura kanta sosai don samun nasara a ilimi, wanda ya ba ta lasisi a cikin Gudanar da Ayyuka daga IFAD da digiri na biyu a cikin Shirye-shiryen Ci Gaban daga ISDR Bukavu . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Tshite |first=Marie-Rose |date=2024-12-01 |title=Capturing Congolese Women's Memories of War and Peacemaking |url=https://closeencountersinwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/tshite-congolese-women-memory-of-war-and-peacemaking.pdf |journal=Close Encounters in War Journal |language=en |volume=7 |pages=275–300 |issn=2704-8799}}</ref> Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun ba ta ƙwarewar ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye masu ma'ana waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan karfafa mata da Gina zaman lafiya, suna juya sha'awarta zuwa aiki. Tana da 'ya'ya biyu. Tana da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref name="medica">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Participant's Information: Presenting the participants of the international delegation: Jeannine Mukanirwa Tshimpambu |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/droi/dv/5_07cvmukanirwa_/5_07cvmukanirwa_en.pdf |access-date=9 August 2021 |publisher=Medica Mondiale}}</ref> == Farkon gwagwarmaya == Mukanirwa ta fara aikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata a shekarar 1989. <ref name="medica">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Participant's Information: Presenting the participants of the international delegation: Jeannine Mukanirwa Tshimpambu |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/droi/dv/5_07cvmukanirwa_/5_07cvmukanirwa_en.pdf |access-date=9 August 2021 |publisher=Medica Mondiale}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021-12-06 |editor-last=Sandoval-Almazan |editor-first=Rodrigo |editor2-last=Kavanaugh |editor2-first=Andrea |editor3-last=Ignacio Criado |editor3-first=J. |title=List of contributing reviewers 2021**Retrieved August 30, 2021. |url=https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-219010 |journal=Information Polity |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=549 |doi=10.3233/ip-219010 |issn=1570-1255}}</ref> Jeannine, tare da Immaculée Birhaheka, sun kafa Promotion et Appui aux Initiatives Féminines (PAIF) a shekarar 1989. Jeannine Mukanirwa, tare da abokin aiki guda ɗaya kuma ba tare da tallafin waje ba, sun shirya mata don ilimantar da su game da hakkinsu, musamman a cikin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ta ba da tallafi ta hanyar ayyukan al'umma waɗanda ta tallafa wa kanta. (PAIF) kungiya ce ta kare hakkin mata a Goma . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=International |first=Amnesty |date=2001-03-28 |title=DR Congo, Deadly conspiracies? |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1413682.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}</ref> PAIF ta yi aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar tsarin tallafi ga dubban mata, tana ba da ilimi kan haƙƙin shari'a, horo na sana'a, da tallafin zamantakewa. PAIF ta mayar da hankali kan shirye-shiryen kasa, ta yi imanin cewa canji ya fara ne a matakin al'umma. Manufarta ita ce ta karfafa mata da kuma zama wakilai na zaman lafiya da ci gaba. A shekara ta 2001 tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban PAIF). <ref name="Congo, Democratic Republic of the">{{Cite web |title=Congo, Democratic Republic of the |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/af/8322.htm |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> == Advocacy a lokacin rikici == Tarihin Kongo ya mamaye ta hanyar tashin hankali da zalunci a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Kongo a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Tshite |first=Marie-Rose |date=2024-12-01 |title=Capturing Congolese Women's Memories of War and Peacemaking |url=https://closeencountersinwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/tshite-congolese-women-memory-of-war-and-peacemaking.pdf |journal=Close Encounters in War Journal |language=en |volume=7 |pages=275–300 |issn=2704-8799}}</ref> Jeannine ta zama mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin mata, tana magana game da cin zarafin jima'i da kisan kiyashi. A shekara ta 1999, ta yi tafiya daga gabashin DRC zuwa Kinshasa don shiga taron jama'a inda ta bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a Mwenga, Kivu ta Kudu, inda aka ruwaito cewa an binne mata da rai, wanda ya sami kulawa ta kasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=February 2000 |title=Shibboleth Authentication Request |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2000/02/01/crackdown-civil-society-activists-eastern-congo |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=}}</ref> Wannan matakin ya kawo hankalin kasa da kasa ga gwagwarmayar mata na Kongo. Ta fara karbar barazanar da tsoratarwa akai-akai. Karin barazanar ya fito ne daga 'yan tawaye da hukumomin Rwanda a gabashin DRC. Bayan an yi mata da iyalinta barazana akai-akai, sai ta bar Goma don sake kafa kanta a Kinshasa.<ref name=":0" /> A farkon shekarun 2000, ta yi Allah wadai da [[Rikicin jima'i a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo|fyade]] ga mata a gabashin Kongo. == Kamawa da gudun hijira == An fara kama Mukanirwa a Kinshasa a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 2000, kuma an gudanar da shi a cibiyar tsare-tsare ta DEMIAP, wanda ake zargi da taimaka wa dangi daga Kivu ya tsere daga DRC. An sake ta na ɗan lokaci a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2001. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=International |first=Amnesty |date=2001-03-28 |title=DR Congo, Deadly conspiracies? |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1413682.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an sake kama Jeannine kuma an tuhume shi da laifin kisan gillar Shugaba Laurent-Désiré Kabila.<ref name="AI">{{Cite web |title=The Ginetta Sagan Award |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/about-us/grants-and-awards/ginetta-sagan-award/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> A lokacin da aka tsare ta, tana cikin mawuyacin hali a gidan yarin Makayla, tare da matan sojoji da ake zargi da aka azabtar da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/dd-rd/E84-28-2011-eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221114127/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/dd-rd/E84-28-2011-eng.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=publications.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Congo, Democratic Republic of the">{{Cite web |title=Congo, Democratic Republic of the |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/af/8322.htm |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> An sake ta wata daya bayan sa hannun kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, amma yanayin siyasa ya tilasta mata ta koma Kanada daga baya a wannan shekarar. Wannan aikin ya ba ta ikon yin kira ga haƙƙin mata. Ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai ba da shawara ga shigar da mata cikin hanyoyin zaman lafiya kuma ta yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa don nuna tashin hankali na jinsi a yankunan rikici.<ref name=":1" /> == Sanarwar duniya da jagoranci == A shekara ta 2002, [[Amnesty International]] ta ba Mukanirwa lambar yabo ta Ginetta Sagan saboda aikinta na kare hakkin mata da inganta zaman lafiya. <ref name="AI">{{Cite web |title=The Ginetta Sagan Award |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/about-us/grants-and-awards/ginetta-sagan-award/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Yayin da ta karbi kyautar Ginetta Sagan ta $ 10,000, Mukanirwa ta bayyana mummunar abubuwan da ke fuskantar 'yan mata da mata a kasar ta, daga fyade da ciki da ba a so zuwa barazanar rayukan masu gwagwarmaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shibboleth Authentication Request |url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&t=&sort=YMD_date:D&hide_duplicates=2&maxresults=60&f=advanced&val-base-0=Jeannine%20Mukanirwa%20&fld-base-0=alltext&docref=news/0F314B4E40BC37EE |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=login.howard.idm.oclc.org}}</ref> Wannan sanarwa ta duniya ta kara sakonta kuma ta sanya ta daya daga cikin manyan 'yan gwagwarmayar mata na Kongo. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara Yarjejeniyar Sun City (2003), tabbatar da cewa mata suna da wurin zama a teburin tattaunawar zaman lafiya. Jeannine ita ce kuma co-kafa Mata a matsayin Abokan hulɗa don Zaman Lafiya a Afirka (WOPPA), cibiyar sadarwar da aka keɓe don haɗa mata cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara a duk faɗin nahiyar. Woppa ta tara dukkan mata wakilai, masana zaman lafiya, masu fafutuka, da masu tasiri don tattaunawa da tabbatar da cewa an wakilci matan da yaƙin ya shafa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Tshite |first=Marie-Rose |date=2024-12-01 |title=Capturing Congolese Women's Memories of War and Peacemaking |url=https://closeencountersinwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/tshite-congolese-women-memory-of-war-and-peacemaking.pdf |journal=Close Encounters in War Journal |language=en |volume=7 |pages=275–300 |issn=2704-8799}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 2000 Mukanirwa ya yi Allah wadai da [[Rikicin jima'i a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo|fyade]] ga mata a gabashin Kongo.<ref name="rodriguez">{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Leah |date=9 August 2021 |title=7 Notable African Women Activists Who Deserve Wikipedia Pages |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/african-women-activists-wikipedia-wikigap/ |website=Global Citizen}}</ref> Ta lura da sakin wata takarda game da cin zarafin mata a Kongo a shekara ta 2007. A shekara ta 2009, ta jagoranci Medica Mondiale's Peacebuilding Project, wani aikin shekaru uku, a matsayin mai kula da aikin a cikin DRC, yana mai da hankali kan manufofin tsaro da kuma shiga siyasa na mata. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Frauenrechtsorganisation medica mondiale e.V. |url=https://medicamondiale.org/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=medicamondiale.org |language=de}}</ref><ref name="medica">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Participant's Information: Presenting the participants of the international delegation: Jeannine Mukanirwa Tshimpambu |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/droi/dv/5_07cvmukanirwa_/5_07cvmukanirwa_en.pdf |access-date=9 August 2021 |publisher=Medica Mondiale}}</ref> Ta zama mai magana da ake nema a dandalin tattaunawa na kasa da kasa a duk faɗin Afirka, Turai, da Arewacin Amurka. Jeannine Mukanirwa ta sanar da takarar ta mai zaman kanta don shugabancin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a Zaben Disamba. Ta gudanar da taron manema labarai a gundumar Kasa-Vubu ranar da ta gabata kafin lokacin rajista. Ta gabatar da dandalin ta na "Vision 2060", wanda ya yi kira ga Jamhuriyar da ta haɗa kai da adalci, 'yanci, da jagoranci mai ƙarfi. Jeannine ya jaddada mahimman abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci, gami da sake fasalin bangaren tsaro da tabbatar da daidaito na mata a duk matakan yanke shawara.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Matete |first=Merisa |date=8 August 2018 |title=Jeannine Mukanirwa appelle les RD-congolais à adhérer à sa vision 2060 |url=https://www.africanewsrdc.net/actu/jeannine-mukanirwa-appelle-les-rd-congolais-a-adherer-a-sa-vision-2060/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=AfricaNews |language=French}}</ref> == Ayyukan bayar da shawarwari da gina zaman lafiya == Jeannine Mukanirwa ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga shirye-shiryen ƙasa da na duniya waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan haƙƙin mata, gina zaman lafiya, da kuma farfadowa bayan rikici a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC). Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da aikin Médecins du Monde na shekaru uku na Peacebuilding Project, shirin da aka tsara don karfafa sa hannun mata a cikin siyasa da tsaro da kuma inganta tsarin tallafi ga waɗanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da jinsi. A cikin wannan rawar, ta yi aiki tare da abokan hulɗa don fadada horo ga shugabannin mata da kuma haɗa ra'ayoyin jinsi a cikin yanke shawara na al'umma.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Tshite |first=Marie-Rose |date=2024-12-01 |title=Capturing Congolese Women's Memories of War and Peacemaking |url=https://closeencountersinwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/tshite-congolese-women-memory-of-war-and-peacemaking.pdf |journal=Close Encounters in War Journal |language=en |volume=7 |pages=275–300 |issn=2704-8799}}</ref> Binciken gwagwarmayar mata a cikin DRC ya nuna cewa Mukanirwa ta kasance da hannu tare da PAIF (Promotion et Appui aux Initiatives Féminines). Wannan ya sanya ta a tsakiyar wani yunkuri mai zurfi wanda ke amfani da kariya ta shari'a, ilimi, da kuma hada siyasa don karfafa mata na Kongo. Bincike game da wannan nau'in gwagwarmaya ya jaddada muhimmiyar rawar da PAIF ta taka a cikin tattara jama'a kuma ya nuna gudummawar Mukanirwa ga aikin cibiyoyin sadarwa a lokacin rikici.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Tshite |first=Marie-Rose |date=2024-12-01 |title=Capturing Congolese Women's Memories of War and Peacemaking |url=https://closeencountersinwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/tshite-congolese-women-memory-of-war-and-peacemaking.pdf |journal=Close Encounters in War Journal |language=en |volume=7 |pages=275–300 |issn=2704-8799}}</ref> Har ila yau, gudummawar da ta bayar ta dace da kokarin samar da zaman lafiya wanda aka rubuta ta hanyar medica mondiale, wanda ke bayyana haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin abokan hulɗa na Kongo - gami da PAIF - don fadada tallafin zamantakewa, shari'a, da kuma bayar da shawarwari ga waɗanda suka tsira. Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna nuna tsarin da aka amince da aikin Mukanirwa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR Congo: Breaking the cycle of violence against women |url=https://medicamondiale.org/en/violence-against-women/news/demokratische-republik-kongo-den-kreislauf-geschlechtsbezogener-und-sexualisierter-gewalt-durchbrechen |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=medicamondiale.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] rgw1pqp39ygwc5q6x2rsb7nedyuo55r 0 148675 827337 2026-04-27T22:08:37Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343393378|Mercy Akuot]]" 827337 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mercy Akuot Marang 'yar gwagwarmayar zamantakewar al'umma ce kuma mawaƙiya ce ta Sudan ta Kudu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=The remarkable refugee women I have met and what they have taught me |url=https://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/stories/2019/3/5c8133464/the-remarkable-refugee-women-i-have-met-and-what-they-have-taught-me.html |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=UNHCR |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu tana zaune a Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist Mercy Akuot Sings, Runs Refugee Camp in Kenya |url=https://nowthisnews.com/videos/her/artist-mercy-akuot-sings-runs-refugee-camp-in-kenya |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=NowThis News |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta ne a Sudan ta Kudu kuma ta fito ne daga Al'ummar Dinka ta Sudan ta Kudu . Ta yi kyau a makaranta kuma tana da burin zama lauya. Mercy ta tsere daga iyayenta tana da shekaru 15 kawai lokacin da iyayenta suka tilasta mata ta auri kawunta wanda ya girme ta.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="35" href="./Kakuma" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kakuma">Kakuma<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pdqKetNpsM&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2021-08-10&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwqg\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt14\" class=\"citation cs2\" id=\"mwqw\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pdqKetNpsM\" id=\"mwrA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\"><i id=\"mwrQ\">HOW I ESCAPED CHILD MARRIAGE TO BECOME A WOMEN'S RIGHTS ACTIVIST | Mercy Akuot | TEDxKakumaCamp</i></nowiki><nowiki></a></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwrg\">, retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwrw\">2021-08-10</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Mercy_Akuot#cite_note-:0-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ta bar Sudan ta Kudu a shekara ta 2008 kuma da farko ta sami mafaka a Uganda. Koyaya, kawunta mai shekaru 56 ya bi inda take a [[Kampala]] kuma ta bayyana cewa ta sha wahala daga tashin hankali na jiki, fyade da tsare shi ba bisa ka'ida ba daga gare shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Nation: This is what it means to be a refugee in Kenya – Refugee Consortium of Kenya |url=https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-this-is-what-it-means-to-be-a-refugee-in-kenya/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya ta koma Kenya a shekarar 2015 bayan ta tsere daga kawunta kuma an shigar da ita a matsayin baƙo a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Kakuma a Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giannangeli |first=Marco |date=2019-06-09 |title=Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya: Fresh hope for a 'lost generation' |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1138276/kakuma-refugee-camp-kenya-football |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kodayake tana da burin zama lauya mai sana'a, ta bi aikinta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa da mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata saboda yanayin da ta sadu da shi tun tana ƙarama. Ta kuma ba da shawara game da auren yara yayin da ita kanta ke da kwarewar tsira daga yunkurin tilasta auren yara da iyayenta suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Activists Who Are Fighting Child Marriage in Their Countries |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/child-marriage-women-activists-africa/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Global Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin jakada ga 'yan gudun hijira a sansanin 'yan gudun gudun hijira na Kakuma a Kenya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-12 |title=African refugees' success stories |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/9843/african-refugees-success-stories |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai sa kai tare da Majalisar 'yan gudun hijira ta Denmark don shirin karfafa mata a sansanin. A watan Yunin 2018, ta halarci tare da 'yan gudun hijira a sansanin TEDxKakuma wanda shine tarihin farko na TEDx a duniya da aka gudanar a sansanin 'yan gudun gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=UN Refugee |date=2018-06-10 |title=Refugee speakers steal show at historic TEDx event |url=https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693 |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDx just hosted its first event from a refugee camp |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/06/let-s-change-the-way-we-think-about-refugee-camps/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin taron TEDx na 2018, ta raba abubuwan da ta samu game da yadda ta tsere wa auren yara sannan daga baya ta zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. An zabi Mercy a matsayin daya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa guda biyu a karkashin aikin FilmAid's Finding a Star wanda aka yi tare da hadin gwiwar mawaƙin R & B na Kenya Wyre . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Wyre to release new album with refugees |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/word-is/2019-08-26-wyre-to-release-new-album-with-refugees/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Star |language=en-KE}}</ref> An kuma san aikin da Making Stars-Kakuma yayin da aka fara aikin tare da goyon bayan Wyre wanda ke da sha'awar taimakawa masu basira masu son kiɗa a sansanin Kakuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Nation: Music is our gift from Kakuma to the world – Refugee Consortium of Kenya |url=https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-music-is-our-gift-from-kakuma-to-the-world/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> An bayyana cewa Finding a Star aikin ya taimaka wa Mercy don fara aikinta na sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEWSLETTER: Making an impact with the power of personal stories |url=https://www.filmaid.org/stories/2018/6/13/june-newsletter-projecting-hope-through-the-power-of-personal-stories |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=FilmAid |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta fito da wakar ta farko mai suna ''Anavyonifania'' a shekarar 2018. A watan Disamba na 2020, ta ƙaddamar da wani kundi mai taken Bado Mapema (''Har yanzu yana da wuri'') tare da wasu mata 'yan gudun hijira biyu (Lisa Queen da Mlay) a sansanin Kenya. Kundin ya nuna ainihin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi Mercy da sauran 'yan gudun hijira mata suka faru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DomínguezMunllonch |first=Montse |date=2020-12-14 |title=Mercy Akuot: Artist, Activist⁠. |url=https://www.coachabilityfoundation.org/post/mercy-akuot-artist-activist |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=misitio |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2021, an lissafa ta a matsayin daya daga cikin mata bakwai masu gwagwarmayar Afirka waɗanda suka cancanci labarin [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] ta Global Citizen, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Notable African Women Activists Who Deserve Wikipedia Pages |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/african-women-activists-wikipedia-wikigap/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Global Citizen |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == * ''Anavyonifania'' - 2018 * Taswirar Bado - 2020 == Dubi kuma == * Luise Radlmeier * Akuch Kuol Anyieth * William Akio * Aliir Aliir * [[Saadia Idris]] * Mac Andrew * Akuch Kuol Anyieth * Atem Kuol Atem == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] r77bxa5nib92pb8x4ecov1w5klha4m2 0 148676 827353 2026-04-28T01:51:37Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: [[Fayil:Chris fuehrich.jpg|thumb|Chris Führich]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Chris Führich | hoto = Chris Führich 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Chris Führich | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1998|1|9}} | wurin_haihuwa = Castrop-Rauxel, Jamus | tsawo = 1.78 m | matsayi = Dan wasan gefe (Winger) | kungiyar_yanzu = VfB Stuttgart | lamba = 27 }} '''Chris Führich''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus wanda ke tak... 827353 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Chris fuehrich.jpg|thumb|Chris Führich]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Chris Führich | hoto = Chris Führich 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Chris Führich | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1998|1|9}} | wurin_haihuwa = Castrop-Rauxel, Jamus | tsawo = 1.78 m | matsayi = Dan wasan gefe (Winger) | kungiyar_yanzu = VfB Stuttgart | lamba = 27 }} '''Chris Führich''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe ga kulob ɗin [[VfB Stuttgart]] a gasar [[Bundesliga]]. An san shi da saurin gudu, iya dribbling, da ƙwarewa wajen ƙirƙirar dama ga abokan wasa.<ref>Bundesliga Official Profile</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Chris Führich a garin Castrop-Rauxel da ke ƙasar Jamus, inda ya fara sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kafin ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta kulob daban-daban a Jamus.<ref>DFB Youth Development Records</ref> == Aikin Kulob == Führich ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru ne a ƙungiyar [[1. FC Köln]], inda ya taka rawa a ƙungiyar matasa kafin samun damar shiga babbar ƙungiya. Duk da haka, bai samu damar buga wasa sosai ba a wannan lokaci.<ref>1. FC Köln Player Data</ref> Daga baya, ya koma wasu ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar aro domin samun ƙarin kwarewa, ciki har da [[SC Paderborn 07]] inda ya nuna bajinta sosai. Wannan ya taimaka masa wajen haɓaka kwarewarsa da samun suna a gasar Jamus.<ref>SC Paderborn Match Reports</ref> A shekarar 2021, Führich ya koma [[VfB Stuttgart]], inda ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar. Ya taimaka wajen kai hari da kuma ƙirƙirar dama, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan gefe a ƙungiyar.<ref>VfB Stuttgart Official Website</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Chris Führich ya wakilci Jamus a matakin matasa kafin daga bisani a kira shi zuwa babbar tawagar ƙasa ta Jamus. Ya fara samun damar taka leda a matakin ƙasa sakamakon kyakkyawan rawar da yake takawa a kulob ɗinsa.<ref>German National Team Records</ref> == Salon Wasa == Führich ɗan wasa ne mai saurin gudu wanda ke taka leda a gefen fili. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen dribbling da kuma iya wuce abokan hamayya cikin sauƙi. Haka kuma yana da iya kai hari da kuma taimakawa wajen zura ƙwallaye.<ref>Player Analysis Reports</ref> == Nasarori == * Babu manyan kofuna na ƙasa a halin yanzu, amma ya taka rawa a cigaban ƙungiyarsa.<ref>Competition Records</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> [[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Jamus]] [[Category:Haihuwa a 1998]] [[Category:Mutane masu rai]] [[Category:Yan wasan Bundesliga]] 5p2iosdvae7pvtg9kb9imgw0o1xq322 0 148677 827354 2026-04-28T01:59:20Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: [[Fayil:2. Fussball-Bundesliga 2011-12.png|thumb]] {{Infobox gasar kwallon kafa | suna = Bundesliga | kafa = 1963 | kasa = Jamus | nahiyar = UEFA (Turai) | kungiyoyi = 18 | mataki = Mataki na 1 | saukarwa = 2. Bundesliga | kofin gida = DFB-Pokal | kofin nahiya = UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Europa Conference League | zakara_na_yanzu = Bayern Munich | mafi_yawan_kofuna = Bayern Munich (fiye da 30) | gidan yanar gizo = https://www.bundesliga.com }} '''Bundesli... 827354 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:2. Fussball-Bundesliga 2011-12.png|thumb]] {{Infobox gasar kwallon kafa | suna = Bundesliga | kafa = 1963 | kasa = Jamus | nahiyar = UEFA (Turai) | kungiyoyi = 18 | mataki = Mataki na 1 | saukarwa = 2. Bundesliga | kofin gida = DFB-Pokal | kofin nahiya = UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Europa Conference League | zakara_na_yanzu = Bayern Munich | mafi_yawan_kofuna = Bayern Munich (fiye da 30) | gidan yanar gizo = https://www.bundesliga.com }} '''Bundesliga''' ita ce babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus, kuma tana daga cikin manyan lig-lig guda biyar mafi ƙarfi a duniya. An kafa gasar a shekarar 1963 domin samar da tsari guda ɗaya na gasar ƙasa baki ɗaya, inda kungiyoyi mafi ƙarfi daga sassa daban-daban na Jamus suke fafatawa. {{cite web|title=History of the Bundesliga|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/history}} Gasar Bundesliga tana da kungiyoyi 18, kuma kowace kungiya tana buga wasanni 34 a kakar wasa (home da away). Kungiyoyi biyu na ƙarshe suna sauka kai tsaye zuwa 2. Bundesliga, yayin da kungiyar ta 16 take buga wasan gwaji (play-off) domin tsira. {{cite web|title=Bundesliga competition format|url=https://www.dfb.de/en}} Bundesliga ta shahara wajen samar da hazikan ‘yan wasa da kuma amfani da matasa a kungiyoyi. Har ila yau, tana da yawan masu kallo a filayen wasa fiye da sauran lig-lig a Turai, saboda kyakkyawan tsarin tikiti da kuma goyon bayan magoya baya. {{cite web|title=Attendance statistics Bundesliga|url=https://www.statista.com}} Kungiyar da ta fi kowa nasara a tarihin Bundesliga ita ce Bayern Munich, wadda ta lashe kofin sau da dama fiye da kowace kungiya. Sauran manyan kungiyoyi sun hada da Borussia Dortmund, Hamburger SV, da Werder Bremen. {{cite web|title=Bundesliga champions list|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/table}} Bundesliga na taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkar kwallon kafa ta duniya, musamman wajen bunkasa tattalin arziki da kuma samar da ‘yan wasa ga kungiyar ƙasa ta Jamus. Haka kuma tana daga cikin gasannin da ke amfani da fasahar zamani kamar VAR (Video Assistant Referee). {{cite web|title=VAR in Bundesliga|url=https://www.fifa.com}} == Tsari == A tsarin Bundesliga, kungiyoyi suna samun maki uku idan sun yi nasara, maki daya idan sun tashi kunnen doki, sannan babu maki idan sun yi rashin nasara. Matsayi a tebur ana tantance shi ne ta hanyar yawan maki, bambancin kwallaye, da kuma yawan kwallaye da aka ci. {{cite web|title=Bundesliga rules|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/info}} == Shahararrun Kungiyoyi == * Bayern Munich * Borussia Dortmund * RB Leipzig * Bayer Leverkusen * Borussia Mönchengladbach {{cite web|title=Top Bundesliga clubs|url=https://www.uefa.com}} == Duba kuma == * 2. Bundesliga * DFB-Pokal * UEFA Champions League == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2dlu6u6zdv6b6n9zr0j9ybuwdn4yph3 0 148678 827355 2026-04-28T02:06:45Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox na wasa | suna = VAR (Video Assistant Referee) | taken_hoto = Alkalin wasa yana duba VAR a fili | irin_wasa = Kwallon kafa | an_fara_amfani = 2016 | hukuma = FIFA, IFAB | manufar = Taimaka wa alkalai wajen yanke hukunci daidai }} [[Fayil:Video assistant referee in Russia.jpg|thumb|Video Assistant]] '''VAR''' (wanda ke nufin ''Video Assistant Referee'') wata fasaha ce da ake amfani da ita a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa domin taimaka wa babban alkalin wasa wajen yanke hukunci t... 827355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox na wasa | suna = VAR (Video Assistant Referee) | taken_hoto = Alkalin wasa yana duba VAR a fili | irin_wasa = Kwallon kafa | an_fara_amfani = 2016 | hukuma = FIFA, IFAB | manufar = Taimaka wa alkalai wajen yanke hukunci daidai }} [[Fayil:Video assistant referee in Russia.jpg|thumb|Video Assistant]] '''VAR''' (wanda ke nufin ''Video Assistant Referee'') wata fasaha ce da ake amfani da ita a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa domin taimaka wa babban alkalin wasa wajen yanke hukunci ta hanyar amfani da bidiyo.<ref>FIFA. "Video Assistant Referee (VAR) Handbook".</ref> An ƙirƙiro wannan tsarin ne domin rage kurakuran hukunci da kuma tabbatar da adalci a wasan.<ref>IFAB. "Laws of the Game - VAR Protocol".</ref> == Tarihi == An fara gwajin VAR a shekarar 2016 a wasu ƙananan gasanni kafin daga bisani a amince da shi a hukumance.<ref>FIFA. "History of VAR Implementation".</ref> Gasar farko da ta yi amfani da VAR sosai ita ce gasar ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya (FIFA Club World Cup) a 2016.<ref>BBC Sport. "VAR introduced in Club World Cup".</ref> Daga baya aka yi amfani da shi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a 2018.<ref>FIFA. "2018 World Cup VAR Report".</ref> == Yadda VAR ke aiki == VAR yana aiki ne ta hanyar ƙungiyar alkalai da ke zaune a ɗakin kulawa da bidiyo suna kallon wasan kai tsaye.<ref>IFAB. "VAR Protocol Explained".</ref> Idan aka samu kuskure ko shakku a hukunci, VAR zai sanar da babban alkalin wasa.<ref>FIFA. "How VAR Works".</ref> Daga nan alkalin zai iya duba bidiyon da kansa ko ya dogara da shawarar VAR.<ref>Sky Sports. "VAR Decision Process".</ref> [[Fayil:SISTEMA ARBITRAL POR VIDEO - 37857791982.jpg|thumb]] == Lokutan da ake amfani da VAR == Ana amfani da VAR ne kawai a wasu muhimman lokuta kamar haka: * Zura ƙwallo (Goal decisions)<ref>IFAB Laws of the Game</ref> * Hukuncin bugun fanareti (Penalty decisions)<ref>FIFA VAR Guidelines</ref> * Katin ja kai tsaye (Direct red cards)<ref>UEFA VAR Handbook</ref> * Gano kuskuren gane ɗan wasa (Mistaken identity)<ref>IFAB Protocol</ref> == Fa'idodi == VAR yana da fa'idodi da dama kamar: * Rage kuskuren alkalai<ref>FIFA Technical Report</ref> * Ƙara adalci a wasa<ref>UEFA Analysis Report</ref> * [[Fayil:FC RB Salzburg gegen SK Sturm Graz (2022-03-13) 71.jpg|thumb]]Taimakawa wajen yanke hukunci mai inganci<ref>IFAB Review</ref> == Matsaloli == Duk da fa'idodinsa, akwai wasu matsaloli: * Jinkirin wasa<ref>BBC Sport Analysis</ref> * Rashin daidaiton amfani a wasu lokuta<ref>The Guardian VAR Review</ref> * Rashin gamsuwa daga magoya baya<ref>ESPN VAR Debate</ref> == Kammalawa == VAR ya kawo babban sauyi a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar amfani da fasaha wajen inganta hukunci.<ref>FIFA Summary Report</ref> Duk da ƙalubale, ana ci gaba da inganta shi domin samun mafi kyawun sakamako.<ref>IFAB Future of VAR</ref> == Manazarta == [[Fayil:VAR AVAR.jpg|thumb]] 9m3c70izg0pawdv9b18iv1psjx5t7kh 0 148679 827360 2026-04-28T02:18:57Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox birni | suna = Setúbal | taken_hoto = Hoton birnin Setúbal daga sama | kasa = Portugal | yanki = Lisboa Metropolitan Area | lardi = Setúbal | yawan_jama'a = 118,000+ | yankin_fadi = 230 km² | harshe = Fotigalanci | lokaci = WET (UTC+0) | lambar_yanki = 291 }} [[Fayil:Fuerte de San Felipe, Setúbal, Portugal, 2012-05-11, DD 13.JPG|thumb]] '''Setúbal''' birni ne da ke a kudancin kasar Portugal, kusa da babban birnin ƙasar, wato Lisbon. Birnin yana cikin yankin da... 827360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox birni | suna = Setúbal | taken_hoto = Hoton birnin Setúbal daga sama | kasa = Portugal | yanki = Lisboa Metropolitan Area | lardi = Setúbal | yawan_jama'a = 118,000+ | yankin_fadi = 230 km² | harshe = Fotigalanci | lokaci = WET (UTC+0) | lambar_yanki = 291 }} [[Fayil:Fuerte de San Felipe, Setúbal, Portugal, 2012-05-11, DD 13.JPG|thumb]] '''Setúbal''' birni ne da ke a kudancin kasar Portugal, kusa da babban birnin ƙasar, wato Lisbon. Birnin yana cikin yankin da ake kira Lisboa Metropolitan Area, kuma yana da muhimmanci a fannin kasuwanci da yawon shakatawa. Setúbal yana kan bakin tekun Atlantic Ocean, wanda ke ba shi damar zama muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa. <ref>INE Portugal, Rahoton Birane</ref> [[Fayil:Setúbal - Portugal (52013428964).jpg|thumb]] Birnin Setúbal yana da tarihi mai tsawo wanda ya fara tun zamanin Romawa. A lokacin daular Roman Empire, yankin ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci da harkokin kamun kifi. Daga baya, a zamanin tsakiyar zamani, Setúbal ya ci gaba da bunkasa a matsayin tashar ruwa mai muhimmanci. <ref>History of Setúbal Archives</ref> Tattalin arzikin Setúbal ya dogara ne kan kamun kifi, masana'antu, da yawon bude ido. Kamun kifi, musamman sardines, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kudin shiga ga mazauna yankin. Haka kuma akwai masana'antun sarrafa abinci da na jiragen ruwa. <ref>Portuguese Economic Review</ref> Setúbal kuma sananne ne da kyawawan wuraren yawon bude ido, musamman bakin tekunsa da tsaunukan Arrábida Natural Park. Wannan wurin yana jawo masu yawon bude ido daga sassa daban-daban na duniya saboda kyawawan halittunsa da tsaftataccen ruwa. <ref>Tourism Portugal Guide</ref> A bangaren al'adu, Setúbal yana da al'adun gargajiya masu armashi, ciki har da raye-raye da wakoki na gargajiya na Fotigal. Haka kuma ana gudanar da bukukuwa da dama a cikin shekara, wanda ke nuna al'adun yankin. <ref>Cultural Heritage of Portugal</ref> [[Fayil:Coat of arms of Setúbal.svg|thumb]] == Manazarta == <references/> kkdffldn92c5640duwmrp829z8mbbv7 0 148680 827362 2026-04-28T02:23:39Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: [[Fayil:Atlantic near Faroe Islands.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porto Covo January 2014-10a.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox teku | suna = Tekun Atlantika | girma = 106,460,000 km² | zurfi_matsakaici = 3,646 m | zurfi_mafi_ƙarfi = 8,376 m (Milwaukee Deep) | iyaka = Nahiyoyin Turai, Afirka, Amurka ta Arewa da Amurka ta Kudu | ruwa_mai_shiga = Tekun Arctic, Tekun Kudancin Duniya | ƙasashe = Fiye da ƙasashe 100 suna da gabar tekun }} '''Tekun Atlantika''' ({{lang-en|Atlantic Ocean}}) shi ne na... 827362 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Atlantic near Faroe Islands.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porto Covo January 2014-10a.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox teku | suna = Tekun Atlantika | girma = 106,460,000 km² | zurfi_matsakaici = 3,646 m | zurfi_mafi_ƙarfi = 8,376 m (Milwaukee Deep) | iyaka = Nahiyoyin Turai, Afirka, Amurka ta Arewa da Amurka ta Kudu | ruwa_mai_shiga = Tekun Arctic, Tekun Kudancin Duniya | ƙasashe = Fiye da ƙasashe 100 suna da gabar tekun }} '''Tekun Atlantika''' ({{lang-en|Atlantic Ocean}}) shi ne na biyu mafi girma a cikin tekunan duniya, bayan Tekun Pasifik. Yana raba nahiyar Turai da Afirka daga Amurka ta Arewa da Amurka ta Kudu. Tekun Atlantika yana da muhimmanci sosai wajen sufuri, kasuwanci, da kuma sauyin yanayi a duniya.<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica, "Atlantic Ocean"</ref> Tekun Atlantika yana da fadin kusan kilomita murabba’i miliyan 106, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 20% na dukkanin ruwan duniya. Zurfin sa matsakaici ya kai mita 3,646, yayin da mafi zurfin wuri, wanda ake kira ''Milwaukee Deep'', ya kai kusan mita 8,376.<ref>NOAA Ocean Facts, Atlantic Ocean Data</ref> An samo sunan "Atlantika" ne daga tsohon tatsuniyar Girkawa, inda ake danganta shi da allahn nan mai suna Atlas. A tarihi, wannan teku ya kasance muhimmin hanya ta zirga-zirga tsakanin tsoffin al’ummomi kamar Turawa da Afirka, sannan daga baya ya zama hanya ta gano sabbin ƙasashe a lokacin binciken duniya (Age of Exploration).<ref>History.com, Atlantic Exploration</ref> Tekun Atlantika yana da tasiri sosai ga yanayi da sauyin iska na duniya. Misali, igiyoyin ruwan teku kamar ''Gulf Stream'' suna taimakawa wajen dumama yankunan Turai, wanda hakan ke sa yanayin su ya fi dumi fiye da yadda ya kamata a irin wannan latitude.<ref>NASA Climate, Ocean Currents</ref> Haka kuma, Tekun Atlantika na da dimbin halittu masu rai kamar kifaye, whales, dolphins, da sauran halittun ruwa. Wannan ya sa yake da muhimmanci wajen kamun kifi da samar da abinci ga miliyoyin mutane a duniya.<ref>WWF Marine Life Report</ref> Sai dai kuma, tekun na fuskantar matsaloli irin su gurbacewar ruwa (pollution), dumamar yanayi (global warming), da kuma yawan kamun kifi ba tare da kulawa ba, wanda ke barazana ga rayuwar halittun ruwa da daidaiton muhalli.<ref>UN Ocean Conference Reports</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Tekun Pasifik]] * [[Tekun Indiya]] * [[Gulf Stream]] == Manazarta == <references/> hmi00ljtst1x8y7xmhw7i46t8135x1v 0 148681 827363 2026-04-28T02:28:49Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: [[Fayil:EB1911 - Pacific Ocean, all.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pāhoehoe lava meets Pacific.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Seal Rocks, Ocean Beach, San Francisco.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox teku | suna = Tekun Pacific | fadi = kimanin km² 165,250,000 | zurfi_mafi_girma = mita 10,984 (Mariana Trench) | matsakaicin_zurfi = mita 4,280 | wuri = Tsakanin Asiya da Amurka, daga Arewa zuwa Antarctica | nau'i = Teku mafi girma a duniya }} '''Tekun Pacific''' (da Turanci: ''Pacific Ocean'') shi ne mafi girman... 827363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:EB1911 - Pacific Ocean, all.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pāhoehoe lava meets Pacific.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Seal Rocks, Ocean Beach, San Francisco.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox teku | suna = Tekun Pacific | fadi = kimanin km² 165,250,000 | zurfi_mafi_girma = mita 10,984 (Mariana Trench) | matsakaicin_zurfi = mita 4,280 | wuri = Tsakanin Asiya da Amurka, daga Arewa zuwa Antarctica | nau'i = Teku mafi girma a duniya }} '''Tekun Pacific''' (da Turanci: ''Pacific Ocean'') shi ne mafi girman teku a duniya, wanda ya mamaye fiye da rabin dukkanin ruwan duniya.<ref>National Geographic Society, "Pacific Ocean Facts"</ref> Yana shimfiɗa daga nahiyar [[Asiya]] da [[Australia]] a gabas zuwa [[Amurka]] a yamma, kuma daga Tekun Arctic a arewa zuwa Antarctica a kudu.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Pacific Ocean"</ref> Tekun Pacific yana da fadin kusan kilomita murabba'i miliyan 165, wanda ya fi girman dukkan ƙasashen duniya a hade.<ref>NOAA, "How big is the Pacific Ocean?"</ref> Wannan teku tana dauke da tsibirai dubban yawa, ciki har da tsibirai na Polynesia, Micronesia, da Melanesia.<ref>Britannica, "Pacific Islands"</ref> Zurfin Tekun Pacific ya kai kololuwa a wurin da ake kira '''Mariana Trench''', wanda shine mafi zurfin wuri a doron ƙasa, yana da zurfin kusan mita 10,984.<ref>US Geological Survey, "Mariana Trench"</ref> Wannan wuri yana cikin yammacin Pacific kusa da tsibirin Mariana.<ref>National Ocean Service</ref> An samo sunan "Pacific" daga kalmar Latin ''pacificus'' wadda ke nufin "mai natsuwa", wanda mai bincike [[Ferdinand Magellan]] ya ba shi a shekara ta 1520 bayan ya lura da yanayin ruwan da ya zama mai laushi a lokacin tafiyarsa.<ref>History.com, "Ferdinand Magellan"</ref> Tekun Pacific na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yanayin duniya (climate), musamman ta hanyar tsarin '''El Niño''' da '''La Niña''', wadanda ke shafar yanayin zafi da ruwan sama a sassa daban-daban na duniya.<ref>NOAA Climate.gov, "El Niño and La Niña"</ref> Wadannan canje-canjen yanayi na iya haifar da ambaliya ko fari a wasu yankuna.<ref>World Meteorological Organization</ref> Haka kuma, Tekun Pacific tana da dimbin albarkatun halittu, ciki har da kifaye, tsuntsaye na ruwa, da kuma sauran halittun teku.<ref>WWF, "Marine Life in the Pacific Ocean"</ref> Wannan ya sa take da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin kasashe da dama, musamman wajen kamun kifi da sufuri.<ref>FAO Fisheries Report</ref> Sai dai kuma, Tekun Pacific na fuskantar barazana daga gurbacewar muhalli, kamar zubar da shara (musamman robobi), da kuma dumamar yanayi wanda ke haifar da narkewar kankara da hauhawar matakin ruwa.<ref>UN Environment Programme, "Ocean Pollution"</ref> Wadannan matsaloli na iya shafar rayuwar halittu da kuma mutane a yankunan bakin teku.<ref>IPCC Report</ref> == Kammalawa == Tekun Pacific ita ce babbar teku mafi girma da muhimmanci a duniya, wacce ke taka rawa a fannoni da dama kamar yanayi, tattalin arziki, da kuma muhalli.<ref>National Geographic Society</ref> Kare wannan teku daga lalacewa yana da matukar muhimmanci domin dorewar rayuwa a doron ƙasa.<ref>UN Ocean Conference</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> hcji74y7qa9ohepadck9d6w0d3oy3h3 0 148682 827365 2026-04-28T02:50:28Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox wuri | suna = Kumbiya-Kumbiya | iri = Unguwa | ƙasa = Najeriya | jiha = Gombe | karamar_hukuma = Gombe | yawan_jama'a = 10,000+ | harshe = Hausa, Fulfulde | lokaci = WAT (UTC+1) }} '''Kumbiya-Kumbiya''' wata karamar unguwa ce mai dunbun tarihi da ke a cikin [[Jihar Gombe]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Unguwar tana daga cikin wuraren da ke karkashin daya daga cikin kananan hukumomin jihar, kuma tana da alaka da sauran yankunan karkara da birane na jihar.<ref n... 827365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox wuri | suna = Kumbiya-Kumbiya | iri = Unguwa | ƙasa = Najeriya | jiha = Gombe | karamar_hukuma = Gombe | yawan_jama'a = 10,000+ | harshe = Hausa, Fulfulde | lokaci = WAT (UTC+1) }} '''Kumbiya-Kumbiya''' wata karamar unguwa ce mai dunbun tarihi da ke a cikin [[Jihar Gombe]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Unguwar tana daga cikin wuraren da ke karkashin daya daga cikin kananan hukumomin jihar, kuma tana da alaka da sauran yankunan karkara da birane na jihar.<ref name="gombe">{{cite web |title=Gombe State Overview |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng |access-date=2026-04-28}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tarihin Kumbiya-Kumbiya yana da nasaba da kaura da zamantakewar al'ummomin Hausawa da Fulani da suka zauna a yankin tun shekaru masu yawa da suka gabata. An yi imanin cewa sunan unguwar ya samo asali ne daga wani yanayi ko al'ada da ta shafi rayuwar mutanen farko da suka fara zama a yankin, kuma an fitar da wani yanki ne daga Unguwar Bolari wacce take bangaren Kudu, kuma akan akanta ta da Unguwar baki, saboda a wancan lokacin Sarki yakan saukar da bakin da suka zo daga nesa dan basu masauki, shi yasa mutanen da duka shahara wajen kafa wannan yanki baki ne.<ref name="history">{{cite book |title=History of Northern Nigeria Settlements |year=2015 |publisher=Ahmadu Bello University Press}}</ref> == Yanayi da Muhalli == Unguwar Kumbiya-Kumbiya tana cikin yankin savanna na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, wanda ke da yanayi mai zafi da kuma ruwan sama na lokaci-lokaci. A lokacin damina ana samun isasshen ruwan sama wanda ke taimakawa harkokin noma, yayin da lokacin rani ke da zafi mai tsanani.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |title=Climate of Gombe State |url=https://niamet.gov.ng |access-date=2026-04-28}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin mazauna Kumbiya-Kumbiya ya fi karkata ne kan noma da kiwo. Ana noma amfanin gona irin su gero, masara, dawa da wake, yayin da wasu ke kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki. Haka kuma ana samun kananan sana’o’i kamar kasuwanci da sana’ar hannu.<ref name="economy">{{cite journal |title=Rural Economy in Gombe State |year=2018 |journal=Nigerian Journal of Rural Development}}</ref> == Al'adu da Rayuwa == Mazauna yankin suna da al'adu masu karfi da suka hada da bukukuwan gargajiya, aure, da sauran al’amuran zamantakewa. Addinin Musulunci shi ne mafi rinjaye, kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'umma.<ref name="culture">{{cite book |title=Culture and Traditions in Northern Nigeria |year=2012 |publisher=University Press}}</ref> == Ilimi == Akwai makarantu na firamare da sakandare a yankin, duk da cewa wasu dalibai na zuwa garuruwan makwabta domin samun karin ilimi. Gwamnati da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kokarin inganta harkar ilimi a yankin.<ref name="education">{{cite web |title=Education in Gombe State |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/education |access-date=2026-04-28}}</ref> == Sufuri == Ana amfani da hanyoyin mota na zamani wajen zirga-zirga zuwa Kumbiya-Kumbiya. Babura da kananan motoci su ne mafi yawan hanyoyin sufuri da ake amfani da su a cikin unguwar da kewaye.<ref name="transport">{{cite journal |title=Transportation in Rural Nigeria |year=2019 |journal=African Transport Review}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> [[Category:Unguwanni a Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] j24rawymev88nvgjsf9eb64oyq15bwb 0 148683 827400 2026-04-28T08:12:50Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321814299|Uthman III Kalinumuwa]]" 827400 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri Uthman III (ʿUthmān bin Dāwūd ), wanda ake kira '''Uthman Kalinumuwa''' <ref name=":0232" /> da '''Uthman Daudumi''', <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=H. R. |date=1912 |title=The Bornu Girgam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716085 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=12 |issue=45 |pages=78 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> ya kasance a takaice mai (mai mulki) na [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] a farkon karni na 15, yana mulki kusan 1422-1423.{{Efn|The name is also spelled ''Kalinumawa'', ''Kalnama'',<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/bostonuniversity02bost |title=Boston University Papers on Africa: Volume II: African History |date=1966 |publisher=Boston University Press |pages=58, 63, 81 |chapter=The Bornu King Lists}}</ref> and ''Kalinwama''.<ref name=":0">Palmer, H. R. (1926). [[iarchive:first-twelve-years-of-idris-alooma|History Of The First Twelve Years Of The Reign Of Mai Idris Alooma Of Bornu (1571–1583) (Fartua, Ahmed Ibn).]] p. 114.</ref>}} {{Efn|Different king lists ([[Girgam|''girgam''s]]) and chronicles translated in the 19th–20th centuries assign Uthman a reign of 0 years ([[Richmond Palmer|Palmer]]), 9 months ([[Heinrich Barth|Barth]]), and 1 year ([[Yves Urvoy|Urvoy]]). He is omitted in the regnal lists of [[Moïse Landeroin|Landeroin]] and [[Gustav Nachtigal|Nachtigal]].<ref name=":2" /> As a result of this, and due to different calculations for other mais, various dates have been given for his reign, including 1432 (Barth), 1425 (Palmer), and 1421–1422 (Urvoy).<ref name=":2" /> Lange (1984) dated his reign to 1421–1422,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Dierk |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184287 |title=General history of Africa, IV: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century |date= |website= |publisher=University of California |year=1984 |isbn=978-92-3-101710-0 |editor-last=Niane |editor-first=Djibril Tamsir |pages=261 |language=en |chapter=The kingdoms and peoples of Chad}}</ref> Stewart (1989) dated it to 1432–1433,<ref name="Stewart2">{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=John |title=African States and Rulers: An Encyclopedia of Native, Colonial and Independent States and Rulers Past and Present |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=1989 |p=35}}</ref> and Bosworth (2012) dated it to 1422–1423.<ref name=":0232" />}} Uthman ya yi mulki a lokacin "Lokacin Instability", wani lokaci mai rikitarwa na rikici na ciki da na waje a cikin daular. == Rayuwa == Uthman ɗan mai [[Dawud dan Kanem|Dawud Nikalemi]] ne . Uthman ya zama ''''Mayu'''' a farkon karni na 15, ya gaji dan uwansa Biri III Uthman. Sarautar Uthman ta kasance takaice sosai, watakila ta fi shekara guda. [a] Wata jam'iyya da ke karkashin jagorancin ''kaigama'' (babban janar) Nikale bin Ibrahim da ''yerima'' (wani babban jami'in) Kade suka hambarar da shi. Uthman ya tsere daga kasar kuma ya nemi mafaka tsakanin [[Hausa Bakwai|Jihohin Hausa]], <ref name=":122" /> mai yiwuwa a [[Kingdom of Kano|Masarautar Kano]]. Uthman ya gaji a matsayin mai tare da Dunama IV, <ref name=":122" /> dan dan Biri III. Uthman mai yiwuwa ya mutu a wurin da ya yi gudun hijira, mai yiwuwa [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]. Shafin mutuwarsa kuma an rubuta shi a matsayin "Bursulum".<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=H. R. |date=1912 |title=The Bornu Girgam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716085 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=12 |issue=45 |pages=78 |issn=0368-4016}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPalmer1912">Palmer, H. R. (1912). </cite></ref> == Bayanai == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == <references /> h72qhim2zs3w4nchr4g0nkvlbinpfer 827401 827400 2026-04-28T08:15:27Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 827401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox }} '''Uthman III''' (ʿUthmān bin Dāwūd ), wanda ake kira '''Uthman Kalinumuwa''' <ref name=":0232" /> da '''Uthman Daudumi''', <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=H. R. |date=1912 |title=The Bornu Girgam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716085 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=12 |issue=45 |pages=78 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> ya kasance a takaice mai (mai mulki) na [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] a farkon karni na 15, yana mulki kusan 1422-1423.{{Efn|The name is also spelled ''Kalinumawa'', ''Kalnama'',<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/bostonuniversity02bost |title=Boston University Papers on Africa: Volume II: African History |date=1966 |publisher=Boston University Press |pages=58, 63, 81 |chapter=The Bornu King Lists}}</ref> and ''Kalinwama''.<ref name=":0">Palmer, H. R. (1926). [[iarchive:first-twelve-years-of-idris-alooma|History Of The First Twelve Years Of The Reign Of Mai Idris Alooma Of Bornu (1571–1583) (Fartua, Ahmed Ibn).]] p. 114.</ref>}} {{Efn|Different king lists ([[Girgam|''girgam''s]]) and chronicles translated in the 19th–20th centuries assign Uthman a reign of 0 years ([[Richmond Palmer|Palmer]]), 9 months ([[Heinrich Barth|Barth]]), and 1 year ([[Yves Urvoy|Urvoy]]). He is omitted in the regnal lists of [[Moïse Landeroin|Landeroin]] and [[Gustav Nachtigal|Nachtigal]].<ref name=":2" /> As a result of this, and due to different calculations for other mais, various dates have been given for his reign, including 1432 (Barth), 1425 (Palmer), and 1421–1422 (Urvoy).<ref name=":2" /> Lange (1984) dated his reign to 1421–1422,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Dierk |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184287 |title=General history of Africa, IV: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century |date= |website= |publisher=University of California |year=1984 |isbn=978-92-3-101710-0 |editor-last=Niane |editor-first=Djibril Tamsir |pages=261 |language=en |chapter=The kingdoms and peoples of Chad}}</ref> Stewart (1989) dated it to 1432–1433,<ref name="Stewart2">{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=John |title=African States and Rulers: An Encyclopedia of Native, Colonial and Independent States and Rulers Past and Present |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=1989 |p=35}}</ref> and Bosworth (2012) dated it to 1422–1423.<ref name=":0232" />}} Uthman ya yi mulki a lokacin "Lokacin Instability", wani lokaci mai rikitarwa na rikici na ciki da na waje a cikin daular. == Rayuwa == Uthman ɗan mai [[Dawud dan Kanem|Dawud Nikalemi]] ne . Uthman ya zama ''''Mayu'''' a farkon karni na 15, ya gaji dan uwansa Biri III Uthman. Sarautar Uthman ta kasance takaice sosai, watakila ta fi shekara guda. [a] Wata jam'iyya da ke karkashin jagorancin ''kaigama'' (babban janar) Nikale bin Ibrahim da ''yerima'' (wani babban jami'in) Kade suka hambarar da shi. Uthman ya tsere daga kasar kuma ya nemi mafaka tsakanin [[Hausa Bakwai|Jihohin Hausa]], <ref name=":122" /> mai yiwuwa a [[Kingdom of Kano|Masarautar Kano]]. Uthman ya gaji a matsayin mai tare da Dunama IV, <ref name=":122" /> dan dan Biri III. Uthman mai yiwuwa ya mutu a wurin da ya yi gudun hijira, mai yiwuwa [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]. Shafin mutuwarsa kuma an rubuta shi a matsayin "Bursulum".<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=H. R. |date=1912 |title=The Bornu Girgam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716085 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=12 |issue=45 |pages=78 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> == Bayanai == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == <references /> jfll8iyf1z3gc17mbvcm0926de23z2c 827402 827401 2026-04-28T08:17:20Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 827402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox }} '''Uthman III''' (ʿUthmān bin Dāwūd <ref name=":0232">{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/New_Islamic_Dynasties/maQxEAAAQBAJ |title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |date=2012 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year= |isbn=0-7486-2137-7 |pages=126 |orig-year=1996}}</ref>), wanda ake kira '''Uthman Kalinumuwa''' <ref name=":0232" /> da '''Uthman Daudumi''', <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=H. R. |date=1912 |title=The Bornu Girgam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716085 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=12 |issue=45 |pages=78 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> ya kasance a takaice mai (mai mulki) na [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] a farkon karni na 15, yana mulki kusan 1422-1423.{{Efn|The name is also spelled ''Kalinumawa'', ''Kalnama'',<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/bostonuniversity02bost |title=Boston University Papers on Africa: Volume II: African History |date=1966 |publisher=Boston University Press |pages=58, 63, 81 |chapter=The Bornu King Lists}}</ref> and ''Kalinwama''.<ref name=":0">Palmer, H. R. (1926). [[iarchive:first-twelve-years-of-idris-alooma|History Of The First Twelve Years Of The Reign Of Mai Idris Alooma Of Bornu (1571–1583) (Fartua, Ahmed Ibn).]] p. 114.</ref>}} {{Efn|Different king lists ([[Girgam|''girgam''s]]) and chronicles translated in the 19th–20th centuries assign Uthman a reign of 0 years ([[Richmond Palmer|Palmer]]), 9 months ([[Heinrich Barth|Barth]]), and 1 year ([[Yves Urvoy|Urvoy]]). He is omitted in the regnal lists of [[Moïse Landeroin|Landeroin]] and [[Gustav Nachtigal|Nachtigal]].<ref name=":2" /> As a result of this, and due to different calculations for other mais, various dates have been given for his reign, including 1432 (Barth), 1425 (Palmer), and 1421–1422 (Urvoy).<ref name=":2" /> Lange (1984) dated his reign to 1421–1422,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Dierk |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184287 |title=General history of Africa, IV: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century |date= |website= |publisher=University of California |year=1984 |isbn=978-92-3-101710-0 |editor-last=Niane |editor-first=Djibril Tamsir |pages=261 |language=en |chapter=The kingdoms and peoples of Chad}}</ref> Stewart (1989) dated it to 1432–1433,<ref name="Stewart2">{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=John |title=African States and Rulers: An Encyclopedia of Native, Colonial and Independent States and Rulers Past and Present |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=1989 |p=35}}</ref> and Bosworth (2012) dated it to 1422–1423.<ref name=":0232" />}} Uthman ya yi mulki a lokacin "Lokacin Instability", wani lokaci mai rikitarwa na rikici na ciki da na waje a cikin daular. == Rayuwa == Uthman ɗan mai [[Dawud dan Kanem|Dawud Nikalemi]] ne . Uthman ya zama ''''Mayu'''' a farkon karni na 15, ya gaji dan uwansa Biri III Uthman. Sarautar Uthman ta kasance takaice sosai, watakila ta fi shekara guda. [a] Wata jam'iyya da ke karkashin jagorancin ''kaigama'' (babban janar) Nikale bin Ibrahim da ''yerima'' (wani babban jami'in) Kade suka hambarar da shi. Uthman ya tsere daga kasar kuma ya nemi mafaka tsakanin [[Hausa Bakwai|Jihohin Hausa]], <ref name=":122" /> mai yiwuwa a [[Kingdom of Kano|Masarautar Kano]]. Uthman ya gaji a matsayin mai tare da Dunama IV, <ref name=":122" /> dan dan Biri III. Uthman mai yiwuwa ya mutu a wurin da ya yi gudun hijira, mai yiwuwa [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]. Shafin mutuwarsa kuma an rubuta shi a matsayin "Bursulum".<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=H. R. |date=1912 |title=The Bornu Girgam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716085 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=12 |issue=45 |pages=78 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> == Bayanai == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == <references /> 9tn7xbat18qaxpsgcy16zs42a3lr6k7 827403 827402 2026-04-28T08:21:25Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 827403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox }} '''Uthman III''' (ʿUthmān bin Dāwūd <ref name=":0232">{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/New_Islamic_Dynasties/maQxEAAAQBAJ |title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |date=2012 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year= |isbn=0-7486-2137-7 |pages=126 |orig-year=1996}}</ref>), wanda ake kira '''Uthman Kalinumuwa''' <ref name=":0232" /> da '''Uthman Daudumi''', <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=H. R. |date=1912 |title=The Bornu Girgam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716085 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=12 |issue=45 |pages=78 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> ya kasance a takaice mai (mai mulki) na [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] a farkon karni na 15, yana mulki kusan 1422-1423.{{Efn|The name is also spelled ''Kalinumawa'', ''Kalnama'',<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/bostonuniversity02bost |title=Boston University Papers on Africa: Volume II: African History |date=1966 |publisher=Boston University Press |pages=58, 63, 81 |chapter=The Bornu King Lists}}</ref> and ''Kalinwama''.<ref name=":0">Palmer, H. R. (1926). [[iarchive:first-twelve-years-of-idris-alooma|History Of The First Twelve Years Of The Reign Of Mai Idris Alooma Of Bornu (1571–1583) (Fartua, Ahmed Ibn).]] p. 114.</ref>}} {{Efn|Different king lists ([[Girgam|''girgam''s]]) and chronicles translated in the 19th–20th centuries assign Uthman a reign of 0 years ([[Richmond Palmer|Palmer]]), 9 months ([[Heinrich Barth|Barth]]), and 1 year ([[Yves Urvoy|Urvoy]]). He is omitted in the regnal lists of [[Moïse Landeroin|Landeroin]] and [[Gustav Nachtigal|Nachtigal]].<ref name=":2" /> As a result of this, and due to different calculations for other mais, various dates have been given for his reign, including 1432 (Barth), 1425 (Palmer), and 1421–1422 (Urvoy).<ref name=":2" /> Lange (1984) dated his reign to 1421–1422,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Dierk |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184287 |title=General history of Africa, IV: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century |date= |website= |publisher=University of California |year=1984 |isbn=978-92-3-101710-0 |editor-last=Niane |editor-first=Djibril Tamsir |pages=261 |language=en |chapter=The kingdoms and peoples of Chad}}</ref> Stewart (1989) dated it to 1432–1433,<ref name="Stewart2">{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=John |title=African States and Rulers: An Encyclopedia of Native, Colonial and Independent States and Rulers Past and Present |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=1989 |p=35}}</ref> and Bosworth (2012) dated it to 1422–1423.<ref name=":0232" />}} Uthman ya yi mulki a lokacin "Lokacin Instability", wani lokaci mai rikitarwa na rikici na ciki da na waje a cikin daular.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Dierk |url=https://www.google.se/books/edition/Dictionary_of_African_Biography/39JMAgAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of African Biography |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |pages=172–173 |language=en |chapter=Ali Gajideni}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Uthman ɗan mai [[Dawud dan Kanem|Dawud Nikalemi]] ne . Uthman ya zama ''''Mayu'''' a farkon karni na 15, ya gaji dan uwansa Biri III Uthman. Sarautar Uthman ta kasance takaice sosai, watakila ta fi shekara guda. [a] Wata jam'iyya da ke karkashin jagorancin ''kaigama'' (babban janar) Nikale bin Ibrahim da ''yerima'' (wani babban jami'in) Kade suka hambarar da shi. Uthman ya tsere daga kasar kuma ya nemi mafaka tsakanin [[Hausa Bakwai|Jihohin Hausa]], <ref name=":122" /> mai yiwuwa a [[Kingdom of Kano|Masarautar Kano]]. Uthman ya gaji a matsayin mai tare da Dunama IV, <ref name=":122" /> dan dan Biri III. Uthman mai yiwuwa ya mutu a wurin da ya yi gudun hijira, mai yiwuwa [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]. Shafin mutuwarsa kuma an rubuta shi a matsayin "Bursulum".<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=H. R. |date=1912 |title=The Bornu Girgam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716085 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=12 |issue=45 |pages=78 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> == Bayanai == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == <references /> csjj1hcemu268u5tbfayumowqp018vt